Revert "Merge pull request #29540 from kirs/rubocop-frozen-string"

This reverts commit 3420a14590c0e6915d8b6c242887f74adb4120f9, reversing
changes made to afb66a5a598ce4ac74ad84b125a5abf046dcf5aa.

432 files changed, 12 insertions, 444 deletions

diff --git a/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb b/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
index 9391569f2f..b0d8050721 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionHandling
     def fake_connection(config)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
index dd891cb2ed..a1fb6427f9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/book"
 require "models/post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
index fdf83aaf88..67e1efde27 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb
index 9f3d1459f7..8f7c803a21 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
index 9267d15def..58698d59db 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Mysql2BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
index 65dc369213..50ba9ab831 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/charset_collation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/charset_collation_test.rb
index e77f4a90d4..e4a6ed5482 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/charset_collation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/charset_collation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
index c5ff145e74..a2faf43b0d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_precision_quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_precision_quoting_test.rb
index 86e72c149c..c131a5169c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_precision_quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_precision_quoting_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Mysql2DatetimePrecisionQuotingTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
index b811179c1b..7ad3e3ca2d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Mysql2EnumTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
index 84c15af08d..7916921e5a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/json_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/json_test.rb
index 2d39db4ce2..26c69edc7b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/json_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/json_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "cases/json_shared_test_cases"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/mysql2_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/mysql2_adapter_test.rb
index 7ba388bee1..565130c38f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/mysql2_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/mysql2_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/ddl_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
index 4a421e2b91..251a50e41e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class SchemaMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
index c4bf58c13e..1fad5585de 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb
index d4c4d02f79..4182532535 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sql_types_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sql_types_test.rb
index c412166451..d6e7f29a5c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sql_types_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sql_types_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Mysql2SqlTypesTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb
index 54da2195d1..61a8ce9bc0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/transaction_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/transaction_test.rb
index e447e6ec83..16101e38cb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/transaction_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/transaction_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb
index 1703e8fef7..71dcfaa241 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/virtual_column_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/virtual_column_test.rb
index 85e283bfe1..442a4fb7b5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/virtual_column_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/virtual_column_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
index 441e84a117..b787de8453 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
index a642145726..121c62dadf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb
index d7ed0aa8dd..7712e809a2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
index 39d76de770..65baed34e9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/case_insensitive_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/case_insensitive_test.rb
index b6db6e5e28..03b44feab6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/case_insensitive_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/case_insensitive_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlCaseInsensitiveTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb
index 9d7fddfc02..ea642069d2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb
index fccd8b3c7b..52f2a0096c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "ipaddr"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb
index ffdd2983c6..ca95e4b626 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/collation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/collation_test.rb
index 2929c9ad94..a603221d8f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/collation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/collation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
index 9eb422a8a3..1da2a9e2ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
index 3adae7e146..32afe331fa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
index f947868898..0725fde5ae 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/ddl_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb
index b16e0f9265..f1eb8adb15 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
index 0f8ab8ab23..5e5a3158ba 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
index 8a0cf440fd..d79fbccf47 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
index ba2b4e1fbf..b56c226763 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlExtensionMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb
index fa8aadd224..5ddfe32007 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
index 34836b2421..3b6840a1c9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
index b547868b57..f9cce10fb8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
index df5c688881..b9e177e6ec 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlInfinityTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb
index 5557e869ad..b4e55964b9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
index 4438f349cc..6aa60630c2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "cases/json_shared_test_cases"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
index 447d68316c..2b5ac1cac6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
index f5c50a80c2..ea060345a7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb
index 2bbfb292c4..a33b0ef8a7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb
index 82edf7db3f..bfb2b7c27a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlNumberTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
index 7c7bb0a942..76e0ad60fe 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/ddl_helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/prepared_statements_disabled_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/prepared_statements_disabled_test.rb
index 0120e33f70..8c62690866 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/prepared_statements_disabled_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/prepared_statements_disabled_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/computer"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
index 1205559558..a1e966b915 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
index 8de162a8a1..f411884dfd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb
index 0b17c141c8..0ff04bfa27 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb
index 5b253999d5..e9e7f717ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlRenameTableTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
index db7d8ba751..f86a76e08a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class SchemaThing < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
index 5438665d42..f6b957476b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/default"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/serial_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/serial_test.rb
index 4930d3f67a..d711b3b729 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/serial_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/serial_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
index 73cf91425b..146b619a4b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
index c7dec25f3a..962450aada 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/topic"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/transaction_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/transaction_test.rb
index c1b19c11f5..9b42d0383d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/transaction_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/transaction_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 require "concurrent/atomic/cyclic_barrier"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb
index 688117722b..784d77a8d1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlTypeLookupTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
index 1a655d7843..9f9e3bda2f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
index 49c570c917..8eddd81c38 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
index b0720b5a6e..826b384fb3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb
index f3cbb408f1..dd88ed3656 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
index cc1f74ed41..e1cfd703e8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class CopyTableTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
index a3f6299756..29d97ae78c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
index 0a5bf7754c..aefbb309e6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "bigdecimal"
 require "securerandom"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
index bc6605682c..cf0c37f70c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/owner"
 require "tempfile"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
index d23a7ac532..b1b4463bf1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/owner"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
index 76841c235a..37ff973397 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class SQLite3StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb
index 97be9c447a..f8136fde72 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/customer"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
index aaae3736a9..5b608d8e83 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
index a57eb78a14..c54542ff7b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
