117 files changed, 2811 insertions, 2440 deletions

diff --git a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG
index 6f4ba96844..785bf98c55 100644
--- a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG
+++ b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 *Rails 3.0 (pending)*
 
-* ActionMailer::Base :default_implicit_parts_order now is in the sequence of the order you want, no reversing of ordering takes place.  The default order now is text/plain, then text/enriched, then text/html and then any other part that is not one of these three.
+* The Mail::Message class has helped methods for all the field types that return 'common' defaults for the common use case, so to get the subject, mail.subject will give you a string, mail.date will give you a DateTime object, mail.from will give you an array of address specs (mikel@test.lindsaar.net) etc.  If you want to access the field object itself, call mail[:field_name] which will return the field object you want, which you can then chain, like mail[:from].formatted
 
-* Mail does not have "quoted_body", "quoted_subject" etc.  All of these are accessed via body.encoded, subject.encoded etc
+* Mail#content_type now returns the content_type field as a string. If you want the mime type of a mail, then you call Mail#mime_type (eg, text/plain), if you want the parameters of the content type field, you call Mail#content_type_parameters which gives you a hash, eg {'format' => 'flowed', 'charset' => 'utf-8'}
 
-* Every part of a Mail object returns an object, never a string.  So Mail.body returns a Mail::Body class object, need to call #encoded or #decoded to get the string you want.
+* ActionMailer::Base :default_implicit_parts_order now is in the sequence of the order you want, no reversing of ordering takes place.  The default order now is text/plain, then text/enriched, then text/html and then any other part that is not one of these three.
 
-* By default, a field will return the #decoded value when you send it :to_s and any object that is a container (like header, body etc) will return #encoded value when you send it :to_s
+* Mail does not have "quoted_body", "quoted_subject" etc.  All of these are accessed via body.encoded, subject.encoded etc
 
+* Every object in a Mail object returns an object, never a string.  So Mail.body returns a Mail::Body class object, need to call #encoded or #decoded to get the string you want.
 * Mail::Message#set_content_type does not exist, it is simply Mail::Message#content_type
 
 * Every mail message gets a unique message_id unless you specify one, had to change all the tests that check for equality with expected.encoded == actual.encoded to first replace their message_ids with control values
diff --git a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
index 201b56a739..8adea46d35 100644
--- a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
+++ b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.homepage = "http://www.rubyonrails.org"
 
   s.add_dependency('actionpack', '= 3.0.pre')
-  s.add_dependency('mail', '~> 1.4.3')
+  s.add_dependency('mail', '~> 1.5.0')
 
   s.files = Dir['CHANGELOG', 'README', 'MIT-LICENSE', 'lib/**/*']
   s.has_rdoc = true
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
index 0248e29cb7..c2ffa5a0e9 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
         logger.debug "\n#{mail.encoded}"
       end
 
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:deliver_mail, :mail => mail) do
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_mailer.deliver", :mail => mail) do
         begin
           self.delivery_method.perform_delivery(mail) if perform_deliveries
         rescue Exception => e # Net::SMTP errors or sendmail pipe errors
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/vendor/text-format-0.6.3/text/format.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/vendor/text-format-0.6.3/text/format.rb
index 2d20c7a6a1..81cc7906d8 100755
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/vendor/text-format-0.6.3/text/format.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/vendor/text-format-0.6.3/text/format.rb
@@ -1,1466 +1,1467 @@
-#--

-# Text::Format for Ruby

-# Version 0.63

-#

-# Copyright (c) 2002 - 2003 Austin Ziegler

-#

-# $Id: format.rb,v 1.1.1.1 2004/10/14 11:59:57 webster132 Exp $

-#

-# ==========================================================================

-# Revision History ::

-# YYYY.MM.DD  Change ID   Developer

-#             Description

-# --------------------------------------------------------------------------

-# 2002.10.18              Austin Ziegler

-#             Fixed a minor problem with tabs not being counted. Changed

-#             abbreviations from Hash to Array to better suit Ruby's

-#             capabilities. Fixed problems with the way that Array arguments

-#             are handled in calls to the major object types, excepting in

-#             Text::Format#expand and Text::Format#unexpand (these will

-#             probably need to be fixed).

-# 2002.10.30              Austin Ziegler

-#             Fixed the ordering of the <=> for binary tests. Fixed

-#             Text::Format#expand and Text::Format#unexpand to handle array

-#             arguments better.

-# 2003.01.24              Austin Ziegler

-#             Fixed a problem with Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL handling where a

-#             single word is larger than #columns. Removed Comparable

-#             capabilities (<=> doesn't make sense; == does). Added Symbol

-#             equivalents for the Hash initialization. Hash initialization has

-#             been modified so that values are set as follows (Symbols are

-#             highest priority; strings are middle; defaults are lowest):

-#                 @columns = arg[:columns] || arg['columns'] || @columns

-#             Added #hard_margins, #split_rules, #hyphenator, and #split_words.

-# 2003.02.07              Austin Ziegler

-#             Fixed the installer for proper case-sensitive handling.

-# 2003.03.28              Austin Ziegler

-#             Added the ability for a hyphenator to receive the formatter

-#             object. Fixed a bug for strings matching /\A\s*\Z/ failing

-#             entirely. Fixed a test case failing under 1.6.8. 

-# 2003.04.04              Austin Ziegler

-#             Handle the case of hyphenators returning nil for first/rest.

-# 2003.09.17          Austin Ziegler

-#             Fixed a problem where #paragraphs(" ") was raising

-#             NoMethodError.

-#

-# ==========================================================================

-#++

-

-module Text #:nodoc:

-   # Text::Format for Ruby is copyright 2002 - 2005 by Austin Ziegler. It

-   # is available under Ruby's licence, the Perl Artistic licence, or the

-   # GNU GPL version 2 (or at your option, any later version). As a

-   # special exception, for use with official Rails (provided by the

-   # rubyonrails.org development team) and any project created with

-   # official Rails, the following alternative MIT-style licence may be

-   # used:

-   #

-   # == Text::Format Licence for Rails and Rails Applications

-   # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person

-   # obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files

-   # (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,

-   # including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,

-   # publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,

-   # and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,

-   # subject to the following conditions:

-   #

-   # * The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or

-   #   promote products derived from this software without specific prior

-   #   written permission.

-   #

-   # The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be

-   # included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

-   #

-   # THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,

-   # EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF

-   # MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND

-   # NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS

-   # BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN

-   # ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN

-   # CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE

-   # SOFTWARE.  

-   class Format

-    VERSION = '0.63'

-

-      # Local abbreviations. More can be added with Text::Format.abbreviations

-    ABBREV = [ 'Mr', 'Mrs', 'Ms', 'Jr', 'Sr' ]

-

-      # Formatting values

-    LEFT_ALIGN  = 0

-    RIGHT_ALIGN = 1

-    RIGHT_FILL  = 2

-    JUSTIFY     = 3

-

-      # Word split modes (only applies when #hard_margins is true).

-    SPLIT_FIXED                     = 1

-    SPLIT_CONTINUATION              = 2

-    SPLIT_HYPHENATION               = 4

-    SPLIT_CONTINUATION_FIXED        = SPLIT_CONTINUATION | SPLIT_FIXED

-    SPLIT_HYPHENATION_FIXED         = SPLIT_HYPHENATION | SPLIT_FIXED

-    SPLIT_HYPHENATION_CONTINUATION  = SPLIT_HYPHENATION | SPLIT_CONTINUATION

-    SPLIT_ALL                       = SPLIT_HYPHENATION | SPLIT_CONTINUATION | SPLIT_FIXED

-

-      # Words forcibly split by Text::Format will be stored as split words.

-      # This class represents a word forcibly split.

-    class SplitWord

-        # The word that was split.

-      attr_reader :word

-        # The first part of the word that was split.

-      attr_reader :first

-        # The remainder of the word that was split.

-      attr_reader :rest

-

-      def initialize(word, first, rest) #:nodoc:

-        @word = word

-        @first = first

-        @rest = rest

-      end

-    end

-

-  private

-    LEQ_RE = /[.?!]['"]?$/

-

-    def brk_re(i) #:nodoc:

-      %r/((?:\S+\s+){#{i}})(.+)/

-    end

-

-    def posint(p) #:nodoc:

-      p.to_i.abs

-    end

-

-  public

-      # Compares two Text::Format objects. All settings of the objects are

-      # compared *except* #hyphenator. Generated results (e.g., #split_words)

-      # are not compared, either.

-    def ==(o)

-      (@text          ==  o.text)           &&

-      (@columns       ==  o.columns)        &&

-      (@left_margin   ==  o.left_margin)    &&

-      (@right_margin  ==  o.right_margin)   &&

-      (@hard_margins  ==  o.hard_margins)   &&

-      (@split_rules   ==  o.split_rules)    &&

-      (@first_indent  ==  o.first_indent)   &&

-      (@body_indent   ==  o.body_indent)    &&

-      (@tag_text      ==  o.tag_text)       &&

-      (@tabstop       ==  o.tabstop)        &&

-      (@format_style  ==  o.format_style)   &&

-      (@extra_space   ==  o.extra_space)    &&

-      (@tag_paragraph ==  o.tag_paragraph)  &&

-      (@nobreak       ==  o.nobreak)        &&

-      (@abbreviations ==  o.abbreviations)  &&

-      (@nobreak_regex ==  o.nobreak_regex)

-    end

-

-      # The text to be manipulated. Note that value is optional, but if the

-      # formatting functions are called without values, this text is what will

-      # be formatted.

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>[]</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  All methods

-    attr_accessor :text

-

-      # The total width of the format area. The margins, indentation, and text

-      # are formatted into this space.

-      #

-      #                             COLUMNS

-      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->

-      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>

-      #   left margin  indent  text is formatted into here  right margin

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>72</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>,

-      #                   <tt>#center</tt>

-    attr_reader :columns

-

-      # The total width of the format area. The margins, indentation, and text

-      # are formatted into this space. The value provided is silently

-      # converted to a positive integer.

-      #

-      #                             COLUMNS

-      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->

-      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>

-      #   left margin  indent  text is formatted into here  right margin

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>72</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>,

-      #                   <tt>#center</tt>

-    def columns=(c)

-      @columns = posint(c)

-    end

-

-      # The number of spaces used for the left margin.

-      #

-      #                             columns

-      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->

-      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>

-      #   LEFT MARGIN  indent  text is formatted into here  right margin

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>0</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>,

-      #                   <tt>#center</tt>

-    attr_reader :left_margin

-

-      # The number of spaces used for the left margin. The value provided is

-      # silently converted to a positive integer value.

-      #

-      #                             columns

-      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->

-      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>

-      #   LEFT MARGIN  indent  text is formatted into here  right margin

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>0</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>,

-      #                   <tt>#center</tt>

-    def left_margin=(left)

-      @left_margin = posint(left)

-    end

-

-      # The number of spaces used for the right margin.

-      #

-      #                             columns

-      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->

-      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>

-      #   left margin  indent  text is formatted into here  RIGHT MARGIN

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>0</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>,

-      #                   <tt>#center</tt>

-    attr_reader :right_margin

-

-      # The number of spaces used for the right margin. The value provided is

-      # silently converted to a positive integer value.

-      #

-      #                             columns

-      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->

-      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>

-      #   left margin  indent  text is formatted into here  RIGHT MARGIN

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>0</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>,

-      #                   <tt>#center</tt>

-    def right_margin=(r)

-      @right_margin = posint(r)

-    end

-

-      # The number of spaces to indent the first line of a paragraph.

-      #

-      #                             columns

-      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->

-      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>

-      #   left margin  INDENT  text is formatted into here  right margin

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>4</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    attr_reader :first_indent

-

-      # The number of spaces to indent the first line of a paragraph. The

-      # value provided is silently converted to a positive integer value.

-      #

-      #                             columns

-      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->

-      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>

-      #   left margin  INDENT  text is formatted into here  right margin

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>4</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    def first_indent=(f)

-      @first_indent = posint(f)

-    end

-

-      # The number of spaces to indent all lines after the first line of a

-      # paragraph.

-      #

-      #                             columns

-      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->

-      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>

-      #   left margin  INDENT  text is formatted into here  right margin

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>0</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-  attr_reader :body_indent

-

-      # The number of spaces to indent all lines after the first line of

-      # a paragraph. The value provided is silently converted to a

-      # positive integer value.

-      #

-      #                             columns

-      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->

-      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>

-      #   left margin  INDENT  text is formatted into here  right margin

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>0</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    def body_indent=(b)

-      @body_indent = posint(b)

-    end

-

-      # Normally, words larger than the format area will be placed on a line

-      # by themselves. Setting this to +true+ will force words larger than the

-      # format area to be split into one or more "words" each at most the size

-      # of the format area. The first line and the original word will be

-      # placed into <tt>#split_words</tt>. Note that this will cause the

-      # output to look *similar* to a #format_style of JUSTIFY. (Lines will be

-      # filled as much as possible.)

-      #

-      # *Default*::       +false+

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    attr_accessor :hard_margins

-

-      # An array of words split during formatting if #hard_margins is set to

-      # +true+.

-      #   #split_words << Text::Format::SplitWord.new(word, first, rest)

-    attr_reader :split_words

-

-      # The object responsible for hyphenating. It must respond to

-      # #hyphenate_to(word, size) or #hyphenate_to(word, size, formatter) and

-      # return an array of the word split into two parts; if there is a

-      # hyphenation mark to be applied, responsibility belongs to the

-      # hyphenator object. The size is the MAXIMUM size permitted, including

-      # any hyphenation marks. If the #hyphenate_to method has an arity of 3,

-      # the formatter will be provided to the method. This allows the

-      # hyphenator to make decisions about the hyphenation based on the

-      # formatting rules.

-      #

-      # *Default*::       +nil+

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    attr_reader :hyphenator

-

-      # The object responsible for hyphenating. It must respond to

-      # #hyphenate_to(word, size) and return an array of the word hyphenated

-      # into two parts. The size is the MAXIMUM size permitted, including any

-      # hyphenation marks.

-      #

-      # *Default*::       +nil+

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    def hyphenator=(h)

-      raise ArgumentError, "#{h.inspect} is not a valid hyphenator." unless h.respond_to?(:hyphenate_to)

-      arity = h.method(:hyphenate_to).arity

-      raise ArgumentError, "#{h.inspect} must have exactly two or three arguments." unless [2, 3].include?(arity)

-      @hyphenator = h

-      @hyphenator_arity = arity

-    end

-

-      # Specifies the split mode; used only when #hard_margins is set to

-      # +true+. Allowable values are:

-      # [+SPLIT_FIXED+]         The word will be split at the number of

-      #                         characters needed, with no marking at all.

-      #      repre

-      #      senta

-      #      ion

-      # [+SPLIT_CONTINUATION+]  The word will be split at the number of

-      #                         characters needed, with a C-style continuation

-      #                         character. If a word is the only item on a

-      #                         line and it cannot be split into an

-      #                         appropriate size, SPLIT_FIXED will be used.

-      #       repr\

-      #       esen\

-      #       tati\

-      #       on

-      # [+SPLIT_HYPHENATION+]   The word will be split according to the

-      #                         hyphenator specified in #hyphenator. If there

-      #                         is no #hyphenator specified, works like

-      #                         SPLIT_CONTINUATION. The example is using

-      #                         TeX::Hyphen. If a word is the only item on a

-      #                         line and it cannot be split into an

-      #                         appropriate size, SPLIT_CONTINUATION mode will

-      #                         be used.

-      #       rep-

-      #       re-

-      #       sen-

-      #       ta-

-      #       tion

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>Text::Format::SPLIT_FIXED</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    attr_reader :split_rules

-

-      # Specifies the split mode; used only when #hard_margins is set to

-      # +true+. Allowable values are:

-      # [+SPLIT_FIXED+]         The word will be split at the number of

-      #                         characters needed, with no marking at all.

-      #      repre

-      #      senta

-      #      ion

-      # [+SPLIT_CONTINUATION+]  The word will be split at the number of

-      #                         characters needed, with a C-style continuation

-      #                         character.

-      #       repr\

-      #       esen\

-      #       tati\

-      #       on

-      # [+SPLIT_HYPHENATION+]   The word will be split according to the

-      #                         hyphenator specified in #hyphenator. If there

-      #                         is no #hyphenator specified, works like

-      #                         SPLIT_CONTINUATION. The example is using

-      #                         TeX::Hyphen as the #hyphenator.

-      #       rep-

-      #       re-

-      #       sen-

-      #       ta-

-      #       tion

-      #

-      # These values can be bitwise ORed together (e.g., <tt>SPLIT_FIXED |

-      # SPLIT_CONTINUATION</tt>) to provide fallback split methods. In the

-      # example given, an attempt will be made to split the word using the

-      # rules of SPLIT_CONTINUATION; if there is not enough room, the word

-      # will be split with the rules of SPLIT_FIXED. These combinations are

-      # also available as the following values:

-      # * +SPLIT_CONTINUATION_FIXED+

-      # * +SPLIT_HYPHENATION_FIXED+

-      # * +SPLIT_HYPHENATION_CONTINUATION+

-      # * +SPLIT_ALL+

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>Text::Format::SPLIT_FIXED</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    def split_rules=(s)

-      raise ArgumentError, "Invalid value provided for split_rules." if ((s < SPLIT_FIXED) || (s > SPLIT_ALL))

-      @split_rules = s

-    end

-

-      # Indicates whether sentence terminators should be followed by a single

-      # space (+false+), or two spaces (+true+).

-      #

-      # *Default*::       +false+

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    attr_accessor :extra_space

-

-      # Defines the current abbreviations as an array. This is only used if

-      # extra_space is turned on.

-      #

-      # If one is abbreviating "President" as "Pres." (abbreviations =

-      # ["Pres"]), then the results of formatting will be as illustrated in

-      # the table below:

-      #

-      #       extra_space  |  include?        |  !include?

-      #         true       |  Pres. Lincoln   |  Pres.  Lincoln

-      #         false      |  Pres. Lincoln   |  Pres. Lincoln

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>{}</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    attr_accessor :abbreviations

-

-      # Indicates whether the formatting of paragraphs should be done with

-      # tagged paragraphs. Useful only with <tt>#tag_text</tt>.

-      #

-      # *Default*::       +false+

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    attr_accessor :tag_paragraph

-

-      # The array of text to be placed before each paragraph when

-      # <tt>#tag_paragraph</tt> is +true+. When <tt>#format()</tt> is called,

-      # only the first element of the array is used. When <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-      # is called, then each entry in the array will be used once, with

-      # corresponding paragraphs. If the tag elements are exhausted before the

-      # text is exhausted, then the remaining paragraphs will not be tagged.

-      # Regardless of indentation settings, a blank line will be inserted

-      # between all paragraphs when <tt>#tag_paragraph</tt> is +true+.

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>[]</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    attr_accessor :tag_text

-

-      # Indicates whether or not the non-breaking space feature should be

-      # used.

-      #

-      # *Default*::       +false+

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    attr_accessor :nobreak

-

-      # A hash which holds the regular expressions on which spaces should not

-      # be broken. The hash is set up such that the key is the first word and

-      # the value is the second word.

-      #

-      # For example, if +nobreak_regex+ contains the following hash:

-      #

-      #   { '^Mrs?\.$' => '\S+$', '^\S+$' => '^(?:S|J)r\.$'}

-      #

-      # Then "Mr. Jones", "Mrs. Jones", and "Jones Jr." would not be broken.

-      # If this simple matching algorithm indicates that there should not be a

-      # break at the current end of line, then a backtrack is done until there

-      # are two words on which line breaking is permitted. If two such words

-      # are not found, then the end of the line will be broken *regardless*.

-      # If there is a single word on the current line, then no backtrack is

-      # done and the word is stuck on the end.

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>{}</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    attr_accessor :nobreak_regex

-

-      # Indicates the number of spaces that a single tab represents.

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>8</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#expand</tt>, <tt>#unexpand</tt>,

-      #                   <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    attr_reader :tabstop

-

-      # Indicates the number of spaces that a single tab represents.

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>8</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#expand</tt>, <tt>#unexpand</tt>,

-      #                   <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    def tabstop=(t)

-      @tabstop = posint(t)

-    end

-

-      # Specifies the format style. Allowable values are:

-      # [+LEFT_ALIGN+]    Left justified, ragged right.

-      #      |A paragraph that is|

-      #      |left aligned.|

-      # [+RIGHT_ALIGN+]   Right justified, ragged left.

-      #      |A paragraph that is|

-      #      |     right aligned.|

-      # [+RIGHT_FILL+]    Left justified, right ragged, filled to width by

-      #                   spaces. (Essentially the same as +LEFT_ALIGN+ except

-      #                   that lines are padded on the right.)

-      #      |A paragraph that is|

-      #      |left aligned.      |

-      # [+JUSTIFY+]       Fully justified, words filled to width by spaces,

-      #                   except the last line.

-      #      |A paragraph  that|

-      #      |is     justified.|

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>Text::Format::LEFT_ALIGN</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    attr_reader :format_style

-

-      # Specifies the format style. Allowable values are:

-      # [+LEFT_ALIGN+]    Left justified, ragged right.

-      #      |A paragraph that is|

-      #      |left aligned.|

-      # [+RIGHT_ALIGN+]   Right justified, ragged left.

-      #      |A paragraph that is|

-      #      |     right aligned.|

-      # [+RIGHT_FILL+]    Left justified, right ragged, filled to width by

-      #                   spaces. (Essentially the same as +LEFT_ALIGN+ except

-      #                   that lines are padded on the right.)

-      #      |A paragraph that is|

-      #      |left aligned.      |

-      # [+JUSTIFY+]       Fully justified, words filled to width by spaces.

-      #      |A paragraph  that|

-      #      |is     justified.|

-      #

-      # *Default*::       <tt>Text::Format::LEFT_ALIGN</tt>

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    def format_style=(fs)

-      raise ArgumentError, "Invalid value provided for format_style." if ((fs < LEFT_ALIGN) || (fs > JUSTIFY))

-      @format_style = fs

-    end

-

-      # Indicates that the format style is left alignment.

-      #

-      # *Default*::       +true+

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    def left_align?

-      return @format_style == LEFT_ALIGN

-    end

-

-      # Indicates that the format style is right alignment.

-      #

-      # *Default*::       +false+

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    def right_align?

-      return @format_style == RIGHT_ALIGN

-    end

-

-      # Indicates that the format style is right fill.

-      #

-      # *Default*::       +false+

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    def right_fill?

-      return @format_style == RIGHT_FILL

-    end

-

-      # Indicates that the format style is full justification.

-      #

-      # *Default*::       +false+

-      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>

-    def justify?

-      return @format_style == JUSTIFY

-    end

-

-      # The default implementation of #hyphenate_to implements

-      # SPLIT_CONTINUATION.

-    def hyphenate_to(word, size)

-      [word[0 .. (size - 2)] + "\\", word[(size - 1) .. -1]]

-    end

-

-  private

-    def __do_split_word(word, size) #:nodoc:

-      [word[0 .. (size - 1)], word[size .. -1]]

-    end

-

-    def __format(to_wrap) #:nodoc:

-      words = to_wrap.split(/\s+/).compact

-      words.shift if words[0].nil? or words[0].empty?

-      to_wrap = []

-

-      abbrev = false

-      width = @columns - @first_indent - @left_margin - @right_margin

-      indent_str = ' ' * @first_indent

-      first_line = true

-      line = words.shift

-      abbrev = __is_abbrev(line) unless line.nil? || line.empty?

-

-      while w = words.shift

-        if (w.size + line.size < (width - 1)) ||

-           ((line !~ LEQ_RE || abbrev) && (w.size + line.size < width))

-          line << " " if (line =~ LEQ_RE) && (not abbrev)

-          line << " #{w}"

-        else

-          line, w = __do_break(line, w) if @nobreak

-          line, w = __do_hyphenate(line, w, width) if @hard_margins

-          if w.index(/\s+/)

-            w, *w2 = w.split(/\s+/)

-            words.unshift(w2)

-            words.flatten!

-          end

-          to_wrap << __make_line(line, indent_str, width, w.nil?) unless line.nil?

-          if first_line

-            first_line = false

-            width = @columns - @body_indent - @left_margin - @right_margin

-            indent_str = ' ' * @body_indent

-          end

-          line = w

-        end

-

-        abbrev = __is_abbrev(w) unless w.nil?

-      end

-

-      loop do

-        break if line.nil? or line.empty?

-        line, w = __do_hyphenate(line, w, width) if @hard_margins

-        to_wrap << __make_line(line, indent_str, width, w.nil?)

-        line = w

-      end

-

-      if (@tag_paragraph && (to_wrap.size > 0)) then

-        clr = %r{`(\w+)'}.match([caller(1)].flatten[0])[1]

-        clr = "" if clr.nil?

-

-        if ((not @tag_text[0].nil?) && (@tag_cur.size < 1) &&

-            (clr != "__paragraphs")) then

-          @tag_cur = @tag_text[0]

-        end

-

-        fchar = /(\S)/.match(to_wrap[0])[1]

-        white = to_wrap[0].index(fchar)

-        if ((white - @left_margin - 1) > @tag_cur.size) then

-          white = @tag_cur.size + @left_margin

-          to_wrap[0].gsub!(/^ {#{white}}/, "#{' ' * @left_margin}#{@tag_cur}")

-        else

-          to_wrap.unshift("#{' ' * @left_margin}#{@tag_cur}\n")

-        end

-      end

-      to_wrap.join('')

-    end

-

-      # format lines in text into paragraphs with each element of @wrap a

-      # paragraph; uses Text::Format.format for the formatting

-    def __paragraphs(to_wrap) #:nodoc:

-      if ((@first_indent == @body_indent) || @tag_paragraph) then

-        p_end = "\n"

-      else

-        p_end = ''

-      end

-

-      cnt = 0

-      ret = []

-      to_wrap.each do |tw|

-        @tag_cur = @tag_text[cnt] if @tag_paragraph

-        @tag_cur = '' if @tag_cur.nil?

-        line = __format(tw)

-        ret << "#{line}#{p_end}" if (not line.nil?) && (line.size > 0)

-        cnt += 1

-      end

-

-      ret[-1].chomp! unless ret.empty?

-      ret.join('')

-    end

-

-      # center text using spaces on left side to pad it out empty lines

-      # are preserved

-    def __center(to_center) #:nodoc:

-      tabs = 0

-      width = @columns - @left_margin - @right_margin

-      centered = []

-      to_center.each do |tc|

-        s = tc.strip

-        tabs = s.count("\t")

-        tabs = 0 if tabs.nil?

-        ct = ((width - s.size - (tabs * @tabstop) + tabs) / 2)

-        ct = (width - @left_margin - @right_margin) - ct

-        centered << "#{s.rjust(ct)}\n"

-      end

-      centered.join('')

-    end

-

-      # expand tabs to spaces should be similar to Text::Tabs::expand

-    def __expand(to_expand) #:nodoc:

-      expanded = []

-      to_expand.split("\n").each { |te| expanded << te.gsub(/\t/, ' ' * @tabstop) }

-      expanded.join('')

-    end

-

-    def __unexpand(to_unexpand) #:nodoc:

-      unexpanded = []

-      to_unexpand.split("\n").each { |tu| unexpanded << tu.gsub(/ {#{@tabstop}}/, "\t") }

-      unexpanded.join('')

-    end

-

-    def __is_abbrev(word) #:nodoc:

-        # remove period if there is one.

-      w = word.gsub(/\.$/, '') unless word.nil?

-      return true if (!@extra_space || ABBREV.include?(w) || @abbreviations.include?(w))

-      false

-    end

-

-    def __make_line(line, indent, width, last = false) #:nodoc:

-      lmargin = " " * @left_margin

-      fill = " " * (width - line.size) if right_fill? && (line.size <= width)

-

-      if (justify? && ((not line.nil?) && (not line.empty?)) && line =~ /\S+\s+\S+/ && !last)

-        spaces = width - line.size

-        words = line.split(/(\s+)/)

-        ws = spaces / (words.size / 2)

-        spaces = spaces % (words.size / 2) if ws > 0

-        words.reverse.each do |rw|

-          next if (rw =~ /^\S/)

-          rw.sub!(/^/, " " * ws)

-          next unless (spaces > 0)

-          rw.sub!(/^/, " ")

-          spaces -= 1

-        end

-        line = words.join('')

-      end

-      line = "#{lmargin}#{indent}#{line}#{fill}\n" unless line.nil?

-      if right_align? && (not line.nil?)

-        line.sub(/^/, " " * (@columns - @right_margin - (line.size - 1)))

-      else

-        line

-      end

-    end

-

-    def __do_hyphenate(line, next_line, width) #:nodoc:

-      rline = line.dup rescue line

-      rnext = next_line.dup rescue next_line

-      loop do

-        if rline.size == width

-          break

-        elsif rline.size > width

-          words = rline.strip.split(/\s+/)

-          word = words[-1].dup

-          size = width - rline.size + word.size

-          if (size <= 0)

-            words[-1] = nil

-            rline = words.join(' ').strip

-            rnext = "#{word} #{rnext}".strip

-            next

-          end

-

-          first = rest = nil

-

-          if ((@split_rules & SPLIT_HYPHENATION) != 0)

-            if @hyphenator_arity == 2

-              first, rest = @hyphenator.hyphenate_to(word, size)

-            else

-              first, rest = @hyphenator.hyphenate_to(word, size, self)

-            end

-          end

-

-          if ((@split_rules & SPLIT_CONTINUATION) != 0) and first.nil?

-            first, rest = self.hyphenate_to(word, size)

-          end

-

-          if ((@split_rules & SPLIT_FIXED) != 0) and first.nil?

-            first.nil? or @split_rules == SPLIT_FIXED

-            first, rest = __do_split_word(word, size)

-          end

-

-          if first.nil?

-            words[-1] = nil

-            rest = word

-          else

-            words[-1] = first

-            @split_words << SplitWord.new(word, first, rest)

-          end

-          rline = words.join(' ').strip

-          rnext = "#{rest} #{rnext}".strip

-          break

-        else

-          break if rnext.nil? or rnext.empty? or rline.nil? or rline.empty?

-          words = rnext.split(/\s+/)

-          word = words.shift

-          size = width - rline.size - 1

-

-          if (size <= 0)

-            rnext = "#{word} #{words.join(' ')}".strip

-            break

-          end

-

-          first = rest = nil

-

-          if ((@split_rules & SPLIT_HYPHENATION) != 0)

-            if @hyphenator_arity == 2

-              first, rest = @hyphenator.hyphenate_to(word, size)

-            else

-              first, rest = @hyphenator.hyphenate_to(word, size, self)

-            end

-          end

-

-          first, rest = self.hyphenate_to(word, size) if ((@split_rules & SPLIT_CONTINUATION) != 0) and first.nil?

-

-          first, rest = __do_split_word(word, size) if ((@split_rules & SPLIT_FIXED) != 0) and first.nil?

-

-          if (rline.size + (first ? first.size : 0)) < width

-            @split_words << SplitWord.new(word, first, rest)

-            rline = "#{rline} #{first}".strip

-            rnext = "#{rest} #{words.join(' ')}".strip

-          end

-          break

-        end

-      end

-      [rline, rnext]

-    end

-

-    def __do_break(line, next_line) #:nodoc:

-      no_brk = false

-      words = []

-      words = line.split(/\s+/) unless line.nil?

-      last_word = words[-1]

-

-      @nobreak_regex.each { |k, v| no_brk = ((last_word =~ /#{k}/) and (next_line =~ /#{v}/)) }

-

-      if no_brk && words.size > 1

-        i = words.size

-        while i > 0

-          no_brk = false

-          @nobreak_regex.each { |k, v| no_brk = ((words[i + 1] =~ /#{k}/) && (words[i] =~ /#{v}/)) }

-          i -= 1

-          break if not no_brk

-        end

-        if i > 0

-          l = brk_re(i).match(line)

-          line.sub!(brk_re(i), l[1])

-          next_line = "#{l[2]} #{next_line}"

-          line.sub!(/\s+$/, '')

-        end

-      end

-      [line, next_line]

-    end

-

-    def __create(arg = nil, &block) #:nodoc:

-        # Format::Text.new(text-to-wrap)

-      @text = arg unless arg.nil?

