1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
|
A Guide to Testing Rails Applications
=====================================
This guide covers built-in mechanisms in Rails for testing your application.
After reading this guide, you will know:
* Rails testing terminology.
* How to write unit, functional, and integration tests for your application.
* Other popular testing approaches and plugins.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Why Write Tests for your Rails Applications?
--------------------------------------------
Rails makes it super easy to write your tests. It starts by producing skeleton test code while you are creating your models and controllers.
By simply running your Rails tests you can ensure your code adheres to the desired functionality even after some major code refactoring.
Rails tests can also simulate browser requests and thus you can test your application's response without having to test it through your browser.
Introduction to Testing
-----------------------
Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn't an "oh! let's bolt on support for running tests because they're new and cool" epiphany. Just about every Rails application interacts heavily with a database and, as a result, your tests will need a database to interact with as well. To write efficient tests, you'll need to understand how to set up this database and populate it with sample data.
### The Test Environment
By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production. The database for each one of them is configured in `config/database.yml`.
A dedicated test database allows you to set up and interact with test data in isolation. This way your tests can mangle test data with confidence, without worrying about the data in the development or production databases.
Also, each environment's configuration can be modified similarly. In this case, we can modify our test environment by changing the options found in `config/environments/test.rb`.
### Rails Sets up for Testing from the Word Go
Rails creates a `test` directory for you as soon as you create a Rails project using `rails new` _application_name_. If you list the contents of this directory then you shall see:
```bash
$ ls -F test
controllers/ helpers/ mailers/ test_helper.rb
fixtures/ integration/ models/
```
The `models` directory is meant to hold tests for your models, the `controllers` directory is meant to hold tests for your controllers and the `integration` directory is meant to hold tests that involve any number of controllers interacting. There is also a directory for testing your mailers and one for testing view helpers.
Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the `fixtures` directory.
The `test_helper.rb` file holds the default configuration for your tests.
### The Low-Down on Fixtures
For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data.
In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures.
You can find comprehensive documentation in the [Fixtures API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html).
#### What Are Fixtures?
_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent written in YAML. There is one file per model.
You'll find fixtures under your `test/fixtures` directory. When you run `rails generate model` to create a new model fixture stubs will be automatically created and placed in this directory.
#### YAML
YAML-formatted fixtures are a human-friendly way to describe your sample data. These types of fixtures have the **.yml** file extension (as in `users.yml`).
Here's a sample YAML fixture file:
```yaml
# lo & behold! I am a YAML comment!
david:
name: David Heinemeier Hansson
birthday: 1979-10-15
profession: Systems development
steve:
name: Steve Ross Kellock
birthday: 1974-09-27
profession: guy with keyboard
```
Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank space. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column.
If you are working with [associations](/association_basics.html), you can simply
define a reference node between two different fixtures. Here's an example with
a `belongs_to`/`has_many` association:
```yaml
# In fixtures/categories.yml
about:
name: About
# In fixtures/articles.yml
one:
title: Welcome to Rails!
body: Hello world!
category: about
```
Notice the `category` key of the `one` article found in `fixtures/articles.yml` has a value of `about`. This tells Rails to load the category `about` found in `fixtures/categories.yml`.
NOTE: For associations to reference one another by name, you cannot specify the `id:` attribute on the associated fixtures. Rails will auto assign a primary key to be consistent between runs. For more information on this association behavior please read the [Fixtures API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html).
#### ERB'in It Up
ERB allows you to embed Ruby code within templates. The YAML fixture format is pre-processed with ERB when Rails loads fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data. For example, the following code generates a thousand users:
```erb
<% 1000.times do |n| %>
user_<%= n %>:
username: <%= "user#{n}" %>
email: <%= "user#{n}@example.com" %>
<% end %>
```
#### Fixtures in Action
Rails by default automatically loads all fixtures from the `test/fixtures` directory for your models and controllers test. Loading involves three steps:
* Remove any existing data from the table corresponding to the fixture
* Load the fixture data into the table
* Dump the fixture data into a method in case you want to access it directly
TIP: In order to remove existing data from the database, Rails tries to disable referential integrity triggers (like foreign keys and check constraints). If you are getting annoying permission errors on running tests, make sure the database user has privilege to disable these triggers in testing environment. (In PostgreSQL, only superusers can disable all triggers. Read more about PostgreSQL permissions [here](http://blog.endpoint.com/2012/10/postgres-system-triggers-error.html))
#### Fixtures are Active Record objects
Fixtures are instances of Active Record. As mentioned in point #3 above, you can access the object directly because it is automatically available as a method whose scope is local of the test case. For example:
```ruby
# this will return the User object for the fixture named david
users(:david)
# this will return the property for david called id
users(:david).id
# one can also access methods available on the User class
email(david.girlfriend.email, david.location_tonight)
```
Unit Testing your Models
------------------------
In Rails, unit tests are what you write to test your models.
