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module ActiveRecord
module ConnectionAdapters
class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
module SchemaStatements
# Drops the database specified on the +name+ attribute
# and creates it again using the provided +options+.
def recreate_database(name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
drop_database(name)
create_database(name, options)
end
# Create a new PostgreSQL database. Options include <tt>:owner</tt>, <tt>:template</tt>,
# <tt>:encoding</tt>, <tt>:collation</tt>, <tt>:ctype</tt>,
# <tt>:tablespace</tt>, and <tt>:connection_limit</tt> (note that MySQL uses
# <tt>:charset</tt> while PostgreSQL uses <tt>:encoding</tt>).
#
# Example:
# create_database config[:database], config
# create_database 'foo_development', encoding: 'unicode'
def create_database(name, options = {})
options = { encoding: 'utf8' }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)
option_string = options.sum do |key, value|
case key
when :owner
" OWNER = \"#{value}\""
when :template
" TEMPLATE = \"#{value}\""
when :encoding
" ENCODING = '#{value}'"
when :collation
" LC_COLLATE = '#{value}'"
when :ctype
" LC_CTYPE = '#{value}'"
when :tablespace
" TABLESPACE = \"#{value}\""
when :connection_limit
" CONNECTION LIMIT = #{value}"
else
""
end
end
execute "CREATE DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)}#{option_string}"
end
# Drops a PostgreSQL database.
#
# Example:
# drop_database 'matt_development'
def drop_database(name) #:nodoc:
execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name(name)}"
end
# Returns the list of all tables in the schema search path or a specified schema.
def tables(name = nil)
query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').map { |row| row[0] }
SELECT tablename
FROM pg_tables
WHERE schemaname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
SQL
end
# Returns true if table exists.
# If the schema is not specified as part of +name+ then it will only find tables within
# the current schema search path (regardless of permissions to access tables in other schemas)
def table_exists?(name)
schema, table = Utils.extract_schema_and_table(name.to_s)
return false unless table
binds = [[nil, table]]
binds << [nil, schema] if schema
exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM pg_class c
LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
WHERE c.relkind in ('v','r')
AND c.relname = '#{table.gsub(/(^"|"$)/,'')}'
AND n.nspname = #{schema ? "'#{schema}'" : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
SQL
end
# Returns true if schema exists.
def schema_exists?(name)
exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM pg_namespace
WHERE nspname = '#{name}'
SQL
end
# Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
def indexes(table_name, name = nil)
result = query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA')
SELECT distinct i.relname, d.indisunique, d.indkey, pg_get_indexdef(d.indexrelid), t.oid
FROM pg_class t
INNER JOIN pg_index d ON t.oid = d.indrelid
INNER JOIN pg_class i ON d.indexrelid = i.oid
WHERE i.relkind = 'i'
AND d.indisprimary = 'f'
AND t.relname = '#{table_name}'
AND i.relnamespace IN (SELECT oid FROM pg_namespace WHERE nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false)) )
ORDER BY i.relname
SQL
result.map do |row|
index_name = row[0]
unique = row[1] == 't'
indkey = row[2].split(" ")
inddef = row[3]
oid = row[4]
columns = Hash[query(<<-SQL, "SCHEMA")]
SELECT a.attnum, a.attname
FROM pg_attribute a
WHERE a.attrelid = #{oid}
AND a.attnum IN (#{indkey.join(",")})
SQL
column_names = columns.values_at(*indkey).compact
# add info on sort order for columns (only desc order is explicitly specified, asc is the default)
desc_order_columns = inddef.scan(/(\w+) DESC/).flatten
orders = desc_order_columns.any? ? Hash[desc_order_columns.map {|order_column| [order_column, :desc]}] : {}
where = inddef.scan(/WHERE (.+)$/).flatten[0]
column_names.empty? ? nil : IndexDefinition.new(table_name, index_name, unique, column_names, [], orders, where)
end.compact
end
# Returns the list of all column definitions for a table.
def columns(table_name)
