Fall back to type casting from the connection adapter

Unfortunately, a11a8ff had no effect as long as using bind param, and
was not tested.

This ensures making the intent of a11a8ff, which fall back to type
casting from the connection adapter.

Fixes #35205.

```
% ARCONN=postgresql bundle exec ruby -w -Itest test/cases/relation/where_test.rb -n test_type_casting_nested_joins
Using postgresql
Run options: -n test_type_casting_nested_joins --seed 55730

# Running:

E

Error:
ActiveRecord::WhereTest#test_type_casting_nested_joins:
ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid: PG::InvalidTextRepresentation: ERROR:  invalid input syntax for integer: "2-foo"

rails test test/cases/relation/where_test.rb:30

Finished in 0.245778s, 4.0687 runs/s, 0.0000 assertions/s.
1 runs, 0 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips
```

1 files changed, 6 insertions, 1 deletions

diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
index 6c1e3e7fec..aad30ddea0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ require "support/stubs/strong_parameters"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class WhereTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    fixtures :posts, :edges, :authors, :author_addresses, :binaries, :essays, :cars, :treasures, :price_estimates, :topics
+    fixtures :posts, :comments, :edges, :authors, :author_addresses, :binaries, :essays, :cars, :treasures, :price_estimates, :topics
 
     def test_in_clause_is_correctly_sliced
       assert_called(Author.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: 1) do
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def test_type_casting_nested_joins
+      comment = comments(:eager_other_comment1)
+      assert_equal [comment], Comment.joins(post: :author).where(authors: { id: "2-foo" })
+    end
+
     def test_where_copies_bind_params
       author = authors(:david)
       posts  = author.posts.where("posts.id != 1")