aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
blob: c45f3f2e6aa556ae5ed0ce0f78b1a6423dfc2e83 (plain) (blame)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
Active Record Callbacks
=======================

This guide teaches you how to hook into the life cycle of your Active Record
objects.

After reading this guide and trying out the presented concepts, we hope that you'll be able to:

* Understand the life cycle of Active Record objects
* Create callback methods that respond to events in the object life cycle
* Create special classes that encapsulate common behavior for your callbacks

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Object Life Cycle
---------------------

During the normal operation of a Rails application, objects may be created, updated, and destroyed. Active Record provides hooks into this <em>object life cycle</em> so that you can control your application and its data.

Callbacks allow you to trigger logic before or after an alteration of an object's state.

Callbacks Overview
------------------

Callbacks are methods that get called at certain moments of an object's life cycle. With callbacks it is possible to write code that will run whenever an Active Record object is created, saved, updated, deleted, validated, or loaded from the database.

### Callback Registration

In order to use the available callbacks, you need to register them. You can implement the callbacks as ordinary methods and use a macro-style class method to register them as callbacks:

```ruby
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  validates :login, :email, presence: true

  before_validation :ensure_login_has_a_value

  protected
  def ensure_login_has_a_value
    if login.nil?
      self.login = email unless email.blank?
    end
  end
end
```

The macro-style class methods can also receive a block. Consider using this style if the code inside your block is so short that it fits in a single line:

```ruby
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  validates :login, :email, presence: true

  before_create do |user|
    user.name = user.login.capitalize if user.name.blank?
  end
end
```

Callbacks can also be registered to only fire on certain lifecycle events:

```ruby
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_validation :normalize_name, on: :create

  # :on takes an array as well
  after_validation :set_location, on: [ :create, :update ]

  protected
  def normalize_name
    self.name = self.name.downcase.titleize
  end

  def set_location
    self.location = LocationService.query(self)
  end
end
```

It is considered good practice to declare callback methods as protected or private. If left public, they can be called from outside of the model and violate the principle of object encapsulation.

Available Callbacks
-------------------

Here is a list with all the available Active Record callbacks, listed in the same order in which they will get called during the respective operations:

### Creating an Object

* `before_validation`
* `after_validation`
* `before_save`
* `around_save`
* `before_create`
* `around_create`
* `after_create`
* `after_save`

### Updating an Object

* `before_validation`
* `after_validation`
* `before_save`
* `around_save`
* `before_update`
* `around_update`
* `after_update`
* `after_save`

### Destroying an Object

* `before_destroy`
* `around_destroy`
* `after_destroy`

WARNING. `after_save` runs both on create and update, but always _after_ the more specific callbacks `after_create` and `after_update`, no matter the order in which the macro calls were executed.

### `after_initialize` and `after_find`

The `after_initialize` callback will be called whenever an Active Record object is instantiated, either by directly using `new` or when a record is loaded from the database. It can be useful to avoid the need to directly override your Active Record `initialize` method.

The `after_find` callback will be called whenever Active Record loads a record from the database. `after_find` is called before `after_initialize` if both are defined.

The `after_initialize` and `after_find` callbacks have no `before_*` counterparts, but they can be registered just like the other Active Record callbacks.

```ruby
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  after_initialize do |user|
    puts "You have initialized an object!"
  end

  after_find do |user|
    puts "You have found an object!"
  end
end

>> User.new
You have initialized an object!
=> #<User id: nil>

>> User.first
You have found an object!
You have initialized an object!
=> #<User id: 1>
```

Running Callbacks
-----------------

The following methods trigger callbacks:

* `create`
* `create!`
* `decrement!`
* `destroy`
* `destroy_all`
* `increment!`
* `save`
* `save!`
* `save(validate: false)`
* `toggle!`
* `update`
* `update_attribute`
* `update_attributes`
* `update_attributes!`
* `valid?`

Additionally, the `after_find` callback is triggered by the following finder methods:

* `all`
* `first`
* `find`
* `find_all_by_*`
* `find_by_*`
* `find_by_*!`
* `find_by_sql`
* `last`

The `after_initialize` callback is triggered every time a new object of the class is initialized.

NOTE: The `find_all_by_*`, `find_by_*` and `find_by_*!` methods are dynamic finders generated automatically for every attribute. Learn more about them at the [Dynamic finders section](active_record_querying.html#dynamic-finders)

Skipping Callbacks
------------------

Just as with validations, it is also possible to skip callbacks. These methods should be used with caution, however, because important business rules and application logic may be kept in callbacks. Bypassing them without understanding the potential implications may lead to invalid data.

* `decrement`
* `decrement_counter`
* `delete`
* `delete_all`
* `increment`
* `increment_counter`
* `toggle`
* `touch`
* `update_column`
* `update_columns`
* `update_all`
* `update_counters`

Halting Execution
-----------------

As you start registering new callbacks for your models, they will be queued for execution. This queue will include all your model's validations, the registered callbacks, and the database operation to be executed.

The whole callback chain is wrapped in a transaction. If any <em>before</em> callback method returns exactly `false` or raises an exception, the execution chain gets halted and a ROLLBACK is issued; <em>after</em> callbacks can only accomplish that by raising an exception.

WARNING. Raising an arbitrary exception may break code that expects `save` and its friends not to fail like that. The `ActiveRecord::Rollback` exception is thought precisely to tell Active Record a rollback is going on. That one is internally captured but not reraised.