index af3f40974d..a727cc6e60 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/project"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/bidirectional_destroy_dependencies_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/bidirectional_destroy_dependencies_test.rb
index eee327a0bc..8a0e041864 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/bidirectional_destroy_dependencies_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/bidirectional_destroy_dependencies_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/content"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
index b91fb5b7ed..f9d1e44595 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
index ea2582b507..7b0445025c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
index f6de62b1af..61f39b4136 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/tagging"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
index 83c85cd022..e9f551b6b2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/tag"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
index 860bb9ac54..16eff15026 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class EagerSingularizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
index e0b137304b..55b294cfaa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/tagging"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
index d2f21583a7..f707a170f5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
index fa40bd2ff8..f73005b3cb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
index 5ad1e2aecc..a7e16af88d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
index 6794428688..1c2138a3d0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/person"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
index 545eec7e5d..bf3b8dcd63 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
index 0a74a9e710..28b883586d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/club"
 require "models/member_type"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
index 6fff4171c8..ddf5bc6f0b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
index 95ba6bdf8a..8e3087e7ca 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/man"
 require "models/face"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
index c2758b30a1..c078cef064 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/tag"
 require "models/tagging"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb
index 68c9286972..6d3757f467 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
index 90b2d4bc07..67ff7355b3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
index 6cf2d8ac12..45e1803858 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class RequiredAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
index ba2f4c11c8..2eb31326a5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/computer"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb
index eb8efab6a5..cfa6ed1da6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
index a366144e17..1fc63a49d4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index 1f3a3652d7..4d24a980dc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/minimalistic"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
index 80c67f171b..bd4b200735 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
index ed9fb1b57b..e856d551c0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
index 8aa515fe6e..3705a6be89 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class OverloadedType < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
index db2a19ea62..2203aa1788 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/bird"
 require "models/post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
index a26a4bbb61..dc32e995a4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
index beae679542..1a66b82b2e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/subscriber"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
index 89301563f9..f6ac7990d1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 # Without using prepared statements, it makes no sense to test
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
index 8504f586cc..5af44c27eb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb
index f0a1bb9e22..7b8264e6e8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
index 478b9fe742..80baaac30a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/book"
 require "models/club"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
index 55deaa6947..b3c86586d0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/clone_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/clone_test.rb
index fa0f53676e..b89294c094 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/clone_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/clone_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/coders/json_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/coders/json_test.rb
index 95e6fb3e7b..d22d93d129 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/coders/json_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/coders/json_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/coders/yaml_column_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/coders/yaml_column_test.rb
index e3e85a58a4..a26a72712d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/coders/yaml_column_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/coders/yaml_column_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb
index 2d10a68416..f344c77691 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/computer"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_alias_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_alias_test.rb
index 506ae05756..9893ba9580 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_alias_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/column_alias_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
index fcb0952c1c..90c8d21c43 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/comment_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/comment_test.rb
index 5c91ac347c..c23be52a6c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/comment_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/comment_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb
index 4f88b129af..64189381cb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
index f8725ddb01..2a71f08d90 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_specification_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_specification_test.rb
index 40998c06bf..10a3521c79 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_specification_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_specification_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
index 7c98c80e39..8faa67255d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
index 133632bac9..3657b8340d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
index 3370818616..106323ccc9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
index 251483da44..a348c2d783 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) # PostgreSQL does not use type strings for lookup
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
index 9bd0aab981..d1e946d401 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "rack"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
index adbd158e7a..00a0187b57 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "concurrent/atomic/count_down_latch"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
index 3d97281627..13b5bae13c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
index 5cf962c39d..936f26ce04 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/person"
 require "models/topic"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
index 14800e6b91..46d7526cc0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/car"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/custom_locking_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/custom_locking_test.rb
index e170843952..15c8b684e4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/custom_locking_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/custom_locking_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/person"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/database_statements_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/database_statements_test.rb
index 5df028d397..66035865be 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/database_statements_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/database_statements_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class DatabaseStatementsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb
index 202100ff69..2edc0415cd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb
index 12b1858991..e4a2f9ee17 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
index 8753c95641..ad7da9de70 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/task"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
index 30cfa0744f..996d298689 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 require "models/default"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
index cc2724502b..f72e0d2ead 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"    # For booleans
 require "models/pirate"   # For timestamps
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
index 92365351b1..c25089a420 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class TestRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
index 76979dc798..000ed27efb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/reply"
 require "models/topic"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
index 8e13582f3e..4ef9a125e6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/book"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb
index 45e28c4f03..e90669e0c7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class ErrorsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
index 0fb6bf2eed..ca87e04012 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_record/explain_subscriber"
 require "active_record/explain_registry"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
index de3ec36667..4f6bd9327c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/car"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/strip"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
index 29d7dee343..3eaa993d45 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
index 752ac519a4..420f552ef6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
index c7058133b2..533edcc2e0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "tempfile"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
index 91d0908450..b499e60922 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/admin"
 require "models/admin/account"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
index d11ec08dea..ffa3f63e0d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/habtm_destroy_order_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/habtm_destroy_order_test.rb
index 124e3216d0..365d4576dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/habtm_destroy_order_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/habtm_destroy_order_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/lesson"
 require "models/student"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
index 84a784e6d5..5a3b8e3fb5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "config"
 
