Merge remote branch 'mainstream/master'

Conflicts:
	actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb

18 files changed, 959 insertions, 599 deletions

diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..428e62dc6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Http
+    module Cache
+      module Request
+        def if_modified_since
+          if since = env['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']
+            Time.rfc2822(since) rescue nil
+          end
+        end
+
+        def if_none_match
+          env['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH']
+        end
+
+        def not_modified?(modified_at)
+          if_modified_since && modified_at && if_modified_since >= modified_at
+        end
+
+        def etag_matches?(etag)
+          if_none_match && if_none_match == etag
+        end
+
+        # Check response freshness (Last-Modified and ETag) against request
+        # If-Modified-Since and If-None-Match conditions. If both headers are
+        # supplied, both must match, or the request is not considered fresh.
+        def fresh?(response)
+          last_modified = if_modified_since
+          etag          = if_none_match
+
+          return false unless last_modified || etag
+
+          success = true
+          success &&= not_modified?(response.last_modified) if last_modified
+          success &&= etag_matches?(response.etag) if etag
+          success
+        end
+      end
+
+      module Response
+        def cache_control
+          @cache_control ||= {}
+        end
+
+        def last_modified
+          if last = headers['Last-Modified']
+            Time.httpdate(last)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def last_modified?
+          headers.include?('Last-Modified')
+        end
+
+        def last_modified=(utc_time)
+          headers['Last-Modified'] = utc_time.httpdate
+        end
+
+        def etag
+          @etag
+        end
+
+        def etag?
+          @etag
+        end
+
+        def etag=(etag)
+          key = ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(etag)
+          @etag = %("#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(key)}")
+        end
+
+      private
+
+        def handle_conditional_get!
+          if etag? || last_modified? || !@cache_control.empty?
+            set_conditional_cache_control!
+          elsif nonempty_ok_response?
+            self.etag = @body
+
+            if request && request.etag_matches?(etag)
+              self.status = 304
+              self.body = []
+            end
+
+            set_conditional_cache_control!
+          else
+            headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def nonempty_ok_response?
+          @status == 200 && string_body?
+        end
+
+        def string_body?
+          !@blank && @body.respond_to?(:all?) && @body.all? { |part| part.is_a?(String) }
+        end
+
+        DEFAULT_CACHE_CONTROL = "max-age=0, private, must-revalidate"
+
+        def set_conditional_cache_control!
+          control = @cache_control
+
+          if control.empty?
+            headers["Cache-Control"] = DEFAULT_CACHE_CONTROL
+          elsif @cache_control[:no_cache]
+            headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache"
+          else
+            extras  = control[:extras]
+            max_age = control[:max_age]
+
+            options = []
+            options << "max-age=#{max_age.to_i}" if max_age
+            options << (control[:public] ? "public" : "private")
+            options << "must-revalidate" if control[:must_revalidate]
+            options.concat(extras) if extras
+
+            headers["Cache-Control"] = options.join(", ")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40617e239a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Http
+    module MimeNegotiation
+      # The MIME type of the HTTP request, such as Mime::XML.
+      #
+      # For backward compatibility, the post \format is extracted from the
+      # X-Post-Data-Format HTTP header if present.
+      def content_type
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.content_type"] ||= begin
+          if @env['CONTENT_TYPE'] =~ /^([^,\;]*)/
+            Mime::Type.lookup($1.strip.downcase)
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the accepted MIME type for the request.
+      def accepts
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.accepts"] ||= begin
+          header = @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'].to_s.strip
+
+          if header.empty?
+            [content_type]
+          else
+            Mime::Type.parse(header)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the Mime type for the \format used in the request.
+      #
+      #   GET /posts/5.xml   | request.format => Mime::XML
+      #   GET /posts/5.xhtml | request.format => Mime::HTML
+      #   GET /posts/5       | request.format => Mime::HTML or MIME::JS, or request.accepts.first depending on the value of <tt>ActionController::Base.use_accept_header</tt>
+      #
+      def format(view_path = [])
+        formats.first
+      end
+
+      def formats
+        accept = @env['HTTP_ACCEPT']
+
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] ||=
+          if parameters[:format]
+            Array(Mime[parameters[:format]])
+          elsif xhr? || (accept && !accept.include?(?,))
+            accepts
+          else
+            [Mime::HTML]
+          end
+      end
+
+      # Sets the \format by string extension, which can be used to force custom formats
+      # that are not controlled by the extension.
+      #
+      #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+      #     before_filter :adjust_format_for_iphone
+      #
+      #     private
+      #       def adjust_format_for_iphone
+      #         request.format = :iphone if request.env["HTTP_USER_AGENT"][/iPhone/]
+      #       end
+      #   end
+      def format=(extension)
+        parameters[:format] = extension.to_s
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] = [Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(parameters[:format])]
+      end
+
+      # Returns a symbolized version of the <tt>:format</tt> parameter of the request.
+      # If no \format is given it returns <tt>:js</tt>for Ajax requests and <tt>:html</tt>
+      # otherwise.
+      def template_format
+        parameter_format = parameters[:format]
+
+        if parameter_format
+          parameter_format
+        elsif xhr?
+          :js
+        else
+          :html
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Receives an array of mimes and return the first user sent mime that
+      # matches the order array.
+      #
+      def negotiate_mime(order)
+        formats.each do |priority|
+          if priority == Mime::ALL
+            return order.first
+          elsif order.include?(priority)
+            return priority
+          end
+        end
+
+        order.include?(Mime::ALL) ? formats.first : nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97546d5f93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Http
+    module Parameters
+      # Returns both GET and POST \parameters in a single hash.
+      def parameters
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.parameters"] ||= request_parameters.merge(query_parameters).update(path_parameters).with_indifferent_access
+      end
+      alias :params :parameters
+
+      def path_parameters=(parameters) #:nodoc:
+        @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.symbolized_path_parameters")
+        @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] = parameters
+      end
+
+      # The same as <tt>path_parameters</tt> with explicitly symbolized keys.
+      def symbolized_path_parameters
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.symbolized_path_parameters"] ||= path_parameters.symbolize_keys
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash with the \parameters used to form the \path of the request.
+      # Returned hash keys are strings:
+      #
+      #   {'action' => 'my_action', 'controller' => 'my_controller'}
+      #
+      # See <tt>symbolized_path_parameters</tt> for symbolized keys.
+      def path_parameters
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] ||= {}
+      end
+  
+    private
+
+      # Convert nested Hashs to HashWithIndifferentAccess
+      def normalize_parameters(value)
+        case value
+        when Hash
+          h = {}
+          value.each { |k, v| h[k] = normalize_parameters(v) }
+          h.with_indifferent_access
+        when Array
+          value.map { |e| normalize_parameters(e) }
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
index 6e8a5dcb8a..187ce7c15d 100755
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@ require 'tempfile'
 require 'stringio'
 require 'strscan'
 
-require 'active_support/memoizable'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/headers'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   class Request < Rack::Request
+    include ActionDispatch::Http::Cache::Request
+    include ActionDispatch::Http::MimeNegotiation
+    include ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters
+    include ActionDispatch::Http::Upload
+    include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
 
