Merge remote branch 'mainstream/master'

Conflicts:
	actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb

60 files changed, 1633 insertions, 1298 deletions

diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
index 237ab577ba..efc35a7e56 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb
@@ -15,4 +15,5 @@ module AbstractController
   autoload :LocalizedCache
   autoload :Logger
   autoload :Rendering
+  autoload :UrlFor
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
index a6889d5d01..48725ad82a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
@@ -86,6 +86,11 @@ module AbstractController
 
     abstract!
 
+    # Initialize controller with nil formats.
+    def initialize #:nodoc:
+      @_formats = nil
+    end
+
     # Calls the action going through the entire action dispatch stack.
     #
     # The actual method that is called is determined by calling
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
index 332d86b089..d57136dbb8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
@@ -17,12 +17,6 @@ module AbstractController
       self._view_paths ||= ActionView::PathSet.new
     end
 
-    # Initialize controller with nil formats.
-    def initialize(*) #:nodoc:
-      @_formats = nil
-      super
-    end
-
     # An instance of a view class. The default view class is ActionView::Base
     #
     # The view class must have the following methods:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b7d2b1f34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+module AbstractController
+  # In <b>routes.rb</b> one defines URL-to-controller mappings, but the reverse
+  # is also possible: an URL can be generated from one of your routing definitions.
+  # URL generation functionality is centralized in this module.
+  #
+  # See AbstractController::Routing and AbstractController::Resources for general
+  # information about routing and routes.rb.
+  #
+  # <b>Tip:</b> If you need to generate URLs from your models or some other place,
+  # then AbstractController::UrlFor is what you're looking for. Read on for
+  # an introduction.
+  #
+  # == URL generation from parameters
+  #
+  # As you may know, some functions - such as AbstractController::Base#url_for
+  # and ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper#link_to, can generate URLs given a set
+  # of parameters. For example, you've probably had the chance to write code
+  # like this in one of your views:
+  #
+  #   <%= link_to('Click here', :controller => 'users',
+  #           :action => 'new', :message => 'Welcome!') %>
+  #
+  #   #=> Generates a link to: /users/new?message=Welcome%21
+  #
+  # link_to, and all other functions that require URL generation functionality,
+  # actually use AbstractController::UrlFor under the hood. And in particular,
+  # they use the AbstractController::UrlFor#url_for method. One can generate
+  # the same path as the above example by using the following code:
+  #
+  #   include UrlFor
+  #   url_for(:controller => 'users',
+  #           :action => 'new',
+  #           :message => 'Welcome!',
+  #           :only_path => true)
+  #   # => "/users/new?message=Welcome%21"
+  #
+  # Notice the <tt>:only_path => true</tt> part. This is because UrlFor has no
+  # information about the website hostname that your Rails app is serving. So if you
+  # want to include the hostname as well, then you must also pass the <tt>:host</tt>
+  # argument:
+  #
+  #   include UrlFor
+  #   url_for(:controller => 'users',
+  #           :action => 'new',
+  #           :message => 'Welcome!',
+  #           :host => 'www.example.com')        # Changed this.
+  #   # => "http://www.example.com/users/new?message=Welcome%21"
+  #
+  # By default, all controllers and views have access to a special version of url_for,
+  # that already knows what the current hostname is. So if you use url_for in your
+  # controllers or your views, then you don't need to explicitly pass the <tt>:host</tt>
+  # argument.
+  #
+  # For convenience reasons, mailers provide a shortcut for AbstractController::UrlFor#url_for.
+  # So within mailers, you only have to type 'url_for' instead of 'AbstractController::UrlFor#url_for'
+  # in full. However, mailers don't have hostname information, and what's why you'll still
+  # have to specify the <tt>:host</tt> argument when generating URLs in mailers.
+  #
+  #
+  # == URL generation for named routes
+  #
+  # UrlFor also allows one to access methods that have been auto-generated from
+  # named routes. For example, suppose that you have a 'users' resource in your
+  # <b>routes.rb</b>:
+  #
+  #   map.resources :users
+  #
+  # This generates, among other things, the method <tt>users_path</tt>. By default,
+  # this method is accessible from your controllers, views and mailers. If you need
+  # to access this auto-generated method from other places (such as a model), then
+  # you can do that by including AbstractController::UrlFor in your class:
+  #
+  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     include AbstractController::UrlFor
+  #
+  #     def base_uri
+  #       user_path(self)
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   User.find(1).base_uri # => "/users/1"
+  #
+  module UrlFor
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      ActionController::Routing::Routes.install_helpers(self)
+      extlib_inheritable_accessor :default_url_options,
+                                  :instance_writer => false, :instance_reader => false
+      self.default_url_options ||= {}
+    end
+
+    # Overwrite to implement a number of default options that all url_for-based methods will use. The default options should come in
+    # the form of a hash, just like the one you would use for url_for directly. Example:
+    #
+    #   def default_url_options(options)
+    #     { :project => @project.active? ? @project.url_name : "unknown" }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # As you can infer from the example, this is mostly useful for situations where you want to centralize dynamic decisions about the
+    # urls as they stem from the business domain. Please note that any individual url_for call can always override the defaults set
+    # by this method.
+    def default_url_options(options = nil)
+      self.class.default_url_options
+    end
+
+    def rewrite_options(options) #:nodoc:
+      if options.delete(:use_defaults) != false && (defaults = default_url_options(options))
+        defaults.merge(options)
+      else
+        options
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Generate a url based on the options provided, default_url_options and the
+    # routes defined in routes.rb.  The following options are supported:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:only_path</tt> - If true, the relative url is returned. Defaults to +false+.
+    # * <tt>:protocol</tt> - The protocol to connect to. Defaults to 'http'.
+    # * <tt>:host</tt> - Specifies the host the link should be targeted at.
+    #   If <tt>:only_path</tt> is false, this option must be
+    #   provided either explicitly, or via +default_url_options+.
+    # * <tt>:port</tt> - Optionally specify the port to connect to.
+    # * <tt>:anchor</tt> - An anchor name to be appended to the path.
+    # * <tt>:skip_relative_url_root</tt> - If true, the url is not constructed using the
+    #   +relative_url_root+ set in AbstractController::Base.relative_url_root.
+    # * <tt>:trailing_slash</tt> - If true, adds a trailing slash, as in "/archive/2009/"
+    #
+    # Any other key (<tt>:controller</tt>, <tt>:action</tt>, etc.) given to
+    # +url_for+ is forwarded to the Routes module.
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #    url_for :controller => 'tasks', :action => 'testing', :host=>'somehost.org', :port=>'8080'    # => 'http://somehost.org:8080/tasks/testing'
+    #    url_for :controller => 'tasks', :action => 'testing', :host=>'somehost.org', :anchor => 'ok', :only_path => true    # => '/tasks/testing#ok'
+    #    url_for :controller => 'tasks', :action => 'testing', :trailing_slash=>true  # => 'http://somehost.org/tasks/testing/'
+    #    url_for :controller => 'tasks', :action => 'testing', :host=>'somehost.org', :number => '33'  # => 'http://somehost.org/tasks/testing?number=33'
+    def url_for(options = {})
+      options ||= {}
+      case options
+        when String
+          options
+        when Hash
+          _url_rewriter.rewrite(rewrite_options(options))
+        else
+          polymorphic_url(options)
+      end
+    end
+
+  protected
+
+    def _url_rewriter
+      ActionController::UrlRewriter
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
index d66fc3fcc9..8bc2cc79d2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
@@ -23,31 +23,32 @@ module ActionController
     autoload :Helpers
     autoload :HideActions
     autoload :HttpAuthentication
-    autoload :Logger
+    autoload :Instrumentation
     autoload :MimeResponds
     autoload :RackDelegation
     autoload :Redirecting
-    autoload :Rendering
     autoload :Renderers
+    autoload :Rendering
     autoload :RequestForgeryProtection
     autoload :Rescue
     autoload :Responder
     autoload :SessionManagement
     autoload :Streaming
+    autoload :Testing
     autoload :UrlFor
     autoload :Verification
   end
 
-  autoload :Dispatcher,      'action_controller/dispatch/dispatcher'
-  autoload :PerformanceTest, 'action_controller/deprecated/performance_test'
-  autoload :Routing,         'action_controller/deprecated'
+  autoload :Dispatcher,      'action_controller/deprecated/dispatcher'
   autoload :Integration,     'action_controller/deprecated/integration_test'
   autoload :IntegrationTest, 'action_controller/deprecated/integration_test'
+  autoload :PerformanceTest, 'action_controller/deprecated/performance_test'
+  autoload :Routing,         'action_controller/deprecated'
+  autoload :TestCase,        'action_controller/test_case'
 
   eager_autoload do
     autoload :RecordIdentifier
     autoload :UrlRewriter
-    autoload :UrlWriter,                'action_controller/url_rewriter'
 
     # TODO: Don't autoload exceptions, setup explicit
     # requires for files that need them
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
index b23be66910..260e5da336 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ module ActionController
     include AbstractController::Layouts
 
     include ActionController::Helpers
+    helper :all # By default, all helpers should be included
+    
     include ActionController::HideActions
     include ActionController::UrlFor
     include ActionController::Redirecting
@@ -13,7 +15,6 @@ module ActionController
     include ActionController::Renderers::All
     include ActionController::ConditionalGet
     include ActionController::RackDelegation
-    include ActionController::Logger
     include ActionController::Configuration
 
     # Legacy modules
@@ -31,9 +32,13 @@ module ActionController
     include ActionController::Streaming
     include ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic::ControllerMethods
     include ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Digest::ControllerMethods
-    include ActionController::FilterParameterLogging
     include ActionController::Translation
 
+    # Add instrumentations hooks at the bottom, to ensure they instrument
+    # all the methods properly.
+    include ActionController::Instrumentation
+    include ActionController::FilterParameterLogging
+
     # TODO: Extract into its own module
     # This should be moved together with other normalizing behavior
     module ImplicitRender
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
index 69ed84da95..d784138ebe 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
@@ -60,17 +60,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       def cache_configured?
         perform_caching && cache_store
       end
-
-      def log_event(name, before, after, instrumenter_id, payload)
-        if name.to_s =~ /(read|write|cache|expire|exist)_(fragment|page)\??/
-          key_or_path = payload[:key] || payload[:path]
-          human_name  = name.to_s.humanize
-          duration    = (after - before) * 1000
-          logger.info("#{human_name} #{key_or_path.inspect} (%.1fms)" % duration)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
     end
 
     def caching_allowed?
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
index f569d0dd8b..00a7f034d3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
       def fragment_for(buffer, name = {}, options = nil, &block) #:nodoc:
         if perform_caching
-          if fragment_exist?(name,options)
-            buffer.concat(read_fragment(name, options))
+          if fragment_exist?(name, options)
+            buffer.safe_concat(read_fragment(name, options))
           else
             pos = buffer.length
             block.call
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         return content unless cache_configured?
         key = fragment_cache_key(key)
 
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:write_fragment, :key => key) do
+        instrument_fragment_cache :write_fragment, key do
           cache_store.write(key, content, options)
         end
         content
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         return unless cache_configured?
         key = fragment_cache_key(key)
 
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:read_fragment, :key => key) do
+        instrument_fragment_cache :read_fragment, key do
           cache_store.read(key, options)
         end
       end
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         return unless cache_configured?
         key = fragment_cache_key(key)
 
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:exist_fragment?, :key => key) do
+        instrument_fragment_cache :exist_fragment?, key do
           cache_store.exist?(key, options)
         end
       end
@@ -101,16 +101,18 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         key = fragment_cache_key(key) unless key.is_a?(Regexp)
         message = nil
 
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:expire_fragment, :key => key) do
+        instrument_fragment_cache :expire_fragment, key do
           if key.is_a?(Regexp)
-            message = "Expired fragments matching: #{key.source}"
             cache_store.delete_matched(key, options)
           else
-            message = "Expired fragment: #{key}"
             cache_store.delete(key, options)
           end
         end
       end
+
+      def instrument_fragment_cache(name, key)
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_controller.#{name}", :key => key){ yield }
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/pages.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/pages.rb
index d46f528c7e..5797eeebd6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/pages.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/pages.rb
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           return unless perform_caching
           path = page_cache_path(path)
 
-          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:expire_page, :path => path) do
+          instrument_page_cache :expire_page, path do
             File.delete(path) if File.exist?(path)
           end
         end
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           return unless perform_caching
           path = page_cache_path(path)
 
-          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:cache_page, :path => path) do
+          instrument_page_cache :write_page, path do
             FileUtils.makedirs(File.dirname(path))
             File.open(path, "wb+") { |f| f.write(content) }
           end
@@ -107,6 +107,10 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           def page_cache_path(path)
             page_cache_directory + page_cache_file(path)
           end
+
+          def instrument_page_cache(name, path)
+            ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_controller.#{name}", :path => path){ yield }
+          end
       end
 
       # Expires the page that was cached with the +options+ as a key. Example:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/deprecated/dispatcher.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/deprecated/dispatcher.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3da3c8ce7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/deprecated/dispatcher.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+module ActionController
+  class Dispatcher
+    cattr_accessor :prepare_each_request
+    self.prepare_each_request = false
+
+    class << self
+      def before_dispatch(*args, &block)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActionController::Dispatcher.before_dispatch is deprecated. " <<
+          "Please use ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before instead.", caller
+        ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before(*args, &block)
+      end
+
+      def after_dispatch(*args, &block)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActionController::Dispatcher.after_dispatch is deprecated. " <<
+          "Please use ActionDispatch::Callbacks.after instead.", caller
+        ActionDispatch::Callbacks.after(*args, &block)
+      end
+
+      def to_prepare(*args, &block)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActionController::Dispatcher.to_prepare is deprecated. " <<
+          "Please use ActionDispatch::Callbacks.to_prepare instead.", caller
+        ActionDispatch::Callbacks.after(*args, &block)
+      end
+
+      def new
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActionController::Dispatcher.new is deprecated, use Rails.application instead."
+        Rails.application
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/dispatch/dispatcher.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/dispatch/dispatcher.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index cf02757cf6..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/dispatch/dispatcher.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
-
-module ActionController
-  # Dispatches requests to the appropriate controller and takes care of
-  # reloading the app after each request when Dependencies.load? is true.
-  class Dispatcher
-    cattr_accessor :prepare_each_request
-    self.prepare_each_request = false
-
-    class << self
-      def define_dispatcher_callbacks(cache_classes)
-        unless cache_classes
-          # Run prepare callbacks before every request in development mode
-          self.prepare_each_request = true
-
-          ActionDispatch::Callbacks.after_dispatch do
-            # Cleanup the application before processing the current request.
-            ActiveRecord::Base.reset_subclasses if defined?(ActiveRecord)
-            ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
-            ActiveRecord::Base.clear_reloadable_connections! if defined?(ActiveRecord)
-          end
-
-          ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper.cache_asset_timestamps = false
-        end
-
-        if defined?(ActiveRecord)
-          to_prepare(:activerecord_instantiate_observers) do
-            ActiveRecord::Base.instantiate_observers
-          end
-        end
-
-        if Base.logger && Base.logger.respond_to?(:flush)
-          after_dispatch do
-            Base.logger.flush
-          end
-        end
-
-        to_prepare do
-          I18n.reload!
-        end
-      end
-
-      delegate :to_prepare, :before_dispatch, :around_dispatch, :after_dispatch,
-        :to => ActionDispatch::Callbacks
-
-      def new
-        # DEPRECATE Rails application fallback
-        Rails.application
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/compatibility.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/compatibility.rb
index a90f798cd5..0e869e4e87 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/compatibility.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/compatibility.rb
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ module ActionController
 
       class << self
         delegate :default_charset=, :to => "ActionDispatch::Response"
+        delegate :resources_path_names, :to => "ActionController::Routing::Routes"
+        delegate :resources_path_names=, :to => "ActionController::Routing::Routes"
       end
 