For this guide we will be using the application we built in the [Getting Started with Rails](getting_started.html) guide.
If you remember when you used the `rails generate scaffold` command from earlier. We created our first resource among other things it created a test stub in the `test/models` directory:
```bash
$ bin/rails generate scaffold article title:string body:text
...
create app/models/article.rb
create test/models/article_test.rb
create test/fixtures/articles.yml
...
```
The default test stub in `test/models/article_test.rb` looks like this:
```ruby
require 'test_helper'
class ArticleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
# test "the truth" do
# assert true
# end
end
```
A line by line examination of this file will help get you oriented to Rails testing code and terminology.
```ruby
require 'test_helper'
```
By requiring this file, `test_helper.rb` the default configuration to run our tests is loaded. We will include this with all the tests we write, so any methods added to this file are available to all your tests.
```ruby
class ArticleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
```
The `ArticleTest` class defines a _test case_ because it inherits from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. `ArticleTest` thus has all the methods available from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. Later in this guide, you'll see some of the methods it gives you.
Any method defined within a class inherited from `Minitest::Test`
(which is the superclass of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`) that begins with `test_` (case sensitive) is simply called a test. So, methods defined as `test_password` and `test_valid_password` are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run.
Rails also adds a `test` method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal `Minitest::Unit` test with method names prefixed with `test_`. So you don't have to worry about naming the methods, and you can write something like:
```ruby
test "the truth" do
assert true
end
```
Which is approximately the same as writing this:
```ruby
def test_the_truth
assert true
end
```
However only the `test` macro allows a more readable test name. You can still use regular method definitions though.
NOTE: The method name is generated by replacing spaces with underscores. The result does not need to be a valid Ruby identifier though, the name may contain punctuation characters etc. That's because in Ruby technically any string may be a method name. This may require use of `define_method` and `send` calls to function properly, but formally there's little restriction on the name.
Next, let's look at our first assertion:
```ruby
assert true
```
An assertion is a line of code that evaluates an object (or expression) for expected results. For example, an assertion can check:
* does this value = that value?
* is this object nil?
* does this line of code throw an exception?
* is the user's password greater than 5 characters?
Every test must contain at least one assertion, with no restriction as to how many assertions are allowed. Only when all the assertions are successful will the test pass.
### Maintaining the test database schema
In order to run your tests, your test database will need to have the current structure. The test helper checks whether your test database has any pending migrations. If so, it will try to load your `db/schema.rb` or `db/structure.sql` into the test database. If migrations are still pending, an error will be raised.
### Running Tests
Running a test is as simple as invoking the file containing the test cases through `rake test` command.
```bash
$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb
.
Finished tests in 0.009262s, 107.9680 tests/s, 107.9680 assertions/s.
1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
```
You can also run a particular test method from the test case by running the test and providing the `test method name`.
```bash
$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_the_truth
.
Finished tests in 0.009064s, 110.3266 tests/s, 110.3266 assertions/s.
1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
```
This will run all test methods from the test case. Note that `test_helper.rb` is in the `test` directory, hence this directory needs to be added to the load path using the `-I` switch.
The `.` (dot) above indicates a passing test. When a test fails you see an `F`; when a test throws an error you see an `E` in its place. The last line of the output is the summary.
To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the `article_test.rb` test case.
```ruby
test "should not save article without title" do
article = Article.new
assert_not article.save
end
```
Let us run this newly added test.
```bash
$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_should_not_save_article_without_title
F
Finished tests in 0.044632s, 22.4054 tests/s, 22.4054 assertions/s.
1) Failure:
test_should_not_save_article_without_title(ArticleTest) [test/models/article_test.rb:6]:
Failed assertion, no message given.
1 tests, 1 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
```
In the output, `F` denotes a failure. You can see the corresponding trace shown under `1)` along with the name of the failing test. The next few lines contain the stack trace followed by a message which mentions the actual value and the expected value by the assertion. The default assertion messages provide just enough information to help pinpoint the error. To make the assertion failure message more readable, every assertion provides an optional message parameter, as shown here:
```ruby
test "should not save article without title" do
article = Article.new
assert_not article.save, "Saved the article without a title"
end
```
Running this test shows the friendlier assertion message:
```bash
1) Failure:
test_should_not_save_article_without_title(ArticleTest) [test/models/article_test.rb:6]:
Saved the article without a title
```
Now to get this test to pass we can add a model level validation for the _title_ field.