-        # Defaults

-      @columns          = 72

-      @tabstop          = 8

-      @first_indent     = 4

-      @body_indent      = 0

-      @format_style     = LEFT_ALIGN

-      @left_margin      = 0

-      @right_margin     = 0

-      @extra_space      = false

-      @text             = Array.new if @text.nil?

-      @tag_paragraph    = false

-      @tag_text         = Array.new

-      @tag_cur          = ""

-      @abbreviations    = Array.new

-      @nobreak          = false

-      @nobreak_regex    = Hash.new

-      @split_words      = Array.new

-      @hard_margins     = false

-      @split_rules      = SPLIT_FIXED

-      @hyphenator       = self

-      @hyphenator_arity = self.method(:hyphenate_to).arity

-

-      instance_eval(&block) unless block.nil?

-    end

-

-  public

-      # Formats text into a nice paragraph format. The text is separated

-      # into words and then reassembled a word at a time using the settings

-      # of this Format object. If a word is larger than the number of

-      # columns available for formatting, then that word will appear on the

-      # line by itself.

-      #

-      # If +to_wrap+ is +nil+, then the value of <tt>#text</tt> will be

-      # worked on.

-    def format(to_wrap = nil)

-      to_wrap = @text if to_wrap.nil?

-      if to_wrap.class == Array

-        __format(to_wrap[0])

-      else

-        __format(to_wrap)

-      end

-    end

-

-      # Considers each element of text (provided or internal) as a paragraph.

-      # If <tt>#first_indent</tt> is the same as <tt>#body_indent</tt>, then

-      # paragraphs will be separated by a single empty line in the result;

-      # otherwise, the paragraphs will follow immediately after each other.

-      # Uses <tt>#format</tt> to do the heavy lifting.

-    def paragraphs(to_wrap = nil)

-      to_wrap = @text if to_wrap.nil?

-      __paragraphs([to_wrap].flatten)

-    end

-

-      # Centers the text, preserving empty lines and tabs.

-    def center(to_center = nil)

-      to_center = @text if to_center.nil?

-      __center([to_center].flatten)

-    end

-

-      # Replaces all tab characters in the text with <tt>#tabstop</tt> spaces.

-    def expand(to_expand = nil)

-      to_expand = @text if to_expand.nil?

-      if to_expand.class == Array

-        to_expand.collect { |te| __expand(te) }

-      else

-        __expand(to_expand)

-      end

-    end

-

-      # Replaces all occurrences of <tt>#tabstop</tt> consecutive spaces

-      # with a tab character.

-    def unexpand(to_unexpand = nil)

-      to_unexpand = @text if to_unexpand.nil?

-      if to_unexpand.class == Array

-        to_unexpand.collect { |te| v << __unexpand(te) }

-      else

-        __unexpand(to_unexpand)

-      end

-    end

-

-      # This constructor takes advantage of a technique for Ruby object

-      # construction introduced by Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas (see reference),

-      # where optional values are set using commands in a block.

-      #

-      #   Text::Format.new {

-      #       columns         = 72

-      #       left_margin     = 0

-      #       right_margin    = 0

-      #       first_indent    = 4

-      #       body_indent     = 0

-      #       format_style    = Text::Format::LEFT_ALIGN

-      #       extra_space     = false

-      #       abbreviations   = {}

-      #       tag_paragraph   = false

-      #       tag_text        = []

-      #       nobreak         = false

-      #       nobreak_regex   = {}

-      #       tabstop         = 8

-      #       text            = nil

-      #   }

-      #

-      # As shown above, +arg+ is optional. If +arg+ is specified and is a

-      # +String+, then arg is used as the default value of <tt>#text</tt>.

-      # Alternately, an existing Text::Format object can be used or a Hash can

-      # be used. With all forms, a block can be specified.

-      #

-      # *Reference*:: "Object Construction and Blocks"

-      #               <http://www.pragmaticprogrammer.com/ruby/articles/insteval.html>

-      #

-    def initialize(arg = nil, &block)

-      case arg

-      when Text::Format

-        __create(arg.text) do

-          @columns        = arg.columns

-          @tabstop        = arg.tabstop

-          @first_indent   = arg.first_indent

-          @body_indent    = arg.body_indent

-          @format_style   = arg.format_style

-          @left_margin    = arg.left_margin

-          @right_margin   = arg.right_margin

-          @extra_space    = arg.extra_space

-          @tag_paragraph  = arg.tag_paragraph

-          @tag_text       = arg.tag_text

-          @abbreviations  = arg.abbreviations

-          @nobreak        = arg.nobreak

-          @nobreak_regex  = arg.nobreak_regex

-          @text           = arg.text

-          @hard_margins   = arg.hard_margins

-          @split_words    = arg.split_words

-          @split_rules    = arg.split_rules

-          @hyphenator     = arg.hyphenator

-        end

-        instance_eval(&block) unless block.nil?

-      when Hash

-        __create do

-          @columns       = arg[:columns]       || arg['columns']       || @columns

-          @tabstop       = arg[:tabstop]       || arg['tabstop']       || @tabstop

-          @first_indent  = arg[:first_indent]  || arg['first_indent']  || @first_indent

-          @body_indent   = arg[:body_indent]   || arg['body_indent']   || @body_indent

-          @format_style  = arg[:format_style]  || arg['format_style']  || @format_style

-          @left_margin   = arg[:left_margin]   || arg['left_margin']   || @left_margin

-          @right_margin  = arg[:right_margin]  || arg['right_margin']  || @right_margin

-          @extra_space   = arg[:extra_space]   || arg['extra_space']   || @extra_space

-          @text          = arg[:text]          || arg['text']          || @text

-          @tag_paragraph = arg[:tag_paragraph] || arg['tag_paragraph'] || @tag_paragraph

-          @tag_text      = arg[:tag_text]      || arg['tag_text']      || @tag_text

-          @abbreviations = arg[:abbreviations] || arg['abbreviations'] || @abbreviations

-          @nobreak       = arg[:nobreak]       || arg['nobreak']       || @nobreak

-          @nobreak_regex = arg[:nobreak_regex] || arg['nobreak_regex'] || @nobreak_regex

-          @hard_margins  = arg[:hard_margins]  || arg['hard_margins']  || @hard_margins

-          @split_rules   = arg[:split_rules] || arg['split_rules'] || @split_rules

-          @hyphenator    = arg[:hyphenator] || arg['hyphenator'] || @hyphenator

-        end

-        instance_eval(&block) unless block.nil?

-      when String

-        __create(arg, &block)

-      when NilClass

-        __create(&block)

-      else

-        raise TypeError

-      end

-    end

-  end

-end

-

-if __FILE__ == $0

-  require 'test/unit'

-

-  class TestText__Format < Test::Unit::TestCase #:nodoc:

-    attr_accessor :format_o

-

-    GETTYSBURG = <<-'EOS'

-    Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this

-    continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the

-    proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in

-    a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so

-    conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great

-    battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of

-    that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their

-    lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and

-    proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot

-    dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground.

-    The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated

-    it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will

-    little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never

-    forget what they did here. It is for us the living rather to be

-    dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here

-    have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here

-    dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these

-    honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which

-    they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly

-    resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this

-    nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that

-    government of the people, by the people, for the people shall

-    not perish from the earth.

-

-            -- Pres. Abraham Lincoln, 19 November 1863

-    EOS

-

-    FIVE_COL = "Four \nscore\nand s\neven \nyears\nago o\nur fa\nthers\nbroug\nht fo\nrth o\nn thi\ns con\ntinen\nt a n\new na\ntion,\nconce\nived \nin li\nberty\nand d\nedica\nted t\no the\npropo\nsitio\nn tha\nt all\nmen a\nre cr\neated\nequal\n. Now\nwe ar\ne eng\naged \nin a \ngreat\ncivil\nwar, \ntesti\nng wh\nether\nthat \nnatio\nn or \nany n\nation\nso co\nnceiv\ned an\nd so \ndedic\nated \ncan l\nong e\nndure\n. We \nare m\net on\na gre\nat ba\nttlef\nield \nof th\nat wa\nr. We\nhave \ncome \nto de\ndicat\ne a p\nortio\nn of \nthat \nfield\nas a \nfinal\nresti\nng-pl\nace f\nor th\nose w\nho he\nre ga\nve th\neir l\nives \nthat \nthat \nnatio\nn mig\nht li\nve. I\nt is \naltog\nether\nfitti\nng an\nd pro\nper t\nhat w\ne sho\nuld d\no thi\ns. Bu\nt in \na lar\nger s\nense,\nwe ca\nnnot \ndedic\nate, \nwe ca\nnnot \nconse\ncrate\n, we \ncanno\nt hal\nlow t\nhis g\nround\n. The\nbrave\nmen, \nlivin\ng and\ndead \nwho s\ntrugg\nled h\nere h\nave c\nonsec\nrated\nit fa\nr abo\nve ou\nr poo\nr pow\ner to\nadd o\nr det\nract.\nThe w\norld \nwill \nlittl\ne not\ne nor\nlong \nremem\nber w\nhat w\ne say\nhere,\nbut i\nt can\nnever\nforge\nt wha\nt the\ny did\nhere.\nIt is\nfor u\ns the\nlivin\ng rat\nher t\no be \ndedic\nated \nhere \nto th\ne unf\ninish\ned wo\nrk wh\nich t\nhey w\nho fo\nught \nhere \nhave \nthus \nfar s\no nob\nly ad\nvance\nd. It\nis ra\nther \nfor u\ns to \nbe he\nre de\ndicat\ned to\nthe g\nreat \ntask \nremai\nning \nbefor\ne us-\n-that\nfrom \nthese\nhonor\ned de\nad we\ntake \nincre\nased \ndevot\nion t\no tha\nt cau\nse fo\nr whi\nch th\ney ga\nve th\ne las\nt ful\nl mea\nsure \nof de\nvotio\nn--th\nat we\nhere \nhighl\ny res\nolve \nthat \nthese\ndead \nshall\nnot h\nave d\nied i\nn vai\nn, th\nat th\nis na\ntion \nunder\nGod s\nhall \nhave \na new\nbirth\nof fr\needom\n, and\nthat \ngover\nnment\nof th\ne peo\nple, \nby th\ne peo\nple, \nfor t\nhe pe\nople \nshall\nnot p\nerish\nfrom \nthe e\narth.\n-- Pr\nes. A\nbraha\nm Lin\ncoln,\n19 No\nvembe\nr 186\n3    \n"

-

-    FIVE_CNT = "Four \nscore\nand  \nseven\nyears\nago  \nour  \nfath\\\ners  \nbrou\\\nght  \nforth\non t\\\nhis  \ncont\\\ninent\na new\nnati\\\non,  \nconc\\\neived\nin l\\\niber\\\nty a\\\nnd d\\\nedic\\\nated \nto t\\\nhe p\\\nropo\\\nsiti\\\non t\\\nhat  \nall  \nmen  \nare  \ncrea\\\nted  \nequa\\\nl. N\\\now we\nare  \nenga\\\nged  \nin a \ngreat\ncivil\nwar, \ntest\\\ning  \nwhet\\\nher  \nthat \nnati\\\non or\nany  \nnati\\\non so\nconc\\\neived\nand  \nso d\\\nedic\\\nated \ncan  \nlong \nendu\\\nre.  \nWe a\\\nre m\\\net on\na gr\\\neat  \nbatt\\\nlefi\\\neld  \nof t\\\nhat  \nwar. \nWe h\\\nave  \ncome \nto d\\\nedic\\\nate a\nport\\\nion  \nof t\\\nhat  \nfield\nas a \nfinal\nrest\\\ning-\\\nplace\nfor  \nthose\nwho  \nhere \ngave \ntheir\nlives\nthat \nthat \nnati\\\non m\\\night \nlive.\nIt is\nalto\\\ngeth\\\ner f\\\nitti\\\nng a\\\nnd p\\\nroper\nthat \nwe s\\\nhould\ndo t\\\nhis. \nBut  \nin a \nlarg\\\ner s\\\nense,\nwe c\\\nannot\ndedi\\\ncate,\nwe c\\\nannot\ncons\\\necra\\\nte,  \nwe c\\\nannot\nhall\\\now t\\\nhis  \ngrou\\\nnd.  \nThe  \nbrave\nmen, \nlivi\\\nng a\\\nnd d\\\nead  \nwho  \nstru\\\nggled\nhere \nhave \ncons\\\necra\\\nted  \nit f\\\nar a\\\nbove \nour  \npoor \npower\nto a\\\ndd or\ndetr\\\nact. \nThe  \nworld\nwill \nlitt\\\nle n\\\note  \nnor  \nlong \nreme\\\nmber \nwhat \nwe s\\\nay h\\\nere, \nbut  \nit c\\\nan n\\\never \nforg\\\net w\\\nhat  \nthey \ndid  \nhere.\nIt is\nfor  \nus t\\\nhe l\\\niving\nrath\\\ner to\nbe d\\\nedic\\\nated \nhere \nto t\\\nhe u\\\nnfin\\\nished\nwork \nwhich\nthey \nwho  \nfoug\\\nht h\\\nere  \nhave \nthus \nfar  \nso n\\\nobly \nadva\\\nnced.\nIt is\nrath\\\ner f\\\nor us\nto be\nhere \ndedi\\\ncated\nto t\\\nhe g\\\nreat \ntask \nrema\\\nining\nbefo\\\nre u\\\ns--t\\\nhat  \nfrom \nthese\nhono\\\nred  \ndead \nwe t\\\nake  \nincr\\\neased\ndevo\\\ntion \nto t\\\nhat  \ncause\nfor  \nwhich\nthey \ngave \nthe  \nlast \nfull \nmeas\\\nure  \nof d\\\nevot\\\nion-\\\n-that\nwe h\\\nere  \nhigh\\\nly r\\\nesol\\\nve t\\\nhat  \nthese\ndead \nshall\nnot  \nhave \ndied \nin v\\\nain, \nthat \nthis \nnati\\\non u\\\nnder \nGod  \nshall\nhave \na new\nbirth\nof f\\\nreed\\\nom,  \nand  \nthat \ngove\\\nrnme\\\nnt of\nthe  \npeop\\\nle,  \nby t\\\nhe p\\\neopl\\\ne, f\\\nor t\\\nhe p\\\neople\nshall\nnot  \nperi\\\nsh f\\\nrom  \nthe  \neart\\\nh. --\nPres.\nAbra\\\nham  \nLinc\\\noln, \n19 N\\\novem\\\nber  \n1863 \n"

-

-      # Tests both abbreviations and abbreviations=

-    def test_abbreviations

-      abbr = ["    Pres. Abraham Lincoln\n", "    Pres.  Abraham Lincoln\n"]

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert_equal([], @format_o.abbreviations)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.abbreviations = [ 'foo', 'bar' ] }

-      assert_equal([ 'foo', 'bar' ], @format_o.abbreviations)

-      assert_equal(abbr[0], @format_o.format(abbr[0]))

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.extra_space = true }

-      assert_equal(abbr[1], @format_o.format(abbr[0]))

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.abbreviations = [ "Pres" ] }

-      assert_equal([ "Pres" ], @format_o.abbreviations)

-      assert_equal(abbr[0], @format_o.format(abbr[0]))

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.extra_space = false }

-      assert_equal(abbr[0], @format_o.format(abbr[0]))

-    end

-

-      # Tests both body_indent and body_indent=

-    def test_body_indent

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert_equal(0, @format_o.body_indent)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.body_indent = 7 }

-      assert_equal(7, @format_o.body_indent)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.body_indent = -3 }

-      assert_equal(3, @format_o.body_indent)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.body_indent = "9" }

-      assert_equal(9, @format_o.body_indent)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.body_indent = "-2" }

-      assert_equal(2, @format_o.body_indent)

-      assert_match(/^  [^ ]/, @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[1])

-    end

-

-      # Tests both columns and columns=

-    def test_columns

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert_equal(72, @format_o.columns)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.columns = 7 }

-      assert_equal(7, @format_o.columns)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.columns = -3 }

-      assert_equal(3, @format_o.columns)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.columns = "9" }

-      assert_equal(9, @format_o.columns)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.columns = "-2" }

-      assert_equal(2, @format_o.columns)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.columns = 40 }

-      assert_equal(40, @format_o.columns)

-      assert_match(/this continent$/,

-                   @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[1])

-    end

-

-      # Tests both extra_space and extra_space=

-    def test_extra_space

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert(!@format_o.extra_space)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.extra_space = true }

-      assert(@format_o.extra_space)

-        # The behaviour of extra_space is tested in test_abbreviations. There

-        # is no need to reproduce it here.

-    end

-

-      # Tests both first_indent and first_indent=

-    def test_first_indent

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert_equal(4, @format_o.first_indent)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.first_indent = 7 }

-      assert_equal(7, @format_o.first_indent)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.first_indent = -3 }

-      assert_equal(3, @format_o.first_indent)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.first_indent = "9" }

-      assert_equal(9, @format_o.first_indent)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.first_indent = "-2" }

-      assert_equal(2, @format_o.first_indent)

-      assert_match(/^  [^ ]/, @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[0])

-    end

-

-    def test_format_style

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert_equal(Text::Format::LEFT_ALIGN, @format_o.format_style)

-      assert_match(/^November 1863$/,

-                   @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[-1])

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_ALIGN

-      }

-      assert_equal(Text::Format::RIGHT_ALIGN, @format_o.format_style)

-      assert_match(/^ +November 1863$/,

-                   @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[-1])

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL

-      }

-      assert_equal(Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL, @format_o.format_style)

-      assert_match(/^November 1863 +$/,

-                   @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[-1])

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::JUSTIFY }

-      assert_equal(Text::Format::JUSTIFY, @format_o.format_style)

-      assert_match(/^of freedom, and that government of the people, by the  people,  for  the$/,

-                   @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[-3])

-      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @format_o.format_style = 33 }

-    end

-

-    def test_tag_paragraph

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert(!@format_o.tag_paragraph)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tag_paragraph = true }

-      assert(@format_o.tag_paragraph)

-      assert_not_equal(@format_o.paragraphs([GETTYSBURG, GETTYSBURG]),

-                       Text::Format.new.paragraphs([GETTYSBURG, GETTYSBURG]))

-    end

-

-    def test_tag_text

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert_equal([], @format_o.tag_text)

-      assert_equal(@format_o.format(GETTYSBURG),

-                   Text::Format.new.format(GETTYSBURG))

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.tag_paragraph = true

-        @format_o.tag_text = ["Gettysburg Address", "---"]

-      }

-      assert_not_equal(@format_o.format(GETTYSBURG),

-                       Text::Format.new.format(GETTYSBURG))

-      assert_not_equal(@format_o.paragraphs([GETTYSBURG, GETTYSBURG]),

-                       Text::Format.new.paragraphs([GETTYSBURG, GETTYSBURG]))

-      assert_not_equal(@format_o.paragraphs([GETTYSBURG, GETTYSBURG,

-                                             GETTYSBURG]),

-                       Text::Format.new.paragraphs([GETTYSBURG, GETTYSBURG,

-                                                    GETTYSBURG]))

-    end

-

-    def test_justify?

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert(!@format_o.justify?)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_ALIGN

-      }

-      assert(!@format_o.justify?)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL

-      }

-      assert(!@format_o.justify?)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::JUSTIFY

-      }

-      assert(@format_o.justify?)

-        # The format testing is done in test_format_style

-    end

-

-    def test_left_align?

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert(@format_o.left_align?)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_ALIGN

-      }

-      assert(!@format_o.left_align?)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL

-      }

-      assert(!@format_o.left_align?)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::JUSTIFY }

-      assert(!@format_o.left_align?)

-        # The format testing is done in test_format_style

-    end

-

-    def test_left_margin

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert_equal(0, @format_o.left_margin)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.left_margin = -3 }

-      assert_equal(3, @format_o.left_margin)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.left_margin = "9" }

-      assert_equal(9, @format_o.left_margin)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.left_margin = "-2" }

-      assert_equal(2, @format_o.left_margin)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.left_margin = 7 }

-      assert_equal(7, @format_o.left_margin)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        ft = @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")

-        assert_match(/^ {11}Four score/, ft[0])

-        assert_match(/^ {7}November/, ft[-1])

-      }

-    end

-

-    def test_hard_margins

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert(!@format_o.hard_margins)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.hard_margins = true

-        @format_o.columns = 5

-        @format_o.first_indent = 0

-        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL

-      }

-      assert(@format_o.hard_margins)

-      assert_equal(FIVE_COL, @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG))

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.split_rules |= Text::Format::SPLIT_CONTINUATION

-        assert_equal(Text::Format::SPLIT_CONTINUATION_FIXED,

-                     @format_o.split_rules)

-      }

-      assert_equal(FIVE_CNT, @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG))

-    end

-

-      # Tests both nobreak and nobreak_regex, since one is only useful

-      # with the other.

-    def test_nobreak

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert(!@format_o.nobreak)

-      assert(@format_o.nobreak_regex.empty?)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.nobreak = true

-        @format_o.nobreak_regex = { '^this$' => '^continent$' }

-        @format_o.columns = 77

-      }

-      assert(@format_o.nobreak)

-      assert_equal({ '^this$' => '^continent$' }, @format_o.nobreak_regex)

-      assert_match(/^this continent/,

-                   @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[1])

-    end

-

-    def test_right_align?

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert(!@format_o.right_align?)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_ALIGN

-      }

-      assert(@format_o.right_align?)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL

-      }

-      assert(!@format_o.right_align?)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::JUSTIFY }

-      assert(!@format_o.right_align?)

-        # The format testing is done in test_format_style

-    end

-

-    def test_right_fill?

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert(!@format_o.right_fill?)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_ALIGN

-      }

-      assert(!@format_o.right_fill?)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL

-      }

-      assert(@format_o.right_fill?)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::JUSTIFY

-      }

-      assert(!@format_o.right_fill?)

-        # The format testing is done in test_format_style

-    end

-

-    def test_right_margin

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert_equal(0, @format_o.right_margin)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.right_margin = -3 }

-      assert_equal(3, @format_o.right_margin)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.right_margin = "9" }

-      assert_equal(9, @format_o.right_margin)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.right_margin = "-2" }

-      assert_equal(2, @format_o.right_margin)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.right_margin = 7 }

-      assert_equal(7, @format_o.right_margin)

-      assert_nothing_raised {

-        ft = @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")

-        assert_match(/^ {4}Four score.*forth on$/, ft[0])

-        assert_match(/^November/, ft[-1])

-      }

-    end

-

-    def test_tabstop

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert_equal(8, @format_o.tabstop)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tabstop = 7 }

-      assert_equal(7, @format_o.tabstop)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tabstop = -3 }

-      assert_equal(3, @format_o.tabstop)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tabstop = "9" }

-      assert_equal(9, @format_o.tabstop)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tabstop = "-2" }

-      assert_equal(2, @format_o.tabstop)

-    end

-

-    def test_text

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert_equal([], @format_o.text)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.text = "Test Text" }

-      assert_equal("Test Text", @format_o.text)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.text = ["Line 1", "Line 2"] }

-      assert_equal(["Line 1", "Line 2"], @format_o.text)

-    end

-

-    def test_s_new

-          # new(NilClass) { block }

-      assert_nothing_raised do

-        @format_o = Text::Format.new {

-          self.text = "Test 1, 2, 3"

-        }

-      end

-      assert_equal("Test 1, 2, 3", @format_o.text)

-

-        # new(Hash Symbols)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new(:columns => 72) }

-      assert_equal(72, @format_o.columns)

-

-        # new(Hash String)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new('columns' => 72) }

-      assert_equal(72, @format_o.columns)

-

-        # new(Hash) { block }

-      assert_nothing_raised do

-        @format_o = Text::Format.new('columns' => 80) {

-          self.text = "Test 4, 5, 6"

-        }

-      end

-      assert_equal("Test 4, 5, 6", @format_o.text)

-      assert_equal(80, @format_o.columns)

-

-        # new(Text::Format)

-      assert_nothing_raised do

-        fo = Text::Format.new(@format_o)

-        assert(fo == @format_o)

-      end

-

-        # new(Text::Format) { block }

-      assert_nothing_raised do

-        fo = Text::Format.new(@format_o) { self.columns = 79 }

-        assert(fo != @format_o)

-      end

-

-          # new(String)

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new("Test A, B, C") }

-      assert_equal("Test A, B, C", @format_o.text)

-

-          # new(String) { block }

-      assert_nothing_raised do

-        @format_o = Text::Format.new("Test X, Y, Z") { self.columns = -5 }

-      end

-      assert_equal("Test X, Y, Z", @format_o.text)

-      assert_equal(5, @format_o.columns)

-    end

-

-    def test_center

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert_nothing_raised do

-        ct = @format_o.center(GETTYSBURG.split("\n")).split("\n")

-        assert_match(/^    Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this/, ct[0])

-        assert_match(/^                       not perish from the earth./, ct[-3])

-      end

-    end

-

-    def test_expand

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert_equal("          ", @format_o.expand("\t  "))

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tabstop = 4 }

-      assert_equal("      ", @format_o.expand("\t  "))

-    end

-

-    def test_unexpand

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }

-      assert_equal("\t  ", @format_o.unexpand("          "))

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tabstop = 4 }

-      assert_equal("\t  ", @format_o.unexpand("      "))

-    end

-

-    def test_space_only

-      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.format(" "))

-      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.format("\n"))

-      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.format("        "))

-      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.format("    \n"))

-      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs("\n"))

-      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs(" "))

-      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs("        "))

-      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs("    \n"))

-      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs(["\n"]))

-      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs([" "]))

-      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs(["        "]))

-      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs(["    \n"]))

-    end

-

-    def test_splendiferous

-      h = nil

-      test = "This is a splendiferous test"

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new(:columns => 6, :left_margin => 0, :indent => 0, :first_indent => 0) }

-      assert_match(/^splendiferous$/, @format_o.format(test))

-      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.hard_margins = true }

-      assert_match(/^lendif$/, @format_o.format(test))

-      assert_nothing_raised { h = Object.new }

-      assert_nothing_raised do

-        @format_o.split_rules = Text::Format::SPLIT_HYPHENATION

-        class << h #:nodoc:

-          def hyphenate_to(word, size)

-            return ["", word] if size < 2

-            [word[0 ... size], word[size .. -1]]

-          end

-        end

-        @format_o.hyphenator = h

-      end

-      assert_match(/^iferou$/, @format_o.format(test))

-      assert_nothing_raised { h = Object.new }

-      assert_nothing_raised do

-        class << h #:nodoc:

-          def hyphenate_to(word, size, formatter)

-            return ["", word] if word.size < formatter.columns

-            [word[0 ... size], word[size .. -1]]

-          end

-        end

-        @format_o.hyphenator = h

-      end

-      assert_match(/^ferous$/, @format_o.format(test))