       # cattr_reader :protected_instance_variables
@@ -29,15 +31,7 @@ module ActionController
                                              @variables_added @request_origin @url
                                              @parent_controller @action_name
                                              @before_filter_chain_aborted @_headers @_params
-                                             @_flash @_response)
-
-      # Indicates whether or not optimise the generated named
-      # route helper methods
-      cattr_accessor :optimise_named_routes
-      self.optimise_named_routes = true
-
-      cattr_accessor :resources_path_names
-      self.resources_path_names = { :new => 'new', :edit => 'edit' }
+                                             @_response)
 
       # Controls the resource action separator
       cattr_accessor :resource_action_separator
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/filter_parameter_logging.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/filter_parameter_logging.rb
index 59e200396a..0b1e1ee6ab 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/filter_parameter_logging.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/filter_parameter_logging.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ module ActionController
   module FilterParameterLogging
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
+    INTERNAL_PARAMS = %w(controller action format _method only_path)
+
     module ClassMethods
       # Replace sensitive parameter data from the request log.
       # Filters parameters that have any of the arguments as a substring.
@@ -48,27 +50,19 @@ module ActionController
             filtered_params[key] = value
           end
 
-          filtered_params
+          filtered_params.except!(*INTERNAL_PARAMS)
         end
         protected :filter_parameters
       end
-
-    protected
-
-      # Overwrite log_process_action to include parameters information.
-      # If this method is invoked, it means logger is defined, so don't
-      # worry with such scenario here.
-      def log_process_action(controller) #:nodoc:
-        params = controller.send(:filter_parameters, controller.request.params)
-        logger.info "  Parameters: #{params.inspect}" unless params.empty?
-        super
-      end
     end
 
-    INTERNAL_PARAMS = [:controller, :action, :format, :_method, :only_path]
-
   protected
 
+    def append_info_to_payload(payload)
+      super
+      payload[:params] = filter_parameters(request.params)
+    end
+
     def filter_parameters(params)
       params.dup.except!(*INTERNAL_PARAMS)
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
index 25e25940a7..bd768b634e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
@@ -1,187 +1,14 @@
 module ActionController #:nodoc:
-  # The flash provides a way to pass temporary objects between actions. Anything you place in the flash will be exposed
-  # to the very next action and then cleared out. This is a great way of doing notices and alerts, such as a create
-  # action that sets <tt>flash[:notice] = "Successfully created"</tt> before redirecting to a display action that can
-  # then expose the flash to its template. Actually, that exposure is automatically done. Example:
-  #
-  #   class PostsController < ActionController::Base
-  #     def create
-  #       # save post
-  #       flash[:notice] = "Successfully created post"
-  #       redirect_to @post
-  #     end
-  #
-  #     def show
-  #       # doesn't need to assign the flash notice to the template, that's done automatically
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   show.html.erb
-  #     <% if flash[:notice] %>
-  #       <div class="notice"><%= flash[:notice] %></div>
-  #     <% end %>
-  #
-  # This example just places a string in the flash, but you can put any object in there. And of course, you can put as
-  # many as you like at a time too. Just remember: They'll be gone by the time the next action has been performed.
-  #
-  # See docs on the FlashHash class for more details about the flash.
   module Flash
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
+      delegate :flash, :to => :request
+      delegate :alert, :notice, :to => "request.flash"
       helper_method :alert, :notice
     end
 
-    class FlashNow #:nodoc:
-      def initialize(flash)
-        @flash = flash
-      end
-
-      def []=(k, v)
-        @flash[k] = v
-        @flash.discard(k)
-        v
-      end
-
-      def [](k)
-        @flash[k]
-      end
-    end
-
-    class FlashHash < Hash
-      def initialize #:nodoc:
-        super
-        @used = Set.new
-      end
-
-      def []=(k, v) #:nodoc:
-        keep(k)
-        super
-      end
-
-      def update(h) #:nodoc:
-        h.keys.each { |k| keep(k) }
-        super
-      end
-
-      alias :merge! :update
-
-      def replace(h) #:nodoc:
-        @used = Set.new
-        super
-      end
-
-      # Sets a flash that will not be available to the next action, only to the current.
-      #
-      #     flash.now[:message] = "Hello current action"
-      #
-      # This method enables you to use the flash as a central messaging system in your app.
-      # When you need to pass an object to the next action, you use the standard flash assign (<tt>[]=</tt>).
-      # When you need to pass an object to the current action, you use <tt>now</tt>, and your object will
-      # vanish when the current action is done.
-      #
-      # Entries set via <tt>now</tt> are accessed the same way as standard entries: <tt>flash['my-key']</tt>.
-      def now
-        FlashNow.new(self)
-      end
-
-      # Keeps either the entire current flash or a specific flash entry available for the next action:
-      #
-      #    flash.keep            # keeps the entire flash
-      #    flash.keep(:notice)   # keeps only the "notice" entry, the rest of the flash is discarded
-      def keep(k = nil)
-        use(k, false)
-      end
-
-      # Marks the entire flash or a single flash entry to be discarded by the end of the current action:
-      #
-      #     flash.discard              # discard the entire flash at the end of the current action
-      #     flash.discard(:warning)    # discard only the "warning" entry at the end of the current action
-      def discard(k = nil)
-        use(k)
-      end
-
-      # Mark for removal entries that were kept, and delete unkept ones.
-      #
-      # This method is called automatically by filters, so you generally don't need to care about it.
-      def sweep #:nodoc:
-        keys.each do |k|
-          unless @used.include?(k)
-            @used << k
-          else
-            delete(k)
-            @used.delete(k)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # clean up after keys that could have been left over by calling reject! or shift on the flash
-        (@used - keys).each{ |k| @used.delete(k) }
-      end
-
-      def store(session)
-        return if self.empty?
-        session["flash"] = self
-      end
-
-      private
-        # Used internally by the <tt>keep</tt> and <tt>discard</tt> methods
-        #     use()               # marks the entire flash as used
-        #     use('msg')          # marks the "msg" entry as used
-        #     use(nil, false)     # marks the entire flash as unused (keeps it around for one more action)
-        #     use('msg', false)   # marks the "msg" entry as unused (keeps it around for one more action)
-        # Returns the single value for the key you asked to be marked (un)used or the FlashHash itself
-        # if no key is passed.
-        def use(key = nil, used = true)
-          Array(key || keys).each { |k| used ? @used << k : @used.delete(k) }
-          return key ? self[key] : self
-        end
-    end
-
-    # Access the contents of the flash. Use <tt>flash["notice"]</tt> to
-    # read a notice you put there or <tt>flash["notice"] = "hello"</tt>
-    # to put a new one.
-    def flash #:doc:
-      unless @_flash
-        @_flash = session["flash"] || FlashHash.new
-        @_flash.sweep
-      end
-
-      @_flash
-    end
-
-    # Convenience accessor for flash[:alert]
-    def alert
-      flash[:alert]
-    end
-
-    # Convenience accessor for flash[:alert]=
-    def alert=(message)
-      flash[:alert] = message
-    end
-
-    # Convenience accessor for flash[:notice]
-    def notice
-      flash[:notice]
-    end
-
-    # Convenience accessor for flash[:notice]=
-    def notice=(message)
-      flash[:notice] = message
-    end
-
     protected
-      def process_action(method_name)
-        @_flash = nil
-        super
-        @_flash.store(session) if @_flash
-        @_flash = nil
-      end
-
-      def reset_session
-        super
-        @_flash = nil
-      end
-
       def redirect_to(options = {}, response_status_and_flash = {}) #:doc:
         if alert = response_status_and_flash.delete(:alert)
           flash[:alert] = alert
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
index c82d9cf369..37be8b3999 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 module ActionController
   module Head
-    include UrlFor
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActionController::UrlFor
 
     # Return a response that has no content (merely headers). The options
     # argument is interpreted to be a hash of header names and values.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7222b7b2fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+require 'abstract_controller/logger'
+
+module ActionController
+  # Adds instrumentation to several ends in ActionController::Base. It also provides
+  # some hooks related with process_action, this allows an ORM like ActiveRecord
+  # and/or DataMapper to plug in ActionController and show related information.
+  #
+  # Check ActiveRecord::Railties::ControllerRuntime for an example.
+  module Instrumentation
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      include AbstractController::Logger
+    end
+
+    attr_internal :view_runtime
+
+    def process_action(action, *args)
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_controller.process_action") do |payload|
+        result = super
+        payload[:controller]  = self.class.name
+        payload[:action]      = self.action_name
+        payload[:formats]     = request.formats.map(&:to_s)
+        payload[:remote_ip]   = request.remote_ip
+        payload[:method]      = request.method
+        payload[:status]      = response.status
+        payload[:request_uri] = request.request_uri rescue "unknown"
+        append_info_to_payload(payload)
+        result
+      end
+    end
+
+    def render(*args, &block)
+      if logger
+        render_output = nil
+
+        self.view_runtime = cleanup_view_runtime do
+          Benchmark.ms { render_output = super }
+        end
+
+        render_output
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    def send_file(path, options={})
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_controller.send_file",
+        options.merge(:path => path)) do
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    def send_data(data, options = {})
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_controller.send_data", options) do
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    def redirect_to(*args)
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_controller.redirect_to") do |payload|
+        result = super
+        payload[:status]   = self.status
+        payload[:location] = self.location
+        result
+      end
+    end
+
+  protected
+
+    # A hook which allows you to clean up any time taken into account in
+    # views wrongly, like database querying time.
+    #
+    #   def cleanup_view_runtime
+    #     super - time_taken_in_something_expensive
+    #   end
+    #
+    # :api: plugin
+    def cleanup_view_runtime #:nodoc:
+      yield
+    end
+
+    # Everytime after an action is processed, this method is invoked
+    # with the payload, so you can add more information.
+    # :api: plugin
+    def append_info_to_payload(payload) #:nodoc:
+      payload[:view_runtime] = view_runtime
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # A hook which allows other frameworks to log what happened during
+      # controller process action. This method should return an array
+      # with the messages to be added.
+      # :api: plugin
+      def log_process_action(payload) #:nodoc:
+        messages, view_runtime = [], payload[:view_runtime]
+        messages << ("Views: %.1fms" % view_runtime.to_f) if view_runtime
+        messages
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/logger.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/logger.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4f4370e5f0..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/logger.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_controller/logger'
-
-module ActionController
-  # Adds instrumentation to <tt>process_action</tt> and a <tt>log_event</tt> method
-  # responsible to log events from ActiveSupport::Notifications. This module handles
-  # :process_action and :render_template events but allows any other module to hook
-  # into log_event and provide its own logging facilities (as in ActionController::Caching).
-  module Logger
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    included do
-      include AbstractController::Logger
-    end
-
-    attr_internal :view_runtime
-
-    def process_action(action)
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:process_action, :controller => self, :action => action) do
-        super
-      end
-    end
-
-    def render(*args, &block)
-      if logger
-        render_output = nil
-
-        self.view_runtime = cleanup_view_runtime do
-          Benchmark.ms { render_output = super }
-        end
-
-        render_output
-      else
-        super
-      end
-    end
-
-    # If you want to remove any time taken into account in :view_runtime
-    # wrongly, you can do it here:
-    #
-    #   def cleanup_view_runtime
-    #     super - time_taken_in_something_expensive
-    #   end
-    #
-    # :api: plugin
-    def cleanup_view_runtime #:nodoc:
-      yield
-    end
-
-    module ClassMethods
-      # This is the hook invoked by ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe.
-      # If you need to log any event, overwrite the method and do it here.
-      def log_event(name, before, after, instrumenter_id, payload) #:nodoc:
-        if name == :process_action
-          duration     = [(after - before) * 1000, 0.01].max
-          controller   = payload[:controller]
-          request      = controller.request
-
-          logger.info "\n\nProcessed #{controller.class.name}##{payload[:action]} " \
-            "to #{request.formats} (for #{request.remote_ip} at #{before.to_s(:db)}) " \
-            "[#{request.method.to_s.upcase}]"
-
-          log_process_action(controller)
-
-          message = "Completed in %.0fms" % duration
-          message << " | #{controller.response.status}"
-          message << " [#{request.request_uri rescue "unknown"}]"
-
-          logger.info(message)
-        elsif name == :render_template
-          # TODO Make render_template logging work if you are using just ActionView
-          duration = (after - before) * 1000
-          message = "Rendered #{payload[:identifier]}"
-          message << " within #{payload[:layout]}" if payload[:layout]
-          message << (" (%.1fms)" % duration)
-          logger.info(message)
-        end
-      end
-
-    protected
-
-      # A hook which allows logging what happened during controller process action.
-      # :api: plugin
-      def log_process_action(controller) #:nodoc:
-        view_runtime = controller.send :view_runtime
-        logger.info("  View runtime: %.1fms" % view_runtime.to_f) if view_runtime
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
index 468c5f4fae..4c02677729 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
@@ -215,7 +215,10 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # a proc to it.
     #
     def respond_with(*resources, &block)
-      if response = retrieve_response_from_mimes([], &block)
+      raise "In order to use respond_with, first you need to declare the formats your " <<
+            "controller responds to in the class level" if mimes_for_respond_to.empty?
+
+      if response = retrieve_response_from_mimes(&block)
         options = resources.extract_options!
         options.merge!(:default_response => response)
         (options.delete(:responder) || responder).call(self, resources, options)
@@ -246,9 +249,9 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # Collects mimes and return the response for the negotiated format. Returns
     # nil if :not_acceptable was sent to the client.
     #
-    def retrieve_response_from_mimes(mimes, &block)
+    def retrieve_response_from_mimes(mimes=nil, &block)
       collector = Collector.new { default_render }
-      mimes = collect_mimes_from_class_level if mimes.empty?
+      mimes ||= collect_mimes_from_class_level
       mimes.each { |mime| collector.send(mime) }
       block.call(collector) if block_given?
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
index 7a2f9a6fc5..faf0589fd2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ module ActionController
 
   module Redirecting
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
     include AbstractController::Logger
+    include ActionController::UrlFor
 
     # Redirects the browser to the target specified in +options+. This parameter can take one of three forms:
     #
@@ -55,8 +57,6 @@ module ActionController
       self.status        = _extract_redirect_to_status(options, response_status)
       self.location      = _compute_redirect_to_location(options)
       self.response_body = "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"#{ERB::Util.h(location)}\">redirected</a>.</body></html>"
-
-      logger.info("Redirected to #{location}") if logger && logger.info?
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
index 288b5d7c99..8f03b8bb17 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
@@ -88,13 +88,11 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         @performed_render = false
 
         if options[:x_sendfile]
-          logger.info "Sending #{X_SENDFILE_HEADER} header #{path}" if logger
           head options[:status], X_SENDFILE_HEADER => path
         else
           if options[:stream]
             # TODO : Make render :text => proc {} work with the new base
             render :status => options[:status], :text => Proc.new { |response, output|
-              logger.info "Streaming file #{path}" unless logger.nil?
               len = options[:buffer_size] || 4096
               File.open(path, 'rb') do |file|
                 while buf = file.read(len)
@@ -103,7 +101,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
               end
             }
           else
-            logger.info "Sending file #{path}" unless logger.nil?
             File.open(path, 'rb') { |file| render :status => options[:status], :text => file.read }
           end
         end
@@ -141,7 +138,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       # data to the browser, then use <tt>render :text => proc { ... }</tt>
       # instead. See ActionController::Base#render for more information.
       def send_data(data, options = {}) #:doc:
-        logger.info "Sending data #{options[:filename]}" if logger
         send_file_headers! options.merge(:length => data.bytesize)
         render :status => options[:status], :text => data
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
index 8c3810ebcb..73feacb872 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
@@ -2,40 +2,14 @@ module ActionController
   module UrlFor
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    include RackDelegation
+    include AbstractController::UrlFor
+    include ActionController::RackDelegation
 
