Merge commit 'mainstream/master'

Conflicts:

	actionpack/lib/action_controller/cookies.rb
	actionpack/lib/action_controller/streaming.rb
	actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
	actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
	actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
	actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
	actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
	actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
	activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
	activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
	activeresource/README
	activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge.rb
	activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/tzinfo-0.3.9/tzinfo/data_timezone_info.rb
	activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/tzinfo-0.3.9/tzinfo/timezone.rb
	railties/doc/guides/actionview/helpers.markdown
	railties/doc/guides/actionview/partials.markdown
	railties/doc/guides/activerecord/basics.markdown

39 files changed, 1431 insertions, 155 deletions

diff --git a/activerecord/CHANGELOG b/activerecord/CHANGELOG
index d92b89cfe0..90be9b700a 100644
--- a/activerecord/CHANGELOG
+++ b/activerecord/CHANGELOG
@@ -1,5 +1,29 @@
 *Edge*
 
+* Set config.active_record.timestamped_migrations = false to have migrations with numeric prefix instead of UTC timestamp. #446. [Andrew Stone, Nik Wakelin]
+
+* change_column_default preserves the not-null constraint.  #617 [Tarmo Tänav]
+
+* Fixed that create database statements would always include "DEFAULT NULL" (Nick Sieger) [#334]
+
+* Add :accessible option to associations for allowing (opt-in) mass assignment. #474. [David Dollar] Example :
+
+  class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+    belongs_to :author,   :accessible => true
+    has_many   :comments, :accessible => true
+  end
+
+  post = Post.create({
+    :title    => 'Accessible Attributes',
+    :author   => { :name => 'David Dollar' },
+    :comments => [
+      { :body => 'First Post!' },
+      { :body => 'Nested Hashes are great!' }
+    ]
+  })
+
+  post.comments << { :body => 'Another Comment' }
+
 * Add :tokenizer option to validates_length_of to specify how to split up the attribute string. #507. [David Lowenfels] Example :
 
   # Ensure essay contains at least 100 words.
diff --git a/activerecord/Rakefile b/activerecord/Rakefile
index 60b17e02b9..983528aff7 100755
--- a/activerecord/Rakefile
+++ b/activerecord/Rakefile
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ desc 'Run mysql, sqlite, and postgresql tests by default'
 task :default => :test
 
 desc 'Run mysql, sqlite, and postgresql tests'
-task :test => %w(test_mysql test_sqlite test_sqlite3 test_postgresql)
+task :test => %w(test_mysql test_sqlite3 test_postgresql)
 
 for adapter in %w( mysql postgresql sqlite sqlite3 firebird db2 oracle sybase openbase frontbase )
   Rake::TestTask.new("test_#{adapter}") { |t|
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
index d4f7170305..17a7949959 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
@@ -80,3 +80,8 @@ end
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
 
 require 'active_record/schema_dumper'
+
+I18n.backend.populate do
+  require 'active_record/locale/en-US.rb'
+end
+
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_preload.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_preload.rb
index 194c4ee5db..c7594809b7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_preload.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_preload.rb
@@ -188,7 +188,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         through_records
       end
 
-      # FIXME: quoting
       def preload_belongs_to_association(records, reflection, preload_options={})
         options = reflection.options
         primary_key_name = reflection.primary_key_name
@@ -227,9 +226,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           table_name = klass.quoted_table_name
           primary_key = klass.primary_key
-          conditions = "#{table_name}.#{primary_key} IN (?)"
+          conditions = "#{table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(primary_key)} IN (?)"
           conditions << append_conditions(options, preload_options)
-          associated_records = klass.find(:all, :conditions => [conditions, id_map.keys.uniq],
+          column_type = klass.columns.detect{|c| c.name == primary_key}.type
+          ids = id_map.keys.uniq.map do |id|
+            if column_type == :integer
+              id.to_i
+            elsif column_type == :float
+              id.to_f
+            else
+              id
+            end
+          end
+          associated_records = klass.find(:all, :conditions => [conditions, ids],
                                           :include => options[:include],
                                           :select => options[:select],
                                           :joins => options[:joins],
@@ -243,7 +252,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         table_name = reflection.klass.quoted_table_name
 
         if interface = reflection.options[:as]
-          conditions = "#{reflection.klass.quoted_table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name "#{interface}_id"} IN (?) and #{reflection.klass.quoted_table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name "#{interface}_type"} = '#{self.base_class.name.demodulize}'"
+          conditions = "#{reflection.klass.quoted_table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name "#{interface}_id"} IN (?) and #{reflection.klass.quoted_table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name "#{interface}_type"} = '#{self.base_class.sti_name}'"
         else
           foreign_key = reflection.primary_key_name
           conditions = "#{reflection.klass.quoted_table_name}.#{foreign_key} IN (?)"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
index a0d3c2b5bf..2d506c0418 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
@@ -739,7 +739,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   If true, all the associated objects are readonly through the association.
       # [:validate]
       #   If false, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. true by default.
-      #
+      # [:accessible]
+      #   Mass assignment is allowed for this assocation (similar to <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#attr_accessible</tt>).
+      
       # Option examples:
       #   has_many :comments, :order => "posted_on"
       #   has_many :comments, :include => :author
@@ -853,6 +855,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   If true, the associated object is readonly through the association.
       # [:validate]
       #   If false, don't validate the associated object when saving the parent object. +false+ by default.
+      # [:accessible]
+      #   Mass assignment is allowed for this assocation (similar to <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#attr_accessible</tt>).
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   has_one :credit_card, :dependent => :destroy  # destroys the associated credit card
@@ -969,6 +973,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   If true, the associated object is readonly through the association.
       # [:validate]
       #   If false, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. +false+ by default.
+      # [:accessible]
+      #   Mass assignment is allowed for this assocation (similar to <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#attr_accessible</tt>).
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   belongs_to :firm, :foreign_key => "client_of"
@@ -1181,6 +1187,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   If true, all the associated objects are readonly through the association.
       # [:validate]
       #   If false, don't validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. +true+ by default.
+      # [:accessible<]
+      #   Mass assignment is allowed for this assocation (similar to <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#attr_accessible</tt>).
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects
@@ -1256,6 +1264,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
               association = association_proxy_class.new(self, reflection)
             end
 
+            new_value = reflection.klass.new(new_value) if reflection.options[:accessible] && new_value.is_a?(Hash)
+
             if association_proxy_class == HasOneThroughAssociation
               association.create_through_record(new_value)
               self.send(reflection.name, new_value)
@@ -1504,7 +1514,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             :finder_sql, :counter_sql,
             :before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove,
             :extend, :readonly,
-            :validate
+            :validate, :accessible
           )
 
           options[:extend] = create_extension_modules(association_id, extension, options[:extend])
@@ -1514,7 +1524,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def create_has_one_reflection(association_id, options)
           options.assert_valid_keys(
-            :class_name, :foreign_key, :remote, :select, :conditions, :order, :include, :dependent, :counter_cache, :extend, :as, :readonly, :validate, :primary_key
+            :class_name, :foreign_key, :remote, :select, :conditions, :order, :include, :dependent, :counter_cache, :extend, :as, :readonly, :validate, :primary_key, :accessible
           )
 
           create_reflection(:has_one, association_id, options, self)
@@ -1530,7 +1540,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def create_belongs_to_reflection(association_id, options)
           options.assert_valid_keys(
             :class_name, :foreign_key, :foreign_type, :remote, :select, :conditions, :include, :dependent,
-            :counter_cache, :extend, :polymorphic, :readonly, :validate
+            :counter_cache, :extend, :polymorphic, :readonly, :validate, :accessible
           )
 
           reflection = create_reflection(:belongs_to, association_id, options, self)
@@ -1550,7 +1560,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             :finder_sql, :delete_sql, :insert_sql,
             :before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove,
             :extend, :readonly,
-            :validate
+            :validate, :accessible
           )
 
           options[:extend] = create_extension_modules(association_id, extension, options[:extend])
@@ -1627,10 +1637,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
             join_dependency.joins_for_table_name(table)
           }.flatten.compact.uniq
 
+          order = options[:order]
+          if scoped_order = (scope && scope[:order])
+            order = order ? "#{order}, #{scoped_order}" : scoped_order
+          end
+
           is_distinct = !options[:joins].blank? || include_eager_conditions?(options, tables_from_conditions) || include_eager_order?(options, tables_from_order)
           sql = "SELECT "
           if is_distinct
-            sql << connection.distinct("#{connection.quote_table_name table_name}.#{primary_key}", options[:order])
+            sql << connection.distinct("#{connection.quote_table_name table_name}.#{primary_key}", order)
           else
             sql << primary_key
           end
@@ -1644,8 +1659,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           add_conditions!(sql, options[:conditions], scope)
           add_group!(sql, options[:group], scope)
 
-          if options[:order] && is_distinct
-            connection.add_order_by_for_association_limiting!(sql, options)
+          if order && is_distinct
+            connection.add_order_by_for_association_limiting!(sql, :order => order)
           else
             add_order!(sql, options[:order], scope)
           end
@@ -2019,7 +2034,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                           jt_sti_extra = " AND %s.%s = %s" % [
                             connection.quote_table_name(aliased_join_table_name),
                             connection.quote_column_name(through_reflection.active_record.inheritance_column),
-                            through_reflection.klass.quote_value(through_reflection.klass.name.demodulize)]
+                            through_reflection.klass.quote_value(through_reflection.klass.sti_name)]
                         end
                       when :belongs_to
                         first_key = primary_key
@@ -2087,7 +2102,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               join << %(AND %s.%s = %s ) % [
                 connection.quote_table_name(aliased_table_name),
                 connection.quote_column_name(klass.inheritance_column),
-                klass.quote_value(klass.name.demodulize)] unless klass.descends_from_active_record?
+                klass.quote_value(klass.sti_name)] unless klass.descends_from_active_record?
 
