15 files changed, 65 insertions, 65 deletions
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/action_controller_overview.textile b/railties/guides/source/action_controller_overview.textile
index 496dc7224b..f8b586c151 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/action_controller_overview.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/action_controller_overview.textile
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ class UsersController < ApplicationController
     respond_to do |format|
       format.html # index.html.erb
       format.xml  { render :xml => @users}
-      format.json  { render :json => @users}
+      format.json { render :json => @users}
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/action_view_overview.textile b/railties/guides/source/action_view_overview.textile
index d0b3ee6bfc..1a81920249 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/action_view_overview.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/action_view_overview.textile
@@ -262,9 +262,9 @@ Register one or more stylesheet files to be included when symbol is passed to +s
 ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper.register_stylesheet_expansion :monkey => ["head", "body", "tail"]
 
 stylesheet_link_tag :monkey # =>
-  <link href="/stylesheets/head.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
-  <link href="/stylesheets/body.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
-  <link href="/stylesheets/tail.css"  media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+  <link href="/stylesheets/head.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+  <link href="/stylesheets/body.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
+  <link href="/stylesheets/tail.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
 </ruby>
 
 h5. auto_discovery_link_tag
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/active_record_querying.textile b/railties/guides/source/active_record_querying.textile
index b970c55327..7cdffe4c2e 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/active_record_querying.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/active_record_querying.textile
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ Active Record provides two locking mechanisms:
 
 h4. Optimistic Locking
 
-Optimistic locking allows multiple users to access the same record for edits, and assumes a minimum of conflicts with the data.  It does this by checking whether another process has made changes to a record since it was opened. An +ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError+ exception is thrown if that has occurred and the update is ignored.
+Optimistic locking allows multiple users to access the same record for edits, and assumes a minimum of conflicts with the data. It does this by checking whether another process has made changes to a record since it was opened. An +ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError+ exception is thrown if that has occurred and the update is ignored.
 
 <strong>Optimistic locking column</strong>
 
@@ -1060,7 +1060,7 @@ If you want to find the sum of a field for all records in your table you can cal
 Client.sum("orders_count")
 </ruby>
 
-For options, please see the parent section,  "Calculations":#calculations.
+For options, please see the parent section, "Calculations":#calculations.
 
 h3. Changelog
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/ajax_on_rails.textile b/railties/guides/source/ajax_on_rails.textile
index b80df4aa58..25c1e01b55 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/ajax_on_rails.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/ajax_on_rails.textile
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ You are ready to add some AJAX love to your Rails app!
 
 h4. The Quintessential AJAX Rails Helper: link_to_remote
 
-Let's start with what is probably the most often used helper: +link_to_remote+.  It has an interesting feature from the documentation point of view: the options supplied to +link_to_remote+ are shared by all other AJAX helpers, so learning the mechanics and options of +link_to_remote+ is a great help when using other helpers.
+Let's start with what is probably the most often used helper: +link_to_remote+. It has an interesting feature from the documentation point of view: the options supplied to +link_to_remote+ are shared by all other AJAX helpers, so learning the mechanics and options of +link_to_remote+ is a great help when using other helpers.
 
 The signature of +link_to_remote+ function is the same as that of the standard +link_to+ helper:
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ link_to_remote "Add to cart",
 
 If the server returns 200, the output of the above example is equivalent to our first, simple one. However, in case of error, the element with the DOM id +error+ is updated rather than the +cart+ element.
 
-** *position* By default (i.e. when not specifying this option, like in the examples before) the repsonse is injected into the element with the specified DOM id, replacing the original content of the element  (if there was any). You might want to alter this behavior by keeping the original content - the only question is where to place the new content? This can specified by the +position+ parameter, with four possibilities:
+** *position* By default (i.e. when not specifying this option, like in the examples before) the repsonse is injected into the element with the specified DOM id, replacing the original content of the element (if there was any). You might want to alter this behavior by keeping the original content - the only question is where to place the new content? This can specified by the +position+ parameter, with four possibilities:
 *** +:before+ Inserts the response text just before the target element. More precisely, it creates a text node from the response and inserts it as the left sibling of the target element.
 *** +:after+ Similar behavior to +:before+, but in this case the response is inserted after the target element.
 *** +:top+ Inserts the text into the target element, before it's original content. If the target element was empty, this is equivalent with not specifying +:position+ at all.
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ def javascript_test
 end
 </ruby>
 
-The above code snippet does exactly the same as the one in the previous section - going about it much more elegantly though. You don't need to worry about headers,write ugly JavaScript code into a string etc. When the first parameter to +render+ is +:update+, Rails expects a block with a single parameter (+page+ in our case, which is the traditional naming convention) which is an instance of the JavaScriptGenerator:"http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/PrototypeHelper/JavaScriptGenerator/GeneratorMethods.html" object. As it's name  suggests, JavaScriptGenerator is responsible for generating JavaScript from your Ruby code. You can execute multiple method calls on the +page+ instance - it's all turned into JavaScript code and sent to the server with the appropriate Content Type, "text/javascript".
+The above code snippet does exactly the same as the one in the previous section - going about it much more elegantly though. You don't need to worry about headers,write ugly JavaScript code into a string etc. When the first parameter to +render+ is +:update+, Rails expects a block with a single parameter (+page+ in our case, which is the traditional naming convention) which is an instance of the JavaScriptGenerator:"http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/PrototypeHelper/JavaScriptGenerator/GeneratorMethods.html" object. As it's name suggests, JavaScriptGenerator is responsible for generating JavaScript from your Ruby code. You can execute multiple method calls on the +page+ instance - it's all turned into JavaScript code and sent to the server with the appropriate Content Type, "text/javascript".
 