-    # Overwrite to implement a number of default options that all url_for-based methods will use. The default options should come in
-    # the form of a hash, just like the one you would use for url_for directly. Example:
-    #
-    #   def default_url_options(options)
-    #     { :project => @project.active? ? @project.url_name : "unknown" }
-    #   end
-    #
-    # As you can infer from the example, this is mostly useful for situations where you want to centralize dynamic decisions about the
-    # urls as they stem from the business domain. Please note that any individual url_for call can always override the defaults set
-    # by this method.
-    def default_url_options(options = nil)
-    end
-
-    def rewrite_options(options) #:nodoc:
-      if defaults = default_url_options(options)
-        defaults.merge(options)
-      else
-        options
-      end
-    end
+  protected
 
-    def url_for(options = {})
-      options ||= {}
-      case options
-        when String
-          options
-        when Hash
-          @url ||= UrlRewriter.new(request, params)
-          @url.rewrite(rewrite_options(options))
-        else
-          polymorphic_url(options)
-      end
+    def _url_rewriter
+      return ActionController::UrlRewriter unless request
+      @_url_rewriter ||= ActionController::UrlRewriter.new(request, params)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
index f861d12905..741101a210 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ module ActionController
   class Railtie < Rails::Railtie
     plugin_name :action_controller
 
+    require "action_controller/railties/subscriber"
+    subscriber ActionController::Railties::Subscriber.new
+
     initializer "action_controller.set_configs" do |app|
       app.config.action_controller.each do |k,v|
         ActionController::Base.send "#{k}=", v
@@ -23,26 +26,6 @@ module ActionController
       app.reload_routes!
     end
 
-    # Include middleware to serve up static assets
-    initializer "action_controller.initialize_static_server" do |app|
-      if app.config.serve_static_assets
-        app.config.middleware.use(ActionDispatch::Static, Rails.public_path)
-      end
-    end
-
-    initializer "action_controller.initialize_middleware_stack" do |app|
-      middleware = app.config.middleware
-      middleware.use(::Rack::Lock, :if => lambda { ActionController::Base.allow_concurrency })
-      middleware.use(::Rack::Runtime)
-      middleware.use(ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, lambda { ActionController::Base.consider_all_requests_local })
-      middleware.use(ActionDispatch::Callbacks, lambda { ActionController::Dispatcher.prepare_each_request })
-      middleware.use(lambda { ActionController::Base.session_store }, lambda { ActionController::Base.session_options })
-      middleware.use(ActionDispatch::ParamsParser)
-      middleware.use(::Rack::MethodOverride)
-      middleware.use(::Rack::Head)
-      middleware.use(ActionDispatch::StringCoercion)
-    end
-
     initializer "action_controller.initialize_framework_caches" do
       ActionController::Base.cache_store ||= RAILS_CACHE
     end
@@ -57,19 +40,41 @@ module ActionController
       ActionController::Base.view_paths = view_path if ActionController::Base.view_paths.blank?
     end
 
+    class MetalMiddlewareBuilder
+      def initialize(metals)
+        @metals = metals
+      end
+
+      def new(app)
+        ActionDispatch::Cascade.new(@metals, app)
+      end
+
+      def name
+        ActionDispatch::Cascade.name
+      end
+      alias_method :to_s, :name
+    end
+
     initializer "action_controller.initialize_metal" do |app|
-      Rails::Rack::Metal.requested_metals = app.config.metals
+      metal_root = "#{Rails.root}/app/metal"
+      load_list = app.config.metals || Dir["#{metal_root}/**/*.rb"]
 
-      app.config.middleware.insert_before(:"ActionDispatch::ParamsParser",
-        Rails::Rack::Metal, :if => Rails::Rack::Metal.metals.any?)
+      metals = load_list.map { |metal|
+        metal = File.basename(metal.gsub("#{metal_root}/", ''), '.rb')
+        require_dependency metal
+        metal.camelize.constantize
+      }.compact
+
+      middleware = MetalMiddlewareBuilder.new(metals)
+      app.config.middleware.insert_before(:"ActionDispatch::ParamsParser", middleware)
     end
 
-    # # Prepare dispatcher callbacks and run 'prepare' callbacks
+    # Prepare dispatcher callbacks and run 'prepare' callbacks
     initializer "action_controller.prepare_dispatcher" do |app|
       # TODO: This used to say unless defined?(Dispatcher). Find out why and fix.
+      # Notice that at this point, ActionDispatch::Callbacks were already loaded.
       require 'rails/dispatcher'
-
-      Dispatcher.define_dispatcher_callbacks(app.config.cache_classes)
+      ActionController::Dispatcher.prepare_each_request = true unless app.config.cache_classes
 
       unless app.config.cache_classes
         # Setup dev mode route reloading
@@ -80,15 +85,7 @@ module ActionController
             app.reload_routes!
           end
         end
-        ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before_dispatch { |callbacks| reload_routes.call }
-      end
-    end
-
-    initializer "action_controller.notifications" do |app|
-      require 'active_support/notifications'
-
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe do |*args|
-        ActionController::Base.log_event(*args) if ActionController::Base.logger
+        ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before { |callbacks| reload_routes.call }
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railties/subscriber.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railties/subscriber.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9f5d16c58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railties/subscriber.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+module ActionController
+  module Railties
+    class Subscriber < Rails::Subscriber
+      def process_action(event)
+        payload = event.payload
+
+        info "\nProcessed #{payload[:controller]}##{payload[:action]} " \
+          "to #{payload[:formats].join(', ')} (for #{payload[:remote_ip]} at #{event.time.to_s(:db)}) " \
+          "[#{payload[:method].to_s.upcase}]"
+
+        info "  Parameters: #{payload[:params].inspect}" unless payload[:params].blank?
+
+        additions = ActionController::Base.log_process_action(payload)
+
+        message = "Completed in %.0fms" % event.duration
+        message << " (#{additions.join(" | ")})" unless additions.blank?
+        message << " | #{payload[:status]} [#{payload[:request_uri]}]\n\n"
+
+        info(message)
+      end
+
+      def send_file(event)
+        message = if event.payload[:x_sendfile]
+          header = ActionController::Streaming::X_SENDFILE_HEADER
+          "Sent #{header} header %s"
+        elsif event.payload[:stream]
+          "Streamed file %s"
+        else
+          "Sent file %s"
+        end
+
+        message << " (%.1fms)"
+        info(message % [event.payload[:path], event.duration])
+      end
+
+      def redirect_to(event)
+        info "Redirected to #{event.payload[:location]}"
+      end
+
+      def send_data(event)
+        info("Sent data %s (%.1fms)" % [event.payload[:filename], event.duration])
+      end
+
+      %w(write_fragment read_fragment exist_fragment?
+         expire_fragment expire_page write_page).each do |method|
+        class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          def #{method}(event)
+            key_or_path = event.payload[:key] || event.payload[:path]
+            human_name  = #{method.to_s.humanize.inspect}
+            info("\#{human_name} \#{key_or_path} (%.1fms)" % event.duration)
+          end
+        METHOD
+      end
+
+      def logger
+        ActionController::Base.logger
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
index 398ea52495..14557ca782 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-require 'active_support/test_case'
 require 'rack/session/abstract/id'
-require 'action_controller/metal/testing'
+require 'action_view/test_case'
 
 module ActionController
   class TestRequest < ActionDispatch::TestRequest #:nodoc:
@@ -240,13 +239,15 @@ module ActionController
       @request.assign_parameters(@controller.class.name.underscore.sub(/_controller$/, ''), action.to_s, parameters)
 
       @request.session = ActionController::TestSession.new(session) unless session.nil?
-      @request.session["flash"] = ActionController::Flash::FlashHash.new.update(flash) if flash
+      @request.session["flash"] = @request.flash.update(flash || {})
+      @request.session["flash"].sweep
 
       @controller.request = @request
       @controller.params.merge!(parameters)
       build_request_uri(action, parameters)
       Base.class_eval { include Testing }
       @controller.process_with_new_base_test(@request, @response)
+      @request.session.delete('flash') if @request.session['flash'].blank?
       @response
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/url_rewriter.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/url_rewriter.rb
index 52b66c9303..933a1fa8f9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/url_rewriter.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/url_rewriter.rb
@@ -1,153 +1,21 @@
-module ActionController
-  # In <b>routes.rb</b> one defines URL-to-controller mappings, but the reverse
-  # is also possible: an URL can be generated from one of your routing definitions.
-  # URL generation functionality is centralized in this module.
-  #
-  # See ActionController::Routing and ActionController::Resources for general
-  # information about routing and routes.rb.
-  #
-  # <b>Tip:</b> If you need to generate URLs from your models or some other place,
-  # then ActionController::UrlWriter is what you're looking for. Read on for
-  # an introduction.
-  #
-  # == URL generation from parameters
-  #
-  # As you may know, some functions - such as ActionController::Base#url_for
-  # and ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper#link_to, can generate URLs given a set
-  # of parameters. For example, you've probably had the chance to write code
-  # like this in one of your views:
-  #
-  #   <%= link_to('Click here', :controller => 'users',
-  #           :action => 'new', :message => 'Welcome!') %>
-  #
-  #   #=> Generates a link to: /users/new?message=Welcome%21
-  #
-  # link_to, and all other functions that require URL generation functionality,
-  # actually use ActionController::UrlWriter under the hood. And in particular,
-  # they use the ActionController::UrlWriter#url_for method. One can generate
-  # the same path as the above example by using the following code:
-  #
-  #   include UrlWriter
-  #   url_for(:controller => 'users',
-  #           :action => 'new',
-  #           :message => 'Welcome!',
-  #           :only_path => true)
-  #   # => "/users/new?message=Welcome%21"
-  #
-  # Notice the <tt>:only_path => true</tt> part. This is because UrlWriter has no
-  # information about the website hostname that your Rails app is serving. So if you
-  # want to include the hostname as well, then you must also pass the <tt>:host</tt>
-  # argument:
-  #
-  #   include UrlWriter
-  #   url_for(:controller => 'users',
-  #           :action => 'new',
-  #           :message => 'Welcome!',
-  #           :host => 'www.example.com')        # Changed this.
-  #   # => "http://www.example.com/users/new?message=Welcome%21"
-  #
-  # By default, all controllers and views have access to a special version of url_for,
-  # that already knows what the current hostname is. So if you use url_for in your
-  # controllers or your views, then you don't need to explicitly pass the <tt>:host</tt>
-  # argument.
-  #
-  # For convenience reasons, mailers provide a shortcut for ActionController::UrlWriter#url_for.
-  # So within mailers, you only have to type 'url_for' instead of 'ActionController::UrlWriter#url_for'
-  # in full. However, mailers don't have hostname information, and what's why you'll still
-  # have to specify the <tt>:host</tt> argument when generating URLs in mailers.
-  #
-  #
-  # == URL generation for named routes
-  #
-  # UrlWriter also allows one to access methods that have been auto-generated from
-  # named routes. For example, suppose that you have a 'users' resource in your
-  # <b>routes.rb</b>:
-  #
-  #   map.resources :users
-  #
-  # This generates, among other things, the method <tt>users_path</tt>. By default,
-  # this method is accessible from your controllers, views and mailers. If you need
-  # to access this auto-generated method from other places (such as a model), then
-  # you can do that by including ActionController::UrlWriter in your class:
-  #
-  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     include ActionController::UrlWriter
-  #
-  #     def base_uri
-  #       user_path(self)
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   User.find(1).base_uri # => "/users/1"
-  module UrlWriter
-    def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
-      ActionController::Routing::Routes.install_helpers(base)
-      base.mattr_accessor :default_url_options
-
-      # The default options for urls written by this writer. Typically a <tt>:host</tt> pair is provided.
-      base.default_url_options ||= {}
-    end
-
-    # Generate a url based on the options provided, default_url_options and the
-    # routes defined in routes.rb.  The following options are supported:
-    #
-    # * <tt>:only_path</tt> - If true, the relative url is returned. Defaults to +false+.
-    # * <tt>:protocol</tt> - The protocol to connect to. Defaults to 'http'.
-    # * <tt>:host</tt> - Specifies the host the link should be targeted at.
-    #   If <tt>:only_path</tt> is false, this option must be
-    #   provided either explicitly, or via +default_url_options+.
-    # * <tt>:port</tt> - Optionally specify the port to connect to.
-    # * <tt>:anchor</tt> - An anchor name to be appended to the path.
-    # * <tt>:skip_relative_url_root</tt> - If true, the url is not constructed using the
-    #   +relative_url_root+ set in ActionController::Base.relative_url_root.
-    # * <tt>:trailing_slash</tt> - If true, adds a trailing slash, as in "/archive/2009/"
-    #
-    # Any other key (<tt>:controller</tt>, <tt>:action</tt>, etc.) given to
-    # +url_for+ is forwarded to the Routes module.
-    #
-    # Examples:
-    #
-    #    url_for :controller => 'tasks', :action => 'testing', :host=>'somehost.org', :port=>'8080'    # => 'http://somehost.org:8080/tasks/testing'
-    #    url_for :controller => 'tasks', :action => 'testing', :host=>'somehost.org', :anchor => 'ok', :only_path => true    # => '/tasks/testing#ok'
-    #    url_for :controller => 'tasks', :action => 'testing', :trailing_slash=>true  # => 'http://somehost.org/tasks/testing/'
-    #    url_for :controller => 'tasks', :action => 'testing', :host=>'somehost.org', :number => '33'  # => 'http://somehost.org/tasks/testing?number=33'
-    def url_for(options)
-      options = self.class.default_url_options.merge(options)
-
-      url = ''
-
-      unless options.delete(:only_path)
-        url << (options.delete(:protocol) || 'http')
-        url << '://' unless url.match("://")
-
-        raise "Missing host to link to! Please provide :host parameter or set default_url_options[:host]" unless options[:host]
-
-        url << options.delete(:host)
-        url << ":#{options.delete(:port)}" if options.key?(:port)
-      else
-        # Delete the unused options to prevent their appearance in the query string.
-        [:protocol, :host, :port, :skip_relative_url_root].each { |k| options.delete(k) }
-      end
-      trailing_slash = options.delete(:trailing_slash) if options.key?(:trailing_slash)
-      url << ActionController::Base.relative_url_root.to_s unless options[:skip_relative_url_root]
-      anchor = "##{CGI.escape options.delete(:anchor).to_param.to_s}" if options[:anchor]
-      generated = Routing::Routes.generate(options, {})
-      url << (trailing_slash ? generated.sub(/\?|\z/) { "/" + $& } : generated)
-      url << anchor if anchor
-
-      url
-    end
-  end
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 
+module ActionController
   # Rewrites URLs for Base.redirect_to and Base.url_for in the controller.
   class UrlRewriter #:nodoc:
     RESERVED_OPTIONS = [:anchor, :params, :only_path, :host, :protocol, :port, :trailing_slash, :skip_relative_url_root]
+
     def initialize(request, parameters)
       @request, @parameters = request, parameters
     end
 
     def rewrite(options = {})
-      rewrite_url(options)
+      options[:host]     ||= @request.host_with_port
+      options[:protocol] ||= @request.protocol
+
+      self.class.rewrite(options, @request.symbolized_path_parameters) do |options|
+        process_path_options(options)
+      end
     end
 
     def to_str
@@ -156,49 +24,53 @@ module ActionController
 
     alias_method :to_s, :to_str
 
-    private
-      # Given a path and options, returns a rewritten URL string
-      def rewrite_url(options)
-        rewritten_url = ""
-
-        unless options[:only_path]
-          rewritten_url << (options[:protocol] || @request.protocol)
-          rewritten_url << "://" unless rewritten_url.match("://")
-          rewritten_url << rewrite_authentication(options)
-          rewritten_url << (options[:host] || @request.host_with_port)
-          rewritten_url << ":#{options.delete(:port)}" if options.key?(:port)
-        end
-
-        path = rewrite_path(options)
-        rewritten_url << ActionController::Base.relative_url_root.to_s unless options[:skip_relative_url_root]
-        rewritten_url << (options[:trailing_slash] ? path.sub(/\?|\z/) { "/" + $& } : path)
-        rewritten_url << "##{CGI.escape(options[:anchor].to_param.to_s)}" if options[:anchor]
-
-        rewritten_url
+    def self.rewrite(options, path_segments=nil)
+      rewritten_url = ""
+
+      unless options[:only_path]
+        rewritten_url << (options[:protocol] || "http")
+        rewritten_url << "://" unless rewritten_url.match("://")
+        rewritten_url << rewrite_authentication(options)
+
+        raise "Missing host to link to! Please provide :host parameter or set default_url_options[:host]" unless options[:host]
+
+        rewritten_url << options[:host]
+        rewritten_url << ":#{options.delete(:port)}" if options.key?(:port)
       end
 