```ruby
class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
validates :title, presence: true
end
```
Now the test should pass. Let us verify by running the test again:
```bash
$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_should_not_save_article_without_title
.
Finished tests in 0.047721s, 20.9551 tests/s, 20.9551 assertions/s.
1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
```
Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desired functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is referred to as _Test-Driven Development_ (TDD).
TIP: Many Rails developers practice _Test-Driven Development_ (TDD). This is an excellent way to build up a test suite that exercises every part of your application. TDD is beyond the scope of this guide, but one place to start is with [15 TDD steps to create a Rails application](http://andrzejonsoftware.blogspot.com/2007/05/15-tdd-steps-to-create-rails.html).
To see how an error gets reported, here's a test containing an error:
```ruby
test "should report error" do
# some_undefined_variable is not defined elsewhere in the test case
some_undefined_variable
assert true
end
```
Now you can see even more output in the console from running the tests:
```bash
$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_should_report_error
E
Finished tests in 0.030974s, 32.2851 tests/s, 0.0000 assertions/s.
1) Error:
test_should_report_error(ArticleTest):
NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<ArticleTest:0x007fe32e24afe0>
test/models/article_test.rb:10:in `block in <class:ArticleTest>'
1 tests, 0 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips
```
Notice the 'E' in the output. It denotes a test with error.
NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next method. All test methods are executed in alphabetical order.
When a test fails you are presented with the corresponding backtrace. By default
Rails filters that backtrace and will only print lines relevant to your
application. This eliminates the framework noise and helps to focus on your
code. However there are situations when you want to see the full
backtrace. simply set the `BACKTRACE` environment variable to enable this
behavior:
```bash
$ BACKTRACE=1 bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb
```
### What to Include in Your Unit Tests
Ideally, you would like to include a test for everything which could possibly break. It's a good practice to have at least one test for each of your validations and at least one test for every method in your model.
### Available Assertions
By now you've caught a glimpse of some of the assertions that are available. Assertions are the worker bees of testing. They are the ones that actually perform the checks to ensure that things are going as planned.
There are a bunch of different types of assertions you can use.
Here's an extract of the assertions you can use with [`Minitest`](https://github.com/seattlerb/minitest), the default testing library used by Rails. The `[msg]` parameter is an optional string message you can specify to make your test failure messages clearer. It's not required.
| Assertion | Purpose |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
| `assert( test, [msg] )` | Ensures that `test` is true.|
| `assert_not( test, [msg] )` | Ensures that `test` is false.|
| `assert_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )` | Ensures that `expected == actual` is true.|
| `assert_not_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )` | Ensures that `expected != actual` is true.|
| `assert_same( expected, actual, [msg] )` | Ensures that `expected.equal?(actual)` is true.|
| `assert_not_same( expected, actual, [msg] )` | Ensures that `expected.equal?(actual)` is false.|
| `assert_nil( obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is true.|
| `assert_not_nil( obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is false.|
| `assert_empty( obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is `empty?`.|
| `assert_not_empty( obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is not `empty?`.|
| `assert_match( regexp, string, [msg] )` | Ensures that a string matches the regular expression.|
| `assert_no_match( regexp, string, [msg] )` | Ensures that a string doesn't match the regular expression.|
| `assert_includes( collection, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is in `collection`.|
| `assert_not_includes( collection, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is not in `collection`.|
| `assert_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )` | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are within `delta` of each other.|
| `assert_not_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )` | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are not within `delta` of each other.|
| `assert_throws( symbol, [msg] ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block throws the symbol.|
| `assert_raises( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block raises one of the given exceptions.|
| `assert_nothing_raised( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block doesn't raise one of the given exceptions.|
| `assert_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is an instance of `class`.|
| `assert_not_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is not an instance of `class`.|
| `assert_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is or descends from `class`.|
| `assert_not_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is not an instance of `class` and is not descending from it.|
| `assert_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` responds to `symbol`.|
| `assert_not_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` does not respond to `symbol`.|
| `assert_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is true.|
| `assert_not_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is false.|
| `assert_predicate ( obj, predicate, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj.predicate` is true, e.g. `assert_predicate str, :empty?`|
| `assert_not_predicate ( obj, predicate, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj.predicate` is false, e.g. `assert_not_predicate str, :empty?`|
| `assert_send( array, [msg] )` | Ensures that executing the method listed in `array[1]` on the object in `array[0]` with the parameters of `array[2 and up]` is true. This one is weird eh?|
| `flunk( [msg] )` | Ensures failure. This is useful to explicitly mark a test that isn't finished yet.|
The above are subset of assertions that minitest supports. For an exhaustive & more up-to-date list, please check [Minitest API documentation](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/), specifically [`Minitest::Assertions`](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/Minitest/Assertions.html)
Because of the modular nature of the testing framework, it is possible to create your own assertions. In fact, that's exactly what Rails does. It includes some specialized assertions to make your life easier.