# Limit, precision, and scale are all handled by the superclass.
column_definitions(table_name).map do |column_name, type, default, notnull, oid, fmod|
oid = OID::TYPE_MAP.fetch(oid.to_i, fmod.to_i) {
OID::Identity.new
}
PostgreSQLColumn.new(column_name, default, oid, type, notnull == 'f')
end
end
# Returns the current database name.
def current_database
query('select current_database()', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
end
# Returns the current schema name.
def current_schema
query('SELECT current_schema', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
end
# Returns the current database encoding format.
def encoding
query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(pg_database.encoding) FROM pg_database
WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
end_sql
end
# Returns the current database collation.
def collation
query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
SELECT pg_database.datcollate FROM pg_database WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
end_sql
end
# Returns the current database ctype.
def ctype
query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
SELECT pg_database.datctype FROM pg_database WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
end_sql
end
# Returns an array of schema names.
def schema_names
query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').flatten
SELECT nspname
FROM pg_namespace
WHERE nspname !~ '^pg_.*'
AND nspname NOT IN ('information_schema')
ORDER by nspname;
SQL
end
# Creates a schema for the given schema name.
def create_schema schema_name
execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{schema_name}"
end
# Drops the schema for the given schema name.
def drop_schema schema_name
execute "DROP SCHEMA #{schema_name} CASCADE"
end
# Sets the schema search path to a string of comma-separated schema names.
# Names beginning with $ have to be quoted (e.g. $user => '$user').
# See: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html
#
# This should be not be called manually but set in database.yml.
def schema_search_path=(schema_csv)
if schema_csv
execute("SET search_path TO #{schema_csv}", 'SCHEMA')
@schema_search_path = schema_csv
end
end
# Returns the active schema search path.
def schema_search_path
@schema_search_path ||= query('SHOW search_path', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
end
# Returns the current client message level.
def client_min_messages
query('SHOW client_min_messages', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
end
# Set the client message level.
def client_min_messages=(level)
execute("SET client_min_messages TO '#{level}'", 'SCHEMA')
end
# Returns the sequence name for a table's primary key or some other specified key.
def default_sequence_name(table_name, pk = nil) #:nodoc:
result = serial_sequence(table_name, pk || 'id')
return nil unless result
result.split('.').last
rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
"#{table_name}_#{pk || 'id'}_seq"
end
def serial_sequence(table, column)
result = exec_query(<<-eosql, 'SCHEMA')
SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence('#{table}', '#{column}')
eosql
result.rows.first.first
end
# Resets the sequence of a table's primary key to the maximum value.
def reset_pk_sequence!(table, pk = nil, sequence = nil) #:nodoc:
unless pk and sequence
default_pk, default_sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)
pk ||= default_pk
sequence ||= default_sequence
end
if @logger && pk && !sequence
@logger.warn "#{table} has primary key #{pk} with no default sequence"
end
if pk && sequence
quoted_sequence = quote_table_name(sequence)
select_value <<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA'
SELECT setval('#{quoted_sequence}', (SELECT COALESCE(MAX(#{quote_column_name pk})+(SELECT increment_by FROM #{quoted_sequence}), (SELECT min_value FROM #{quoted_sequence})) FROM #{quote_table_name(table)}), false)
end_sql
end
end
# Returns a table's primary key and belonging sequence.
def pk_and_sequence_for(table) #:nodoc:
# First try looking for a sequence with a dependency on the
# given table's primary key.
result = query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0]
SELECT attr.attname, seq.relname
FROM pg_class seq,
pg_attribute attr,
pg_depend dep,
pg_constraint cons
WHERE seq.oid = dep.objid
AND seq.relkind = 'S'
AND attr.attrelid = dep.refobjid
AND attr.attnum = dep.refobjsubid
AND attr.attrelid = cons.conrelid
AND attr.attnum = cons.conkey[1]
AND cons.contype = 'p'
AND dep.refobjid = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
end_sql
if result.nil? or result.empty?