-    end

-  end

-end

+#--
+# Text::Format for Ruby
+# Version 0.63
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2002 - 2003 Austin Ziegler
+#
+# $Id: format.rb,v 1.1.1.1 2004/10/14 11:59:57 webster132 Exp $
+#
+# ==========================================================================
+# Revision History ::
+# YYYY.MM.DD  Change ID   Developer
+#             Description
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 2002.10.18              Austin Ziegler
+#             Fixed a minor problem with tabs not being counted. Changed
+#             abbreviations from Hash to Array to better suit Ruby's
+#             capabilities. Fixed problems with the way that Array arguments
+#             are handled in calls to the major object types, excepting in
+#             Text::Format#expand and Text::Format#unexpand (these will
+#             probably need to be fixed).
+# 2002.10.30              Austin Ziegler
+#             Fixed the ordering of the <=> for binary tests. Fixed
+#             Text::Format#expand and Text::Format#unexpand to handle array
+#             arguments better.
+# 2003.01.24              Austin Ziegler
+#             Fixed a problem with Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL handling where a
+#             single word is larger than #columns. Removed Comparable
+#             capabilities (<=> doesn't make sense; == does). Added Symbol
+#             equivalents for the Hash initialization. Hash initialization has
+#             been modified so that values are set as follows (Symbols are
+#             highest priority; strings are middle; defaults are lowest):
+#                 @columns = arg[:columns] || arg['columns'] || @columns
+#             Added #hard_margins, #split_rules, #hyphenator, and #split_words.
+# 2003.02.07              Austin Ziegler
+#             Fixed the installer for proper case-sensitive handling.
+# 2003.03.28              Austin Ziegler
+#             Added the ability for a hyphenator to receive the formatter
+#             object. Fixed a bug for strings matching /\A\s*\Z/ failing
+#             entirely. Fixed a test case failing under 1.6.8.
+# 2003.04.04              Austin Ziegler
+#             Handle the case of hyphenators returning nil for first/rest.
+# 2003.09.17          Austin Ziegler
+#             Fixed a problem where #paragraphs(" ") was raising
+#             NoMethodError.
+#
+# ==========================================================================
+#++
+
+module Text #:nodoc:
+   # Text::Format for Ruby is copyright 2002 - 2005 by Austin Ziegler. It
+   # is available under Ruby's licence, the Perl Artistic licence, or the
+   # GNU GPL version 2 (or at your option, any later version). As a
+   # special exception, for use with official Rails (provided by the
+   # rubyonrails.org development team) and any project created with
+   # official Rails, the following alternative MIT-style licence may be
+   # used:
+   #
+   # == Text::Format Licence for Rails and Rails Applications
+   # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+   # obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+   # (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+   # including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+   # publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+   # and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+   # subject to the following conditions:
+   #
+   # * The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or
+   #   promote products derived from this software without specific prior
+   #   written permission.
+   #
+   # The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+   # included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+   #
+   # THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+   # EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+   # MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+   # NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
+   # BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
+   # ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+   # CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+   # SOFTWARE.
+   class Format
+    VERSION = '0.63'
+
+      # Local abbreviations. More can be added with Text::Format.abbreviations
+    ABBREV = [ 'Mr', 'Mrs', 'Ms', 'Jr', 'Sr' ]
+
+      # Formatting values
+    LEFT_ALIGN  = 0
+    RIGHT_ALIGN = 1
+    RIGHT_FILL  = 2
+    JUSTIFY     = 3
+
+      # Word split modes (only applies when #hard_margins is true).
+    SPLIT_FIXED                     = 1
+    SPLIT_CONTINUATION              = 2
+    SPLIT_HYPHENATION               = 4
+    SPLIT_CONTINUATION_FIXED        = SPLIT_CONTINUATION | SPLIT_FIXED
+    SPLIT_HYPHENATION_FIXED         = SPLIT_HYPHENATION | SPLIT_FIXED
+    SPLIT_HYPHENATION_CONTINUATION  = SPLIT_HYPHENATION | SPLIT_CONTINUATION
+    SPLIT_ALL                       = SPLIT_HYPHENATION | SPLIT_CONTINUATION | SPLIT_FIXED
+
+      # Words forcibly split by Text::Format will be stored as split words.
+      # This class represents a word forcibly split.
+    class SplitWord
+        # The word that was split.
+      attr_reader :word
+        # The first part of the word that was split.
+      attr_reader :first
+        # The remainder of the word that was split.
+      attr_reader :rest
+
+      def initialize(word, first, rest) #:nodoc:
+        @word = word
+        @first = first
+        @rest = rest
+      end
+    end
+
+  private
+    LEQ_RE = /[.?!]['"]?$/
+
+    def brk_re(i) #:nodoc:
+      %r/((?:\S+\s+){#{i}})(.+)/
+    end
+
+    def posint(p) #:nodoc:
+      p.to_i.abs
+    end
+
+  public
+      # Compares two Text::Format objects. All settings of the objects are
+      # compared *except* #hyphenator. Generated results (e.g., #split_words)
+      # are not compared, either.
+    def ==(o)
+      (@text          ==  o.text)           &&
+      (@columns       ==  o.columns)        &&
+      (@left_margin   ==  o.left_margin)    &&
+      (@right_margin  ==  o.right_margin)   &&
+      (@hard_margins  ==  o.hard_margins)   &&
+      (@split_rules   ==  o.split_rules)    &&
+      (@first_indent  ==  o.first_indent)   &&
+      (@body_indent   ==  o.body_indent)    &&
+      (@tag_text      ==  o.tag_text)       &&
+      (@tabstop       ==  o.tabstop)        &&
+      (@format_style  ==  o.format_style)   &&
+      (@extra_space   ==  o.extra_space)    &&
+      (@tag_paragraph ==  o.tag_paragraph)  &&
+      (@nobreak       ==  o.nobreak)        &&
+      (@abbreviations ==  o.abbreviations)  &&
+      (@nobreak_regex ==  o.nobreak_regex)
+    end
+
+      # The text to be manipulated. Note that value is optional, but if the
+      # formatting functions are called without values, this text is what will
+      # be formatted.
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>[]</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  All methods
+    attr_accessor :text
+
+      # The total width of the format area. The margins, indentation, and text
+      # are formatted into this space.
+      #
+      #                             COLUMNS
+      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->
+      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>
+      #   left margin  indent  text is formatted into here  right margin
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>72</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>,
+      #                   <tt>#center</tt>
+    attr_reader :columns
+
+      # The total width of the format area. The margins, indentation, and text
+      # are formatted into this space. The value provided is silently
+      # converted to a positive integer.
+      #
+      #                             COLUMNS
+      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->
+      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>
+      #   left margin  indent  text is formatted into here  right margin
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>72</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>,
+      #                   <tt>#center</tt>
+    def columns=(c)
+      @columns = posint(c)
+    end
+
+      # The number of spaces used for the left margin.
+      #
+      #                             columns
+      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->
+      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>
+      #   LEFT MARGIN  indent  text is formatted into here  right margin
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>0</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>,
+      #                   <tt>#center</tt>
+    attr_reader :left_margin
+
+      # The number of spaces used for the left margin. The value provided is
+      # silently converted to a positive integer value.
+      #
+      #                             columns
+      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->
+      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>
+      #   LEFT MARGIN  indent  text is formatted into here  right margin
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>0</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>,
+      #                   <tt>#center</tt>
+    def left_margin=(left)
+      @left_margin = posint(left)
+    end
+
+      # The number of spaces used for the right margin.
+      #
+      #                             columns
+      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->
+      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>
+      #   left margin  indent  text is formatted into here  RIGHT MARGIN
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>0</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>,
+      #                   <tt>#center</tt>
+    attr_reader :right_margin
+
+      # The number of spaces used for the right margin. The value provided is
+      # silently converted to a positive integer value.
+      #
+      #                             columns
+      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->
+      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>
+      #   left margin  indent  text is formatted into here  RIGHT MARGIN
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>0</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>,
+      #                   <tt>#center</tt>
+    def right_margin=(r)
+      @right_margin = posint(r)
+    end
+
+      # The number of spaces to indent the first line of a paragraph.
+      #
+      #                             columns
+      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->
+      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>
+      #   left margin  INDENT  text is formatted into here  right margin
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>4</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    attr_reader :first_indent
+
+      # The number of spaces to indent the first line of a paragraph. The
+      # value provided is silently converted to a positive integer value.
+      #
+      #                             columns
+      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->
+      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>
+      #   left margin  INDENT  text is formatted into here  right margin
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>4</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    def first_indent=(f)
+      @first_indent = posint(f)
+    end
+
+      # The number of spaces to indent all lines after the first line of a
+      # paragraph.
+      #
+      #                             columns
+      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->
+      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>
+      #   left margin  INDENT  text is formatted into here  right margin
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>0</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+  attr_reader :body_indent
+
+      # The number of spaces to indent all lines after the first line of
+      # a paragraph. The value provided is silently converted to a
+      # positive integer value.
+      #
+      #                             columns
+      #  <-------------------------------------------------------------->
+      #  <-----------><------><---------------------------><------------>
+      #   left margin  INDENT  text is formatted into here  right margin
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>0</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    def body_indent=(b)
+      @body_indent = posint(b)
+    end
+
+      # Normally, words larger than the format area will be placed on a line
+      # by themselves. Setting this to +true+ will force words larger than the
+      # format area to be split into one or more "words" each at most the size
+      # of the format area. The first line and the original word will be
+      # placed into <tt>#split_words</tt>. Note that this will cause the
+      # output to look *similar* to a #format_style of JUSTIFY. (Lines will be
+      # filled as much as possible.)
+      #
+      # *Default*::       +false+
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    attr_accessor :hard_margins
+
+      # An array of words split during formatting if #hard_margins is set to
+      # +true+.
+      #   #split_words << Text::Format::SplitWord.new(word, first, rest)
+    attr_reader :split_words
+
+      # The object responsible for hyphenating. It must respond to
+      # #hyphenate_to(word, size) or #hyphenate_to(word, size, formatter) and
+      # return an array of the word split into two parts; if there is a
+      # hyphenation mark to be applied, responsibility belongs to the
+      # hyphenator object. The size is the MAXIMUM size permitted, including
+      # any hyphenation marks. If the #hyphenate_to method has an arity of 3,
+      # the formatter will be provided to the method. This allows the
+      # hyphenator to make decisions about the hyphenation based on the
+      # formatting rules.
+      #
+      # *Default*::       +nil+
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    attr_reader :hyphenator
+
+      # The object responsible for hyphenating. It must respond to
+      # #hyphenate_to(word, size) and return an array of the word hyphenated
+      # into two parts. The size is the MAXIMUM size permitted, including any
+      # hyphenation marks.
+      #
+      # *Default*::       +nil+
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    def hyphenator=(h)
+      raise ArgumentError, "#{h.inspect} is not a valid hyphenator." unless h.respond_to?(:hyphenate_to)
+      arity = h.method(:hyphenate_to).arity
+      raise ArgumentError, "#{h.inspect} must have exactly two or three arguments." unless [2, 3].include?(arity)
+      @hyphenator = h
+      @hyphenator_arity = arity
+    end
+
+      # Specifies the split mode; used only when #hard_margins is set to
+      # +true+. Allowable values are:
+      # [+SPLIT_FIXED+]         The word will be split at the number of
+      #                         characters needed, with no marking at all.
+      #      repre
+      #      senta
+      #      ion
+      # [+SPLIT_CONTINUATION+]  The word will be split at the number of
+      #                         characters needed, with a C-style continuation
+      #                         character. If a word is the only item on a
+      #                         line and it cannot be split into an
+      #                         appropriate size, SPLIT_FIXED will be used.
+      #       repr\
+      #       esen\
+      #       tati\
+      #       on
+      # [+SPLIT_HYPHENATION+]   The word will be split according to the
+      #                         hyphenator specified in #hyphenator. If there
+      #                         is no #hyphenator specified, works like
+      #                         SPLIT_CONTINUATION. The example is using
+      #                         TeX::Hyphen. If a word is the only item on a
+      #                         line and it cannot be split into an
+      #                         appropriate size, SPLIT_CONTINUATION mode will
+      #                         be used.
+      #       rep-
+      #       re-
+      #       sen-
+      #       ta-
+      #       tion
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>Text::Format::SPLIT_FIXED</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    attr_reader :split_rules
+
+      # Specifies the split mode; used only when #hard_margins is set to
+      # +true+. Allowable values are:
+      # [+SPLIT_FIXED+]         The word will be split at the number of
+      #                         characters needed, with no marking at all.
+      #      repre
+      #      senta
+      #      ion
+      # [+SPLIT_CONTINUATION+]  The word will be split at the number of
+      #                         characters needed, with a C-style continuation
+      #                         character.
+      #       repr\
+      #       esen\
+      #       tati\
+      #       on
+      # [+SPLIT_HYPHENATION+]   The word will be split according to the
+      #                         hyphenator specified in #hyphenator. If there
+      #                         is no #hyphenator specified, works like
+      #                         SPLIT_CONTINUATION. The example is using
+      #                         TeX::Hyphen as the #hyphenator.
+      #       rep-
+      #       re-
+      #       sen-
+      #       ta-
+      #       tion
+      #
+      # These values can be bitwise ORed together (e.g., <tt>SPLIT_FIXED |
+      # SPLIT_CONTINUATION</tt>) to provide fallback split methods. In the
+      # example given, an attempt will be made to split the word using the
+      # rules of SPLIT_CONTINUATION; if there is not enough room, the word
+      # will be split with the rules of SPLIT_FIXED. These combinations are
+      # also available as the following values:
+      # * +SPLIT_CONTINUATION_FIXED+
+      # * +SPLIT_HYPHENATION_FIXED+
+      # * +SPLIT_HYPHENATION_CONTINUATION+
+      # * +SPLIT_ALL+
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>Text::Format::SPLIT_FIXED</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    def split_rules=(s)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Invalid value provided for split_rules." if ((s < SPLIT_FIXED) || (s > SPLIT_ALL))
+      @split_rules = s
+    end
+
+      # Indicates whether sentence terminators should be followed by a single
+      # space (+false+), or two spaces (+true+).
+      #
+      # *Default*::       +false+
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    attr_accessor :extra_space
+
+      # Defines the current abbreviations as an array. This is only used if
+      # extra_space is turned on.
+      #
+      # If one is abbreviating "President" as "Pres." (abbreviations =
+      # ["Pres"]), then the results of formatting will be as illustrated in
+      # the table below:
+      #
+      #       extra_space  |  include?        |  !include?
+      #         true       |  Pres. Lincoln   |  Pres.  Lincoln
+      #         false      |  Pres. Lincoln   |  Pres. Lincoln
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>{}</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    attr_accessor :abbreviations
+
+      # Indicates whether the formatting of paragraphs should be done with
+      # tagged paragraphs. Useful only with <tt>#tag_text</tt>.
+      #
+      # *Default*::       +false+
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    attr_accessor :tag_paragraph
+
+      # The array of text to be placed before each paragraph when
+      # <tt>#tag_paragraph</tt> is +true+. When <tt>#format()</tt> is called,
+      # only the first element of the array is used. When <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+      # is called, then each entry in the array will be used once, with
+      # corresponding paragraphs. If the tag elements are exhausted before the
+      # text is exhausted, then the remaining paragraphs will not be tagged.
+      # Regardless of indentation settings, a blank line will be inserted
+      # between all paragraphs when <tt>#tag_paragraph</tt> is +true+.
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>[]</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    attr_accessor :tag_text
+
+      # Indicates whether or not the non-breaking space feature should be
+      # used.
+      #
+      # *Default*::       +false+
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    attr_accessor :nobreak
+
+      # A hash which holds the regular expressions on which spaces should not
+      # be broken. The hash is set up such that the key is the first word and
+      # the value is the second word.
+      #
+      # For example, if +nobreak_regex+ contains the following hash:
+      #
+      #   { '^Mrs?\.$' => '\S+$', '^\S+$' => '^(?:S|J)r\.$'}
+      #
+      # Then "Mr. Jones", "Mrs. Jones", and "Jones Jr." would not be broken.
+      # If this simple matching algorithm indicates that there should not be a
+      # break at the current end of line, then a backtrack is done until there
+      # are two words on which line breaking is permitted. If two such words
+      # are not found, then the end of the line will be broken *regardless*.
+      # If there is a single word on the current line, then no backtrack is
+      # done and the word is stuck on the end.
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>{}</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    attr_accessor :nobreak_regex
+
+      # Indicates the number of spaces that a single tab represents.
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>8</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#expand</tt>, <tt>#unexpand</tt>,
+      #                   <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    attr_reader :tabstop
+
+      # Indicates the number of spaces that a single tab represents.
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>8</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#expand</tt>, <tt>#unexpand</tt>,
+      #                   <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    def tabstop=(t)
+      @tabstop = posint(t)
+    end
+
+      # Specifies the format style. Allowable values are:
+      # [+LEFT_ALIGN+]    Left justified, ragged right.
+      #      |A paragraph that is|
+      #      |left aligned.|
+      # [+RIGHT_ALIGN+]   Right justified, ragged left.
+      #      |A paragraph that is|
+      #      |     right aligned.|
+      # [+RIGHT_FILL+]    Left justified, right ragged, filled to width by
+      #                   spaces. (Essentially the same as +LEFT_ALIGN+ except
+      #                   that lines are padded on the right.)
+      #      |A paragraph that is|
+      #      |left aligned.      |
+      # [+JUSTIFY+]       Fully justified, words filled to width by spaces,
+      #                   except the last line.
+      #      |A paragraph  that|
+      #      |is     justified.|
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>Text::Format::LEFT_ALIGN</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    attr_reader :format_style
+
+      # Specifies the format style. Allowable values are:
+      # [+LEFT_ALIGN+]    Left justified, ragged right.
+      #      |A paragraph that is|
+      #      |left aligned.|
+      # [+RIGHT_ALIGN+]   Right justified, ragged left.
+      #      |A paragraph that is|
+      #      |     right aligned.|
+      # [+RIGHT_FILL+]    Left justified, right ragged, filled to width by
+      #                   spaces. (Essentially the same as +LEFT_ALIGN+ except
+      #                   that lines are padded on the right.)
+      #      |A paragraph that is|
+      #      |left aligned.      |
+      # [+JUSTIFY+]       Fully justified, words filled to width by spaces.
+      #      |A paragraph  that|
+      #      |is     justified.|
+      #
+      # *Default*::       <tt>Text::Format::LEFT_ALIGN</tt>
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    def format_style=(fs)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Invalid value provided for format_style." if ((fs < LEFT_ALIGN) || (fs > JUSTIFY))
+      @format_style = fs
+    end
+
+      # Indicates that the format style is left alignment.
+      #
+      # *Default*::       +true+
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    def left_align?
+      return @format_style == LEFT_ALIGN
+    end
+
+      # Indicates that the format style is right alignment.
+      #
+      # *Default*::       +false+
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    def right_align?
+      return @format_style == RIGHT_ALIGN
+    end
+
+      # Indicates that the format style is right fill.
+      #
+      # *Default*::       +false+
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    def right_fill?
+      return @format_style == RIGHT_FILL
+    end
+
+      # Indicates that the format style is full justification.
+      #
+      # *Default*::       +false+
+      # <b>Used in</b>::  <tt>#format</tt>, <tt>#paragraphs</tt>
+    def justify?
+      return @format_style == JUSTIFY
+    end
+
+      # The default implementation of #hyphenate_to implements
+      # SPLIT_CONTINUATION.
+    def hyphenate_to(word, size)
+      [word[0 .. (size - 2)] + "\\", word[(size - 1) .. -1]]
+    end
+
+  private
+    def __do_split_word(word, size) #:nodoc:
+      [word[0 .. (size - 1)], word[size .. -1]]
+    end
+
+    def __format(to_wrap) #:nodoc:
+      words = to_wrap.split(/\s+/).compact
+      words.shift if words[0].nil? or words[0].empty?
+      to_wrap = []
+
+      abbrev = false
+      width = @columns - @first_indent - @left_margin - @right_margin
+      indent_str = ' ' * @first_indent
+      first_line = true
+      line = words.shift
+      abbrev = __is_abbrev(line) unless line.nil? || line.empty?
+
+      while w = words.shift
+        if (w.size + line.size < (width - 1)) ||
+           ((line !~ LEQ_RE || abbrev) && (w.size + line.size < width))
+          line << " " if (line =~ LEQ_RE) && (not abbrev)
+          line << " #{w}"
+        else
+          line, w = __do_break(line, w) if @nobreak
+          line, w = __do_hyphenate(line, w, width) if @hard_margins
+          if w.index(/\s+/)
+            w, *w2 = w.split(/\s+/)
+            words.unshift(w2)
+            words.flatten!
+          end
+          to_wrap << __make_line(line, indent_str, width, w.nil?) unless line.nil?
+          if first_line
+            first_line = false
+            width = @columns - @body_indent - @left_margin - @right_margin
+            indent_str = ' ' * @body_indent
+          end
+          line = w
+        end
+
+        abbrev = __is_abbrev(w) unless w.nil?
+      end
+
+      loop do
+        break if line.nil? or line.empty?
+        line, w = __do_hyphenate(line, w, width) if @hard_margins
+        to_wrap << __make_line(line, indent_str, width, w.nil?)
+        line = w
+      end
+
+      if (@tag_paragraph && (to_wrap.size > 0)) then
+        clr = %r{`(\w+)'}.match([caller(1)].flatten[0])[1]
+        clr = "" if clr.nil?
+
+        if ((not @tag_text[0].nil?) && (@tag_cur.size < 1) &&
+            (clr != "__paragraphs")) then
+          @tag_cur = @tag_text[0]
+        end
+
+        fchar = /(\S)/.match(to_wrap[0])[1]
+        white = to_wrap[0].index(fchar)
+        if ((white - @left_margin - 1) > @tag_cur.size) then
+          white = @tag_cur.size + @left_margin
+          to_wrap[0].gsub!(/^ {#{white}}/, "#{' ' * @left_margin}#{@tag_cur}")
+        else
+          to_wrap.unshift("#{' ' * @left_margin}#{@tag_cur}\n")
+        end
+      end
+      to_wrap.join('')
+    end
+
+      # format lines in text into paragraphs with each element of @wrap a
+      # paragraph; uses Text::Format.format for the formatting
+    def __paragraphs(to_wrap) #:nodoc:
+      if ((@first_indent == @body_indent) || @tag_paragraph) then
+        p_end = "\n"
+      else
+        p_end = ''
+      end
+
+      cnt = 0
+      ret = []
+      to_wrap.each do |tw|
+        @tag_cur = @tag_text[cnt] if @tag_paragraph
+        @tag_cur = '' if @tag_cur.nil?
+        line = __format(tw)
+        ret << "#{line}#{p_end}" if (not line.nil?) && (line.size > 0)
+        cnt += 1
+      end
+
+      ret[-1].chomp! unless ret.empty?
+      ret.join('')
+    end
+
+      # center text using spaces on left side to pad it out empty lines
+      # are preserved
+    def __center(to_center) #:nodoc:
+      tabs = 0
+      width = @columns - @left_margin - @right_margin
+      centered = []
+      to_center.each do |tc|
+        s = tc.strip
+        tabs = s.count("\t")
+        tabs = 0 if tabs.nil?
+        ct = ((width - s.size - (tabs * @tabstop) + tabs) / 2)
+        ct = (width - @left_margin - @right_margin) - ct
+        centered << "#{s.rjust(ct)}\n"
+      end
+      centered.join('')
+    end
+
+      # expand tabs to spaces should be similar to Text::Tabs::expand
+    def __expand(to_expand) #:nodoc:
+      expanded = []
+      to_expand.split("\n").each { |te| expanded << te.gsub(/\t/, ' ' * @tabstop) }
+      expanded.join('')
+    end
+
+    def __unexpand(to_unexpand) #:nodoc:
+      unexpanded = []
+      to_unexpand.split("\n").each { |tu| unexpanded << tu.gsub(/ {#{@tabstop}}/, "\t") }
+      unexpanded.join('')
+    end
+
+    def __is_abbrev(word) #:nodoc:
+        # remove period if there is one.
+      w = word.gsub(/\.$/, '') unless word.nil?
+      return true if (!@extra_space || ABBREV.include?(w) || @abbreviations.include?(w))
+      false
+    end
+
+    def __make_line(line, indent, width, last = false) #:nodoc:
+      lmargin = " " * @left_margin
+      fill = " " * (width - line.size) if right_fill? && (line.size <= width)
+
+      if (justify? && ((not line.nil?) && (not line.empty?)) && line =~ /\S+\s+\S+/ && !last)
+        spaces = width - line.size
+        words = line.split(/(\s+)/)
+        ws = spaces / (words.size / 2)
+        spaces = spaces % (words.size / 2) if ws > 0
+        words.reverse.each do |rw|
+          next if (rw =~ /^\S/)
+          rw.sub!(/^/, " " * ws)
+          next unless (spaces > 0)
+          rw.sub!(/^/, " ")
+          spaces -= 1
+        end
+        line = words.join('')
+      end
+      line = "#{lmargin}#{indent}#{line}#{fill}\n" unless line.nil?
+      if right_align? && (not line.nil?)
+        line.sub(/^/, " " * (@columns - @right_margin - (line.size - 1)))
+      else
+        line
+      end
+    end
+
+    def __do_hyphenate(line, next_line, width) #:nodoc:
+      rline = line.dup rescue line
+      rnext = next_line.dup rescue next_line
+      loop do
+        if rline.size == width
+          break
+        elsif rline.size > width
+          words = rline.strip.split(/\s+/)
+          word = words[-1].dup
+          size = width - rline.size + word.size
+          if (size <= 0)
+            words[-1] = nil
+            rline = words.join(' ').strip
+            rnext = "#{word} #{rnext}".strip
+            next
+          end
+
+          first = rest = nil
+
+          if ((@split_rules & SPLIT_HYPHENATION) != 0)
+            if @hyphenator_arity == 2
+              first, rest = @hyphenator.hyphenate_to(word, size)
+            else
+              first, rest = @hyphenator.hyphenate_to(word, size, self)
+            end
+          end
+
+          if ((@split_rules & SPLIT_CONTINUATION) != 0) and first.nil?
+            first, rest = self.hyphenate_to(word, size)
+          end
+
+          if ((@split_rules & SPLIT_FIXED) != 0) and first.nil?
+            first.nil? or @split_rules == SPLIT_FIXED
+            first, rest = __do_split_word(word, size)
+          end
+
+          if first.nil?
+            words[-1] = nil
+            rest = word
+          else
+            words[-1] = first
+            @split_words << SplitWord.new(word, first, rest)
+          end
+          rline = words.join(' ').strip
+          rnext = "#{rest} #{rnext}".strip
+          break
+        else
+          break if rnext.nil? or rnext.empty? or rline.nil? or rline.empty?
+          words = rnext.split(/\s+/)
+          word = words.shift
+          size = width - rline.size - 1
+
+          if (size <= 0)
+            rnext = "#{word} #{words.join(' ')}".strip
+            break
+          end
+
+          first = rest = nil
+
+          if ((@split_rules & SPLIT_HYPHENATION) != 0)
+            if @hyphenator_arity == 2
+              first, rest = @hyphenator.hyphenate_to(word, size)
+            else
+              first, rest = @hyphenator.hyphenate_to(word, size, self)
+            end
+          end
+
+          first, rest = self.hyphenate_to(word, size) if ((@split_rules & SPLIT_CONTINUATION) != 0) and first.nil?
+
+          first, rest = __do_split_word(word, size) if ((@split_rules & SPLIT_FIXED) != 0) and first.nil?
+
+          if (rline.size + (first ? first.size : 0)) < width
+            @split_words << SplitWord.new(word, first, rest)
+            rline = "#{rline} #{first}".strip
+            rnext = "#{rest} #{words.join(' ')}".strip
+          end
+          break
+        end
+      end
+      [rline, rnext]
+    end
+
+    def __do_break(line, next_line) #:nodoc:
+      no_brk = false
+      words = []
+      words = line.split(/\s+/) unless line.nil?
+      last_word = words[-1]
+
+      @nobreak_regex.each { |k, v| no_brk = ((last_word =~ /#{k}/) and (next_line =~ /#{v}/)) }
+
+      if no_brk && words.size > 1
+        i = words.size
+        while i > 0
+          no_brk = false
+          @nobreak_regex.each { |k, v| no_brk = ((words[i + 1] =~ /#{k}/) && (words[i] =~ /#{v}/)) }
+          i -= 1
+          break if not no_brk
+        end
+        if i > 0
+          l = brk_re(i).match(line)
+          line.sub!(brk_re(i), l[1])
+          next_line = "#{l[2]} #{next_line}"
+          line.sub!(/\s+$/, '')
+        end
+      end
+      [line, next_line]
+    end
+
+    def __create(arg = nil, &block) #:nodoc:
+        # Format::Text.new(text-to-wrap)
+      @text = arg unless arg.nil?
+        # Defaults
+      @columns          = 72
+      @tabstop          = 8
+      @first_indent     = 4
+      @body_indent      = 0
+      @format_style     = LEFT_ALIGN
+      @left_margin      = 0
+      @right_margin     = 0
+      @extra_space      = false
+      @text             = Array.new if @text.nil?
+      @tag_paragraph    = false
+      @tag_text         = Array.new
+      @tag_cur          = ""
+      @abbreviations    = Array.new
+      @nobreak          = false
+      @nobreak_regex    = Hash.new
+      @split_words      = Array.new
+      @hard_margins     = false
+      @split_rules      = SPLIT_FIXED
+      @hyphenator       = self
+      @hyphenator_arity = self.method(:hyphenate_to).arity
+
+      instance_eval(&block) unless block.nil?
+    end
+
+  public
+      # Formats text into a nice paragraph format. The text is separated
+      # into words and then reassembled a word at a time using the settings
+      # of this Format object. If a word is larger than the number of
+      # columns available for formatting, then that word will appear on the
+      # line by itself.
+      #
+      # If +to_wrap+ is +nil+, then the value of <tt>#text</tt> will be
+      # worked on.
+    def format(to_wrap = nil)
+      to_wrap = @text if to_wrap.nil?
+      if to_wrap.class == Array
+        __format(to_wrap[0])
+      else
+        __format(to_wrap)
+      end
+    end
+
+      # Considers each element of text (provided or internal) as a paragraph.
+      # If <tt>#first_indent</tt> is the same as <tt>#body_indent</tt>, then
+      # paragraphs will be separated by a single empty line in the result;
+      # otherwise, the paragraphs will follow immediately after each other.
+      # Uses <tt>#format</tt> to do the heavy lifting.
+    def paragraphs(to_wrap = nil)
+      to_wrap = @text if to_wrap.nil?
+      __paragraphs([to_wrap].flatten)
+    end
+
+      # Centers the text, preserving empty lines and tabs.
+    def center(to_center = nil)
+      to_center = @text if to_center.nil?
+      __center([to_center].flatten)
+    end
+
+      # Replaces all tab characters in the text with <tt>#tabstop</tt> spaces.
+    def expand(to_expand = nil)
+      to_expand = @text if to_expand.nil?
+      if to_expand.class == Array
+        to_expand.collect { |te| __expand(te) }
+      else
+        __expand(to_expand)
+      end
+    end
+
+      # Replaces all occurrences of <tt>#tabstop</tt> consecutive spaces
+      # with a tab character.
+    def unexpand(to_unexpand = nil)
+      to_unexpand = @text if to_unexpand.nil?
+      if to_unexpand.class == Array
+        to_unexpand.collect { |te| v << __unexpand(te) }
+      else
+        __unexpand(to_unexpand)
+      end
+    end
+
+      # This constructor takes advantage of a technique for Ruby object
+      # construction introduced by Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas (see reference),
+      # where optional values are set using commands in a block.
+      #
+      #   Text::Format.new {
+      #       columns         = 72
+      #       left_margin     = 0
+      #       right_margin    = 0
+      #       first_indent    = 4
+      #       body_indent     = 0
+      #       format_style    = Text::Format::LEFT_ALIGN
+      #       extra_space     = false
+      #       abbreviations   = {}
+      #       tag_paragraph   = false
+      #       tag_text        = []
+      #       nobreak         = false
+      #       nobreak_regex   = {}
+      #       tabstop         = 8
+      #       text            = nil
+      #   }
+      #
+      # As shown above, +arg+ is optional. If +arg+ is specified and is a
+      # +String+, then arg is used as the default value of <tt>#text</tt>.
+      # Alternately, an existing Text::Format object can be used or a Hash can
+      # be used. With all forms, a block can be specified.
+      #
+      # *Reference*:: "Object Construction and Blocks"
+      #               <http://www.pragmaticprogrammer.com/ruby/articles/insteval.html>
+      #
+    def initialize(arg = nil, &block)
+      @text = nil
+      case arg
+      when Text::Format
+        __create(arg.text) do
+          @columns        = arg.columns
+          @tabstop        = arg.tabstop
+          @first_indent   = arg.first_indent
+          @body_indent    = arg.body_indent
+          @format_style   = arg.format_style
+          @left_margin    = arg.left_margin
+          @right_margin   = arg.right_margin
+          @extra_space    = arg.extra_space
+          @tag_paragraph  = arg.tag_paragraph
+          @tag_text       = arg.tag_text
+          @abbreviations  = arg.abbreviations
+          @nobreak        = arg.nobreak
+          @nobreak_regex  = arg.nobreak_regex
+          @text           = arg.text
+          @hard_margins   = arg.hard_margins
+          @split_words    = arg.split_words
+          @split_rules    = arg.split_rules
+          @hyphenator     = arg.hyphenator
+        end
+        instance_eval(&block) unless block.nil?
+      when Hash
+        __create do
+          @columns       = arg[:columns]       || arg['columns']       || @columns
+          @tabstop       = arg[:tabstop]       || arg['tabstop']       || @tabstop
+          @first_indent  = arg[:first_indent]  || arg['first_indent']  || @first_indent
+          @body_indent   = arg[:body_indent]   || arg['body_indent']   || @body_indent
+          @format_style  = arg[:format_style]  || arg['format_style']  || @format_style
+          @left_margin   = arg[:left_margin]   || arg['left_margin']   || @left_margin
+          @right_margin  = arg[:right_margin]  || arg['right_margin']  || @right_margin
+          @extra_space   = arg[:extra_space]   || arg['extra_space']   || @extra_space
+          @text          = arg[:text]          || arg['text']          || @text
+          @tag_paragraph = arg[:tag_paragraph] || arg['tag_paragraph'] || @tag_paragraph
+          @tag_text      = arg[:tag_text]      || arg['tag_text']      || @tag_text
+          @abbreviations = arg[:abbreviations] || arg['abbreviations'] || @abbreviations
+          @nobreak       = arg[:nobreak]       || arg['nobreak']       || @nobreak
+          @nobreak_regex = arg[:nobreak_regex] || arg['nobreak_regex'] || @nobreak_regex
+          @hard_margins  = arg[:hard_margins]  || arg['hard_margins']  || @hard_margins
+          @split_rules   = arg[:split_rules] || arg['split_rules'] || @split_rules
+          @hyphenator    = arg[:hyphenator] || arg['hyphenator'] || @hyphenator
+        end
+        instance_eval(&block) unless block.nil?
+      when String
+        __create(arg, &block)
+      when NilClass
+        __create(&block)
+      else
+        raise TypeError
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+if __FILE__ == $0
+  require 'test/unit'
+
+  class TestText__Format < Test::Unit::TestCase #:nodoc:
+    attr_accessor :format_o
+
+    GETTYSBURG = <<-'EOS'
+    Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
+    continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the
+    proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in
+    a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so
+    conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great
+    battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of
+    that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their
+    lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
+    proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot
+    dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground.
+    The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated
+    it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will
+    little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never
+    forget what they did here. It is for us the living rather to be
+    dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here
+    have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here
+    dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these
+    honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which
+    they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly
+    resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this
+    nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that
+    government of the people, by the people, for the people shall
+    not perish from the earth.
+
+            -- Pres. Abraham Lincoln, 19 November 1863
+    EOS
+
+    FIVE_COL = "Four \nscore\nand s\neven \nyears\nago o\nur fa\nthers\nbroug\nht fo\nrth o\nn thi\ns con\ntinen\nt a n\new na\ntion,\nconce\nived \nin li\nberty\nand d\nedica\nted t\no the\npropo\nsitio\nn tha\nt all\nmen a\nre cr\neated\nequal\n. Now\nwe ar\ne eng\naged \nin a \ngreat\ncivil\nwar, \ntesti\nng wh\nether\nthat \nnatio\nn or \nany n\nation\nso co\nnceiv\ned an\nd so \ndedic\nated \ncan l\nong e\nndure\n. We \nare m\net on\na gre\nat ba\nttlef\nield \nof th\nat wa\nr. We\nhave \ncome \nto de\ndicat\ne a p\nortio\nn of \nthat \nfield\nas a \nfinal\nresti\nng-pl\nace f\nor th\nose w\nho he\nre ga\nve th\neir l\nives \nthat \nthat \nnatio\nn mig\nht li\nve. I\nt is \naltog\nether\nfitti\nng an\nd pro\nper t\nhat w\ne sho\nuld d\no thi\ns. Bu\nt in \na lar\nger s\nense,\nwe ca\nnnot \ndedic\nate, \nwe ca\nnnot \nconse\ncrate\n, we \ncanno\nt hal\nlow t\nhis g\nround\n. The\nbrave\nmen, \nlivin\ng and\ndead \nwho s\ntrugg\nled h\nere h\nave c\nonsec\nrated\nit fa\nr abo\nve ou\nr poo\nr pow\ner to\nadd o\nr det\nract.\nThe w\norld \nwill \nlittl\ne not\ne nor\nlong \nremem\nber w\nhat w\ne say\nhere,\nbut i\nt can\nnever\nforge\nt wha\nt the\ny did\nhere.\nIt is\nfor u\ns the\nlivin\ng rat\nher t\no be \ndedic\nated \nhere \nto th\ne unf\ninish\ned wo\nrk wh\nich t\nhey w\nho fo\nught \nhere \nhave \nthus \nfar s\no nob\nly ad\nvance\nd. It\nis ra\nther \nfor u\ns to \nbe he\nre de\ndicat\ned to\nthe g\nreat \ntask \nremai\nning \nbefor\ne us-\n-that\nfrom \nthese\nhonor\ned de\nad we\ntake \nincre\nased \ndevot\nion t\no tha\nt cau\nse fo\nr whi\nch th\ney ga\nve th\ne las\nt ful\nl mea\nsure \nof de\nvotio\nn--th\nat we\nhere \nhighl\ny res\nolve \nthat \nthese\ndead \nshall\nnot h\nave d\nied i\nn vai\nn, th\nat th\nis na\ntion \nunder\nGod s\nhall \nhave \na new\nbirth\nof fr\needom\n, and\nthat \ngover\nnment\nof th\ne peo\nple, \nby th\ne peo\nple, \nfor t\nhe pe\nople \nshall\nnot p\nerish\nfrom \nthe e\narth.\n-- Pr\nes. A\nbraha\nm Lin\ncoln,\n19 No\nvembe\nr 186\n3    \n"
+
+    FIVE_CNT = "Four \nscore\nand  \nseven\nyears\nago  \nour  \nfath\\\ners  \nbrou\\\nght  \nforth\non t\\\nhis  \ncont\\\ninent\na new\nnati\\\non,  \nconc\\\neived\nin l\\\niber\\\nty a\\\nnd d\\\nedic\\\nated \nto t\\\nhe p\\\nropo\\\nsiti\\\non t\\\nhat  \nall  \nmen  \nare  \ncrea\\\nted  \nequa\\\nl. N\\\now we\nare  \nenga\\\nged  \nin a \ngreat\ncivil\nwar, \ntest\\\ning  \nwhet\\\nher  \nthat \nnati\\\non or\nany  \nnati\\\non so\nconc\\\neived\nand  \nso d\\\nedic\\\nated \ncan  \nlong \nendu\\\nre.  \nWe a\\\nre m\\\net on\na gr\\\neat  \nbatt\\\nlefi\\\neld  \nof t\\\nhat  \nwar. \nWe h\\\nave  \ncome \nto d\\\nedic\\\nate a\nport\\\nion  \nof t\\\nhat  \nfield\nas a \nfinal\nrest\\\ning-\\\nplace\nfor  \nthose\nwho  \nhere \ngave \ntheir\nlives\nthat \nthat \nnati\\\non m\\\night \nlive.\nIt is\nalto\\\ngeth\\\ner f\\\nitti\\\nng a\\\nnd p\\\nroper\nthat \nwe s\\\nhould\ndo t\\\nhis. \nBut  \nin a \nlarg\\\ner s\\\nense,\nwe c\\\nannot\ndedi\\\ncate,\nwe c\\\nannot\ncons\\\necra\\\nte,  \nwe c\\\nannot\nhall\\\now t\\\nhis  \ngrou\\\nnd.  \nThe  \nbrave\nmen, \nlivi\\\nng a\\\nnd d\\\nead  \nwho  \nstru\\\nggled\nhere \nhave \ncons\\\necra\\\nted  \nit f\\\nar a\\\nbove \nour  \npoor \npower\nto a\\\ndd or\ndetr\\\nact. \nThe  \nworld\nwill \nlitt\\\nle n\\\note  \nnor  \nlong \nreme\\\nmber \nwhat \nwe s\\\nay h\\\nere, \nbut  \nit c\\\nan n\\\never \nforg\\\net w\\\nhat  \nthey \ndid  \nhere.\nIt is\nfor  \nus t\\\nhe l\\\niving\nrath\\\ner to\nbe d\\\nedic\\\nated \nhere \nto t\\\nhe u\\\nnfin\\\nished\nwork \nwhich\nthey \nwho  \nfoug\\\nht h\\\nere  \nhave \nthus \nfar  \nso n\\\nobly \nadva\\\nnced.\nIt is\nrath\\\ner f\\\nor us\nto be\nhere \ndedi\\\ncated\nto t\\\nhe g\\\nreat \ntask \nrema\\\nining\nbefo\\\nre u\\\ns--t\\\nhat  \nfrom \nthese\nhono\\\nred  \ndead \nwe t\\\nake  \nincr\\\neased\ndevo\\\ntion \nto t\\\nhat  \ncause\nfor  \nwhich\nthey \ngave \nthe  \nlast \nfull \nmeas\\\nure  \nof d\\\nevot\\\nion-\\\n-that\nwe h\\\nere  \nhigh\\\nly r\\\nesol\\\nve t\\\nhat  \nthese\ndead \nshall\nnot  \nhave \ndied \nin v\\\nain, \nthat \nthis \nnati\\\non u\\\nnder \nGod  \nshall\nhave \na new\nbirth\nof f\\\nreed\\\nom,  \nand  \nthat \ngove\\\nrnme\\\nnt of\nthe  \npeop\\\nle,  \nby t\\\nhe p\\\neopl\\\ne, f\\\nor t\\\nhe p\\\neople\nshall\nnot  \nperi\\\nsh f\\\nrom  \nthe  \neart\\\nh. --\nPres.\nAbra\\\nham  \nLinc\\\noln, \n19 N\\\novem\\\nber  \n1863 \n"
+
+      # Tests both abbreviations and abbreviations=
+    def test_abbreviations
+      abbr = ["    Pres. Abraham Lincoln\n", "    Pres.  Abraham Lincoln\n"]
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert_equal([], @format_o.abbreviations)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.abbreviations = [ 'foo', 'bar' ] }
+      assert_equal([ 'foo', 'bar' ], @format_o.abbreviations)
+      assert_equal(abbr[0], @format_o.format(abbr[0]))
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.extra_space = true }
+      assert_equal(abbr[1], @format_o.format(abbr[0]))
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.abbreviations = [ "Pres" ] }
+      assert_equal([ "Pres" ], @format_o.abbreviations)
+      assert_equal(abbr[0], @format_o.format(abbr[0]))
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.extra_space = false }
+      assert_equal(abbr[0], @format_o.format(abbr[0]))
+    end
+
+      # Tests both body_indent and body_indent=
+    def test_body_indent
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert_equal(0, @format_o.body_indent)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.body_indent = 7 }
+      assert_equal(7, @format_o.body_indent)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.body_indent = -3 }
+      assert_equal(3, @format_o.body_indent)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.body_indent = "9" }
+      assert_equal(9, @format_o.body_indent)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.body_indent = "-2" }
+      assert_equal(2, @format_o.body_indent)
+      assert_match(/^  [^ ]/, @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[1])
+    end
+
+      # Tests both columns and columns=
+    def test_columns
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert_equal(72, @format_o.columns)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.columns = 7 }
+      assert_equal(7, @format_o.columns)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.columns = -3 }
+      assert_equal(3, @format_o.columns)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.columns = "9" }
+      assert_equal(9, @format_o.columns)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.columns = "-2" }
+      assert_equal(2, @format_o.columns)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.columns = 40 }
+      assert_equal(40, @format_o.columns)
+      assert_match(/this continent$/,
+                   @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[1])
+    end
+
+      # Tests both extra_space and extra_space=
+    def test_extra_space
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert(!@format_o.extra_space)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.extra_space = true }
+      assert(@format_o.extra_space)
+        # The behaviour of extra_space is tested in test_abbreviations. There
+        # is no need to reproduce it here.
+    end
+
+      # Tests both first_indent and first_indent=
+    def test_first_indent
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert_equal(4, @format_o.first_indent)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.first_indent = 7 }
+      assert_equal(7, @format_o.first_indent)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.first_indent = -3 }
+      assert_equal(3, @format_o.first_indent)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.first_indent = "9" }
+      assert_equal(9, @format_o.first_indent)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.first_indent = "-2" }
+      assert_equal(2, @format_o.first_indent)
+      assert_match(/^  [^ ]/, @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[0])
+    end
+
+    def test_format_style
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert_equal(Text::Format::LEFT_ALIGN, @format_o.format_style)
+      assert_match(/^November 1863$/,
+                   @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[-1])
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_ALIGN
+      }
+      assert_equal(Text::Format::RIGHT_ALIGN, @format_o.format_style)
+      assert_match(/^ +November 1863$/,
+                   @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[-1])
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL
+      }
+      assert_equal(Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL, @format_o.format_style)
+      assert_match(/^November 1863 +$/,
+                   @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[-1])
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::JUSTIFY }
+      assert_equal(Text::Format::JUSTIFY, @format_o.format_style)
+      assert_match(/^of freedom, and that government of the people, by the  people,  for  the$/,
+                   @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[-3])
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @format_o.format_style = 33 }
+    end
+
+    def test_tag_paragraph
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert(!@format_o.tag_paragraph)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tag_paragraph = true }
+      assert(@format_o.tag_paragraph)
+      assert_not_equal(@format_o.paragraphs([GETTYSBURG, GETTYSBURG]),
+                       Text::Format.new.paragraphs([GETTYSBURG, GETTYSBURG]))
+    end
+
+    def test_tag_text
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert_equal([], @format_o.tag_text)
+      assert_equal(@format_o.format(GETTYSBURG),
+                   Text::Format.new.format(GETTYSBURG))
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.tag_paragraph = true
+        @format_o.tag_text = ["Gettysburg Address", "---"]
+      }
+      assert_not_equal(@format_o.format(GETTYSBURG),
+                       Text::Format.new.format(GETTYSBURG))
+      assert_not_equal(@format_o.paragraphs([GETTYSBURG, GETTYSBURG]),
+                       Text::Format.new.paragraphs([GETTYSBURG, GETTYSBURG]))
+      assert_not_equal(@format_o.paragraphs([GETTYSBURG, GETTYSBURG,
+                                             GETTYSBURG]),
+                       Text::Format.new.paragraphs([GETTYSBURG, GETTYSBURG,
+                                                    GETTYSBURG]))
+    end
+
+    def test_justify?
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert(!@format_o.justify?)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_ALIGN
+      }
+      assert(!@format_o.justify?)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL
+      }
+      assert(!@format_o.justify?)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::JUSTIFY
+      }
+      assert(@format_o.justify?)
+        # The format testing is done in test_format_style
+    end
+
+    def test_left_align?
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert(@format_o.left_align?)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_ALIGN
+      }
+      assert(!@format_o.left_align?)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL
+      }
+      assert(!@format_o.left_align?)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::JUSTIFY }
+      assert(!@format_o.left_align?)
+        # The format testing is done in test_format_style
+    end
+
+    def test_left_margin
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert_equal(0, @format_o.left_margin)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.left_margin = -3 }
+      assert_equal(3, @format_o.left_margin)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.left_margin = "9" }
+      assert_equal(9, @format_o.left_margin)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.left_margin = "-2" }
+      assert_equal(2, @format_o.left_margin)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.left_margin = 7 }
+      assert_equal(7, @format_o.left_margin)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        ft = @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")
+        assert_match(/^ {11}Four score/, ft[0])
+        assert_match(/^ {7}November/, ft[-1])
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_hard_margins
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert(!@format_o.hard_margins)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.hard_margins = true
+        @format_o.columns = 5
+        @format_o.first_indent = 0
+        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL
+      }
+      assert(@format_o.hard_margins)
+      assert_equal(FIVE_COL, @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG))
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.split_rules |= Text::Format::SPLIT_CONTINUATION
+        assert_equal(Text::Format::SPLIT_CONTINUATION_FIXED,
+                     @format_o.split_rules)
+      }
+      assert_equal(FIVE_CNT, @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG))
+    end
+
+      # Tests both nobreak and nobreak_regex, since one is only useful
+      # with the other.
+    def test_nobreak
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert(!@format_o.nobreak)
+      assert(@format_o.nobreak_regex.empty?)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.nobreak = true
+        @format_o.nobreak_regex = { '^this$' => '^continent$' }
+        @format_o.columns = 77
+      }
+      assert(@format_o.nobreak)
+      assert_equal({ '^this$' => '^continent$' }, @format_o.nobreak_regex)
+      assert_match(/^this continent/,
+                   @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")[1])
+    end
+
+    def test_right_align?
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert(!@format_o.right_align?)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_ALIGN
+      }
+      assert(@format_o.right_align?)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL
+      }
+      assert(!@format_o.right_align?)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::JUSTIFY }
+      assert(!@format_o.right_align?)
+        # The format testing is done in test_format_style
+    end
+
+    def test_right_fill?
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert(!@format_o.right_fill?)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_ALIGN
+      }
+      assert(!@format_o.right_fill?)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::RIGHT_FILL
+      }
+      assert(@format_o.right_fill?)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        @format_o.format_style = Text::Format::JUSTIFY
+      }
+      assert(!@format_o.right_fill?)
+        # The format testing is done in test_format_style
+    end
+
+    def test_right_margin
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert_equal(0, @format_o.right_margin)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.right_margin = -3 }
+      assert_equal(3, @format_o.right_margin)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.right_margin = "9" }
+      assert_equal(9, @format_o.right_margin)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.right_margin = "-2" }
+      assert_equal(2, @format_o.right_margin)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.right_margin = 7 }
+      assert_equal(7, @format_o.right_margin)
+      assert_nothing_raised {
+        ft = @format_o.format(GETTYSBURG).split("\n")
+        assert_match(/^ {4}Four score.*forth on$/, ft[0])
+        assert_match(/^November/, ft[-1])
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_tabstop
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert_equal(8, @format_o.tabstop)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tabstop = 7 }
+      assert_equal(7, @format_o.tabstop)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tabstop = -3 }
+      assert_equal(3, @format_o.tabstop)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tabstop = "9" }
+      assert_equal(9, @format_o.tabstop)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tabstop = "-2" }
+      assert_equal(2, @format_o.tabstop)
+    end
+
+    def test_text
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert_equal([], @format_o.text)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.text = "Test Text" }
+      assert_equal("Test Text", @format_o.text)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.text = ["Line 1", "Line 2"] }
+      assert_equal(["Line 1", "Line 2"], @format_o.text)
+    end
+
+    def test_s_new
+          # new(NilClass) { block }
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        @format_o = Text::Format.new {
+          self.text = "Test 1, 2, 3"
+        }
+      end
+      assert_equal("Test 1, 2, 3", @format_o.text)
+
+        # new(Hash Symbols)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new(:columns => 72) }
+      assert_equal(72, @format_o.columns)
+
+        # new(Hash String)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new('columns' => 72) }
+      assert_equal(72, @format_o.columns)
+
+        # new(Hash) { block }
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        @format_o = Text::Format.new('columns' => 80) {
+          self.text = "Test 4, 5, 6"
+        }
+      end
+      assert_equal("Test 4, 5, 6", @format_o.text)
+      assert_equal(80, @format_o.columns)
+
+        # new(Text::Format)
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        fo = Text::Format.new(@format_o)
+        assert(fo == @format_o)
+      end
+
+        # new(Text::Format) { block }
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        fo = Text::Format.new(@format_o) { self.columns = 79 }
+        assert(fo != @format_o)
+      end
+
+          # new(String)
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new("Test A, B, C") }
+      assert_equal("Test A, B, C", @format_o.text)
+
+          # new(String) { block }
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        @format_o = Text::Format.new("Test X, Y, Z") { self.columns = -5 }
+      end
+      assert_equal("Test X, Y, Z", @format_o.text)
+      assert_equal(5, @format_o.columns)
+    end
+
+    def test_center
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        ct = @format_o.center(GETTYSBURG.split("\n")).split("\n")
+        assert_match(/^    Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this/, ct[0])
+        assert_match(/^                       not perish from the earth./, ct[-3])
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_expand
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert_equal("          ", @format_o.expand("\t  "))
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tabstop = 4 }
+      assert_equal("      ", @format_o.expand("\t  "))
+    end
+
+    def test_unexpand
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new }
+      assert_equal("\t  ", @format_o.unexpand("          "))
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.tabstop = 4 }
+      assert_equal("\t  ", @format_o.unexpand("      "))
+    end
+
+    def test_space_only
+      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.format(" "))
+      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.format("\n"))
+      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.format("        "))
+      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.format("    \n"))
+      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs("\n"))
+      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs(" "))
+      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs("        "))
+      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs("    \n"))
+      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs(["\n"]))
+      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs([" "]))
+      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs(["        "]))
+      assert_equal("", Text::Format.new.paragraphs(["    \n"]))
+    end
+
+    def test_splendiferous
+      h = nil
+      test = "This is a splendiferous test"
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o = Text::Format.new(:columns => 6, :left_margin => 0, :indent => 0, :first_indent => 0) }
+      assert_match(/^splendiferous$/, @format_o.format(test))
+      assert_nothing_raised { @format_o.hard_margins = true }
+      assert_match(/^lendif$/, @format_o.format(test))
+      assert_nothing_raised { h = Object.new }
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        @format_o.split_rules = Text::Format::SPLIT_HYPHENATION
+        class << h #:nodoc:
+          def hyphenate_to(word, size)
+            return ["", word] if size < 2
+            [word[0 ... size], word[size .. -1]]
+          end
+        end
+        @format_o.hyphenator = h
+      end
+      assert_match(/^iferou$/, @format_o.format(test))
+      assert_nothing_raised { h = Object.new }
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        class << h #:nodoc:
+          def hyphenate_to(word, size, formatter)
+            return ["", word] if word.size < formatter.columns
+            [word[0 ... size], word[size .. -1]]
+          end
+        end
+        @format_o.hyphenator = h
+      end
+      assert_match(/^ferous$/, @format_o.format(test))
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
index 84f13a6d3c..0877e7b2cb 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@ class LayoutMailerTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     mail = AutoLayoutMailer.create_multipart(@recipient)
     # CHANGED: content_type returns an object
     # assert_equal "multipart/alternative", mail.content_type
-    assert_equal "multipart/alternative", mail.content_type.string
+    assert_equal "multipart/alternative", mail.mime_type
     assert_equal 2, mail.parts.size
 