NOTE: Creating your own assertions is an advanced topic that we won't cover in this tutorial.
### Rails Specific Assertions
Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the `minitest` framework:
| Assertion | Purpose |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
| `assert_difference(expressions, difference = 1, message = nil) {...}` | Test numeric difference between the return value of an expression as a result of what is evaluated in the yielded block.|
| `assert_no_difference(expressions, message = nil, &block)` | Asserts that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after invoking the passed in block.|
| `assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, message=nil)` | Asserts that the routing of the given path was handled correctly and that the parsed options (given in the expected_options hash) match path. Basically, it asserts that Rails recognizes the route given by expected_options.|
| `assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)` | Asserts that the provided options can be used to generate the provided path. This is the inverse of assert_recognizes. The extras parameter is used to tell the request the names and values of additional request parameters that would be in a query string. The message parameter allows you to specify a custom error message for assertion failures.|
| `assert_response(type, message = nil)` | Asserts that the response comes with a specific status code. You can specify `:success` to indicate 200-299, `:redirect` to indicate 300-399, `:missing` to indicate 404, or `:error` to match the 500-599 range. You can also pass an explicit status number or its symbolic equivalent. For more information, see [full list of status codes](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Utils#HTTP_STATUS_CODES-constant) and how their [mapping](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Utils#SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE-constant) works.|
| `assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)` | Assert that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action. This match can be partial, such that `assert_redirected_to(controller: "weblog")` will also match the redirection of `redirect_to(controller: "weblog", action: "show")` and so on. You can also pass named routes such as `assert_redirected_to root_path` and Active Record objects such as `assert_redirected_to @article`.|
| `assert_template(expected = nil, message=nil)` | Asserts that the request was rendered with the appropriate template file.|
You'll see the usage of some of these assertions in the next chapter.
Functional Tests for Your Controllers
-------------------------------------
In Rails, testing the various actions of a single controller is called writing functional tests for that controller. Controllers handle the incoming web requests to your application and eventually respond with a rendered view.
### What to Include in your Functional Tests
You should test for things such as:
* was the web request successful?
* was the user redirected to the right page?
* was the user successfully authenticated?
* was the correct object stored in the response template?
* was the appropriate message displayed to the user in the view?
Now that we have used Rails scaffold generator for our `Article` resource, it has already created the controller code and tests. You can take look at the file `articles_controller_test.rb` in the `test/controllers` directory.
Let me take you through one such test, `test_should_get_index` from the file `articles_controller_test.rb`.
```ruby
class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
test "should get index" do
get :index
assert_response :success
assert_not_nil assigns(:articles)
end
end
```
In the `test_should_get_index` test, Rails simulates a request on the action called `index`, making sure the request was successful and also ensuring that it assigns a valid `articles` instance variable.
The `get` method kicks off the web request and populates the results into the response. It accepts 4 arguments:
* The action of the controller you are requesting. This can be in the form of a string or a symbol.
* An optional hash of request parameters to pass into the action (eg. query string parameters or article variables).
* An optional hash of session variables to pass along with the request.
* An optional hash of flash values.
Example: Calling the `:show` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params` and setting a `user_id` of 5 in the session:
```ruby
get(:show, {'id' => "12"}, {'user_id' => 5})
```
Another example: Calling the `:view` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params`, this time with no session, but with a flash message.
```ruby
get(:view, {'id' => '12'}, nil, {'message' => 'booya!'})
```
NOTE: If you try running `test_should_create_article` test from `articles_controller_test.rb` it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so.
Let us modify `test_should_create_article` test in `articles_controller_test.rb` so that all our test pass:
```ruby
test "should create article" do
assert_difference('Article.count') do
post :create, article: {title: 'Some title'}
end
assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article))
end
```
Now you can try running all the tests and they should pass.
### Available Request Types for Functional Tests
If you're familiar with the HTTP protocol, you'll know that `get` is a type of request. There are 6 request types supported in Rails functional tests:
* `get`
* `post`
* `patch`
* `put`
* `head`
* `delete`
All of request types are methods that you can use, however, you'll probably end up using the first two more often than the others.
NOTE: Functional tests do not verify whether the specified request type should be accepted by the action. Request types in this context exist to make your tests more descriptive.
### The Four Hashes of the Apocalypse
After a request has been made using one of the 6 methods (`get`, `post`, etc.) and processed, you will have 4 Hash objects ready for use:
* `assigns` - Any objects that are stored as instance variables in actions for use in views.