               [through_reflection, reflection].each do |ref|
                 join << "AND #{interpolate_sql(sanitize_sql(ref.options[:conditions]))} " if ref && ref.options[:conditions]
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb
index eb39714909..a28be9eed1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_collection.rb
@@ -78,11 +78,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @loaded = false
       end
 
-      def build(attributes = {})
+      def build(attributes = {}, &block)
         if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-          attributes.collect { |attr| build(attr) }
+          attributes.collect { |attr| build(attr, &block) }
         else
-          build_record(attributes) { |record| set_belongs_to_association_for(record) }
+          build_record(attributes) do |record|
+            block.call(record) if block_given?
+            set_belongs_to_association_for(record)
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -94,6 +97,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @owner.transaction do
           flatten_deeper(records).each do |record|
+            record = @reflection.klass.new(record) if @reflection.options[:accessible] && record.is_a?(Hash)
+
             raise_on_type_mismatch(record)
             add_record_to_target_with_callbacks(record) do |r|
               result &&= insert_record(record) unless @owner.new_record?
@@ -226,6 +231,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Replace this collection with +other_array+
       # This will perform a diff and delete/add only records that have changed.
       def replace(other_array)
+        other_array.map! do |val|
+          val.is_a?(Hash) ? @reflection.klass.new(val) : val
+        end if @reflection.options[:accessible]
+
         other_array.each { |val| raise_on_type_mismatch(val) }
 
         load_target
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
index 255ca0b67b..9cb64223e2 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
@@ -464,6 +464,10 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     cattr_accessor :schema_format , :instance_writer => false
     @@schema_format = :ruby
 
+    # Specify whether or not to use timestamps for migration numbers
+    cattr_accessor :timestamped_migrations , :instance_writer => false
+    @@timestamped_migrations = true
+
     # Determine whether to store the full constant name including namespace when using STI
     superclass_delegating_accessor :store_full_sti_class
     self.store_full_sti_class = false
@@ -852,7 +856,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
       def update_counters(id, counters)
         updates = counters.inject([]) { |list, (counter_name, increment)|
           sign = increment < 0 ? "-" : "+"
-          list << "#{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)} = #{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)} #{sign} #{increment.abs}"
+          list << "#{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)} = COALESCE(#{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)}, 0) #{sign} #{increment.abs}"
         }.join(", ")
         update_all(updates, "#{connection.quote_column_name(primary_key)} = #{quote_value(id)}")
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
index d4c8a80448..31d6c7942c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'date'
+require 'set'
 require 'bigdecimal'
 require 'bigdecimal/util'
 
@@ -6,6 +7,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters #:nodoc:
     # An abstract definition of a column in a table.
     class Column
+      TRUE_VALUES = [true, 1, '1', 't', 'T', 'true', 'TRUE'].to_set
+
       module Format
         ISO_DATE = /\A(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d)\z/
         ISO_DATETIME = /\A(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d) (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)(\.\d+)?\z/
@@ -135,11 +138,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # convert something to a boolean
         def value_to_boolean(value)
-          if value == true || value == false
-            value
-          else
-            !(value.to_s !~ /\A(?:1|t|true)\Z/i)
-          end
+          TRUE_VALUES.include?(value)
         end
 
         # convert something to a BigDecimal
@@ -257,7 +256,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def to_sql
         column_sql = "#{base.quote_column_name(name)} #{sql_type}"
-        add_column_options!(column_sql, :null => null, :default => default) unless type.to_sym == :primary_key
+        column_options = {}
+        column_options[:null] = null unless null.nil?
+        column_options[:default] = default unless default.nil?
+        add_column_options!(column_sql, column_options) unless type.to_sym == :primary_key
         column_sql
       end
       alias to_s :to_sql
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
index f48b107a2a..47dbf5a5f3 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
@@ -118,6 +118,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection
       end
 
+      def open_transactions
+        @open_transactions ||= 0
+      end
+
+      def increment_open_transactions
+        @open_transactions ||= 0
+        @open_transactions += 1
+      end
+
+      def decrement_open_transactions
+        @open_transactions -= 1
+      end
+
       def log_info(sql, name, runtime)
         if @logger && @logger.debug?
           name = "#{name.nil? ? "SQL" : name} (#{sprintf("%f", runtime)})"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
index 4b13ac8be0..35b9ed4746 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -437,18 +437,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default) #:nodoc:
-        current_type = select_one("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE '#{column_name}'")["Type"]
+        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+        change_column table_name, column_name, column.sql_type, :default => default
+      end
+
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+
+        unless null || default.nil?
+          execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+        end
 
-        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{current_type} DEFAULT #{quote(default)}")
+        change_column table_name, column_name, column.sql_type, :null => null
       end
 
       def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+
         unless options_include_default?(options)
-          if column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-            options[:default] = column.default
-          else
-            raise "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-          end
+          options[:default] = column.default
+        end
+
+        unless options.has_key?(:null)
+          options[:null] = column.null
         end
 
         change_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
@@ -460,6 +471,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         options = {}
         if column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
           options[:default] = column.default
+          options[:null] = column.null
         else
           raise ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
         end
@@ -536,6 +548,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def version
           @version ||= @connection.server_info.scan(/^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/).flatten.map { |v| v.to_i }
         end
+
+        def column_for(table_name, column_name)
+          unless column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
+            raise "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+          end
+          column
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
index 40f34e2dfa..6a20f41a4b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       private
         def extract_limit(sql_type)
           case sql_type
-          when /^integer/i;   4
           when /^bigint/i;    8
           when /^smallint/i;  2
           else super
@@ -623,6 +622,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Returns the current database name.
+      def current_database
+        query('select current_database()')[0][0]
+      end
+
+      # Returns the current database encoding format.
+      def encoding
+        query(<<-end_sql)[0][0]
+          SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(pg_database.encoding) FROM pg_database
+          WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
+        end_sql
+      end
+
       # Sets the schema search path to a string of comma-separated schema names.
       # Names beginning with $ have to be quoted (e.g. $user => '$user').
       # See: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
index 51cfd10e5c..84f8c0284e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
@@ -238,6 +238,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+        unless null || default.nil?
+          execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+        end
+        alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
+          definition[column_name].null = null
+        end
+      end
+
       def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
         alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
           include_default = options_include_default?(options)
@@ -251,6 +260,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
+        unless columns(table_name).detect{|c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
+          raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "Missing column #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+        end
         alter_table(table_name, :rename => {column_name.to_s => new_column_name.to_s})
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
index e19614e31f..622cfc3c3f 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ class Fixtures < (RUBY_VERSION < '1.9' ? YAML::Omap : Hash)
 
           all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)
 
-          connection.transaction(Thread.current['open_transactions'].to_i == 0) do
+          connection.transaction(connection.open_transactions.zero?) do
             fixtures.reverse.each { |fixture| fixture.delete_existing_fixtures }
             fixtures.each { |fixture| fixture.insert_fixtures }
 
@@ -541,10 +541,11 @@ class Fixtures < (RUBY_VERSION < '1.9' ? YAML::Omap : Hash)
     label.to_s.hash.abs
   end
 
-  attr_reader :table_name
+  attr_reader :table_name, :name
 
   def initialize(connection, table_name, class_name, fixture_path, file_filter = DEFAULT_FILTER_RE)
     @connection, @table_name, @fixture_path, @file_filter = connection, table_name, fixture_path, file_filter
+    @name = table_name # preserve fixture base name
     @class_name = class_name ||
                   (ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names ? @table_name.singularize.camelize : @table_name.camelize)
     @table_name = "#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix}#{@table_name}#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix}"
@@ -929,7 +930,7 @@ module Test #:nodoc:
             load_fixtures
             @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class] = @loaded_fixtures
           end
-          ActiveRecord::Base.send :increment_open_transactions
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.increment_open_transactions
           ActiveRecord::Base.connection.begin_db_transaction
         # Load fixtures for every test.
         else
@@ -950,9 +951,9 @@ module Test #:nodoc:
         end
 