 h4. RJS Templates
 
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ So +<<+ is used to execute an arbitrary JavaScript statement, passed as string t
   page.call   :alert, '1+1 equals ' + result
 </ruby>
 
-+assign+ simply assigns a value to a variable. +call+ is similar to +<<+ with a slightly different syntax: the first parameter is the name of the function to call, followed by the list of parameters passed  to the function.
++assign+ simply assigns a value to a variable. +call+ is similar to +<<+ with a slightly different syntax: the first parameter is the name of the function to call, followed by the list of parameters passed to the function.
 
 h6. Class Proxies
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/caching_with_rails.textile b/railties/guides/source/caching_with_rails.textile
index 995a835ce8..799339e674 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/caching_with_rails.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/caching_with_rails.textile
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ h4. Page Caching
 
 Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. apache or nginx), without ever having to go through the Rails stack at all. Obviously, this is super-fast. Unfortunately, it can't be applied to every situation (such as pages that need authentication) and since the webserver is literally just serving a file from the filesystem, cache expiration is an issue that needs to be dealt with.
 
-So, how do you enable this super-fast cache behavior?  Simple, let's say you have a controller called +ProductsController+ and an +index+ action that lists all the products
+So, how do you enable this super-fast cache behavior? Simple, let's say you have a controller called +ProductsController+ and an +index+ action that lists all the products
 
 <ruby>
 class ProductsController < ActionController
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ expire_fragment('all_available_products')
 
 h4. Sweepers
 
-Cache sweeping is a mechanism which allows you to get around having a ton of +expire_{page,action,fragment}+ calls in your code.  It does this by moving all the work required to expire cached content into an +ActionController::Caching::Sweeper+ subclass.  This class is an observer and looks for changes to an object via callbacks, and when a change occurs it expires the caches associated with that object in an around or after filter.
+Cache sweeping is a mechanism which allows you to get around having a ton of +expire_{page,action,fragment}+ calls in your code. It does this by moving all the work required to expire cached content into an +ActionController::Caching::Sweeper+ subclass. This class is an observer and looks for changes to an object via callbacks, and when a change occurs it expires the caches associated with that object in an around or after filter.
 
 Continuing with our Product controller example, we could rewrite it with a sweeper like this:
 
@@ -230,9 +230,9 @@ class ProductsController < ActionController
 end
 </ruby>
 
-The second time the same query is run against the database, it's not actually going to hit the database.  The first time the result is returned from the query it is stored in the query cache (in memory) and the second time it's pulled from memory.
+The second time the same query is run against the database, it's not actually going to hit the database. The first time the result is returned from the query it is stored in the query cache (in memory) and the second time it's pulled from memory.
 
-However, it's important to note that query caches are created at the start of an action and destroyed at the end of that action and thus persist only for the duration of the action.  If you'd like to store query results in a more persistent fashion, you can in Rails by using low level caching.
+However, it's important to note that query caches are created at the start of an action and destroyed at the end of that action and thus persist only for the duration of the action. If you'd like to store query results in a more persistent fashion, you can in Rails by using low level caching.
 
 h3. Cache Stores
 
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ class ProductsController < ApplicationController
     # If the request is fresh (i.e. it's not modified) then you don't need to do
     # anything. The default render checks for this using the parameters
     # used in the previous call to stale? and will automatically send a
-    # :not_modified.  So that's it, you're done.
+    # :not_modified. So that's it, you're done.
 end
 </ruby>
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/form_helpers.textile b/railties/guides/source/form_helpers.textile
index 1f21c27ae6..a63245acec 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/form_helpers.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/form_helpers.textile
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ The name passed to +form_for+ controls the key used in +params+ to access the fo
 
 The helper methods called on the form builder are identical to the model object helpers except that it is not necessary to specify which object is being edited since this is already managed by the form builder.
 
-You can create a similar binding without actually creating  +&lt;form&gt;+ tags with the +fields_for+ helper. This is useful for editing additional model objects with the same form. For example if you had a Person model with an associated ContactDetail model you could create a form for creating both like so:
+You can create a similar binding without actually creating +&lt;form&gt;+ tags with the +fields_for+ helper. This is useful for editing additional model objects with the same form. For example if you had a Person model with an associated ContactDetail model you could create a form for creating both like so:
 
 <erb>
 <%= form_for @person, :url => { :action => "create" } do |person_form| %>
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ As with other helpers, if you were to use the +select+ helper on a form builder
 <%= f.select(:city_id, ...) %>
 </erb>
 
-WARNING: If you are using +select+ (or similar helpers such as +collection_select+, +select_tag+) to set a +belongs_to+ association you must pass the name of the foreign key (in the example above +city_id+), not the name of association itself.  If you specify +city+ instead of +city_id+ Active Record will raise an error along the lines of <tt> ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch: City(#17815740) expected, got String(#1138750) </tt> when you pass the +params+ hash to +Person.new+ or +update_attributes+. Another way of looking at this is that form helpers only edit attributes.  You should also be aware of the potential security ramifications of allowing users to edit foreign keys directly. You may wish to consider the use of +attr_protected+ and +attr_accessible+. For further details on this, see the "Ruby On Rails Security Guide":security.html#_mass_assignment.
+WARNING: If you are using +select+ (or similar helpers such as +collection_select+, +select_tag+) to set a +belongs_to+ association you must pass the name of the foreign key (in the example above +city_id+), not the name of association itself. If you specify +city+ instead of +city_id+ Active Record will raise an error along the lines of <tt> ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch: City(#17815740) expected, got String(#1138750) </tt> when you pass the +params+ hash to +Person.new+ or +update_attributes+. Another way of looking at this is that form helpers only edit attributes. You should also be aware of the potential security ramifications of allowing users to edit foreign keys directly. You may wish to consider the use of +attr_protected+ and +attr_accessible+. For further details on this, see the "Ruby On Rails Security Guide":security.html#_mass_assignment.
 
