Use frozen-string-literal in ActiveRecord

249 files changed, 499 insertions, 1 deletions

diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
index 827bcba121..b162314317 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/book"
 require "models/post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
index 67e1efde27..a6b83ec377 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb
index 8f7c803a21..825bddfb73 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/bind_parameter_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
index 58698d59db..db09b30361 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Mysql2BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
index 50ba9ab831..fd5f712f1a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/charset_collation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/charset_collation_test.rb
index e4a6ed5482..d0c57de65d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/charset_collation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/charset_collation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
index a2faf43b0d..9d81d506a0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_precision_quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_precision_quoting_test.rb
index c131a5169c..fa54f39992 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_precision_quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_precision_quoting_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Mysql2DatetimePrecisionQuotingTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
index 7ad3e3ca2d..108bec832c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/enum_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Mysql2EnumTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
index 7916921e5a..2736f7cf0e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/json_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/json_test.rb
index 26c69edc7b..de78ba91f5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/json_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/json_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "cases/json_shared_test_cases"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/mysql2_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/mysql2_adapter_test.rb
index 565130c38f..d18fb97e05 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/mysql2_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/mysql2_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/ddl_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
index 251a50e41e..eb602af812 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class SchemaMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
index 1fad5585de..b587e756cf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb
index 4182532535..47cedc5edf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sp_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sql_types_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sql_types_test.rb
index d6e7f29a5c..e10642cbb4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sql_types_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/sql_types_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Mysql2SqlTypesTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb
index 61a8ce9bc0..6183d66b63 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/table_options_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/transaction_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/transaction_test.rb
index 16101e38cb..e603baab69 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/transaction_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/transaction_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb
index 71dcfaa241..d0a09f6481 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/virtual_column_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/virtual_column_test.rb
index 1c5ef2aa41..ffde8ed4d8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/virtual_column_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/virtual_column_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
index b787de8453..9929237546 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
index 121c62dadf..8507dbb463 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb
index 7712e809a2..df04299569 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
index 65baed34e9..a6bee113ff 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/case_insensitive_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/case_insensitive_test.rb
index 03b44feab6..305e033642 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/case_insensitive_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/case_insensitive_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlCaseInsensitiveTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb
index ea642069d2..adf461a9cc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb
index 52f2a0096c..f20958fbd2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "ipaddr"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb
index ca95e4b626..050614cade 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/collation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/collation_test.rb
index a603221d8f..7468f4c4f8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/collation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/collation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
index 1da2a9e2ac..1d60a007c7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
index 32afe331fa..c2eb0b70c6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
index 0725fde5ae..b7535d5c9a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/ddl_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb
index f1eb8adb15..9c3817e2ad 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
index 5e5a3158ba..3d3cbe11a3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
index 3d5684704e..16fec94ede 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
index b56c226763..e589e3ab1b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlExtensionMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb
index 5ddfe32007..c6f1e1727f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
index 3b6840a1c9..e1ba00e07b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
index f9cce10fb8..7d8a83a4dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
index b9e177e6ec..0b18c0c9d7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlInfinityTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb
index b4e55964b9..3e45b057ff 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
index 6aa60630c2..aa5e03df41 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "cases/json_shared_test_cases"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
index 2b5ac1cac6..eca29f2892 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
index ea060345a7..563f0bbfae 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb
index a33b0ef8a7..f461544a85 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb
index bfb2b7c27a..b53a12254d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlNumberTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
index 76e0ad60fe..5d8653c73f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/ddl_helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/prepared_statements_disabled_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/prepared_statements_disabled_test.rb
index 8c62690866..f7478b50c3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/prepared_statements_disabled_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/prepared_statements_disabled_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/computer"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
index d7b23ad41d..d50dc49276 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
index f411884dfd..b4a776d04d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb
index 0ff04bfa27..0bcc214c24 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb
index e9e7f717ac..100d247113 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlRenameTableTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
index f86a76e08a..56deabcee5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class SchemaThing < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
index f6b957476b..d41d189b34 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/default"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/serial_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/serial_test.rb
index d711b3b729..3c020a88d0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/serial_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/serial_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
index 146b619a4b..a3eb4f9e67 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
index 962450aada..b7f213efc8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/topic"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/transaction_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/transaction_test.rb
index 9b42d0383d..f56adf4a5e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/transaction_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/transaction_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 require "concurrent/atomic/cyclic_barrier"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb
index 784d77a8d1..1a164205aa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class PostgresqlTypeLookupTest < ActiveRecord::PostgreSQLTestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
index 9f9e3bda2f..c91884f384 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
index 00de92cdfd..76cb1bc354 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
index 826b384fb3..71ead6f7f3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb
index dd88ed3656..76c8f7d8dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/collation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
index e1cfd703e8..ffb1d6afce 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class CopyTableTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