         # Rollback changes if a transaction is active.
-        if use_transactional_fixtures? && Thread.current['open_transactions'] != 0
+        if use_transactional_fixtures? && ActiveRecord::Base.connection.open_transactions != 0
           ActiveRecord::Base.connection.rollback_db_transaction
-          Thread.current['open_transactions'] = 0
+          ActiveRecord::Base.connection.decrement_open_transactions
         end
         ActiveRecord::Base.verify_active_connections!
       end
@@ -963,9 +964,9 @@ module Test #:nodoc:
           fixtures = Fixtures.create_fixtures(fixture_path, fixture_table_names, fixture_class_names)
           unless fixtures.nil?
             if fixtures.instance_of?(Fixtures)
-              @loaded_fixtures[fixtures.table_name] = fixtures
+              @loaded_fixtures[fixtures.name] = fixtures
             else
-              fixtures.each { |f| @loaded_fixtures[f.table_name] = f }
+              fixtures.each { |f| @loaded_fixtures[f.name] = f }
             end
           end
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en-US.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en-US.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b31e13ed3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en-US.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+I18n.backend.store_translations :'en-US', {
+  :active_record => {
+    :error_messages => {
+      :inclusion => "is not included in the list",
+      :exclusion => "is reserved",
+      :invalid => "is invalid",
+      :confirmation => "doesn't match confirmation",
+      :accepted  => "must be accepted",
+      :empty => "can't be empty",
+      :blank => "can't be blank",
+      :too_long => "is too long (maximum is {{count}} characters)",
+      :too_short => "is too short (minimum is {{count}} characters)",
+      :wrong_length => "is the wrong length (should be {{count}} characters)",
+      :taken => "has already been taken",
+      :not_a_number => "is not a number",
+      :greater_than => "must be greater than {{count}}",
+      :greater_than_or_equal_to => "must be greater than or equal to {{count}}",
+      :equal_to => "must be equal to {{count}}",
+      :less_than => "must be less than {{count}}",
+      :less_than_or_equal_to => "must be less than or equal to {{count}}",
+      :odd => "must be odd",
+      :even => "must be even"
+    }            
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
index e095b3c766..731a350854 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
@@ -238,6 +238,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # lower than the current schema version: when migrating up, those
   # never-applied "interleaved" migrations will be automatically applied, and
   # when migrating down, never-applied "interleaved" migrations will be skipped.
+  # 
+  # == Timestamped Migrations
+  #
+  # By default, Rails generates migrations that look like:
+  #
+  #    20080717013526_your_migration_name.rb
+  #
+  # The prefix is a generation timestamp (in UTC).
+  #
+  # If you'd prefer to use numeric prefixes, you can turn timestamped migrations
+  # off by setting:
+  #
+  #    config.active_record.timestamped_migrations = false
+  # 
+  # In environment.rb.
+  #
   class Migration
     @@verbose = true
     cattr_accessor :verbose
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
index 080e3d0f5e..d5a1c5fe08 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       attr_reader :proxy_scope, :proxy_options
 
       [].methods.each do |m|
-        unless m =~ /(^__|^nil\?|^send|^object_id$|class|extend|find|count|sum|average|maximum|minimum|paginate|first|last|empty?)/
+        unless m =~ /(^__|^nil\?|^send|^object_id$|class|extend|find|count|sum|average|maximum|minimum|paginate|first|last|empty?|any?)/
           delegate m, :to => :proxy_found
         end
       end
@@ -140,6 +140,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @found ? @found.empty? : count.zero?
       end
 
+      def any?
+        if block_given?
+          proxy_found.any? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
+        else
+          !empty?
+        end
+      end
+
       protected
       def proxy_found
         @found || load_found
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/observer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/observer.rb
index 25e0e61c69..b35e407cc1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/observer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/observer.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   ActiveRecord::Base.observers = Cacher, GarbageCollector
       #
       # Note: Setting this does not instantiate the observers yet. +instantiate_observers+ is
-      # called during startup, and before each development request.  
+      # called during startup, and before each development request.
       def observers=(*observers)
         @observers = observers.flatten
       end
@@ -130,11 +130,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # Observers register themselves in the model class they observe, since it is the class that
   # notifies them of events when they occur. As a side-effect, when an observer is loaded its
   # corresponding model class is loaded.
-  # 
+  #
   # Up to (and including) Rails 2.0.2 observers were instantiated between plugins and
-  # application initializers. Now observers are loaded after application initializers, 
+  # application initializers. Now observers are loaded after application initializers,
   # so observed models can make use of extensions.
-  # 
+  #
   # If by any chance you are using observed models in the initialization you can still
   # load their observers by calling <tt>ModelObserver.instance</tt> before. Observers are
   # singletons and that call instantiates and registers them.
@@ -189,7 +189,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def add_observer!(klass)
         klass.add_observer(self)
-        klass.class_eval 'def after_find() end' unless klass.method_defined?(:after_find)
+        if respond_to?(:after_find) && !klass.method_defined?(:after_find)
+          klass.class_eval 'def after_find() end'
+        end
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb
index 7dee962c8a..ca5591ae35 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/test_case.rb
@@ -22,11 +22,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def assert_sql(*patterns_to_match)
+      $queries_executed = []
+      yield
+    ensure
+      failed_patterns = []
+      patterns_to_match.each do |pattern|
+        failed_patterns << pattern unless $queries_executed.any?{ |sql| pattern === sql }
+      end
+      assert failed_patterns.empty?, "Query pattern(s) #{failed_patterns.map(&:inspect).join(', ')} not found."
+    end
+
     def assert_queries(num = 1)
-      $query_count = 0
+      $queries_executed = []
       yield
     ensure
-      assert_equal num, $query_count, "#{$query_count} instead of #{num} queries were executed."
+      assert_equal num, $queries_executed.size, "#{$queries_executed.size} instead of #{num} queries were executed."
     end
 
     def assert_no_queries(&block)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
index b014ab757d..0531afbb52 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
@@ -76,25 +76,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module ClassMethods
       # See ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods for detailed documentation.
       def transaction(&block)
-        increment_open_transactions
+        connection.increment_open_transactions
 
         begin
-          connection.transaction(Thread.current['start_db_transaction'], &block)
+          connection.transaction(connection.open_transactions == 1, &block)
         ensure
-          decrement_open_transactions
+          connection.decrement_open_transactions
         end
       end
-
-      private
-        def increment_open_transactions #:nodoc:
-          open = Thread.current['open_transactions'] ||= 0
-          Thread.current['start_db_transaction'] = open.zero?
-          Thread.current['open_transactions'] = open + 1
-        end
-
-        def decrement_open_transactions #:nodoc:
-          Thread.current['open_transactions'] -= 1
-        end
     end
 
     def transaction(&block)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
index 2647fbba92..b957ee3b9e 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
@@ -18,37 +18,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # determine whether the object is in a valid state to be saved. See usage example in Validations.
   class Errors
     include Enumerable
+    
+    class << self
+      def default_error_messages
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages has been deprecated. Please use I18n.translate('active_record.error_messages').")
+        I18n.translate 'active_record.error_messages'
+      end
+    end
 
     def initialize(base) # :nodoc:
       @base, @errors = base, {}
     end
 
-    @@default_error_messages = {
-      :inclusion => "is not included in the list",
-      :exclusion => "is reserved",
-      :invalid => "is invalid",
-      :confirmation => "doesn't match confirmation",
-      :accepted  => "must be accepted",
-      :empty => "can't be empty",
-      :blank => "can't be blank",
-      :too_long => "is too long (maximum is %d characters)",
-      :too_short => "is too short (minimum is %d characters)",
-      :wrong_length => "is the wrong length (should be %d characters)",
-      :taken => "has already been taken",
-      :not_a_number => "is not a number",
-      :greater_than => "must be greater than %d",
-      :greater_than_or_equal_to => "must be greater than or equal to %d",
-      :equal_to => "must be equal to %d",
-      :less_than => "must be less than %d",
-      :less_than_or_equal_to => "must be less than or equal to %d",
-      :odd => "must be odd",
-      :even => "must be even"
-    }
-
-    # Holds a hash with all the default error messages that can be replaced by your own copy or localizations.
-    cattr_accessor :default_error_messages
-
-
     # Adds an error to the base object instead of any particular attribute. This is used
     # to report errors that don't tie to any specific attribute, but rather to the object
     # as a whole. These error messages don't get prepended with any field name when iterating
@@ -61,27 +42,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # for the same attribute and ensure that this error object returns false when asked if <tt>empty?</tt>. More than one
     # error can be added to the same +attribute+ in which case an array will be returned on a call to <tt>on(attribute)</tt>.
     # If no +msg+ is supplied, "invalid" is assumed.
-    def add(attribute, msg = @@default_error_messages[:invalid])
-      @errors[attribute.to_s] = [] if @errors[attribute.to_s].nil?
-      @errors[attribute.to_s] << msg
-    end
+    def add(attribute, message = nil)
+      message ||= I18n.translate :"active_record.error_messages.invalid"
+      @errors[attribute.to_s] ||= []
+      @errors[attribute.to_s] << message
+    end    
 
     # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+ that is empty.
-    def add_on_empty(attributes, msg = @@default_error_messages[:empty])
+    def add_on_empty(attributes, custom_message = nil)
       for attr in [attributes].flatten
         value = @base.respond_to?(attr.to_s) ? @base.send(attr.to_s) : @base[attr.to_s]
-        is_empty = value.respond_to?("empty?") ? value.empty? : false
-        add(attr, msg) unless !value.nil? && !is_empty
+        is_empty = value.respond_to?("empty?") ? value.empty? : false        
+        add(attr, generate_message(attr, :empty, :default => custom_message)) unless !value.nil? && !is_empty
       end
     end
 
     # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+ that is blank (using Object#blank?).
-    def add_on_blank(attributes, msg = @@default_error_messages[:blank])
+    def add_on_blank(attributes, custom_message = nil)
       for attr in [attributes].flatten
         value = @base.respond_to?(attr.to_s) ? @base.send(attr.to_s) : @base[attr.to_s]
-        add(attr, msg) if value.blank?
+        add(attr, generate_message(attr, :blank, :default => custom_message)) if value.blank?
       end
     end
+    
+    def generate_message(attr, key, options = {})
+      msgs = base_classes(@base.class).map{|klass| :"custom.#{klass.name.underscore}.#{attr}.#{key}"} 
+      msgs << options[:default] if options[:default]
+      msgs << key
+
+      I18n.t nil, options.merge(:default => msgs, :scope => [:active_record, :error_messages])
+    end
 
     # Returns true if the specified +attribute+ has errors associated with it.
     #
@@ -164,24 +154,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
-    #   company.errors.full_messages
-    #   # => ["Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)", "Name can't be blank", "Address can't be blank"]
-    def full_messages
+    #   company.errors.full_messages # =>
+    #     ["Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)", "Name can't be blank", "Address can't be blank"]
+    def full_messages(options = {})
       full_messages = []
 
       @errors.each_key do |attr|
-        @errors[attr].each do |msg|
-          next if msg.nil?
+        @errors[attr].each do |message|
+          next unless message
 
           if attr == "base"
-            full_messages << msg
+            full_messages << message
           else
-            full_messages << @base.class.human_attribute_name(attr) + " " + msg
+            key = :"active_record.human_attribute_names.#{@base.class.name.underscore.to_sym}.#{attr}" 
+            attr_name = I18n.translate(key, :locale => options[:locale], :default => @base.class.human_attribute_name(attr))
+            full_messages << attr_name + " " + message
           end
         end
       end
       full_messages
-    end
+    end 
 
     # Returns true if no errors have been added.
     def empty?
@@ -226,6 +218,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         full_messages.each { |msg| e.error(msg) }
       end
     end
+    
+    protected
+      
+      # TODO maybe this should be on ActiveRecord::Base, maybe #self_and_descendents_from_active_record
+      def base_classes(klass)
+        classes = [klass]
+        while klass != klass.base_class  
+          classes << klass = klass.superclass
+        end
+        classes
+      end
   end
 
 
@@ -388,13 +391,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_confirmation_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:confirmation], :on => :save }
+        configuration = { :on => :save }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
 
         attr_accessor(*(attr_names.map { |n| "#{n}_confirmation" }))
 
         validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message]) unless record.send("#{attr_name}_confirmation").nil? or value == record.send("#{attr_name}_confirmation")
+          unless record.send("#{attr_name}_confirmation").nil? or value == record.send("#{attr_name}_confirmation")
+            message = record.errors.generate_message(attr_name, :confirmation, :default => configuration[:message])
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, message) 
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -422,7 +428,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_acceptance_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:accepted], :on => :save, :allow_nil => true, :accept => "1" }
+        configuration = { :on => :save, :allow_nil => true, :accept => "1" }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
 
         db_cols = begin
@@ -434,7 +440,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         attr_accessor(*names)
 
         validates_each(attr_names,configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message]) unless value == configuration[:accept]
+          unless value == configuration[:accept]
+            message = record.errors.generate_message(attr_name, :accepted, :default => configuration[:message])
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, message) 
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -461,7 +470,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       #
       def validates_presence_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:blank], :on => :save }
+        configuration = { :on => :save }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
 
         # can't use validates_each here, because it cannot cope with nonexistent attributes,
@@ -509,10 +518,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def validates_length_of(*attrs)
         # Merge given options with defaults.
         options = {
-          :too_long     => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:too_long],
-          :too_short    => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:too_short],
-          :wrong_length => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:wrong_length],
-          :tokenizer    => lambda {|value| value.split(//)}
+          :tokenizer => lambda {|value| value.split(//)}
         }.merge(DEFAULT_VALIDATION_OPTIONS)
         options.update(attrs.extract_options!.symbolize_keys)
 
@@ -535,15 +541,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           when :within, :in
             raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a Range" unless option_value.is_a?(Range)
 
-            too_short = options[:too_short] % option_value.begin
-            too_long  = options[:too_long]  % option_value.end
-
             validates_each(attrs, options) do |record, attr, value|
               value = options[:tokenizer].call(value) if value.kind_of?(String)
               if value.nil? or value.size < option_value.begin
-                record.errors.add(attr, too_short)
+                message = record.errors.generate_message(attr, :too_short, :default => options[:too_short], :count => option_value.begin)                
+                record.errors.add(attr, message)
               elsif value.size > option_value.end
-                record.errors.add(attr, too_long)
+                message = record.errors.generate_message(attr, :too_long, :default => options[:too_long], :count => option_value.end)
+                record.errors.add(attr, message)
               end
             end
           when :is, :minimum, :maximum
@@ -553,11 +558,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
             validity_checks = { :is => "==", :minimum => ">=", :maximum => "<=" }
             message_options = { :is => :wrong_length, :minimum => :too_short, :maximum => :too_long }
 
-            message = (options[:message] || options[message_options[option]]) % option_value
-
             validates_each(attrs, options) do |record, attr, value|
               value = options[:tokenizer].call(value) if value.kind_of?(String)
-              record.errors.add(attr, message) unless !value.nil? and value.size.method(validity_checks[option])[option_value]
+              unless !value.nil? and value.size.method(validity_checks[option])[option_value]
+                key = message_options[option]
+                custom_message = options[:message] || options[key]
+                message = record.errors.generate_message(attr, key, :default => custom_message, :count => option_value)
+                record.errors.add(attr, message) 
+              end
             end
         end
       end
@@ -599,7 +607,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_uniqueness_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:taken], :case_sensitive => true }
+        configuration = { :case_sensitive => true }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
 
         validates_each(attr_names,configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
@@ -656,10 +664,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
             # As MySQL/Postgres don't have case sensitive SELECT queries, we try to find duplicate
             # column in ruby when case sensitive option
             if configuration[:case_sensitive] && finder_class.columns_hash[attr_name.to_s].text?
-              found = results.any? { |a| a[attr_name.to_s] == value }
+              found = results.any? { |a| a[attr_name.to_s] == value.to_s }
+            end
+            
+            if found
+              message = record.errors.generate_message(attr_name, :taken, :default => configuration[:message])
+              record.errors.add(attr_name, message) 
             end
-
-            record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message]) if found
           end
         end
       end
@@ -689,13 +700,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_format_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:invalid], :on => :save, :with => nil }
+        configuration = { :on => :save, :with => nil }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
 
         raise(ArgumentError, "A regular expression must be supplied as the :with option of the configuration hash") unless configuration[:with].is_a?(Regexp)
 
         validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] % value) unless value.to_s =~ configuration[:with]
+          unless value.to_s =~ configuration[:with]
+            message = record.errors.generate_message(attr_name, :invalid, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, message) 
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -719,7 +733,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_inclusion_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:inclusion], :on => :save }
+        configuration = { :on => :save }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
 
         enum = configuration[:in] || configuration[:within]
@@ -727,7 +741,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise(ArgumentError, "An object with the method include? is required must be supplied as the :in option of the configuration hash") unless enum.respond_to?("include?")
 
         validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] % value) unless enum.include?(value)
+          unless enum.include?(value)
+            message = record.errors.generate_message(attr_name, :inclusion, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, message) 
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -751,7 +768,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_exclusion_of(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:exclusion], :on => :save }
+        configuration = { :on => :save }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
 
         enum = configuration[:in] || configuration[:within]
@@ -759,7 +776,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise(ArgumentError, "An object with the method include? is required must be supplied as the :in option of the configuration hash") unless enum.respond_to?("include?")
 
         validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] % value) if enum.include?(value)
+          if enum.include?(value)
+            message = record.errors.generate_message(attr_name, :exclusion, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, message) 
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -795,12 +815,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   not occur (e.g. <tt>:unless => :skip_validation</tt>, or <tt>:unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>).  The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
       def validates_associated(*attr_names)
-        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:invalid], :on => :save }
+        configuration = { :on => :save }
         configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
 
         validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
-          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message]) unless
-            (value.is_a?(Array) ? value : [value]).inject(true) { |v, r| (r.nil? || r.valid?) && v }
+          unless (value.is_a?(Array) ? value : [value]).inject(true) { |v, r| (r.nil? || r.valid?) && v }
+            message = record.errors.generate_message(attr_name, :invalid, :default => configuration[:message], :value => value)
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, message)
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -848,15 +870,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           if configuration[:only_integer]
             unless raw_value.to_s =~ /\A[+-]?\d+\Z/
-              record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] || ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:not_a_number])
+              message = record.errors.generate_message(attr_name, :not_a_number, :value => raw_value, :default => configuration[:message])
+              record.errors.add(attr_name, message)
               next
             end
             raw_value = raw_value.to_i
           else
-           begin
+            begin
               raw_value = Kernel.Float(raw_value)
             rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
-              record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] || ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:not_a_number])
+              message = record.errors.generate_message(attr_name, :not_a_number, :value => raw_value, :default => configuration[:message])
+              record.errors.add(attr_name, message)
               next
             end
           end
@@ -864,10 +888,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           numericality_options.each do |option|
             case option
               when :odd, :even
-                record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] || ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[option]) unless raw_value.to_i.method(ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS[option])[]
+                unless raw_value.to_i.method(ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS[option])[]
+                  message = record.errors.generate_message(attr_name, option, :value => raw_value, :default => configuration[:message])
+                  record.errors.add(attr_name, message) 
+                end
               else
-                message = configuration[:message] || ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[option]
-                message = message % configuration[option] if configuration[option]
+                message = record.errors.generate_message(attr_name, option, :default => configuration[:message], :value => raw_value, :count => configuration[option])
                 record.errors.add(attr_name, message) unless raw_value.method(ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS[option])[configuration[option]]
             end
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
index 11f9870534..04770646b2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
@@ -65,6 +65,12 @@ class AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+    def test_encoding
+      assert_not_nil @connection.encoding
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_table_alias
     def @connection.test_table_alias_length() 10; end
     class << @connection
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c470616a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/post'
+require 'models/tagging'
+
+module Namespaced
+  class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+    set_table_name 'posts'
+    has_one :tagging, :as => :taggable, :class_name => 'Tagging'
+  end
+end
+
+class EagerLoadIncludeFullStiClassNamesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+
+  def setup
+    generate_test_objects
+  end
+
+  def generate_test_objects
+    post = Namespaced::Post.create( :title => 'Great stuff', :body => 'This is not', :author_id => 1 )
+    tagging = Tagging.create( :taggable => post )
+  end
+
+  def test_class_names
+    old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = false
+    post = Namespaced::Post.find_by_title( 'Great stuff', :include => :tagging )
+    assert_nil post.tagging
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
+    post = Namespaced::Post.find_by_title( 'Great stuff', :include => :tagging )
+    assert_equal 'Tagging', post.tagging.class.name
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = old
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
index e90edbb213..f8b8b1f96d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -425,6 +425,37 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, first_topic.replies.to_ary.size
   end
 
+  def test_build_via_block
+    company = companies(:first_firm)
+    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build {|client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
+    assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
+
+    assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
+    assert new_client.new_record?
+    assert_equal new_client, company.clients_of_firm.last
+    company.name += '-changed'
+    assert_queries(2) { assert company.save }
+    assert !new_client.new_record?
+    assert_equal 2, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+  end
+
+  def test_build_many_via_block
+    company = companies(:first_firm)
+    new_clients = assert_no_queries do
+      company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) do |client|
+        client.name = "changed"
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 2, new_clients.size
+    assert_equal "changed", new_clients.first.name
+    assert_equal "changed", new_clients.last.name
+
+    company.name += '-changed'
+    assert_queries(3) { assert company.save }
+    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+  end
+
   def test_create_without_loading_association
     first_firm  = companies(:first_firm)
     Firm.column_names
@@ -968,4 +999,22 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert firm.clients.loaded?
   end
 
+  def test_joins_with_namespaced_model_should_use_correct_type
+    old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
+    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
+
+    firm = Namespaced::Firm.create({ :name => 'Some Company' })
+    firm.clients.create({ :name => 'Some Client' })
+
+    stats = Namespaced::Firm.find(firm.id, {
+      :select => "#{Namespaced::Firm.table_name}.*, COUNT(#{Namespaced::Client.table_name}.id) AS num_clients",
+      :joins  => :clients,
+      :group  => "#{Namespaced::Firm.table_name}.id"
+    })
+    assert_equal 1, stats.num_clients.to_i
+
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = old
+  end
+
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
index 59349dd7cf..4904feeb7d 100755
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
@@ -189,6 +189,114 @@ class AssociationProxyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_mass_assignment
+    post_attributes   = { :title => 'Associations', :body => 'Are They Accessible?' }
+    author_attributes = { :name  => 'David Dollar' }
+
+    assert_no_difference 'Author.count' do
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) do
+        Post.create(post_attributes.merge({:author => author_attributes}))
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_difference 'Author.count' do
+      post = Post.create(post_attributes.merge({:creatable_author => author_attributes}))
+      assert_equal post.creatable_author.name, author_attributes[:name]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_mass_assignment
+    post_attributes    = { :title => 'Associations', :body => 'Are They Accessible?' }
+    comment_attributes = { :body  => 'Setter Takes Hash' }
+
+    assert_no_difference 'Comment.count' do
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) do
+        Post.create(post_attributes.merge({:uncreatable_comment => comment_attributes}))
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_difference 'Comment.count' do
+      post = Post.create(post_attributes.merge({:creatable_comment => comment_attributes}))
+      assert_equal post.creatable_comment.body, comment_attributes[:body]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_mass_assignment
+    post               = posts(:welcome)
+    post_attributes    = { :title => 'Associations', :body => 'Are They Accessible?' }
+    comment_attributes = { :body  => 'Setter Takes Hash' }
+
+    assert_no_difference 'Comment.count' do
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) do
+        Post.create(post_attributes.merge({:comments => [comment_attributes]}))
+      end
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) do
+        post.comments << comment_attributes
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_difference 'Comment.count' do
+      post = Post.create(post_attributes.merge({:creatable_comments => [comment_attributes]}))
+      assert_equal post.creatable_comments.last.body, comment_attributes[:body]
+    end
+
+    assert_difference 'Comment.count' do
+      post.creatable_comments << comment_attributes
+      assert_equal post.comments.last.body, comment_attributes[:body]
+    end
+
+    post.creatable_comments = [comment_attributes, comment_attributes]
+    assert_equal post.creatable_comments.count, 2
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_mass_assignment
+    post                = posts(:welcome)
+    post_attributes     = { :title => 'Associations', :body => 'Are They Accessible?' }
+    category_attributes = { :name  => 'Accessible Association', :type => 'Category' }
+
+    assert_no_difference 'Category.count' do
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) do
+        Post.create(post_attributes.merge({:categories => [category_attributes]}))
+      end
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch) do
+        post.categories << category_attributes
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_difference 'Category.count' do
+      post = Post.create(post_attributes.merge({:creatable_categories => [category_attributes]}))
+      assert_equal post.creatable_categories.last.name, category_attributes[:name]
+    end
+
+    assert_difference 'Category.count' do
+      post.creatable_categories << category_attributes
+      assert_equal post.creatable_categories.last.name, category_attributes[:name]
+    end
+
+    post.creatable_categories = [category_attributes, category_attributes]
+    assert_equal post.creatable_categories.count, 2
+  end
+
+  def test_association_proxy_setter_can_take_hash
+    special_comment_attributes = { :body => 'Setter Takes Hash' }
+
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+    post.creatable_comment = { :body => 'Setter Takes Hash' }
+
+    assert_equal post.creatable_comment.body, special_comment_attributes[:body]
+  end
+
+  def test_association_collection_can_take_hash
+    post_attributes = { :title => 'Setter Takes', :body => 'Hash' }
+    david = authors(:david)
+
+    post = (david.posts << post_attributes).last
+    assert_equal post.title, post_attributes[:title]
+
+    david.posts = [post_attributes, post_attributes]
+    assert_equal david.posts.count, 2
+  end
+
   def setup_dangling_association
     josh = Author.create(:name => "Josh")
     p = Post.create(:title => "New on Edge", :body => "More cool stuff!", :author => josh)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
index a4be629fbd..9e4f268db7 100755
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ require 'models/warehouse_thing'
 require 'rexml/document'
 
 class Category < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+class Categorization < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 class Smarts < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 class CreditCard < ActiveRecord::Base
   class PinNumber < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ class TopicWithProtectedContentAndAccessibleAuthorName < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors
+  fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors, :categorizations
 
   def test_table_exists
     assert !NonExistentTable.table_exists?
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_read_attributes_before_type_cast
     category = Category.new({:name=>"Test categoty", :type => nil})
-    category_attrs = {"name"=>"Test categoty", "type" => nil}
+    category_attrs = {"name"=>"Test categoty", "type" => nil, "categorizations_count" => nil}
     assert_equal category_attrs , category.attributes_before_type_cast
   end
 
@@ -614,6 +615,22 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal -2, Topic.find(2).replies_count
   end
 