     %w[ AUTH_TYPE GATEWAY_INTERFACE
         PATH_TRANSLATED REMOTE_HOST
@@ -19,9 +22,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
         HTTP_ACCEPT HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING
         HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL HTTP_FROM
         HTTP_NEGOTIATE HTTP_PRAGMA ].each do |env|
-      define_method(env.sub(/^HTTP_/n, '').downcase) do
-        @env[env]
-      end
+      class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def #{env.sub(/^HTTP_/n, '').downcase}
+          @env["#{env}"]
+        end
+      METHOD
     end
 
     def key?(key)
@@ -35,7 +40,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # <tt>:get</tt>. If the request \method is not listed in the HTTP_METHODS
     # constant above, an UnknownHttpMethod exception is raised.
     def request_method
-      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[super] || raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod, "#{super}, accepted HTTP methods are #{HTTP_METHODS.to_sentence(:locale => :en)}")
+      method = env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] || env["REQUEST_METHOD"]
+      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[method] || raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod, "#{method}, accepted HTTP methods are #{HTTP_METHODS.to_sentence(:locale => :en)}")
     end
 
     # Returns the HTTP request \method used for action processing as a
@@ -43,7 +49,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # method returns <tt>:get</tt> for a HEAD request because the two are
     # functionally equivalent from the application's perspective.)
     def method
-      request_method == :head ? :get : request_method
+      method = env["REQUEST_METHOD"]
+      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[method] || raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod, "#{method}, accepted HTTP methods are #{HTTP_METHODS.to_sentence(:locale => :en)}")
     end
 
     # Is this a GET (or HEAD) request?  Equivalent to <tt>request.method == :get</tt>.
@@ -53,17 +60,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     # Is this a POST request?  Equivalent to <tt>request.method == :post</tt>.
     def post?
-      request_method == :post
+      method == :post
     end
 
     # Is this a PUT request?  Equivalent to <tt>request.method == :put</tt>.
     def put?
-      request_method == :put
+      method == :put
     end
 
     # Is this a DELETE request?  Equivalent to <tt>request.method == :delete</tt>.
     def delete?
-      request_method == :delete
+      method == :delete
     end
 
     # Is this a HEAD request? Since <tt>request.method</tt> sees HEAD as <tt>:get</tt>,
@@ -79,25 +86,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       Http::Headers.new(@env)
     end
 
-    # Returns the content length of the request as an integer.
-    def content_length
-      super.to_i
-    end
-
-    # The MIME type of the HTTP request, such as Mime::XML.
-    #
-    # For backward compatibility, the post \format is extracted from the
-    # X-Post-Data-Format HTTP header if present.
-    def content_type
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.content_type"] ||= begin
-        if @env['CONTENT_TYPE'] =~ /^([^,\;]*)/
-          Mime::Type.lookup($1.strip.downcase)
-        else
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     def forgery_whitelisted?
       method == :get || xhr? || content_type.nil? || !content_type.verify_request?
     end
@@ -106,104 +94,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       content_type.to_s
     end
 
-    # Returns the accepted MIME type for the request.
-    def accepts
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.accepts"] ||= begin
-        header = @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'].to_s.strip
-
-        if header.empty?
-          [content_type]
-        else
-          Mime::Type.parse(header)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def if_modified_since
-      if since = env['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']
-        Time.rfc2822(since) rescue nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    def if_none_match
-      env['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH']
-    end
-
-    def not_modified?(modified_at)
-      if_modified_since && modified_at && if_modified_since >= modified_at
-    end
-
-    def etag_matches?(etag)
-      if_none_match && if_none_match == etag
-    end
-
-    # Check response freshness (Last-Modified and ETag) against request
-    # If-Modified-Since and If-None-Match conditions. If both headers are
-    # supplied, both must match, or the request is not considered fresh.
-    def fresh?(response)
-      last_modified = if_modified_since
-      etag          = if_none_match
-
-      return false unless last_modified || etag
-
-      success = true
-      success &&= not_modified?(response.last_modified) if last_modified
-      success &&= etag_matches?(response.etag) if etag
-      success
-    end
-
-    # Returns the Mime type for the \format used in the request.
-    #
-    #   GET /posts/5.xml   | request.format => Mime::XML
-    #   GET /posts/5.xhtml | request.format => Mime::HTML
-    #   GET /posts/5       | request.format => Mime::HTML or MIME::JS, or request.accepts.first depending on the value of <tt>ActionController::Base.use_accept_header</tt>
-    #
-    def format(view_path = [])
-      formats.first
-    end
-
-    def formats
-      accept = @env['HTTP_ACCEPT']
-
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] ||=
-        if parameters[:format]
-          Array.wrap(Mime[parameters[:format]])
-        elsif xhr? || (accept && !accept.include?(?,))
-          accepts
-        else
-          [Mime::HTML]
-        end
-    end
-
-    # Sets the \format by string extension, which can be used to force custom formats
-    # that are not controlled by the extension.
-    #
-    #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-    #     before_filter :adjust_format_for_iphone
-    #
-    #     private
-    #       def adjust_format_for_iphone
-    #         request.format = :iphone if request.env["HTTP_USER_AGENT"][/iPhone/]
-    #       end
-    #   end
-    def format=(extension)
-      parameters[:format] = extension.to_s
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] = [Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(parameters[:format])]
-    end
-
-    # Returns a symbolized version of the <tt>:format</tt> parameter of the request.
-    # If no \format is given it returns <tt>:js</tt>for Ajax requests and <tt>:html</tt>
-    # otherwise.
-    def template_format
-      parameter_format = parameters[:format]
-
-      if parameter_format
-        parameter_format
-      elsif xhr?
-        :js
-      else
-        :html
-      end
+    # Returns the content length of the request as an integer.
+    def content_length
+      super.to_i
     end
 
     # Returns true if the request's "X-Requested-With" header contains
@@ -236,7 +129,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       if @env.include? 'HTTP_CLIENT_IP'
         if ActionController::Base.ip_spoofing_check && remote_ips && !remote_ips.include?(@env['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'])
           # We don't know which came from the proxy, and which from the user
-          raise ActionController::ActionControllerError.new(<<EOM)
+          raise ActionController::ActionControllerError.new <<EOM
 IP spoofing attack?!
 HTTP_CLIENT_IP=#{@env['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'].inspect}
 HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR=#{@env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'].inspect}
@@ -262,124 +155,6 @@ EOM
       (@env['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] && /^([a-zA-Z]+)/ =~ @env['SERVER_SOFTWARE']) ? $1.downcase : nil
     end
 