index b907a7ae0f..3b081d34e1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
index 815453ad50..de422fad23 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "bigdecimal"
 require "securerandom"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
index cf0c37f70c..65722b5830 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/owner"
 require "tempfile"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
index b1b4463bf1..d70486605f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/owner"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
index 37ff973397..42b3841d41 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class SQLite3StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::SQLite3TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb
index f8136fde72..7f654ec6f6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/aggregations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/customer"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
index 5b608d8e83..83974f327e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
index c54542ff7b..00e989153f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
index a7ac291f23..8bf2ecf88d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/project"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/bidirectional_destroy_dependencies_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/bidirectional_destroy_dependencies_test.rb
index 8a0e041864..88221b012e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/bidirectional_destroy_dependencies_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/bidirectional_destroy_dependencies_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/content"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
index f9d1e44595..e096cd4a0b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
index 7b0445025c..e69cfe5e52 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
index 61f39b4136..8754889143 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_includes_full_sti_class_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/tagging"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
index e9f551b6b2..c5b2b77bd4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/tag"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
index 16eff15026..420a5a805b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class EagerSingularizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
index c0bab19e82..1f5f9eddb5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/tagging"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
index f707a170f5..5eacb5a3d8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
index f73005b3cb..979dd986de 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
index 2682f256ff..2ab8a6bf03 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
index a76159fb99..5797ffef38 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/person"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
index bf3b8dcd63..ff51a511fc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
index 28b883586d..fe24c465b2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/club"
 require "models/member_type"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
index ddf5bc6f0b..23be344419 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
index 9fbaa43274..536077fb92 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/man"
 require "models/face"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
index c078cef064..2f68bc5141 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/tag"
 require "models/tagging"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb
index 6d3757f467..c95d0425cd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/left_outer_join_association_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
index 67ff7355b3..3e37e512ca 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
index 45e1803858..65a3bb5efe 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class RequiredAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
index 2eb31326a5..9d1999bcb1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/computer"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb
index cfa6ed1da6..42eca233ce 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
index 934d5bf8b2..0170a6e98d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index 366577761c..0ea8ef5cea 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/minimalistic"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
index bd4b200735..006372a757 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
index e856d551c0..1731e7926e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
index 3705a6be89..29a25b4461 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class OverloadedType < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
index 2203aa1788..c2e2bca924 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/bird"
 require "models/post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
index dc32e995a4..5dbb7f788a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
index dcd3af487b..53c1e61ad1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/comment"
 require "models/post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
index f6ac7990d1..d5376ece69 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 # Without using prepared statements, it makes no sense to test
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
index 5af44c27eb..ae8438722f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb
index 7b8264e6e8..8f2f2c6186 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/cache_key_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
index 7d6dc21e34..dd6815b149 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/book"
 require "models/club"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
index b3c86586d0..55c7475f46 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/developer"
 require "models/computer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/clone_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/clone_test.rb
index b89294c094..3187e6aed5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/clone_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/clone_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/coders/json_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/coders/json_test.rb
index d22d93d129..e40d576b39 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/coders/json_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/coders/json_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/coders/yaml_column_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/coders/yaml_column_test.rb
index a26a72712d..4a5559c62f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/coders/yaml_column_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/coders/yaml_column_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb
index f344c77691..dbe6857487 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/collection_cache_key_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/computer"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_alias_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_alias_test.rb
index 9893ba9580..a883d21fb8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_alias_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/column_alias_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
index 90c8d21c43..cbd2b44589 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/comment_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/comment_test.rb
index c23be52a6c..27d042db47 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/comment_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/comment_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb
index 64189381cb..82c6cf8dea 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
index 2a71f08d90..74d0ed348e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_specification_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_specification_test.rb
index 10a3521c79..f81b73c344 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_specification_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_specification_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
index 8faa67255d..1b64324cc4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
index 3657b8340d..521879cc2f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
index 106323ccc9..006be9e65d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
index a348c2d783..1c4ca2e23d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) # PostgreSQL does not use type strings for lookup
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
index d1e946d401..9d6ecbde78 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "rack"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
index 00a0187b57..2bfe490602 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "concurrent/atomic/count_down_latch"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
index 13b5bae13c..3fa0ca8366 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
index 936f26ce04..356afdbd2b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/person"
 require "models/topic"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
index 46d7526cc0..e0948f90ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/car"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/custom_locking_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/custom_locking_test.rb
index 15c8b684e4..f52b26e9ec 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/custom_locking_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/custom_locking_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/person"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/database_statements_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/database_statements_test.rb