+  def test_update_counter
+    category = Category.first
+    assert_nil category.categorizations_count
+    assert_equal 2, category.categorizations.count
+
+    Category.update_counters(category.id, "categorizations_count" => category.categorizations.count)
+    category.reload
+    assert_not_nil category.categorizations_count
+    assert_equal 2, category.categorizations_count
+
+    Category.update_counters(category.id, "categorizations_count" => category.categorizations.count)
+    category.reload
+    assert_not_nil category.categorizations_count
+    assert_equal 4, category.categorizations_count
+  end
+
   def test_update_all
     assert_equal Topic.count, Topic.update_all("content = 'bulk updated!'")
     assert_equal "bulk updated!", Topic.find(1).content
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..540f42f4b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class ColumnDefinitionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @adapter = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter.new(nil)
+    def @adapter.native_database_types
+      {:string => "varchar"}
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Avoid column definitions in create table statements like:
+  # `title` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL NULL
+  def test_should_not_include_default_clause_when_default_is_null
+    column = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column.new("title", nil, "varchar(20)")
+    column_def = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDefinition.new(
+      @adapter, column.name, "string",
+      column.limit, column.precision, column.scale, column.default, column.null)
+    assert_equal "title varchar(20) NULL", column_def.to_sql
+  end
+
+  def test_should_include_default_clause_when_default_is_present
+    column = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column.new("title", "Hello", "varchar(20)")
+    column_def = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDefinition.new(
+      @adapter, column.name, "string",
+      column.limit, column.precision, column.scale, column.default, column.null)
+    assert_equal %Q{title varchar(20) DEFAULT 'Hello' NULL}, column_def.to_sql
+  end
+
+  def test_should_specify_not_null_if_null_option_is_false
+    column = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column.new("title", "Hello", "varchar(20)", false)
+    column_def = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDefinition.new(
+      @adapter, column.name, "string",
+      column.limit, column.precision, column.scale, column.default, column.null)
+    assert_equal %Q{title varchar(20) DEFAULT 'Hello' NOT NULL}, column_def.to_sql
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
index aca7cfb367..6ba7597f56 100755
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ require 'models/pirate'
 require 'models/treasure'
 require 'models/matey'
 require 'models/ship'
+require 'models/book'
 
 class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_instantiated_fixtures = true
@@ -373,6 +374,34 @@ class CheckSetTableNameFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
+class FixtureNameIsNotTableNameFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  set_fixture_class :items => Book
+  fixtures :items
+  # Set to false to blow away fixtures cache and ensure our fixtures are loaded 
+  # and thus takes into account our set_fixture_class
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  def test_named_accessor
+    assert_kind_of Book, items(:dvd)
+  end
+end
+
+class FixtureNameIsNotTableNameMultipleFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  set_fixture_class :items => Book, :funny_jokes => Joke
+  fixtures :items, :funny_jokes
+  # Set to false to blow away fixtures cache and ensure our fixtures are loaded 
+  # and thus takes into account our set_fixture_class
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  def test_named_accessor_of_differently_named_fixture
+    assert_kind_of Book, items(:dvd)
+  end
+
+  def test_named_accessor_of_same_named_fixture
+    assert_kind_of Joke, funny_jokes(:a_joke)
+  end
+end
+
 class CustomConnectionFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   set_fixture_class :courses => Course
   fixtures :courses
@@ -432,11 +461,11 @@ class FixturesBrokenRollbackTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   alias_method :teardown, :blank_teardown
 
   def test_no_rollback_in_teardown_unless_transaction_active
-    assert_equal 0, Thread.current['open_transactions']
+    assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Base.connection.open_transactions
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) { ar_setup_fixtures }
-    assert_equal 0, Thread.current['open_transactions']
+    assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Base.connection.open_transactions
     assert_nothing_raised { ar_teardown_fixtures }
-    assert_equal 0, Thread.current['open_transactions']
+    assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Base.connection.open_transactions
   end
 
   private
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
index dc83300efa..0530ba9bd9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ end
 ActiveRecord::Base.connection.class.class_eval do
   IGNORED_SQL = [/^PRAGMA/, /^SELECT currval/, /^SELECT CAST/, /^SELECT @@IDENTITY/, /^SELECT @@ROWCOUNT/]
 
-  def execute_with_counting(sql, name = nil, &block)
-    $query_count ||= 0
-    $query_count  += 1 unless IGNORED_SQL.any? { |r| sql =~ r }
-    execute_without_counting(sql, name, &block)
+  def execute_with_query_record(sql, name = nil, &block)
+    $queries_executed ||= []
+    $queries_executed << sql unless IGNORED_SQL.any? { |r| sql =~ r }
+    execute_without_query_record(sql, name, &block)
   end
 
-  alias_method_chain :execute, :counting
+  alias_method_chain :execute, :query_record
 end
 
 # Make with_scope public for tests
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
index 47fb5c608f..4fd38bfbc9 100755
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
@@ -191,6 +191,13 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_nil account.instance_variable_get("@firm"), "nil proves eager load failed"
   end
 
+  def test_eager_load_belongs_to_primary_key_quoting
+    con = Account.connection
+    assert_sql(/\(#{con.quote_table_name('companies')}.#{con.quote_column_name('id')} IN \(1\)\)/) do
+      Account.find(1, :include => :firm)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_alt_eager_loading
     switch_to_alt_inheritance_column
     test_eager_load_belongs_to_something_inherited
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/lifecycle_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/lifecycle_test.rb
index 258f7c7a0f..ab005c6b00 100755
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/lifecycle_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/lifecycle_test.rb
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class LifecycleTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal developer.name, multi_observer.record.name
   end
 
-  def test_observing_after_find_when_not_defined_on_the_model
+  def test_after_find_can_be_observed_when_its_not_defined_on_the_model
     observer = MinimalisticObserver.instance
     assert_equal Minimalistic, MinimalisticObserver.observed_class
 
@@ -151,6 +151,42 @@ class LifecycleTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal minimalistic, observer.minimalistic
   end
 
+  def test_after_find_can_be_observed_when_its_defined_on_the_model
+    observer = TopicObserver.instance
+    assert_equal Topic, TopicObserver.observed_class
+
+    topic = Topic.find(1)
+    assert_equal topic, observer.topic
+  end
+
+  def test_after_find_is_not_created_if_its_not_used
+    # use a fresh class so an observer can't have defined an
+    # after_find on it
+    model_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    observer_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Observer)
+    observer_class.observe(model_class)
+
+    observer = observer_class.instance
+
+    assert !model_class.method_defined?(:after_find)
+  end
+
+  def test_after_find_is_not_clobbered_if_it_already_exists
+    # use a fresh observer class so we can instantiate it (Observer is
+    # a Singleton)
+    model_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def after_find; end
+    end
+    original_method = model_class.instance_method(:after_find)
+    observer_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Observer) do
+      def after_find; end
+    end
+    observer_class.observe(model_class)
+
+    observer = observer_class.instance
+    assert_equal original_method, model_class.instance_method(:after_find)
+  end
+
   def test_invalid_observer
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.observers = Object.new; Topic.instantiate_observers }
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
index 4482b487dd..7ecf755ef8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'bigdecimal/util'
 
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/developer'
 
 require MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid/1_people_have_last_names"
 require MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid/2_we_need_reminders"
@@ -511,7 +512,12 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:hats) do |table|
         table.column :hat_name, :string, :default => nil
       end
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) do
+      exception = if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+      else
+        ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError
+      end
+      assert_raises(exception) do
         Person.connection.rename_column "hats", "nonexistent", "should_fail"
       end
     ensure
@@ -697,6 +703,55 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
       Person.connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
     end
 