 require "stringio"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
index 970ccc3601..e107ff2362 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/i18n_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/i18n_test.rb
index 94b5e4ef2f..7f03c5b23d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/i18n_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/i18n_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
index e73d9d0a27..fb5a7bcc31 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/company"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
index 1075366fb1..9104976126 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/company"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
index 256ad59407..1367af2859 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
index a44a351209..cc3951e2ba 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Horse < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/json_attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/json_attribute_test.rb
index c64e2c31de..e5848b45f8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/json_attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/json_attribute_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "cases/json_shared_test_cases"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb
index 2ca95fe3b4..9b4b61b16e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/contact"
 require "models/post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/json_shared_test_cases.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/json_shared_test_cases.rb
index 1eeefb78dd..9a1c1c3f3f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/json_shared_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/json_shared_test_cases.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
 module JSONSharedTestCases
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
index e67ec22c42..2fc52393f2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "thread"
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/person"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 0eaca0d001..b80257962c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/binary"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
index e706fc4f08..1d305fa11f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
index f1ca91887b..ec817a579b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
index 5ef0847a64..48df931543 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
index bdbad431e8..f2162d91b1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
index c4751277f7..2329888345 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
index be200a7225..007926f1b9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/compatibility_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/compatibility_test.rb
index 4321f967d2..596a21dcbc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/compatibility_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/compatibility_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
index 0e9e880fe1..c4896f3d6e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
index 7a44b2db75..7762d37915 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
index e366ed92b1..9c0fa7339d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
index ccc0f4948f..f10fcf1398 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
index 9fe64b73a8..3d7c7ad469 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb
index 0cb4b6cfa1..6970fdcc87 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb
index 405fd7aaed..718b9a0613 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys_in_create?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
index 2954f1e275..2866cabab6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
index f8b373bdee..e9eb9968cb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
index bee528ca8a..5da3ad33a3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
index 315e58668a..3a49a41580 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 require "bigdecimal/util"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
index b93643922d..2e4b454a86 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
index 82190c283e..a8af8e30f7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Mixin < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
index 514911cb13..f8a7bab35f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/company_in_module"
 require "models/shop"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
index 7a35b5dc84..ceb5724377 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/customer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
index bfa5da765b..e3bb51bd77 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/entrant"
 require "models/bird"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
index aea65a7baf..154faa56aa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/pirate"
 require "models/ship"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_with_callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_with_callbacks_test.rb
index 905ddef063..b9d2acbed2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_with_callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_with_callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/pirate"
 require "models/bird"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/numeric_data_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/numeric_data_test.rb
index b0a3d566bb..76b97033af 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/numeric_data_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/numeric_data_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/numeric_data"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
index 8f0099ee48..5895c51714 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/aircraft"
 require "models/post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
index d99318f1aa..f1b0d08765 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/project"
 require "timeout"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
index 61cd6b45a1..56229b70bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 require "models/topic"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
index fb5305d288..b018a7b6c0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/task"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
index 4cfad9c21f..0819776fbf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
index 2e8d108985..24b678310d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
index 153311bece..249878b67d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
index e27000472c..c1c2efb9c8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/customer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
index 5945eab75a..3b15f051b2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
index feb5604284..3901824aac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
index 113ddaa780..dea787c07f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb
index 541feabeb6..61b6601580 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
index 94cd704a14..48758dc148 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/record_fetch_warning_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/record_fetch_warning_test.rb
index 59eb524f5a..62ca051431 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/record_fetch_warning_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/record_fetch_warning_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "active_record/relation/record_fetch_warning"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
index 351e955947..86e150ed79 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb
index 59a7002774..f8eb0dee91 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class ActiveRecord::Relation
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
index ac4fcfff1d..42dae4d569 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/binary"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
index f81b155657..a403824f1a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
index c804bbf3a5..5767dec315 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/tag"
 require "models/tagging"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reload_models_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reload_models_test.rb
index 6c2f9fb5ab..3f4c0c03e3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reload_models_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reload_models_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/owner"
 require "models/pet"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reserved_word_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reserved_word_test.rb
index 44f7a28215..f3019a5326 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reserved_word_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reserved_word_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class ReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
index b4044acd57..1a0b7c6ca7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
index a0e7f4ae60..72f09186e2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/binary"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
index 86a0e93832..4c81e825fa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_loading_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_loading_test.rb
index e3b7755f07..362370ac61 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_loading_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_loading_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module SchemaLoadCounter
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
index 9919ed5e3f..89fb434b27 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
index ea338a9847..483ea7128d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/topic"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
index 644e7eb692..10553bf057 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb
index 987ae3074f..7b9cbee40a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/user"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
index 82e0311d84..ec33ad38f2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/contact"
 require "models/topic"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
index 6525730350..e1bdaab5cf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
index ee1a8bfc36..fab3648564 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/book"
 require "models/liquid"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
index 0ece0632fe..633a8a0ebc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/admin"
 require "models/admin/user"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/suppressor_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/suppressor_test.rb
index bc85461322..a7d16b7cdb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/suppressor_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/suppressor_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/notification"
 require "models/user"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
index b8280c4aaf..c47c97e9d9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_record/tasks/database_tasks"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
index 02c0cfbb92..9c6fb14376 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_record/tasks/database_tasks"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
index 9369d1eedb..a2e968aedf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_record/tasks/database_tasks"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
index 0deedad671..ccb3834fee 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_record/tasks/database_tasks"
 require "pathname"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
index 247d0ec3d1..9f594fef85 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "active_support/test_case"
 require "active_support/testing/autorun"
 require "active_support/testing/method_call_assertions"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/test_fixtures_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/test_fixtures_test.rb
index e542716563..58d3bea3a2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/test_fixtures_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/test_fixtures_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class TestFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
index 3a8f8af0e6..09c585167e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
index 0f58c96504..39b40e3411 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/ddl_helper"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb
index 24b5e8886f..d1e8c649d9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/invoice"
 require "models/line_item"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
index aa0d8f5e65..eaa4dd09a9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/owner"
 require "models/pet"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
index 380d7dbb0a..58abfadaf4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_transaction_isolation?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
index ced6045955..79ba306ef5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/adapter_specific_registry_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/adapter_specific_registry_test.rb
index a723a952ea..8b836b4793 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type/adapter_specific_registry_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/adapter_specific_registry_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb
index 9307587564..6848619ece 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/task"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
index 13d6d2093b..368b6d7199 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/company"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
index 899d7ae767..a95da864fa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb
index f171175b2a..2959d36466 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb
index b0a60a2b3d..1cd4dbc2c5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type_test.rb
index 0f9f698760..d45a9b3141 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class TypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
index ea55bb00cd..11476ea0ef 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
index 30efd03955..b210584644 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class TestRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
index 051f14dbb7..870619e4e7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/face"
 require "models/interest"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
index 0935dc8c32..f5ceb27d97 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
index fdfd568897..a57065ba75 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index a020c877e7..fd88a3ea67 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
index 7f840dfa7c..ba45c6dcc1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/owner"
 require "models/pet"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
index dee8528124..13956e26ec 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/man"
 require "models/face"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
index e943d03720..28605d2f8e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
index 30299fd2c6..b30666d876 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 module ActiveRecord
   module ValidationsRepairHelper
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index fc9678211a..a305aa295a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
index 89b72ec336..1d21a2454f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/book"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
index 1b67e150f3..dd8d2c1178 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/config.rb b/activerecord/test/config.rb
index d0d1933300..a65e6ff776 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/config.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/config.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 TEST_ROOT       = __dir__
 ASSETS_ROOT     = TEST_ROOT + "/assets"
 FIXTURES_ROOT   = TEST_ROOT + "/fixtures"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/10_urban/9_add_expressions.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/10_urban/9_add_expressions.rb
index db9fda3e05..e908c9eabc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/10_urban/9_add_expressions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/10_urban/9_add_expressions.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class AddExpressions < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("expressions") do |t|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/decimal/1_give_me_big_numbers.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/decimal/1_give_me_big_numbers.rb
index f13f72eb4e..43c79bc20b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/decimal/1_give_me_big_numbers.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/decimal/1_give_me_big_numbers.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class GiveMeBigNumbers < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table :big_numbers do |table|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/magic/1_currencies_have_symbols.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/magic/1_currencies_have_symbols.rb
index d8a864b213..d4b0e6cd95 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/magic/1_currencies_have_symbols.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/magic/1_currencies_have_symbols.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 # coding: ISO-8859-15
 