-      # Given a Hash of options, generates a route
-      def rewrite_path(options)
-        options = options.symbolize_keys
-        options.update(options[:params].symbolize_keys) if options[:params]
+      path_options = options.except(*RESERVED_OPTIONS)
+      path_options = yield(path_options) if block_given?
+      path = Routing::Routes.generate(path_options, path_segments || {})
+
+      rewritten_url << ActionController::Base.relative_url_root.to_s unless options[:skip_relative_url_root]
+      rewritten_url << (options[:trailing_slash] ? path.sub(/\?|\z/) { "/" + $& } : path)
+      rewritten_url << "##{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:anchor].to_param.to_s)}" if options[:anchor]
 
-        if (overwrite = options.delete(:overwrite_params))
-          options.update(@parameters.symbolize_keys)
-          options.update(overwrite.symbolize_keys)
-        end
+      rewritten_url
+    end
 
-        RESERVED_OPTIONS.each { |k| options.delete(k) }
+  protected
 
-        # Generates the query string, too
-        Routing::Routes.generate(options, @request.symbolized_path_parameters)
+    def self.rewrite_authentication(options)
+      if options[:user] && options[:password]
+        "#{Rack::Utils.escape(options.delete(:user))}:#{Rack::Utils.escape(options.delete(:password))}@"
+      else
+        ""
       end
+    end
+
+    # Given a Hash of options, generates a route
+    def process_path_options(options)
+      options = options.symbolize_keys
+      options.update(options[:params].symbolize_keys) if options[:params]
 
-      def rewrite_authentication(options)
-        if options[:user] && options[:password]
-          "#{CGI.escape(options.delete(:user))}:#{CGI.escape(options.delete(:password))}@"
-        else
-          ""
-        end
+      if (overwrite = options.delete(:overwrite_params))
+        options.update(@parameters.symbolize_keys)
+        options.update(overwrite.symbolize_keys)
       end
+
+      options
+    end
+
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
index 1e87a016f9..7b44212310 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
@@ -43,18 +43,27 @@ module ActionDispatch
   autoload_under 'middleware' do
     autoload :Callbacks
     autoload :Cascade
+    autoload :Flash
+    autoload :Head
     autoload :ParamsParser
     autoload :Rescue
     autoload :ShowExceptions
     autoload :Static
-    autoload :StringCoercion
   end
 
   autoload :MiddlewareStack, 'action_dispatch/middleware/stack'
   autoload :Routing
 
   module Http
-    autoload :Headers, 'action_dispatch/http/headers'
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    autoload :Cache
+    autoload :Headers
+    autoload :MimeNegotiation
+    autoload :Parameters
+    autoload :Upload
+    autoload :UploadedFile, 'action_dispatch/http/upload'
+    autoload :URL
   end
 
   module Session
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..428e62dc6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Http
+    module Cache
+      module Request
+        def if_modified_since
+          if since = env['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']
+            Time.rfc2822(since) rescue nil
+          end
+        end
+
+        def if_none_match
+          env['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH']
+        end
+
+        def not_modified?(modified_at)
+          if_modified_since && modified_at && if_modified_since >= modified_at
+        end
+
+        def etag_matches?(etag)
+          if_none_match && if_none_match == etag
+        end
+
+        # Check response freshness (Last-Modified and ETag) against request
+        # If-Modified-Since and If-None-Match conditions. If both headers are
+        # supplied, both must match, or the request is not considered fresh.
+        def fresh?(response)
+          last_modified = if_modified_since
+          etag          = if_none_match
+
+          return false unless last_modified || etag
+
+          success = true
+          success &&= not_modified?(response.last_modified) if last_modified
+          success &&= etag_matches?(response.etag) if etag
+          success
+        end
+      end
+
+      module Response
+        def cache_control
+          @cache_control ||= {}
+        end
+
+        def last_modified
+          if last = headers['Last-Modified']
+            Time.httpdate(last)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def last_modified?
+          headers.include?('Last-Modified')
+        end
+
+        def last_modified=(utc_time)
+          headers['Last-Modified'] = utc_time.httpdate
+        end
+
+        def etag
+          @etag
+        end
+
+        def etag?
+          @etag
+        end
+
+        def etag=(etag)
+          key = ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(etag)
+          @etag = %("#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(key)}")
+        end
+
+      private
+
+        def handle_conditional_get!
+          if etag? || last_modified? || !@cache_control.empty?
+            set_conditional_cache_control!
+          elsif nonempty_ok_response?
+            self.etag = @body
+
+            if request && request.etag_matches?(etag)
+              self.status = 304
+              self.body = []
+            end
+
+            set_conditional_cache_control!
+          else
+            headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def nonempty_ok_response?
+          @status == 200 && string_body?
+        end
+
+        def string_body?
+          !@blank && @body.respond_to?(:all?) && @body.all? { |part| part.is_a?(String) }
+        end
+
+        DEFAULT_CACHE_CONTROL = "max-age=0, private, must-revalidate"
+
+        def set_conditional_cache_control!
+          control = @cache_control
+
+          if control.empty?
+            headers["Cache-Control"] = DEFAULT_CACHE_CONTROL
+          elsif @cache_control[:no_cache]
+            headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache"
+          else
+            extras  = control[:extras]
+            max_age = control[:max_age]
+
+            options = []
+            options << "max-age=#{max_age.to_i}" if max_age
+            options << (control[:public] ? "public" : "private")
+            options << "must-revalidate" if control[:must_revalidate]
+            options.concat(extras) if extras
+
+            headers["Cache-Control"] = options.join(", ")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40617e239a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Http
+    module MimeNegotiation
+      # The MIME type of the HTTP request, such as Mime::XML.
+      #
+      # For backward compatibility, the post \format is extracted from the
+      # X-Post-Data-Format HTTP header if present.
+      def content_type
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.content_type"] ||= begin
+          if @env['CONTENT_TYPE'] =~ /^([^,\;]*)/
+            Mime::Type.lookup($1.strip.downcase)
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the accepted MIME type for the request.
+      def accepts
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.accepts"] ||= begin
+          header = @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'].to_s.strip
+
+          if header.empty?
+            [content_type]
+          else
+            Mime::Type.parse(header)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the Mime type for the \format used in the request.
+      #
+      #   GET /posts/5.xml   | request.format => Mime::XML
+      #   GET /posts/5.xhtml | request.format => Mime::HTML
+      #   GET /posts/5       | request.format => Mime::HTML or MIME::JS, or request.accepts.first depending on the value of <tt>ActionController::Base.use_accept_header</tt>
+      #
+      def format(view_path = [])
+        formats.first
+      end
+
+      def formats
+        accept = @env['HTTP_ACCEPT']
+
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] ||=
+          if parameters[:format]
+            Array(Mime[parameters[:format]])
+          elsif xhr? || (accept && !accept.include?(?,))
+            accepts
+          else
+            [Mime::HTML]
+          end
+      end
+
+      # Sets the \format by string extension, which can be used to force custom formats
+      # that are not controlled by the extension.
+      #
+      #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+      #     before_filter :adjust_format_for_iphone
+      #
+      #     private
+      #       def adjust_format_for_iphone
+      #         request.format = :iphone if request.env["HTTP_USER_AGENT"][/iPhone/]
+      #       end
+      #   end
+      def format=(extension)
+        parameters[:format] = extension.to_s
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] = [Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(parameters[:format])]
+      end
+
+      # Returns a symbolized version of the <tt>:format</tt> parameter of the request.
+      # If no \format is given it returns <tt>:js</tt>for Ajax requests and <tt>:html</tt>
+      # otherwise.
+      def template_format
+        parameter_format = parameters[:format]
+
+        if parameter_format
+          parameter_format
+        elsif xhr?
+          :js
+        else
+          :html
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Receives an array of mimes and return the first user sent mime that
+      # matches the order array.
+      #
+      def negotiate_mime(order)
+        formats.each do |priority|
+          if priority == Mime::ALL
+            return order.first
+          elsif order.include?(priority)
+            return priority
+          end
+        end
+
+        order.include?(Mime::ALL) ? formats.first : nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97546d5f93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Http
+    module Parameters
+      # Returns both GET and POST \parameters in a single hash.
+      def parameters
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.parameters"] ||= request_parameters.merge(query_parameters).update(path_parameters).with_indifferent_access
+      end
+      alias :params :parameters
+
+      def path_parameters=(parameters) #:nodoc:
+        @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.symbolized_path_parameters")
+        @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] = parameters
+      end
+
+      # The same as <tt>path_parameters</tt> with explicitly symbolized keys.
+      def symbolized_path_parameters
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.symbolized_path_parameters"] ||= path_parameters.symbolize_keys
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash with the \parameters used to form the \path of the request.
+      # Returned hash keys are strings:
+      #
+      #   {'action' => 'my_action', 'controller' => 'my_controller'}
+      #
+      # See <tt>symbolized_path_parameters</tt> for symbolized keys.
+      def path_parameters
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] ||= {}
+      end
+  
+    private
+
+      # Convert nested Hashs to HashWithIndifferentAccess
+      def normalize_parameters(value)
+        case value
+        when Hash
+          h = {}
+          value.each { |k, v| h[k] = normalize_parameters(v) }
+          h.with_indifferent_access
+        when Array
+          value.map { |e| normalize_parameters(e) }
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
index 6e8a5dcb8a..187ce7c15d 100755
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@ require 'tempfile'
 require 'stringio'
 require 'strscan'
 
-require 'active_support/memoizable'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/headers'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   class Request < Rack::Request
+    include ActionDispatch::Http::Cache::Request
+    include ActionDispatch::Http::MimeNegotiation
+    include ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters
+    include ActionDispatch::Http::Upload
+    include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
 
     %w[ AUTH_TYPE GATEWAY_INTERFACE
         PATH_TRANSLATED REMOTE_HOST
@@ -19,9 +22,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
         HTTP_ACCEPT HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING
         HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL HTTP_FROM
         HTTP_NEGOTIATE HTTP_PRAGMA ].each do |env|
-      define_method(env.sub(/^HTTP_/n, '').downcase) do
-        @env[env]
-      end
+      class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def #{env.sub(/^HTTP_/n, '').downcase}
+          @env["#{env}"]
+        end
+      METHOD
     end
 
     def key?(key)
@@ -35,7 +40,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # <tt>:get</tt>. If the request \method is not listed in the HTTP_METHODS
     # constant above, an UnknownHttpMethod exception is raised.
     def request_method
-      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[super] || raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod, "#{super}, accepted HTTP methods are #{HTTP_METHODS.to_sentence(:locale => :en)}")
+      method = env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] || env["REQUEST_METHOD"]
+      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[method] || raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod, "#{method}, accepted HTTP methods are #{HTTP_METHODS.to_sentence(:locale => :en)}")
     end
 
     # Returns the HTTP request \method used for action processing as a
@@ -43,7 +49,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # method returns <tt>:get</tt> for a HEAD request because the two are
     # functionally equivalent from the application's perspective.)
     def method
-      request_method == :head ? :get : request_method
+      method = env["REQUEST_METHOD"]
+      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[method] || raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod, "#{method}, accepted HTTP methods are #{HTTP_METHODS.to_sentence(:locale => :en)}")
     end
 
     # Is this a GET (or HEAD) request?  Equivalent to <tt>request.method == :get</tt>.
@@ -53,17 +60,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     # Is this a POST request?  Equivalent to <tt>request.method == :post</tt>.
     def post?
-      request_method == :post
+      method == :post
     end
 
     # Is this a PUT request?  Equivalent to <tt>request.method == :put</tt>.
     def put?
-      request_method == :put
+      method == :put
     end
 
     # Is this a DELETE request?  Equivalent to <tt>request.method == :delete</tt>.
     def delete?
-      request_method == :delete
+      method == :delete
     end
 
     # Is this a HEAD request? Since <tt>request.method</tt> sees HEAD as <tt>:get</tt>,
@@ -79,25 +86,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       Http::Headers.new(@env)
     end
 
-    # Returns the content length of the request as an integer.
-    def content_length
-      super.to_i
-    end
-
-    # The MIME type of the HTTP request, such as Mime::XML.
-    #
-    # For backward compatibility, the post \format is extracted from the
-    # X-Post-Data-Format HTTP header if present.
-    def content_type
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.content_type"] ||= begin
-        if @env['CONTENT_TYPE'] =~ /^([^,\;]*)/
-          Mime::Type.lookup($1.strip.downcase)
-        else
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     def forgery_whitelisted?
       method == :get || xhr? || content_type.nil? || !content_type.verify_request?
     end
@@ -106,104 +94,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       content_type.to_s
     end
 