 h4. Option Tags from a Collection of Arbitrary Objects
 
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ The +:prefix+ option is the key used to retrieve the hash of date components fro
 h4(#select-model-object-helpers). Model Object Helpers
 
 +select_date+ does not work well with forms that update or create Active Record objects as Active Record expects each element of the +params+ hash to correspond to one attribute.
-The model object helpers for dates and times submit parameters with special names,  when Active Record sees parameters with such names it knows they must be combined with the other parameters and given to a constructor appropriate to the column type. For example:
+The model object helpers for dates and times submit parameters with special names, when Active Record sees parameters with such names it knows they must be combined with the other parameters and given to a constructor appropriate to the column type. For example:
 
 <erb>
 <%= date_select :person, :birth_date %>
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/generators.textile b/railties/guides/source/generators.textile
index 44c15be7bf..ac709968d9 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/generators.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/generators.textile
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ if yes?("Would you like to install Devise?")
 end
 </ruby>
 
-In the above template we specify that the application relies on the +rspec-rails+ and +cucumber-rails+ gem so these two will be added to the +test+ group in the +Gemfile+. Then we pose a question to the user about whether or not they would like to install Devise. If the user replies "y" or "yes" to this question, then the template will add Devise to the +Gemfile+ outside of any group and then runs the +devise:install+ generator. This template then takes the users input and runs the  +devise+ generator, with the user's answer from the last question being passed to this generator.
+In the above template we specify that the application relies on the +rspec-rails+ and +cucumber-rails+ gem so these two will be added to the +test+ group in the +Gemfile+. Then we pose a question to the user about whether or not they would like to install Devise. If the user replies "y" or "yes" to this question, then the template will add Devise to the +Gemfile+ outside of any group and then runs the +devise:install+ generator. This template then takes the users input and runs the +devise+ generator, with the user's answer from the last question being passed to this generator.
 
 Imagine that this template was in a file called +template.rb+. We can use it to modify the outcome of the +rails new+ command by using the +-m+ option and passing in the filename:
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/getting_started.textile b/railties/guides/source/getting_started.textile
index 5906f953bf..af3525636c 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/getting_started.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/getting_started.textile
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ TIP: Note that Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshaling bugs that crash Rails 3.
 * The "RubyGems":http://rubyforge.org/frs/?group_id=126 packaging system
 * A working installation of the "SQLite3 Database":http://www.sqlite.org
 
-Rails is a web application framework running on the Ruby programming language. If you have no prior experience with Ruby, you will find a very steep learning curve diving straight into Rails.  There are some good free resources on the internet for learning Ruby, including:
+Rails is a web application framework running on the Ruby programming language. If you have no prior experience with Ruby, you will find a very steep learning curve diving straight into Rails. There are some good free resources on the internet for learning Ruby, including:
 
 * "Mr. Neighborly's Humble Little Ruby Book":http://www.humblelittlerubybook.com
 * "Programming Ruby":http://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ProgrammingRuby/
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Rails ships as many individual components.
 
 h5. Action Pack
 
-Action Pack is a single gem that contains Action Controller, Action View and Action Dispatch.  The "VC" part of "MVC".
+Action Pack is a single gem that contains Action Controller, Action View and Action Dispatch. The "VC" part of "MVC".
 
 h5. Action Controller
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ Action Mailer is a framework for building e-mail services. You can use Action Ma
 
 h5. Active Model
 
-Active Model provides a defined interface between the Action Pack gem services and Object Relationship Mapping gems such as Active Record.  Active Model allows Rails to utilize other ORM frameworks in place of Active Record if your application needs this.
+Active Model provides a defined interface between the Action Pack gem services and Object Relationship Mapping gems such as Active Record. Active Model allows Rails to utilize other ORM frameworks in place of Active Record if your application needs this.
 
 h5. Active Record
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ TIP. If you're working on Windows, you can quickly install Ruby and Rails with "
 
 h4. Creating the Blog Application
 
-The best way to use this guide is to follow each step as it happens, no code or step needed to make this example application has been left out, so you can literally follow along step by step.  If you need to see the completed code, you can download it from "Getting Started Code":https://github.com/mikel/getting-started-code.
+The best way to use this guide is to follow each step as it happens, no code or step needed to make this example application has been left out, so you can literally follow along step by step. If you need to see the completed code, you can download it from "Getting Started Code":https://github.com/mikel/getting-started-code.
 
 To begin, open a terminal, navigate to a folder where you have rights to create files, and type:
 
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ In any case, Rails will create a folder in your working directory called <tt>blo
 |doc/|In-depth documentation for your application.|
 |lib/|Extended modules for your application (not covered in this guide).|
 |log/|Application log files.|
-|public/|The only folder seen to the world as-is.  This is where your images, JavaScript files, stylesheets (CSS), and other static files go.|
+|public/|The only folder seen to the world as-is. This is where your images, JavaScript files, stylesheets (CSS), and other static files go.|
 |script/|Contains the rails script that starts your app and can contain other scripts you use to deploy or run your application.|
 |test/|Unit tests, fixtures, and other test apparatus. These are covered in "Testing Rails Applications":testing.html|
 |tmp/|Temporary files|
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ This will fire up an instance of the WEBrick web server by default (Rails can al
 
 TIP: To stop the web server, hit Ctrl+C in the terminal window where it's running. In development mode, Rails does not generally require you to stop the server; changes you make in files will be automatically picked up by the server.
 