     # CHANGED: content_type returns an object
     # assert_equal 'text/plain', mail.parts.first.content_type
-    assert_equal 'text/plain', mail.parts.first.content_type.string
+    assert_equal 'text/plain', mail.parts.first.mime_type
     
     # CHANGED: body returns an object
     # assert_equal "text/plain layout - text/plain multipart", mail.parts.first.body
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class LayoutMailerTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
 
     # CHANGED: content_type returns an object
     # assert_equal 'text/html', mail.parts.last.content_type
-    assert_equal 'text/html', mail.parts.last.content_type.string
+    assert_equal 'text/html', mail.parts.last.mime_type
 
     # CHANGED: body returns an object
     # assert_equal "Hello from layout text/html multipart", mail.parts.last.body
@@ -96,19 +96,19 @@ class LayoutMailerTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     mail = AutoLayoutMailer.create_multipart(@recipient, "multipart/mixed")
     # CHANGED: content_type returns an object
     # assert_equal "multipart/mixed", mail.content_type
-    assert_equal "multipart/mixed", mail.content_type.string
+    assert_equal "multipart/mixed", mail.mime_type
     assert_equal 2, mail.parts.size
 
     # CHANGED: content_type returns an object
     # assert_equal 'text/plain', mail.parts.first.content_type
-    assert_equal 'text/plain', mail.parts.first.content_type.string
+    assert_equal 'text/plain', mail.parts.first.mime_type
     # CHANGED: body returns an object
     # assert_equal "text/plain layout - text/plain multipart", mail.parts.first.body
     assert_equal "text/plain layout - text/plain multipart", mail.parts.first.body.to_s
 
     # CHANGED: content_type returns an object
     # assert_equal 'text/html', mail.parts.last.content_type
-    assert_equal 'text/html', mail.parts.last.content_type.string
+    assert_equal 'text/html', mail.parts.last.mime_type
     # CHANGED: body returns an object
     # assert_equal "Hello from layout text/html multipart", mail.parts.last.body
     assert_equal "Hello from layout text/html multipart", mail.parts.last.body.to_s
@@ -116,13 +116,13 @@ class LayoutMailerTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
 
   def test_should_fix_multipart_layout
     mail = AutoLayoutMailer.create_multipart(@recipient, "text/plain")
-    assert_equal "multipart/alternative", mail.content_type.string
+    assert_equal "multipart/alternative", mail.mime_type
     assert_equal 2, mail.parts.size
 
-    assert_equal 'text/plain', mail.parts.first.content_type.string
+    assert_equal 'text/plain', mail.parts.first.mime_type
     assert_equal "text/plain layout - text/plain multipart", mail.parts.first.body.to_s
 
-    assert_equal 'text/html', mail.parts.last.content_type.string
+    assert_equal 'text/html', mail.parts.last.mime_type
     assert_equal "Hello from layout text/html multipart", mail.parts.last.body.to_s
   end
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mail_service_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/mail_service_test.rb
index 152900259d..f66b4a174b 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/mail_service_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mail_service_test.rb
@@ -362,13 +362,13 @@ class ActionMailerTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, created.parts.size
     assert_equal 2, created.parts.first.parts.size
 
-    assert_equal "multipart/mixed", created.content_type.string
-    assert_equal "multipart/alternative", created.parts[0].content_type.string
+    assert_equal "multipart/mixed", created.mime_type
+    assert_equal "multipart/alternative", created.parts[0].mime_type
     assert_equal "bar", created.parts[0].header['foo'].to_s
     assert_nil created.parts[0].charset
-    assert_equal "text/plain", created.parts[0].parts[0].content_type.string
-    assert_equal "text/html", created.parts[0].parts[1].content_type.string
-    assert_equal "application/octet-stream", created.parts[1].content_type.string
+    assert_equal "text/plain", created.parts[0].parts[0].mime_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", created.parts[0].parts[1].mime_type
+    assert_equal "application/octet-stream", created.parts[1].mime_type
     
   end
 
@@ -380,11 +380,11 @@ class ActionMailerTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     assert_equal 1,created.parts.size
     assert_equal 2,created.parts.first.parts.size
 
-    assert_equal "multipart/mixed", created.content_type.string
-    assert_equal "multipart/alternative", created.parts.first.content_type.string
-    assert_equal "text/plain", created.parts.first.parts.first.content_type.string
+    assert_equal "multipart/mixed", created.mime_type
+    assert_equal "multipart/alternative", created.parts.first.mime_type
+    assert_equal "text/plain", created.parts.first.parts.first.mime_type
     assert_equal "Nothing to see here.", created.parts.first.parts.first.body.to_s
-    assert_equal "text/html", created.parts.first.parts.second.content_type.string
+    assert_equal "text/html", created.parts.first.parts.second.mime_type
     assert_equal "<b>test</b> HTML<br/>", created.parts.first.parts.second.body.to_s
   end
 
@@ -468,8 +468,8 @@ class ActionMailerTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { created = TestMailer.create_custom_templating_extension(@recipient) }
     assert_not_nil created
     assert_equal 2, created.parts.length
-    assert_equal 'text/plain', created.parts[0].content_type.string
-    assert_equal 'text/html', created.parts[1].content_type.string
+    assert_equal 'text/plain', created.parts[0].mime_type
+    assert_equal 'text/html', created.parts[1].mime_type
   end
 
   def test_cancelled_account
@@ -731,8 +731,8 @@ Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
 The body
 EOF
     mail = Mail.new(msg)
-    assert_equal "testing testing \326\244", mail.subject.to_s
-    assert_equal "Subject: =?utf-8?Q?testing_testing_=D6=A4?=\r\n", mail.subject.encoded
+    assert_equal "testing testing \326\244", mail.subject
+    assert_equal "Subject: =?utf-8?Q?testing_testing_=D6=A4?=\r\n", mail[:subject].encoded
   end
 
   def test_unquote_7bit_subject
@@ -744,8 +744,8 @@ Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
 The body
 EOF
     mail = Mail.new(msg)
-    assert_equal "this == working?", mail.subject.to_s
-    assert_equal "Subject: this == working?\r\n", mail.subject.encoded
+    assert_equal "this == working?", mail.subject
+    assert_equal "Subject: this == working?\r\n", mail[:subject].encoded
   end
 
   def test_unquote_7bit_body
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ EOF
     mail = Mail.new(fixture)
     attachment = mail.attachments.last
     assert_equal "smime.p7s", attachment.original_filename
-    assert_equal "application/pkcs7-signature", mail.parts.last.content_type.string
+    assert_equal "application/pkcs7-signature", mail.parts.last.mime_type
   end
 
   def test_decode_attachment_without_charset
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ EOF
 
   def test_multipart_with_mime_version
     mail = TestMailer.create_multipart_with_mime_version(@recipient)
-    assert_equal "1.1", mail.mime_version.version
+    assert_equal "1.1", mail.mime_version
   end
 
   def test_multipart_with_utf8_subject
@@ -929,29 +929,29 @@ EOF
   def test_explicitly_multipart_messages
     mail = TestMailer.create_explicitly_multipart_example(@recipient)
     assert_equal 3, mail.parts.length
-    assert_equal 'multipart/mixed', mail.content_type.string
-    assert_equal "text/plain", mail.parts[0].content_type.string
+    assert_equal 'multipart/mixed', mail.mime_type
+    assert_equal "text/plain", mail.parts[0].mime_type
 
-    assert_equal "text/html", mail.parts[1].content_type.string
+    assert_equal "text/html", mail.parts[1].mime_type
     assert_equal "iso-8859-1", mail.parts[1].charset
 
-    assert_equal "image/jpeg", mail.parts[2].content_type.string
-    assert_equal "attachment", mail.parts[2].content_disposition.disposition_type
-    assert_equal "foo.jpg", mail.parts[2].content_disposition.filename
-    assert_equal "foo.jpg", mail.parts[2].content_type.filename
+    assert_equal "image/jpeg", mail.parts[2].mime_type
+    assert_equal "attachment", mail.parts[2][:content_disposition].disposition_type
+    assert_equal "foo.jpg", mail.parts[2][:content_disposition].filename
+    assert_equal "foo.jpg", mail.parts[2][:content_type].filename
     assert_nil mail.parts[2].charset
   end
 
   def test_explicitly_multipart_with_content_type
     mail = TestMailer.create_explicitly_multipart_example(@recipient, "multipart/alternative")
     assert_equal 3, mail.parts.length
-    assert_equal "multipart/alternative", mail.content_type.string
+    assert_equal "multipart/alternative", mail.mime_type
   end
 
   def test_explicitly_multipart_with_invalid_content_type
     mail = TestMailer.create_explicitly_multipart_example(@recipient, "text/xml")
     assert_equal 3, mail.parts.length
-    assert_equal 'multipart/mixed', mail.content_type.string
+    assert_equal 'multipart/mixed', mail.mime_type
   end
 
   def test_implicitly_multipart_messages
@@ -960,12 +960,12 @@ EOF
     mail = TestMailer.create_implicitly_multipart_example(@recipient)
     assert_equal 3, mail.parts.length
     assert_equal "1.0", mail.mime_version.to_s
-    assert_equal "multipart/alternative", mail.content_type.string
-    assert_equal "text/plain", mail.parts[0].content_type.string
+    assert_equal "multipart/alternative", mail.mime_type
+    assert_equal "text/plain", mail.parts[0].mime_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", mail.parts[0].charset
-    assert_equal "text/html", mail.parts[1].content_type.string
+    assert_equal "text/html", mail.parts[1].mime_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", mail.parts[1].charset
-    assert_equal "application/x-yaml", mail.parts[2].content_type.string
+    assert_equal "application/x-yaml", mail.parts[2].mime_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", mail.parts[2].charset
   end
 
@@ -974,9 +974,9 @@ EOF
 
     mail = TestMailer.create_implicitly_multipart_example(@recipient, nil, ["application/x-yaml", "text/plain"])
     assert_equal 3, mail.parts.length
-    assert_equal "application/x-yaml", mail.parts[0].content_type.string
-    assert_equal "text/plain", mail.parts[1].content_type.string
-    assert_equal "text/html", mail.parts[2].content_type.string
+    assert_equal "application/x-yaml", mail.parts[0].mime_type
+    assert_equal "text/plain", mail.parts[1].mime_type
+    assert_equal "text/html", mail.parts[2].mime_type
   end
 
   def test_implicitly_multipart_messages_with_charset
@@ -984,14 +984,14 @@ EOF
 
     assert_equal "multipart/alternative", mail.header['content-type'].content_type
 
-    assert_equal 'iso-8859-1', mail.parts[0].content_type.parameters[:charset]
-    assert_equal 'iso-8859-1', mail.parts[1].content_type.parameters[:charset]
-    assert_equal 'iso-8859-1', mail.parts[2].content_type.parameters[:charset]
+    assert_equal 'iso-8859-1', mail.parts[0].content_type_parameters[:charset]
+    assert_equal 'iso-8859-1', mail.parts[1].content_type_parameters[:charset]
+    assert_equal 'iso-8859-1', mail.parts[2].content_type_parameters[:charset]
   end
 
   def test_html_mail
     mail = TestMailer.create_html_mail(@recipient)
-    assert_equal "text/html", mail.content_type.string
+    assert_equal "text/html", mail.mime_type
   end
 
   def test_html_mail_with_underscores
@@ -1043,7 +1043,7 @@ EOF
     assert_equal(4, mail.parts.first.parts.length)
     assert_equal("This is the first part.", mail.parts.first.parts.first.body.to_s)
     assert_equal("test.rb", mail.parts.first.parts.second.filename)
-    assert_equal("flowed", mail.parts.first.parts.fourth.content_type.parameters[:format])
+    assert_equal("flowed", mail.parts.first.parts.fourth.content_type_parameters[:format])
     assert_equal('smime.p7s', mail.parts.second.filename)
   end
 
@@ -1081,9 +1081,9 @@ EOF
     assert !mail.from_addrs.empty?
     assert !mail.cc_addrs.empty?
     assert !mail.bcc_addrs.empty?
-    assert_match(/:/, mail.from_addrs.to_s)
-    assert_match(/:/, mail.cc_addrs.to_s)
-    assert_match(/:/, mail.bcc_addrs.to_s)
+    assert_match(/:/, mail[:from].decoded)
+    assert_match(/:/, mail[:cc].decoded)
+    assert_match(/:/, mail[:bcc].decoded)
   end
 
   def test_deliver_with_mail_object
@@ -1095,14 +1095,14 @@ EOF
   def test_multipart_with_template_path_with_dots
     mail = FunkyPathMailer.create_multipart_with_template_path_with_dots(@recipient)
     assert_equal 2, mail.parts.length
-    assert "text/plain", mail.parts[1].content_type.string
+    assert "text/plain", mail.parts[1].mime_type
     assert "utf-8", mail.parts[1].charset
   end
 
   def test_custom_content_type_attributes
     mail = TestMailer.create_custom_content_type_attributes
-    assert_match %r{format="flowed"}, mail.content_type.encoded
-    assert_match %r{charset="utf-8"}, mail.content_type.encoded
+    assert_match %r{format=flowed}, mail.content_type
+    assert_match %r{charset=utf-8}, mail.content_type
   end
 
   def test_return_path_with_create
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/quoting_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/quoting_test.rb
index b16d160805..7640f4b086 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/quoting_test.rb
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class QuotingTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     mail = Mail.new(IO.read("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/fixtures/raw_email_with_partially_quoted_subject"))
     # CHANGED: subject returns an object now
     # assert_equal "Re: Test: \"\346\274\242\345\255\227\" mid \"\346\274\242\345\255\227\" tail", mail.subject
-    assert_equal "Re: Test: \"\346\274\242\345\255\227\" mid \"\346\274\242\345\255\227\" tail", mail.subject.decoded
+    assert_equal "Re: Test: \"\346\274\242\345\255\227\" mid \"\346\274\242\345\255\227\" tail", mail.subject
   end
 
   private
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
index 86d22da9bf..1fed26f78f 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
 
   def test_setup_creates_the_expected_mailer
     assert @expected.is_a?(Mail::Message)
-    assert_equal "1.0", @expected.mime_version.version
-    assert_equal "text/plain", @expected.content_type.string
+    assert_equal "1.0", @expected.mime_version
+    assert_equal "text/plain", @expected.mime_type
   end
 
   def test_mailer_class_is_correctly_inferred
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/tmail_compat_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/tmail_compat_test.rb
index faa267e3bf..a1ca6a7243 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/tmail_compat_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/tmail_compat_test.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class TmailCompatTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised do
       mail.set_content_type "text/plain"
     end
-    assert_equal mail.content_type.string, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal mail.mime_type, "text/plain"
   end
 
   def test_transfer_encoding_raises_deprecation_warning
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class TmailCompatTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised do
       mail.transfer_encoding "base64"
     end
-    assert_equal mail.content_transfer_encoding.value, "base64"
+    assert_equal mail.content_transfer_encoding, "base64"
   end
   