-    # Returns the complete URL used for this request.
-    def url
-      protocol + host_with_port + request_uri
-    end
-
-    # Returns 'https://' if this is an SSL request and 'http://' otherwise.
-    def protocol
-      ssl? ? 'https://' : 'http://'
-    end
-
-    # Is this an SSL request?
-    def ssl?
-      @env['HTTPS'] == 'on' || @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'] == 'https'
-    end
-
-    # Returns the \host for this request, such as "example.com".
-    def raw_host_with_port
-      if forwarded = env["HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"]
-        forwarded.split(/,\s?/).last
-      else
-        env['HTTP_HOST'] || "#{env['SERVER_NAME'] || env['SERVER_ADDR']}:#{env['SERVER_PORT']}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns the host for this request, such as example.com.
-    def host
-      raw_host_with_port.sub(/:\d+$/, '')
-    end
-
-    # Returns a \host:\port string for this request, such as "example.com" or
-    # "example.com:8080".
-    def host_with_port
-      "#{host}#{port_string}"
-    end
-
-    # Returns the port number of this request as an integer.
-    def port
-      if raw_host_with_port =~ /:(\d+)$/
-        $1.to_i
-      else
-        standard_port
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns the standard \port number for this request's protocol.
-    def standard_port
-      case protocol
-        when 'https://' then 443
-        else 80
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns a \port suffix like ":8080" if the \port number of this request
-    # is not the default HTTP \port 80 or HTTPS \port 443.
-    def port_string
-      port == standard_port ? '' : ":#{port}"
-    end
-
-    def server_port
-      @env['SERVER_PORT'].to_i
-    end
-
-    # Returns the \domain part of a \host, such as "rubyonrails.org" in "www.rubyonrails.org". You can specify
-    # a different <tt>tld_length</tt>, such as 2 to catch rubyonrails.co.uk in "www.rubyonrails.co.uk".
-    def domain(tld_length = 1)
-      return nil unless named_host?(host)
-
-      host.split('.').last(1 + tld_length).join('.')
-    end
-
-    # Returns all the \subdomains as an array, so <tt>["dev", "www"]</tt> would be
-    # returned for "dev.www.rubyonrails.org". You can specify a different <tt>tld_length</tt>,
-    # such as 2 to catch <tt>["www"]</tt> instead of <tt>["www", "rubyonrails"]</tt>
-    # in "www.rubyonrails.co.uk".
-    def subdomains(tld_length = 1)
-      return [] unless named_host?(host)
-      parts = host.split('.')
-      parts[0..-(tld_length+2)]
-    end
-
-    # Returns the query string, accounting for server idiosyncrasies.
-    def query_string
-      @env['QUERY_STRING'].present? ? @env['QUERY_STRING'] : (@env['REQUEST_URI'].to_s.split('?', 2)[1] || '')
-    end
-
-    # Returns the request URI, accounting for server idiosyncrasies.
-    # WEBrick includes the full URL. IIS leaves REQUEST_URI blank.
-    def request_uri
-      if uri = @env['REQUEST_URI']
-        # Remove domain, which webrick puts into the request_uri.
-        (%r{^\w+\://[^/]+(/.*|$)$} =~ uri) ? $1 : uri
-      else
-        # Construct IIS missing REQUEST_URI from SCRIPT_NAME and PATH_INFO.
-        uri = @env['PATH_INFO'].to_s
-
-        if script_filename = @env['SCRIPT_NAME'].to_s.match(%r{[^/]+$})
-          uri = uri.sub(/#{script_filename}\//, '')
-        end
-
-        env_qs = @env['QUERY_STRING'].to_s
-        uri += "?#{env_qs}" unless env_qs.empty?
-
-        if uri.blank?
-          @env.delete('REQUEST_URI')
-        else
-          @env['REQUEST_URI'] = uri
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns the interpreted \path to requested resource after all the installation
-    # directory of this application was taken into account.
-    def path
-      path = request_uri.to_s[/\A[^\?]*/]
-      path.sub!(/\A#{ActionController::Base.relative_url_root}/, '')
-      path
-    end
-
     # Read the request \body. This is useful for web services that need to
     # work with raw requests directly.
     def raw_post
@@ -390,33 +165,6 @@ EOM
       @env['RAW_POST_DATA']
     end
 
-    # Returns both GET and POST \parameters in a single hash.
-    def parameters
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.parameters"] ||= request_parameters.merge(query_parameters).update(path_parameters).with_indifferent_access
-    end
-    alias_method :params, :parameters
-
-    def path_parameters=(parameters) #:nodoc:
-      @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.symbolized_path_parameters")
-      @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] = parameters
-    end
-
-    # The same as <tt>path_parameters</tt> with explicitly symbolized keys.
-    def symbolized_path_parameters
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.symbolized_path_parameters"] ||= path_parameters.symbolize_keys
-    end
-
-    # Returns a hash with the \parameters used to form the \path of the request.
-    # Returned hash keys are strings:
-    #
-    #   {'action' => 'my_action', 'controller' => 'my_controller'}
-    #
-    # See <tt>symbolized_path_parameters</tt> for symbolized keys.
-    def path_parameters
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] ||= {}
-    end
-
     # The request body is an IO input stream. If the RAW_POST_DATA environment
     # variable is already set, wrap it in a StringIO.
     def body
@@ -432,18 +180,6 @@ EOM
       FORM_DATA_MEDIA_TYPES.include?(content_type.to_s)
     end
 
-    # Override Rack's GET method to support indifferent access
-    def GET
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.query_parameters"] ||= normalize_parameters(super)
-    end
-    alias_method :query_parameters, :GET
-
-    # Override Rack's POST method to support indifferent access
-    def POST
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] ||= normalize_parameters(super)
-    end
-    alias_method :request_parameters, :POST
-
     def body_stream #:nodoc:
       @env['rack.input']
     end
@@ -461,9 +197,18 @@ EOM
       @env['rack.session.options'] = options
     end
 
-    def flash
-      session['flash'] || {}
+    # Override Rack's GET method to support indifferent access
+    def GET
+      @env["action_dispatch.request.query_parameters"] ||= normalize_parameters(super)
+    end
+    alias :query_parameters :GET
+
+    # Override Rack's POST method to support indifferent access
+    def POST
+      @env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] ||= normalize_parameters(super)
     end
+    alias :request_parameters :POST
+
 
     # Returns the authorization header regardless of whether it was specified directly or through one of the
     # proxy alternatives.
@@ -473,77 +218,5 @@ EOM
       @env['X_HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] ||
       @env['REDIRECT_X_HTTP_AUTHORIZATION']
     end
-
-    # Receives an array of mimes and return the first user sent mime that
-    # matches the order array.
-    #
-    def negotiate_mime(order)
-      formats.each do |priority|
-        if priority == Mime::ALL
-          return order.first
-        elsif order.include?(priority)
-          return priority
-        end
-      end
-
-      order.include?(Mime::ALL) ? formats.first : nil
-    end
-
-    private
-
-      def named_host?(host)
-        !(host.nil? || /\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/.match(host))
-      end
-
-      module UploadedFile
-        def self.extended(object)
-          object.class_eval do
-            attr_accessor :original_path, :content_type
-            alias_method :local_path, :path if method_defined?(:path)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Take the basename of the upload's original filename.
-        # This handles the full Windows paths given by Internet Explorer
-        # (and perhaps other broken user agents) without affecting
-        # those which give the lone filename.
-        # The Windows regexp is adapted from Perl's File::Basename.
-        def original_filename
-          unless defined? @original_filename
-            @original_filename =
-              unless original_path.blank?
-                if original_path =~ /^(?:.*[:\\\/])?(.*)/m
-                  $1
-                else
-                  File.basename original_path
-                end
-              end
-          end
-          @original_filename
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Convert nested Hashs to HashWithIndifferentAccess and replace
-      # file upload hashs with UploadedFile objects
-      def normalize_parameters(value)
-        case value
-        when Hash
-          if value.has_key?(:tempfile)
-            upload = value[:tempfile]
-            upload.extend(UploadedFile)
-            upload.original_path = value[:filename]
-            upload.content_type = value[:type]
-            upload
-          else
-            h = {}
-            value.each { |k, v| h[k] = normalize_parameters(v) }
-            h.with_indifferent_access
-          end
-        when Array
-          value.map { |e| normalize_parameters(e) }
-        else
-          value
-        end
-      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
index 8524bbd993..65df9b1f03 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
   #    end
   #  end
   class Response < Rack::Response
+    include ActionDispatch::Http::Cache::Response
+
     attr_accessor :request, :blank
 
     attr_writer :header, :sending_file
@@ -55,10 +57,6 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       yield self if block_given?
     end
 