-The "Welcome Aboard" page is the _smoke test_ for a new Rails application: it makes sure that you have your software configured correctly enough to serve a page.  You can also click on the _About your application’s environment_ link to see a summary of your Application's environment.
+The "Welcome Aboard" page is the _smoke test_ for a new Rails application: it makes sure that you have your software configured correctly enough to serve a page. You can also click on the _About your application’s environment_ link to see a summary of your Application's environment.
 
 h4. Say "Hello", Rails
 
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ Rails will create several files for you, including +app/views/home/index.html.er
 
 h4. Setting the Application Home Page
 
-Now that we have made the controller and view, we need to tell Rails when we want "Hello Rails" to show up.  In our case, we want it to show up when we navigate to the root URL of our site, "http://localhost:3000":http://localhost:3000, instead of the "Welcome Aboard" smoke test.
+Now that we have made the controller and view, we need to tell Rails when we want "Hello Rails" to show up. In our case, we want it to show up when we navigate to the root URL of our site, "http://localhost:3000":http://localhost:3000, instead of the "Welcome Aboard" smoke test.
 
 The first step to doing this is to delete the default page from your application:
 
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration
 end
 </ruby>
 
-The above migration creates two methods, +up+, called when you run this migration into the database, and +down+ in case you need to reverse the changes made by this migration at a later date.  The +up+ command in this case creates a +posts+ table with two string columns and a text column.  It also creates two timestamp fields to track record creation and updating.  More information about Rails migrations can be found in the "Rails Database Migrations":migrations.html guide.
+The above migration creates two methods, +up+, called when you run this migration into the database, and +down+ in case you need to reverse the changes made by this migration at a later date. The +up+ command in this case creates a +posts+ table with two string columns and a text column.  It also creates two timestamp fields to track record creation and updating. More information about Rails migrations can be found in the "Rails Database Migrations":migrations.html guide.
 
 At this point, you can use a rake command to run the migration:
 
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ This view iterates over the contents of the +@posts+ array to display content an
 * +link_to+ builds a hyperlink to a particular destination
 * +edit_post_path+ and +new_post_path+ are helpers that Rails provides as part of RESTful routing. You'll see a variety of these helpers for the different actions that the controller includes.
 
-NOTE. In previous versions of Rails, you had to use +&lt;%=h post.name %&gt;+ so that any HTML would be escaped before being inserted into the page.  In Rails 3.0, this is now the default.  To get unescaped HTML, you now use +&lt;%= raw post.name %&gt;+.
+NOTE. In previous versions of Rails, you had to use +&lt;%=h post.name %&gt;+ so that any HTML would be escaped before being inserted into the page.  In Rails 3.0, this is now the default. To get unescaped HTML, you now use +&lt;%= raw post.name %&gt;+.
 
 TIP: For more details on the rendering process, see "Layouts and Rendering in Rails":layouts_and_rendering.html.
 
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ The +new.html.erb+ view displays this empty Post to the user:
 <%= link_to 'Back', posts_path %>
 </erb>
 
-The +&lt;%= render 'form' %&gt;+ line is our first introduction to _partials_ in Rails.  A partial is a snippet of HTML and Ruby code that can be reused in multiple locations.  In this case, the form used to make a new post, is basically identical to a form used to edit a post, both have text fields for the name and title and a text area for the content with a button to make a new post or update the existing post.
+The +&lt;%= render 'form' %&gt;+ line is our first introduction to _partials_ in Rails. A partial is a snippet of HTML and Ruby code that can be reused in multiple locations. In this case, the form used to make a new post, is basically identical to a form used to edit a post, both have text fields for the name and title and a text area for the content with a button to make a new post or update the existing post.
 
 If you take a look at +views/posts/_form.html.erb+ file, you will see the following:
 
@@ -873,7 +873,7 @@ TIP: For more information on Active Record associations, see the "Active Record
 
 h4. Adding a Route for Comments
 
-As with the +home+ controller, we will need to add a route so that Rails knows where we would like to navigate to see +comments+.  Open up the +config/routes.rb+ file again, you will see an entry that was added automatically for +posts+ near the top by the scaffold generator, +resources :posts+, edit it as follows:
+As with the +home+ controller, we will need to add a route so that Rails knows where we would like to navigate to see +comments+. Open up the +config/routes.rb+ file again, you will see an entry that was added automatically for +posts+ near the top by the scaffold generator, +resources :posts+, edit it as follows:
 
 <ruby>
 resources :posts do
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ This creates four files and one empty directory:
 * +test/unit/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb+ - The unit tests for the helper
 * +app/views/comments/+ - Views of the controller are stored here
 
-Like with any blog, our readers will create their comments directly after reading the post, and once they have added their comment, will be sent back to the post show page to see their comment now listed.  Due to this, our +CommentsController+ is there to provide a method to create comments and delete SPAM comments when they arrive.
+Like with any blog, our readers will create their comments directly after reading the post, and once they have added their comment, will be sent back to the post show page to see their comment now listed. Due to this, our +CommentsController+ is there to provide a method to create comments and delete SPAM comments when they arrive.
 