 class CurrenciesHaveSymbols < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
-    # We use € for default currency symbol
-    add_column "currencies", "symbol", :string, default: "€"
+    # We use € for default currency symbol
+    add_column "currencies", "symbol", :string, default: "€"
   end
 
   def self.down
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1000_people_have_middle_names.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1000_people_have_middle_names.rb
index a1a5dcbac2..e046944e31 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1000_people_have_middle_names.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1000_people_have_middle_names.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class PeopleHaveMiddleNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "middle_name", :string
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1_people_have_last_names.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1_people_have_last_names.rb
index 1480b4b8f3..50fe2a9c8e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1_people_have_last_names.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/1_people_have_last_names.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class PeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "last_name", :string
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/3_we_need_reminders.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/3_we_need_reminders.rb
index e69296a31f..d7c63ac892 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/3_we_need_reminders.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/3_we_need_reminders.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("reminders") do |t|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/4_innocent_jointable.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/4_innocent_jointable.rb
index 0c021c6162..bd3bf21576 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/4_innocent_jointable.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/missing/4_innocent_jointable.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("people_reminders", id: false) do |t|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/1_we_need_things.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/1_we_need_things.rb
index 411d6f9646..9dce01acfd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/1_we_need_things.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/1_we_need_things.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class WeNeedThings < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("things") do |t|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/2_rename_things.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/2_rename_things.rb
index 99b1cec7f5..cb8484e7dc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/2_rename_things.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/rename/2_rename_things.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class RenameThings < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     rename_table "things", "awesome_things"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/1_people_have_hobbies.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/1_people_have_hobbies.rb
index 65b92fbb85..76734bcd7d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/1_people_have_hobbies.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/1_people_have_hobbies.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class PeopleHaveHobbies < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "hobbies", :text
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/2_people_have_descriptions.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/2_people_have_descriptions.rb
index 7a3bede29a..7f883dbb45 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/2_people_have_descriptions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy/2_people_have_descriptions.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class PeopleHaveDescriptions < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "description", :text
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/1_create_articles.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/1_create_articles.rb
index 3a82d15aea..2e9f5ec6bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/1_create_articles.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/1_create_articles.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/2_create_comments.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/2_create_comments.rb
index fb1032f8dd..d361847d4b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/2_create_comments.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy2/2_create_comments.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_name_collision/1_people_have_hobbies.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_name_collision/1_people_have_hobbies.rb
index ea106d5be4..1a863367dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_name_collision/1_people_have_hobbies.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_name_collision/1_people_have_hobbies.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class PeopleHaveHobbies < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "hobbies", :string
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010101_people_have_hobbies.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010101_people_have_hobbies.rb
index 65b92fbb85..76734bcd7d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010101_people_have_hobbies.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010101_people_have_hobbies.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class PeopleHaveHobbies < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "hobbies", :text
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010202_people_have_descriptions.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010202_people_have_descriptions.rb
index 7a3bede29a..7f883dbb45 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010202_people_have_descriptions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps/20090101010202_people_have_descriptions.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class PeopleHaveDescriptions < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "description", :text
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010101_create_articles.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010101_create_articles.rb
index 3a82d15aea..2e9f5ec6bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010101_create_articles.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010101_create_articles.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010202_create_comments.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010202_create_comments.rb
index fb1032f8dd..d361847d4b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010202_create_comments.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/to_copy_with_timestamps2/20090101010202_create_comments.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb
index 1d2193469c..c450211d8c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class ValidPeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "last_name", :string
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/2_we_need_reminders.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/2_we_need_reminders.rb
index e69296a31f..d7c63ac892 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/2_we_need_reminders.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/2_we_need_reminders.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("reminders") do |t|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/3_innocent_jointable.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/3_innocent_jointable.rb
index 0c021c6162..bd3bf21576 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/3_innocent_jointable.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid/3_innocent_jointable.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("people_reminders", id: false) do |t|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb
index 1d2193469c..c450211d8c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/1_valid_people_have_last_names.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class ValidPeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "last_name", :string
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub/2_we_need_reminders.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub/2_we_need_reminders.rb
index e69296a31f..d7c63ac892 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub/2_we_need_reminders.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub/2_we_need_reminders.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class WeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("reminders") do |t|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub1/3_innocent_jointable.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub1/3_innocent_jointable.rb
index 0c021c6162..bd3bf21576 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub1/3_innocent_jointable.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_subdirectories/sub1/3_innocent_jointable.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class InnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("people_reminders", id: false) do |t|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100101010101_valid_with_timestamps_people_have_last_names.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100101010101_valid_with_timestamps_people_have_last_names.rb
index f7ef1a9769..9fd27593f0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100101010101_valid_with_timestamps_people_have_last_names.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100101010101_valid_with_timestamps_people_have_last_names.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class ValidWithTimestampsPeopleHaveLastNames < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     add_column "people", "last_name", :string
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100201010101_valid_with_timestamps_we_need_reminders.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100201010101_valid_with_timestamps_we_need_reminders.rb
index 7732032c5d..4a59921136 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100201010101_valid_with_timestamps_we_need_reminders.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100201010101_valid_with_timestamps_we_need_reminders.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class ValidWithTimestampsWeNeedReminders < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("reminders") do |t|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100301010101_valid_with_timestamps_innocent_jointable.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100301010101_valid_with_timestamps_innocent_jointable.rb
index cf652c008a..be24de6d70 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100301010101_valid_with_timestamps_innocent_jointable.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/valid_with_timestamps/20100301010101_valid_with_timestamps_innocent_jointable.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class ValidWithTimestampsInnocentJointable < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     create_table("people_reminders", id: false) do |t|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb
index ceb0cc98bf..6f314c881c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class MigrationVersionCheck < ActiveRecord::Migration::Current
   def self.up
     raise "incorrect migration version" unless version == 20131219224947
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/admin.rb b/activerecord/test/models/admin.rb
index 6c8a6eddb0..bc3ce23447 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/admin.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/admin.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Admin
   def self.table_name_prefix
     "admin_"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/admin/account.rb b/activerecord/test/models/admin/account.rb
index 2dddfa8fe9..bd23192d20 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/admin/account.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/admin/account.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Admin::Account < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :users
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/admin/randomly_named_c1.rb b/activerecord/test/models/admin/randomly_named_c1.rb
index dc1c8c66d7..b64ae7fc41 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/admin/randomly_named_c1.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/admin/randomly_named_c1.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-class Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS1 < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table2
-end
-
-class Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS2 < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table3
-end
+class Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS1 < ActiveRecord::Base

+  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table2

+end

+

+class Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS2 < ActiveRecord::Base