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
index 69ed84da95..5c0d754ad6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
 
       def log_event(name, before, after, instrumenter_id, payload)
-        if name.to_s =~ /(read|write|cache|expire|exist)_(fragment|page)\??/
+        if name.to_s =~ /action_controller\.((read|write|expire|exist)_(fragment|page)\??)/
           key_or_path = payload[:key] || payload[:path]
-          human_name  = name.to_s.humanize
+          human_name  = $1.humanize
           duration    = (after - before) * 1000
           logger.info("#{human_name} #{key_or_path.inspect} (%.1fms)" % duration)
         else
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
index f569d0dd8b..a0c5ed797e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         return content unless cache_configured?
         key = fragment_cache_key(key)
 
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:write_fragment, :key => key) do
+        instrument_fragment_cache :write_fragment, key do
           cache_store.write(key, content, options)
         end
         content
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         return unless cache_configured?
         key = fragment_cache_key(key)
 
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:read_fragment, :key => key) do
+        instrument_fragment_cache :read_fragment, key do
           cache_store.read(key, options)
         end
       end
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         return unless cache_configured?
         key = fragment_cache_key(key)
 
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:exist_fragment?, :key => key) do
+        instrument_fragment_cache :exist_fragment?, key do
           cache_store.exist?(key, options)
         end
       end
@@ -101,16 +101,18 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         key = fragment_cache_key(key) unless key.is_a?(Regexp)
         message = nil
 
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:expire_fragment, :key => key) do
+        instrument_fragment_cache :expire_fragment, key do
           if key.is_a?(Regexp)
-            message = "Expired fragments matching: #{key.source}"
             cache_store.delete_matched(key, options)
           else
-            message = "Expired fragment: #{key}"
             cache_store.delete(key, options)
           end
         end
       end
+
+      def instrument_fragment_cache(name, key)
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_controller.#{name}", :key => key){ yield }
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/pages.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/pages.rb
index d46f528c7e..5797eeebd6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/pages.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/pages.rb
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           return unless perform_caching
           path = page_cache_path(path)
 
-          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:expire_page, :path => path) do
+          instrument_page_cache :expire_page, path do
             File.delete(path) if File.exist?(path)
           end
         end
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           return unless perform_caching
           path = page_cache_path(path)
 
-          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:cache_page, :path => path) do
+          instrument_page_cache :write_page, path do
             FileUtils.makedirs(File.dirname(path))
             File.open(path, "wb+") { |f| f.write(content) }
           end
@@ -107,6 +107,10 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           def page_cache_path(path)
             page_cache_directory + page_cache_file(path)
           end
+
+          def instrument_page_cache(name, path)
+            ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_controller.#{name}", :path => path){ yield }
+          end
       end
 
       # Expires the page that was cached with the +options+ as a key. Example:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/logger.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/logger.rb
index 4f4370e5f0..bf5f3b774f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/logger.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/logger.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ module ActionController
     attr_internal :view_runtime
 
     def process_action(action)
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:process_action, :controller => self, :action => action) do
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_controller.process_action",
+        :controller => self, :action => action) do
         super
       end
     end
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ module ActionController
       # This is the hook invoked by ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe.
       # If you need to log any event, overwrite the method and do it here.
       def log_event(name, before, after, instrumenter_id, payload) #:nodoc:
-        if name == :process_action
+        if name == "action_controller.process_action"
           duration     = [(after - before) * 1000, 0.01].max
           controller   = payload[:controller]
           request      = controller.request
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ module ActionController
           message << " [#{request.request_uri rescue "unknown"}]"
 
           logger.info(message)
-        elsif name == :render_template
+        elsif name == "action_view.render_template"
           # TODO Make render_template logging work if you are using just ActionView
           duration = (after - before) * 1000
           message = "Rendered #{payload[:identifier]}"
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
index f27f22c7e7..04a101dbb2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
               'cookie containing the session data. Use ' +
               'config.action_controller.session = { :key => ' +
               '"_myapp_session", :secret => "some secret phrase" } in ' +
-              'config/environment.rb'
+              'config/application.rb'
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
index 4ebc8a2ab9..af356707c6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,24 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/exception'
+require 'active_support/notifications'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
 
 module ActionDispatch
+  # This middleware rescues any exception returned by the application and renders
+  # nice exception pages if it's being rescued locally.
+  #
+  # Every time an exception is caught, a notification is published, becoming a good API
+  # to deal with exceptions. So, if you want send an e-mail through ActionMailer
+  # everytime this notification is published, you just need to do the following:
+  #
+  #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "action_dispatch.show_exception" do |name, start, end, instrumentation_id, payload|
+  #     ExceptionNotifier.deliver_exception(start, payload)
+  #   end
+  #
+  # The payload is a hash which has to pairs:
+  #
+  # * :env - Contains the rack env for the given request;
+  # * :exception - The exception raised;
+  #
   class ShowExceptions
     LOCALHOST = '127.0.0.1'.freeze
 
@@ -44,8 +61,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def call(env)
       @app.call(env)
     rescue Exception => exception
-      raise exception if env['action_dispatch.show_exceptions'] == false
-      render_exception(env, exception)
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument 'action_dispatch.show_exception',
+        :env => env, :exception => exception do
+        raise exception if env['action_dispatch.show_exceptions'] == false
+        render_exception(env, exception)
+      end
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
index d69e5109fa..4970c768e8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
@@ -274,6 +274,7 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
     end
 
     def initialize(view_paths = [], assigns_for_first_render = {}, controller = nil, formats = nil)#:nodoc:
+      @config = nil
       @formats = formats
       @assigns = assigns_for_first_render.each { |key, value| instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value) }
       @controller = controller
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
index d0c66eda60..81c9c88820 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
@@ -504,8 +504,9 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       # Returns a label tag tailored for labelling an input field for a specified attribute (identified by +method+) on an object
-      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). The text of label will default to the attribute name unless you specify
-      # it explicitly. Additional options on the label tag can be passed as a hash with +options+. These options will be tagged
+      # assigned to the template (identified by +object+). The text of label will default to the attribute name unless a translation
+      # is found in the current I18n locale (through views.labels.<modelname>.<attribute>) or you specify it explicitly. 
+      # Additional options on the label tag can be passed as a hash with +options+. These options will be tagged
       # onto the HTML as an HTML element attribute as in the example shown, except for the <tt>:value</tt> option, which is designed to
       # target labels for radio_button tags (where the value is used in the ID of the input tag).
       #
@@ -513,6 +514,29 @@ module ActionView
       #   label(:post, :title)
       #   # => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
       #
+      #   You can localize your labels based on model and attribute names.
+      #   For example you can define the following in your locale (e.g. en.yml)
+      #
+      #   views:
+      #     labels:
+      #       post:
+      #         body: "Write your entire text here"
+      #
+      #   Which then will result in
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :body)
+      #   # => <label for="post_body">Write your entire text here</label>
+      #
+      #   Localization can also be based purely on the translation of the attribute-name like this:
+      #
+      #   activemodel:
+      #     attribute:
+      #       post:
+      #         cost: "Total cost"
+      #
+      #   label(:post, :cost)
+      #   # => <label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>
+      #
       #   label(:post, :title, "A short title")
       #   # => <label for="post_title">A short title</label>
       #
@@ -751,7 +775,19 @@ module ActionView
         add_default_name_and_id_for_value(tag_value, name_and_id)
         options.delete("index")
         options["for"] ||= name_and_id["id"]
-        content = (text.blank? ? nil : text.to_s) || method_name.humanize
+
+        content = if text.blank?
+          I18n.t("views.labels.#{object_name}.#{method_name}", :default => "").presence
+        else
+          text.to_s
+        end
+
+        content ||= if object && object.class.respond_to?(:human_attribute_name)
+          object.class.human_attribute_name(method_name)
+        end
+
+        content ||= method_name.humanize
+
         label_tag(name_and_id["id"], content, options)
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/partials.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/partials.rb
index 5158415c20..67a8ee4472 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/partials.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/partials.rb
@@ -215,12 +215,13 @@ module ActionView
         options = @options
 
         if @collection
-          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:render_collection, :path => @path,
-                                                  :count => @collection.size) do
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_view.render_collection",
+            :path => @path, :count => @collection.size) do
             render_collection
           end
         else
-          content = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:render_partial, :path => @path) do
+          content = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_view.render_partial",
+            :path => @path) do
             render_partial
           end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/rendering.rb
index 48316cac53..2fdfad694d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/render/rendering.rb
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ module ActionView
     def _render_template(template, layout = nil, options = {})
       locals = options[:locals] || {}
 
-      content = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:render_template,
+      content = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_view.render_template",
                 :identifier => template.identifier, :layout => (layout ? layout.identifier : nil)) do
         template.render(self, locals)
       end
@@ -109,7 +109,8 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def _render_layout(layout, locals, &block)
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:render_layout, :identifier => layout.identifier) do
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_view.render_layout",
+        :identifier => layout.identifier) do
         layout.render(self, locals){ |*name| _layout_for(*name, &block) }
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 8c65087898..c1aebefc77 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ class ActiveSupport::TestCase
 end
 
 class MockLogger
-  attr_reader :logged
   attr_accessor :level
 
   def initialize
@@ -108,6 +107,10 @@ class MockLogger
     @logged << args.first
     @logged << blk.call if block_given?
   end
+
+  def logged
+    @logged.compact.map { |l| l.to_s.strip }
+  end
 end
 
 class ActionController::IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/actionpack/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb b/actionpack/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
index 0f534da14b..9525dd8307 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
@@ -23,9 +23,11 @@ class ARLoggingTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_log_with_active_record
+    # Wait pending notifications to be published
+    wait
     get :show
     wait
-    assert_match /ActiveRecord runtime/, logs[3]
+    assert_match /ActiveRecord runtime/, @controller.logger.logged[3]
   end
 
   private
@@ -33,7 +35,4 @@ class ARLoggingTest < ActionController::TestCase
       @controller.logger = MockLogger.new
     end
 
-    def logs
-      @logs ||= @controller.logger.logged.compact.map {|l| l.to_s.strip}
-    end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
index 679eaf7b38..5a8dc0c358 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
@@ -630,17 +630,17 @@ class FragmentCachingTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_fragment_for_logging
-    fragment_computed = false
-    events = []
-    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe { |*args| events << args }
+    # Wait pending notifications to be published
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier.wait
+    @controller.logger = MockLogger.new
 
-    buffer = 'generated till now -> '
-    @controller.fragment_for(buffer, 'expensive') { fragment_computed = true }
+    fragment_computed = false
+    @controller.fragment_for('buffer', 'expensive') { fragment_computed = true }
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier.wait
 
     assert fragment_computed
-    assert_equal 'generated till now -> ', buffer
-    ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier.wait
-    assert_equal [:exist_fragment?, :write_fragment], events.map(&:first)
+    assert_match /Exist fragment\? "views\/expensive"/, @controller.logger.logged[0]
+    assert_match /Write fragment "views\/expensive"/, @controller.logger.logged[1]
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/logging_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/logging_test.rb
index 4206dffa7e..594cf17312 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/logging_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/logging_test.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ class LoggingTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def setup
     super
+    wait # Wait pending notifications to be published
     set_logger
   end
 
@@ -75,6 +76,6 @@ class LoggingTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     def logs
-      @logs ||= @controller.logger.logged.compact.map {|l| l.to_s.strip}
+      @logs ||= @controller.logger.logged
     end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
index 9f6a93756c..951fb4a22e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -104,4 +104,27 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionController::IntegrationTest
     assert_response 405
     assert_match /ActionController::MethodNotAllowed/, body
   end
+
+  test "publishes notifications" do
+    # Wait pending notifications to be published
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier.wait
+
+    @app, event = ProductionApp, nil
+    self.remote_addr = '127.0.0.1'
+
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('action_dispatch.show_exception') do |*args|
+      event = args
+    end
+
+    get "/"
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_match /puke/, body
+
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier.wait
+
+    assert_equal 'action_dispatch.show_exception', event.first
+    assert_kind_of Hash, event.last[:env]
+    assert_equal 'GET', event.last[:env]["REQUEST_METHOD"]
+    assert_kind_of RuntimeError, event.last[:exception]
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb b/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
index 823de8bdc7..b0e5d7a94c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ end
 class Post < Struct.new(:title, :author_name, :body, :secret, :written_on, :cost)
   extend ActiveModel::Naming
   include ActiveModel::Conversion
+  extend ActiveModel::Translation
 
   alias_method :secret?, :secret
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
index 44734abb18..b1e9fe99a2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,25 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def setup
     super
+
+    # Create "label" locale for testing I18n label helpers
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'label', {
+      :activemodel => {
+        :attributes => {
+          :post => {
+            :cost => "Total cost"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      :views => {
+        :labels => {
+          :post => {
+            :body => "Write entire text here"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
     @post = Post.new
     @comment = Comment.new
     def @post.errors()
@@ -51,6 +70,27 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_secret">Secret?</label>', label(:post, :secret?))
   end
 
+  def test_label_with_locales_strings
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label("post", "body"))
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_human_attribute_name
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>', label(:post, :cost))
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_locales_symbols
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
+    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label(:post, :body))
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
+
   def test_label_with_for_attribute_as_symbol
     assert_dom_equal('<label for="my_for">Title</label>', label(:post, :title, nil, :for => "my_for"))
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
index e8bb62953d..abc084a74b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
@@ -97,18 +97,19 @@ module ActiveModel
       full_messages = []
 
       each do |attribute, messages|
-        messages = Array.wrap(messages)
+        messages = Array(messages)
         next if messages.empty?
 
         if attribute == :base
           messages.each {|m| full_messages << m }
         else
-          attr_name = @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute)
-          options = { :default => ' ', :scope => @base.class.i18n_scope }
-          prefix = attr_name + I18n.t(:"errors.format.separator", options)
+          attr_name = attribute.to_s.gsub('.', '_').humanize
+          attr_name = @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute, :default => attr_name)
+          options = { :default => "{{attribute}} {{message}}", :attribute => attr_name,
+                      :scope => @base.class.i18n_scope }
 
           messages.each do |m|
-            full_messages <<  "#{prefix}#{m}"
+            full_messages << I18n.t(:"errors.format", options.merge(:message => m))
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
index 1c2347adbf..0be82aa180 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
@@ -41,6 +41,20 @@ module ActiveModel
         assert_boolean model.destroyed?, "destroyed?"
       end
 
+      # naming
+      # ------
+      #
+      # Model.model_name must returns a string with some convenience methods as
+      # :human and :partial_path. Check ActiveModel::Naming for more information.
+      #
+      def test_model_naming
+        assert model.class.respond_to?(:model_name), "The model should respond to model_name"
+        model_name = model.class.model_name
+        assert_kind_of String, model_name
+        assert_kind_of String, model_name.human
+        assert_kind_of String, model_name.partial_path
+      end
+
       # errors
       # ------
       #
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml b/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
index 0c2cf9ea33..1cdb897f13 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 en:
   activemodel:
     errors:
+      # model.errors.full_messages format.
+      format: "{{attribute}} {{message}}"
+
       # The values :model, :attribute and :value are always available for interpolation
       # The value :count is available when applicable. Can be used for pluralization.
       messages:
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
index 8c9f9c7fb3..01695cb73a 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
@@ -72,7 +72,8 @@ module ActiveModel #:nodoc:
     attr_reader :attributes
 
     def initialize(options)
-      @attributes = options.delete(:attributes)
+      @attributes = Array(options.delete(:attributes))
+      raise ":attributes cannot be blank" if @attributes.empty?
       super
       check_validity!
     end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/lint_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/lint_test.rb
index da7d2112dc..63804004ee 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/lint_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/lint_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ class LintTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   include ActiveModel::Lint::Tests
 
   class CompliantModel
+    extend ActiveModel::Naming
+
     def to_model
       self
     end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index 2717a09331..a7656fe219 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -21,20 +21,6 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     I18n.backend = @old_backend
   end
 
-  def test_percent_s_interpolation_syntax_in_error_messages_was_deprecated
-    assert_not_deprecated do
-      default = "%s interpolation syntax was deprecated"
-      assert_equal default, I18n.t(:does_not_exist, :default => default, :value => 'this')
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_percent_d_interpolation_syntax_in_error_messages_was_deprecated
-    assert_not_deprecated do
-      default = "%d interpolation syntaxes are deprecated"
-      assert_equal default, I18n.t(:does_not_exist, :default => default, :count => 2)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_errors_add_on_empty_generates_message
     @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :empty, {:default => nil})
     @person.errors.add_on_empty :title
@@ -57,10 +43,16 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_translates_human_attribute_name_for_model_attributes
     @person.errors.add('name', 'empty')
-    I18n.expects(:translate).with(:"person.name", :default => ['Name'], :scope => [:activemodel, :attributes], :count => 1).returns('Name')
+    I18n.expects(:translate).with(:"person.name", :default => ['Name', 'Name'], :scope => [:activemodel, :attributes], :count => 1).returns('Name')
     @person.errors.full_messages
   end
 
+  def test_errors_full_messages_uses_format
+    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', :activemodel => {:errors => {:format => "Field {{attribute}} {{message}}"}})
+    @person.errors.add('name', 'empty')
+    assert_equal ["Field Name empty"], @person.errors.full_messages
+  end
+
   # ActiveRecord::Validations
   # validates_confirmation_of w/ mocha
   def test_validates_confirmation_of_generates_message
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
index 9e9b925df2..7540ccb580 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
@@ -39,6 +39,18 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  class ValidatorPerEachAttribute < ActiveModel::EachValidator
+    def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
+      record.errors[attribute] << "Value is #{value}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ValidatorCheckValidity < ActiveModel::EachValidator
+    def check_validity!
+      raise "boom!"
+    end
+  end
+
   test "vaidation with class that adds errors" do
     Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors)
     topic = Topic.new
@@ -116,4 +128,39 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
 
+  test "validates_with each validator" do
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, :attributes => [:title, :content])
+    topic = Topic.new :title => "Title", :content => "Content"
+    assert !topic.valid?
+    assert_equal ["Value is Title"], topic.errors[:title]
+    assert_equal ["Value is Content"], topic.errors[:content]
+  end
+
+  test "each validator checks validity" do
+    assert_raise RuntimeError do
+      Topic.validates_with(ValidatorCheckValidity, :attributes => [:title])
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "each validator expects attributes to be given" do
+    assert_raise RuntimeError do
+      Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "each validator skip nil values if :allow_nil is set to true" do
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, :attributes => [:title, :content], :allow_nil => true)
+    topic = Topic.new :content => ""
+    assert !topic.valid?
+    assert topic.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert_equal ["Value is "], topic.errors[:content]
+  end
+
+  test "each validator skip blank values if :allow_blank is set to true" do
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, :attributes => [:title, :content], :allow_blank => true)
+    topic = Topic.new :content => ""
+    assert topic.valid?
+    assert topic.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert topic.errors[:content].empty?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index 61910395b5..38a2a716a7 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -71,6 +71,12 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, r.errors.count
   end
 
+  def test_errors_on_nested_attributes_expands_name
+    t = Topic.new
+    t.errors["replies.name"] << "can't be blank"
+    assert_equal ["Replies name can't be blank"], t.errors.full_messages
+  end
+
   def test_errors_on_base
     r = Reply.new
     r.content = "Mismatch"
diff --git a/activerecord/CHANGELOG b/activerecord/CHANGELOG
index fc6f61f121..38bcf0c787 100644
--- a/activerecord/CHANGELOG
+++ b/activerecord/CHANGELOG
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@
 
 * Changed ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class to be true by default reflecting the previously announced Rails 3 default [DHH]
 
+* Add Relation#except. [Pratik Naik]
+
+  one_red_item = Item.where(:colour => 'red').limit(1)
+  all_items = one_red_item.except(:where, :limit)
+
 * Add Relation#delete_all. [Pratik Naik]
 
   Item.where(:colour => 'red').delete_all
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
index cf439b0dc0..728dec8925 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       autoload :FinderMethods
       autoload :CalculationMethods
       autoload :PredicateBuilder
+      autoload :SpawnMethods
     end
 
     autoload :Base
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
index 80e6acf34c..b2ae447d5e 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
@@ -1465,8 +1465,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           after_destroy(method_name)
         end
 
-        def find_with_associations(options = {}, join_dependency = nil)
-          join_dependency ||= JoinDependency.new(self, merge_includes(scope(:find, :include), options[:include]), options[:joins])
+        def find_with_associations(options, join_dependency)
           rows = select_all_rows(options, join_dependency)
           join_dependency.instantiate(rows)
         rescue ThrowResult
@@ -1770,84 +1769,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           relation.to_sql
         end
 
-        def tables_in_string(string)
-          return [] if string.blank?
-          string.scan(/([a-zA-Z_][\.\w]+).?\./).flatten
-        end
-
-        def tables_in_hash(hash)
-          return [] if hash.blank?
-          tables = hash.map do |key, value|
-            if value.is_a?(Hash)
-              key.to_s
-            else
-              tables_in_string(key) if key.is_a?(String)
-            end
-          end
-          tables.flatten.compact
-        end
-
-        def conditions_tables(options)
-          # look in both sets of conditions
-          conditions = [scope(:find, :conditions), options[:conditions]].inject([]) do |all, cond|
-            case cond
-              when nil   then all
-              when Array then all << tables_in_string(cond.first)
-              when Hash  then all << tables_in_hash(cond)
-              else            all << tables_in_string(cond)
-            end
-          end
-          conditions.flatten
-        end
-
-        def order_tables(options)
-          order = [options[:order], scope(:find, :order) ].join(", ")
-          return [] unless order && order.is_a?(String)
-          tables_in_string(order)
-        end
-
-        def selects_tables(options)
-          select = options[:select]
-          return [] unless select && select.is_a?(String)
-          tables_in_string(select)
-        end
-
-        def joined_tables(options)
-          scope = scope(:find)
-          joins = options[:joins]
-          merged_joins = scope && scope[:joins] && joins ? merge_joins(scope[:joins], joins) : (joins || scope && scope[:joins])
-          [table_name] + case merged_joins
-          when Symbol, Hash, Array
-            if array_of_strings?(merged_joins)
-              tables_in_string(merged_joins.join(' '))
-            else
-              join_dependency = ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods::JoinDependency.new(self, merged_joins, nil)
-              join_dependency.join_associations.collect {|join_association| [join_association.aliased_join_table_name, join_association.aliased_table_name]}.flatten.compact
-            end
-          else
-            tables_in_string(merged_joins)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Checks if the conditions reference a table other than the current model table
-        def include_eager_conditions?(options, tables = nil, joined_tables = nil)
-          ((tables || conditions_tables(options)) - (joined_tables || joined_tables(options))).any?
-        end
-
-        # Checks if the query order references a table other than the current model's table.
-        def include_eager_order?(options, tables = nil, joined_tables = nil)
-          ((tables || order_tables(options)) - (joined_tables || joined_tables(options))).any?
-        end
-
-        def include_eager_select?(options, joined_tables = nil)
-          (selects_tables(options) - (joined_tables || joined_tables(options))).any?
-        end
-
-        def references_eager_loaded_tables?(options)
-          joined_tables = joined_tables(options)
-          include_eager_order?(options, nil, joined_tables) || include_eager_conditions?(options, nil, joined_tables) || include_eager_select?(options, joined_tables)
-        end
-
         def using_limitable_reflections?(reflections)
           reflections.reject { |r| [ :belongs_to, :has_one ].include?(r.macro) }.length.zero?
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb
index 1ceb0dbf96..358db6df1d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         construct_sql
       end
 
-      delegate :group, :order, :limit, :joins, :where, :preload, :eager_load, :from, :lock, :readonly, :having, :to => :scoped
+      delegate :group, :order, :limit, :joins, :where, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly, :having, :to => :scoped
 
       def select(select = nil, &block)
         if block_given?
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           find_scope = construct_scope[:find].slice(:conditions, :order)
 
           with_scope(:find => find_scope) do
-            relation = @reflection.klass.send(:construct_finder_arel_with_includes, options)
+            relation = @reflection.klass.send(:construct_finder_arel, options)
 
             case args.first
             when :first, :last, :all
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
index 44c668b619..98ab64537e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       unless valid = association.valid?
         if reflection.options[:autosave]
           association.errors.each do |attribute, message|
-            attribute = "#{reflection.name}_#{attribute}"
+            attribute = "#{reflection.name}.#{attribute}"
             errors[attribute] << message if errors[attribute].empty?
           end
         else
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
index 78b92be849..026bf55aaa 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
         options = args.extract_options!
         set_readonly_option!(options)
 
-        relation = construct_finder_arel_with_includes(options)
+        relation = construct_finder_arel(options)
 
         case args.first
         when :first, :last, :all
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
         end
       end
 
-      delegate :select, :group, :order, :limit, :joins, :where, :preload, :eager_load, :from, :lock, :readonly, :having, :to => :scoped
+      delegate :select, :group, :order, :limit, :joins, :where, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly, :having, :to => :scoped
 
       # A convenience wrapper for <tt>find(:first, *args)</tt>. You can pass in all the
       # same arguments to this method as you can to <tt>find(:first)</tt>.
@@ -1510,11 +1510,17 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
       end
 
       def active_relation_table(table_name_alias = nil)
-        Arel::Table.new(table_name, :as => table_name_alias)
+        Arel::Table.new(table_name, :as => table_name_alias, :engine => active_relation_engine)
       end
 
       def active_relation_engine
-        @active_relation_engine ||= Arel::Sql::Engine.new(self)
+        @active_relation_engine ||= begin
+          if self == ActiveRecord::Base
+            Arel::Table.engine
+          else
+            connection_handler.connection_pools[name] ? Arel::Sql::Engine.new(self) : superclass.active_relation_engine
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       private
@@ -1579,7 +1585,8 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
             order(construct_order(options[:order], scope)).
             limit(construct_limit(options[:limit], scope)).
             offset(construct_offset(options[:offset], scope)).
-            from(options[:from])
+            from(options[:from]).
+            includes( merge_includes(scope && scope[:include], options[:include]))
 
           lock = (scope && scope[:lock]) || options[:lock]
           relation = relation.lock if lock.present?
@@ -1589,21 +1596,6 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
           relation
         end
 
-        def construct_finder_arel_with_includes(options = {})
-          relation = construct_finder_arel(options)
-          include_associations = merge_includes(scope(:find, :include), options[:include])
-
-          if include_associations.any?
-            if references_eager_loaded_tables?(options)
-              relation = relation.eager_load(include_associations)
-            else
-              relation = relation.preload(include_associations)
-            end
-          end
-
-          relation
-        end
-
         def construct_join(joins, scope)
           merged_joins = scope && scope[:joins] && joins ? merge_joins(scope[:joins], joins) : (joins || scope && scope[:joins])
           case merged_joins
@@ -1722,7 +1714,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
             super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
             if match.finder?
               options = arguments.extract_options!
-              relation = options.any? ? construct_finder_arel_with_includes(options) : scoped
+              relation = options.any? ? construct_finder_arel(options) : scoped
               relation.send :find_by_attributes, match, attribute_names, *arguments
             elsif match.instantiator?
               scoped.send :find_or_instantiator_by_attributes, match, attribute_names, *arguments, &block
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
index d09aa3c4d2..5eedf448a4 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       protected
         def log(sql, name)
           result = nil
-          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:sql, :sql => sql, :name => name) do
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("active_record.sql", :sql => sql, :name => name) do
             @runtime += Benchmark.ms { result = yield }
           end
           result
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml
index 092f5f0023..e33d389f8c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 en:
   activerecord:
     errors:
+      # model.errors.full_messages format.
+      format: "{{attribute}} {{message}}"
+
       # The values :model, :attribute and :value are always available for interpolation
       # The value :count is available when applicable. Can be used for pluralization.
       messages:
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
index 5959265d5e..f63b249241 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           unless scoped?(:find)
             finder_needs_type_condition? ? active_relation.where(type_condition) : active_relation.spawn
           else
-            construct_finder_arel_with_includes
+            construct_finder_arel
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
index 657ee738c0..a35edace19 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     initializer "active_record.notifications" do
       require 'active_support/notifications'
 
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("sql") do |name, before, after, instrumenter_id, payload|
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("active_record.sql") do |name, before, after, instrumenter_id, payload|
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.log_info(payload[:sql], payload[:name], (after - before) * 1000)
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
index 8756695d46..487b54f27d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
@@ -1,36 +1,32 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   class Relation
-    include QueryMethods, FinderMethods, CalculationMethods
+    include QueryMethods, FinderMethods, CalculationMethods, SpawnMethods
 
-    delegate :to_sql, :to => :relation
     delegate :length, :collect, :map, :each, :all?, :to => :to_a
 
-    attr_reader :relation, :klass, :preload_associations, :eager_load_associations
-    attr_writer :readonly, :preload_associations, :eager_load_associations, :table
+    attr_reader :relation, :klass
+    attr_writer :readonly, :table
+    attr_accessor :preload_associations, :eager_load_associations, :includes_associations, :create_with_attributes
 
     def initialize(klass, relation)
       @klass, @relation = klass, relation
       @preload_associations = []
       @eager_load_associations = []
+      @includes_associations = []
       @loaded, @readonly = false
     end
 
-    def merge(r)
-      raise ArgumentError, "Cannot merge a #{r.klass.name} relation with #{@klass.name} relation" if r.klass != @klass
+    def new(*args, &block)
+      with_create_scope { @klass.new(*args, &block) }
+    end
 
-      joins(r.relation.joins(r.relation)).
-        group(r.send(:group_clauses).join(', ')).
-        order(r.send(:order_clauses).join(', ')).
-        where(r.send(:where_clause)).
-        limit(r.taken).
-        offset(r.skipped).
-        select(r.send(:select_clauses).join(', ')).
-        eager_load(r.eager_load_associations).
-        preload(r.preload_associations).
-        from(r.send(:sources).present? ? r.send(:from_clauses) : nil)
+    def create(*args, &block)
+      with_create_scope { @klass.create(*args, &block) }
     end
 
-    alias :& :merge
+    def create!(*args, &block)
+      with_create_scope { @klass.create!(*args, &block) }
+    end
 
     def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
       return true if @relation.respond_to?(method, include_private) || Array.method_defined?(method)
@@ -47,19 +43,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def to_a
       return @records if loaded?
 