* `cookies` - Any cookies that are set.
* `flash` - Any objects living in the flash.
* `session` - Any object living in session variables.
As is the case with normal Hash objects, you can access the values by referencing the keys by string. You can also reference them by symbol name, except for `assigns`. For example:
```ruby
flash["gordon"] flash[:gordon]
session["shmession"] session[:shmession]
cookies["are_good_for_u"] cookies[:are_good_for_u]
# Because you can't use assigns[:something] for historical reasons:
assigns["something"] assigns(:something)
```
### Instance Variables Available
You also have access to three instance variables in your functional tests:
* `@controller` - The controller processing the request
* `@request` - The request
* `@response` - The response
### Setting Headers and CGI variables
[HTTP headers](http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc2616#section-5.3)
and
[CGI variables](http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc3875#section-4.1)
can be set directly on the `@request` instance variable:
```ruby
# setting a HTTP Header
@request.headers["Accept"] = "text/plain, text/html"
get :index # simulate the request with custom header
# setting a CGI variable
@request.headers["HTTP_REFERER"] = "http://example.com/home"
post :create # simulate the request with custom env variable
```
### Testing Templates and Layouts
If you want to make sure that the response rendered the correct template and layout, you can use the `assert_template`
method:
```ruby
test "index should render correct template and layout" do
get :index
assert_template :index
assert_template layout: "layouts/application"
end
```
Note that you cannot test for template and layout at the same time, with one call to `assert_template` method.
Also, for the `layout` test, you can give a regular expression instead of a string, but using the string, makes
things clearer. On the other hand, you have to include the "layouts" directory name even if you save your layout
file in this standard layout directory. Hence,
```ruby
assert_template layout: "application"
```
will not work.
If your view renders any partial, when asserting for the layout, you have to assert for the partial at the same time.
Otherwise, assertion will fail.
Hence:
```ruby
test "new should render correct layout" do
get :new
assert_template layout: "layouts/application", partial: "_form"
end
```
is the correct way to assert for the layout when the view renders a partial with name `_form`. Omitting the `:partial` key in your `assert_template` call will complain.
### A Fuller Functional Test Example
Here's another example that uses `flash`, `assert_redirected_to`, and `assert_difference`:
```ruby
test "should create article" do
assert_difference('Article.count') do
post :create, article: {title: 'Hi', body: 'This is my first article.'}
end
assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article))
assert_equal 'Article was successfully created.', flash[:notice]
end
```
### Testing Views
Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a useful way to test the views of your application. The `assert_select` assertion allows you to do this by using a simple yet powerful syntax.
NOTE: You may find references to `assert_tag` in other documentation. This has been removed in 4.2. Use `assert_select` instead.
There are two forms of `assert_select`:
`assert_select(selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String) or an expression with substitution values.
`assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the _element_ (instance of `Nokogiri::XML::Node` or `Nokogiri::XML::NodeSet`) and its descendants.
For example, you could verify the contents on the title element in your response with:
```ruby
assert_select 'title', "Welcome to Rails Testing Guide"
```
You can also use nested `assert_select` blocks. In this case the inner `assert_select` runs the assertion on the complete collection of elements selected by the outer `assert_select` block:
```ruby
assert_select 'ul.navigation' do
assert_select 'li.menu_item'
end
```
Alternatively the collection of elements selected by the outer `assert_select` may be iterated through so that `assert_select` may be called separately for each element. Suppose for example that the response contains two ordered lists, each with four list elements then the following tests will both pass.
```ruby
assert_select "ol" do |elements|
elements.each do |element|
assert_select element, "li", 4
end
end
assert_select "ol" do
assert_select "li", 8
end
```
The `assert_select` assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its [documentation](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing/blob/master/lib/rails/dom/testing/assertions/selector_assertions.rb).
#### Additional View-Based Assertions
There are more assertions that are primarily used in testing views:
| Assertion | Purpose |
| --------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
| `assert_select_email` | Allows you to make assertions on the body of an e-mail. |
| `assert_select_encoded` | Allows you to make assertions on encoded HTML. It does this by un-encoding the contents of each element and then calling the block with all the un-encoded elements.|
| `css_select(selector)` or `css_select(element, selector)` | Returns an array of all the elements selected by the _selector_. In the second variant it first matches the base _element_ and tries to match the _selector_ expression on any of its children. If there are no matches both variants return an empty array.|
Here's an example of using `assert_select_email`:
```ruby
assert_select_email do
assert_select 'small', 'Please click the "Unsubscribe" link if you want to opt-out.'
end
```
Integration Testing
-------------------
Integration tests are used to test the interaction among any number of controllers. They are generally used to test important work flows within your application.