+  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table3

+end

diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb b/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb
index 1157ca266c..a76e4b6795 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Admin::User < ActiveRecord::Base
   class Coder
     def initialize(default = {})
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/aircraft.rb b/activerecord/test/models/aircraft.rb
index 02421afe34..ebd42ff824 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/aircraft.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/aircraft.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Aircraft < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.pluralize_table_names = false
   has_many :engines, foreign_key: "car_id"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/arunit2_model.rb b/activerecord/test/models/arunit2_model.rb
index 80a8ecc5d8..04b8b15d3d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/arunit2_model.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/arunit2_model.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class ARUnit2Model < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.abstract_class = true
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
index c3278846d6..2d9cba77e0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :posts
   has_many :serialized_posts
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/auto_id.rb b/activerecord/test/models/auto_id.rb
index 56479b49eb..82c6544bd5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/auto_id.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/auto_id.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class AutoId < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "auto_id_tests"
   self.primary_key = "auto_id"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/autoloadable/extra_firm.rb b/activerecord/test/models/autoloadable/extra_firm.rb
index 54c421e459..5578ba0d9b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/autoloadable/extra_firm.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/autoloadable/extra_firm.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class ExtraFirm < Company
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/binary.rb b/activerecord/test/models/binary.rb
index 4b1212705b..39b2f5090a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/binary.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/binary.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Binary < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb b/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb
index ba923b4316..24b839135d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Bird < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :pirate
   validates_presence_of :name
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/book.rb b/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
index 46d5d94da3..6466e1b341 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :author
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/boolean.rb b/activerecord/test/models/boolean.rb
index e2f1bb8a9a..0da228aac2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/boolean.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/boolean.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Boolean < ActiveRecord::Base
   def has_fun
     super
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb b/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
index ad9806db55..113d21cb84 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Bulb < ActiveRecord::Base
   default_scope { where(name: "defaulty") }
   belongs_to :car, touch: true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/cake_designer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/cake_designer.rb
index 20fa26a556..9c57ef573a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/cake_designer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/cake_designer.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class CakeDesigner < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :chef, as: :employable
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/car.rb b/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
index 3c3d9295b0..92bff7ff96 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Car < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :bulbs
   has_many :all_bulbs, -> { unscope where: :name }, class_name: "Bulb"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/carrier.rb b/activerecord/test/models/carrier.rb
index bf8055fbd7..230be118c3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/carrier.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/carrier.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Carrier < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/cat.rb b/activerecord/test/models/cat.rb
index 4c76ec86cf..dfdde18641 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/cat.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/cat.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Cat < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.abstract_class = true
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb b/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb
index 87b81e1e2d..b99383d0b1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Categorization < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :post
   belongs_to :category, counter_cache: true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
index 392fe94fe7..4b2840c653 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :posts
   has_and_belongs_to_many :special_posts, class_name: "Post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/chef.rb b/activerecord/test/models/chef.rb
index daa208ff5f..9d3dd01016 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/chef.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/chef.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Chef < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :employable, polymorphic: true
   has_many :recipes
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/citation.rb b/activerecord/test/models/citation.rb
index 8a6c300a28..7d06387f56 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/citation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/citation.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Citation < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :reference_of, class_name: "Book", foreign_key: :book2_id
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/club.rb b/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
index cdd5b37792..49d7b24a3b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Club < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :membership
   has_many :memberships, inverse_of: false
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/college.rb b/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
index 70c0cd1534..c9dbe1ecc2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require_dependency "models/arunit2_model"
 require "active_support/core_ext/object/with_options"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/column.rb b/activerecord/test/models/column.rb
index 08e1a4ae2d..499358b4cf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/column.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/column.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Column < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :record
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/column_name.rb b/activerecord/test/models/column_name.rb
index 3b4452c3c2..460eb4fe20 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/column_name.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/column_name.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class ColumnName < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "colnametests"
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
index 6c10ec0858..eecf923046 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :limit_by, lambda { |l| limit(l) }
   scope :containing_the_letter_e, -> { where("comments.body LIKE '%e%'") }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
index 8a6d909188..c6a5bf1c92 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class AbstractCompany < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.abstract_class = true
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
index 2e7295eed1..0782c1eff4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "active_support/core_ext/object/with_options"
 
 module MyApplication
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/computer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/computer.rb
index f2998d362a..1c9856e1af 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/computer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/computer.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Computer < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :developer, foreign_key: "developer"
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb b/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
index 0a095301bd..47bbbbfd8b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 module ContactFakeColumns
   def self.extended(base)
     base.class_eval do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/content.rb b/activerecord/test/models/content.rb
index f2913be22d..68db2127d8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/content.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/content.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Content < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "content"
   has_one :content_position, dependent: :destroy
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb b/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb
index e4bace0e32..32bd581377 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Contract < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :company
   belongs_to :developer
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/country.rb b/activerecord/test/models/country.rb
index 5c1c6dc492..7912719ddd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/country.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/country.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Country < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = :country_id
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/course.rb b/activerecord/test/models/course.rb
index 0af33ed85f..348f2bf1e0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/course.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/course.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require_dependency "models/arunit2_model"
 
 class Course < ARUnit2Model
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb
index 2eb4c720a6..3d40cb1ace 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
   cattr_accessor :gps_conversion_was_run
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/customer_carrier.rb b/activerecord/test/models/customer_carrier.rb
index 3d236da43d..37186903ff 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/customer_carrier.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/customer_carrier.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class CustomerCarrier < ActiveRecord::Base
   cattr_accessor :current_customer
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/dashboard.rb b/activerecord/test/models/dashboard.rb
index fe54e9d6fc..1b3b54545f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/dashboard.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/dashboard.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Dashboard < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = :dashboard_id
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/default.rb b/activerecord/test/models/default.rb
index 6f87ee74f7..887e9cc999 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/default.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/default.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Default < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/department.rb b/activerecord/test/models/department.rb
index e8cdae8976..08004a0ed3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/department.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/department.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Department < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :chefs
   belongs_to :hotel
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
index aa7798c582..654830ba11 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "ostruct"
 