result = query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0]
SELECT attr.attname,
CASE
WHEN split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid), '''', 2) ~ '.' THEN
substr(split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid), '''', 2),
strpos(split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid), '''', 2), '.')+1)
ELSE split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid), '''', 2)
END
FROM pg_class t
JOIN pg_attribute attr ON (t.oid = attrelid)
JOIN pg_attrdef def ON (adrelid = attrelid AND adnum = attnum)
JOIN pg_constraint cons ON (conrelid = adrelid AND adnum = conkey[1])
WHERE t.oid = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
AND cons.contype = 'p'
AND pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) ~* 'nextval'
end_sql
end
[result.first, result.last]
rescue
nil
end
# Returns just a table's primary key
def primary_key(table)
row = exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA').rows.first
SELECT attr.attname
FROM pg_attribute attr
INNER JOIN pg_constraint cons ON attr.attrelid = cons.conrelid AND attr.attnum = cons.conkey[1]
WHERE cons.contype = 'p'
AND cons.conrelid = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
end_sql
row && row.first
end
# Renames a table.
# Also renames a table's primary key sequence if the sequence name matches the
# Active Record default.
#
# Example:
# rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
def rename_table(name, new_name)
clear_cache!
execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
pk, seq = pk_and_sequence_for(new_name)
if seq == "#{name}_#{pk}_seq"
new_seq = "#{new_name}_#{pk}_seq"
execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(seq)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_seq)}"
end
end
# Adds a new column to the named table.
# See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
clear_cache!
add_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ADD COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
add_column_options!(add_column_sql, options)
execute add_column_sql
end
# Changes the column of a table.
def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
clear_cache!
quoted_table_name = quote_table_name(table_name)
execute "ALTER TABLE #{quoted_table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TYPE #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default]) if options_include_default?(options)
change_column_null(table_name, column_name, options[:null], options[:default]) if options.key?(:null)
end
# Changes the default value of a table column.
def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
clear_cache!
execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} SET DEFAULT #{quote(default)}"
end
def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
clear_cache!
unless null || default.nil?
execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
end
execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{null ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL")
end
# Renames a column in a table.
def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
clear_cache!
execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TO #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)}"
end
def remove_index!(table_name, index_name) #:nodoc:
execute "DROP INDEX #{quote_table_name(index_name)}"
end
def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
execute "ALTER INDEX #{quote_column_name(old_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
end
def index_name_length
63
end
# Maps logical Rails types to PostgreSQL-specific data types.
def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
case type.to_s
when 'binary'
# PostgreSQL doesn't support limits on binary (bytea) columns.
# The hard limit is 1Gb, because of a 32-bit size field, and TOAST.
case limit
when nil, 0..0x3fffffff; super(type)
else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No binary type has byte size #{limit}.")
end
when 'text'
# PostgreSQL doesn't support limits on text columns.
# The hard limit is 1Gb, according to section 8.3 in the manual.
case limit
when nil, 0..0x3fffffff; super(type)
else raise(ActiveRecordError, "The limit on text can be at most 1GB - 1byte.")
end
when 'integer'
return 'integer' unless limit
case limit
when 1, 2; 'smallint'
when 3, 4; 'integer'
when 5..8; 'bigint'
else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with precision 0 instead.")
end
when 'datetime'
return super unless precision
case precision
when 0..6; "timestamp(#{precision})"
else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No timestamp type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6")
end
else
super
end
end
# Returns a SELECT DISTINCT clause for a given set of columns and a given ORDER BY clause.
#
# PostgreSQL requires the ORDER BY columns in the select list for distinct queries, and
# requires that the ORDER BY include the distinct column.
#
# distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc"])
# # => "DISTINCT posts.id, posts.created_at AS alias_0"
def distinct(columns, orders) #:nodoc:
order_columns = orders.map{ |s|
# Convert Arel node to string
s = s.to_sql unless s.is_a?(String)
# Remove any ASC/DESC modifiers
s.gsub(/\s+(ASC|DESC)\s*(NULLS\s+(FIRST|LAST)\s*)?/i, '')
}.reject(&:blank?).map.with_index { |column, i| "#{column} AS alias_#{i}" }
[super].concat(order_columns).join(', ')
end
end
end
end
end
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