Unlike Unit and Functional tests, integration tests have to be explicitly created under the 'test/integration' directory within your application. Rails provides a generator to create an integration test skeleton for you.
```bash
$ bin/rails generate integration_test user_flows
exists test/integration/
create test/integration/user_flows_test.rb
```
Here's what a freshly-generated integration test looks like:
```ruby
require 'test_helper'
class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
# test "the truth" do
# assert true
# end
end
```
Integration tests inherit from `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`. This makes available some additional helpers to use in your integration tests. Also you need to explicitly include the fixtures to be made available to the test.
### Helpers Available for Integration Tests
In addition to the standard testing helpers, there are some additional helpers available to integration tests:
| Helper | Purpose |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------- |
| `https?` | Returns `true` if the session is mimicking a secure HTTPS request.|
| `https!` | Allows you to mimic a secure HTTPS request.|
| `host!` | Allows you to set the host name to use in the next request.|
| `redirect?` | Returns `true` if the last request was a redirect.|
| `follow_redirect!` | Follows a single redirect response.|
| `request_via_redirect(http_method, path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
| `post_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP POST request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
| `get_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP GET request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
| `patch_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP PATCH request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
| `put_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP PUT request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
| `delete_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP DELETE request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
| `open_session` | Opens a new session instance.|
### Integration Testing Examples
A simple integration test that exercises multiple controllers:
```ruby
require 'test_helper'
class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
test "login and browse site" do
# login via https
https!
get "/login"
assert_response :success
post_via_redirect "/login", username: users(:david).username, password: users(:david).password
assert_equal '/welcome', path
assert_equal 'Welcome david!', flash[:notice]
https!(false)
get "/articles/all"
assert_response :success
assert assigns(:articles)
end
end
```
As you can see the integration test involves multiple controllers and exercises the entire stack from database to dispatcher. In addition you can have multiple session instances open simultaneously in a test and extend those instances with assertion methods to create a very powerful testing DSL (domain-specific language) just for your application.
Here's an example of multiple sessions and custom DSL in an integration test
```ruby
require 'test_helper'
class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
test "login and browse site" do
# User david logs in
david = login(:david)
# User guest logs in
guest = login(:guest)
# Both are now available in different sessions
assert_equal 'Welcome david!', david.flash[:notice]
assert_equal 'Welcome guest!', guest.flash[:notice]
# User david can browse site
david.browses_site
# User guest can browse site as well
guest.browses_site
# Continue with other assertions
end
private
module CustomDsl
def browses_site
get "/products/all"
assert_response :success
assert assigns(:products)
end
end
def login(user)
open_session do |sess|
sess.extend(CustomDsl)
u = users(user)
sess.https!
sess.post "/login", username: u.username, password: u.password
assert_equal '/welcome', sess.path
sess.https!(false)
end
end
end
```
Rake Tasks for Running your Tests
---------------------------------
Rails comes with a number of built-in rake tasks to help with testing. The
table below lists the commands included in the default Rakefile when a Rails
project is created.
| Tasks | Description |
| ----------------------- | ----------- |
| `rake test` | Runs all tests in the `test` directory. You can also run `rake` and Rails will run all tests by default |
| `rake test:controllers` | Runs all the controller tests from `test/controllers` |
| `rake test:functionals` | Runs all the functional tests from `test/controllers`, `test/mailers`, and `test/functional` |
| `rake test:helpers` | Runs all the helper tests from `test/helpers` |
| `rake test:integration` | Runs all the integration tests from `test/integration` |
| `rake test:jobs` | Runs all the job tests from `test/jobs` |
| `rake test:mailers` | Runs all the mailer tests from `test/mailers` |
| `rake test:models` | Runs all the model tests from `test/models` |
| `rake test:units` | Runs all the unit tests from `test/models`, `test/helpers`, and `test/unit` |
| `rake test:db` | Runs all tests in the `test` directory and resets the db |
A Brief Note About Minitest
-----------------------------
Ruby ships with a vast Standard Library for all common use-cases including testing. Since version 1.9, Ruby provides `Minitest`, a framework for testing. All the basic assertions such as `assert_equal` discussed above are actually defined in `Minitest::Assertions`. The classes `ActiveSupport::TestCase`, `ActionController::TestCase`, `ActionMailer::TestCase`, `ActionView::TestCase` and `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` - which we have been inheriting in our test classes - include `Minitest::Assertions`, allowing us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.