+    def test_keeping_default_and_notnull_constaint_on_change
+      Person.connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+        t.column :title, :string
+      end
+      person_klass = Class.new(Person)
+      person_klass.set_table_name 'testings'
+
+      person_klass.connection.add_column "testings", "wealth", :integer, :null => false, :default => 99
+      person_klass.reset_column_information
+      assert_equal 99, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].default
+      assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].null
+      assert_nothing_raised {person_klass.connection.execute("insert into testings (title) values ('tester')")}
+
+      # change column default to see that column doesn't lose its not null definition
+      person_klass.connection.change_column_default "testings", "wealth", 100
+      person_klass.reset_column_information
+      assert_equal 100, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].default
+      assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].null
+
+      # rename column to see that column doesn't lose its not null and/or default definition
+      person_klass.connection.rename_column "testings", "wealth", "money"
+      person_klass.reset_column_information
+      assert_nil person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"]
+      assert_equal 100, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].default
+      assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].null
+
+      # change column
+      person_klass.connection.change_column "testings", "money", :integer, :null => false, :default => 1000
+      person_klass.reset_column_information
+      assert_equal 1000, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].default
+      assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].null
+
+      # change column, make it nullable and clear default
+      person_klass.connection.change_column "testings", "money", :integer, :null => true, :default => nil
+      person_klass.reset_column_information
+      assert_nil person_klass.columns_hash["money"].default
+      assert_equal true, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].null
+
+      # change_column_null, make it not nullable and set null values to a default value
+      person_klass.connection.execute('UPDATE testings SET money = NULL')
+      person_klass.connection.change_column_null "testings", "money", false, 2000
+      person_klass.reset_column_information
+      assert_nil person_klass.columns_hash["money"].default
+      assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].null
+      assert_equal [2000], Person.connection.select_values("SELECT money FROM testings").map { |s| s.to_i }.sort
+    ensure
+      Person.connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
+    end
+
     def test_change_column_default_to_null
       Person.connection.change_column_default "people", "first_name", nil
       Person.reset_column_information
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
index eb3e43c8ac..7c3e0f2ca6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
@@ -57,4 +57,29 @@ class MultipleDbTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert Course.connection
   end
+
+  def test_transactions_across_databases
+    c1 = Course.find(1)
+    e1 = Entrant.find(1)
+
+    begin
+      Course.transaction do
+        Entrant.transaction do
+          c1.name = "Typo"
+          e1.name = "Typo"
+          c1.save
+          e1.save
+          raise "No I messed up."
+        end
+      end
+    rescue
+      # Yup caught it
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "Typo", c1.name
+    assert_equal "Typo", e1.name
+
+    assert_equal "Ruby Development", Course.find(1).name
+    assert_equal "Ruby Developer", Entrant.find(1).name
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
index 0c1eb23428..e21ffbbdba 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
@@ -184,6 +184,28 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_any_should_not_load_results
+    topics = Topic.base
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      topics.expects(:empty?).returns(true)
+      assert !topics.any?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_any_should_call_proxy_found_if_using_a_block
+    topics = Topic.base
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      topics.expects(:empty?).never
+      topics.any? { true }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_any_should_not_fire_query_if_named_scope_loaded
+    topics = Topic.base
+    topics.collect # force load
+    assert_no_queries { assert topics.any? }
+  end
+
   def test_should_build_with_proxy_options
     topic = Topic.approved.build({})
     assert topic.approved
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_i18n_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_i18n_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..86834fe920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_i18n_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,623 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/reply'
+
+class ActiveRecordValidationsI18nTests < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    reset_callbacks Topic
+    @topic = Topic.new
+    I18n.backend.store_translations('en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => nil}})
+  end
+  
+  def teardown
+    reset_callbacks Topic
+    load 'active_record/locale/en-US.rb'
+  end
+  
+  def unique_topic
+    @unique ||= Topic.create :title => 'unique!'
+  end
+  
+  def replied_topic
+    @replied_topic ||= begin
+      topic = Topic.create(:title => "topic")
+      topic.replies << Reply.new
+      topic
+    end
+  end
+  
+  def reset_callbacks(*models)
+    models.each do |model|
+      model.instance_variable_set("@validate_callbacks", ActiveSupport::Callbacks::CallbackChain.new)
+      model.instance_variable_set("@validate_on_create_callbacks", ActiveSupport::Callbacks::CallbackChain.new)
+      model.instance_variable_set("@validate_on_update_callbacks", ActiveSupport::Callbacks::CallbackChain.new)
+    end
+  end
+  
+  def test_default_error_messages_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated('ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages') do
+      ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages
+    end
+  end
+  
+  # ActiveRecord::Errors
+  uses_mocha 'ActiveRecord::Errors' do
+    def test_errors_generate_message_translates_custom_model_attribute_key
+      global_scope = [:active_record, :error_messages]
+      custom_scope = global_scope + [:custom, 'topic', :title]
+
+      I18n.expects(:t).with nil, :scope => [:active_record, :error_messages], :default => [:"custom.topic.title.invalid", 'default from class def', :invalid]
+      @topic.errors.generate_message :title, :invalid, :default => 'default from class def'
+    end
+
+    def test_errors_generate_message_translates_custom_model_attribute_keys_with_sti
+      custom_scope = [:active_record, :error_messages, :custom, 'topic', :title]
+
+      I18n.expects(:t).with nil, :scope => [:active_record, :error_messages], :default => [:"custom.reply.title.invalid", :"custom.topic.title.invalid", 'default from class def', :invalid]
+      Reply.new.errors.generate_message :title, :invalid, :default => 'default from class def'
+    end
+
+    def test_errors_add_on_empty_generates_message
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :empty, {:default => nil})
+      @topic.errors.add_on_empty :title
+    end
+
+    def test_errors_add_on_empty_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :empty, {:default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.errors.add_on_empty :title, 'custom'
+    end
+
+    def test_errors_add_on_blank_generates_message
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :blank, {:default => nil})
+      @topic.errors.add_on_blank :title
+    end
+
+    def test_errors_add_on_blank_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :blank, {:default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.errors.add_on_blank :title, 'custom'
+    end
+
+    def test_errors_full_messages_translates_human_attribute_name_for_model_attributes
+      @topic.errors.instance_variable_set :@errors, { 'title' => 'empty' }
+      I18n.expects(:translate).with(:"active_record.human_attribute_names.topic.title", :locale => 'en-US', :default => 'Title').returns('Title')
+      @topic.errors.full_messages :locale => 'en-US'
+    end
+  end  
+  
+  # ActiveRecord::Validations
+  uses_mocha 'ActiveRecord::Validations' do
+    # validates_confirmation_of w/ mocha
+
+    def test_validates_confirmation_of_generates_message
+      Topic.validates_confirmation_of :title
+      @topic.title_confirmation = 'foo'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :confirmation, {:default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_confirmation_of_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_confirmation_of :title, :message => 'custom'
+      @topic.title_confirmation = 'foo'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :confirmation, {:default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+    
+    # validates_acceptance_of w/ mocha
+
+    def test_validates_acceptance_of_generates_message
+      Topic.validates_acceptance_of :title, :allow_nil => false
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :accepted, {:default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_acceptance_of_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_acceptance_of :title, :message => 'custom', :allow_nil => false
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :accepted, {:default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+    
+    # validates_presence_of w/ mocha
+    
+    def test_validates_presence_of_generates_message
+      Topic.validates_presence_of :title
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :blank, {:default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_presence_of_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :message => 'custom'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :blank, {:default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+    
+    def test_validates_length_of_within_generates_message_with_title_too_short
+      Topic.validates_length_of :title, :within => 3..5
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_short, {:count => 3, :default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_length_of_within_generates_message_with_title_too_short_and_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_length_of :title, :within => 3..5, :too_short => 'custom'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_short, {:count => 3, :default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_length_of_within_generates_message_with_title_too_long
+      Topic.validates_length_of :title, :within => 3..5
+      @topic.title = 'this title is too long'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_long, {:count => 5, :default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_length_of_within_generates_message_with_title_too_long_and_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_length_of :title, :within => 3..5, :too_long => 'custom'
+      @topic.title = 'this title is too long'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_long, {:count => 5, :default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    # validates_length_of :within w/ mocha
+
+    def test_validates_length_of_within_generates_message_with_title_too_short
+      Topic.validates_length_of :title, :within => 3..5
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_short, {:count => 3, :default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_length_of_within_generates_message_with_title_too_short_and_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_length_of :title, :within => 3..5, :too_short => 'custom'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_short, {:count => 3, :default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_length_of_within_generates_message_with_title_too_long
+      Topic.validates_length_of :title, :within => 3..5
+      @topic.title = 'this title is too long'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_long, {:count => 5, :default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_length_of_within_generates_message_with_title_too_long_and_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_length_of :title, :within => 3..5, :too_long => 'custom'
+      @topic.title = 'this title is too long'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_long, {:count => 5, :default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+    
+    # validates_length_of :is w/ mocha
+
+    def test_validates_length_of_is_generates_message
+      Topic.validates_length_of :title, :is => 5
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :wrong_length, {:count => 5, :default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_length_of_is_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_length_of :title, :is => 5, :message => 'custom'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :wrong_length, {:count => 5, :default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+    
+    # validates_uniqueness_of w/ mocha
+
+    def test_validates_uniqueness_of_generates_message
+      Topic.validates_uniqueness_of :title
+      @topic.title = unique_topic.title
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :taken, {:default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_uniqueness_of_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_uniqueness_of :title, :message => 'custom'
+      @topic.title = unique_topic.title
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :taken, {:default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+    
+    # validates_format_of w/ mocha
+
+    def test_validates_format_of_generates_message
+      Topic.validates_format_of :title, :with => /^[1-9][0-9]*$/
+      @topic.title = '72x'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :invalid, {:value => '72x', :default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_format_of_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_format_of :title, :with => /^[1-9][0-9]*$/, :message => 'custom'
+      @topic.title = '72x'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :invalid, {:value => '72x', :default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+    
+    # validates_inclusion_of w/ mocha
+
+    def test_validates_inclusion_of_generates_message
+      Topic.validates_inclusion_of :title, :in => %w(a b c)
+      @topic.title = 'z'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :inclusion, {:value => 'z', :default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_inclusion_of_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_inclusion_of :title, :in => %w(a b c), :message => 'custom'
+      @topic.title = 'z'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :inclusion, {:value => 'z', :default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+    
+    # validates_exclusion_of w/ mocha
+
+    def test_validates_exclusion_of_generates_message
+      Topic.validates_exclusion_of :title, :in => %w(a b c)
+      @topic.title = 'a'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :exclusion, {:value => 'a', :default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_exclusion_of_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_exclusion_of :title, :in => %w(a b c), :message => 'custom'
+      @topic.title = 'a'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :exclusion, {:value => 'a', :default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+    
+    # validates_numericality_of without :only_integer w/ mocha
+
+    def test_validates_numericality_of_generates_message
+      Topic.validates_numericality_of :title
+      @topic.title = 'a'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_a_number, {:value => 'a', :default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_numericality_of_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :message => 'custom'
+      @topic.title = 'a'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_a_number, {:value => 'a', :default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+    
+    # validates_numericality_of with :only_integer w/ mocha
+
+    def test_validates_numericality_of_only_integer_generates_message
+      Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :only_integer => true
+      @topic.title = 'a'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_a_number, {:value => 'a', :default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_numericality_of_only_integer_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :only_integer => true, :message => 'custom'
+      @topic.title = 'a'
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_a_number, {:value => 'a', :default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+    
+    # validates_numericality_of :odd w/ mocha
+
+    def test_validates_numericality_of_odd_generates_message
+      Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :only_integer => true, :odd => true
+      @topic.title = 0
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :odd, {:value => 0, :default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_numericality_of_odd_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :only_integer => true, :odd => true, :message => 'custom'
+      @topic.title = 0
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :odd, {:value => 0, :default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+    
+    # validates_numericality_of :less_than w/ mocha
+
+    def test_validates_numericality_of_less_than_generates_message
+      Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :only_integer => true, :less_than => 0
+      @topic.title = 1
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :less_than, {:value => 1, :count => 0, :default => nil})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_numericality_of_odd_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :only_integer => true, :less_than => 0, :message => 'custom'
+      @topic.title = 1
+      @topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :less_than, {:value => 1, :count => 0, :default => 'custom'})
+      @topic.valid?
+    end
+    
+    # validates_associated w/ mocha
+
+    def test_validates_associated_generates_message
+      Topic.validates_associated :replies
+      replied_topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:replies, :invalid, {:value => replied_topic.replies, :default => nil})
+      replied_topic.valid?
+    end
+
+    def test_validates_associated_generates_message_with_custom_default_message
+      Topic.validates_associated :replies
+      replied_topic.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:replies, :invalid, {:value => replied_topic.replies, :default => nil})
+      replied_topic.valid?
+    end
+  end
+  
+  # validates_confirmation_of w/o mocha
+  
+  def test_validates_confirmation_of_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:title => {:confirmation => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:confirmation => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_confirmation_of :title
+    @topic.title_confirmation = 'foo'
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_confirmation_of_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:confirmation => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_confirmation_of :title
+    @topic.title_confirmation = 'foo'
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  # validates_acceptance_of w/o mocha
+  
+  def test_validates_acceptance_of_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:title => {:accepted => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:accepted => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_acceptance_of :title, :allow_nil => false
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_acceptance_of_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:accepted => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_acceptance_of :title, :allow_nil => false
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  # validates_presence_of w/o mocha
+    
+  def test_validates_presence_of_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:title => {:blank => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:blank => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_presence_of_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:blank => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  # validates_length_of :within w/o mocha
+  
+  def test_validates_length_of_within_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:title => {:too_short => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:too_short => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :within => 3..5
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_length_of_within_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:too_short => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :within => 3..5
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  # validates_length_of :is w/o mocha
+  
+  def test_validates_length_of_within_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:title => {:wrong_length => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:wrong_length => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :is => 5
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_length_of_within_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:wrong_length => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :is => 5
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  # validates_uniqueness_of w/o mocha
+  
+  def test_validates_length_of_within_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:title => {:wrong_length => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:wrong_length => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :is => 5
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_length_of_within_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:wrong_length => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :is => 5
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  
+  # validates_format_of w/o mocha
+  
+  def test_validates_format_of_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:title => {:invalid => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:invalid => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_format_of :title, :with => /^[1-9][0-9]*$/
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_format_of_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:invalid => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_format_of :title, :with => /^[1-9][0-9]*$/
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  # validates_inclusion_of w/o mocha
+  
+  def test_validates_inclusion_of_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:title => {:inclusion => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:inclusion => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of :title, :in => %w(a b c)
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_inclusion_of_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:inclusion => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of :title, :in => %w(a b c)
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  # validates_exclusion_of w/o mocha
+  
+  def test_validates_exclusion_of_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:title => {:exclusion => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:exclusion => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of :title, :in => %w(a b c)
+    @topic.title = 'a'
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_exclusion_of_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:exclusion => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of :title, :in => %w(a b c)
+    @topic.title = 'a'
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  # validates_numericality_of without :only_integer w/o mocha
+  
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:title => {:not_a_number => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:not_a_number => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :title
+    @topic.title = 'a'
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:not_a_number => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :only_integer => true
+    @topic.title = 'a'
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  # validates_numericality_of with :only_integer w/o mocha
+  
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_only_integer_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:title => {:not_a_number => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:not_a_number => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :only_integer => true
+    @topic.title = 'a'
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_only_integer_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:not_a_number => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :only_integer => true
+    @topic.title = 'a'
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  # validates_numericality_of :odd w/o mocha
+  
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_odd_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:title => {:odd => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:odd => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :only_integer => true, :odd => true
+    @topic.title = 0
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_odd_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:odd => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :only_integer => true, :odd => true
+    @topic.title = 0
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  # validates_numericality_of :less_than w/o mocha
+  
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_less_than_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:title => {:less_than => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:less_than => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :only_integer => true, :less_than => 0
+    @topic.title = 1
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_less_than_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:less_than => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :title, :only_integer => true, :less_than => 0
+    @topic.title = 1
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+  
+  
+  # validates_associated w/o mocha
+  
+  def test_validates_associated_finds_custom_model_key_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:custom => {:topic => {:replies => {:invalid => 'custom message'}}}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:invalid => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_associated :replies
+    replied_topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'custom message', replied_topic.errors.on(:replies)
+  end
+  
+  def test_validates_associated_finds_global_default_translation
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :active_record => {:error_messages => {:invalid => 'global message'}}
+  
+    Topic.validates_associated :replies
+    replied_topic.valid?
+    assert_equal 'global message', replied_topic.errors.on(:replies)
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index 0742e2c632..4b2d28c80b 100755
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -477,6 +477,15 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_equal "has already been taken", t3.errors.on(:title)
   end
 