-    # Returns the accepted MIME type for the request.
-    def accepts
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.accepts"] ||= begin
-        header = @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'].to_s.strip
-
-        if header.empty?
-          [content_type]
-        else
-          Mime::Type.parse(header)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def if_modified_since
-      if since = env['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']
-        Time.rfc2822(since) rescue nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    def if_none_match
-      env['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH']
-    end
-
-    def not_modified?(modified_at)
-      if_modified_since && modified_at && if_modified_since >= modified_at
-    end
-
-    def etag_matches?(etag)
-      if_none_match && if_none_match == etag
-    end
-
-    # Check response freshness (Last-Modified and ETag) against request
-    # If-Modified-Since and If-None-Match conditions. If both headers are
-    # supplied, both must match, or the request is not considered fresh.
-    def fresh?(response)
-      last_modified = if_modified_since
-      etag          = if_none_match
-
-      return false unless last_modified || etag
-
-      success = true
-      success &&= not_modified?(response.last_modified) if last_modified
-      success &&= etag_matches?(response.etag) if etag
-      success
-    end
-
-    # Returns the Mime type for the \format used in the request.
-    #
-    #   GET /posts/5.xml   | request.format => Mime::XML
-    #   GET /posts/5.xhtml | request.format => Mime::HTML
-    #   GET /posts/5       | request.format => Mime::HTML or MIME::JS, or request.accepts.first depending on the value of <tt>ActionController::Base.use_accept_header</tt>
-    #
-    def format(view_path = [])
-      formats.first
-    end
-
-    def formats
-      accept = @env['HTTP_ACCEPT']
-
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] ||=
-        if parameters[:format]
-          Array.wrap(Mime[parameters[:format]])
-        elsif xhr? || (accept && !accept.include?(?,))
-          accepts
-        else
-          [Mime::HTML]
-        end
-    end
-
-    # Sets the \format by string extension, which can be used to force custom formats
-    # that are not controlled by the extension.
-    #
-    #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-    #     before_filter :adjust_format_for_iphone
-    #
-    #     private
-    #       def adjust_format_for_iphone
-    #         request.format = :iphone if request.env["HTTP_USER_AGENT"][/iPhone/]
-    #       end
-    #   end
-    def format=(extension)
-      parameters[:format] = extension.to_s
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] = [Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(parameters[:format])]
-    end
-
-    # Returns a symbolized version of the <tt>:format</tt> parameter of the request.
-    # If no \format is given it returns <tt>:js</tt>for Ajax requests and <tt>:html</tt>
-    # otherwise.
-    def template_format
-      parameter_format = parameters[:format]
-
-      if parameter_format
-        parameter_format
-      elsif xhr?
-        :js
-      else
-        :html
-      end
+    # Returns the content length of the request as an integer.
+    def content_length
+      super.to_i
     end
 
     # Returns true if the request's "X-Requested-With" header contains
@@ -236,7 +129,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       if @env.include? 'HTTP_CLIENT_IP'
         if ActionController::Base.ip_spoofing_check && remote_ips && !remote_ips.include?(@env['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'])
           # We don't know which came from the proxy, and which from the user
-          raise ActionController::ActionControllerError.new(<<EOM)
+          raise ActionController::ActionControllerError.new <<EOM
 IP spoofing attack?!
 HTTP_CLIENT_IP=#{@env['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'].inspect}
 HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR=#{@env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'].inspect}
@@ -262,124 +155,6 @@ EOM
       (@env['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] && /^([a-zA-Z]+)/ =~ @env['SERVER_SOFTWARE']) ? $1.downcase : nil
     end
 
-    # Returns the complete URL used for this request.
-    def url
-      protocol + host_with_port + request_uri
-    end
-
-    # Returns 'https://' if this is an SSL request and 'http://' otherwise.
-    def protocol
-      ssl? ? 'https://' : 'http://'
-    end
-
-    # Is this an SSL request?
-    def ssl?
-      @env['HTTPS'] == 'on' || @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'] == 'https'
-    end
-
-    # Returns the \host for this request, such as "example.com".
-    def raw_host_with_port
-      if forwarded = env["HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"]
-        forwarded.split(/,\s?/).last
-      else
-        env['HTTP_HOST'] || "#{env['SERVER_NAME'] || env['SERVER_ADDR']}:#{env['SERVER_PORT']}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns the host for this request, such as example.com.
-    def host
-      raw_host_with_port.sub(/:\d+$/, '')
-    end
-
-    # Returns a \host:\port string for this request, such as "example.com" or
-    # "example.com:8080".
-    def host_with_port
-      "#{host}#{port_string}"
-    end
-
-    # Returns the port number of this request as an integer.
-    def port
-      if raw_host_with_port =~ /:(\d+)$/
-        $1.to_i
-      else
-        standard_port
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns the standard \port number for this request's protocol.
-    def standard_port
-      case protocol
-        when 'https://' then 443
-        else 80
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns a \port suffix like ":8080" if the \port number of this request
-    # is not the default HTTP \port 80 or HTTPS \port 443.
-    def port_string
-      port == standard_port ? '' : ":#{port}"
-    end
-
-    def server_port
-      @env['SERVER_PORT'].to_i
-    end
-
-    # Returns the \domain part of a \host, such as "rubyonrails.org" in "www.rubyonrails.org". You can specify
-    # a different <tt>tld_length</tt>, such as 2 to catch rubyonrails.co.uk in "www.rubyonrails.co.uk".
-    def domain(tld_length = 1)
-      return nil unless named_host?(host)
-
-      host.split('.').last(1 + tld_length).join('.')
-    end
-
-    # Returns all the \subdomains as an array, so <tt>["dev", "www"]</tt> would be
-    # returned for "dev.www.rubyonrails.org". You can specify a different <tt>tld_length</tt>,
-    # such as 2 to catch <tt>["www"]</tt> instead of <tt>["www", "rubyonrails"]</tt>
-    # in "www.rubyonrails.co.uk".
-    def subdomains(tld_length = 1)
-      return [] unless named_host?(host)
-      parts = host.split('.')
-      parts[0..-(tld_length+2)]
-    end
-
-    # Returns the query string, accounting for server idiosyncrasies.
-    def query_string
-      @env['QUERY_STRING'].present? ? @env['QUERY_STRING'] : (@env['REQUEST_URI'].to_s.split('?', 2)[1] || '')
-    end
-
-    # Returns the request URI, accounting for server idiosyncrasies.
-    # WEBrick includes the full URL. IIS leaves REQUEST_URI blank.
-    def request_uri
-      if uri = @env['REQUEST_URI']
-        # Remove domain, which webrick puts into the request_uri.
-        (%r{^\w+\://[^/]+(/.*|$)$} =~ uri) ? $1 : uri
-      else
-        # Construct IIS missing REQUEST_URI from SCRIPT_NAME and PATH_INFO.
-        uri = @env['PATH_INFO'].to_s
-
-        if script_filename = @env['SCRIPT_NAME'].to_s.match(%r{[^/]+$})
-          uri = uri.sub(/#{script_filename}\//, '')
-        end
-
-        env_qs = @env['QUERY_STRING'].to_s
-        uri += "?#{env_qs}" unless env_qs.empty?
-
-        if uri.blank?
-          @env.delete('REQUEST_URI')
-        else
-          @env['REQUEST_URI'] = uri
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns the interpreted \path to requested resource after all the installation
-    # directory of this application was taken into account.
-    def path
-      path = request_uri.to_s[/\A[^\?]*/]
-      path.sub!(/\A#{ActionController::Base.relative_url_root}/, '')
-      path
-    end
-
     # Read the request \body. This is useful for web services that need to
     # work with raw requests directly.
     def raw_post
@@ -390,33 +165,6 @@ EOM
       @env['RAW_POST_DATA']
     end
 
-    # Returns both GET and POST \parameters in a single hash.
-    def parameters
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.parameters"] ||= request_parameters.merge(query_parameters).update(path_parameters).with_indifferent_access
-    end
-    alias_method :params, :parameters
-
-    def path_parameters=(parameters) #:nodoc:
-      @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.symbolized_path_parameters")
-      @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] = parameters
-    end
-
-    # The same as <tt>path_parameters</tt> with explicitly symbolized keys.
-    def symbolized_path_parameters
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.symbolized_path_parameters"] ||= path_parameters.symbolize_keys
-    end
-
-    # Returns a hash with the \parameters used to form the \path of the request.
-    # Returned hash keys are strings:
-    #
-    #   {'action' => 'my_action', 'controller' => 'my_controller'}
-    #
-    # See <tt>symbolized_path_parameters</tt> for symbolized keys.
-    def path_parameters
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] ||= {}
-    end
-
     # The request body is an IO input stream. If the RAW_POST_DATA environment
     # variable is already set, wrap it in a StringIO.
     def body
@@ -432,18 +180,6 @@ EOM
       FORM_DATA_MEDIA_TYPES.include?(content_type.to_s)
     end
 
-    # Override Rack's GET method to support indifferent access
-    def GET
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.query_parameters"] ||= normalize_parameters(super)
-    end
-    alias_method :query_parameters, :GET
-
-    # Override Rack's POST method to support indifferent access
-    def POST
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] ||= normalize_parameters(super)
-    end
-    alias_method :request_parameters, :POST
-
     def body_stream #:nodoc:
       @env['rack.input']
     end
@@ -461,9 +197,18 @@ EOM
       @env['rack.session.options'] = options
     end
 
-    def flash
-      session['flash'] || {}
+    # Override Rack's GET method to support indifferent access
+    def GET
+      @env["action_dispatch.request.query_parameters"] ||= normalize_parameters(super)
+    end
+    alias :query_parameters :GET
+
+    # Override Rack's POST method to support indifferent access
+    def POST
+      @env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] ||= normalize_parameters(super)
     end
+    alias :request_parameters :POST
+
 
     # Returns the authorization header regardless of whether it was specified directly or through one of the
     # proxy alternatives.
@@ -473,77 +218,5 @@ EOM
       @env['X_HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] ||
       @env['REDIRECT_X_HTTP_AUTHORIZATION']
     end
-
-    # Receives an array of mimes and return the first user sent mime that
-    # matches the order array.
-    #
-    def negotiate_mime(order)
-      formats.each do |priority|
-        if priority == Mime::ALL
-          return order.first
-        elsif order.include?(priority)
-          return priority
-        end
-      end
-
-      order.include?(Mime::ALL) ? formats.first : nil
-    end
-
-    private
-
-      def named_host?(host)
-        !(host.nil? || /\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/.match(host))
-      end
-
-      module UploadedFile
-        def self.extended(object)
-          object.class_eval do
-            attr_accessor :original_path, :content_type
-            alias_method :local_path, :path if method_defined?(:path)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Take the basename of the upload's original filename.
-        # This handles the full Windows paths given by Internet Explorer
-        # (and perhaps other broken user agents) without affecting
-        # those which give the lone filename.
-        # The Windows regexp is adapted from Perl's File::Basename.
-        def original_filename
-          unless defined? @original_filename
-            @original_filename =
-              unless original_path.blank?
-                if original_path =~ /^(?:.*[:\\\/])?(.*)/m
-                  $1
-                else
-                  File.basename original_path
-                end
-              end
-          end
-          @original_filename
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Convert nested Hashs to HashWithIndifferentAccess and replace
-      # file upload hashs with UploadedFile objects
-      def normalize_parameters(value)
-        case value
-        when Hash
-          if value.has_key?(:tempfile)
-            upload = value[:tempfile]
-            upload.extend(UploadedFile)
-            upload.original_path = value[:filename]
-            upload.content_type = value[:type]
-            upload
-          else
-            h = {}
-            value.each { |k, v| h[k] = normalize_parameters(v) }
-            h.with_indifferent_access
-          end
-        when Array
-          value.map { |e| normalize_parameters(e) }
-        else
-          value
-        end
-      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
index 8524bbd993..65df9b1f03 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
   #    end
   #  end
   class Response < Rack::Response
+    include ActionDispatch::Http::Cache::Response
+
     attr_accessor :request, :blank
 
     attr_writer :header, :sending_file
@@ -55,10 +57,6 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       yield self if block_given?
     end
 
-    def cache_control
-      @cache_control ||= {}
-    end
-
     def status=(status)
       @status = Rack::Utils.status_code(status)
     end
@@ -114,33 +112,6 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     # information.
     attr_accessor :charset, :content_type
 
-    def last_modified
-      if last = headers['Last-Modified']
-        Time.httpdate(last)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def last_modified?
-      headers.include?('Last-Modified')
-    end
-
-    def last_modified=(utc_time)
-      headers['Last-Modified'] = utc_time.httpdate
-    end
-
-    def etag
-      @etag
-    end
-
-    def etag?
-      @etag
-    end
-
-    def etag=(etag)
-      key = ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(etag)
-      @etag = %("#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(key)}")
-    end
-
     CONTENT_TYPE    = "Content-Type"
 
     cattr_accessor(:default_charset) { "utf-8" }
@@ -222,31 +193,6 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     end
 
     private
-      def handle_conditional_get!
-        if etag? || last_modified? || !@cache_control.empty?
-          set_conditional_cache_control!
-        elsif nonempty_ok_response?
-          self.etag = @body
-
-          if request && request.etag_matches?(etag)
-            self.status = 304
-            self.body = []
-          end
-
-          set_conditional_cache_control!
-        else
-          headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def nonempty_ok_response?
-        @status == 200 && string_body?
-      end
-
-      def string_body?
-        !@blank && @body.respond_to?(:all?) && @body.all? { |part| part.is_a?(String) }
-      end
-
       def assign_default_content_type_and_charset!
         return if headers[CONTENT_TYPE].present?
 
@@ -259,27 +205,5 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
         headers[CONTENT_TYPE] = type
       end
 