Relational Callbacks
--------------------

Callbacks work through model relationships, and can even be defined by them. Suppose an example where a user has many posts. A user's posts should be destroyed if the user is destroyed. Let's add an `after_destroy` callback to the `User` model by way of its relationship to the `Post` model:

```ruby
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :posts, dependent: :destroy
end

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  after_destroy :log_destroy_action

  def log_destroy_action
    puts 'Post destroyed'
  end
end

>> user = User.first
=> #<User id: 1>
>> user.posts.create!
=> #<Post id: 1, user_id: 1>
>> user.destroy
Post destroyed
=> #<User id: 1>
```

Conditional Callbacks
---------------------

As with validations, we can also make the calling of a callback method conditional on the satisfaction of a given predicate. We can do this using the `:if` and `:unless` options, which can take a symbol, a string, a `Proc` or an `Array`. You may use the `:if` option when you want to specify under which conditions the callback **should** be called. If you want to specify the conditions under which the callback **should not** be called, then you may use the `:unless` option.

### Using `:if` and `:unless` with a `Symbol`

You can associate the `:if` and `:unless` options with a symbol corresponding to the name of a predicate method that will get called right before the callback. When using the `:if` option, the callback won't be executed if the predicate method returns false; when using the `:unless` option, the callback won't be executed if the predicate method returns true. This is the most common option. Using this form of registration it is also possible to register several different predicates that should be called to check if the callback should be executed.

```ruby
class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_save :normalize_card_number, if: :paid_with_card?
end
```

### Using `:if` and `:unless` with a String

You can also use a string that will be evaluated using `eval` and hence needs to contain valid Ruby code. You should use this option only when the string represents a really short condition:

```ruby
class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_save :normalize_card_number, if: "paid_with_card?"
end
```

### Using `:if` and `:unless` with a `Proc`

Finally, it is possible to associate `:if` and `:unless` with a `Proc` object. This option is best suited when writing short validation methods, usually one-liners:

```ruby
class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_save :normalize_card_number,
    if: Proc.new { |order| order.paid_with_card? }
end
```

### Multiple Conditions for Callbacks

When writing conditional callbacks, it is possible to mix both `:if` and `:unless` in the same callback declaration:

```ruby
class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
  after_create :send_email_to_author, if: :author_wants_emails?,
    unless: Proc.new { |comment| comment.post.ignore_comments? }
end
```

Callback Classes
----------------

Sometimes the callback methods that you'll write will be useful enough to be reused by other models. Active Record makes it possible to create classes that encapsulate the callback methods, so it becomes very easy to reuse them.

Here's an example where we create a class with an `after_destroy` callback for a `PictureFile` model:

```ruby
class PictureFileCallbacks
  def after_destroy(picture_file)
    if File.exists?(picture_file.filepath)
      File.delete(picture_file.filepath)
    end
  end
end
```

When declared inside a class, as above, the callback methods will receive the model object as a parameter. We can now use the callback class in the model:

```ruby
class PictureFile < ActiveRecord::Base
  after_destroy PictureFileCallbacks.new
end
```

Note that we needed to instantiate a new `PictureFileCallbacks` object, since we declared our callback as an instance method. This is particularly useful if the callbacks make use of the state of the instantiated object. Often, however, it will make more sense to declare the callbacks as class methods:

```ruby
class PictureFileCallbacks
  def self.after_destroy(picture_file)
    if File.exists?(picture_file.filepath)
      File.delete(picture_file.filepath)
    end
  end
end
```

If the callback method is declared this way, it won't be necessary to instantiate a `PictureFileCallbacks` object.

```ruby
class PictureFile < ActiveRecord::Base
  after_destroy PictureFileCallbacks
end
```

You can declare as many callbacks as you want inside your callback classes.

Transaction Callbacks
---------------------

There are two additional callbacks that are triggered by the completion of a database transaction: `after_commit` and `after_rollback`. These callbacks are very similar to the `after_save` callback except that they don't execute until after database changes have either been committed or rolled back. They are most useful when your active record models need to interact with external systems which are not part of the database transaction.

Consider, for example, the previous example where the `PictureFile` model needs to delete a file after the corresponding record is destroyed. If anything raises an exception after the `after_destroy` callback is called and the transaction rolls back, the file will have been deleted and the model will be left in an inconsistent state. For example, suppose that `picture_file_2` in the code below is not valid and the `save!` method raises an error.

```ruby
PictureFile.transaction do
  picture_file_1.destroy
  picture_file_2.save!
end
```

By using the `after_commit` callback we can account for this case.

```ruby
class PictureFile < ActiveRecord::Base
  attr_accessor :delete_file

  after_destroy do |picture_file|
    picture_file.delete_file = picture_file.filepath
  end

  after_commit do |picture_file|
    if picture_file.delete_file && File.exist?(picture_file.delete_file)
      File.delete(picture_file.delete_file)
      picture_file.delete_file = nil
    end
  end
end
```

The `after_commit` and `after_rollback` callbacks are guaranteed to be called for all models created, updated, or destroyed within a transaction block. If any exceptions are raised within one of these callbacks, they will be ignored so that they don't interfere with the other callbacks. As such, if your callback code could raise an exception, you'll need to rescue it and handle it appropriately within the callback.