-    def cache_control
-      @cache_control ||= {}
-    end
-
     def status=(status)
       @status = Rack::Utils.status_code(status)
     end
@@ -114,33 +112,6 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     # information.
     attr_accessor :charset, :content_type
 
-    def last_modified
-      if last = headers['Last-Modified']
-        Time.httpdate(last)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def last_modified?
-      headers.include?('Last-Modified')
-    end
-
-    def last_modified=(utc_time)
-      headers['Last-Modified'] = utc_time.httpdate
-    end
-
-    def etag
-      @etag
-    end
-
-    def etag?
-      @etag
-    end
-
-    def etag=(etag)
-      key = ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(etag)
-      @etag = %("#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(key)}")
-    end
-
     CONTENT_TYPE    = "Content-Type"
 
     cattr_accessor(:default_charset) { "utf-8" }
@@ -222,31 +193,6 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     end
 
     private
-      def handle_conditional_get!
-        if etag? || last_modified? || !@cache_control.empty?
-          set_conditional_cache_control!
-        elsif nonempty_ok_response?
-          self.etag = @body
-
-          if request && request.etag_matches?(etag)
-            self.status = 304
-            self.body = []
-          end
-
-          set_conditional_cache_control!
-        else
-          headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def nonempty_ok_response?
-        @status == 200 && string_body?
-      end
-
-      def string_body?
-        !@blank && @body.respond_to?(:all?) && @body.all? { |part| part.is_a?(String) }
-      end
-
       def assign_default_content_type_and_charset!
         return if headers[CONTENT_TYPE].present?
 
@@ -259,27 +205,5 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
         headers[CONTENT_TYPE] = type
       end
 
-      DEFAULT_CACHE_CONTROL = "max-age=0, private, must-revalidate"
-
-      def set_conditional_cache_control!
-        control = @cache_control
-
-        if control.empty?
-          headers["Cache-Control"] = DEFAULT_CACHE_CONTROL
-        elsif @cache_control[:no_cache]
-          headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache"
-        else
-          extras  = control[:extras]
-          max_age = control[:max_age]
-
-          options = []
-          options << "max-age=#{max_age.to_i}" if max_age
-          options << (control[:public] ? "public" : "private")
-          options << "must-revalidate" if control[:must_revalidate]
-          options.concat(extras) if extras
-
-          headers["Cache-Control"] = options.join(", ")
-        end
-      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc6121b911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Http
+    module UploadedFile
+      def self.extended(object)
+        object.class_eval do
+          attr_accessor :original_path, :content_type
+          alias_method :local_path, :path if method_defined?(:path)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Take the basename of the upload's original filename.
+      # This handles the full Windows paths given by Internet Explorer
+      # (and perhaps other broken user agents) without affecting
+      # those which give the lone filename.
+      # The Windows regexp is adapted from Perl's File::Basename.
+      def original_filename
+        unless defined? @original_filename
+          @original_filename =
+            unless original_path.blank?
+              if original_path =~ /^(?:.*[:\\\/])?(.*)/m
+                $1
+              else
+                File.basename original_path
+              end
+            end
+        end
+        @original_filename
+      end
+    end
+
+    module Upload
+      # Convert nested Hashs to HashWithIndifferentAccess and replace
+      # file upload hashs with UploadedFile objects
+      def normalize_parameters(value)
+        if Hash === value && value.has_key?(:tempfile)
+          upload = value[:tempfile]
+          upload.extend(UploadedFile)
+          upload.original_path = value[:filename]
+          upload.content_type = value[:type]
+          upload
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+      private :normalize_parameters
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40ceb5a9b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Http
+    module URL
+      # Returns the complete URL used for this request.
+      def url
+        protocol + host_with_port + request_uri
+      end
+
+      # Returns 'https://' if this is an SSL request and 'http://' otherwise.
+      def protocol
+        ssl? ? 'https://' : 'http://'
+      end
+
+      # Is this an SSL request?
+      def ssl?
+        @env['HTTPS'] == 'on' || @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'] == 'https'
+      end
+
+      # Returns the \host for this request, such as "example.com".
+      def raw_host_with_port
+        if forwarded = env["HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"]
+          forwarded.split(/,\s?/).last
+        else
+          env['HTTP_HOST'] || "#{env['SERVER_NAME'] || env['SERVER_ADDR']}:#{env['SERVER_PORT']}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the host for this request, such as example.com.
+      def host
+        raw_host_with_port.sub(/:\d+$/, '')
+      end
+
+      # Returns a \host:\port string for this request, such as "example.com" or
+      # "example.com:8080".
+      def host_with_port
+        "#{host}#{port_string}"
+      end
+
+      # Returns the port number of this request as an integer.
+      def port
+        if raw_host_with_port =~ /:(\d+)$/
+          $1.to_i
+        else
+          standard_port
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the standard \port number for this request's protocol.
+      def standard_port
+        case protocol
+          when 'https://' then 443
+          else 80
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a \port suffix like ":8080" if the \port number of this request
+      # is not the default HTTP \port 80 or HTTPS \port 443.
+      def port_string
+        port == standard_port ? '' : ":#{port}"
+      end
+
+      def server_port
+        @env['SERVER_PORT'].to_i
+      end
+
+      # Returns the \domain part of a \host, such as "rubyonrails.org" in "www.rubyonrails.org". You can specify
+      # a different <tt>tld_length</tt>, such as 2 to catch rubyonrails.co.uk in "www.rubyonrails.co.uk".
+      def domain(tld_length = 1)
+        return nil unless named_host?(host)
+
+        host.split('.').last(1 + tld_length).join('.')
+      end
+
+      # Returns all the \subdomains as an array, so <tt>["dev", "www"]</tt> would be
+      # returned for "dev.www.rubyonrails.org". You can specify a different <tt>tld_length</tt>,
+      # such as 2 to catch <tt>["www"]</tt> instead of <tt>["www", "rubyonrails"]</tt>
+      # in "www.rubyonrails.co.uk".
+      def subdomains(tld_length = 1)
+        return [] unless named_host?(host)
+        parts = host.split('.')
+        parts[0..-(tld_length+2)]
+      end
+
+      # Returns the query string, accounting for server idiosyncrasies.
+      def query_string
+        @env['QUERY_STRING'].present? ? @env['QUERY_STRING'] : (@env['REQUEST_URI'].to_s.split('?', 2)[1] || '')
+      end
+
+      # Returns the request URI, accounting for server idiosyncrasies.
+      # WEBrick includes the full URL. IIS leaves REQUEST_URI blank.
+      def request_uri
+        if uri = @env['REQUEST_URI']
+          # Remove domain, which webrick puts into the request_uri.
+          (%r{^\w+\://[^/]+(/.*|$)$} =~ uri) ? $1 : uri
+        else
+          # Construct IIS missing REQUEST_URI from SCRIPT_NAME and PATH_INFO.
+          uri = @env['PATH_INFO'].to_s
+
+          if script_filename = @env['SCRIPT_NAME'].to_s.match(%r{[^/]+$})
+            uri = uri.sub(/#{script_filename}\//, '')
+          end
+
+          env_qs = @env['QUERY_STRING'].to_s
+          uri += "?#{env_qs}" unless env_qs.empty?
+
+          if uri.blank?
+            @env.delete('REQUEST_URI')
+          else
+            @env['REQUEST_URI'] = uri
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the interpreted \path to requested resource after all the installation
+      # directory of this application was taken into account.
+      def path
+        path = request_uri.to_s[/\A[^\?]*/]
+        path.sub!(/\A#{ActionController::Base.relative_url_root}/, '')
+        path
+      end
+
+    private
+
+      def named_host?(host)
+        !(host.nil? || /\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/.match(host))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
index 49bc20f11f..5ec406e134 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
 module ActionDispatch
+  # Provide callbacks to be executed before and after the request dispatch.
+  #
+  # It also provides a to_prepare callback, which is performed in all requests
+  # in development by only once in production and notification callback for async
+  # operations.
+  #
   class Callbacks
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
 
