aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md
blob: 36345e31379c7629ffb5d94358465ee91a0a600d (plain) (blame)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
Active Record and PostgreSQL
============================

This guide covers PostgreSQL specific usage of Active Record.

After reading this guide, you will know:

* How to use PostgreSQL's datatypes.
* How to use UUID primary keys.
* How to implement full text search with PostgreSQL.
* How to back your Active Record models with database views.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In order to use the PostgreSQL adapter you need to have at least version 8.2
installed. Older versions are not supported.

To get started with PostgreSQL have a look at the
[configuring Rails guide](configuring.html#configuring-a-postgresql-database).
It describes how to properly setup Active Record for PostgreSQL.

Datatypes
---------

PostgreSQL offers a number of specific datatypes. Following is a list of types,
that are supported by the PostgreSQL adapter.

### Bytea

* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-binary.html)
* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-binarystring.html)

```ruby
# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_documents.rb
create_table :documents do |t|
  t.binary 'payload'
end

# app/models/document.rb
class Document < ActiveRecord::Base
end

# Usage
data = File.read(Rails.root + "tmp/output.pdf")
Document.create payload: data
```

### Array

* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/arrays.html)
* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-array.html)

```ruby
# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_books.rb
create_table :books do |t|
  t.string 'title'
  t.string 'tags', array: true
  t.integer 'ratings', array: true
end
add_index :books, :tags, using: 'gin'
add_index :books, :ratings, using: 'gin'

# app/models/book.rb
class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
end

# Usage
Book.create title: "Brave New World",
            tags: ["fantasy", "fiction"],
            ratings: [4, 5]

## Books for a single tag
Book.where("'fantasy' = ANY (tags)")

## Books for multiple tags
Book.where("tags @> ARRAY[?]::varchar[]", ["fantasy", "fiction"])

## Books with 3 or more ratings
Book.where("array_length(ratings, 1) >= 3")
```

### Hstore

* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/hstore.html)

```ruby
# db/migrate/20131009135255_create_profiles.rb
ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
  create_table :profiles do |t|
    t.hstore 'settings'
  end
end

# app/models/profile.rb
class Profile < ActiveRecord::Base
end

# Usage
Profile.create(settings: { "color" => "blue", "resolution" => "800x600" })

profile = Profile.first
profile.settings # => {"color"=>"blue", "resolution"=>"800x600"}

profile.settings = {"color" => "yellow", "resolution" => "1280x1024"}
profile.save!
```

### JSON

* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-json.html)
* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-json.html)

```ruby
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_events.rb
create_table :events do |t|
  t.json 'payload'
end

# app/models/event.rb
class Event < ActiveRecord::Base
end

# Usage
Event.create(payload: { kind: "user_renamed", change: ["jack", "john"]})

event = Event.first
event.payload # => {"kind"=>"user_renamed", "change"=>["jack", "john"]}

## Query based on JSON document
# The -> operator returns the original JSON type (which might be an object), whereas ->> returns text
Event.where("payload->>'kind' = ?", "user_renamed")
```

### Range Types

* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/rangetypes.html)
* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-range.html)

This type is mapped to Ruby [`Range`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-2.1.1/Range.html) objects.

```ruby
# db/migrate/20130923065404_create_events.rb
create_table :events do |t|
  t.daterange 'duration'
end

# app/models/event.rb
class Event < ActiveRecord::Base
end

# Usage
Event.create(duration: Date.new(2014, 2, 11)..Date.new(2014, 2, 12))

event = Event.first
event.duration # => Tue, 11 Feb 2014...Thu, 13 Feb 2014

## All Events on a given date
Event.where("duration @> ?::date", Date.new(2014, 2, 12))

## Working with range bounds
event = Event.
  select("lower(duration) AS starts_at").
  select("upper(duration) AS ends_at").first

event.starts_at # => Tue, 11 Feb 2014
event.ends_at # => Thu, 13 Feb 2014
```

### Composite Types

* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/rowtypes.html)

Currently there is no special support for composite types. They are mapped to
normal text columns:

```sql
CREATE TYPE full_address AS
(
  city VARCHAR(90),
  street VARCHAR(90)
);
```

```ruby
# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_contacts.rb
execute <<-SQL
 CREATE TYPE full_address AS
 (
   city VARCHAR(90),
   street VARCHAR(90)
 );
SQL
create_table :contacts do |t|
  t.column :address, :full_address
end

# app/models/contact.rb
class Contact < ActiveRecord::Base
end

# Usage
Contact.create address: "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
contact = Contact.first
contact.address # => "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
contact.address = "(Paris,Rue Basse)"
contact.save!
```

### Enumerated Types

* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-enum.html)

Currently there is no special support for enumerated types. They are mapped as
normal text columns:

```ruby
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_events.rb
execute <<-SQL
  CREATE TYPE article_status AS ENUM ('draft', 'published');
SQL
create_table :articles do |t|
  t.column :status, :article_status
end

# app/models/article.rb
class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
end

# Usage
Article.create status: "draft"
article = Article.first
article.status # => "draft"

article.status = "published"
article.save!
```

### UUID

* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-uuid.html)
* [generator functions](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/uuid-ossp.html)


```ruby
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_revisions.rb
create_table :revisions do |t|
  t.column :identifier, :uuid
end

# app/models/revision.rb
class Revision < ActiveRecord::Base
end

# Usage
Revision.create identifier: "A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11"

revision = Revision.first
revision.identifier # => "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11"
```

### Bit String Types

* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-bit.html)
* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-bitstring.html)

```ruby
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_users.rb
create_table :users, force: true do |t|
  t.column :settings, "bit(8)"
end

# app/models/device.rb
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
end

# Usage
User.create settings: "01010011"
user = User.first
user.settings # => "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
user.settings = "0xAF"
user.settings # => 10101111
user.save!
```

### Network Address Types

* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-net-types.html)

The types `inet` and `cidr` are mapped to Ruby
[`IPAddr`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.1/libdoc/ipaddr/rdoc/IPAddr.html)
objects. The `macaddr` type is mapped to normal text.

```ruby
# db/migrate/20140508144913_create_devices.rb
create_table(:devices, force: true) do |t|
  t.inet 'ip'
  t.cidr 'network'
  t.macaddr 'address'
end

# app/models/device.rb
class Device < ActiveRecord::Base
end

# Usage
macbook = Device.create(ip: "192.168.1.12",
                        network: "192.168.2.0/24",
                        address: "32:01:16:6d:05:ef")

macbook.ip
# => #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.1.12/255.255.255.255>

macbook.network
# => #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0>

macbook.address
# => "32:01:16:6d:05:ef"
```

### Geometric Types

* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-geometric.html)

All geometric types, with the exception of `points` are mapped to normal text.
A point is casted to an array containing `x` and `y` coordinates.


UUID Primary Keys
-----------------

NOTE: you need to enable the `uuid-ossp` extension to generate UUIDs.

```ruby
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_devices.rb
enable_extension 'uuid-ossp' unless extension_enabled?('uuid-ossp')
create_table :devices, id: :uuid, default: 'uuid_generate_v4()' do |t|
  t.string :kind
end

# app/models/device.rb
class Device < ActiveRecord::Base
end

# Usage
device = Device.create
device.id # => "814865cd-5a1d-4771-9306-4268f188fe9e"
```

Full Text Search
----------------

```ruby
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_documents.rb
create_table :documents do |t|
  t.string 'title'
  t.string 'body'
end

execute "CREATE INDEX documents_idx ON documents USING gin(to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body));"

# app/models/document.rb
class Document < ActiveRecord::Base
end

# Usage
Document.create(title: "Cats and Dogs", body: "are nice!")

## all documents matching 'cat & dog'
Document.where("to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body) @@ to_tsquery(?)",
                 "cat & dog")
```

Database Views
--------------

* [view creation](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/sql-createview.html)

Imagine you need to work with a legacy database containing the following table:

```
rails_pg_guide=# \d "TBL_ART"
                                        Table "public.TBL_ART"
   Column   |            Type             |                         Modifiers
------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------
 INT_ID     | integer                     | not null default nextval('"TBL_ART_INT_ID_seq"'::regclass)
 STR_TITLE  | character varying           |
 STR_STAT   | character varying           | default 'draft'::character varying
 DT_PUBL_AT | timestamp without time zone |
 BL_ARCH    | boolean                     | default false
Indexes:
    "TBL_ART_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree ("INT_ID")
```

This table does not follow the Rails conventions at all.
Because simple PostgreSQL views are updateable by default,
we can wrap it as follows:

```ruby
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles_view.rb
execute <<-SQL
CREATE VIEW articles AS
  SELECT "INT_ID" AS id,
         "STR_TITLE" AS title,
         "STR_STAT" AS status,
         "DT_PUBL_AT" AS published_at,
         "BL_ARCH" AS archived
  FROM "TBL_ART"
  WHERE "BL_ARCH" = 'f'
  SQL

# app/models/article.rb
class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.primary_key = "id"
  def archive!
    update_attribute :archived, true
  end
end

# Usage
first = Article.create! title: "Winter is coming",
                        status: "published",
                        published_at: 1.year.ago
second = Article.create! title: "Brace yourself",
                         status: "draft",
                         published_at: 1.month.ago

Article.count # => 1
first.archive!
Article.count # => 2
```

NOTE: This application only cares about non-archived `Articles`. A view also
allows for conditions so we can exclude the archived `Articles` directly.