NOTE: For more information on `Minitest`, refer to [Minitest](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.0/libdoc/minitest/rdoc/MiniTest.html)
Setup and Teardown
------------------
If you would like to run a block of code before the start of each test and another block of code after the end of each test you have two special callbacks for your rescue. Let's take note of this by looking at an example for our functional test in `Articles` controller:
```ruby
require 'test_helper'
class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
# called before every single test
def setup
@article = articles(:one)
end
# called after every single test
def teardown
# as we are re-initializing @article before every test
# setting it to nil here is not essential but I hope
# you understand how you can use the teardown method
@article = nil
end
test "should show article" do
get :show, id: @article.id
assert_response :success
end
test "should destroy article" do
assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do
delete :destroy, id: @article.id
end
assert_redirected_to articles_path
end
end
```
Above, the `setup` method is called before each test and so `@article` is available for each of the tests. Rails implements `setup` and `teardown` as `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`. Which essentially means you need not only use `setup` and `teardown` as methods in your tests. You could specify them by using:
* a block
* a method (like in the earlier example)
* a method name as a symbol
* a lambda
Let's see the earlier example by specifying `setup` callback by specifying a method name as a symbol:
```ruby
require 'test_helper'
class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
# called before every single test
setup :initialize_article
# called after every single test
def teardown
@article = nil
end
test "should show article" do
get :show, id: @article.id
assert_response :success
end
test "should update article" do
patch :update, id: @article.id, article: {}
assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article))
end
test "should destroy article" do
assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do
delete :destroy, id: @article.id
end
assert_redirected_to articles_path
end
private
def initialize_article
@article = articles(:one)
end
end
```
Testing Routes
--------------
Like everything else in your Rails application, it is recommended that you test your routes. Below are example tests for the routes of default `show` and `create` action of `Articles` controller above and it should look like:
```ruby
class ArticleRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
test "should route to article" do
assert_routing '/articles/1', { controller: "articles", action: "show", id: "1" }
end
test "should route to create article" do
assert_routing({ method: 'post', path: '/articles' }, { controller: "articles", action: "create" })
end
end
```
Testing Your Mailers
--------------------
Testing mailer classes requires some specific tools to do a thorough job.
### Keeping the Postman in Check
Your mailer classes - like every other part of your Rails application - should be tested to ensure that it is working as expected.
The goals of testing your mailer classes are to ensure that:
* emails are being processed (created and sent)
* the email content is correct (subject, sender, body, etc)
* the right emails are being sent at the right times
#### From All Sides
There are two aspects of testing your mailer, the unit tests and the functional tests. In the unit tests, you run the mailer in isolation with tightly controlled inputs and compare the output to a known value (a fixture.) In the functional tests you don't so much test the minute details produced by the mailer; instead, we test that our controllers and models are using the mailer in the right way. You test to prove that the right email was sent at the right time.
### Unit Testing
In order to test that your mailer is working as expected, you can use unit tests to compare the actual results of the mailer with pre-written examples of what should be produced.
#### Revenge of the Fixtures
For the purposes of unit testing a mailer, fixtures are used to provide an example of how the output _should_ look. Because these are example emails, and not Active Record data like the other fixtures, they are kept in their own subdirectory apart from the other fixtures. The name of the directory within `test/fixtures` directly corresponds to the name of the mailer. So, for a mailer named `UserMailer`, the fixtures should reside in `test/fixtures/user_mailer` directory.
When you generated your mailer, the generator creates stub fixtures for each of the mailers actions. If you didn't use the generator you'll have to make those files yourself.
#### The Basic Test Case
Here's a unit test to test a mailer named `UserMailer` whose action `invite` is used to send an invitation to a friend. It is an adapted version of the base test created by the generator for an `invite` action.
```ruby
require 'test_helper'
class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
test "invite" do
# Send the email, then test that it got queued
email = UserMailer.create_invite('me@example.com',
'friend@example.com', Time.now).deliver_now
assert_not ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.empty?
# Test the body of the sent email contains what we expect it to
assert_equal ['me@example.com'], email.from
assert_equal ['friend@example.com'], email.to
assert_equal 'You have been invited by me@example.com', email.subject
assert_equal read_fixture('invite').join, email.body.to_s
end
end
```
In the test we send the email and store the returned object in the `email`
variable. We then ensure that it was sent (the first assert), then, in the
second batch of assertions, we ensure that the email does indeed contain what we
expect. The helper `read_fixture` is used to read in the content from this file.
Here's the content of the `invite` fixture:
```
Hi friend@example.com,
You have been invited.
Cheers!
```
This is the right time to understand a little more about writing tests for your
mailers. The line `ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test` in
`config/environments/test.rb` sets the delivery method to test mode so that
email will not actually be delivered (useful to avoid spamming your users while
testing) but instead it will be appended to an array
(`ActionMailer::Base.deliveries`).