 So first, we'll wire up the Post show template (+/app/views/posts/show.html.erb+) to let us make a new comment:
 
@@ -1078,7 +1078,7 @@ Then in the +app/views/posts/show.html.erb+ you can change it to look like the f
 <%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %> |
 </erb>
 
-This will now render the partial in +app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb+ once for each comment that is in the +@post.comments+ collection.  As the +render+ method iterates over the <tt>@post.comments</tt> collection, it assigns each comment to a local variable named the same as the partial, in this case +comment+ which is then available in the partial for us to show.
+This will now render the partial in +app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb+ once for each comment that is in the +@post.comments+ collection. As the +render+ method iterates over the <tt>@post.comments</tt> collection, it assigns each comment to a local variable named the same as the partial, in this case +comment+ which is then available in the partial for us to show.
 
 h4. Rendering a Partial Form
 
@@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ The +@post+ object is available to any partials rendered in the view because we
 
 h3. Deleting Comments
 
-Another important feature on a blog is being able to delete SPAM comments.  To do this, we need to implement a link of some sort in the view and a +DELETE+ action in the +CommentsController+.
+Another important feature on a blog is being able to delete SPAM comments. To do this, we need to implement a link of some sort in the view and a +DELETE+ action in the +CommentsController+.
 
 So first, let's add the delete link in the +app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb+ partial:
 
@@ -1312,7 +1312,7 @@ Note that we have changed the +f+ in +form_for(@post) do |f|+ to +post_form+ to
 
 This example shows another option of the render helper, being able to pass in local variables, in this case, we want the local variable +form+ in the partial to refer to the +post_form+ object.
 
-We also add a <tt>@post.tags.build</tt> at the top of this form, this is to make sure there is a new tag ready to have it's name filled in by the user.  If you do not build the new tag, then the form will not appear as there is no new Tag object ready to create.
+We also add a <tt>@post.tags.build</tt> at the top of this form, this is to make sure there is a new tag ready to have it's name filled in by the user. If you do not build the new tag, then the form will not appear as there is no new Tag object ready to create.
 
 Now create the folder <tt>app/views/tags</tt> and make a file in there called <tt>_form.html.erb</tt> which contains the form for the tag:
 
@@ -1373,7 +1373,7 @@ However, that method call <tt>@post.tags.map { |t| t.name }.join(", ")</tt> is a
 
 h3. View Helpers
 
-View Helpers live in <tt>app/helpers</tt> and provide small snippets of reusable code for views.  In our case, we want a method that strings a bunch of objects together using their name attribute and joining them with a comma.  As this is for the Post show template, we put it in the PostsHelper.
+View Helpers live in <tt>app/helpers</tt> and provide small snippets of reusable code for views. In our case, we want a method that strings a bunch of objects together using their name attribute and joining them with a comma. As this is for the Post show template, we put it in the PostsHelper.
 
 Open up <tt>app/helpers/posts_helper.rb</tt> and add the following:
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/i18n.textile b/railties/guides/source/i18n.textile
index 3e7e396e8d..543fe85f70 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/i18n.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/i18n.textile
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ This means, that in the +:en+ locale, the key _hello_ will map to the _Hello wor
 
 The I18n library will use *English* as a *default locale*, i.e. if you don't set a different locale, +:en+ will be used for looking up translations.
 
-NOTE: The i18n library takes a *pragmatic approach* to locale keys (after "some discussion":http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n/browse_thread/thread/14dede2c7dbe9470/80eec34395f64f3c?hl=en), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like +:en+, +:pl+, not the _region_ part, like +:en-US+ or +:en-UK+, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such as +:cz+, +:th+ or +:es+ (for Czech, Thai and Spanish).  However, there are also regional differences within different language groups that may be important. For instance, in the +:en-US+ locale you would have $ as a currency symbol, while in +:en-UK+, you would have £. Nothing stops you from separating regional and other settings in this way: you just have to provide full "English - United Kingdom" locale in a +:en-UK+ dictionary. Various "Rails I18n plugins":http://rails-i18n.org/wiki such as "Globalize2":https://github.com/joshmh/globalize2/tree/master may help you implement it.
+NOTE: The i18n library takes a *pragmatic approach* to locale keys (after "some discussion":http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n/browse_thread/thread/14dede2c7dbe9470/80eec34395f64f3c?hl=en), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like +:en+, +:pl+, not the _region_ part, like +:en-US+ or +:en-UK+, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such as +:cz+, +:th+ or +:es+ (for Czech, Thai and Spanish). However, there are also regional differences within different language groups that may be important. For instance, in the +:en-US+ locale you would have $ as a currency symbol, while in +:en-UK+, you would have £. Nothing stops you from separating regional and other settings in this way: you just have to provide full "English - United Kingdom" locale in a +:en-UK+ dictionary. Various "Rails I18n plugins":http://rails-i18n.org/wiki such as "Globalize2":https://github.com/joshmh/globalize2/tree/master may help you implement it.
 
 The *translations load path* (+I18n.load_path+) is just a Ruby Array of paths to your translation files that will be loaded automatically and available in your application. You can pick whatever directory and translation file naming scheme makes sense for you.
 
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ Do check the "Rails i18n Wiki":http://rails-i18n.org/wiki for list of tools avai
 
 h3. Overview of the I18n API Features
 
-You should have good understanding of using the i18n library now, knowing all necessary aspects of internationalizing a basic Rails application.  In the following chapters, we'll cover it's features in more depth.
+You should have good understanding of using the i18n library now, knowing all necessary aspects of internationalizing a basic Rails application. In the following chapters, we'll cover it's features in more depth.
 