 module DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension2
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/dog.rb b/activerecord/test/models/dog.rb
index 08eeb6b75e..b02b8447b8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/dog.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/dog.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Dog < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :breeder, class_name: "DogLover", counter_cache: :bred_dogs_count
   belongs_to :trainer, class_name: "DogLover", counter_cache: :trained_dogs_count
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/dog_lover.rb b/activerecord/test/models/dog_lover.rb
index 75e43bda8a..2c5be94aea 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/dog_lover.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/dog_lover.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class DogLover < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :trained_dogs, class_name: "Dog", foreign_key: :trainer_id, dependent: :destroy
   has_many :bred_dogs, class_name: "Dog", foreign_key: :breeder_id
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/doubloon.rb b/activerecord/test/models/doubloon.rb
index e18868e022..7272504666 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/doubloon.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/doubloon.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class AbstractDoubloon < ActiveRecord::Base
   # This has functionality that might be shared by multiple classes.
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/drink_designer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/drink_designer.rb
index 9de6e3d618..2db968ef11 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/drink_designer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/drink_designer.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class DrinkDesigner < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :chef, as: :employable
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/edge.rb b/activerecord/test/models/edge.rb
index 9711ea6da9..e61d25c9bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/edge.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/edge.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 # This class models an edge in a directed graph.
 class Edge < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :source, class_name: "Vertex", foreign_key: "source_id"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/electron.rb b/activerecord/test/models/electron.rb
index 1828d173bb..6fc270673f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/electron.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/electron.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Electron < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :molecule
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/engine.rb b/activerecord/test/models/engine.rb
index 144bf7159b..eada171f6a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/engine.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/engine.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Engine < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :my_car, class_name: "Car", foreign_key: "car_id",  counter_cache: :engines_count
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/entrant.rb b/activerecord/test/models/entrant.rb
index 77095e28c5..4682ce48c8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/entrant.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/entrant.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Entrant < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :course
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/essay.rb b/activerecord/test/models/essay.rb
index 302a862907..1f9772870e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/essay.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/essay.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Essay < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :author
   belongs_to :writer, primary_key: :name, polymorphic: true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/event.rb b/activerecord/test/models/event.rb
index ac9bc63f34..365ab32b0b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/event.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/event.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Event < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates_uniqueness_of :title
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/eye.rb b/activerecord/test/models/eye.rb
index a7410e8aa9..f53c34e4b1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/eye.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/eye.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Eye < ActiveRecord::Base
   attr_reader :after_create_callbacks_stack
   attr_reader :after_update_callbacks_stack
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/face.rb b/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
index 3c78bf9284..5913bfa969 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Face < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :man, inverse_of: :face
   belongs_to :polymorphic_man, polymorphic: true, inverse_of: :polymorphic_face
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/family.rb b/activerecord/test/models/family.rb
index 24bc3cc457..5ae5a78c95 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/family.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/family.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Family < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :family_trees, -> { where(token: nil) }
   has_many :members, through: :family_trees
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/family_tree.rb b/activerecord/test/models/family_tree.rb
index 94a905246a..cd9829fedd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/family_tree.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/family_tree.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class FamilyTree < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :member, class_name: "User", foreign_key: "member_id"
   belongs_to :family
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/friendship.rb b/activerecord/test/models/friendship.rb
index e9ecfe7e25..578382b494 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/friendship.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/friendship.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Friendship < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :friend, class_name: "Person"
   # friend_too exists to test a bug, and probably shouldn't be used elsewhere
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/guid.rb b/activerecord/test/models/guid.rb
index 8653b617b1..05653ba498 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/guid.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/guid.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Guid < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/guitar.rb b/activerecord/test/models/guitar.rb
index a1a3226272..cd068ff53d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/guitar.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/guitar.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Guitar < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :tuning_pegs, index_errors: true
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :tuning_pegs
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/hotel.rb b/activerecord/test/models/hotel.rb
index 1d20d17e3b..7bc717c891 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/hotel.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/hotel.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Hotel < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :departments
   has_many :chefs, through: :departments
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/image.rb b/activerecord/test/models/image.rb
index 1efe679022..7ae8e4a7f6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/image.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/image.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Image < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :imageable, foreign_key: :imageable_identifier, foreign_type: :imageable_class
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/interest.rb b/activerecord/test/models/interest.rb
index 10e855be4d..ec79416ee7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/interest.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/interest.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Interest < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :man, inverse_of: :interests
   belongs_to :polymorphic_man, polymorphic: true, inverse_of: :polymorphic_interests
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/invoice.rb b/activerecord/test/models/invoice.rb
index df37e2a9e1..4be5a00193 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/invoice.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/invoice.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :line_items, autosave: true
   before_save { |record| record.balance = record.line_items.map(&:amount).sum }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/item.rb b/activerecord/test/models/item.rb
index 86a1fc625e..336fb1769a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/item.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/item.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class AbstractItem < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.abstract_class = true
   has_one :tagging, as: :taggable
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/job.rb b/activerecord/test/models/job.rb
index 6c4dff4bcd..bbaef2792c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/job.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/job.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Job < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :references
   has_many :people, through: :references
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/joke.rb b/activerecord/test/models/joke.rb
index 5c2443036a..eeb5818a1f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/joke.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/joke.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Joke < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "funny_jokes"
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/keyboard.rb b/activerecord/test/models/keyboard.rb
index d179de8e1c..bcede53ec9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/keyboard.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/keyboard.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Keyboard < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = "key_number"
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/legacy_thing.rb b/activerecord/test/models/legacy_thing.rb
index 948d575bb8..eead181a0e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/legacy_thing.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/legacy_thing.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class LegacyThing < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.locking_column = :version
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/lesson.rb b/activerecord/test/models/lesson.rb
index 086ff55b42..4c88153068 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/lesson.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/lesson.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class LessonError < Exception
 end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/line_item.rb b/activerecord/test/models/line_item.rb
index 1ef2eda97a..93f7cceb13 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/line_item.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/line_item.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class LineItem < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :invoice, touch: true
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/liquid.rb b/activerecord/test/models/liquid.rb
index 9440292c78..69d4d7df1a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/liquid.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/liquid.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Liquid < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = :liquid
   has_many :molecules, -> { distinct }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/man.rb b/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
index bf81aa9fc6..d2436a735c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Man < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :face, inverse_of: :man
   has_one :polymorphic_face, class_name: "Face", as: :polymorphic_man, inverse_of: :polymorphic_man
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/matey.rb b/activerecord/test/models/matey.rb
index 00311f78fe..80ee5f47c5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/matey.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/matey.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Matey < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :pirate
   belongs_to :target, class_name: "Pirate"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/member.rb b/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
index 99a037e0f6..36f2461b84 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :current_membership
   has_one :selected_membership
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/member_detail.rb b/activerecord/test/models/member_detail.rb
index 8311d202da..157130986c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/member_detail.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/member_detail.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class MemberDetail < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :member, inverse_of: false
   belongs_to :organization
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/member_type.rb b/activerecord/test/models/member_type.rb
index 3c159a885a..a13561c72a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/member_type.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/member_type.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class MemberType < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :members
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb b/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb
index bd957f1de8..0f8be0ad85 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Membership < ActiveRecord::Base
   enum type: %i(Membership CurrentMembership SuperMembership SelectedMembership TenantMembership)
   belongs_to :member
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/mentor.rb b/activerecord/test/models/mentor.rb
index 9e52d39e46..66504b4e91 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/mentor.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/mentor.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Mentor < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :developers
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/minimalistic.rb b/activerecord/test/models/minimalistic.rb
index c31eea65c9..2e3f8e081a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/minimalistic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/minimalistic.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Minimalistic < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/minivan.rb b/activerecord/test/models/minivan.rb
index 4d04d808a9..e9b05dadf2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/minivan.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/minivan.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Minivan < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = :minivan_id
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/mixed_case_monkey.rb b/activerecord/test/models/mixed_case_monkey.rb
index 552de2c18c..1c35006665 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/mixed_case_monkey.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/mixed_case_monkey.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class MixedCaseMonkey < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :man
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/mocktail_designer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/mocktail_designer.rb
index fc9fc4c942..77b44651a3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/mocktail_designer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/mocktail_designer.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class MocktailDesigner < DrinkDesigner
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/molecule.rb b/activerecord/test/models/molecule.rb
index 8e0f6eb6ee..26870c8f88 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/molecule.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/molecule.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Molecule < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :liquid
   has_many :electrons
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb b/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
index fc620656e4..0302abad1e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Movie < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = "movieid"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/node.rb b/activerecord/test/models/node.rb
index 3422a9ea3a..459ea8cf95 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/node.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/node.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Node < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :tree, touch: true
   belongs_to :parent,   class_name: "Node", touch: true, optional: true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/non_primary_key.rb b/activerecord/test/models/non_primary_key.rb
index 4a5fdb88b8..1cafb09608 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/non_primary_key.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/non_primary_key.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class NonPrimaryKey < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/notification.rb b/activerecord/test/models/notification.rb
index 9e8ce108d5..82edc64b68 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/notification.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/notification.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Notification < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates_presence_of :message
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/numeric_data.rb b/activerecord/test/models/numeric_data.rb
index 8998495101..c6e025a9ce 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/numeric_data.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/numeric_data.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class NumericData < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "numeric_data"
   # Decimal columns with 0 scale being automatically treated as integers
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/order.rb b/activerecord/test/models/order.rb
index c8693586a0..699be53959 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/order.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/order.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :billing, class_name: "Customer", foreign_key: "billing_customer_id"
   belongs_to :shipping, class_name: "Customer", foreign_key: "shipping_customer_id"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb b/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb
index c08a01994b..462830dadc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Organization < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :member_details
   has_many :members, through: :member_details
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/other_dog.rb b/activerecord/test/models/other_dog.rb
index a836d9de1a..418caf34be 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/other_dog.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/other_dog.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require_dependency "models/arunit2_model"
 