-      @records = if @eager_load_associations.any?
+      find_with_associations = @eager_load_associations.any? || references_eager_loaded_tables?
+
+      @records = if find_with_associations
         begin
           @klass.send(:find_with_associations, {
             :select => @relation.send(:select_clauses).join(', '),
             :joins => @relation.joins(relation),
             :group => @relation.send(:group_clauses).join(', '),
-            :order => @relation.send(:order_clauses).join(', '),
+            :order => order_clause,
             :conditions => where_clause,
             :limit => @relation.taken,
             :offset => @relation.skipped,
             :from => (@relation.send(:from_clauses) if @relation.send(:sources).present?)
             },
-            ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods::JoinDependency.new(@klass, @eager_load_associations, nil))
+            ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods::JoinDependency.new(@klass, @eager_load_associations + @includes_associations, nil))
         rescue ThrowResult
           []
         end
@@ -67,7 +65,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @klass.find_by_sql(@relation.to_sql)
       end
 
-      @preload_associations.each {|associations| @klass.send(:preload_associations, @records, associations) }
+      preload = @preload_associations
+      preload +=  @includes_associations unless find_with_associations
+      preload.each {|associations| @klass.send(:preload_associations, @records, associations) } 
+
       @records.each { |record| record.readonly! } if @readonly
 
       @loaded = true
@@ -123,28 +124,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def reset
-      @first = @last = nil
+      @first = @last = @to_sql = @order_clause = @scope_for_create = nil
       @records = []
       self
     end
 
-    def spawn(relation = @relation)
-      relation = self.class.new(@klass, relation)
-      relation.readonly = @readonly
-      relation.preload_associations = @preload_associations
-      relation.eager_load_associations = @eager_load_associations
-      relation.table = table
-      relation
-    end
-
     def table
-      @table ||= Arel::Table.new(@klass.table_name, Arel::Sql::Engine.new(@klass))
+      @table ||= Arel::Table.new(@klass.table_name, :engine => @klass.active_relation_engine)
     end
 
     def primary_key
       @primary_key ||= table[@klass.primary_key]
     end
 
+    def to_sql
+      @to_sql ||= @relation.to_sql
+    end
+
     protected
 
     def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
@@ -166,9 +162,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def with_create_scope
+      @klass.send(:with_scope, :create => scope_for_create) { yield }
+    end
+
+    def scope_for_create
+      @scope_for_create ||= begin
+        @create_with_attributes || wheres.inject({}) do |hash, where|
+          hash[where.operand1.name] = where.operand2.value if where.is_a?(Arel::Predicates::Equality)
+          hash
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     def where_clause(join_string = " AND ")
       @relation.send(:where_clauses).join(join_string)
     end
 
+    def order_clause
+      @order_clause ||= @relation.send(:order_clauses).join(', ')
+    end
+
+    def references_eager_loaded_tables?
+      joined_tables = (tables_in_string(@relation.joins(relation)) + [table.name, table.table_alias]).compact.uniq
+      (tables_in_string(to_sql) - joined_tables).any?
+    end
+
+    def tables_in_string(string)
+      return [] if string.blank?
+      string.scan(/([a-zA-Z_][\.\w]+).?\./).flatten.uniq
+    end
+
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
index 4600aab574..5d7bf0b7bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       spawn.tap {|r| r.preload_associations += Array.wrap(associations) }
     end
 
+    def includes(*associations)
+      spawn.tap {|r| r.includes_associations += Array.wrap(associations) }
+    end
+
     def eager_load(*associations)
       spawn.tap {|r| r.eager_load_associations += Array.wrap(associations) }
     end
@@ -13,6 +17,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       spawn.tap {|r| r.readonly = status }
     end
 
+    def create_with(attributes = {})
+      spawn.tap {|r| r.create_with_attributes = attributes }
+    end
+
     def select(selects)
       if selects.present?
         relation = spawn(@relation.project(selects))
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ecee8c634
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module SpawnMethods
+    def spawn(relation = @relation)
+      relation = Relation.new(@klass, relation)
+      relation.readonly = @readonly
+      relation.preload_associations = @preload_associations
+      relation.eager_load_associations = @eager_load_associations
+      relation.includes_associations = @includes_associations
+      relation.create_with_attributes = @create_with_attributes
+      relation.table = table
+      relation
+    end
+
+    def merge(r)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Cannot merge a #{r.klass.name} relation with #{@klass.name} relation" if r.klass != @klass
+
+      merged_relation = spawn(table).eager_load(r.eager_load_associations).preload(r.preload_associations).includes(r.includes_associations)
+      merged_relation.readonly = r.readonly
+
+      [self.relation, r.relation].each do |arel|
+        merged_relation = merged_relation.
+          joins(arel.joins(arel)).
+          group(arel.groupings).
+          limit(arel.taken).
+          offset(arel.skipped).
+          select(arel.send(:select_clauses)).
+          from(arel.sources).
+          having(arel.havings).
+          lock(arel.locked)
+      end
+
+      relation_order = r.send(:order_clause)
+      merged_order = relation_order.present? ? relation_order : order_clause
+      merged_relation = merged_relation.order(merged_order)
+
+      merged_relation.create_with_attributes = @create_with_attributes
+
+      if @create_with_attributes && r.create_with_attributes
+        merged_relation.create_with_attributes = @create_with_attributes.merge(r.create_with_attributes)
+      else
+        merged_relation.create_with_attributes = r.create_with_attributes || @create_with_attributes
+      end
+
+      merged_wheres = @relation.wheres
+
+      r.wheres.each do |w|
+        if w.is_a?(Arel::Predicates::Equality)
+          merged_wheres = merged_wheres.reject {|p| p.is_a?(Arel::Predicates::Equality) && p.operand1.name == w.operand1.name }
+        end
+
+        merged_wheres << w
+      end
+
+      merged_relation.where(*merged_wheres)
+    end
+
+    alias :& :merge
+
+    def except(*skips)
+      result = Relation.new(@klass, table)
+      result.table = table
+
+      [:eager_load, :preload, :includes].each do |load_method|
+        result = result.send(load_method, send(:"#{load_method}_associations"))
+      end
+
+      result.readonly = self.readonly unless skips.include?(:readonly)
+      result.create_with_attributes = @create_with_attributes unless skips.include?(:create_with)
+
+      result = result.joins(@relation.joins(@relation)) unless skips.include?(:joins)
+      result = result.group(@relation.groupings) unless skips.include?(:group)
+      result = result.limit(@relation.taken) unless skips.include?(:limit)
+      result = result.offset(@relation.skipped) unless skips.include?(:offset)
+      result = result.select(@relation.send(:select_clauses)) unless skips.include?(:select)
+      result = result.from(@relation.sources) unless skips.include?(:from)
+      result = result.order(order_clause) unless skips.include?(:order)
+      result = result.where(*@relation.wheres) unless skips.include?(:where)
+      result = result.having(*@relation.havings) unless skips.include?(:having)
+      result = result.lock(@relation.locked) unless skips.include?(:lock)
+
+      result
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
index 803e5b25b1..cf763d730a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
@@ -786,14 +786,14 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_should_automatically_validate_the_associated_model
     @pirate.ship.name = ''
     assert @pirate.invalid?
-    assert @pirate.errors[:ship_name].any?
+    assert @pirate.errors[:"ship.name"].any?
   end
 
   def test_should_merge_errors_on_the_associated_models_onto_the_parent_even_if_it_is_not_valid
     @pirate.ship.name   = nil
     @pirate.catchphrase = nil
     assert @pirate.invalid?
-    assert @pirate.errors[:ship_name].any?
+    assert @pirate.errors[:"ship.name"].any?
     assert @pirate.errors[:catchphrase].any?
   end
 
@@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_should_automatically_validate_the_associated_model
     @ship.pirate.catchphrase = ''
     assert @ship.invalid?
-    assert @ship.errors[:pirate_catchphrase].any?
+    assert @ship.errors[:"pirate.catchphrase"].any?
   end
 
   def test_should_merge_errors_on_the_associated_model_onto_the_parent_even_if_it_is_not_valid
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @ship.pirate.catchphrase = nil
     assert @ship.invalid?
     assert @ship.errors[:name].any?
-    assert @ship.errors[:pirate_catchphrase].any?
+    assert @ship.errors[:"pirate.catchphrase"].any?
   end
 
   def test_should_still_allow_to_bypass_validations_on_the_associated_model
@@ -961,7 +961,7 @@ module AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
     @pirate.send(@association_name).each { |child| child.name = '' }
 
     assert !@pirate.valid?
-    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @pirate.errors["#{@association_name}_name"]
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @pirate.errors["#{@association_name}.name"]
     assert @pirate.errors[@association_name].empty?
   end
 
@@ -969,16 +969,33 @@ module AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
     @pirate.send(@association_name).build(:name => '')
 
     assert !@pirate.valid?
-    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @pirate.errors["#{@association_name}_name"]
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @pirate.errors["#{@association_name}.name"]
     assert @pirate.errors[@association_name].empty?
   end
 
+  def test_should_default_invalid_error_from_i18n
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(:en, :activerecord => { :errors => { :models =>
+      { @association_name.to_s.singularize.to_sym => { :blank => "cannot be blank" } }
+    }})
+
+    @pirate.send(@association_name).build(:name => '')
+
+    assert !@pirate.valid?
+    assert_equal ["cannot be blank"], @pirate.errors["#{@association_name}.name"]
+    assert_equal ["#{@association_name.to_s.titleize} name cannot be blank"], @pirate.errors.full_messages
+    assert @pirate.errors[@association_name].empty?
+  ensure
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(:en, :activerecord => { :errors => { :models =>
+      { @association_name.to_s.singularize.to_sym => nil }
+    }})
+  end
+
   def test_should_merge_errors_on_the_associated_models_onto_the_parent_even_if_it_is_not_valid
     @pirate.send(@association_name).each { |child| child.name = '' }
     @pirate.catchphrase = nil
 
     assert !@pirate.valid?
-    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @pirate.errors["#{@association_name}_name"]
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @pirate.errors["#{@association_name}.name"]
     assert @pirate.errors[:catchphrase].any?
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
index 7c3e0f2ca6..6155bfd50a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/entrant'
+require 'models/bird'
 
 # So we can test whether Course.connection survives a reload.
 require_dependency 'models/course'
@@ -82,4 +83,9 @@ class MultipleDbTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "Ruby Development", Course.find(1).name
     assert_equal "Ruby Developer", Entrant.find(1).name
   end
+
+  def test_arel_table_engines
+    assert_not_equal Entrant.active_relation_engine, Course.active_relation_engine
+    assert_equal Entrant.active_relation_engine, Bird.active_relation_engine
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
index 60c5bad225..8891282915 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
       assert_no_difference ['Man.count', 'Interest.count'] do
         man = Man.create(:name => 'John',
                          :interests_attributes => [{:topic=>'Cars'}, {:topic=>'Sports'}])
-        assert !man.errors[:interests_man].empty?
+        assert !man.errors[:"interests.man"].empty?
       end
     end
     # restore :inverse_of
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
index 6605c8bf34..195889f1df 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/entrant'
 require 'models/developer'
 require 'models/company'
+require 'models/bird'
 
 class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :authors, :topics, :entrants, :developers, :companies, :developers_projects, :accounts, :categories, :categorizations, :posts, :comments,
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_find_with_included_associations
+  def test_find_with_preloaded_associations
     assert_queries(2) do
       posts = Post.preload(:comments)
       assert posts.first.comments.first
@@ -205,6 +206,29 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_find_with_included_associations
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.includes(:comments)
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.scoped.includes(:comments)
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(2) do
+      posts = Post.includes(:author)
+      assert posts.first.author
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(3) do
+      posts = Post.includes(:author, :comments).to_a
+      assert posts.first.author
+      assert posts.first.comments.first
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_default_scope_with_conditions_string
     assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('David').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledDavid.scoped.map(&:id).sort
     assert_equal nil, DeveloperCalledDavid.create!.name
@@ -383,6 +407,11 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_relation_merging_with_locks
+    devs = Developer.lock.where("salary >= 80000").order("id DESC") & Developer.limit(2)
+    assert devs.locked.present?
+  end
+
   def test_relation_merging_with_preload
     [Post.scoped & Post.preload(:author), Post.preload(:author) & Post.scoped].each do |posts|
       assert_queries(2) { assert posts.first.author }
@@ -477,4 +506,62 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert posts.many?
     assert ! posts.limit(1).many?
   end
+
+  def test_build
+    posts = Post.scoped
+
+    post = posts.new
+    assert_kind_of Post, post
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped_build
+    posts = Post.where(:title => 'You told a lie')
+
+    post = posts.new
+    assert_kind_of Post, post
+    assert_equal 'You told a lie', post.title
+  end
+
+  def test_create
+    birds = Bird.scoped
+
+    sparrow = birds.create
+    assert_kind_of Bird, sparrow
+    assert sparrow.new_record?
+
+    hen = birds.where(:name => 'hen').create
+    assert ! hen.new_record?
+    assert_equal 'hen', hen.name
+  end
+
+  def test_create_bang
+    birds = Bird.scoped
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { birds.create! }
+
+    hen = birds.where(:name => 'hen').create!
+    assert_kind_of Bird, hen
+    assert ! hen.new_record?
+    assert_equal 'hen', hen.name
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_create_scope
+    hens = Bird.where(:name => 'hen')
+    assert_equal 'hen', hens.new.name
+
+    hens = hens.create_with(:name => 'cock')
+    assert_equal 'cock', hens.new.name
+  end
+
+  def test_except
+    relation = Post.where(:author_id => 1).order('id ASC').limit(1)
+    assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], relation.all
+
+    author_posts = relation.except(:order, :limit)
+    assert_equal Post.where(:author_id => 1).all, author_posts.all
+
+    all_posts = relation.except(:where, :order, :limit)
+    assert_equal Post.all, all_posts.all
+  end
+
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
index ad238c1d96..6360a4614e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
@@ -247,13 +247,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
           expires_in || 0
         end
 
-        def instrument(operation, key, options, &block)
+        def instrument(operation, key, options)
           log(operation, key, options)
 
           if self.class.instrument
             payload = { :key => key }
             payload.merge!(options) if options.is_a?(Hash)
-            ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(:"cache_#{operation}", payload, &block)
+            ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("active_support.cache_#{operation}", payload){ yield }
           else
             yield
           end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb
index 40bea54c67..8dff217ddc 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 class Integer
   # Check whether the integer is evenly divisible by the argument.
   def multiple_of?(number)
-    self % number == 0
+    number != 0 ? self % number == 0 : zero?
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/integer_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/integer_ext_test.rb
index e1591089f5..fe8c7eb224 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/integer_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/integer_ext_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ class IntegerExtTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def test_multiple_of
     [ -7, 0, 7, 14 ].each { |i| assert i.multiple_of?(7) }
     [ -7, 7, 14 ].each { |i| assert ! i.multiple_of?(6) }
+
+    # test the 0 edge case
+    assert 0.multiple_of?(0)
+    assert !5.multiple_of?(0)
+
     # test with a prime
     assert !22953686867719691230002707821868552601124472329079.multiple_of?(2)
     assert !22953686867719691230002707821868552601124472329079.multiple_of?(3)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/isolation_test.rb b/activesupport/test/isolation_test.rb
index 39c2166016..a7af5e96f6 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/isolation_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/isolation_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rbconfig'
 
-# if defined?(MiniTest) || defined?(Test::Unit::TestResultFailureSupport)
-#   $stderr.puts "Isolation tests can test test-unit 1 only"
+if defined?(MiniTest) || defined?(Test::Unit::TestResultFailureSupport)
+  $stderr.puts "Isolation tests can test test-unit 1 only"
 
-if ENV['CHILD']
+elsif ENV['CHILD']
   class ChildIsolationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
 
diff --git a/rack b/rack
-Subproject c6805fb93da30e0056b38e0fa6015c3d1bca587
+Subproject 1ffa95c55394c862798727ac8b203ecedda8842
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
index 5e68c05d7c..3fb4b723ab 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module Rails
     class << self
       attr_writer :config
       alias configure class_eval
-      delegate :initialize!, :load_tasks, :to => :instance
+      delegate :initialize!, :load_tasks, :root, :to => :instance
 
       private :new
       def instance
@@ -267,18 +267,5 @@ module Rails
         ActiveSupport::Dependencies.unhook!
       end
     end
-
-    # For each framework, search for instrument file with Notifications hooks.
-    #
-    initializer :load_notifications_hooks do
-      frameworks = [ :active_record, :action_controller, :action_view,
-        :action_mailer, :active_resource ]
-      frameworks.each do |framework|
-        begin
-          require "#{framework}/notifications"
-        rescue LoadError => e
-        end
-      end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
index 2ba56bc3c5..3713a38b33 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 
 # TODO: Do not always push on vendored thor
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib")
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib")
 require 'rails/generators/base'
 require 'rails/generators/named_base'
 
@@ -117,11 +117,15 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     # Remove the color from output.
-    #
     def self.no_color!
       Thor::Base.shell = Thor::Shell::Basic
     end
 
+    # Track all generators subclasses.
+    def self.subclasses
+      @subclasses ||= []
+    end
+
     # Generators load paths used on lookup. The lookup happens as:
     #
     #   1) lib generators
@@ -147,18 +151,10 @@ module Rails
     end
     load_paths # Cache load paths. Needed to avoid __FILE__ pointing to wrong paths.
 
-    # Rails finds namespaces exactly as thor, with three conveniences:
-    #
-    #  1) If your generator name ends with generator, as WebratGenerator, it sets
-    #     its namespace to "webrat", so it can be invoked as "webrat" and not
-    #     "webrat_generator";
+    # Rails finds namespaces similar to thor, it only adds one rule:
     #
-    #  2) If your generator has a generators namespace, as Rails::Generators::WebratGenerator,
-    #     the namespace is set to "rails:generators:webrat", but Rails allows it
-    #     to be invoked simply as "rails:webrat". The "generators" is added
-    #     automatically when doing the lookup;
-    #
-    #  3) Rails looks in load paths and loads the generator just before it's going to be used.
+    # Generators names must end with "_generator.rb". This is required because Rails
+    # looks in load paths and loads the generator just before it's going to be used.
     #
     # ==== Examples
     #
@@ -166,113 +162,81 @@ module Rails
     #
     # Will search for the following generators:
     #
-    #   "rails:generators:webrat", "webrat:generators:integration", "webrat"
-    #
-    # On the other hand, if "rails:webrat" is given, it will search for:
+    #   "rails:webrat", "webrat:integration", "webrat"
     #
-    #   "rails:generators:webrat", "rails:webrat"
-    #
-    # Notice that the "generators" namespace is handled automatically by Rails,
-    # so you don't need to type it when you want to invoke a generator in specific.
+    # Notice that "rails:generators:webrat" could be loaded as well, what
+    # Rails looks for is the first and last parts of the namespace.
     #
     def self.find_by_namespace(name, base=nil, context=nil) #:nodoc:
-      name, attempts = name.to_s, [ ]
-
-      case name.count(':')
-        when 1
-          base, name = name.split(':')
-          return find_by_namespace(name, base)
-        when 0
-          attempts += generator_names(base, name)    if base
-          attempts += generator_names(name, context) if context
-      end
-
-      attempts << name
-      attempts += generator_names(name, name) unless name.include?(?:)
-      attempts.uniq!
-
-      unloaded = attempts - namespaces
-      lookup(unloaded)
+      # Mount regexps to lookup
+      regexps = []
+      regexps << /^#{base}:[\w:]*#{name}$/    if base
+      regexps << /^#{name}:[\w:]*#{context}$/ if context
+      regexps << /^[(#{name}):]+$/
+      regexps.uniq!
+
+      # Check if generator happens to be loaded
+      checked = subclasses.dup
+      klass   = find_by_regexps(regexps, checked)
+      return klass if klass
+
+      # Try to require other generators by looking in load_paths
+      lookup(name, context)
+      unchecked = subclasses - checked
+      klass = find_by_regexps(regexps, unchecked)
+      return klass if klass
+
+      # Invoke fallbacks
+      invoke_fallbacks_for(name, base) || invoke_fallbacks_for(context, name)
+    end
 
-      attempts.each do |namespace|
-        klass = Thor::Util.find_by_namespace(namespace)
-        return klass if klass
+    # Tries to find a generator which the namespace match the regexp.
+    def self.find_by_regexps(regexps, klasses)
+      klasses.find do |klass|
+        namespace = klass.namespace
+        regexps.find { |r| namespace =~ r }
       end
-
-      invoke_fallbacks_for(name, base) || invoke_fallbacks_for(context, name)
     end
 
     # Receives a namespace, arguments and the behavior to invoke the generator.
     # It's used as the default entry point for generate, destroy and update
     # commands.
-    #
     def self.invoke(namespace, args=ARGV, config={})
-      if klass = find_by_namespace(namespace, "rails")
+      names = namespace.to_s.split(':')
+
+      if klass = find_by_namespace(names.pop, names.shift || "rails")
         args << "--help" if klass.arguments.any? { |a| a.required? } && args.empty?
-        klass.start args, config
+        klass.start(args, config)
       else
         puts "Could not find generator #{namespace}."
       end
     end
 
     # Show help message with available generators.
-    #
     def self.help
-      rails = Rails::Generators.builtin.map do |group, name|
-        name if group == "rails"
-      end
-      rails.compact!
-      rails.sort!
-
-      puts "Please select a generator."
-      puts "Builtin: #{rails.join(', ')}."
-
-      # Load paths and remove builtin
-      paths, others = load_paths.dup, []
-      paths.pop
-
-      paths.each do |path|
-        tail = [ "*", "*", "*_generator.rb" ]
-
-        until tail.empty?
-          others += Dir[File.join(path, *tail)].collect do |file|
-            name = file.split('/')[-tail.size, 2]
-            name.last.sub!(/_generator\.rb$/, '')
-            name.uniq!
-            name.join(':')
-          end
-          tail.shift
-        end
-      end
+      builtin = Rails::Generators.builtin.each { |n| n.sub!(/^rails:/, '') }
+      builtin.sort!
 
+      lookup("*")
+      others  = subclasses.map{ |k| k.namespace.gsub(':generators:', ':') }
+      others -= Rails::Generators.builtin
       others.sort!
+
+      puts "Please select a generator."
+      puts "Builtin: #{builtin.join(', ')}."
       puts "Others: #{others.join(', ')}." unless others.empty?
     end
 
     protected
 
-      # Return all defined namespaces.
-      #
-      def self.namespaces #:nodoc:
-        Thor::Base.subclasses.map { |klass| klass.namespace }
-      end
-
-      # Keep builtin generators in an Array[Array[group, name]].
-      #
+      # Keep builtin generators in an Array.
       def self.builtin #:nodoc:
         Dir[File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/generators/*/*'].collect do |file|
-          file.split('/')[-2, 2]
+          file.split('/')[-2, 2].join(':')
         end
       end
 
-      # By default, Rails strips the generator namespace to make invocations
-      # easier. This method generaters the both possibilities names.
-      def self.generator_names(first, second) #:nodoc:
-        [ "#{first}:generators:#{second}", "#{first}:#{second}" ]
-      end
-
-      # Try callbacks for the given base.
-      #
+      # Try fallbacks for the given base.
       def self.invoke_fallbacks_for(name, base) #:nodoc:
         return nil unless base && fallbacks[base.to_sym]
         invoked_fallbacks = []
@@ -290,10 +254,10 @@ module Rails
 
       # Receives namespaces in an array and tries to find matching generators
       # in the load path.
-      #
-      def self.lookup(attempts) #:nodoc:
-        attempts = attempts.map { |a| "#{a.split(":").last}_generator" }.uniq
-        attempts = "{#{attempts.join(',')}}.rb"
+      def self.lookup(*attempts) #:nodoc:
+        attempts.compact!
+        attempts.uniq!
+        attempts = "{#{attempts.join(',')}}_generator.rb"
 
         self.load_paths.each do |path|
           Dir[File.join(path, '**', attempts)].each do |file|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
index 226ae63963..5e8c2730fd 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
@@ -76,17 +76,18 @@ module Rails
       #
       # The controller generator will then try to invoke the following generators:
       #
-      #   "rails:generators:test_unit", "test_unit:generators:controller", "test_unit"
+      #   "rails:test_unit", "test_unit:controller", "test_unit"
       #
-      # In this case, the "test_unit:generators:controller" is available and is
-      # invoked. This allows any test framework to hook into Rails as long as it
-      # provides any of the hooks above.
+      # Notice that "rails:generators:test_unit" could be loaded as well, what
+      # Rails looks for is the first and last parts of the namespace. This is what
+      # allows any test framework to hook into Rails as long as it provides any
+      # of the hooks above.
       #
       # ==== Options
       #
-      # This lookup can be customized with two options: :base and :as. The first
-      # is the root module value and in the example above defaults to "rails".
-      # The later defaults to the generator name, without the "Generator" ending.
+      # The first and last part used to find the generator to be invoked are
+      # guessed based on class invokes hook_for, as noticed in the example above.
+      # This can be customized with two options: :base and :as.
       #
       # Let's suppose you are creating a generator that needs to invoke the 
       # controller generator from test unit. Your first attempt is:
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ module Rails
       #
       # The lookup in this case for test_unit as input is:
       #
-      #   "test_unit:generators:awesome", "test_unit"
+      #   "test_unit:awesome", "test_unit"
       #
       # Which is not the desired the lookup. You can change it by providing the
       # :as option:
@@ -108,18 +109,18 @@ module Rails
       #
       # And now it will lookup at:
       #
-      #   "test_unit:generators:awesome", "test_unit"
+      #   "test_unit:controller", "test_unit"
       #
       # Similarly, if you want it to also lookup in the rails namespace, you just
       # need to provide the :base value:
       #
       #   class AwesomeGenerator < Rails::Generators::Base
-      #     hook_for :test_framework, :base => :rails, :as => :controller
+      #     hook_for :test_framework, :in => :rails, :as => :controller
       #   end
       #
       # And the lookup is exactly the same as previously:
       #
-      #   "rails:generators:test_unit", "test_unit:generators:controller", "test_unit"
+      #   "rails:test_unit", "test_unit:controller", "test_unit"
       #
       # ==== Switches
       #
@@ -151,11 +152,11 @@ module Rails
       # ==== Custom invocations
       #
       # You can also supply a block to hook_for to customize how the hook is
-      # going to be invoked. The block receives two parameters, an instance
+      # going to be invoked. The block receives two arguments, an instance
       # of the current class and the klass to be invoked.
       #
       # For example, in the resource generator, the controller should be invoked
-      # with a pluralized class name. By default, it is invoked with the same
+      # with a pluralized class name. But by default it is invoked with the same
       # name as the resource generator, which is singular. To change this, we
       # can give a block to customize how the controller can be invoked.
       #
@@ -178,11 +179,11 @@ module Rails
           end
 
           unless class_options.key?(name)
-            class_option name, defaults.merge!(options)
+            class_option(name, defaults.merge!(options))
           end
 
           hooks[name] = [ in_base, as_hook ]
-          invoke_from_option name, options, &block
+          invoke_from_option(name, options, &block)
         end
       end
 
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ module Rails
       #   remove_hook_for :orm
       #
       def self.remove_hook_for(*names)
-        remove_invocation *names
+        remove_invocation(*names)
 
         names.each do |name|
           hooks.delete(name)
@@ -219,12 +220,16 @@ module Rails
         # and can point to wrong directions when inside an specified directory.
         base.source_root
 
-        if base.name && base.name !~ /Base$/ && base.base_name && base.generator_name && defined?(Rails.root) && Rails.root
-          path = File.expand_path(File.join(Rails.root, 'lib', 'templates'))
-          if base.name.include?('::')
-            base.source_paths << File.join(path, base.base_name, base.generator_name)
-          else
-            base.source_paths << File.join(path, base.generator_name)
+        if base.name && base.name !~ /Base$/
+          Rails::Generators.subclasses << base
+
+          if defined?(Rails.root) && Rails.root
+            path = File.expand_path(File.join(Rails.root, 'lib', 'templates'))
+            if base.name.include?('::')
+              base.source_paths << File.join(path, base.base_name, base.generator_name)
+            else
+              base.source_paths << File.join(path, base.generator_name)
+            end
           end
         end
       end
@@ -267,7 +272,7 @@ module Rails
         # parameters.
         #
         def invoked?(args)
-          args.last.is_a?(Hash) && args.last.key?(:invocations)
+          args.last.is_a?(Hash) && (args.last.key?(:invocations) || args.last.key?(:destination_root))
         end
 
         # Use Rails default banner.
@@ -290,12 +295,10 @@ module Rails
         # Rails::Generators::MetalGenerator will return "metal" as generator name.
         #
         def self.generator_name
-          if name
-            @generator_name ||= begin
-              if klass_name = name.to_s.split('::').last
-                klass_name.sub!(/Generator$/, '')
-                klass_name.underscore
-              end
+          @generator_name ||= begin
+            if generator = name.to_s.split('::').last
+              generator.sub!(/Generator$/, '')
+              generator.underscore
             end
           end
         end
@@ -339,6 +342,7 @@ module Rails
         #
         def self.prepare_for_invocation(name, value) #:nodoc:
           if value && constants = self.hooks[name]
+            value = name if TrueClass === value
             Rails::Generators.find_by_namespace(value, *constants)
           else
             super
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
index ee401b1fde..fc6a3cdee8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
@@ -46,15 +46,16 @@ module Rails::Generators
 
     def initialize(*args)
       super
-      if !options[:no_activerecord] && !DATABASES.include?(options[:database])
+      if !options[:skip_activerecord] && !DATABASES.include?(options[:database])
         raise Error, "Invalid value for --database option. Supported for preconfiguration are: #{DATABASES.join(", ")}."
       end
     end
 
     def create_root
       self.destination_root = File.expand_path(app_path, destination_root)
-      empty_directory '.'
+      valid_app_const?
 
+      empty_directory '.'
       set_default_accessors!
       FileUtils.cd(destination_root)
     end
@@ -193,7 +194,14 @@ module Rails::Generators
       end
 
       def app_const
-        @app_const ||= "#{app_name.classify}::Application"
+        @app_const ||= "#{app_name.gsub(/\W/, '_').squeeze('_').classify}::Application"
+      end
+
+      def valid_app_const?
+        case app_const
+        when /^\d/
+          raise Error, "Invalid application name #{app_name}. Please give a name which does not start with numbers."
+        end
       end
 
       def app_secret
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
index b6c1cef8cd..dce5b55d86 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module <%= app_name.classify %>
     # -- all .rb files in that directory are automatically loaded.
 