 Covered are features like these:
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/initialization.textile b/railties/guides/source/initialization.textile
index 013eca2a35..638830cd83 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/initialization.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/initialization.textile
@@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ The loading of this file finishes the loading of +active_model+ and so we go bac
 
 h4. Back to +activesupport/lib/action_dispatch.rb+
 
-The remainder of this file requires the +rack+ file from the Rack gem which defines the +Rack+ module. After +rack+, there's autoloads defined for the +Rack+,  +ActionDispatch+, +ActionDispatch::Http+, +ActionDispatch::Session+. A new method called +autoload_under+ is used here, and this simply prefixes the files where the modules are autoloaded from with the path specified. For example here:
+The remainder of this file requires the +rack+ file from the Rack gem which defines the +Rack+ module. After +rack+, there's autoloads defined for the +Rack+, +ActionDispatch+, +ActionDispatch::Http+, +ActionDispatch::Session+. A new method called +autoload_under+ is used here, and this simply prefixes the files where the modules are autoloaded from with the path specified. For example here:
 
 <ruby>
   autoload_under 'testing' do
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.textile b/railties/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.textile
index 1548da0eb5..66e8aa67e8 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.textile
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ end
 
 Now, if the current user is a special user, they'll get a special layout when viewing a product. You can even use an inline method to determine the layout:
 
-You can also decide the layout by passing a Proc object, the block you give the Proc will be given the +controller+ instance, so you can make decisions based on the current request.  For example:
+You can also decide the layout by passing a Proc object, the block you give the Proc will be given the +controller+ instance, so you can make decisions based on the current request. For example:
 
 <ruby>
 class ProductsController < ApplicationController
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ With this code, the browser will make a fresh request for the index page, the co
 
 The only downside to this code, is that it requires a round trip to the browser, the browser requested the show action with +/books/1+ and the controller finds that there are no books, so the controller sends out a 302 redirect response to the browser telling it to go to +/books/+, the browser complies and sends a new request back to the controller asking now for the +index+ action, the controller then gets all the books in the database and renders the index template, sending it back down to the browser which then shows it on your screen.
 
-While in a small app, this added latency might not be a problem, it is something to think about when speed of response is of the essence.  One way to handle this double request (though a contrived example) could be:
+While in a small app, this added latency might not be a problem, it is something to think about when speed of response is of the essence. One way to handle this double request (though a contrived example) could be:
 
 <ruby>
 def index
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ Produces
 <video src="/videos/movie.ogg" />
 </erb>
 
-Like an +image_tag+ you can supply a path, either absolute, or relative to the +public/videos+ directory.  Additionally you can specify the +:size => "#{width}x#{height}"+ option just like an +image_tag+.  Video tags can also have any of the HTML options specified at the end (+id+, +class+ et al).
+Like an +image_tag+ you can supply a path, either absolute, or relative to the +public/videos+ directory. Additionally you can specify the +:size => "#{width}x#{height}"+ option just like an +image_tag+. Video tags can also have any of the HTML options specified at the end (+id+, +class+ et al).
 
 The video tag also supports all of the +&lt;video&gt;+ HTML options through the HTML options hash, including:
 
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ You can also pass in arbitrary local variables to any partial you are rendering
 
 Would render a partial +_products.html.erb+ once for each instance of +product+ in the +@products+ instance variable passing the instance to the partial as a local variable called +item+ and to each partial, make the local variable +title+ available with the value +Products Page+.
 
-TIP: Rails also makes a counter variable available within a partial called by the collection, named after the member of the collection followed by +_counter+. For example, if you're rendering +@products+, within the partial you can refer to +product_counter+ to tell you how many times the partial has been rendered.  This does not work in conjunction with the +:as => :value+ option.
+TIP: Rails also makes a counter variable available within a partial called by the collection, named after the member of the collection followed by +_counter+. For example, if you're rendering +@products+, within the partial you can refer to +product_counter+ to tell you how many times the partial has been rendered. This does not work in conjunction with the +:as => :value+ option.
 
 You can also specify a second partial to be rendered between instances of the main partial by using the +:spacer_template+ option:
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/migrations.textile b/railties/guides/source/migrations.textile
index 57e6bcd123..bf5d4d3e4d 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/migrations.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/migrations.textile
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ change_table :products do |t|
   t.rename :upccode, :upc_code
 end
 </ruby>
-removes the +description+ and +name+ columns, creates a +part_number+ column and adds an index on it. Finally it renames the +upccode+ column.   This is the same as doing
+removes the +description+ and +name+ columns, creates a +part_number+ column and adds an index on it. Finally it renames the +upccode+ column. This is the same as doing
 
 <ruby>
 remove_column :products, :description
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ NOTE: The +references+ helper does not actually create foreign key constraints f
 
 If the helpers provided by Active Record aren't enough you can use the +execute+ function to execute arbitrary SQL.
 