@@ -29,12 +35,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       set_callback(:call, :after, *args, &block)
     end
 
-    class << self
-      # DEPRECATED
-      alias_method :before_dispatch, :before
-      alias_method :after_dispatch, :after
-    end
-
     def initialize(app, prepare_each_request = false)
       @app, @prepare_each_request = app, prepare_each_request
       run_callbacks(:prepare)
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         run_callbacks(:prepare) if @prepare_each_request
         @app.call(env)
       end
+    ensure
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument "action_dispatch.callback"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99b36366d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  class Request
+    # Access the contents of the flash. Use <tt>flash["notice"]</tt> to
+    # read a notice you put there or <tt>flash["notice"] = "hello"</tt>
+    # to put a new one.
+    def flash
+      session['flash'] ||= Flash::FlashHash.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  # The flash provides a way to pass temporary objects between actions. Anything you place in the flash will be exposed
+  # to the very next action and then cleared out. This is a great way of doing notices and alerts, such as a create
+  # action that sets <tt>flash[:notice] = "Successfully created"</tt> before redirecting to a display action that can
+  # then expose the flash to its template. Actually, that exposure is automatically done. Example:
+  #
+  #   class PostsController < ActionController::Base
+  #     def create
+  #       # save post
+  #       flash[:notice] = "Successfully created post"
+  #       redirect_to posts_path(@post)
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def show
+  #       # doesn't need to assign the flash notice to the template, that's done automatically
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   show.html.erb
+  #     <% if flash[:notice] %>
+  #       <div class="notice"><%= flash[:notice] %></div>
+  #     <% end %>
+  #
+  # This example just places a string in the flash, but you can put any object in there. And of course, you can put as
+  # many as you like at a time too. Just remember: They'll be gone by the time the next action has been performed.
+  #
+  # See docs on the FlashHash class for more details about the flash.
+  class Flash
+    class FlashNow #:nodoc:
+      def initialize(flash)
+        @flash = flash
+      end
+
+      def []=(k, v)
+        @flash[k] = v
+        @flash.discard(k)
+        v
+      end
+
+      def [](k)
+        @flash[k]
+      end
+    end
+
+    class FlashHash < Hash
+      def initialize #:nodoc:
+        super
+        @used = Set.new
+      end
+
+      def []=(k, v) #:nodoc:
+        keep(k)
+        super
+      end
+
+      def update(h) #:nodoc:
+        h.keys.each { |k| keep(k) }
+        super
+      end
+
+      alias :merge! :update
+
+      def replace(h) #:nodoc:
+        @used = Set.new
+        super
+      end
+
+      # Sets a flash that will not be available to the next action, only to the current.
+      #
+      #     flash.now[:message] = "Hello current action"
+      #
+      # This method enables you to use the flash as a central messaging system in your app.
+      # When you need to pass an object to the next action, you use the standard flash assign (<tt>[]=</tt>).
+      # When you need to pass an object to the current action, you use <tt>now</tt>, and your object will
+      # vanish when the current action is done.
+      #
+      # Entries set via <tt>now</tt> are accessed the same way as standard entries: <tt>flash['my-key']</tt>.
+      def now
+        FlashNow.new(self)
+      end
+
+      # Keeps either the entire current flash or a specific flash entry available for the next action:
+      #
+      #    flash.keep            # keeps the entire flash
+      #    flash.keep(:notice)   # keeps only the "notice" entry, the rest of the flash is discarded
+      def keep(k = nil)
+        use(k, false)
+      end
+
+      # Marks the entire flash or a single flash entry to be discarded by the end of the current action:
+      #
+      #     flash.discard              # discard the entire flash at the end of the current action
+      #     flash.discard(:warning)    # discard only the "warning" entry at the end of the current action
+      def discard(k = nil)
+        use(k)
+      end
+
+      # Mark for removal entries that were kept, and delete unkept ones.
+      #
+      # This method is called automatically by filters, so you generally don't need to care about it.
+      def sweep #:nodoc:
+        keys.each do |k|
+          unless @used.include?(k)
+            @used << k
+          else
+            delete(k)
+            @used.delete(k)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # clean up after keys that could have been left over by calling reject! or shift on the flash
+        (@used - keys).each{ |k| @used.delete(k) }
+      end
+
+      # Convenience accessor for flash[:alert]
+      def alert
+        self[:alert]
+      end
+
+      # Convenience accessor for flash[:alert]=
+      def alert=(message)
+        self[:alert] = message
+      end
+
+      # Convenience accessor for flash[:notice]
+      def notice
+        self[:notice]
+      end
+
+      # Convenience accessor for flash[:notice]=
+      def notice=(message)
+        self[:notice] = message
+      end
+
+      private
+        # Used internally by the <tt>keep</tt> and <tt>discard</tt> methods
+        #     use()               # marks the entire flash as used
+        #     use('msg')          # marks the "msg" entry as used
+        #     use(nil, false)     # marks the entire flash as unused (keeps it around for one more action)
+        #     use('msg', false)   # marks the "msg" entry as unused (keeps it around for one more action)
+        # Returns the single value for the key you asked to be marked (un)used or the FlashHash itself
+        # if no key is passed.
+        def use(key = nil, used = true)
+          Array(key || keys).each { |k| used ? @used << k : @used.delete(k) }
+          return key ? self[key] : self
+        end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(app)
+      @app = app
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      if (session = env['rack.session']) && (flash = session['flash'])
+        flash.sweep
+      end
+
+      @app.call(env)
+    ensure
+      if (session = env['rack.session']) && (flash = session['flash']) && flash.empty?
+        session.delete('flash')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/head.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/head.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56e2d2f2a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/head.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  class Head
+    def initialize(app)
+      @app = app
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      if env["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "HEAD"
+        env["REQUEST_METHOD"] = "GET"
+        env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] = "HEAD"
+        status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
+        [status, headers, []]
+      else
+        @app.call(env)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
index 7d4f0998ce..311880cabc 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
                 # Note that the regexp does not allow $1 to end with a ':'
                 $1.constantize
               rescue LoadError, NameError => const_error
-                raise ActionDispatch::SessionRestoreError, "Session contains objects whose class definition isn't available.\nRemember to require the classes for all objects kept in the session.\n(Original exception: #{const_error.message} [#{const_error.class}])\n"
+                raise ActionDispatch::Session::SessionRestoreError, "Session contains objects whose class definition isn't available.\nRemember to require the classes for all objects kept in the session.\n(Original exception: #{const_error.message} [#{const_error.class}])\n"
               end
 