NOTE: The `ActionMailer::Base.deliveries` array is only reset automatically in
`ActionMailer::TestCase` tests. If you want to have a clean slate outside Action
Mailer tests, you can reset it manually with:
`ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear`
### Functional Testing
Functional testing for mailers involves more than just checking that the email body, recipients and so forth are correct. In functional mail tests you call the mail deliver methods and check that the appropriate emails have been appended to the delivery list. It is fairly safe to assume that the deliver methods themselves do their job. You are probably more interested in whether your own business logic is sending emails when you expect them to go out. For example, you can check that the invite friend operation is sending an email appropriately:
```ruby
require 'test_helper'
class UserControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
test "invite friend" do
assert_difference 'ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size', +1 do
post :invite_friend, email: 'friend@example.com'
end
invite_email = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.last
assert_equal "You have been invited by me@example.com", invite_email.subject
assert_equal 'friend@example.com', invite_email.to[0]
assert_match(/Hi friend@example.com/, invite_email.body.to_s)
end
end
```
Testing helpers
---------------
In order to test helpers, all you need to do is check that the output of the
helper method matches what you'd expect. Tests related to the helpers are
located under the `test/helpers` directory.
A helper test looks like so:
```ruby
require 'test_helper'
class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
end
```
A helper is just a simple module where you can define methods which are
available into your views. To test the output of the helper's methods, you just
have to use a mixin like this:
```ruby
class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
include UserHelper
test "should return the user name" do
# ...
end
end
```
Moreover, since the test class extends from `ActionView::TestCase`, you have
access to Rails' helper methods such as `link_to` or `pluralize`.
Testing Jobs
------------
Since your custom jobs can be queued at different levels inside your application,
you'll need to test both jobs themselves (their behavior when they get enqueued)
and that other entities correctly enqueue them.
### A Basic Test Case
By default, when you generate a job, an associated test will be generated as well
under the `test/jobs` directory. Here's an example test with a billing job:
```ruby
require 'test_helper'
class BillingJobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
test 'that account is charged' do
BillingJob.perform_now(account, product)
assert account.reload.charged_for?(product)
end
end
```
This test is pretty simple and only asserts that the job get the work done
as expected.
By default, `ActiveJob::TestCase` will set the queue adapter to `:test` so that
your jobs are performed inline. It will also ensure that all previously performed
and enqueued jobs are cleared before any test run so you can safely assume that
no jobs have already been executed in the scope of each test.
### Custom Assertions And Testing Jobs Inside Other Components
Active Job ships with a bunch of custom assertions that can be used to lessen
the verbosity of tests:
| Assertion | Purpose |
| -------------------------------------- | ------- |
| `assert_enqueued_jobs(number)` | Asserts that the number of enqueued jobs matches the given number. |
| `assert_performed_jobs(number)` | Asserts that the number of performed jobs matches the given number. |
| `assert_no_enqueued_jobs { ... }` | Asserts that no jobs have been enqueued. |
| `assert_no_performed_jobs { ... }` | Asserts that no jobs have been performed. |
| `assert_enqueued_with([args]) { ... }` | Asserts that the job passed in the block has been enqueued with the given arguments. |
| `assert_performed_with([args]) { ... }`| Asserts that the job passed in the block has been performed with the given arguments. |
It's a good practice to ensure that your jobs correctly get enqueued or performed
wherever you invoke them (e.g. inside your controllers). This is precisely where
the custom assertions provided by Active Job are pretty useful. For instance,
within a model:
```ruby
require 'test_helper'
class ProductTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
test 'billing job scheduling' do
assert_enqueued_with(job: BillingJob) do
product.charge(account)
end
end
end
```
Other Testing Approaches
------------------------
The built-in `minitest` based testing is not the only way to test Rails applications. Rails developers have come up with a wide variety of other approaches and aids for testing, including:
* [NullDB](http://avdi.org/projects/nulldb/), a way to speed up testing by avoiding database use.
* [Factory Girl](https://github.com/thoughtbot/factory_girl/tree/master), a replacement for fixtures.
* [Fixture Builder](https://github.com/rdy/fixture_builder), a tool that compiles Ruby factories into fixtures before a test run.
* [MiniTest::Spec Rails](https://github.com/metaskills/minitest-spec-rails), use the MiniTest::Spec DSL within your rails tests.
* [Shoulda](http://www.thoughtbot.com/projects/shoulda), an extension to `test/unit` with additional helpers, macros, and assertions.
* [RSpec](http://relishapp.com/rspec), a behavior-driven development framework
* [Capybara](http://jnicklas.github.com/capybara/), Acceptance test framework for web applications
|