-For more details and examples of individual methods check the API documentation, in particular the documentation for "<tt>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements</tt>":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html (which provides the methods available in the +up+ and +down+ methods),  "<tt>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition</tt>":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/TableDefinition.html (which provides the methods available on the object yielded by +create_table+) and "<tt>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table</tt>":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/Table.html (which provides the methods available on the object yielded by +change_table+).
+For more details and examples of individual methods check the API documentation, in particular the documentation for "<tt>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements</tt>":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html (which provides the methods available in the +up+ and +down+ methods), "<tt>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition</tt>":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/TableDefinition.html (which provides the methods available on the object yielded by +create_table+) and "<tt>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table</tt>":http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/Table.html (which provides the methods available on the object yielded by +change_table+).
 
 h4. Writing Your +down+ Method
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/plugins.textile b/railties/guides/source/plugins.textile
index 31158d8742..d486e8ade3 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/plugins.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/plugins.textile
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ h3. Setup
 
 h4. Generating the Plugin Skeleton
 
-Rails currently ships with a generator to generate a plugin within a Rails application.  Help text is available that will explain
+Rails currently ships with a generator to generate a plugin within a Rails application. Help text is available that will explain
 how this generator works.
 
 <shell>
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ packaging plugins as gems, especially with the inclusion of Bundler as the Rails
 Packaging a plugin as a gem may be overkill for any plugins that will not be shared across projects but doing so from the start makes it easier to share the plugin going forward without adding too much additional overhead during development.
 
 Rails 3.1 will ship with a plugin generator that will default to setting up a plugin
-as a gem.  This tutorial will begin to bridge that gap by demonstrating how to create a gem based plugin using the
+as a gem. This tutorial will begin to bridge that gap by demonstrating how to create a gem based plugin using the
 "Enginex gem":http://www.github.com/josevalim/enginex.
 
 <shell>
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ h3. Extending Core Classes
 
 This section will explain how to add a method to String that will be available anywhere in your rails application.
 
-In this example you will add a method to String named +to_squawk+.  To begin, create a new test file with a few assertions:
+In this example you will add a method to String named +to_squawk+. To begin, create a new test file with a few assertions:
 
 <ruby>
 # yaffle/test/core_ext_test.rb
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class CoreExtTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
 end
 </ruby>
 
-Run +rake+ to run the test.  This test should fail because we haven't implemented the +to_squak+ method:
+Run +rake+ to run the test. This test should fail because we haven't implemented the +to_squak+ method:
 
 <shell>
 	  1) Error:
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ $ rails console
 
 h3. Add an "acts_as" Method to Active Record
 
-A common pattern in plugins is to add a method called 'acts_as_something' to models.  In this case, you
+A common pattern in plugins is to add a method called 'acts_as_something' to models. In this case, you
 want to write a method called 'acts_as_yaffle' that adds a 'squawk' method to your Active Record models.
 
 To begin, set up your files so that you have:
@@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ end
 
 h4. Add a Class Method
 
-This plugin will expect that you've added a method to your model named 'last_squawk'.  However, the
+This plugin will expect that you've added a method to your model named 'last_squawk'. However, the
 plugin users might have already defined a method on their model named 'last_squawk' that they use
-for something else.  This plugin will allow the name to be changed by adding a class method called 'yaffle_text_field'.
+for something else. This plugin will allow the name to be changed by adding a class method called 'yaffle_text_field'.
 
 To start out, write a failing test that shows the behavior you'd like:
 
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ $ rails generate model Wickwall last_squak:string last_tweet:string
 </shell>
 
 Now you can create the necessary database tables in your testing database by navigating to your dummy app
-and migrating the database.  First
+and migrating the database. First
 
 <shell>
 $ cd test/dummy
@@ -388,17 +388,17 @@ Run +rake+ one final time and you should see:
 </shell>
 
 NOTE: The use of +write_attribute+ to write to the field in model is just one example of how a plugin can
-interact with the model, and will not always be the right method to use.  For example, you could also
+interact with the model, and will not always be the right method to use. For example, you could also
 use +send("#{self.class.yaffle_text_field}=", string.to_squawk)+.
 
 h3. Generators
 
-Generators can be included in your gem simply by creating them in a lib/generators directory of your plugin.  More information about
+Generators can be included in your gem simply by creating them in a lib/generators directory of your plugin. More information about
 the creation of generators can be found in the "Generators Guide":generators.html
 
 h3. Publishing your Gem
 
-Gem plugins in progress can be easily be shared from any Git repository.  To share the Yaffle gem with others, simply
+Gem plugins in progress can be easily be shared from any Git repository. To share the Yaffle gem with others, simply
 commit the code to a Git repository (like Github) and add a line to the Gemfile of the any application:
 
 <ruby>
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ For more information about publishing gems to RubyGems, see: "http://blog.thepet
 
 h3. Non-Gem Plugins
 
-Non-gem plugins are useful for functionality that won't be shared with another project.  Keeping your custom functionality in the
+Non-gem plugins are useful for functionality that won't be shared with another project. Keeping your custom functionality in the
 vendor/plugins directory un-clutters the rest of the application.
 
 Move the directory that you created for the gem based plugin into the vendor/plugins directory of a generated Rails application, create a vendor/plugins/yaffle/init.rb file that contains "require 'yaffle'" and everything will still work.
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ Move the directory that you created for the gem based plugin into the vendor/plu
 require 'yaffle'
 </ruby>
 
-You can test this by changing to the Rails application that you added the plugin to and starting a rails console.  Once in the
+You can test this by changing to the Rails application that you added the plugin to and starting a rails console. Once in the
 console we can check to see if the String has an instance method of to_squawk.
 <shell>
 $ cd my_app
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ You can also remove the .gemspec, Gemfile and Gemfile.lock files as they will no
 
 h3. RDoc Documentation
 
-Once your plugin is stable and you are ready to deploy do everyone else a favor and document it!  Luckily, writing documentation for your plugin is easy.
+Once your plugin is stable and you are ready to deploy do everyone else a favor and document it! Luckily, writing documentation for your plugin is easy.
 