               retry
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
index 4ebc8a2ab9..10f04dcdf6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,24 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/exception'
+require 'active_support/notifications'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
 
 module ActionDispatch
+  # This middleware rescues any exception returned by the application and renders
+  # nice exception pages if it's being rescued locally.
+  #
+  # Every time an exception is caught, a notification is published, becoming a good API
+  # to deal with exceptions. So, if you want send an e-mail through ActionMailer
+  # everytime this notification is published, you just need to do the following:
+  #
+  #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "action_dispatch.show_exception" do |name, start, end, instrumentation_id, payload|
+  #     ExceptionNotifier.deliver_exception(start, payload)
+  #   end
+  #
+  # The payload is a hash which has two pairs:
+  #
+  # * :env - Contains the rack env for the given request;
+  # * :exception - The exception raised;
+  #
   class ShowExceptions
     LOCALHOST = '127.0.0.1'.freeze
 
@@ -44,8 +61,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def call(env)
       @app.call(env)
     rescue Exception => exception
-      raise exception if env['action_dispatch.show_exceptions'] == false
-      render_exception(env, exception)
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument 'action_dispatch.show_exception',
+        :env => env, :exception => exception do
+        raise exception if env['action_dispatch.show_exceptions'] == false
+        render_exception(env, exception)
+      end
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/string_coercion.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/string_coercion.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 232e947835..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/string_coercion.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-module ActionDispatch
-  class StringCoercion
-    class UglyBody < ActiveSupport::BasicObject
-      def initialize(body)
-        @body = body
-      end
-
-      def each
-        @body.each do |part|
-          yield part.to_s
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-        def method_missing(*args, &block)
-          @body.__send__(*args, &block)
-        end
-    end
-
-    def initialize(app)
-      @app = app
-    end
-
-    def call(env)
-      status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
-      [status, headers, UglyBody.new(body)]
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
index 8f33346a4f..9aaa4355f2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
@@ -68,16 +68,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           def normalize_path(path)
-            path = nil if path == ""
-            path = "#{@scope[:path]}#{path}" if @scope[:path]
-            path = Rack::Mount::Utils.normalize_path(path) if path
-
-            raise ArgumentError, "path is required" unless path
-
-            path
+            path = "#{@scope[:path]}/#{path}"
+            raise ArgumentError, "path is required" if path.empty?
+            Mapper.normalize_path(path)
           end
 
-
           def app
             Constraints.new(
               to.respond_to?(:call) ? to : Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher.new(:defaults => defaults),
@@ -123,7 +118,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
           end
 
-
           def blocks
             if @options[:constraints].present? && !@options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
               block = @options[:constraints]
@@ -162,6 +156,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
       end
 
+      # Invokes Rack::Mount::Utils.normalize path and ensure that
+      # (:locale) becomes (/:locale) instead of /(:locale).
+      def self.normalize_path(path)
+        path = Rack::Mount::Utils.normalize_path(path)
+        path.sub!(%r{/\(+/?:}, '(/:')
+        path
+      end
+
       module Base
         def initialize(set)
           @set = set
@@ -200,13 +202,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
           path      = args.shift || block
           path_proc = path.is_a?(Proc) ? path : proc { |params| path % params }
           status    = options[:status] || 301
+          body      = 'Moved Permanently'
 
           lambda do |env|
-            req    = Rack::Request.new(env)
-            params = path_proc.call(env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"])
-            url    = req.scheme + '://' + req.host + params
+            req = Request.new(env)
+
+            uri = URI.parse(path_proc.call(req.params.symbolize_keys))
+            uri.scheme ||= req.scheme
+            uri.host   ||= req.host
+            uri.port   ||= req.port unless req.port == 80
 
-            [ status, {'Location' => url, 'Content-Type' => 'text/html'}, ['Moved Permanently'] ]
+            headers = {
+              'Location' => uri.to_s,
+              'Content-Type' => 'text/html',
+              'Content-Length' => body.length.to_s
+            }
+            [ status, headers, [body] ]
           end
         end
 
@@ -236,46 +247,35 @@ module ActionDispatch
             options[:controller] = args.first
           end
 
-          if path = options.delete(:path)
-            path_set = true
-            path, @scope[:path] = @scope[:path], Rack::Mount::Utils.normalize_path(@scope[:path].to_s + path.to_s)
-          else
-            path_set = false
-          end
+          recover = {}
 
-          if name_prefix = options.delete(:name_prefix)
-            name_prefix_set = true
-            name_prefix, @scope[:name_prefix] = @scope[:name_prefix], (@scope[:name_prefix] ? "#{@scope[:name_prefix]}_#{name_prefix}" : name_prefix)
-          else
-            name_prefix_set = false
+          options[:constraints] ||= {}
+          unless options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
+            block, options[:constraints] = options[:constraints], {}
           end
 
-          if controller = options.delete(:controller)
-            controller_set = true
-            controller, @scope[:controller] = @scope[:controller], controller
-          else
-            controller_set = false
+          scope_options.each do |option|
+            if value = options.delete(option)
+              recover[option] = @scope[option]
+              @scope[option]  = send("merge_#{option}_scope", @scope[option], value)
+            end
           end
 
-          constraints = options.delete(:constraints) || {}
-          unless constraints.is_a?(Hash)
-            block, constraints = constraints, {}
-          end
-          constraints, @scope[:constraints] = @scope[:constraints], (@scope[:constraints] || {}).merge(constraints)
-          blocks, @scope[:blocks] = @scope[:blocks], (@scope[:blocks] || []) + [block]
+          recover[:block] = @scope[:blocks]
+          @scope[:blocks] = merge_blocks_scope(@scope[:blocks], block)
 