 class OtherDog < ARUnit2Model
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb b/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
index f6190fe5af..21fc9b6eb8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Owner < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = :owner_id
   has_many :pets, -> { order "pets.name desc" }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb b/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb
index 4a027fa0bb..1e5f9285a8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Parrot < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.inheritance_column = :parrot_sti_class
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
index c1ea965a6e..18994d6f18 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :readers
   has_many :secure_readers
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/personal_legacy_thing.rb b/activerecord/test/models/personal_legacy_thing.rb
index 1a70aa7e7b..adde7a504a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/personal_legacy_thing.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/personal_legacy_thing.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class PersonalLegacyThing < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.locking_column = :version
   belongs_to :person, counter_cache: true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/pet.rb b/activerecord/test/models/pet.rb
index f0d82ddfc9..51a3e42815 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/pet.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/pet.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Pet < ActiveRecord::Base
   attr_accessor :current_user
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/pet_treasure.rb b/activerecord/test/models/pet_treasure.rb
index 2d552bf50c..1fe7807ffe 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/pet_treasure.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/pet_treasure.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class PetTreasure < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "pets_treasures"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
index 21fe1b7847..c532ab426e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Pirate < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :parrot, validate: true
   belongs_to :non_validated_parrot, class_name: "Parrot"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/possession.rb b/activerecord/test/models/possession.rb
index d8c2a5f21f..0226336c16 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/possession.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/possession.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Possession < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "having"
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
index 534ba47c98..ed64e0ee52 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   class CategoryPost < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = "categories_posts"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/price_estimate.rb b/activerecord/test/models/price_estimate.rb
index abdff640c7..ce086e40a3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/price_estimate.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/price_estimate.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class PriceEstimate < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :estimate_of, polymorphic: true
   belongs_to :thing, polymorphic: true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/professor.rb b/activerecord/test/models/professor.rb
index 6ec183bb07..4dfb1a9602 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/professor.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/professor.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require_dependency "models/arunit2_model"
 
 class Professor < ARUnit2Model
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/project.rb b/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
index e30f1d729a..4fbd986e40 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :mentor
   has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, -> { distinct.order "developers.name desc, developers.id desc" }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb
index 55cf0e42a5..0d4a7f9235 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Publisher
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb
index 43b88117e0..d73a8eb936 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Publisher::Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :magazines
   has_and_belongs_to_many :tags
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb
index 25e34aca99..82e1a14008 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Publisher::Magazine < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :articles
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/randomly_named_c1.rb b/activerecord/test/models/randomly_named_c1.rb
index 1cd2ca1bb8..d4be1e13b4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/randomly_named_c1.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/randomly_named_c1.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-class ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table1
-end
+class ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS < ActiveRecord::Base

+  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table1

+end

diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/rating.rb b/activerecord/test/models/rating.rb
index 753df20e8d..7420821db0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/rating.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/rating.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Rating < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :comment
   has_many :taggings, as: :taggable
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb b/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
index 05a17eca8b..7c5a159fe0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Reader < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :post
   belongs_to :person, inverse_of: :readers
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/recipe.rb b/activerecord/test/models/recipe.rb
index 8f81807340..c387230603 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/recipe.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/recipe.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Recipe < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :chef
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/record.rb b/activerecord/test/models/record.rb
index 81d5baa6b1..f77ac9fc03 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/record.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/record.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Record < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb b/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb
index 5daa48d8ce..e2bb980fed 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Reference < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :person
   belongs_to :job
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb b/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb
index f3372e81fd..a2d169292a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/reply.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "models/topic"
 