index 66035865be..1c934602ec 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/database_statements_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/database_statements_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class DatabaseStatementsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb
index 2edc0415cd..9f412cdb63 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb
index e4a2f9ee17..51f6164138 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_precision_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
index 6cd98fe254..b5f35aff0e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/task"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
index 996d298689..4690682cd8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 require "models/default"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
index bb584b0c6f..fb3d691d51 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"    # For booleans
 require "models/pirate"   # For timestamps
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
index c25089a420..533665d0f4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class TestRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
index 000ed27efb..2fefdbf204 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/reply"
 require "models/topic"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
index 4ef9a125e6..abbc011b34 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/book"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb
index e90669e0c7..b90e6a66c5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/errors_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class ErrorsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
index ca87e04012..fb698c47cd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_record/explain_subscriber"
 require "active_record/explain_registry"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
index 4f6bd9327c..9f532def8f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/car"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/strip"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
index 3eaa993d45..4039af66d0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
index af21cd529f..0b4dce37cc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
index 533edcc2e0..ff99988cb5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "tempfile"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
index b499e60922..8197d09621 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/admin"
 require "models/admin/account"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
index ffa3f63e0d..101fa118c8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/habtm_destroy_order_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/habtm_destroy_order_test.rb
index 365d4576dd..5e503272e1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/habtm_destroy_order_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/habtm_destroy_order_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/lesson"
 require "models/student"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
index 5a3b8e3fb5..36fc143a31 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "config"
 
 require "stringio"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
index e107ff2362..e7778af55b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/connection_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/i18n_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/i18n_test.rb
index 7f03c5b23d..22981c142a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/i18n_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/i18n_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
index a54480fdb4..6877968790 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/company"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
index 9104976126..36cd63c4d4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/company"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
index 1367af2859..a1be9c2780 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
index cc3951e2ba..20e747142b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Horse < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/json_attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/json_attribute_test.rb
index e5848b45f8..63f3c77fc3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/json_attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/json_attribute_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "cases/json_shared_test_cases"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb
index a6ea27bf48..52fe488cd5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/json_serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/contact"
 require "models/post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/json_shared_test_cases.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/json_shared_test_cases.rb
index 9a1c1c3f3f..f708acf0aa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/json_shared_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/json_shared_test_cases.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
 module JSONSharedTestCases
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
index 2fc52393f2..743680ba92 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "thread"
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/person"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
index b80257962c..208e54ed0b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/binary"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
index 1d305fa11f..04e2d3a052 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
index ec817a579b..034bf32165 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
index 48df931543..9200d32caf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
index f2162d91b1..23414419dc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
index 2329888345..1b1d0af132 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
index 007926f1b9..0b5e983f14 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/compatibility_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/compatibility_test.rb
index 596a21dcbc..cb3b02c02a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/compatibility_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/compatibility_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
index c4896f3d6e..77d32a24a5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
index 7762d37915..499d072de5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
index 9c0fa7339d..c056199140 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
index f10fcf1398..bf1ebdb4c5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
index 3d7c7ad469..28f4cc124b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb
index 6970fdcc87..d0066f68be 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb
index 718b9a0613..7a092103c7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys_in_create?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
index 2866cabab6..e41377d817 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
index e9eb9968cb..769241ba12 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
index 5da3ad33a3..dfce266253 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
index eff6e09eb7..0fa43583ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 require "bigdecimal/util"
@@ -912,7 +914,7 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb", @migrations_path + "/5_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb"], copied.map(&:filename)
 
     expected = "# This migration comes from bukkits (originally 1)"
-    assert_equal expected, IO.readlines(@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")[0].chomp
+    assert_equal expected, IO.readlines(@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")[1].chomp
 
     files_count = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
     copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy")
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
index 2e4b454a86..ee10be119c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
index a8af8e30f7..5f5205f3a0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class Mixin < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
index f8a7bab35f..060d555607 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/company_in_module"
 require "models/shop"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
index aa521e907c..59be4dc5a8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/customer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
index 4e3daeabb6..192d2f5251 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/entrant"
 require "models/bird"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
index 154faa56aa..a2ccb603a9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/pirate"
 require "models/ship"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_with_callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_with_callbacks_test.rb
index b9d2acbed2..f04c68b08f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_with_callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_with_callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/pirate"
 require "models/bird"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/numeric_data_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/numeric_data_test.rb
index 76b97033af..f917c8f727 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/numeric_data_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/numeric_data_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/numeric_data"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
index 5830f9916a..33a4cc0dcb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/aircraft"
 require "models/post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
index f1b0d08765..fa7f759e51 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/project"
 require "timeout"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
index 56229b70bc..bda82c095f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 require "models/topic"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