-          options, @scope[:options] = @scope[:options], (@scope[:options] || {}).merge(options)
+          recover[:options] = @scope[:options]
+          @scope[:options]  = merge_options_scope(@scope[:options], options)
 
           yield
-
           self
         ensure
-          @scope[:path]        = path        if path_set
-          @scope[:name_prefix] = name_prefix if name_prefix_set
-          @scope[:controller]  = controller  if controller_set
-          @scope[:options]     = options
-          @scope[:blocks]      = blocks
-          @scope[:constraints] = constraints
+          scope_options.each do |option|
+            @scope[option] = recover[option] if recover.has_key?(option)
+          end
+
+          @scope[:options] = recover[:options]
+          @scope[:blocks]  = recover[:block]
         end
 
         def controller(controller)
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def namespace(path)
-          scope("/#{path}") { yield }
+          scope(path.to_s, :name_prefix => path.to_s, :namespace => path.to_s) { yield }
         end
 
         def constraints(constraints = {})
@@ -304,25 +304,83 @@ module ActionDispatch
           args.push(options)
           super(*args)
         end
+
+        private
+          def scope_options
+            @scope_options ||= private_methods.grep(/^merge_(.+)_scope$/) { $1.to_sym }
+          end
+
+          def merge_path_scope(parent, child)
+            Mapper.normalize_path("#{parent}/#{child}")
+          end
+
+          def merge_name_prefix_scope(parent, child)
+            parent ? "#{parent}_#{child}" : child
+          end
+
+          def merge_namespace_scope(parent, child)
+            parent ? "#{parent}/#{child}" : child
+          end
+
+          def merge_controller_scope(parent, child)
+            @scope[:namespace] ? "#{@scope[:namespace]}/#{child}" : child
+          end
+
+          def merge_resources_path_names_scope(parent, child)
+            merge_options_scope(parent, child)
+          end
+
+          def merge_constraints_scope(parent, child)
+            merge_options_scope(parent, child)
+          end
+
+          def merge_blocks_scope(parent, child)
+            (parent || []) + [child]
+          end
+
+          def merge_options_scope(parent, child)
+            (parent || {}).merge(child)
+          end
       end
 
       module Resources
+        CRUD_ACTIONS = [:index, :show, :create, :update, :destroy]
+
         class Resource #:nodoc:
-          attr_reader :plural, :singular
+          def self.default_actions
+            [:index, :create, :new, :show, :update, :destroy, :edit]
+          end
+
+          attr_reader :plural, :singular, :options
 
           def initialize(entities, options = {})
             entities = entities.to_s
+            @options = options
 
             @plural   = entities.pluralize
             @singular = entities.singularize
           end
 
+          def default_actions
+            self.class.default_actions
+          end
+
+          def actions
+            if only = options[:only]
+              only.map(&:to_sym)
+            elsif except = options[:except]
+              default_actions - except.map(&:to_sym)
+            else
+              default_actions
+            end
+          end
+
           def name
-            plural
+            options[:as] || plural
           end
 
           def controller
-            plural
+            options[:controller] || plural
           end
 
           def member_name
@@ -339,15 +397,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         class SingletonResource < Resource #:nodoc:
+          def self.default_actions
+            [:show, :create, :update, :destroy, :new, :edit]
+          end
+
           def initialize(entity, options = {})
             super
           end
 
           def name
-            singular
+            options[:as] || singular
           end
         end
 
+        def initialize(*args)
+          super
+          @scope[:resources_path_names] = @set.resources_path_names
+        end
+
         def resource(*resources, &block)
           options = resources.extract_options!
 
@@ -357,7 +424,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return self
           end
 
-          resource = SingletonResource.new(resources.pop)
+          if path_names = options.delete(:path_names)
+            scope(:resources_path_names => path_names) do
+              resource(resources, options)
+            end
+            return self
+          end
+
+          resource = SingletonResource.new(resources.pop, options)
 
           if @scope[:scope_level] == :resources
             nested do
@@ -366,16 +440,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return self
           end
 
-          scope(:path => "/#{resource.name}", :controller => resource.controller) do
+          scope(:path => resource.name.to_s, :controller => resource.controller) do
             with_scope_level(:resource, resource) do
               yield if block_given?
 
-              get    "(.:format)",      :to => :show, :as => resource.member_name
-              post   "(.:format)",      :to => :create
-              put    "(.:format)",      :to => :update
-              delete "(.:format)",      :to => :destroy
-              get    "/new(.:format)",  :to => :new,  :as => "new_#{resource.singular}"
-              get    "/edit(.:format)", :to => :edit, :as => "edit_#{resource.singular}"
+              get    :show, :as => resource.member_name if resource.actions.include?(:show)
+              post   :create if resource.actions.include?(:create)
+              put    :update if resource.actions.include?(:update)
+              delete :destroy if resource.actions.include?(:destroy)
+              get    :new, :as => resource.singular if resource.actions.include?(:new)
+              get    :edit, :as => resource.singular if resource.actions.include?(:edit)
             end
           end
 
@@ -391,7 +465,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return self
           end
 
-          resource = Resource.new(resources.pop)
+          if path_names = options.delete(:path_names)
+            scope(:resources_path_names => path_names) do
+              resources(resources, options)
+            end
+            return self
+          end
+
+          resource = Resource.new(resources.pop, options)
 
           if @scope[:scope_level] == :resources
             nested do
@@ -400,28 +481,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return self
           end
 
-          scope(:path => "/#{resource.name}", :controller => resource.controller) do
+          scope(:path => resource.name.to_s, :controller => resource.controller) do
             with_scope_level(:resources, resource) do
               yield if block_given?
 
               with_scope_level(:collection) do
-                get  "(.:format)", :to => :index, :as => resource.collection_name
-                post "(.:format)", :to => :create
-
-                with_exclusive_name_prefix :new do
-                  get "/new(.:format)", :to => :new, :as => resource.singular
-                end
+                get  :index, :as => resource.collection_name if resource.actions.include?(:index)
+                post :create if resource.actions.include?(:create)
+                get  :new, :as => resource.singular if resource.actions.include?(:new)
               end
 
               with_scope_level(:member) do
-                scope("/:id") do
-                  get    "(.:format)", :to => :show, :as => resource.member_name
-                  put    "(.:format)", :to => :update
-                  delete "(.:format)", :to => :destroy
-
-                  with_exclusive_name_prefix :edit do
-                    get "/edit(.:format)", :to => :edit, :as => resource.singular
-                  end
+                scope(':id') do
+                  get    :show, :as => resource.member_name if resource.actions.include?(:show)
+                  put    :update if resource.actions.include?(:update)
+                  delete :destroy if resource.actions.include?(:destroy)
+                  get    :edit, :as => resource.singular if resource.actions.include?(:edit)
                 end
               end
             end
@@ -448,7 +523,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:member) do
-            scope("/:id", :name_prefix => parent_resource.member_name, :as => "") do
+            scope(':id', :name_prefix => parent_resource.member_name, :as => "") do
               yield
             end
           end
@@ -460,7 +535,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:nested) do
-            scope("/#{parent_resource.id_segment}", :name_prefix => parent_resource.member_name) do
+            scope(parent_resource.id_segment, :name_prefix => parent_resource.member_name) do
               yield
             end
           end
@@ -474,9 +549,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return self
           end
 
+          resources_path_names = options.delete(:path_names)
+
           if args.first.is_a?(Symbol)
-            with_exclusive_name_prefix(args.first) do
-              return match("/#{args.first}(.:format)", options.merge(:to => args.first.to_sym))
+            action = args.first
+            if CRUD_ACTIONS.include?(action)
+              begin
+                old_path = @scope[:path]
+                @scope[:path] = "#{@scope[:path]}(.:format)"
+                return match(options.reverse_merge(:to => action))
+              ensure
+                @scope[:path] = old_path
+              end
+            else
+              with_exclusive_name_prefix(action) do
+                return match("#{action_path(action, resources_path_names)}(.:format)", options.reverse_merge(:to => action))
+              end
             end
           end
 
