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module ActiveRecord
module Associations
# Implements the details of eager loading of Active Record associations.
#
# Note that 'eager loading' and 'preloading' are actually the same thing.
# However, there are two different eager loading strategies.
#
# The first one is by using table joins. This was only strategy available
# prior to Rails 2.1. Suppose that you have an Author model with columns
# 'name' and 'age', and a Book model with columns 'name' and 'sales'. Using
# this strategy, Active Record would try to retrieve all data for an author
# and all of its books via a single query:
#
# SELECT * FROM authors
# LEFT OUTER JOIN books ON authors.id = books.author_id
# WHERE authors.name = 'Ken Akamatsu'
#
# However, this could result in many rows that contain redundant data. After
# having received the first row, we already have enough data to instantiate
# the Author object. In all subsequent rows, only the data for the joined
# 'books' table is useful; the joined 'authors' data is just redundant, and
# processing this redundant data takes memory and CPU time. The problem
# quickly becomes worse and worse as the level of eager loading increases
# (i.e. if Active Record is to eager load the associations' associations as
# well).
#
# The second strategy is to use multiple database queries, one for each
# level of association. Since Rails 2.1, this is the default strategy. In
# situations where a table join is necessary (e.g. when the +:conditions+
# option references an association's column), it will fallback to the table
# join strategy.
class Preloader #:nodoc:
extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
eager_autoload do
autoload :Association, 'active_record/associations/preloader/association'
autoload :SingularAssociation, 'active_record/associations/preloader/singular_association'
autoload :CollectionAssociation, 'active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association'
autoload :ThroughAssociation, 'active_record/associations/preloader/through_association'
autoload :HasMany, 'active_record/associations/preloader/has_many'
autoload :HasManyThrough, 'active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through'
autoload :HasOne, 'active_record/associations/preloader/has_one'
autoload :HasOneThrough, 'active_record/associations/preloader/has_one_through'
autoload :HasAndBelongsToMany, 'active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many'
autoload :BelongsTo, 'active_record/associations/preloader/belongs_to'
end
# Eager loads the named associations for the given Active Record record(s).
#
# In this description, 'association name' shall refer to the name passed
# to an association creation method. For example, a model that specifies
# <tt>belongs_to :author</tt>, <tt>has_many :buyers</tt> has association
# names +:author+ and +:buyers+.
#
# == Parameters
# +records+ is an array of ActiveRecord::Base. This array needs not be flat,
# i.e. +records+ itself may also contain arrays of records. In any case,
# +preload_associations+ will preload the all associations records by
# flattening +records+.
#
# +associations+ specifies one or more associations that you want to
# preload. It may be:
# - a Symbol or a String which specifies a single association name. For
# example, specifying +:books+ allows this method to preload all books
# for an Author.
# - an Array which specifies multiple association names. This array
# is processed recursively. For example, specifying <tt>[:avatar, :books]</tt>
# allows this method to preload an author's avatar as well as all of his
# books.
# - a Hash which specifies multiple association names, as well as
# association names for the to-be-preloaded association objects. For
# example, specifying <tt>{ author: :avatar }</tt> will preload a
# book's author, as well as that author's avatar.
#
# +:associations+ has the same format as the +:include+ option for
# <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.find</tt>. So +associations+ could look like this:
#
# :books
# [ :books, :author ]
# { author: :avatar }
# [ :books, { author: :avatar } ]
NULL_RELATION = Struct.new(:values).new({})
def preload(records, associations, preload_scope = nil)
records = Array.wrap(records).compact.uniq
associations = Array.wrap(associations)
preload_scope = preload_scope || NULL_RELATION
if records.empty?
[]
else
associations.flat_map { |association|
preloaders_on association, records, preload_scope
}
end
end
private
def preloaders_on(association, records, scope)
case association
when Hash
preloaders_for_hash(association, records, scope)
when Symbol
preloaders_for_one(association, records, scope)
when String
preloaders_for_one(association.to_sym, records, scope)
else
raise ArgumentError, "#{association.inspect} was not recognised for preload"
end
end
def preloaders_for_hash(association, records, scope)
parent, child = association.to_a.first # hash should only be of length 1
loaders = preloaders_for_one parent, records, scope
recs = loaders.flat_map(&:preloaded_records).uniq
loaders.concat Array.wrap(child).flat_map { |assoc|
preloaders_on assoc, recs, scope
}
end
# Not all records have the same class, so group then preload group on the reflection
# itself so that if various subclass share the same association then we do not split
# them unnecessarily
#
# Additionally, polymorphic belongs_to associations can have multiple associated
# classes, depending on the polymorphic_type field. So we group by the classes as
# well.
def preloaders_for_one(association, records, scope)
grouped_records(association, records).flat_map do |reflection, klasses|
klasses.map do |rhs_klass, rs|
loader = preloader_for(reflection, rs, rhs_klass).new(rhs_klass, rs, reflection, scope)
loader.run self
loader
end
end
end
def grouped_records(association, records)
reflection_records = records_by_reflection(association, records)
reflection_records.each_with_object({}) do |(reflection, r_records),h|
h[reflection] = r_records.group_by { |record|
association_klass(reflection, record)
}
end
end
def records_by_reflection(association, records)
records.group_by do |record|
reflection = record.class.reflect_on_association(association)
reflection || raise_config_error(association)
end
end
def raise_config_error(association)
raise ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError,
"Association named '#{association}' was not found; " \
"perhaps you misspelled it?"
end
def association_klass(reflection, record)
if reflection.macro == :belongs_to && reflection.options[:polymorphic]
klass = record.read_attribute(reflection.foreign_type.to_s)
klass && klass.constantize
else
reflection.klass
end
end
class AlreadyLoaded
attr_reader :owners, :reflection
def initialize(klass, owners, reflection, preload_scope)
@owners = owners
@reflection = reflection
end
def run(preloader); end
def preloaded_records
owners.flat_map { |owner| owner.read_attribute reflection.name }
end
end
class NullPreloader
def self.new(klass, owners, reflection, preload_scope); self; end
def self.run(preloader); end
end
def preloader_for(reflection, owners, rhs_klass)
return NullPreloader unless rhs_klass
if owners.first.association(reflection.name).loaded?
return AlreadyLoaded
end
case reflection.macro
when :has_many
reflection.options[:through] ? HasManyThrough : HasMany
when :has_one
reflection.options[:through] ? HasOneThrough : HasOne
when :has_and_belongs_to_many
HasAndBelongsToMany
when :belongs_to
BelongsTo
end
end
end
end
end
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