-      DEFAULT_CACHE_CONTROL = "max-age=0, private, must-revalidate"
-
-      def set_conditional_cache_control!
-        control = @cache_control
-
-        if control.empty?
-          headers["Cache-Control"] = DEFAULT_CACHE_CONTROL
-        elsif @cache_control[:no_cache]
-          headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache"
-        else
-          extras  = control[:extras]
-          max_age = control[:max_age]
-
-          options = []
-          options << "max-age=#{max_age.to_i}" if max_age
-          options << (control[:public] ? "public" : "private")
-          options << "must-revalidate" if control[:must_revalidate]
-          options.concat(extras) if extras
-
-          headers["Cache-Control"] = options.join(", ")
-        end
-      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc6121b911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Http
+    module UploadedFile
+      def self.extended(object)
+        object.class_eval do
+          attr_accessor :original_path, :content_type
+          alias_method :local_path, :path if method_defined?(:path)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Take the basename of the upload's original filename.
+      # This handles the full Windows paths given by Internet Explorer
+      # (and perhaps other broken user agents) without affecting
+      # those which give the lone filename.
+      # The Windows regexp is adapted from Perl's File::Basename.
+      def original_filename
+        unless defined? @original_filename
+          @original_filename =
+            unless original_path.blank?
+              if original_path =~ /^(?:.*[:\\\/])?(.*)/m
+                $1
+              else
+                File.basename original_path
+              end
+            end
+        end
+        @original_filename
+      end
+    end
+
+    module Upload
+      # Convert nested Hashs to HashWithIndifferentAccess and replace
+      # file upload hashs with UploadedFile objects
+      def normalize_parameters(value)
+        if Hash === value && value.has_key?(:tempfile)
+          upload = value[:tempfile]
+          upload.extend(UploadedFile)
+          upload.original_path = value[:filename]
+          upload.content_type = value[:type]
+          upload
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+      private :normalize_parameters
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40ceb5a9b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Http
+    module URL
+      # Returns the complete URL used for this request.
+      def url
+        protocol + host_with_port + request_uri
+      end
+
+      # Returns 'https://' if this is an SSL request and 'http://' otherwise.
+      def protocol
+        ssl? ? 'https://' : 'http://'
+      end
+
+      # Is this an SSL request?
+      def ssl?
+        @env['HTTPS'] == 'on' || @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'] == 'https'
+      end
+
+      # Returns the \host for this request, such as "example.com".
+      def raw_host_with_port
+        if forwarded = env["HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"]
+          forwarded.split(/,\s?/).last
+        else
+          env['HTTP_HOST'] || "#{env['SERVER_NAME'] || env['SERVER_ADDR']}:#{env['SERVER_PORT']}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the host for this request, such as example.com.
+      def host
+        raw_host_with_port.sub(/:\d+$/, '')
+      end
+
+      # Returns a \host:\port string for this request, such as "example.com" or
+      # "example.com:8080".
+      def host_with_port
+        "#{host}#{port_string}"
+      end
+
+      # Returns the port number of this request as an integer.
+      def port
+        if raw_host_with_port =~ /:(\d+)$/
+          $1.to_i
+        else
+          standard_port
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the standard \port number for this request's protocol.
+      def standard_port
+        case protocol
+          when 'https://' then 443
+          else 80
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a \port suffix like ":8080" if the \port number of this request
+      # is not the default HTTP \port 80 or HTTPS \port 443.
+      def port_string
+        port == standard_port ? '' : ":#{port}"
+      end
+
+      def server_port
+        @env['SERVER_PORT'].to_i
+      end
+
+      # Returns the \domain part of a \host, such as "rubyonrails.org" in "www.rubyonrails.org". You can specify
+      # a different <tt>tld_length</tt>, such as 2 to catch rubyonrails.co.uk in "www.rubyonrails.co.uk".
+      def domain(tld_length = 1)
+        return nil unless named_host?(host)
+
+        host.split('.').last(1 + tld_length).join('.')
+      end
+
+      # Returns all the \subdomains as an array, so <tt>["dev", "www"]</tt> would be
+      # returned for "dev.www.rubyonrails.org". You can specify a different <tt>tld_length</tt>,
+      # such as 2 to catch <tt>["www"]</tt> instead of <tt>["www", "rubyonrails"]</tt>
+      # in "www.rubyonrails.co.uk".
+      def subdomains(tld_length = 1)
+        return [] unless named_host?(host)
+        parts = host.split('.')
+        parts[0..-(tld_length+2)]
+      end
+
+      # Returns the query string, accounting for server idiosyncrasies.
+      def query_string
+        @env['QUERY_STRING'].present? ? @env['QUERY_STRING'] : (@env['REQUEST_URI'].to_s.split('?', 2)[1] || '')
+      end
+
+      # Returns the request URI, accounting for server idiosyncrasies.
+      # WEBrick includes the full URL. IIS leaves REQUEST_URI blank.
+      def request_uri
+        if uri = @env['REQUEST_URI']
+          # Remove domain, which webrick puts into the request_uri.
+          (%r{^\w+\://[^/]+(/.*|$)$} =~ uri) ? $1 : uri
+        else
+          # Construct IIS missing REQUEST_URI from SCRIPT_NAME and PATH_INFO.
+          uri = @env['PATH_INFO'].to_s
+
+          if script_filename = @env['SCRIPT_NAME'].to_s.match(%r{[^/]+$})
+            uri = uri.sub(/#{script_filename}\//, '')
+          end
+
+          env_qs = @env['QUERY_STRING'].to_s
+          uri += "?#{env_qs}" unless env_qs.empty?
+
+          if uri.blank?
+            @env.delete('REQUEST_URI')
+          else
+            @env['REQUEST_URI'] = uri
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the interpreted \path to requested resource after all the installation
+      # directory of this application was taken into account.
+      def path
+        path = request_uri.to_s[/\A[^\?]*/]
+        path.sub!(/\A#{ActionController::Base.relative_url_root}/, '')
+        path
+      end
+
+    private
+
+      def named_host?(host)
+        !(host.nil? || /\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/.match(host))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
index 49bc20f11f..5ec406e134 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
 module ActionDispatch
+  # Provide callbacks to be executed before and after the request dispatch.
+  #
+  # It also provides a to_prepare callback, which is performed in all requests
+  # in development by only once in production and notification callback for async
+  # operations.
+  #
   class Callbacks
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
 
@@ -29,12 +35,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       set_callback(:call, :after, *args, &block)
     end
 
-    class << self
-      # DEPRECATED
-      alias_method :before_dispatch, :before
-      alias_method :after_dispatch, :after
-    end
-
     def initialize(app, prepare_each_request = false)
       @app, @prepare_each_request = app, prepare_each_request
       run_callbacks(:prepare)
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         run_callbacks(:prepare) if @prepare_each_request
         @app.call(env)
       end
+    ensure
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument "action_dispatch.callback"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99b36366d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  class Request
+    # Access the contents of the flash. Use <tt>flash["notice"]</tt> to
+    # read a notice you put there or <tt>flash["notice"] = "hello"</tt>
+    # to put a new one.
+    def flash
+      session['flash'] ||= Flash::FlashHash.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  # The flash provides a way to pass temporary objects between actions. Anything you place in the flash will be exposed
+  # to the very next action and then cleared out. This is a great way of doing notices and alerts, such as a create
+  # action that sets <tt>flash[:notice] = "Successfully created"</tt> before redirecting to a display action that can
+  # then expose the flash to its template. Actually, that exposure is automatically done. Example:
+  #
+  #   class PostsController < ActionController::Base
+  #     def create
+  #       # save post
+  #       flash[:notice] = "Successfully created post"
+  #       redirect_to posts_path(@post)
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def show
+  #       # doesn't need to assign the flash notice to the template, that's done automatically
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   show.html.erb
+  #     <% if flash[:notice] %>
+  #       <div class="notice"><%= flash[:notice] %></div>
+  #     <% end %>
+  #
+  # This example just places a string in the flash, but you can put any object in there. And of course, you can put as
+  # many as you like at a time too. Just remember: They'll be gone by the time the next action has been performed.
+  #
+  # See docs on the FlashHash class for more details about the flash.
+  class Flash
+    class FlashNow #:nodoc:
+      def initialize(flash)
+        @flash = flash
+      end
+
+      def []=(k, v)
+        @flash[k] = v
+        @flash.discard(k)
+        v
+      end
+
+      def [](k)
+        @flash[k]
+      end
+    end
+
+    class FlashHash < Hash
+      def initialize #:nodoc:
+        super
+        @used = Set.new
+      end
+
+      def []=(k, v) #:nodoc:
+        keep(k)
+        super
+      end
+
+      def update(h) #:nodoc:
+        h.keys.each { |k| keep(k) }
+        super
+      end
+
+      alias :merge! :update
+
+      def replace(h) #:nodoc:
+        @used = Set.new
+        super
+      end
+
+      # Sets a flash that will not be available to the next action, only to the current.
+      #
+      #     flash.now[:message] = "Hello current action"
+      #
+      # This method enables you to use the flash as a central messaging system in your app.
+      # When you need to pass an object to the next action, you use the standard flash assign (<tt>[]=</tt>).
+      # When you need to pass an object to the current action, you use <tt>now</tt>, and your object will
+      # vanish when the current action is done.
+      #
+      # Entries set via <tt>now</tt> are accessed the same way as standard entries: <tt>flash['my-key']</tt>.
+      def now
+        FlashNow.new(self)
+      end
+
+      # Keeps either the entire current flash or a specific flash entry available for the next action:
+      #
+      #    flash.keep            # keeps the entire flash
+      #    flash.keep(:notice)   # keeps only the "notice" entry, the rest of the flash is discarded
+      def keep(k = nil)
+        use(k, false)
+      end
+
+      # Marks the entire flash or a single flash entry to be discarded by the end of the current action:
+      #
+      #     flash.discard              # discard the entire flash at the end of the current action
+      #     flash.discard(:warning)    # discard only the "warning" entry at the end of the current action
+      def discard(k = nil)
+        use(k)
+      end
+
+      # Mark for removal entries that were kept, and delete unkept ones.
+      #
+      # This method is called automatically by filters, so you generally don't need to care about it.
+      def sweep #:nodoc:
+        keys.each do |k|
+          unless @used.include?(k)
+            @used << k
+          else
+            delete(k)
+            @used.delete(k)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # clean up after keys that could have been left over by calling reject! or shift on the flash
+        (@used - keys).each{ |k| @used.delete(k) }
+      end
+
+      # Convenience accessor for flash[:alert]
+      def alert
+        self[:alert]
+      end
+
+      # Convenience accessor for flash[:alert]=
+      def alert=(message)
+        self[:alert] = message
+      end
+
+      # Convenience accessor for flash[:notice]
+      def notice
+        self[:notice]
+      end
+
+      # Convenience accessor for flash[:notice]=
+      def notice=(message)
+        self[:notice] = message
+      end
+
+      private
+        # Used internally by the <tt>keep</tt> and <tt>discard</tt> methods
+        #     use()               # marks the entire flash as used
+        #     use('msg')          # marks the "msg" entry as used
+        #     use(nil, false)     # marks the entire flash as unused (keeps it around for one more action)
+        #     use('msg', false)   # marks the "msg" entry as unused (keeps it around for one more action)
+        # Returns the single value for the key you asked to be marked (un)used or the FlashHash itself
+        # if no key is passed.
+        def use(key = nil, used = true)
+          Array(key || keys).each { |k| used ? @used << k : @used.delete(k) }
+          return key ? self[key] : self
+        end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(app)
+      @app = app
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      if (session = env['rack.session']) && (flash = session['flash'])
+        flash.sweep
+      end
+
+      @app.call(env)
+    ensure
+      if (session = env['rack.session']) && (flash = session['flash']) && flash.empty?
+        session.delete('flash')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/head.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/head.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56e2d2f2a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/head.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  class Head
+    def initialize(app)
+      @app = app
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      if env["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "HEAD"
+        env["REQUEST_METHOD"] = "GET"
+        env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] = "HEAD"
+        status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
+        [status, headers, []]
+      else
+        @app.call(env)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
index 7d4f0998ce..311880cabc 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
                 # Note that the regexp does not allow $1 to end with a ':'
                 $1.constantize
               rescue LoadError, NameError => const_error
-                raise ActionDispatch::SessionRestoreError, "Session contains objects whose class definition isn't available.\nRemember to require the classes for all objects kept in the session.\n(Original exception: #{const_error.message} [#{const_error.class}])\n"
+                raise ActionDispatch::Session::SessionRestoreError, "Session contains objects whose class definition isn't available.\nRemember to require the classes for all objects kept in the session.\n(Original exception: #{const_error.message} [#{const_error.class}])\n"
               end
 
               retry
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
index 4ebc8a2ab9..10f04dcdf6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,24 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/exception'
+require 'active_support/notifications'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
 
 module ActionDispatch
+  # This middleware rescues any exception returned by the application and renders
+  # nice exception pages if it's being rescued locally.
+  #
+  # Every time an exception is caught, a notification is published, becoming a good API
+  # to deal with exceptions. So, if you want send an e-mail through ActionMailer
+  # everytime this notification is published, you just need to do the following:
+  #
+  #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "action_dispatch.show_exception" do |name, start, end, instrumentation_id, payload|
+  #     ExceptionNotifier.deliver_exception(start, payload)
+  #   end
+  #
+  # The payload is a hash which has two pairs:
+  #
+  # * :env - Contains the rack env for the given request;
+  # * :exception - The exception raised;
+  #
   class ShowExceptions
     LOCALHOST = '127.0.0.1'.freeze
 
@@ -44,8 +61,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def call(env)
       @app.call(env)
     rescue Exception => exception
-      raise exception if env['action_dispatch.show_exceptions'] == false
-      render_exception(env, exception)
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument 'action_dispatch.show_exception',
+        :env => env, :exception => exception do
+        raise exception if env['action_dispatch.show_exceptions'] == false
+        render_exception(env, exception)
+      end
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/string_coercion.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/string_coercion.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 232e947835..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/string_coercion.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-module ActionDispatch
-  class StringCoercion
-    class UglyBody < ActiveSupport::BasicObject
-      def initialize(body)
-        @body = body
-      end
-
-      def each
-        @body.each do |part|
-          yield part.to_s
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-        def method_missing(*args, &block)
-          @body.__send__(*args, &block)
-        end
-    end
-
-    def initialize(app)
-      @app = app
-    end
-
-    def call(env)
-      status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
-      [status, headers, UglyBody.new(body)]
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
index 8f33346a4f..9aaa4355f2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
@@ -68,16 +68,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           def normalize_path(path)
-            path = nil if path == ""
-            path = "#{@scope[:path]}#{path}" if @scope[:path]
-            path = Rack::Mount::Utils.normalize_path(path) if path
-
-            raise ArgumentError, "path is required" unless path
-
-            path
+            path = "#{@scope[:path]}/#{path}"
+            raise ArgumentError, "path is required" if path.empty?
+            Mapper.normalize_path(path)
           end
 
-
           def app
             Constraints.new(
               to.respond_to?(:call) ? to : Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher.new(:defaults => defaults),
@@ -123,7 +118,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
           end
 
-
           def blocks
             if @options[:constraints].present? && !@options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
               block = @options[:constraints]
@@ -162,6 +156,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
       end
 
+      # Invokes Rack::Mount::Utils.normalize path and ensure that
+      # (:locale) becomes (/:locale) instead of /(:locale).
+      def self.normalize_path(path)
+        path = Rack::Mount::Utils.normalize_path(path)
+        path.sub!(%r{/\(+/?:}, '(/:')
+        path
+      end
+
       module Base
         def initialize(set)
           @set = set
@@ -200,13 +202,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
           path      = args.shift || block
           path_proc = path.is_a?(Proc) ? path : proc { |params| path % params }
           status    = options[:status] || 301
+          body      = 'Moved Permanently'
 
           lambda do |env|
-            req    = Rack::Request.new(env)
-            params = path_proc.call(env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"])
-            url    = req.scheme + '://' + req.host + params
+            req = Request.new(env)
+
+            uri = URI.parse(path_proc.call(req.params.symbolize_keys))
+            uri.scheme ||= req.scheme
+            uri.host   ||= req.host
+            uri.port   ||= req.port unless req.port == 80
 
-            [ status, {'Location' => url, 'Content-Type' => 'text/html'}, ['Moved Permanently'] ]
+            headers = {
+              'Location' => uri.to_s,
+              'Content-Type' => 'text/html',
+              'Content-Length' => body.length.to_s
+            }
+            [ status, headers, [body] ]
           end
         end
 
@@ -236,46 +247,35 @@ module ActionDispatch
             options[:controller] = args.first
           end
 
-          if path = options.delete(:path)
-            path_set = true
-            path, @scope[:path] = @scope[:path], Rack::Mount::Utils.normalize_path(@scope[:path].to_s + path.to_s)
-          else
-            path_set = false
-          end
+          recover = {}
 
-          if name_prefix = options.delete(:name_prefix)
-            name_prefix_set = true
-            name_prefix, @scope[:name_prefix] = @scope[:name_prefix], (@scope[:name_prefix] ? "#{@scope[:name_prefix]}_#{name_prefix}" : name_prefix)
-          else
-            name_prefix_set = false
+          options[:constraints] ||= {}
+          unless options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
+            block, options[:constraints] = options[:constraints], {}
           end
 
-          if controller = options.delete(:controller)
-            controller_set = true
-            controller, @scope[:controller] = @scope[:controller], controller
-          else
-            controller_set = false
+          scope_options.each do |option|
+            if value = options.delete(option)
+              recover[option] = @scope[option]
+              @scope[option]  = send("merge_#{option}_scope", @scope[option], value)
+            end
           end
 
-          constraints = options.delete(:constraints) || {}
-          unless constraints.is_a?(Hash)
-            block, constraints = constraints, {}
-          end
-          constraints, @scope[:constraints] = @scope[:constraints], (@scope[:constraints] || {}).merge(constraints)
-          blocks, @scope[:blocks] = @scope[:blocks], (@scope[:blocks] || []) + [block]
+          recover[:block] = @scope[:blocks]
+          @scope[:blocks] = merge_blocks_scope(@scope[:blocks], block)
 