index b018a7b6c0..3a2bd62997 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/task"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
index 98b20915c6..59d3bbb573 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
index 24b678310d..d1b85cb4ef 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/post"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
index 249878b67d..49170abe6f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
index c1c2efb9c8..4cd2d3aedc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/customer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
index 3b15f051b2..341335be9b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
index 3901824aac..44e2b16923 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
index a37a2186ed..ad3700b73a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb
index 61b6601580..3269620987 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
index 48758dc148..b432330deb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/record_fetch_warning_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/record_fetch_warning_test.rb
index 62ca051431..22d32d75bc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/record_fetch_warning_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/record_fetch_warning_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "active_record/relation/record_fetch_warning"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
index 86e150ed79..064446157f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb
index 57d7b315b0..b68d416697 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class ActiveRecord::Relation
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
index 42dae4d569..977165cf2e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/author"
 require "models/binary"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
index 82b071fb98..b1e14f8dc4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
index 316ea75e36..e1b2f794ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/tag"
 require "models/tagging"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reload_models_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reload_models_test.rb
index 3f4c0c03e3..67386725cb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reload_models_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reload_models_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/owner"
 require "models/pet"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reserved_word_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reserved_word_test.rb
index f3019a5326..0214dbec17 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reserved_word_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reserved_word_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class ReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
index 1a0b7c6ca7..db52c108ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
index 72f09186e2..082d663675 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/binary"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
index 4c81e825fa..194fceb0f3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_loading_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_loading_test.rb
index 362370ac61..f539156466 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_loading_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_loading_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module SchemaLoadCounter
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
index a8c79628e7..6f035b594b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/comment"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
index 483ea7128d..1db7432e34 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/topic"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
index 10553bf057..f3b84d88c2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/post"
 require "models/author"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb
index 7b9cbee40a..f5fa6aa302 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/user"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
index ec33ad38f2..2d829ad4ba 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/contact"
 require "models/topic"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
index e1bdaab5cf..32dafbd458 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
index fab3648564..e2142267ea 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/book"
 require "models/liquid"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
index 633a8a0ebc..ebf4016960 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/admin"
 require "models/admin/user"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/suppressor_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/suppressor_test.rb
index a7d16b7cdb..b68f0033d9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/suppressor_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/suppressor_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/notification"
 require "models/user"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
index c47c97e9d9..1495d2ab89 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_record/tasks/database_tasks"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
index 9c6fb14376..98fe24baa0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_record/tasks/database_tasks"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
index a2e968aedf..693503250b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_record/tasks/database_tasks"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
index ccb3834fee..8ac4878c37 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "active_record/tasks/database_tasks"
 require "pathname"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
index 9f594fef85..97644b0b7d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "active_support/test_case"
 require "active_support/testing/autorun"
 require "active_support/testing/method_call_assertions"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/test_fixtures_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/test_fixtures_test.rb
index 58d3bea3a2..4411410eda 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/test_fixtures_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/test_fixtures_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class TestFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
index 09c585167e..41455637bb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
index 39b40e3411..ba0bc6c45d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "support/ddl_helper"
 require "models/developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb
index d1e8c649d9..1757031371 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/touch_later_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/invoice"
 require "models/line_item"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
index eaa4dd09a9..1f370a80ee 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/owner"
 require "models/pet"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
index 58abfadaf4..b1ebccdcc3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_transaction_isolation?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
index 76a997ba8b..b771a1d12c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/adapter_specific_registry_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/adapter_specific_registry_test.rb
index 8b836b4793..b58bdd5549 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type/adapter_specific_registry_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/adapter_specific_registry_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb
index 6848619ece..c9558e25b5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/date_time_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/task"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
index 368b6d7199..15d1a675a1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/company"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
index a95da864fa..8c51b30fdd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb
index 2959d36466..f3699c11a2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb
index 1cd4dbc2c5..dd05cf3fff 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type_test.rb
index d45a9b3141..93ae563c8b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/type_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class TypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
index 11476ea0ef..3f7fb0a604 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
index b210584644..f4d8be5897 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class TestRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
index 870619e4e7..a997f8be9c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/face"
 require "models/interest"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
index f5ceb27d97..80fe375ae5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
index a57065ba75..703c24b340 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index fd88a3ea67..b7c52ea18c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
index ba45c6dcc1..87ce4c6f37 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/owner"
 require "models/pet"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
index 13956e26ec..3ab1567b51 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/man"
 require "models/face"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
index 28605d2f8e..fad55916c7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
index b30666d876..6dc3b64b2b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module ValidationsRepairHelper
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index a305aa295a..7f84939027 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
index 1d21a2454f..7e2d66c62a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/book"
 require "support/schema_dumping_helper"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
index dd8d2c1178..578881f754 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/topic"
 require "models/reply"