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Active Model Basics
===================
This guide should provide you with all you need to get started using model classes. Active Model allows for Action Pack helpers to interact with non-Active Record models. Active Model also helps building custom ORMs for use outside of the Rails framework.
After reading this guide, you will know:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Introduction
------------
Active Model is a library containing various modules used in developing frameworks that need to interact with the Rails Action Pack library. Active Model provides a known set of interfaces for usage in classes. Some of modules are explained below.
### AttributeMethods
The AttributeMethods module can add custom prefixes and suffixes on methods of a class. It is used by defining the prefixes and suffixes and which methods on the object will use them.
```ruby
class Person
include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
attribute_method_prefix 'reset_'
attribute_method_suffix '_highest?'
define_attribute_methods 'age'
attr_accessor :age
private
def reset_attribute(attribute)
send("#{attribute}=", 0)
end
def attribute_highest?(attribute)
send(attribute) > 100
end
end
person = Person.new
person.age = 110
person.age_highest? # true
person.reset_age # 0
person.age_highest? # false
```
### Callbacks
Callbacks gives Active Record style callbacks. This provides an ability to define callbacks which run at appropriate times. After defining callbacks, you can wrap them with before, after and around custom methods.
```ruby
class Person
extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
define_model_callbacks :update
before_update :reset_me
def update
run_callbacks(:update) do
# This method is called when update is called on an object.
end
end
def reset_me
# This method is called when update is called on an object as a before_update callback is defined.
end
end
```
### Conversion
If a class defines `persisted?` and `id` methods, then you can include the `Conversion` module in that class and call the Rails conversion methods on objects of that class.
```ruby
class Person
include ActiveModel::Conversion
def persisted?
false
end
def id
nil
end
end
person = Person.new
person.to_model == person # => true
person.to_key # => nil
person.to_param # => nil
```
### Dirty
An object becomes dirty when it has gone through one or more changes to its attributes and has not been saved. This gives the ability to check whether an object has been changed or not. It also has attribute based accessor methods. Let's consider a Person class with attributes `first_name` and `last_name`:
```ruby
require 'active_model'
class Person
include ActiveModel::Dirty
define_attribute_methods :first_name, :last_name
def first_name
@first_name
end
def first_name=(value)
first_name_will_change!
@first_name = value
end
def last_name
@last_name
end
def last_name=(value)
last_name_will_change!
@last_name = value
end
def save
# do save work...
changes_applied
end
end
```
#### Querying object directly for its list of all changed attributes.
```ruby
person = Person.new
person.changed? # => false
person.first_name = "First Name"
person.first_name # => "First Name"
# returns if any attribute has changed.
person.changed? # => true
# returns a list of attributes that have changed before saving.
person.changed # => ["first_name"]
# returns a hash of the attributes that have changed with their original values.
person.changed_attributes # => {"first_name"=>nil}
# returns a hash of changes, with the attribute names as the keys, and the values will be an array of the old and new value for that field.
person.changes # => {"first_name"=>[nil, "First Name"]}
```
#### Attribute based accessor methods
Track whether the particular attribute has been changed or not.
```ruby
# attr_name_changed?
person.first_name # => "First Name"
person.first_name_changed? # => true
```
Track what was the previous value of the attribute.
```ruby
# attr_name_was accessor
person.first_name_was # => "First Name"
```
Track both previous and current value of the changed attribute. Returns an array if changed, else returns nil.
```ruby
# attr_name_change
person.first_name_change # => [nil, "First Name"]
person.last_name_change # => nil
```
### Validations
Validations module adds the ability to class objects to validate them in Active Record style.
```ruby
class Person
include ActiveModel::Validations
attr_accessor :name, :email, :token
validates :name, presence: true
validates_format_of :email, with: /\A([^\s]+)((?:[-a-z0-9]\.)[a-z]{2,})\z/i
validates! :token, presence: true
end
person = Person.new(token: "2b1f325")
person.valid? # => false
person.name = 'vishnu'
person.email = 'me'
person.valid? # => false
person.email = 'me@vishnuatrai.com'
person.valid? # => true
person.token = nil
person.valid? # => raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed
```
### ActiveModel::Naming
Naming adds a number of class methods which make the naming and routing
easier to manage. The module defines the `model_name` class method which
will define a number of accessors using some `ActiveSupport::Inflector` methods.
```ruby
class Person
extend ActiveModel::Naming
end
Person.model_name.name # => "Person"
Person.model_name.singular # => "person"
Person.model_name.plural # => "people"
Person.model_name.element # => "person"
Person.model_name.human # => "Person"
Person.model_name.collection # => "people"
Person.model_name.param_key # => "person"
Person.model_name.i18n_key # => :person
Person.model_name.route_key # => "people"
Person.model_name.singular_route_key # => "person"
```
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