     # Add additional load paths for your own custom dirs
-    # config.load_paths += %W( #{root}/extras )
+    # config.load_paths += %W( #{config.root}/extras )
 
     # Only load the plugins named here, in the order given (default is alphabetical).
     # :all can be used as a placeholder for all plugins not explicitly named
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_case.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_case.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..643d7856c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_case.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/inheritable_attributes'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
+require 'rails/generators'
+require 'fileutils'
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    # Disable color in output. Easier to debug.
+    no_color!
+
+    # This class provides a TestCase for testing generators. To setup, you need
+    # just to configure the destination and set which generator is being tested:
+    #
+    #   class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
+    #     tests AppGenerator
+    #     destination File.expand_path("../tmp", File.dirname(__FILE__))
+    #   end
+    #
+    # If you want to ensure your destination root is clean before running each test,
+    # you can set a setup callback:
+    #
+    #   class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
+    #     tests AppGenerator
+    #     destination File.expand_path("../tmp", File.dirname(__FILE__))
+    #     setup :prepare_destination
+    #   end
+    #
+    class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      include FileUtils
+
+      extlib_inheritable_accessor :destination_root, :current_path, :generator_class,
+                                  :default_arguments, :instance_writer => false
+
+      # Generators frequently change the current path using +FileUtils.cd+.
+      # So we need to store the path at file load and revert back to it after each test.
+      self.current_path = File.expand_path(Dir.pwd)
+      self.default_arguments = []
+
+      setup :destination_root_is_set?, :ensure_current_path
+      teardown :ensure_current_path
+
+      # Sets which generator should be tested:
+      #
+      #   tests AppGenerator
+      #
+      def self.tests(klass)
+        self.generator_class = klass
+      end
+
+      # Sets default arguments on generator invocation. This can be overwritten when
+      # invoking it.
+      #
+      #   arguments %w(app_name --skip-activerecord)
+      #
+      def self.arguments(array)
+        self.default_arguments = array
+      end
+
+      # Sets the destination of generator files:
+      #
+      #   destination File.expand_path("../tmp", File.dirname(__FILE__))
+      #
+      def self.destination(path)
+        self.destination_root = path
+      end
+
+      # Captures the given stream and returns it:
+      #
+      #   stream = capture(:stdout){ puts "Cool" }
+      #   stream #=> "Cool\n"
+      #
+      def capture(stream)
+        begin
+          stream = stream.to_s
+          eval "$#{stream} = StringIO.new"
+          yield
+          result = eval("$#{stream}").string
+        ensure 
+          eval("$#{stream} = #{stream.upcase}")
+        end
+
+        result
+      end
+      alias :silence :capture
+
+      # Asserts a given file exists. You need to supply an absolute path or a path relative
+      # to the configured destination:
+      #
+      #   assert_file "config/environment.rb"
+      #
+      # You can also give extra arguments. If the argument is a regexp, it will check if the
+      # regular expression matches the given file content. If it's a string, it compares the
+      # file with the given string:
+      #
+      #   assert_file "config/environment.rb", /initialize/
+      #
+      # Finally, when a block is given, it yields the file content:
+      #
+      #   assert_file "app/controller/products_controller.rb" do |controller|
+      #     assert_instance_method :index, content do |index|
+      #       assert_match /Product\.all/, index
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def assert_file(relative, *contents)
+        absolute = File.expand_path(relative, destination_root)
+        assert File.exists?(absolute), "Expected file #{relative.inspect} to exist, but does not"
+
+        read = File.read(absolute) if block_given? || !contents.empty?
+        yield read if block_given?
+
+        contents.each do |content|
+          case content
+            when String
+              assert_equal content, read
+            when Regexp
+              assert_match content, read
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      alias :assert_directory :assert_file
+
+      # Asserts a given file does not exist. You need to supply an absolute path or a
+      # path relative to the configured destination:
+      #
+      #   assert_no_file "config/random.rb"
+      #
+      def assert_no_file(relative)
+        absolute = File.expand_path(relative, destination_root)
+        assert !File.exists?(absolute), "Expected file #{relative.inspect} to not exist, but does"
+      end
+      alias :assert_no_directory :assert_no_file
+
+      # Asserts a given file does not exist. You need to supply an absolute path or a
+      # path relative to the configured destination:
+      #
+      #   assert_migration "db/migrate/create_products.rb"
+      #
+      # This method manipulates the given path and tries to find any migration which 
+      # matches the migration name. For example, the call above is converted to:
+      # 
+      #   assert_file "db/migrate/003_create_products.rb"
+      #
+      # Consequently, assert_migration accepts the same arguments has assert_file.
+      #
+      def assert_migration(relative, *contents, &block)
+        file_name = migration_file_name(relative)
+        assert file_name, "Expected migration #{relative} to exist, but was not found"
+        assert_file file_name, *contents, &block
+      end
+
+      # Asserts a given migration does not exist. You need to supply an absolute path or a
+      # path relative to the configured destination:
+      #
+      #   assert_no_file "config/random.rb"
+      #
+      def assert_no_migration(relative)
+        file_name = migration_file_name(relative)
+        assert_nil file_name, "Expected migration #{relative} to not exist, but found #{file_name}"
+      end
+
+      # Asserts the given class method exists in the given content. This method does not detect
+      # class methods inside (class << self), only class methods which starts with "self.".
+      # When a block is given, it yields the content of the method.
+      #
+      #   assert_migration "db/migrate/create_products.rb" do |migration|
+      #     assert_class_method :up, migration do |up|
+      #       assert_match /create_table/, up
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def assert_class_method(method, content, &block)
+        assert_instance_method "self.#{method}", content, &block
+      end
+
+      # Asserts the given method exists in the given content. When a block is given,
+      # it yields the content of the method.
+      #
+      #   assert_file "app/controller/products_controller.rb" do |controller|
+      #     assert_instance_method :index, content do |index|
+      #       assert_match /Product\.all/, index
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def assert_instance_method(method, content)
+        assert content =~ /def #{method}(\(.+\))?(.*?)\n  end/m, "Expected to have method #{method}"
+        yield $2.strip if block_given?
+      end
+      alias :assert_method :assert_instance_method
+
+      # Runs the generator configured for this class. The first argument is an array like
+      # command line arguments:
+      #
+      #   class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
+      #     tests AppGenerator
+      #     destination File.expand_path("../tmp", File.dirname(__FILE__))
+      #     teardown :cleanup_destination_root
+      #
+      #     test "database.yml is not created when skipping activerecord" do
+      #       run_generator %w(myapp --skip-activerecord)
+      #       assert_no_file "config/database.yml"
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # You can provide a configuration hash as second argument. This method returns the output
+      # printed by the generator.
+      def run_generator(args=self.default_arguments, config={})
+        capture(:stdout) { self.generator_class.start(args, config.reverse_merge(:destination_root => destination_root)) }
+      end
+
+      # Instantiate the generator.
+      def generator(args=self.default_arguments, options={}, config={})
+        @generator ||= self.generator_class.new(args, options, config.reverse_merge(:destination_root => destination_root))
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+        def destination_root_is_set? #:nodoc:
+          raise "You need to configure your Rails::Generators::TestCase destination root." unless destination_root
+        end
+
+        def ensure_current_path #:nodoc:
+          cd current_path
+        end
+
+        def prepare_destination
+          rm_rf(destination_root)
+          mkdir_p(destination_root)
+        end
+
+        def migration_file_name(relative) #:nodoc:
+          absolute = File.expand_path(relative, destination_root)
+          dirname, file_name = File.dirname(absolute), File.basename(absolute).sub(/\.rb$/, '')
+          Dir.glob("#{dirname}/[0-9]*_*.rb").grep(/\d+_#{file_name}.rb$/).first
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
index e4bf4035da..9380aa49b6 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>ControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   test "should create <%= file_name %>" do
     assert_difference('<%= class_name %>.count') do
-      post :create, :<%= file_name %> => { }
+      post :create, :<%= file_name %> => <%= table_name %>(:one).attributes
     end
 
     assert_redirected_to <%= file_name %>_path(assigns(:<%= file_name %>))
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>ControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should update <%= file_name %>" do
-    put :update, :id => <%= table_name %>(:one).to_param, :<%= file_name %> => { }
+    put :update, :id => <%= table_name %>(:one).to_param, :<%= file_name %> => <%= table_name %>(:one).attributes
     assert_redirected_to <%= file_name %>_path(assigns(:<%= file_name %>))
   end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/version.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 650253d648..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/version.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-class Thor
-  VERSION = "0.12.1".freeze
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/CHANGELOG.rdoc b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/CHANGELOG.rdoc
index 606a0cdb52..d02fc43e84 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/CHANGELOG.rdoc
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/CHANGELOG.rdoc
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-== TODO
-
-* Improve spec coverage for Thor::Runner
-
-== 0.12, released 2009-11-06
+== 0.12, released 2010-01-02
 
+* Removed rr in favor to rspec mock framework
+* Improved output for thor -T
 * [#7] Do not force white color on status
 * [#8] Yield a block with the filename on directory
 
@@ -17,7 +15,7 @@
 
 * thor help now show information about any class/task. All those calls are
   possible:
-
+  
     thor help describe
     thor help describe:amazing
 
@@ -47,7 +45,7 @@
   are in the 'standard' group. Running 'thor -T' will only show the standard
   tasks - adding --all will show all tasks. You can also filter on a specific
   group using the --group option: thor -T --group advanced
-
+  
 == 0.9.6, released 2008-09-13
 
 * Generic improvements
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/LICENSE b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/LICENSE
index 98722da459..98722da459 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/LICENSE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/LICENSE
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/README.rdoc b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/README.rdoc
index ee545f3d97..ee545f3d97 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/README.rdoc
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/README.rdoc
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/Thorfile b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/Thorfile
index ff1cb4498a..ff1cb4498a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/Thorfile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/Thorfile
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor.rb
index 68944f140d..d4d8fbd64d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor.rb
@@ -78,14 +78,14 @@ class Thor
       @method_options
     end
 
-    # Adds an option to the set of class options. If :for is given as option,
+    # Adds an option to the set of method options. If :for is given as option,
     # it allows you to change the options from a previous defined task.
     #
     #   def previous_task
     #     # magic
     #   end
     #
-    #   method_options :foo => :bar, :for => :previous_task
+    #   method_option :foo => :bar, :for => :previous_task
     #
     #   def next_task
     #     # magic
@@ -101,7 +101,6 @@ class Thor
     # :default  - Default value for this argument. It cannot be required and have default values.
     # :aliases  - Aliases for this option.
     # :type     - The type of the argument, can be :string, :hash, :array, :numeric or :boolean.
-    # :group    - The group for this options. Use by class options to output options in different levels.
     # :banner   - String to show on usage notes.
     #
     def method_option(name, options={})
@@ -140,49 +139,48 @@ class Thor
       end
     end
 
-    # Prints help information. If a task name is given, it shows information
-    # only about the specific task.
+    # Prints help information for the given task.
     #
     # ==== Parameters
-    # meth<String>:: An optional task name to print usage information about.
+    # shell<Thor::Shell>
+    # task_name<String>
+    #
+    def task_help(shell, task_name)
+      task = all_tasks[task_name]
+      raise UndefinedTaskError, "task '#{task_name}' could not be found in namespace '#{self.namespace}'" unless task
+
+      shell.say "Usage:"
+      shell.say "  #{banner(task)}"
+      shell.say
+      class_options_help(shell, nil => task.options.map { |_, o| o })
+      shell.say task.description
+    end
+
+    # Prints help information for this class.
     #
-    # ==== Options
-    # namespace:: When true, shows the namespace in the output before the usage.
-    # skip_inherited:: When true, does not show tasks from superclass.
+    # ==== Parameters
+    # shell<Thor::Shell>
     #
-    def help(shell, meth=nil, options={})
-      meth, options = nil, meth if meth.is_a?(Hash)
-
-      if meth
-        task = all_tasks[meth]
-        raise UndefinedTaskError, "task '#{meth}' could not be found in namespace '#{self.namespace}'" unless task
-
-        shell.say "Usage:"
-        shell.say "  #{banner(task, options[:namespace], false)}"
-        shell.say
-        class_options_help(shell, "Class", :Method => task.options.map { |_, o| o })
-        shell.say task.description
-      else
-        list = (options[:short] ? tasks : all_tasks).map do |_, task|
-          item = [ banner(task, options[:namespace]) ]
-          item << "# #{task.short_description}" if task.short_description
-          item << " "
-        end
-
-        options[:ident] ||= 2
-        if options[:short]
-          shell.print_list(list, :ident => options[:ident])
-        else
-          shell.say "Tasks:"
-          shell.print_list(list, :ident => options[:ident])
-        end
+    def help(shell)
+      list = printable_tasks
+      Thor::Util.thor_classes_in(self).each do |klass|
+        list += klass.printable_tasks(false)
+      end
+      list.sort!{ |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] }
 
-        Thor::Util.thor_classes_in(self).each do |subclass|
-          namespace = options[:namespace] == true || subclass.namespace.gsub(/^#{self.namespace}:/, '')
-          subclass.help(shell, options.merge(:short => true, :namespace => namespace))
-        end
+      shell.say "Tasks:"
+      shell.print_table(list, :ident => 2, :truncate => true)
+      shell.say
+      class_options_help(shell)
+    end
 
-        class_options_help(shell, "Class") unless options[:short]
+    # Returns tasks ready to be printed.
+    def printable_tasks(all=true)
+      (all ? all_tasks : tasks).map do |_, task|
+        item = []
+        item << banner(task)
+        item << (task.description ? "# #{task.description.gsub(/\s+/m,' ')}" : "")
+        item
       end
     end
 
@@ -193,8 +191,8 @@ class Thor
       # the task that is going to be invoked and a boolean which indicates if
       # the namespace should be displayed as arguments.
       #
-      def banner(task, namespace=true, show_options=true)
-        task.formatted_usage(self, namespace, show_options)
+      def banner(task)
+        "thor " + task.formatted_usage(self)
       end
 
       def baseclass #:nodoc:
@@ -237,6 +235,6 @@ class Thor
 
   desc "help [TASK]", "Describe available tasks or one specific task"
   def help(task=nil)
-    self.class.help(shell, task, :namespace => task && task.include?(?:))
+    task ? self.class.task_help(shell, task) : self.class.help(shell)
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/actions.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/actions.rb
index 4bfb7c2870..da98444bf2 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/actions.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/actions.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'fileutils'
+require 'thor/core_ext/file_binary_read'
 
 Dir[File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "actions", "*.rb")].each do |action|
   require action
@@ -38,17 +39,17 @@ class Thor
       # Add runtime options that help actions execution.
       #
       def add_runtime_options!
-        class_option :pretend, :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-p", :group => :runtime,
-                               :desc => "Run but do not make any changes"
-
         class_option :force, :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-f", :group => :runtime,
                              :desc => "Overwrite files that already exist"
 
-        class_option :skip, :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-s", :group => :runtime,
-                            :desc => "Skip files that already exist"
+        class_option :pretend, :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-p", :group => :runtime,
+                               :desc => "Run but do not make any changes"
 
         class_option :quiet, :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-q", :group => :runtime,
                              :desc => "Supress status output"
+
+        class_option :skip, :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-s", :group => :runtime,
+                            :desc => "Skip files that already exist"
       end
     end
 
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ class Thor
       @source_paths ||= self.class.source_paths_for_search
     end
 
-    # Receives a file or directory and search for it in the source paths.
+    # Receives a file or directory and search for it in the source paths. 
     #
     def find_in_source_paths(file)
       relative_root = relative_to_original_destination_root(destination_root, false)
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ class Thor
       run "#{command}", config.merge(:with => Thor::Util.ruby_command)
     end
 
-    # Run a thor command. A hash of options can be given and it's converted to
+    # Run a thor command. A hash of options can be given and it's converted to 
     # switches.
     #
     # ==== Parameters
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/actions/create_file.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/actions/create_file.rb
index a3d9296823..6e0eeb43e2 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/actions/create_file.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/actions/create_file.rb
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class Thor
       # Boolean:: true if it is identical, false otherwise.
       #
       def identical?
-        exists? && File.read(destination) == render
+        exists? && File.binread(destination) == render
       end
 
       # Holds the content to be added to the file.
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class Thor
       def invoke!
         invoke_with_conflict_check do
           FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(destination))
-          File.open(destination, 'w'){ |f| f.write render }
+          File.open(destination, 'wb') { |f| f.write render }
         end
         given_destination
       end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/actions/directory.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/actions/directory.rb
index 2e0b459fa3..2e0b459fa3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/actions/directory.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/actions/directory.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/actions/empty_directory.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/actions/empty_directory.rb
index 484cb820f8..484cb820f8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/actions/empty_directory.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/actions/empty_directory.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/actions/file_manipulation.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/actions/file_manipulation.rb
index 8a45c83f25..44d6836c10 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/actions/file_manipulation.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/actions/file_manipulation.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class Thor
       source = File.expand_path(find_in_source_paths(source.to_s))
 
       create_file destination, nil, config do
-        content = File.read(source)
+        content = File.binread(source)
         content = block.call(content) if block
         content
       end
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class Thor
     #
     def get(source, destination=nil, config={}, &block)
       source = File.expand_path(find_in_source_paths(source.to_s)) unless source =~ /^http\:\/\//
-      render = open(source).read
+      render = File.binread(source)
 
       destination ||= if block_given?
         block.arity == 1 ? block.call(render) : block.call
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class Thor
       context = instance_eval('binding')
 
       create_file destination, nil, config do
-        content = ERB.new(::File.read(source), nil, '-').result(context)
+        content = ERB.new(::File.binread(source), nil, '-').result(context)
         content = block.call(content) if block
         content
       end
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class Thor
       say_status :gsub, relative_to_original_destination_root(path), config.fetch(:verbose, true)
 
       unless options[:pretend]
-        content = File.read(path)
+        content = File.binread(path)
         content.gsub!(flag, *args, &block)
         File.open(path, 'wb') { |file| file.write(content) }
       end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/actions/inject_into_file.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/actions/inject_into_file.rb
index 6b0b42ea02..350ab73862 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/actions/inject_into_file.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/actions/inject_into_file.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class Thor
     # data<String>:: Data to add to the file. Can be given as a block.
     # config<Hash>:: give :verbose => false to not log the status and the flag
     #                for injection (:after or :before).
-    #
+    # 
     # ==== Examples
     #
     #   inject_into_file "config/environment.rb", "config.gem :thor", :after => "Rails::Initializer.run do |config|\n"
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class Thor
         #
         def replace!(regexp, string)
           unless base.options[:pretend]
-            content = File.read(destination)
+            content = File.binread(destination)
             content.gsub!(regexp, string)
             File.open(destination, 'wb') { |file| file.write(content) }
           end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/base.rb
index 700d794123..aae4cdb89c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/base.rb
@@ -92,6 +92,8 @@ class Thor
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
+      attr_accessor :debugging
+
       # Adds an argument to the class and creates an attr_accessor for it.
       #
       # Arguments are different from options in several aspects. The first one
@@ -347,10 +349,11 @@ class Thor
       # Default way to start generators from the command line.
       #
       def start(given_args=ARGV, config={})
+        self.debugging = given_args.include?("--debug")
         config[:shell] ||= Thor::Base.shell.new
         yield
       rescue Thor::Error => e
-        if given_args.include?("--debug")
+        if debugging
           raise e
         else
           config[:shell].error e.message
@@ -361,48 +364,43 @@ class Thor
       protected
 
         # Prints the class options per group. If an option does not belong to
-        # any group, it uses the ungrouped name value. This method provide to
-        # hooks to add extra options, one of them if the third argument called
-        # extra_group that should be a hash in the format :group => Array[Options].
-        #
-        # The second is by returning a lambda used to print values. The lambda
-        # requires two options: the group name and the array of options.
+        # any group, it's printed as Class option.
         #
-        def class_options_help(shell, ungrouped_name=nil, extra_group=nil) #:nodoc:
-          groups = {}
-
+        def class_options_help(shell, groups={}) #:nodoc:
+          # Group options by group
           class_options.each do |_, value|
             groups[value.group] ||= []
             groups[value.group] << value
           end
 
-          printer = proc do |group_name, options|
-            list = []
-            padding = options.collect{ |o| o.aliases.size  }.max.to_i * 4
+          # Deal with default group
+          global_options = groups.delete(nil) || []
+          print_options(shell, global_options)
+
+          # Print all others
+          groups.each do |group_name, options|
+            print_options(shell, options, group_name)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Receives a set of options and print them.
+        def print_options(shell, options, group_name=nil)
+          return if options.empty?
 
-            options.each do |option|
-              item = [ option.usage(padding) ]
-              item.push(option.description ? "# #{option.description}" : "")
+          list = []
+          padding = options.collect{ |o| o.aliases.size }.max.to_i * 4
 
-              list << item
-              list << [ "", "# Default: #{option.default}" ] if option.show_default?
-            end
+          options.each do |option|
+            item = [ option.usage(padding) ]
+            item.push(option.description ? "# #{option.description}" : "")
 
-            unless list.empty?
-              shell.say(group_name ? "#{group_name} options:" : "Options:")
-              shell.print_table(list, :ident => 2)
-              shell.say ""
-            end
+            list << item
+            list << [ "", "# Default: #{option.default}" ] if option.show_default?
           end
 
-          # Deal with default group
-          global_options = groups.delete(nil) || []
-          printer.call(ungrouped_name, global_options) if global_options
-
-          # Print all others
-          groups = extra_group.merge(groups) if extra_group
-          groups.each(&printer)
-          printer
+          shell.say(group_name ? "#{group_name} options:" : "Options:")
+          shell.print_table(list, :ident => 2)
+          shell.say ""
         end
 
         # Raises an error if the word given is a Thor reserved word.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/core_ext/file_binary_read.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/core_ext/file_binary_read.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6af7e44b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/core_ext/file_binary_read.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+class File #:nodoc:
+
+  unless File.respond_to?(:binread)
+    def self.binread(file)
+      File.open(file, 'rb') { |f| f.read }
+    end
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/core_ext/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/core_ext/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
index 40d201d9e4..78bc5cf4bf 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/core_ext/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/core_ext/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class Thor
             else
               self[$1] == args.first
             end
-          else
+          else 
             self[method]
           end
         end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/core_ext/ordered_hash.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/core_ext/ordered_hash.rb
index 27fea5bb35..27fea5bb35 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/core_ext/ordered_hash.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/core_ext/ordered_hash.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/error.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/error.rb
index f9b31a35d1..f9b31a35d1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/error.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/error.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/group.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/group.rb
index 021a067a3e..a585b37b73 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/group.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/group.rb
@@ -41,16 +41,12 @@ class Thor::Group
     # ==== Options
     # short:: When true, shows only usage.
     #
-    def help(shell, options={})
-      if options[:short]
-        shell.say banner
-      else
-        shell.say "Usage:"
-        shell.say "  #{banner}"
-        shell.say
-        class_options_help(shell)
-        shell.say self.desc if self.desc
-      end
+    def help(shell)
+      shell.say "Usage:"
+      shell.say "  #{banner}\n"
+      shell.say
+      class_options_help(shell)
+      shell.say self.desc if self.desc
     end
 
     # Stores invocations for this class merging with superclass values.
@@ -132,7 +128,7 @@ class Thor::Group
 
       names.each do |name|
         unless class_options.key?(name)
-          raise ArgumentError, "You have to define the option #{name.inspect} " <<
+          raise ArgumentError, "You have to define the option #{name.inspect} " << 
                                "before setting invoke_from_option."
         end
 
@@ -177,15 +173,11 @@ class Thor::Group
     # Overwrite class options help to allow invoked generators options to be
     # shown recursively when invoking a generator.
     #
-    def class_options_help(shell, ungrouped_name=nil, extra_group=nil) #:nodoc:
-      group_options = {}
-
-      get_options_from_invocations(group_options, class_options) do |klass|
-        klass.send(:get_options_from_invocations, group_options, class_options)
+    def class_options_help(shell, groups={}) #:nodoc:
+      get_options_from_invocations(groups, class_options) do |klass|
+        klass.send(:get_options_from_invocations, groups, class_options)
       end
-
-      group_options.merge!(extra_group) if extra_group
-      super(shell, ungrouped_name, group_options)
+      super(shell, groups)
     end
 
     # Get invocations array and merge options from invocations. Those
@@ -218,13 +210,26 @@ class Thor::Group
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns tasks ready to be printed.
+    def printable_tasks(*)
+      item = []
+      item << banner
+      item << (desc ? "# #{desc.gsub(/\s+/m,' ')}" : "")
+      [item]
+    end
+
     protected
 
       # The banner for this class. You can customize it if you are invoking the
       # thor class by another ways which is not the Thor::Runner.
       #
       def banner
-        "#{self.namespace} #{self.arguments.map {|a| a.usage }.join(' ')}"
+        "thor #{self_task.formatted_usage(self, false)}"
+      end
+
+      # Represents the whole class as a task.
+      def self_task #:nodoc:
+        Thor::Task::Dynamic.new(self.namespace, class_options)
       end
 
       def baseclass #:nodoc:
@@ -243,7 +248,6 @@ class Thor::Group
 
     # Shortcut to invoke with padding and block handling. Use internally by
     # invoke and invoke_from_option class methods.
-    #
     def _invoke_for_class_method(klass, task=nil, *args, &block) #:nodoc:
       shell.padding += 1
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/invocation.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/invocation.rb
index 32e6a72454..32e6a72454 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/invocation.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/invocation.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/parser.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/parser.rb
index 57a3f6e1a5..57a3f6e1a5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/parser.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/parser.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/parser/argument.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/parser/argument.rb
index aa8ace4719..aa8ace4719 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/parser/argument.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/parser/argument.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/parser/arguments.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/parser/arguments.rb
index fb5d965e06..fb5d965e06 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/parser/arguments.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/parser/arguments.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/parser/option.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/parser/option.rb
index e09b4901e2..9e40ec73fa 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/parser/option.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/parser/option.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Thor
     # string (--foo=value) or booleans (just --foo).
     #
     # By default all options are optional, unless :required is given.
-    #
+    # 
     def self.parse(key, value)
       if key.is_a?(Array)
         name, *aliases = key
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/parser/options.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/parser/options.rb
index 75092308b5..75092308b5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/parser/options.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/parser/options.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/rake_compat.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/rake_compat.rb
index 0d0757fdda..0d0757fdda 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/rake_compat.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/rake_compat.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/runner.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/runner.rb
index 079f9e0c65..f197081e3f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/runner.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/runner.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Thor::Runner < Thor #:nodoc:
   def install(name)
     initialize_thorfiles
 
-    # If a directory name is provided as the argument, look for a 'main.thor'
+    # If a directory name is provided as the argument, look for a 'main.thor' 
     # task in said directory.
     begin
       if File.directory?(File.expand_path(name))
@@ -124,11 +124,7 @@ class Thor::Runner < Thor #:nodoc:
   method_options :internal => :boolean
   def installed
     initialize_thorfiles(nil, true)
-
-    klasses = Thor::Base.subclasses
-    klasses -= [Thor, Thor::Runner] unless options["internal"]
-
-    display_klasses(true, klasses)
+    display_klasses(true, options["internal"])
   end
 
   desc "list [SEARCH]", "List the available thor tasks (--substring means .*SEARCH)"
@@ -144,11 +140,15 @@ class Thor::Runner < Thor #:nodoc:
       (options[:all] || k.group == group) && k.namespace =~ search
     end
 
-    display_klasses(false, klasses)
+    display_klasses(false, false, klasses)
   end
 
   private
 
+    def self.banner(task)
+      "thor " + task.formatted_usage(self, false)
+    end
+
     def thor_root
       Thor::Util.thor_root
     end
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class Thor::Runner < Thor #:nodoc:
     def thor_yaml
       @thor_yaml ||= begin
         yaml_file = File.join(thor_root, "thor.yml")
-        yaml      = YAML.load_file(yaml_file) if File.exists?(yaml_file)
+        yaml = YAML.load_file(yaml_file) if File.exists?(yaml_file)
         yaml || {}
       end
     end
@@ -215,9 +215,6 @@ class Thor::Runner < Thor #:nodoc:
     # 5. c:\ <-- no Thorfiles found!
     #
     def thorfiles(relevant_to=nil, skip_lookup=false)
-      # TODO Remove this dealing with deprecated thor when :namespaces: is available as constants
-      save_yaml(thor_yaml) if Thor::Util.convert_constants_to_namespaces(thor_yaml)
-
       thorfiles = []
 
       unless skip_lookup
@@ -253,47 +250,54 @@ class Thor::Runner < Thor #:nodoc:
     # Display information about the given klasses. If with_module is given,
     # it shows a table with information extracted from the yaml file.
     #
-    def display_klasses(with_modules=false, klasses=Thor.subclasses)
-      klasses -= [Thor, Thor::Runner] unless with_modules
+    def display_klasses(with_modules=false, show_internal=false, klasses=Thor::Base.subclasses)
+      klasses -= [Thor, Thor::Runner, Thor::Group] unless show_internal
+
       raise Error, "No Thor tasks available" if klasses.empty?
+      show_modules if with_modules && !thor_yaml.empty?
 
-      if with_modules && !thor_yaml.empty?
-        info  = []
-        labels = ["Modules", "Namespaces"]
+      # Remove subclasses
+      klasses.dup.each do |klass|
+        klasses -= Thor::Util.thor_classes_in(klass)
+      end
 
-        info << labels
-        info << [ "-" * labels[0].size, "-" * labels[1].size ]
+      list = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+      groups = klasses.select { |k| k.ancestors.include?(Thor::Group) }
 
-        thor_yaml.each do |name, hash|
-          info << [ name, hash[:namespaces].join(", ") ]
-        end
+      # Get classes which inherit from Thor
+      (klasses - groups).each { |k| list[k.namespace] += k.printable_tasks(false) }
 
-        print_table info
-        say ""
-      end
+      # Get classes which inherit from Thor::Base
+      groups.map! { |k| k.printable_tasks(false).first }
+      list["root"] = groups
 
-      unless klasses.empty?
-        klasses.dup.each do |klass|
-          klasses -= Thor::Util.thor_classes_in(klass)
-        end
+      # Order namespaces with default coming first
+      list = list.sort{ |a,b| a[0].sub(/^default/, '') <=> b[0].sub(/^default/, '') }
+      list.each { |n, tasks| display_tasks(n, tasks) unless tasks.empty? }
+    end
 
-        klasses.each { |k| display_tasks(k) }
-      else
-        say "\033[1;34mNo Thor tasks available\033[0m"
-      end
+    def display_tasks(namespace, list) #:nodoc:
+      list.sort!{ |a,b| a[0] <=> b[0] }
+
+      say shell.set_color(namespace, :blue, true)
+      say "-" * namespace.size
+
+      print_table(list, :truncate => true)
+      say
     end
 
-    # Display tasks from the given Thor class.
-    #
-    def display_tasks(klass)
-      unless klass.tasks.empty?
-        base = klass.namespace
+    def show_modules #:nodoc:
+      info  = []
+      labels = ["Modules", "Namespaces"]
 
-        color = base == "default" ? :magenta : :blue
-        say shell.set_color(base, color, true)
-        say "-" * base.length
+      info << labels
+      info << [ "-" * labels[0].size, "-" * labels[1].size ]
 
-        klass.help(shell, :short => true, :ident => 0, :namespace => true)
+      thor_yaml.each do |name, hash|
+        info << [ name, hash[:namespaces].join(", ") ]
       end
+
+      print_table info
+      say ""
     end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/shell.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/shell.rb
index 1dc8f0e5b4..64a173de83 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/shell.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/shell.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class Thor
   end
 
   module Shell
-    SHELL_DELEGATED_METHODS = [:ask, :yes?, :no?, :say, :say_status, :print_list, :print_table]
+    SHELL_DELEGATED_METHODS = [:ask, :yes?, :no?, :say, :say_status, :print_table]
 
     # Add shell to initialize config values.
     #
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/shell/basic.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/shell/basic.rb
index f6be3575ca..a11f45b4e9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/shell/basic.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/shell/basic.rb
@@ -75,30 +75,6 @@ class Thor
         !yes?(statement, color)
       end
 
-      # Prints a list of items.
-      #
-      # ==== Parameters
-      # list<Array[String, String, ...]>
-      #
-      # ==== Options
-      # mode:: Can be :rows or :inline. Defaults to :rows.
-      # ident:: Ident each item with the value given.
-      #
-      def print_list(list, options={})
-        return if list.empty?
-
-        ident   = " " * (options[:ident] || 0)
-        content = case options[:mode]
-          when :inline
-            last = list.pop
-            "#{list.join(", ")}, and #{last}"
-          else # rows
-            ident + list.join("\n#{ident}")
-        end
-
-        $stdout.puts content
-      end
-
       # Prints a table.
       #
       # ==== Parameters
@@ -110,20 +86,26 @@ class Thor
       def print_table(table, options={})
         return if table.empty?
 
