1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
|
**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
Active Job Basics
=================
This guide provides you with all you need to get started in creating,
enqueuing and executing background jobs.
After reading this guide, you will know:
* How to create jobs.
* How to enqueue jobs.
* How to run jobs in the background.
* How to send emails from your application asynchronously.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Introduction
------------
Active Job is a framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety
of queuing backends. These jobs can be everything from regularly scheduled
clean-ups, to billing charges, to mailings. Anything that can be chopped up
into small units of work and run in parallel, really.
The Purpose of Active Job
-----------------------------
The main point is to ensure that all Rails apps will have a job infrastructure
in place. We can then have framework features and other gems build on top of that,
without having to worry about API differences between various job runners such as
Delayed Job and Resque. Picking your queuing backend becomes more of an operational
concern, then. And you'll be able to switch between them without having to rewrite
your jobs.
NOTE: Rails by default comes with an "immediate runner" queuing implementation.
That means that each job that has been enqueued will run immediately.
Creating a Job
--------------
This section will provide a step-by-step guide to creating a job and enqueuing it.
### Create the Job
Active Job provides a Rails generator to create jobs. The following will create a
job in `app/jobs` (with an attached test case under `test/jobs`):
```bash
$ bin/rails generate job guests_cleanup
invoke test_unit
create test/jobs/guests_cleanup_job_test.rb
create app/jobs/guests_cleanup_job.rb
```
You can also create a job that will run on a specific queue:
```bash
$ bin/rails generate job guests_cleanup --queue urgent
```
If you don't want to use a generator, you could create your own file inside of
`app/jobs`, just make sure that it inherits from `ActiveJob::Base`.
Here's what a job looks like:
```ruby
class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as :default
def perform(*guests)
# Do something later
end
end
```
Note that you can define `perform` with as many arguments as you want.
### Enqueue the Job
Enqueue a job like so:
```ruby
# Enqueue a job to be performed as soon the queuing system is
# free.
GuestsCleanupJob.perform_later guest
```
```ruby
# Enqueue a job to be performed tomorrow at noon.
GuestsCleanupJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later(guest)
```
```ruby
# Enqueue a job to be performed 1 week from now.
GuestsCleanupJob.set(wait: 1.week).perform_later(guest)
```
```ruby
# `perform_now` and `perform_later` will call `perform` under the hood so
# you can pass as many arguments as defined in the latter.
GuestsCleanupJob.perform_later(guest1, guest2, filter: 'some_filter')
```
That's it!
Job Execution
-------------
For enqueuing and executing jobs you need to set up a queuing backend, that is to
say you need to decide for a 3rd-party queuing library that Rails should use.
Rails itself does not provide a sophisticated queuing system and just executes the
job immediately if no adapter is set.
### Backends
Active Job has built-in adapters for multiple queuing backends (Sidekiq,
Resque, Delayed Job and others). To get an up-to-date list of the adapters
see the API Documentation for [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
### Setting the Backend
You can easily set your queuing backend:
```ruby
# config/application.rb
module YourApp
class Application < Rails::Application
# Be sure to have the adapter's gem in your Gemfile
# and follow the adapter's specific installation
# and deployment instructions.
config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
end
end
```
NOTE: Since jobs run in parallel to your Rails application, most queuing libraries
require that you start a library-specific queuing service (in addition to
starting your Rails app) for the job processing to work. For information on
how to do that refer to the documentation of your respective library.
Queues
------
Most of the adapters support multiple queues. With Active Job you can schedule
the job to run on a specific queue:
```ruby
class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as :low_priority
#....
end
```
You can prefix the queue name for all your jobs using
`config.active_job.queue_name_prefix` in `application.rb`:
```ruby
# config/application.rb
module YourApp
class Application < Rails::Application
config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env
end
end
# app/jobs/guests_cleanup.rb
class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as :low_priority
#....
end
# Now your job will run on queue production_low_priority on your
# production environment and on staging_low_priority
# on your staging environment
```
The default queue name prefix delimiter is '\_'. This can be changed by setting
`config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter` in `application.rb`:
```ruby
# config/application.rb
module YourApp
class Application < Rails::Application
config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env
config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter = '.'
end
end
# app/jobs/guests_cleanup.rb
class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as :low_priority
#....
end
# Now your job will run on queue production.low_priority on your
# production environment and on staging.low_priority
# on your staging environment
```
If you want more control on what queue a job will be run you can pass a `:queue`
option to `#set`:
```ruby
MyJob.set(queue: :another_queue).perform_later(record)
```
To control the queue from the job level you can pass a block to `#queue_as`. The
block will be executed in the job context (so you can access `self.arguments`)
and you must return the queue name:
```ruby
class ProcessVideoJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as do
video = self.arguments.first
if video.owner.premium?
:premium_videojobs
else
:videojobs
end
end
def perform(video)
# Do process video
end
end
ProcessVideoJob.perform_later(Video.last)
```
NOTE: Make sure your queuing backend "listens" on your queue name. For some
backends you need to specify the queues to listen to.
Callbacks
---------
Active Job provides hooks during the life cycle of a job. Callbacks allow you to
trigger logic during the life cycle of a job.
### Available callbacks
* `before_enqueue`
* `around_enqueue`
* `after_enqueue`
* `before_perform`
* `around_perform`
* `after_perform`
### Usage
```ruby
class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as :default
before_enqueue do |job|
# Do something with the job instance
end
around_perform do |job, block|
# Do something before perform
block.call
# Do something after perform
end
def perform
# Do something later
end
end
```
Action Mailer
------------
One of the most common jobs in a modern web application is sending emails outside
of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it. Active Job
is integrated with Action Mailer so you can easily send emails asynchronously:
```ruby
# If you want to send the email now use #deliver_now
UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_now
# If you want to send the email through Active Job use #deliver_later
UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_later
```
Internationalization
--------------------
Each job uses the `I18n.locale` set when the job was created. Useful if you send
emails asynchronously:
```ruby
I18n.locale = :eo
UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_later # Email will be localized to Esperanto.
```
GlobalID
--------
Active Job supports GlobalID for parameters. This makes it possible to pass live
Active Record objects to your job instead of class/id pairs, which you then have
to manually deserialize. Before, jobs would look like this:
```ruby
class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
def perform(trashable_class, trashable_id, depth)
trashable = trashable_class.constantize.find(trashable_id)
trashable.cleanup(depth)
end
end
```
Now you can simply do:
```ruby
class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
def perform(trashable, depth)
trashable.cleanup(depth)
end
end
```
This works with any class that mixes in `GlobalID::Identification`, which
by default has been mixed into Active Record classes.
Exceptions
----------
Active Job provides a way to catch exceptions raised during the execution of the
job:
```ruby
class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
queue_as :default
rescue_from(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do |exception|
# Do something with the exception
end
def perform
# Do something later
end
end
```
### Deserialization
GlobalID allows serializing full Active Record objects passed to `#perform`.
If a passed record is deleted after the job is enqueued but before the `#perform`
method is called Active Job will raise an `ActiveJob::DeserializationError`
exception.
Job Testing
--------------
You can find detailed instructions on how to test your jobs in the
[testing guide](testing.html#testing-jobs).
|