-          options, @scope[:options] = @scope[:options], (@scope[:options] || {}).merge(options)
+          recover[:options] = @scope[:options]
+          @scope[:options]  = merge_options_scope(@scope[:options], options)
 
           yield
-
           self
         ensure
-          @scope[:path]        = path        if path_set
-          @scope[:name_prefix] = name_prefix if name_prefix_set
-          @scope[:controller]  = controller  if controller_set
-          @scope[:options]     = options
-          @scope[:blocks]      = blocks
-          @scope[:constraints] = constraints
+          scope_options.each do |option|
+            @scope[option] = recover[option] if recover.has_key?(option)
+          end
+
+          @scope[:options] = recover[:options]
+          @scope[:blocks]  = recover[:block]
         end
 
         def controller(controller)
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def namespace(path)
-          scope("/#{path}") { yield }
+          scope(path.to_s, :name_prefix => path.to_s, :namespace => path.to_s) { yield }
         end
 
         def constraints(constraints = {})
@@ -304,25 +304,83 @@ module ActionDispatch
           args.push(options)
           super(*args)
         end
+
+        private
+          def scope_options
+            @scope_options ||= private_methods.grep(/^merge_(.+)_scope$/) { $1.to_sym }
+          end
+
+          def merge_path_scope(parent, child)
+            Mapper.normalize_path("#{parent}/#{child}")
+          end
+
+          def merge_name_prefix_scope(parent, child)
+            parent ? "#{parent}_#{child}" : child
+          end
+
+          def merge_namespace_scope(parent, child)
+            parent ? "#{parent}/#{child}" : child
+          end
+
+          def merge_controller_scope(parent, child)
+            @scope[:namespace] ? "#{@scope[:namespace]}/#{child}" : child
+          end
+
+          def merge_resources_path_names_scope(parent, child)
+            merge_options_scope(parent, child)
+          end
+
+          def merge_constraints_scope(parent, child)
+            merge_options_scope(parent, child)
+          end
+
+          def merge_blocks_scope(parent, child)
+            (parent || []) + [child]
+          end
+
+          def merge_options_scope(parent, child)
+            (parent || {}).merge(child)
+          end
       end
 
       module Resources
+        CRUD_ACTIONS = [:index, :show, :create, :update, :destroy]
+
         class Resource #:nodoc:
-          attr_reader :plural, :singular
+          def self.default_actions
+            [:index, :create, :new, :show, :update, :destroy, :edit]
+          end
+
+          attr_reader :plural, :singular, :options
 
           def initialize(entities, options = {})
             entities = entities.to_s
+            @options = options
 
             @plural   = entities.pluralize
             @singular = entities.singularize
           end
 
+          def default_actions
+            self.class.default_actions
+          end
+
+          def actions
+            if only = options[:only]
+              only.map(&:to_sym)
+            elsif except = options[:except]
+              default_actions - except.map(&:to_sym)
+            else
+              default_actions
+            end
+          end
+
           def name
-            plural
+            options[:as] || plural
           end
 
           def controller
-            plural
+            options[:controller] || plural
           end
 
           def member_name
@@ -339,15 +397,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         class SingletonResource < Resource #:nodoc:
+          def self.default_actions
+            [:show, :create, :update, :destroy, :new, :edit]
+          end
+
           def initialize(entity, options = {})
             super
           end
 
           def name
-            singular
+            options[:as] || singular
           end
         end
 
+        def initialize(*args)
+          super
+          @scope[:resources_path_names] = @set.resources_path_names
+        end
+
         def resource(*resources, &block)
           options = resources.extract_options!
 
@@ -357,7 +424,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return self
           end
 
-          resource = SingletonResource.new(resources.pop)
+          if path_names = options.delete(:path_names)
+            scope(:resources_path_names => path_names) do
+              resource(resources, options)
+            end
+            return self
+          end
+
+          resource = SingletonResource.new(resources.pop, options)
 
           if @scope[:scope_level] == :resources
             nested do
@@ -366,16 +440,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return self
           end
 
-          scope(:path => "/#{resource.name}", :controller => resource.controller) do
+          scope(:path => resource.name.to_s, :controller => resource.controller) do
             with_scope_level(:resource, resource) do
               yield if block_given?
 
-              get    "(.:format)",      :to => :show, :as => resource.member_name
-              post   "(.:format)",      :to => :create
-              put    "(.:format)",      :to => :update
-              delete "(.:format)",      :to => :destroy
-              get    "/new(.:format)",  :to => :new,  :as => "new_#{resource.singular}"
-              get    "/edit(.:format)", :to => :edit, :as => "edit_#{resource.singular}"
+              get    :show, :as => resource.member_name if resource.actions.include?(:show)
+              post   :create if resource.actions.include?(:create)
+              put    :update if resource.actions.include?(:update)
+              delete :destroy if resource.actions.include?(:destroy)
+              get    :new, :as => resource.singular if resource.actions.include?(:new)
+              get    :edit, :as => resource.singular if resource.actions.include?(:edit)
             end
           end
 
@@ -391,7 +465,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return self
           end
 
-          resource = Resource.new(resources.pop)
+          if path_names = options.delete(:path_names)
+            scope(:resources_path_names => path_names) do
+              resources(resources, options)
+            end
+            return self
+          end
+
+          resource = Resource.new(resources.pop, options)
 
           if @scope[:scope_level] == :resources
             nested do
@@ -400,28 +481,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return self
           end
 
-          scope(:path => "/#{resource.name}", :controller => resource.controller) do
+          scope(:path => resource.name.to_s, :controller => resource.controller) do
             with_scope_level(:resources, resource) do
               yield if block_given?
 
               with_scope_level(:collection) do
-                get  "(.:format)", :to => :index, :as => resource.collection_name
-                post "(.:format)", :to => :create
-
-                with_exclusive_name_prefix :new do
-                  get "/new(.:format)", :to => :new, :as => resource.singular
-                end
+                get  :index, :as => resource.collection_name if resource.actions.include?(:index)
+                post :create if resource.actions.include?(:create)
+                get  :new, :as => resource.singular if resource.actions.include?(:new)
               end
 
               with_scope_level(:member) do
-                scope("/:id") do
-                  get    "(.:format)", :to => :show, :as => resource.member_name
-                  put    "(.:format)", :to => :update
-                  delete "(.:format)", :to => :destroy
-
-                  with_exclusive_name_prefix :edit do
-                    get "/edit(.:format)", :to => :edit, :as => resource.singular
-                  end
+                scope(':id') do
+                  get    :show, :as => resource.member_name if resource.actions.include?(:show)
+                  put    :update if resource.actions.include?(:update)
+                  delete :destroy if resource.actions.include?(:destroy)
+                  get    :edit, :as => resource.singular if resource.actions.include?(:edit)
                 end
               end
             end
@@ -448,7 +523,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:member) do
-            scope("/:id", :name_prefix => parent_resource.member_name, :as => "") do
+            scope(':id', :name_prefix => parent_resource.member_name, :as => "") do
               yield
             end
           end
@@ -460,7 +535,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:nested) do
-            scope("/#{parent_resource.id_segment}", :name_prefix => parent_resource.member_name) do
+            scope(parent_resource.id_segment, :name_prefix => parent_resource.member_name) do
               yield
             end
           end
@@ -474,9 +549,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return self
           end
 
+          resources_path_names = options.delete(:path_names)
+
           if args.first.is_a?(Symbol)
-            with_exclusive_name_prefix(args.first) do
-              return match("/#{args.first}(.:format)", options.merge(:to => args.first.to_sym))
+            action = args.first
+            if CRUD_ACTIONS.include?(action)
+              begin
+                old_path = @scope[:path]
+                @scope[:path] = "#{@scope[:path]}(.:format)"
+                return match(options.reverse_merge(:to => action))
+              ensure
+                @scope[:path] = old_path
+              end
+            else
+              with_exclusive_name_prefix(action) do
+                return match("#{action_path(action, resources_path_names)}(.:format)", options.reverse_merge(:to => action))
+              end
             end
           end
 
@@ -502,6 +590,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
         private
+          def action_path(name, path_names = nil)
+            path_names ||= @scope[:resources_path_names]
+            path_names[name.to_sym] || name.to_s
+          end
+
           def with_exclusive_name_prefix(prefix)
             begin
               old_name_prefix = @scope[:name_prefix]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
index bd397432ce..660d28dbec 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
@@ -74,9 +74,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @routes = {}
           @helpers = []
 
-          @module ||= Module.new
-          @module.instance_methods.each do |selector|
-            @module.class_eval { remove_method selector }
+          @module ||= Module.new do
+            instance_methods.each { |selector| remove_method(selector) }
           end
         end
 
@@ -138,67 +137,87 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
           end
 
-          def named_helper_module_eval(code, *args)
-            @module.module_eval(code, *args)
-          end
-
           def define_hash_access(route, name, kind, options)
             selector = hash_access_name(name, kind)
-            named_helper_module_eval <<-end_eval # We use module_eval to avoid leaks
+
+            # We use module_eval to avoid leaks
+            @module.module_eval <<-END_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
               def #{selector}(options = nil)                                      # def hash_for_users_url(options = nil)
                 options ? #{options.inspect}.merge(options) : #{options.inspect}  #   options ? {:only_path=>false}.merge(options) : {:only_path=>false}
               end                                                                 # end
               protected :#{selector}                                              # protected :hash_for_users_url
-            end_eval
+            END_EVAL
             helpers << selector
           end
 
+          # Create a url helper allowing ordered parameters to be associated
+          # with corresponding dynamic segments, so you can do:
+          #
+          #   foo_url(bar, baz, bang)
+          #
+          # Instead of:
+          #
+          #   foo_url(:bar => bar, :baz => baz, :bang => bang)
+          #
+          # Also allow options hash, so you can do:
+          #
+          #   foo_url(bar, baz, bang, :sort_by => 'baz')
+          #
           def define_url_helper(route, name, kind, options)
             selector = url_helper_name(name, kind)
-            # The segment keys used for positional parameters
-
             hash_access_method = hash_access_name(name, kind)
 
-            # allow ordered parameters to be associated with corresponding
-            # dynamic segments, so you can do
+            # We use module_eval to avoid leaks.
             #
-            #   foo_url(bar, baz, bang)
+            # def users_url(*args)
+            #   if args.empty? || Hash === args.first
+            #     options = hash_for_users_url(args.first || {})
+            #   else
+            #     options = hash_for_users_url(args.extract_options!)
+            #     default = default_url_options(options) if self.respond_to?(:default_url_options, true)
+            #     options = (default ||= {}).merge(options)
             #
-            # instead of
+            #     keys = []
+            #     keys -= options.keys if args.size < keys.size - 1
             #
-            #   foo_url(:bar => bar, :baz => baz, :bang => bang)
+            #     args = args.zip(keys).inject({}) do |h, (v, k)|
+            #       h[k] = v
+            #       h
+            #     end
             #
-            # Also allow options hash, so you can do
+            #     # Tell url_for to skip default_url_options
+            #     options[:use_defaults] = false
+            #     options.merge!(args)
+            #   end
             #
-            #   foo_url(bar, baz, bang, :sort_by => 'baz')
-            #
-            named_helper_module_eval <<-end_eval # We use module_eval to avoid leaks
-              def #{selector}(*args)                                                        # def users_url(*args)
-                                                                                            #
-                opts = if args.empty? || Hash === args.first                                #   opts = if args.empty? || Hash === args.first
-                  args.first || {}                                                          #     args.first || {}
-                else                                                                        #   else
-                  options = args.extract_options!                                           #     options = args.extract_options!
-                  args = args.zip(#{route.segment_keys.inspect}).inject({}) do |h, (v, k)|  #     args = args.zip([]).inject({}) do |h, (v, k)|
-                    h[k] = v                                                                #       h[k] = v
-                    h                                                                       #       h
-                  end                                                                       #     end
-                  options.merge(args)                                                       #     options.merge(args)
-                end                                                                         #   end
-                                                                                            #
-                url_for(#{hash_access_method}(opts))                                        #   url_for(hash_for_users_url(opts))
-                                                                                            #
-              end                                                                           # end
-              #Add an alias to support the now deprecated formatted_* URL.                  # #Add an alias to support the now deprecated formatted_* URL.
-              def formatted_#{selector}(*args)                                              # def formatted_users_url(*args)
-                ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(                                            #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-                  "formatted_#{selector}() has been deprecated. " +                         #     "formatted_users_url() has been deprecated. " +
-                  "Please pass format to the standard " +                                   #     "Please pass format to the standard " +
-                  "#{selector} method instead.", caller)                                    #     "users_url method instead.", caller)
-                #{selector}(*args)                                                          #   users_url(*args)
-              end                                                                           # end
-              protected :#{selector}                                                        # protected :users_url
-            end_eval
+            #   url_for(options)
+            # end
+            @module.module_eval <<-END_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+              def #{selector}(*args)
+                if args.empty? || Hash === args.first
+                  options = #{hash_access_method}(args.first || {})
+                else
+                  options = #{hash_access_method}(args.extract_options!)
+                  default = default_url_options(options) if self.respond_to?(:default_url_options, true)
+                  options = (default ||= {}).merge(options)
+
+                  keys = #{route.segment_keys.inspect}
+                  keys -= options.keys if args.size < keys.size - 1 # take format into account
+
+                  args = args.zip(keys).inject({}) do |h, (v, k)|
+                    h[k] = v
+                    h
+                  end
+
+                  # Tell url_for to skip default_url_options
+                  options[:use_defaults] = false
+                  options.merge!(args)
+                end
+
+                url_for(options)
+              end
+              protected :#{selector}
+            END_EVAL
             helpers << selector
           end
       end
@@ -206,9 +225,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
       attr_accessor :routes, :named_routes
       attr_accessor :disable_clear_and_finalize
 
+      def self.default_resources_path_names
+        { :new => 'new', :edit => 'edit' }
+      end
+
+      attr_accessor :resources_path_names
+
       def initialize
         self.routes = []
         self.named_routes = NamedRouteCollection.new
+        self.resources_path_names = self.class.default_resources_path_names
 
         @disable_clear_and_finalize = false
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
index 5686bbdbde..c2486d3730 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
   module Assertions
     # A small suite of assertions that test responses from Rails applications.
     module ResponseAssertions
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      included do
+        # TODO: Need to pull in AV::Template monkey patches that track which
+        # templates are rendered. assert_template should probably be part
+        # of AV instead of AD.
+        require 'action_view/test_case'
+      end
+
       # Asserts that the response is one of the following types:
       #
       # * <tt>:success</tt>   - Status code was 200
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
index c2dc591ff7..a6b1126e2b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         fix_content = lambda do |node|
           # Gets around a bug in the Rails 1.1 HTML parser.
-          node.content.gsub(/<!\[CDATA\[(.*)(\]\]>)?/m) { CGI.escapeHTML($1) }
+          node.content.gsub(/<!\[CDATA\[(.*)(\]\]>)?/m) { Rack::Utils.escapeHTML($1) }
         end
 
         selected = elements.map do |element|
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
index 2a5f5dcd5c..4ec47d146c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require 'stringio'
 require 'uri'
-require 'active_support/test_case'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/metaclass'
 require 'rack/test'
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view.rb
index 8ce6e82524..93aa69c060 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view.rb
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ module ActionView
     autoload :TemplateHandler,   'action_view/template'
     autoload :TemplateHandlers,  'action_view/template'
   end
+
+  autoload :TestCase, 'action_view/test_case'
 end
 
 require 'action_view/erb/util'
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb
index c70f29f098..87b7adf6c4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
           options[:object_name] ||= params.first
 
-          I18n.with_options :locale => options[:locale], :scope => [:activemodel, :errors, :template] do |locale|
+          I18n.with_options :locale => options[:locale], :scope => [:errors, :template] do |locale|
             header_message = if options.include?(:header_message)
               options[:header_message]
             else
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
index 4b51dc7856..34f38b0a8a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ module ActionView
 
           build_selects_from_types(order)
         else
-          "#{select_date}#{@options[:datetime_separator]}#{select_time}"
+          "#{select_date}#{@options[:datetime_separator]}#{select_time}".html_safe!
         end
       end
 
@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ module ActionView
           select_html << prompt_option_tag(type, @options[:prompt]) + "\n" if @options[:prompt]
           select_html << select_options_as_html.to_s
 
-          content_tag(:select, select_html, select_options) + "\n"
+          (content_tag(:select, select_html, select_options) + "\n").html_safe!
         end
 
         # Builds a prompt option tag with supplied options or from default options
@@ -860,12 +860,12 @@ module ActionView
         #  build_hidden(:year, 2008)
         #  => "<input id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]" type="hidden" value="2008" />"
         def build_hidden(type, value)
-          tag(:input, {
+          (tag(:input, {
             :type => "hidden",
             :id => input_id_from_type(type),
             :name => input_name_from_type(type),
             :value => value
-          }) + "\n"
+          }) + "\n").html_safe!
         end
 
         # Returns the name attribute for the input tag
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ module ActionView
             separator = separator(type) unless type == order.first # don't add on last field
             select.insert(0, separator.to_s + send("select_#{type}").to_s)
           end
-          select
+          select.html_safe!
         end
 
         # Returns the separator for a given datetime component
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
index 81c9c88820..20e9916d62 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Returns a label tag tailored for labelling an input field for a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
       # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). The text of label will default to the attribute name unless a translation
-      # is found in the current I18n locale (through views.labels.<modelname>.<attribute>) or you specify it explicitly. 
+      # is found in the current I18n locale (through helpers.label.<modelname>.<attribute>) or you specify it explicitly.
       # Additional options on the label tag can be passed as a hash with +options+. These options will be tagged
       # onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example shown, except for the <tt>:value</tt> option, which is designed to
       # target labels for radio_button tags (where the value is used in the ID of the input tag).
@@ -517,8 +517,8 @@ module ActionView
       #   You can localize your labels based on model and attribute names.
       #   For example you can define the following in your locale (e.g. en.yml)
       #
-      #   views:
-      #     labels:
+      #   helpers:
+      #     label:
       #       post:
       #         body: "Write your entire text here"
       #
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ module ActionView
         options["for"] ||= name_and_id["id"]
 
         content = if text.blank?
-          I18n.t("views.labels.#{object_name}.#{method_name}", :default => "").presence
+          I18n.t("helpers.label.#{object_name}.#{method_name}", :default => "").presence
         else
           text.to_s
         end
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ module ActionView
         if field_type == "hidden"
           options.delete("size")
         end
-        options["type"] = field_type
+        options["type"]  ||= field_type
         options["value"] ||= value_before_type_cast(object) unless field_type == "file"
         options["value"] &&= html_escape(options["value"])
         add_default_name_and_id(options)
@@ -842,7 +842,12 @@ module ActionView
           checked = self.class.check_box_checked?(value(object), checked_value)
         end
         options["checked"] = "checked" if checked
-        add_default_name_and_id(options)
+        if options["multiple"]
+          add_default_name_and_id_for_value(checked_value, options)
+          options.delete("multiple")
+        else
+          add_default_name_and_id(options)
+        end
         hidden = tag("input", "name" => options["name"], "type" => "hidden", "value" => options['disabled'] && checked ? checked_value : unchecked_value)
         checkbox = tag("input", options)
         (hidden + checkbox).html_safe!
@@ -1058,7 +1063,7 @@ module ActionView
       def radio_button(method, tag_value, options = {})
         @template.radio_button(@object_name, method, tag_value, objectify_options(options))
       end
-      
+
       def hidden_field(method, options = {})
         @emitted_hidden_id = true if method == :id
         @template.hidden_field(@object_name, method, objectify_options(options))
@@ -1072,7 +1077,36 @@ module ActionView
         @template.error_messages_for(@object_name, objectify_options(options))
       end
 
-      def submit(value = "Save changes", options = {})
+      # Add the submit button for the given form. When no value is given, it checks
+      # if the object is a new resource or not to create the proper label:
+      #
+      #   <% form_for @post do |f| %>
+      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #   <% end %>
+      # 
+      # In the example above, if @post is a new record, it will use "Create Post" as
+      # submit button label, otherwise, it uses "Update Post".
+      #
+      # Those labels can be customized using I18n, under the helpers.submit key and accept
+      # the {{model}} as translation interpolation:
+      #
+      #   en:
+      #     helpers:
+      #       submit:
+      #         create: "Create a {{model}}"
+      #         update: "Confirm changes to {{model}}"
+      #
+      # It also searches for a key specific for the given object:
+      #
+      #   en:
+      #     helpers:
+      #       submit:
+      #         post:
+      #           create: "Add {{model}}"
+      #
+      def submit(value=nil, options={})
+        value, options = nil, value if value.is_a?(Hash)
+        value ||= submit_default_value
         @template.submit_tag(value, options.reverse_merge(:id => "#{object_name}_submit"))
       end
 
@@ -1085,6 +1119,24 @@ module ActionView
           @default_options.merge(options.merge(:object => @object))
         end
 
+        def submit_default_value
+          object = @object.respond_to?(:to_model) ? @object.to_model : @object
+          key    = object ? (object.new_record? ? :create : :update) : :submit
+
+          model = if object.class.respond_to?(:model_name)
+            object.class.model_name.human
+          else
+            @object_name.to_s.humanize
+          end
+
+          defaults = []
+          defaults << :"helpers.submit.#{object_name}.#{key}"
+          defaults << :"helpers.submit.#{key}"
+          defaults << "#{key.to_s.humanize} #{model}"
+
+          I18n.t(defaults.shift, :model => model, :default => defaults)
+        end
+
         def nested_attributes_association?(association_name)
           @object.respond_to?("#{association_name}_attributes=")
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
index 935ab5f3e8..02ad637509 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ module ActionView
             option_tags = "<option value=\"\">#{options[:include_blank] if options[:include_blank].kind_of?(String)}</option>\n" + option_tags
           end
           if value.blank? && options[:prompt]
-            prompt = options[:prompt].kind_of?(String) ? options[:prompt] : I18n.translate('support.select.prompt', :default => 'Please select')
+            prompt = options[:prompt].kind_of?(String) ? options[:prompt] : I18n.translate('helpers.select.prompt', :default => 'Please select')
             "<option value=\"\">#{prompt}</option>\n" + option_tags
           else
             option_tags
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
index 397871b85e..64b71663c3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ module ActionView
             :precision => precision,
             :delimiter => delimiter,
             :separator => separator)
-          ).gsub(/%u/, unit)
+          ).gsub(/%u/, unit).html_safe!
         rescue
           number
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/prototype_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/prototype_helper.rb
index 8c1f0ad81f..ff7bc3b34e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/prototype_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/prototype_helper.rb
@@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@ module ActionView
       #     page.hide 'spinner'
       #   end
       def update_page(&block)
-        JavaScriptGenerator.new(@template, &block).to_s
+        JavaScriptGenerator.new(@template, &block).to_s.html_safe!
       end
 
       # Works like update_page but wraps the generated JavaScript in a <script>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
index a3bee3e8c2..814d86812d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ module ActionView
               end
 
               link_text = block_given?? yield(href) : href
-              href = 'http://' + href unless href.index('http') == 0
+              href = 'http://' + href unless href =~ %r{^[a-z]+://}i
 
               content_tag(:a, h(link_text), link_attributes.merge('href' => href)) + punctuation.reverse.join('')
             end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
index 5b136d4f54..14628c5404 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ module ActionView
     module UrlHelper
       include JavaScriptHelper
 
+      # Need to map default url options to controller one.
+      def default_url_options(*args) #:nodoc:
+        @controller.send(:default_url_options, *args)
+      end
+
       # Returns the URL for the set of +options+ provided. This takes the
       # same options as +url_for+ in Action Controller (see the
       # documentation for <tt>ActionController::Base#url_for</tt>). Note that by default
@@ -461,10 +466,10 @@ module ActionView
 
         string = ''
         extras = ''
-        extras << "cc=#{CGI.escape(cc).gsub("+", "%20")}&" unless cc.nil?
-        extras << "bcc=#{CGI.escape(bcc).gsub("+", "%20")}&" unless bcc.nil?
-        extras << "body=#{CGI.escape(body).gsub("+", "%20")}&" unless body.nil?
-        extras << "subject=#{CGI.escape(subject).gsub("+", "%20")}&" unless subject.nil?
+        extras << "cc=#{Rack::Utils.escape(cc).gsub("+", "%20")}&" unless cc.nil?
+        extras << "bcc=#{Rack::Utils.escape(bcc).gsub("+", "%20")}&" unless bcc.nil?
+        extras << "body=#{Rack::Utils.escape(body).gsub("+", "%20")}&" unless body.nil?
+        extras << "subject=#{Rack::Utils.escape(subject).gsub("+", "%20")}&" unless subject.nil?
         extras = "?" << extras.gsub!(/&?$/,"") unless extras.empty?
 
         email_address = email_address.to_s
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml b/actionpack/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml
index 5e2a92b89a..a3548051c1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
       delimiter: ","
       # Number of decimals, behind the separator (the number 1 with a precision of 2 gives: 1.00)
       precision: 3
-      
+
     # Used in number_to_currency()
     currency:
       format:
@@ -20,15 +20,15 @@
         separator: "."
         delimiter: ","
         precision: 2
-        
+
     # Used in number_to_percentage()
     percentage:
       format:
         # These three are to override number.format and are optional
-        # separator: 
+        # separator:
         delimiter: ""
-        # precision: 
-        
+        # precision:
+
     # Used in number_to_precision()
     precision:
       format:
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@
         # separator:
         delimiter: ""
         # precision:
-        
+
     # Used in number_to_human_size()
     human:
       format:
         # These three are to override number.format and are optional
-        # separator: 
+        # separator:
         delimiter: ""
         precision: 1
       storage_units:
@@ -102,16 +102,22 @@
       minute: "Minute"
       second: "Seconds"
 
-  activemodel:
-    errors:
-      template:
-        header:
-          one:    "1 error prohibited this {{model}} from being saved"
-          other:  "{{count}} errors prohibited this {{model}} from being saved"
-        # The variable :count is also available
-        body: "There were problems with the following fields:"
+  errors:
+    template:
+      header:
+        one:    "1 error prohibited this {{model}} from being saved"
+        other:  "{{count}} errors prohibited this {{model}} from being saved"
+      # The variable :count is also available
+      body: "There were problems with the following fields:"
 
-  support:
+  helpers:
     select:
-      # default value for :prompt => true in FormOptionsHelper
+      # Default value for :prompt => true in FormOptionsHelper
       prompt: "Please select"
+
+    # Default translation keys for submit FormHelper
+    submit:
+      create: 'Create {{model}}'
+      update: 'Update {{model}}'
+      submit: 'Save {{model}}'
+
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/railtie.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
index a90e0636b9..968dc7b25e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
@@ -1,2 +1,17 @@
 require "action_view"
-require "rails"
\ No newline at end of file
+require "rails"
+
+module ActionView
+  class Railtie < Rails::Railtie
+    plugin_name :action_view
+
+    require "action_view/railties/subscriber"
+    subscriber ActionView::Railties::Subscriber.new
+
+    initializer "action_view.cache_asset_timestamps" do |app|
+      unless app.config.cache_classes
+        ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper.cache_asset_timestamps = false
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/railties/subscriber.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/railties/subscriber.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..803f19379c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/railties/subscriber.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Railties
+    class Subscriber < Rails::Subscriber
+      def render_template(event)
+        message = "Rendered #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:identifier])}"
+        message << " within #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:layout])}" if event.payload[:layout]
+        message << (" (%.1fms)" % event.duration)
+        info(message)        
+      end
+      alias :render_partial :render_template
+      alias :render_collection :render_template
+
+      def logger
+        ActionController::Base.logger
+      end
+
+    protected
+
+      def from_rails_root(string)
+        string.sub("#{Rails.root}/", "").sub(/^app\/views\//, "")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/partials.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/partials.rb
index 5158415c20..8c936ae09e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/partials.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/partials.rb
@@ -212,34 +212,34 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       def render
-        options = @options
+        identifier = ((@template = find_template) ? @template.identifier : @path)
 
         if @collection
-          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:render_collection, :path => @path,
-                                                  :count => @collection.size) do
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_view.render_collection",
+            :identifier => identifier || "collection", :count => @collection.size) do
             render_collection
           end
         else
-          content = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:render_partial, :path => @path) do
+          content = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_view.render_partial",
+            :identifier => identifier) do
             render_partial
           end
 
-          if !@block && options[:layout]
-            content = @view._render_layout(find_template(options[:layout]), @locals){ content }
+          if !@block && (layout = @options[:layout])
+            content = @view._render_layout(find_template(layout), @locals){ content }
           end
           content
         end
       end
 
       def render_collection
-        @template = template = find_template
         return nil if @collection.blank?
 
         if @options.key?(:spacer_template)
           spacer = find_template(@options[:spacer_template]).render(@view, @locals)
         end
 
-        result = template ? collection_with_template : collection_without_template
+        result = @template ? collection_with_template : collection_without_template
         result.join(spacer).html_safe!
       end
 
@@ -277,7 +277,6 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       def render_partial(object = @object)
-        @template = template = find_template
         locals, view = @locals, @view
 
         object ||= locals[template.variable_name]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/rendering.rb
index 48316cac53..ec278ca783 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/rendering.rb
@@ -93,25 +93,23 @@ module ActionView
     def _render_template(template, layout = nil, options = {})
       locals = options[:locals] || {}
 
-      content = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:render_template,
-                :identifier => template.identifier, :layout => (layout ? layout.identifier : nil)) do
-        template.render(self, locals)
-      end
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_view.render_template",
+        :identifier => template.identifier, :layout => layout.try(:identifier)) do
 
-      @_content_for[:layout] = content
+        content = template.render(self, locals)
+        @_content_for[:layout] = content
 
-      if layout
-        @_layout = layout.identifier
-        content  = _render_layout(layout, locals)
-      end
+        if layout
+          @_layout = layout.identifier
+          content  = _render_layout(layout, locals)
+        end
 
-      content
+        content
+      end
     end
 
     def _render_layout(layout, locals, &block)
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:render_layout, :identifier => layout.identifier) do
-        layout.render(self, locals){ |*name| _layout_for(*name, &block) }
-      end
+      layout.render(self, locals){ |*name| _layout_for(*name, &block) }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/text.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
index 67e086d8bd..2abb352d4e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       end
 
       def identifier
-        self
+        'text template'
       end
 
       def inspect
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
index be9a2ed50d..16d66b6eca 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/test_case'
-require 'action_controller/test_case'
-
 module ActionView
   class Base
     alias_method :initialize_without_template_tracking, :initialize