-        formats = []
+        formats, ident = [], options[:ident].to_i
+        options[:truncate] = terminal_width if options[:truncate] == true
+
         0.upto(table.first.length - 2) do |i|
           maxima = table.max{ |a,b| a[i].size <=> b[i].size }[i].size
           formats << "%-#{maxima + 2}s"
         end
 
-        formats[0] = formats[0].insert(0, " " * options[:ident]) if options[:ident]
+        formats[0] = formats[0].insert(0, " " * ident)
         formats << "%s"
 
         table.each do |row|
+          sentence = ""
+
           row.each_with_index do |column, i|
-            $stdout.print formats[i] % column.to_s
+            sentence << formats[i] % column.to_s
           end
-          $stdout.puts
+
+          sentence = truncate(sentence, options[:truncate]) if options[:truncate]
+          $stdout.puts sentence  
         end
       end
 
@@ -214,6 +196,44 @@ HELP
           base && base.options[:quiet]
         end
 
+        # This code was copied from Rake, available under MIT-LICENSE
+        # Copyright (c) 2003, 2004 Jim Weirich
+        def terminal_width
+          if ENV['THOR_COLUMNS']
+            result = ENV['THOR_COLUMNS'].to_i
+          else
+            result = unix? ? dynamic_width : 80
+          end
+          (result < 10) ? 80 : result
+        rescue
+          80
+        end
+
+        # Calculate the dynamic width of the terminal
+        def dynamic_width
+          @dynamic_width ||= (dynamic_width_stty.nonzero? || dynamic_width_tput)
+        end
+
+        def dynamic_width_stty
+          %x{stty size 2>/dev/null}.split[1].to_i
+        end
+
+        def dynamic_width_tput
+          %x{tput cols 2>/dev/null}.to_i
+        end
+
+        def unix?
+          RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /(aix|darwin|linux|(net|free|open)bsd|cygwin|solaris|irix|hpux)/i
+        end
+
+        def truncate(string, width)
+          if string.length <= width
+            string
+          else
+            ( string[0, width-3] || "" ) + "..."
+          end
+        end
+
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/shell/color.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/shell/color.rb
index 24704f7885..b2bc66dfba 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/shell/color.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/shell/color.rb
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class Thor
         #
         def show_diff(destination, content) #:nodoc:
           if diff_lcs_loaded? && ENV['THOR_DIFF'].nil? && ENV['RAILS_DIFF'].nil?
-            actual  = File.read(destination).to_s.split("\n")
+            actual  = File.binread(destination).to_s.split("\n")
             content = content.to_s.split("\n")
 
             Diff::LCS.sdiff(actual, content).each do |diff|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/task.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/task.rb
index 91c7564d3f..5c8877591b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/task.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/task.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 class Thor
   class Task < Struct.new(:name, :description, :usage, :options)
+    FILE_REGEXP = /^#{Regexp.escape(File.expand_path(__FILE__))}:[\w:]+ `run'$/
 
     # A dynamic task that handles method missing scenarios.
-    #
     class Dynamic < Task
-      def initialize(name)
-        super(name.to_s, "A dynamically-generated task", name.to_s)
+      def initialize(name, options=nil)
+        super(name.to_s, "A dynamically-generated task", name.to_s, options)
       end
 
       def run(instance, args=[])
@@ -25,84 +25,73 @@ class Thor
       self.options = other.options.dup if other.options
     end
 
-    def short_description
-      description.split("\n").first if description
-    end
-
     # By default, a task invokes a method in the thor class. You can change this
     # implementation to create custom tasks.
-    #
     def run(instance, args=[])
       raise UndefinedTaskError, "the '#{name}' task of #{instance.class} is private" unless public_method?(instance)
       instance.send(name, *args)
     rescue ArgumentError => e
+      raise e if instance.class.respond_to?(:debugging) && instance.class.debugging
       parse_argument_error(instance, e, caller)
     rescue NoMethodError => e
+      raise e if instance.class.respond_to?(:debugging) && instance.class.debugging
       parse_no_method_error(instance, e)
     end
 
-    # Returns the formatted usage. If a class is given, the class arguments are
-    # injected in the usage.
-    #
-    def formatted_usage(klass=nil, namespace=false, show_options=true)
-      formatted = if namespace.is_a?(String)
-        "#{namespace}:"
-      elsif klass && namespace
-        "#{klass.namespace.gsub(/^default/,'')}:"
+    # Returns the formatted usage by injecting given required arguments 
+    # and required options into the given usage.
+    def formatted_usage(klass, namespace=nil)
+      namespace = klass.namespace if namespace.nil?
+
+      # Add namespace
+      formatted = if namespace
+        "#{namespace.gsub(/^(default|thor:runner:)/,'')}:"
       else
         ""
       end
 
-      formatted << formatted_arguments(klass)
-      formatted << " #{formatted_options}" if show_options
-      formatted.strip!
-      formatted
-    end
-
-    # Injects the class arguments into the task usage.
-    #
-    def formatted_arguments(klass)
-      if klass && !klass.arguments.empty?
+      # Add usage with required arguments
+      formatted << if klass && !klass.arguments.empty?
         usage.to_s.gsub(/^#{name}/) do |match|
-          match << " " << klass.arguments.map{ |a| a.usage }.join(' ')
+          match << " " << klass.arguments.map{ |a| a.usage }.compact.join(' ')
         end
       else
         usage.to_s
       end
-    end
 
-    # Returns the options usage for this task.
-    #
-    def formatted_options
-      @formatted_options ||= options.map{ |_, o| o.usage }.sort.join(" ")
+      # Add required options
+      formatted << " #{required_options}"
+
+      # Strip and go!
+      formatted.strip
     end
 
     protected
 
+      def required_options
+        @required_options ||= options.map{ |_, o| o.usage if o.required? }.compact.sort.join(" ")
+      end
+
       # Given a target, checks if this class name is not a private/protected method.
-      #
       def public_method?(instance) #:nodoc:
         collection = instance.private_methods + instance.protected_methods
         (collection & [name.to_s, name.to_sym]).empty?
       end
 
-      # Clean everything that comes from the Thor gempath and remove the caller.
-      #
-      def sans_backtrace(backtrace, caller) #:nodoc:
-        dirname = /^#{Regexp.escape(File.dirname(__FILE__))}/
-        saned  = backtrace.reject { |frame| frame =~ dirname }
-        saned -= caller
+      # For Ruby <= 1.8.7, we have to match the method name that we are trying to call.
+      # In Ruby >= 1.9.1, we have to match the method run in this file.
+      def backtrace_match?(backtrace) #:nodoc:
+        method_name = /`#{Regexp.escape(name.split(':').last)}'/
+        backtrace =~ method_name || backtrace =~ FILE_REGEXP
       end
 
       def parse_argument_error(instance, e, caller) #:nodoc:
-        backtrace = sans_backtrace(e.backtrace, caller)
-
-        if backtrace.empty? && e.message =~ /wrong number of arguments/
+        if e.message =~ /wrong number of arguments/ && backtrace_match?(e.backtrace.first.to_s)
           if instance.is_a?(Thor::Group)
             raise e, "'#{name}' was called incorrectly. Are you sure it has arity equals to 0?"
           else
             raise InvocationError, "'#{name}' was called incorrectly. Call as " <<
-                                   "'#{formatted_usage(instance.class, true)}'"
+                                   "'#{formatted_usage(instance.class)}'"
           end
         else
           raise e
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/util.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/util.rb
index ebae0a3193..c2aed89ccf 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.1/lib/thor/util.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/util.rb
@@ -76,8 +76,10 @@ class Thor
     # Returns the thor classes declared inside the given class.
     #
     def self.thor_classes_in(klass)
+      stringfied_constants = klass.constants.map { |c| c.to_s }
       Thor::Base.subclasses.select do |subclass|
-        klass.constants.include?(subclass.name.gsub("#{klass.name}::", ''))
+        next unless subclass.name
+        stringfied_constants.include?(subclass.name.gsub("#{klass.name}::", ''))
       end
     end
 
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ class Thor
     # inside the sandbox to avoid namespacing conflicts.
     #
     def self.load_thorfile(path, content=nil)
-      content ||= File.read(path)
+      content ||= File.binread(path)
 
       begin
         Thor::Sandbox.class_eval(content, path)
@@ -164,26 +166,6 @@ class Thor
       end
     end
 
-    # Receives a yaml (hash) and updates all constants entries to namespace.
-    # This was added to deal with deprecated versions of Thor.
-    #
-    # TODO Deprecate this method in the future.
-    #
-    # ==== Returns
-    # TrueClass|FalseClass:: Returns true if any change to the yaml file was made.
-    #
-    def self.convert_constants_to_namespaces(yaml)
-      yaml_changed = false
-
-      yaml.each do |k, v|
-        next unless v[:constants] && v[:namespaces].nil?
-        yaml_changed = true
-        yaml[k][:namespaces] = v[:constants].map{|c| Thor::Util.namespace_from_thor_class(c)}
-      end
-
-      yaml_changed
-    end
-
     def self.user_home
       @@user_home ||= if ENV["HOME"]
         ENV["HOME"]
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c9dd6f808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/vendor/thor-0.12.3/lib/thor/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Thor
+  VERSION = "0.12.3".freeze
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
index adb867ca6d..79dfacdcdb 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal Pathname.new(app_path), Rails.application.root
     end
 
+    test "the application root can be seen from the application singleton" do
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal Pathname.new(app_path), AppTemplate::Application.root
+    end
+
     test "the application root can be set" do
       copy_app
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
index b69f23c965..27b6a49566 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
 
 class ActionsTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  tests Rails::Generators::AppGenerator
+  arguments [destination_root]
+
   def setup
     super
     @git_plugin_uri = 'git://github.com/technoweenie/restful-authentication.git'
@@ -178,14 +180,6 @@ class ActionsTest < GeneratorsTestCase
 
   protected
 
-    def run_generator
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.start [destination_root] }
-    end
-
-    def generator(config={})
-      @generator ||= Rails::Generators::Base.new([], {}, { :destination_root => destination_root }.merge!(config))
-    end
-
     def action(*args, &block)
       silence(:stdout){ generator.send(*args, &block) }
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
index 2cba42551e..7dd798db75 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
 
 class AppGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments [destination_root]
 
   def setup
     super
@@ -49,17 +50,27 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
   end
 
   def test_invalid_database_option_raises_an_error
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator(["-d", "unknown"]) }
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "unknown"]) }
     assert_match /Invalid value for \-\-database option/, content
   end
 
+  def test_invalid_application_name_raises_an_error
+    content = capture(:stderr){ Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.start [File.join(destination_root, "43-things")] }
+    assert_equal "Invalid application name 43-things. Please give a name which does not start with numbers.\n", content
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_application_name_is_fixed
+    silence(:stdout){ Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.start [File.join(destination_root, "things-43")] }
+    assert_file "things-43/config/environment.rb", /Things43::Application/
+  end
+
   def test_config_database_is_added_by_default
     run_generator
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /sqlite3/
   end
 
   def test_config_database_is_not_added_if_skip_activerecord_is_given
-    run_generator ["--skip-activerecord"]
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-activerecord"]
     assert_no_file "config/database.yml"
   end
 
@@ -76,13 +87,13 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
   end
 
   def test_prototype_and_test_unit_are_skipped_if_required
-    run_generator ["--skip-prototype", "--skip-testunit"]
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-prototype", "--skip-testunit"]
     assert_no_file "public/javascripts/prototype.js"
     assert_no_file "test"
   end
 
   def test_shebang_is_added_to_files
-    run_generator ["--ruby", "foo/bar/baz"]
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--ruby", "foo/bar/baz"]
 
     %w(
       about
@@ -97,7 +108,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
   end
 
   def test_shebang_when_is_the_same_as_default_use_env
-    run_generator ["--ruby", Thor::Util.ruby_command]
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--ruby", Thor::Util.ruby_command]
 
     %w(
       about
@@ -113,11 +124,11 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
 
   def test_template_from_dir_pwd
     FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
-    assert_match /It works from file!/, run_generator(["-m", "lib/template.rb"])
+    assert_match /It works from file!/, run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "lib/template.rb"])
   end
 
   def test_template_raises_an_error_with_invalid_path
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator(["-m", "non/existant/path"]) }
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "non/existant/path"]) }
     assert_match /The template \[.*\] could not be loaded/, content
     assert_match /non\/existant\/path/, content
   end
@@ -127,7 +138,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     template = %{ say "It works!" }
     template.instance_eval "def read; self; end" # Make the string respond to read
 
-    generator(:template => path, :database => "sqlite3").expects(:open).with(path).returns(template)
+    generator([destination_root], :template => path, :database => "sqlite3").expects(:open).with(path).returns(template)
     assert_match /It works!/, silence(:stdout){ generator.invoke }
   end
 
@@ -151,28 +162,20 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
   end
 
   def test_dev_option
-    run_generator ["--dev"]
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--dev"]
     rails_path = File.expand_path('../../..', Rails.root)
     dev_gem = %(gem "rails", :path => #{rails_path.inspect})
     assert_file 'Gemfile', /^#{Regexp.escape(dev_gem)}$/
   end
 
   def test_edge_option
-    run_generator ["--edge"]
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--edge"]
     edge_gem = %(gem "rails", :git => "git://github.com/rails/rails.git")
     assert_file 'Gemfile', /^#{Regexp.escape(edge_gem)}$/
   end
 
   protected
 
-    def run_generator(args=[])
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.start [destination_root].concat(args) }
-    end
-
-    def generator(options={})
-      @generator ||= Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new([destination_root], options, :destination_root => destination_root)
-    end
-
     def action(*args, &block)
       silence(:stdout){ generator.send(*args, &block) }
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
index 56bc688ad0..8e2fd3b9ed 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator'
 
 class ControllerGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments %w(Account foo bar)
 
   def test_help_does_not_show_invoked_generators_options_if_they_already_exist
     content = run_generator ["--help"]
-    assert_no_match /Helper options:/, content
+    assert_no_match /Helper options\:/, content
   end
 
   def test_controller_skeleton_is_created
@@ -66,15 +66,8 @@ class ControllerGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     run_generator
 
     assert_file "app/controllers/account_controller.rb" do |controller|
-      assert_instance_method controller, :foo
-      assert_instance_method controller, :bar
+      assert_instance_method :foo, controller
+      assert_instance_method :bar, controller
     end
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=["Account", "foo", "bar"])
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::ControllerGenerator.start args, :destination_root => destination_root }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generator_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/generator_generator_test.rb
index aea3f4da51..28377f23b0 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/generator_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generator_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/generator/generator_generator'
 
 class GeneratorGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments %w(awesome)
 
   def test_generator_skeleton_is_created
     run_generator
@@ -16,11 +16,4 @@ class GeneratorGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     assert_file "lib/generators/awesome/awesome_generator.rb",
                 /class AwesomeGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase/
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=["awesome"], config={})
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::GeneratorGenerator.start args, config.merge(:destination_root => destination_root) }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb b/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
index 4ce48a453b..35567f7929 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
@@ -10,93 +10,23 @@ end
 Rails.application.config.root = Rails.root
 
 require 'rails/generators'
+require 'rails/generators/test_case'
+
 require 'rubygems'
 require 'active_record'
 require 'action_dispatch'
 
-CURRENT_PATH = File.expand_path(Dir.pwd)
-Rails::Generators.no_color!
-
-class GeneratorsTestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include FileUtils
-
-  def destination_root
-    File.join(Rails.root, "tmp")
-  end
+class GeneratorsTestCase < Rails::Generators::TestCase
+  destination File.join(Rails.root, "tmp")
+  setup :prepare_destination
 
-  def setup
-    cd CURRENT_PATH
-    rm_rf(destination_root)
-    mkdir_p(destination_root)
+  def self.inherited(base)
+    base.tests Rails::Generators.const_get(base.name.sub(/Test$/, ''))
+  rescue
+    # Do nothing.
   end
 
   def test_truth
-    # don't complain, test/unit
-  end
-
-  def capture(stream)
-    begin
-      stream = stream.to_s
-      eval "$#{stream} = StringIO.new"
-      yield
-      result = eval("$#{stream}").string
-    ensure 
-      eval("$#{stream} = #{stream.upcase}")
-    end
-
-    result
-  end
-  alias :silence :capture
-
-  def assert_file(relative, *contents)
-    absolute = File.join(destination_root, relative)
-    assert File.exists?(absolute), "Expected file #{relative.inspect} to exist, but does not"
-
-    read = File.read(absolute) if block_given? || !contents.empty?
-    yield read if block_given?
-
-    contents.each do |content|
-      case content
-        when String
-          assert_equal content, read
-        when Regexp
-          assert_match content, read
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def assert_no_file(relative)
-    absolute = File.join(destination_root, relative)
-    assert !File.exists?(absolute), "Expected file #{relative.inspect} to not exist, but does"
+    # Don't cry test/unit
   end
-
-  def assert_migration(relative, *contents, &block)
-    file_name = migration_file_name(relative)
-    assert file_name, "Expected migration #{relative} to exist, but was not found"
-    assert_file File.join(File.dirname(relative), file_name), *contents, &block
-  end
-
-  def assert_no_migration(relative)
-    file_name = migration_file_name(relative)
-    assert_nil file_name, "Expected migration #{relative} to not exist, but found #{file_name}"
-  end
-
-  def assert_class_method(content, method, &block)
-    assert_instance_method content, "self.#{method}", &block
-  end
-
-  def assert_instance_method(content, method)
-    assert content =~ /def #{method}(\(.+\))?(.*?)\n  end/m, "Expected to have method #{method}"
-    yield $2.strip if block_given?
-  end
-
-  protected
-
-    def migration_file_name(relative)
-      absolute = File.join(destination_root, relative)
-      dirname, file_name = File.dirname(absolute), File.basename(absolute).sub(/\.rb$/, '')
-
-      migration = Dir.glob("#{dirname}/[0-9]*_*.rb").grep(/\d+_#{file_name}.rb$/).first
-      File.basename(migration) if migration
-    end
-end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
index f8bfc517a2..cf18782986 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/helper/helper_generator'
 
@@ -6,6 +5,7 @@ ObjectHelper = Class.new
 AnotherObjectHelperTest = Class.new
 
 class HelperGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments %w(admin)
 
   def test_helper_skeleton_is_created
     run_generator
@@ -50,11 +50,4 @@ class HelperGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
       end
     end
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=["admin"])
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::HelperGenerator.start args, :destination_root => destination_root }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/integration_test_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/integration_test_generator_test.rb
index 6a504ceea2..88e18be5b2 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/integration_test_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/integration_test_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,11 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/integration_test/integration_test_generator'
 
 class IntegrationTestGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments %w(integration)
 
   def test_integration_test_skeleton_is_created
     run_generator
     assert_file "test/integration/integration_test.rb", /class IntegrationTest < ActionController::IntegrationTest/
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=["integration"])
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::IntegrationTestGenerator.start args, :destination_root => destination_root }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
index 251474ad16..ee4346eb71 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/mailer/mailer_generator'
 
 class MailerGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments %w(notifier foo bar)
 
   def test_mailer_skeleton_is_created
     run_generator
@@ -42,11 +42,4 @@ class MailerGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     assert_file "app/models/notifier.rb", /def foo/
     assert_file "app/models/notifier.rb", /def bar/
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=["notifier", "foo", "bar"])
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::MailerGenerator.start args, :destination_root => destination_root }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/metal_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/metal_generator_test.rb
index 80bf342892..5d6a277561 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/metal_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/metal_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/metal/metal_generator'
 
 class MetalGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments %w(foo)
 
   def test_metal_skeleton_is_created
     run_generator
@@ -13,11 +13,4 @@ class MetalGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator ["object"] }
     assert_match /The name 'Object' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=["foo"])
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::MetalGenerator.start args, :destination_root => destination_root }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
index 35172a8be4..2fd3e5c056 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,32 +1,30 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/migration/migration_generator'
 
 class MigrationGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
-
   def test_migration
-    @migration = "change_title_body_from_posts"
-    run_generator
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{@migration}.rb", /class ChangeTitleBodyFromPosts < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    migration = "change_title_body_from_posts"
+    run_generator [migration]
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb", /class ChangeTitleBodyFromPosts < ActiveRecord::Migration/
   end
 
   def test_migration_with_class_name
-    @migration = "ChangeTitleBodyFromPosts"
-    run_generator
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/change_title_body_from_posts.rb", /class #{@migration} < ActiveRecord::Migration/
+    migration = "ChangeTitleBodyFromPosts"
+    run_generator [migration]
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/change_title_body_from_posts.rb", /class #{migration} < ActiveRecord::Migration/
   end
 
   def test_add_migration_with_attributes
-    @migration = "add_title_body_to_posts"
-    run_generator [@migration, "title:string", "body:text"]
+    migration = "add_title_body_to_posts"
+    run_generator [migration, "title:string", "body:text"]
 
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{@migration}.rb" do |content|
-      assert_class_method content, :up do |up|
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_class_method :up, content do |up|
         assert_match /add_column :posts, :title, :string/, up
         assert_match /add_column :posts, :body, :text/, up
       end
 
-      assert_class_method content, :down do |down|
+      assert_class_method :down, content do |down|
         assert_match /remove_column :posts, :title/, down
         assert_match /remove_column :posts, :body/, down
       end
@@ -34,26 +32,19 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
   end
 
   def test_remove_migration_with_attributes
-    @migration = "remove_title_body_from_posts"
-    run_generator [@migration, "title:string", "body:text"]
+    migration = "remove_title_body_from_posts"
+    run_generator [migration, "title:string", "body:text"]
 
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{@migration}.rb" do |content|
-      assert_class_method content, :up do |up|
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_class_method :up, content do |up|
         assert_match /remove_column :posts, :title/, up
         assert_match /remove_column :posts, :body/, up
       end
 
-      assert_class_method content, :down do |down|
+      assert_class_method :down, content do |down|
         assert_match /add_column :posts, :title, :string/, down
         assert_match /add_column :posts, :body, :text/, down
       end
     end
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=[@migration])
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::MigrationGenerator.start args, :destination_root => destination_root }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
index e073b11e1e..051a43706b 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator'
 
 class ModelGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments %w(Account name:string age:integer)
 
   def test_help_shows_invoked_generators_options
     content = run_generator ["--help"]
@@ -84,13 +84,13 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     run_generator ["product", "name:string", "supplier_id:integer"]
 
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_products.rb" do |m|
-      assert_class_method m, :up do |up|
+      assert_class_method :up, m do |up|
         assert_match /create_table :products/, up
         assert_match /t\.string :name/, up
         assert_match /t\.integer :supplier_id/, up
       end
 
-      assert_class_method m, :down do |down|
+      assert_class_method :down, m do |down|
         assert_match /drop_table :products/, down
       end
     end
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     run_generator ["account", "--no-timestamps"]
 
     assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
-      assert_class_method m, :up do |up|
+      assert_class_method :up, m do |up|
         assert_no_match /t.timestamps/, up
       end
     end
@@ -171,11 +171,4 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator ["object"] }
     assert_match /The name 'Object' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=["Account", "name:string", "age:integer"], config={})
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::ModelGenerator.start args, config.merge(:destination_root => destination_root) }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
index 98cbf9b8f6..8c1df3b992 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator'
 
@@ -13,9 +12,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 end
 
 class NamedBaseTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  tests Rails::Generators::ScaffoldControllerGenerator
 
   def test_named_generator_attributes
-    g = Rails::Generators::ScaffoldControllerGenerator.new ["admin/foo"]
+    g = generator ["admin/foo"]
     assert_equal 'admin/foo', g.name
     assert_equal %w(admin), g.class_path
     assert_equal 1, g.class_nesting_depth
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ class NamedBaseTest < GeneratorsTestCase
 
   def test_named_generator_attributes_without_pluralized
     ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
-    g = Rails::Generators::ScaffoldControllerGenerator.new ["admin/foo"]
+    g = generator ["admin/foo"]
     assert_equal "admin_#{g.singular_name}", g.table_name
   end
 
   def test_scaffold_plural_names
-    g = Rails::Generators::ScaffoldControllerGenerator.new ["ProductLine"]
+    g = generator ["ProductLine"]
     assert_equal "ProductLines", g.controller_name
     assert_equal "ProductLines", g.controller_class_name
     assert_equal "product_lines", g.controller_file_name
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/observer_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/observer_generator_test.rb
index 6fed2998dd..44d9e4a9f3 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/observer_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/observer_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/observer/observer_generator'
 
 class ObserverGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments %w(account)
 
   def test_invokes_default_orm
     run_generator
@@ -23,11 +23,4 @@ class ObserverGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     content = run_generator ["account", "--test-framework=rspec"]
     assert_match /rspec \[not found\]/, content
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=["account"])
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::ObserverGenerator.start args, :destination_root => destination_root }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/performance_test_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/performance_test_generator_test.rb
index d19128f79a..099575ea1d 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/performance_test_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/performance_test_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,11 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/performance_test/performance_test_generator'
 
 class PerformanceTestGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments %w(performance)
 
   def test_performance_test_skeleton_is_created
     run_generator
     assert_file "test/performance/performance_test.rb", /class PerformanceTest < ActionController::PerformanceTest/
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=["performance"])
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::PerformanceTestGenerator.start args, :destination_root => destination_root }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
index f5b8b6ffb6..f84b8b6d50 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator'
 
 class PluginGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments %w(plugin_fu)
 
   def test_plugin_skeleton_is_created
     run_generator
@@ -46,11 +46,4 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     run_generator
     run_generator ["plugin_fu"], :behavior => :revoke
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=["plugin_fu"], config={})
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::PluginGenerator.start args, config.merge(:destination_root => destination_root) }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb
index dff3908ea1..15c0ca0f01 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/resource/resource_generator'
 
 class ResourceGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments %w(account)
 
   def setup
     super
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ class ResourceGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     run_generator ["account", "--actions", "index", "new"]
 
     assert_file "app/controllers/accounts_controller.rb" do |controller|
-      assert_instance_method controller, :index
-      assert_instance_method controller, :new
+      assert_instance_method :index, controller
+      assert_instance_method :new, controller
     end
 
     assert_file "app/views/accounts/index.html.erb"
@@ -96,11 +96,4 @@ class ResourceGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
       assert_no_match /resources :accounts$/, route
     end
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=["account"], config={})
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::ResourceGenerator.start args, config.merge(:destination_root => destination_root) }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
index 02155c295c..7593c14dd9 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator'
 
@@ -8,6 +7,7 @@ module Unknown
 end
 
 class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments %w(User name:string age:integer)
 
   def test_controller_skeleton_is_created
     run_generator
@@ -15,35 +15,35 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     assert_file "app/controllers/users_controller.rb" do |content|
       assert_match /class UsersController < ApplicationController/, content
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :index do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :index, content do |m|
         assert_match /@users = User\.all/, m
       end
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :show do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :show, content do |m|
         assert_match /@user = User\.find\(params\[:id\]\)/, m
       end
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :new do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :new, content do |m|
         assert_match /@user = User\.new/, m
       end
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :edit do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :edit, content do |m|
         assert_match /@user = User\.find\(params\[:id\]\)/, m
       end
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :create do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :create, content do |m|
         assert_match /@user = User\.new\(params\[:user\]\)/, m
         assert_match /@user\.save/, m
         assert_match /@user\.errors/, m
       end
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :update do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :update, content do |m|
         assert_match /@user = User\.find\(params\[:id\]\)/, m
         assert_match /@user\.update_attributes\(params\[:user\]\)/, m
         assert_match /@user\.errors/, m
       end
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :destroy do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :destroy, content do |m|
         assert_match /@user = User\.find\(params\[:id\]\)/, m
         assert_match /@user\.destroy/, m
       end
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     assert_file "app/controllers/users_controller.rb" do |content|
       assert_match /class UsersController < ApplicationController/, content
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :index do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :index, content do |m|
         assert_match /@users = User\.all/, m
       end
     end
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     assert_file "app/controllers/users_controller.rb" do |content|
       assert_match /class UsersController < ApplicationController/, content
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :index do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :index, content do |m|
         assert_match /@users = User\.find\(:all\)/, m
         assert_no_match /@users = User\.all/, m
       end
@@ -135,11 +135,4 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
   ensure
     Unknown::Generators.send :remove_const, :ActiveModel
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=["User", "name:string", "age:integer"])
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::ScaffoldControllerGenerator.start args, :destination_root => destination_root }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
index 0b961cee19..4ddc7b1c89 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/scaffold/scaffold_generator'
 
 class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
+  arguments %w(product_line title:string price:integer)
 
   def setup
     super
@@ -32,35 +32,35 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     assert_file "app/controllers/product_lines_controller.rb" do |content|
       assert_match /class ProductLinesController < ApplicationController/, content
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :index do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :index, content do |m|
         assert_match /@product_lines = ProductLine\.all/, m
       end
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :show do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :show, content do |m|
         assert_match /@product_line = ProductLine\.find\(params\[:id\]\)/, m
       end
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :new do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :new, content do |m|
         assert_match /@product_line = ProductLine\.new/, m
       end
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :edit do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :edit, content do |m|
         assert_match /@product_line = ProductLine\.find\(params\[:id\]\)/, m
       end
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :create do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :create, content do |m|
         assert_match /@product_line = ProductLine\.new\(params\[:product_line\]\)/, m
         assert_match /@product_line\.save/, m
         assert_match /@product_line\.errors/, m
       end
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :update do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :update, content do |m|
         assert_match /@product_line = ProductLine\.find\(params\[:id\]\)/, m
         assert_match /@product_line\.update_attributes\(params\[:product_line\]\)/, m
         assert_match /@product_line\.errors/, m
       end
 
-      assert_instance_method content, :destroy do |m|
+      assert_instance_method :destroy, content do |m|
         assert_match /@product_line = ProductLine\.find\(params\[:id\]\)/, m
         assert_match /@product_line\.destroy/, m
       end
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
 
   def test_scaffold_on_revoke
     run_generator
-    run_generator :behavior => :revoke
+    run_generator ["product_line"], :behavior => :revoke
 
     # Model
     assert_no_file "app/models/product_line.rb"
@@ -117,14 +117,4 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     # Stylesheets (should not be removed)
     assert_file "public/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(config={})
-      silence(:stdout) do
-        Rails::Generators::ScaffoldGenerator.start ["product_line", "title:string", "price:integer"],
-                                                   config.merge(:destination_root => destination_root)
-      end
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/session_migration_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/session_migration_generator_test.rb
index 34fb996b7f..251ffb19ed 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/session_migration_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/session_migration_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/session_migration/session_migration_generator'
 
 class SessionMigrationGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
-
   def test_session_migration_with_default_name
     run_generator
     assert_migration "db/migrate/add_sessions_table.rb", /class AddSessionsTable < ActiveRecord::Migration/
@@ -24,11 +22,4 @@ class SessionMigrationGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::SessionStore::Session.table_name = "sessions"
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(args=[])
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::SessionMigrationGenerator.start args, :destination_root => destination_root }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/stylesheets_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/stylesheets_generator_test.rb
index 15263d4bb8..d9079327ba 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/stylesheets_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/stylesheets_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/stylesheets/stylesheets_generator'
 
 class StylesheetsGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
-
   def test_copy_stylesheets
     run_generator
     assert_file "public/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -11,14 +9,7 @@ class StylesheetsGeneratorTest < GeneratorsTestCase
 
   def test_stylesheets_are_not_deleted_on_revoke
     run_generator
-    run_generator :behavior => :revoke
+    run_generator [], :behavior => :revoke
     assert_file "public/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
   end
-
-  protected
-
-    def run_generator(config={})
-      silence(:stdout) { Rails::Generators::StylesheetsGenerator.start [], config.merge(:destination_root => destination_root) }
-    end
-
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators_test.rb b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
index 4b7b80c7f5..2df218debc 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,11 @@ class GeneratorsTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     Gem.stubs(:respond_to?).with(:loaded_specs).returns(false)
   end
 
+  def test_invoke_add_generators_to_raw_lookups
+    TestUnit::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
+    Rails::Generators.invoke("test_unit:model", ["Account"])
+  end
+
   def test_invoke_when_generator_is_not_found
     output = capture(:stdout){ Rails::Generators.invoke :unknown }
     assert_equal "Could not find generator unknown.\n", output
@@ -51,12 +56,6 @@ class GeneratorsTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     assert_equal "foobar:foobar", klass.namespace
   end
 
-  def test_find_by_namespace_add_generators_to_raw_lookups
-    klass = Rails::Generators.find_by_namespace("test_unit:model")
-    assert klass
-    assert_equal "test_unit:generators:model", klass.namespace
-  end
-
   def test_find_by_namespace_lookup_to_the_rails_root_folder
     klass = Rails::Generators.find_by_namespace(:fixjour)
     assert klass
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ class GeneratorsTest < GeneratorsTestCase
   end
 
   def test_builtin_generators
-    assert Rails::Generators.builtin.include? %w(rails model)
+    assert Rails::Generators.builtin.include?("rails:model")
   end
 
   def test_rails_generators_help_with_builtin_information
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ class GeneratorsTest < GeneratorsTestCase
 
   def test_rails_generators_with_others_information
     output = capture(:stdout){ Rails::Generators.help }.split("\n").last
-    assert_equal "Others: active_record:fixjour, fixjour, foobar, mspec, rails:javascripts.", output
+    assert_equal "Others: active_record:fixjour, fixjour, foobar:foobar, mspec, rails:javascripts, xspec.", output
   end
 
   def test_warning_is_shown_if_generator_cant_be_loaded
@@ -178,6 +177,8 @@ class GeneratorsTest < GeneratorsTestCase
     end
 
     assert_equal false, klass.class_options[:generate].default
+  ensure
+    Rails::Generators.subclasses.delete(klass)
   end
 
   def test_source_paths_for_not_namespaced_generators