 The first step is to update the README file with detailed information about how to use your plugin. A few key things to include are:
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/routing.textile b/railties/guides/source/routing.textile
index 58b75b9a1d..95b877aecf 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/routing.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/routing.textile
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ resources :photos do
 end
 </ruby>
 
-This will recognize +/photos/1/preview+ with GET, and route to the +preview+ action of  +PhotosController+. It will also create the +preview_photo_url+ and +preview_photo_path+ helpers.
+This will recognize +/photos/1/preview+ with GET, and route to the +preview+ action of +PhotosController+. It will also create the +preview_photo_url+ and +preview_photo_path+ helpers.
 
 Within the block of member routes, each route name specifies the HTTP verb that it will recognize. You can use +get+, +put+, +post+, or +delete+ here. If you don't have multiple +member+ routes, you can also pass +:on+ to a route, eliminating the block:
 
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ You do not need to explicitly use the +:controller+ and +:action+ symbols within
 match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show'
 </ruby>
 
-With this route, Rails will match an incoming path of +/photos/12+ to the +show+ action of  +PhotosController+.
+With this route, Rails will match an incoming path of +/photos/12+ to the +show+ action of +PhotosController+.
 
 You can also define other defaults in a route by supplying a hash for the +:defaults+ option. This even applies to parameters that you do not specify as dynamic segments. For example:
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/security.textile b/railties/guides/source/security.textile
index 893f65856c..2bd7ddf428 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/security.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/security.textile
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ reset_session
 
 If you use the popular RestfulAuthentication plugin for user management, add reset_session to the SessionsController#create action. Note that this removes any value from the session, _(highlight)you have to transfer them to the new session_.
 
-Another countermeasure is to _(highlight)save user-specific properties in the session_, verify them every time a request comes in, and deny access, if the information does not match. Such properties could be the remote IP address or the user agent (the web browser name), though the latter is less user-specific. When saving the IP address, you have to bear in mind that there are Internet service providers or large organizations that put their users behind proxies. _(highlight)These might change over the course of a session_, so these users  will not be able to use your application, or only in a limited way.
+Another countermeasure is to _(highlight)save user-specific properties in the session_, verify them every time a request comes in, and deny access, if the information does not match. Such properties could be the remote IP address or the user agent (the web browser name), though the latter is less user-specific. When saving the IP address, you have to bear in mind that there are Internet service providers or large organizations that put their users behind proxies. _(highlight)These might change over the course of a session_, so these users will not be able to use your application, or only in a limited way.
 
 h4. Session Expiry
 
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ Or the attacker places the code into the onmouseover event handler of an image:
 <img src="http://www.harmless.com/img" width="400" height="400" onmouseover="..." />
 </html>
 
-There are many other possibilities, including Ajax to attack the victim in the background. The  _(highlight)solution to this is including a security token in non-GET requests_ which check on the server-side. In Rails 2 or higher, this is a one-liner in the application controller:
+There are many other possibilities, including Ajax to attack the victim in the background. The _(highlight)solution to this is including a security token in non-GET requests_ which check on the server-side. In Rails 2 or higher, this is a one-liner in the application controller:
 
 <ruby>
 protect_from_forgery :secret => "123456789012345678901234567890..."
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ params[:user] # => {:name => “ow3ned”, :admin => true}
 
 So if you create a new user using mass-assignment, it may be too easy to become an administrator.
 
-Note that this vulnerability is not restricted to database columns.  Any setter method, unless explicitly protected, is accessible via the <tt>attributes=</tt> method.  In fact, this vulnerability is extended even further with the introduction of nested mass assignment (and nested object forms) in Rails 2.3.  The +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ declaration provides us the ability to extend mass assignment to model associations (+has_many+, +has_one+, +has_and_belongs_to_many+).  For example:
+Note that this vulnerability is not restricted to database columns.  Any setter method, unless explicitly protected, is accessible via the <tt>attributes=</tt> method. In fact, this vulnerability is extended even further with the introduction of nested mass assignment (and nested object forms) in Rails 2.3. The +accepts_nested_attributes_for+ declaration provides us the ability to extend mass assignment to model associations (+has_many+, +has_one+, +has_and_belongs_to_many+). For example:
 
 <ruby>
   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -434,13 +434,13 @@ params[:user] # => {:name => "ow3ned", :admin => true}
 @user.admin # => true
 </ruby>
 
-A more paranoid technique to protect your whole project would be to enforce that all models whitelist their accessible attributes.  This can be easily achieved with a very simple initializer:
+A more paranoid technique to protect your whole project would be to enforce that all models whitelist their accessible attributes. This can be easily achieved with a very simple initializer:
 
 <ruby>
 ActiveRecord::Base.send(:attr_accessible, nil)
 </ruby>
 
-This will create an empty whitelist of attributes available for mass assignment for all models in your app.  As such, your models will need to explicitly whitelist accessible parameters by using an +attr_accessible+ declaration.  This technique is best applied at the start of a new project.  However, for an existing project with a thorough set of functional tests, it should be straightforward and relatively quick to insert this initializer, run your tests, and expose each attribute (via +attr_accessible+) as dictated by your failing tests.
+This will create an empty whitelist of attributes available for mass assignment for all models in your app. As such, your models will need to explicitly whitelist accessible parameters by using an +attr_accessible+ declaration. This technique is best applied at the start of a new project. However, for an existing project with a thorough set of functional tests, it should be straightforward and relatively quick to insert this initializer, run your tests, and expose each attribute (via +attr_accessible+) as dictated by your failing tests.
 
 h3. User Management