 class Reply < Topic
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb b/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
index 0ee8da78db..77a7b22315 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Ship < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.record_timestamps = false
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/ship_part.rb b/activerecord/test/models/ship_part.rb
index 67c089a7d0..1a633b8d77 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/ship_part.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/ship_part.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class ShipPart < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :ship
   has_many :trinkets, class_name: "Treasure", as: :looter
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/shop.rb b/activerecord/test/models/shop.rb
index 819af853ad..f9d23d13b0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/shop.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/shop.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 module Shop
   class Collection < ActiveRecord::Base
     has_many :products, dependent: :nullify
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/shop_account.rb b/activerecord/test/models/shop_account.rb
index cb00e202f0..1580e8b20c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/shop_account.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/shop_account.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class ShopAccount < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :customer
   belongs_to :customer_carrier
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/speedometer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/speedometer.rb
index b34e3c16fc..497c3aba9a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/speedometer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/speedometer.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Speedometer < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = :speedometer_id
   belongs_to :dashboard
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/sponsor.rb b/activerecord/test/models/sponsor.rb
index cfcd1f762a..3f142b25fe 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/sponsor.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/sponsor.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Sponsor < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :sponsor_club, class_name: "Club", foreign_key: "club_id"
   belongs_to :sponsorable, polymorphic: true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/string_key_object.rb b/activerecord/test/models/string_key_object.rb
index 94c7fb7582..f084ec1bdc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/string_key_object.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/string_key_object.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class StringKeyObject < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = :id
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/student.rb b/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
index 888a0ae481..28a0b6c99b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Student < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :lessons
   belongs_to :college
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/subscriber.rb b/activerecord/test/models/subscriber.rb
index 8ef679486d..a820329003 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/subscriber.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/subscriber.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Subscriber < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = "nick"
   has_many :subscriptions
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/subscription.rb b/activerecord/test/models/subscription.rb
index e210836413..1cedf6deae 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/subscription.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/subscription.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Subscription < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :subscriber, counter_cache: :books_count
   belongs_to :book
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
index 6c59dc6183..c907aea10f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :taggings
   has_many :taggables, through: :taggings
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
index 0060b96f73..f739b4a197 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 # test that attr_readonly isn't called on the :taggable polymorphic association
 module Taggable
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/task.rb b/activerecord/test/models/task.rb
index 1ab1048bdb..e36989dd56 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/task.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/task.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Task < ActiveRecord::Base
   def updated_at
     ending
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
index a74263428b..d9381ac9cf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :base, -> { all }
   scope :written_before, lambda { |time|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/toy.rb b/activerecord/test/models/toy.rb
index 97b877caea..ddc7048a56 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/toy.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/toy.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Toy < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = :toy_id
   belongs_to :pet
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/traffic_light.rb b/activerecord/test/models/traffic_light.rb
index 595b1cb716..a6b7edb882 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/traffic_light.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/traffic_light.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class TrafficLight < ActiveRecord::Base
   serialize :state, Array
   serialize :long_state, Array
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb b/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
index 3f2162a63d..fb2a5d44e2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Treasure < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :parrots
   belongs_to :looter, polymorphic: true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/treaty.rb b/activerecord/test/models/treaty.rb
index a6c227c84e..373cd48f71 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/treaty.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/treaty.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Treaty < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = :treaty_id
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tree.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tree.rb
index 844c2693ec..dc29cccc9c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tree.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tree.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Tree < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :nodes, dependent: :destroy
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tuning_peg.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tuning_peg.rb
index 4fee61c565..1252d6dc1d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tuning_peg.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tuning_peg.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class TuningPeg < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :guitar
   validates_numericality_of :pitch
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tyre.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tyre.rb
index 03ba9d3364..e50a21ca68 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tyre.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tyre.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Tyre < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :car
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/user.rb b/activerecord/test/models/user.rb
index 3ceacc5e7f..5089a795f4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/user.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/user.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "models/job"
 
 class User < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/uuid_child.rb b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_child.rb
index eaa380ba20..a3d0962ad6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/uuid_child.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_child.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class UuidChild < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :uuid_parent
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/uuid_item.rb b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_item.rb
index bb152c381a..2353e40213 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/uuid_item.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_item.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class UuidItem < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/uuid_parent.rb b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_parent.rb
index f654a964e0..5634f22d0c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/uuid_parent.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_parent.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class UuidParent < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :uuid_children
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/vegetables.rb b/activerecord/test/models/vegetables.rb
index c97b6b939d..a4590d06e0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/vegetables.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/vegetables.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Vegetable < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates_presence_of :name
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/vehicle.rb b/activerecord/test/models/vehicle.rb
index 61e18b2e40..855bc4e325 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/vehicle.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/vehicle.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Vehicle < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.abstract_class = true
   default_scope -> { where("tires_count IS NOT NULL") }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/vertex.rb b/activerecord/test/models/vertex.rb
index b90f71cec6..3d19433b6f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/vertex.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/vertex.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 # This class models a vertex in a directed graph.
 class Vertex < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :sink_edges, class_name: "Edge", foreign_key: "source_id"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/warehouse_thing.rb b/activerecord/test/models/warehouse_thing.rb
index 684af49f2f..f20bd1a245 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/warehouse_thing.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/warehouse_thing.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class WarehouseThing < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "warehouse-things"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/wheel.rb b/activerecord/test/models/wheel.rb
index f2fecf9545..cba2b3e518 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/wheel.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/wheel.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Wheel < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :wheelable, polymorphic: true, counter_cache: true
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/without_table.rb b/activerecord/test/models/without_table.rb
index 77a471e682..7c0fc286e1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/without_table.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/without_table.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class WithoutTable < ActiveRecord::Base
   default_scope -> { where(published: true) }
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/zine.rb b/activerecord/test/models/zine.rb
index 4c72cbb242..3f2b348b46 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/zine.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/zine.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 class Zine < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :interests, inverse_of: :zine
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb
index f55b030ebf..90a314c83c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/mysql2_specific_schema.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.version >= "5.6.0"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
index 9129981708..264d9b8910 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   execute "drop table test_oracle_defaults" rescue nil
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
index dbf0972b4b..e56e8fa36a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   enable_extension!("uuid-ossp", ActiveRecord::Base.connection)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
index d4f029ff16..f534e9c00e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   # ------------------------------------------------------------------- #
   #                                                                     #
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/config.rb b/activerecord/test/support/config.rb
index e385d7fff7..aaff408b41 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/support/config.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/config.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "yaml"
 require "erb"
 require "fileutils"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb b/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
index 06a037d3d0..1a609e13c3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 require "active_support/logger"
 require "models/college"
 require "models/course"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/connection_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/support/connection_helper.rb
index 5e37a4a991..4a19e5df44 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/support/connection_helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/connection_helper.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 module ConnectionHelper
   def run_without_connection
     original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/ddl_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/support/ddl_helper.rb
index 3a07316637..43cb235e01 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/support/ddl_helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/ddl_helper.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 module DdlHelper
   def with_example_table(connection, table_name, definition = nil)
     connection.execute("CREATE TABLE #{table_name}(#{definition})")
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/schema_dumping_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/support/schema_dumping_helper.rb
index 1a3f67f3ed..666c1b6a14 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/support/schema_dumping_helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/schema_dumping_helper.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
 module SchemaDumpingHelper
   def dump_table_schema(table, connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection)
     old_ignore_tables = ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables