1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<title>Caching with Rails: An overview</title>
<!--[if lt IE 8]>
<script src="http://ie7-js.googlecode.com/svn/version/2.0(beta3)/IE8.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<![endif]-->
<link href="stylesheets/base.css" media="screen" rel="Stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="stylesheets/forms.css" media="screen" rel="Stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="stylesheets/more.css" media="screen" rel="Stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<style type="text/css">
div#container {
max-width: 900px;
padding-bottom: 3em;
}
div#content {
margin-left: 200px;
}
div#container.notoc {
max-width: 600px;
}
.notoc div#content {
margin-left: 0;
}
pre {
line-height: 1.4em;
}
#content p tt {
background: #eeeeee;
border: solid 1px #cccccc;
padding: 3px;
}
dt {
font-weight: bold;
}
#content dt tt {
font-size: 10pt;
}
dd {
margin-left: 3em;
}
#content dt tt, #content pre tt {
background: none;
padding: 0;
border: 0;
}
#content .olist ol {
margin-left: 2em;
}
#header {
position: relative;
max-width: 840px;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
}
#header.notoc {
max-width: 580px;
}
#logo {
position: absolute;
left: 10px;
top: 10px;
width: 110px;
height: 140px;
}
div#header h1#site_title {
background: url('images/ruby_on_rails_by_mike_rundle2.gif') top left no-repeat;
position: absolute;
width: 392px;
height: 55px;
left: 145px;
top: 20px;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
#site_title span {
display: none;
}
#site_title_tagline {
display: none;
}
ul#navMain {
position: absolute;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
top: 97px;
left: 145px;
}
.left-floaty, .right-floaty {
padding: 15px;
}
.admonitionblock,
.tableblock {
margin-left: 1em;
margin-right: 1em;
margin-top: 0.25em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
.admonitionblock .icon {
padding-right: 8px;
}
.admonitionblock .content {
border: solid 1px #ffda78;
background: #fffebd;
padding: 10px;
padding-top: 8px;
padding-bottom: 8px;
}
.admonitionblock .title {
font-size: 140%;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
.tableblock table {
border: solid 1px #aaaaff;
background: #f0f0ff;
}
.tableblock th {
background: #e0e0e0;
}
.tableblock th,
.tableblock td {
padding: 3px;
padding-left: 5px;
padding-right: 5px;
}
.sidebarblock {
margin-top: 0.25em;
margin: 1em;
border: solid 1px #ccccbb;
padding: 8px;
background: #ffffe0;
}
.sidebarblock .sidebar-title {
font-size: 140%;
font-weight: 600;
margin-bottom: 0.3em;
}
.sidebarblock .sidebar-content > .para:last-child > p {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.sidebarblock .sidebar-title a {
text-decoration: none;
}
.sidebarblock .sidebar-title a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header" >
<div id="logo">
<a href="index.html" title="Ruby on Rails"><img src="images/rails_logo_remix.gif" alt="Rails" height="140" width="110" /></a>
</div>
<h1 id="site_title"><span>Ruby on Rails</span></h1>
<h2 id="site_title_tagline">Sustainable productivity for web-application development</h2>
<ul id="navMain">
<li class="first-child"><a href="http://www.rubyonrails.org/" title="Ruby on Rails" class="ruby_on_rails">Ruby on Rails</a></li>
<li><a class="manuals" href="index.html" title="Manuals Index">Guides Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="container">
<div id="sidebar">
<h2>Chapters</h2>
<ol>
<li>
<a href="#_basic_caching">Basic Caching</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#_page_caching">Page Caching</a></li>
<li><a href="#_action_caching">Action Caching</a></li>
<li><a href="#_fragment_caching">Fragment Caching</a></li>
<li><a href="#_sweepers">Sweepers</a></li>
<li><a href="#_sql_caching">SQL Caching</a></li>
<li><a href="#_cache_stores">Cache stores</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_conditional_get_support">Conditional GET support</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#_advanced_caching">Advanced Caching</a>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div id="content">
<h1>Caching with Rails: An overview</h1>
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Everyone caches. This guide will teach you what you need to know about
avoiding that expensive round-trip to your database and returning what you
need to return to those hungry web clients in the shortest time possible.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="_basic_caching">1. Basic Caching</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is an introduction to the three types of caching techniques that Rails
provides by default without the use of any third party plugins.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To get started make sure <tt>config.action_controller.perform_caching</tt> is set
to <tt>true</tt> for your environment. This flag is normally set in the
corresponding config/environments/*.rb and caching is disabled by default
there for development and test, and enabled for production.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>config<span style="color: #990000">.</span>action_controller<span style="color: #990000">.</span>perform_caching <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">true</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="_page_caching">1.1. Page Caching</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated
page to be fulfilled by the webserver, without ever having to go through the
Rails stack at all. Obviously, this is super-fast. Unfortunately, it can’t be
applied to every situation (such as pages that need authentication) and since
the webserver is literally just serving a file from the filesystem, cache
expiration is an issue that needs to be dealt with.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>So, how do you enable this super-fast cache behavior? Simple, let’s say you
have a controller called ProductsController and a <em>list</em> action that lists all
the products</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> ProductsController <span style="color: #990000"><</span> ActionController
caches_page <span style="color: #990000">:</span>index
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> index<span style="color: #990000">;</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The first time anyone requests products/index, Rails will generate a file
called <tt>index.html</tt> and the webserver will then look for that file before it
passes the next request for products/index to your Rails application.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, the page cache directory is set to Rails.public_path (which is
usually set to <tt>RAILS_ROOT + "/public"</tt>) and this can be configured by
changing the configuration setting <tt>config.action_controller.page_cache_directory</tt>.
Changing the default from /public helps avoid naming conflicts, since you may
want to put other static html in /public, but changing this will require web
server reconfiguration to let the web server know where to serve the cached
files from.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Page Caching mechanism will automatically add a <tt>.html</tt> exxtension to
requests for pages that do not have an extension to make it easy for the
webserver to find those pages and this can be configured by changing the
configuration setting <tt>config.action_controller.page_cache_extension</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In order to expire this page when a new product is added we could extend our
example controler like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> ProductsController <span style="color: #990000"><</span> ActionController
caches_page <span style="color: #990000">:</span>list
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> list<span style="color: #990000">;</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> create
expire_page <span style="color: #990000">:</span>action <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>list
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want a more complicated expiration scheme, you can use cache sweepers
to expire cached objects when things change. This is covered in the section on Sweepers.</p></div>
<h3 id="_action_caching">1.2. Action Caching</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>One of the issues with Page Caching is that you cannot use it for pages that
require to restrict access somehow. This is where Action Caching comes in.
Action Caching works like Page Caching except for the fact that the incoming
web request does go from the webserver to the Rails stack and Action Pack so
that before filters can be run on it before the cache is served, so that
authentication and other restrictions can be used while still serving the
result of the output from a cached copy.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Clearing the cache works in the exact same way as with Page Caching.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Let’s say you only wanted authenticated users to edit or create a Product
object, but still cache those pages:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> ProductsController <span style="color: #990000"><</span> ActionController
before_filter <span style="color: #990000">:</span>authenticate<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>only <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>edit<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>create <span style="color: #990000">]</span>
caches_page <span style="color: #990000">:</span>list
caches_action <span style="color: #990000">:</span>edit
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> list<span style="color: #990000">;</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> create
expire_page <span style="color: #990000">:</span>action <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>list
expire_action <span style="color: #990000">:</span>action <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>edit
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> edit<span style="color: #990000">;</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And you can also use <tt>:if</tt> (or <tt>:unless</tt>) to pass a Proc that specifies when the
action should be cached. Also, you can use <tt>:layout => false</tt> to cache without
layout so that dynamic information in the layout such as logged in user info
or the number of items in the cart can be left uncached. This feature is
available as of Rails 2.2.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>[More: more examples? Walk-through of Action Caching from request to response?
Description of Rake tasks to clear cached files? Show example of
subdomain caching? Talk about :cache_path, :if and assing blocks/Procs
to expire_action?]</p></div>
<h3 id="_fragment_caching">1.3. Fragment Caching</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Life would be perfect if we could get away with caching the entire contents of
a page or action and serving it out to the world. Unfortunately, dynamic web
applications usually build pages with a variety of components not all of which
have the same caching characteristics. In order to address such a dynamically
created page where different parts of the page need to be cached and expired
differently Rails provides a mechanism called Fragment Caching.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Fragment Caching allows a fragment of view logic to be wrapped in a cache
block and served out of the cache store when the next request comes in.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As an example, if you wanted to show all the orders placed on your website
in real time and didn’t want to cache that part of the page, but did want
to cache the part of the page which lists all products available, you
could use this piece of code:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="color: #FF0000"><% Order.find_recent.each do |o| %></span>
<span style="color: #FF0000"><%= o.buyer.name %></span> bought <span style="color: #FF0000"><% o.product.name %></span>
<span style="color: #FF0000"><% end %></span>
<span style="color: #FF0000"><% cache do %></span>
All available products<span style="color: #990000">:</span>
<span style="color: #FF0000"><% Product.find(:all).each do |p| %></span>
<span style="color: #FF0000"><%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %></span>
<span style="color: #FF0000"><% end %></span>
<span style="color: #FF0000"><% end %></span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The cache block in our example will bind to the action that called it and is
written out to the same place as the Action Cache, which means that if you
want to cache multiple fragments per action, you should provide an <tt>action_suffix</tt> to the cache call:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="color: #FF0000"><% cache(:action =></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'recent'</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>action_suffix <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'all_products'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">do</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">%></span>
All available products<span style="color: #990000">:</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>and you can expire it using the <tt>expire_fragment</tt> method, like so:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>expire_fragment<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>controller <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'products'</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>action <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'recent'</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>action_suffix <span style="color: #990000">=></span> 'all_products<span style="color: #990000">)</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you don’t want the cache block to bind to the action that called it, You can
also use globally keyed fragments by calling the cache method with a key, like
so:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="color: #FF0000"><% cache(:key =></span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'all_available_products'</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #009900">@latest_product</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span>created_at<span style="color: #990000">].</span>join<span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">':'</span><span style="color: #990000">))</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">do</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">%></span>
All available products<span style="color: #990000">:</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This fragment is then available to all actions in the ProductsController using
the key and can be expired the same way:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>expire_fragment<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>key <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'all_available_products'</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #009900">@latest_product</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span>created_at<span style="color: #990000">].</span>join<span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">':'</span><span style="color: #990000">))</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="_sweepers">1.4. Sweepers</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Cache sweeping is a mechanism which allows you to get around having a ton of
expire_{page,action,fragment} calls in your code by moving all the work
required to expire cached content into a <tt>ActionController::Caching::Sweeper</tt>
class that is an Observer and looks for changes to an object via callbacks,
and when a change occurs it expires the caches associated with that object n
an around or after filter.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Continuing with our Product controller example, we could rewrite it with a
sweeper such as the following:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> StoreSweeper <span style="color: #990000"><</span> ActionController<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Caching<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Sweeper
observe Product <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># This sweeper is going to keep an eye on the Product model</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># If our sweeper detects that a Product was created call this</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> after_create<span style="color: #990000">(</span>product<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
expire_cache_for<span style="color: #990000">(</span>product<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># If our sweeper detects that a Product was updated call this</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> after_update<span style="color: #990000">(</span>product<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
expire_cache_for<span style="color: #990000">(</span>product<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># If our sweeper detects that a Product was deleted call this</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> after_destroy<span style="color: #990000">(</span>product<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
expire_cache_for<span style="color: #990000">(</span>product<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
private
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> expire_cache_for<span style="color: #990000">(</span>record<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Expire the list page now that we added a new product</span></span>
expire_page<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>controller <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'#{record}'</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>action <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'list'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Expire a fragment</span></span>
expire_fragment<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>controller <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'#{record}'</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>action <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'recent'</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>action_suffix <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'all_products'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Then we add it to our controller to tell it to call the sweeper when certain
actions are called. So, if we wanted to expire the cached content for the
list and edit actions when the create action was called, we could do the
following:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> ProductsController <span style="color: #990000"><</span> ActionController
before_filter <span style="color: #990000">:</span>authenticate<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>only <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>edit<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>create <span style="color: #990000">]</span>
caches_page <span style="color: #990000">:</span>list
caches_action <span style="color: #990000">:</span>edit
cache_sweeper <span style="color: #990000">:</span>store_sweeper<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>only <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>create <span style="color: #990000">]</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> list<span style="color: #990000">;</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> create
expire_page <span style="color: #990000">:</span>action <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>list
expire_action <span style="color: #990000">:</span>action <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>edit
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> edit<span style="color: #990000">;</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="_sql_caching">1.5. SQL Caching</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Query caching is a Rails feature that caches the result set returned by each
query so that if Rails encounters the same query again for that request, it
will used the cached result set as opposed to running the query against the
database again.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> ProductsController <span style="color: #990000"><</span> ActionController
before_filter <span style="color: #990000">:</span>authenticate<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>only <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>edit<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>create <span style="color: #990000">]</span>
caches_page <span style="color: #990000">:</span>list
caches_action <span style="color: #990000">:</span>edit
cache_sweeper <span style="color: #990000">:</span>store_sweeper<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>only <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #990000">[</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>create <span style="color: #990000">]</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> list
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Run a find query</span></span>
Product<span style="color: #990000">.</span>find<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>all<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="color: #990000">...</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Run the same query again</span></span>
Product<span style="color: #990000">.</span>find<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>all<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> create
expire_page <span style="color: #990000">:</span>action <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>list
expire_action <span style="color: #990000">:</span>action <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>edit
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> edit<span style="color: #990000">;</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In the <em>list</em> action above, the result set returned by the first
Product.find(:all) will be cached and will be used to avoid querying the
database again the second time that finder is called.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Query caches are created at the start of an action and destroyed at the end of
that action and thus persist only for the duration of the action.</p></div>
<h3 id="_cache_stores">1.6. Cache stores</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Rails provides different stores for the cached data for action and fragment
caches. Page caches are always stored on disk.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The cache stores provided include:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>1) Memory store: Cached data is stored in the memory allocated to the Rails
process, which is fine for WEBrick and for FCGI (if you
don’t care that each FCGI process holds its own fragment
store). It’s not suitable for CGI as the process is thrown
away at the end of each request. It can potentially also
take up a lot of memory since each process keeps all the
caches in memory.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>ActionController<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Base<span style="color: #990000">.</span>cache_store <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>memory_store</tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>2) File store: Cached data is stored on the disk, this is the default store
and the default path for this store is: /tmp/cache. Works
well for all types of environments and allows all processes
running from the same application directory to access the
cached content.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>ActionController<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Base<span style="color: #990000">.</span>cache_store <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>file_store<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"/path/to/cache/directory"</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>3) DRb store: Cached data is stored in a separate shared DRb process that all
servers communicate with. This works for all environments and
only keeps one cache around for all processes, but requires
that you run and manage a separate DRb process.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>ActionController<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Base<span style="color: #990000">.</span>cache_store <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>drb_store<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"druby://localhost:9192"</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>4) MemCached store: Works like DRbStore, but uses Danga’s MemCache instead.
Rails uses the bundled memcached-client gem by default.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>ActionController<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Base<span style="color: #990000">.</span>cache_store <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>mem_cache_store<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"localhost"</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>5) Custom store: You can define your own cache store (new in Rails 2.1)</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>ActionController<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Base<span style="color: #990000">.</span>cache_store <span style="color: #990000">=</span> MyOwnStore<span style="color: #990000">.</span>new<span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"parameter"</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><tt>Note: config.cache_store can be used in place of
ActionController::Base.cache_store in your Rails::Initializer.run block in
environment.rb</tt></p></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_conditional_get_support">2. Conditional GET support</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Conditional GETs are a facility of the HTTP spec that provide a way for web
servers to tell browsers that the response to a GET request hasn’t changed
since the last request and can be safely pulled from the browser cache.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>They work by using the HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH and HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE headers to
pass back and forth both a unique content identifier and the timestamp of when
the content was last changed. If the browser makes a request where the content
identifier (etag) or last modified since timestamp matches the server’s version
then the server only needs to send back an empty response with a not modified
status.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is the server’s (i.e. our) responsibility to look for a last modified
timestamp and the if-none-match header and determine whether or not to send
back the full response. With conditional-get support in rails this is a pretty
easy task:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> ProductsController <span style="color: #990000"><</span> ApplicationController
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> show
<span style="color: #009900">@product</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span> Product<span style="color: #990000">.</span>find<span style="color: #990000">(</span>params<span style="color: #990000">[:</span>id<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># If the request is stale according to the given timestamp and etag value</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># (i.e. it needs to be processed again) then execute this block</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> stale?<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>last_modified <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #009900">@product</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span>updated_at<span style="color: #990000">.</span>utc<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>etag <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #009900">@product</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
respond_to <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">do</span></span> <span style="color: #990000">|</span>wants<span style="color: #990000">|</span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># ... normal response processing</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># If the request is fresh (i.e. it's not modified) then you don't need to do</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># anything. The default render checks for this using the parameters</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># used in the previous call to stale? and will automatically send a</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># :not_modified. So that's it, you're done.</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you don’t have any special response processing and are using the default
rendering mechanism (i.e. you’re not using respond_to or calling render
yourself) then you’ve got an easy helper in fresh_when:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> ProductsController <span style="color: #990000"><</span> ApplicationController
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># This will automatically send back a :not_modified if the request is fresh,</span></span>
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># and will render the default template (product.*) if it's stale.</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> show
<span style="color: #009900">@product</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span> Product<span style="color: #990000">.</span>find<span style="color: #990000">(</span>params<span style="color: #990000">[:</span>id<span style="color: #990000">])</span>
fresh_when <span style="color: #990000">:</span>last_modified <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #009900">@product</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span>published_at<span style="color: #990000">.</span>utc<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>etag <span style="color: #990000">=></span> <span style="color: #009900">@article</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_advanced_caching">3. Advanced Caching</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Along with the built-in mechanisms outlined above, a number of excellent
plugins exist to help with finer grained control over caching. These include
Chris Wanstrath’s excellent cache_fu plugin (more info here:
<a href="http://errtheblog.com/posts/57-kickin-ass-w-cachefu">http://errtheblog.com/posts/57-kickin-ass-w-cachefu</a>) and Evan Weaver’s
interlock plugin (more info here:
<a href="http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2007/12/13/better-rails-caching/">http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2007/12/13/better-rails-caching/</a>). Both
of these plugins play nice with memcached and are a must-see for anyone
seriously considering optimizing their caching needs.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|