@@ -502,6 +590,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
         private
+          def action_path(name, path_names = nil)
+            path_names ||= @scope[:resources_path_names]
+            path_names[name.to_sym] || name.to_s
+          end
+
           def with_exclusive_name_prefix(prefix)
             begin
               old_name_prefix = @scope[:name_prefix]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
index bd397432ce..660d28dbec 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
@@ -74,9 +74,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @routes = {}
           @helpers = []
 
-          @module ||= Module.new
-          @module.instance_methods.each do |selector|
-            @module.class_eval { remove_method selector }
+          @module ||= Module.new do
+            instance_methods.each { |selector| remove_method(selector) }
           end
         end
 
@@ -138,67 +137,87 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
           end
 
-          def named_helper_module_eval(code, *args)
-            @module.module_eval(code, *args)
-          end
-
           def define_hash_access(route, name, kind, options)
             selector = hash_access_name(name, kind)
-            named_helper_module_eval <<-end_eval # We use module_eval to avoid leaks
+
+            # We use module_eval to avoid leaks
+            @module.module_eval <<-END_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
               def #{selector}(options = nil)                                      # def hash_for_users_url(options = nil)
                 options ? #{options.inspect}.merge(options) : #{options.inspect}  #   options ? {:only_path=>false}.merge(options) : {:only_path=>false}
               end                                                                 # end
               protected :#{selector}                                              # protected :hash_for_users_url
-            end_eval
+            END_EVAL
             helpers << selector
           end
 
+          # Create a url helper allowing ordered parameters to be associated
+          # with corresponding dynamic segments, so you can do:
+          #
+          #   foo_url(bar, baz, bang)
+          #
+          # Instead of:
+          #
+          #   foo_url(:bar => bar, :baz => baz, :bang => bang)
+          #
+          # Also allow options hash, so you can do:
+          #
+          #   foo_url(bar, baz, bang, :sort_by => 'baz')
+          #
           def define_url_helper(route, name, kind, options)
             selector = url_helper_name(name, kind)
-            # The segment keys used for positional parameters
-
             hash_access_method = hash_access_name(name, kind)
 
-            # allow ordered parameters to be associated with corresponding
-            # dynamic segments, so you can do
+            # We use module_eval to avoid leaks.
             #
-            #   foo_url(bar, baz, bang)
+            # def users_url(*args)
+            #   if args.empty? || Hash === args.first
+            #     options = hash_for_users_url(args.first || {})
+            #   else
+            #     options = hash_for_users_url(args.extract_options!)
+            #     default = default_url_options(options) if self.respond_to?(:default_url_options, true)
+            #     options = (default ||= {}).merge(options)
             #
-            # instead of
+            #     keys = []
+            #     keys -= options.keys if args.size < keys.size - 1
             #
-            #   foo_url(:bar => bar, :baz => baz, :bang => bang)
+            #     args = args.zip(keys).inject({}) do |h, (v, k)|
+            #       h[k] = v
+            #       h
+            #     end
             #
-            # Also allow options hash, so you can do
+            #     # Tell url_for to skip default_url_options
+            #     options[:use_defaults] = false
+            #     options.merge!(args)
+            #   end
             #
-            #   foo_url(bar, baz, bang, :sort_by => 'baz')
-            #
-            named_helper_module_eval <<-end_eval # We use module_eval to avoid leaks
-              def #{selector}(*args)                                                        # def users_url(*args)
-                                                                                            #
-                opts = if args.empty? || Hash === args.first                                #   opts = if args.empty? || Hash === args.first
-                  args.first || {}                                                          #     args.first || {}
-                else                                                                        #   else
-                  options = args.extract_options!                                           #     options = args.extract_options!
-                  args = args.zip(#{route.segment_keys.inspect}).inject({}) do |h, (v, k)|  #     args = args.zip([]).inject({}) do |h, (v, k)|
-                    h[k] = v                                                                #       h[k] = v
-                    h                                                                       #       h
-                  end                                                                       #     end
-                  options.merge(args)                                                       #     options.merge(args)
-                end                                                                         #   end
-                                                                                            #
-                url_for(#{hash_access_method}(opts))                                        #   url_for(hash_for_users_url(opts))
-                                                                                            #
-              end                                                                           # end
-              #Add an alias to support the now deprecated formatted_* URL.                  # #Add an alias to support the now deprecated formatted_* URL.
-              def formatted_#{selector}(*args)                                              # def formatted_users_url(*args)
-                ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(                                            #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-                  "formatted_#{selector}() has been deprecated. " +                         #     "formatted_users_url() has been deprecated. " +
-                  "Please pass format to the standard " +                                   #     "Please pass format to the standard " +
-                  "#{selector} method instead.", caller)                                    #     "users_url method instead.", caller)
-                #{selector}(*args)                                                          #   users_url(*args)
-              end                                                                           # end
-              protected :#{selector}                                                        # protected :users_url
-            end_eval
+            #   url_for(options)
+            # end
+            @module.module_eval <<-END_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+              def #{selector}(*args)
+                if args.empty? || Hash === args.first
+                  options = #{hash_access_method}(args.first || {})
+                else
+                  options = #{hash_access_method}(args.extract_options!)
+                  default = default_url_options(options) if self.respond_to?(:default_url_options, true)
+                  options = (default ||= {}).merge(options)
+
+                  keys = #{route.segment_keys.inspect}
+                  keys -= options.keys if args.size < keys.size - 1 # take format into account
+
+                  args = args.zip(keys).inject({}) do |h, (v, k)|
+                    h[k] = v
+                    h
+                  end
+
+                  # Tell url_for to skip default_url_options
+                  options[:use_defaults] = false
+                  options.merge!(args)
+                end
+
+                url_for(options)
+              end
+              protected :#{selector}
+            END_EVAL
             helpers << selector
           end
       end
@@ -206,9 +225,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
       attr_accessor :routes, :named_routes
       attr_accessor :disable_clear_and_finalize
 
+      def self.default_resources_path_names
+        { :new => 'new', :edit => 'edit' }
+      end
+
+      attr_accessor :resources_path_names
+
       def initialize
         self.routes = []
         self.named_routes = NamedRouteCollection.new
+        self.resources_path_names = self.class.default_resources_path_names
 
         @disable_clear_and_finalize = false
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
index 5686bbdbde..c2486d3730 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
   module Assertions
     # A small suite of assertions that test responses from Rails applications.
     module ResponseAssertions
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      included do
+        # TODO: Need to pull in AV::Template monkey patches that track which
+        # templates are rendered. assert_template should probably be part
+        # of AV instead of AD.
+        require 'action_view/test_case'
+      end
+
       # Asserts that the response is one of the following types:
       #
       # * <tt>:success</tt>   - Status code was 200
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
index c2dc591ff7..a6b1126e2b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         fix_content = lambda do |node|
           # Gets around a bug in the Rails 1.1 HTML parser.
-          node.content.gsub(/<!\[CDATA\[(.*)(\]\]>)?/m) { CGI.escapeHTML($1) }
+          node.content.gsub(/<!\[CDATA\[(.*)(\]\]>)?/m) { Rack::Utils.escapeHTML($1) }
         end
 
         selected = elements.map do |element|
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
index 2a5f5dcd5c..4ec47d146c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require 'stringio'
 require 'uri'
-require 'active_support/test_case'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/metaclass'
 require 'rack/test'