+  def test_validate_case_sensitive_uniqueness_with_attribute_passed_as_integer
+    Topic.validates_uniqueness_of(:title, :case_sensitve => true)
+    t = Topic.create!('title' => 101)
+
+    t2 = Topic.new('title' => 101)
+    assert !t2.valid?
+    assert t2.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+
   def test_validate_uniqueness_with_non_standard_table_names
     i1 = WarehouseThing.create(:value => 1000)
     assert !i1.valid?, "i1 should not be valid"
@@ -853,7 +862,9 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_with_globally_modified_error_message
-    ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:too_short] = 'tu est trops petit hombre %d'
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:too_short] = 'tu est trops petit hombre %d'
+    end
     Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 10
     t = Topic.create(:title => 'too short')
     assert !t.valid?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
index 82e069005a..136dc39cf3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts
+  has_many :posts, :accessible => true
   has_many :posts_with_comments, :include => :comments, :class_name => "Post"
   has_many :posts_with_comments_sorted_by_comment_id, :include => :comments, :class_name => "Post", :order => 'comments.id'
   has_many :posts_with_categories, :include => :categories, :class_name => "Post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
index e6aa810146..cd435948a1 100755
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,13 @@ end
 module Namespaced
   class Company < ::Company
   end
+
+  class Firm < ::Company
+    has_many :clients, :class_name => 'Namespaced::Client'
+  end
+
+  class Client < ::Company
+  end
 end
 
 class Firm < Company
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
index 3adbc0ce1f..e23818eb33 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,12 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories
   has_and_belongs_to_many :special_categories, :join_table => "categories_posts", :association_foreign_key => 'category_id'
 
+  belongs_to              :creatable_author,     :class_name => 'Author',   :accessible => true
+  has_one                 :uncreatable_comment,  :class_name => 'Comment',  :accessible => false, :order => 'id desc'
+  has_one                 :creatable_comment,    :class_name => 'Comment',  :accessible => true,  :order => 'id desc'
+  has_many                :creatable_comments,   :class_name => 'Comment',  :accessible => true,  :dependent => :destroy
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :creatable_categories, :class_name => 'Category', :accessible => true
+
   has_many :taggings, :as => :taggable
   has_many :tags, :through => :taggings do
     def add_joins_and_select
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
index 29c91a4464..487a08f4ab 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   create_table :categories, :force => true do |t|
     t.string :name, :null => false
     t.string :type
+    t.integer :categorizations_count
   end
 
   create_table :categories_posts, :force => true, :id => false do |t|