remove redundant curlies from hash arguments

21 files changed, 84 insertions, 92 deletions

diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
index 716b7b1164..e7e37cac36 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -102,13 +102,13 @@ class Mysql2ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
 
   def test_create_mysql_database_with_encoding
     assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `utf8`", create_database(:matt)
-    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `aimonetti` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `latin1`", create_database(:aimonetti, {charset: "latin1"})
-    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt_aimonetti` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `big5` COLLATE `big5_chinese_ci`", create_database(:matt_aimonetti, {charset: :big5, collation: :big5_chinese_ci})
+    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `aimonetti` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `latin1`", create_database(:aimonetti, charset: "latin1")
+    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `matt_aimonetti` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `big5` COLLATE `big5_chinese_ci`", create_database(:matt_aimonetti, charset: :big5, collation: :big5_chinese_ci)
   end
 
   def test_recreate_mysql_database_with_encoding
-    create_database(:luca, {charset: "latin1"})
-    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `luca` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `latin1`", recreate_database(:luca, {charset: "latin1"})
+    create_database(:luca, charset: "latin1")
+    assert_equal "CREATE DATABASE `luca` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `latin1`", recreate_database(:luca, charset: "latin1")
   end
 
   def test_add_column
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class Mysql2ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me do |t|
           t.timestamps null: true
         end
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me, { null: true }
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me, null: true
         assert !column_present?("delete_me", "updated_at", "datetime")
         assert !column_present?("delete_me", "created_at", "datetime")
       ensure
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
index b6ed20abaa..475269d5cb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
@@ -100,21 +100,21 @@ class Mysql2ConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
 
   def test_passing_arbitary_flags_to_adapter
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge({flags: Mysql2::Client::COMPRESS}))
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge(flags: Mysql2::Client::COMPRESS))
       assert_equal (Mysql2::Client::COMPRESS |  Mysql2::Client::FOUND_ROWS), ActiveRecord::Base.connection.raw_connection.query_options[:flags]
     end
   end
 
   def test_passing_flags_by_array_to_adapter
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge({flags: ["COMPRESS"] }))
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge(flags: ["COMPRESS"]))
       assert_equal ["COMPRESS", "FOUND_ROWS"], ActiveRecord::Base.connection.raw_connection.query_options[:flags]
     end
   end
 
   def test_mysql_set_session_variable
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({variables: {default_week_format: 3}}))
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: {default_week_format: 3}))
       session_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.DEFAULT_WEEK_FORMAT"
       assert_equal 3, session_mode.rows.first.first.to_i
     end
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ class Mysql2ConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::Mysql2TestCase
 
   def test_mysql_set_session_variable_to_default
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({variables: {default_week_format: :default}}))
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: {default_week_format: :default}))
       global_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@GLOBAL.DEFAULT_WEEK_FORMAT"
       session_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.DEFAULT_WEEK_FORMAT"
       assert_equal global_mode.rows, session_mode.rows
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
index adb5422a67..78b4bfbdaa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def test_set_session_variable_true
       run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({variables: {debug_print_plan: true}}))
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: {debug_print_plan: true}))
         set_true = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SHOW DEBUG_PRINT_PLAN"
         assert_equal set_true.rows, [["on"]]
       end
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def test_set_session_variable_false
       run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({variables: {debug_print_plan: false}}))
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: {debug_print_plan: false}))
         set_false = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SHOW DEBUG_PRINT_PLAN"
         assert_equal set_false.rows, [["off"]]
       end
@@ -201,14 +201,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def test_set_session_variable_nil
       run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
         # This should be a no-op that does not raise an error
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({variables: {debug_print_plan: nil}}))
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: {debug_print_plan: nil}))
       end
     end
 
     def test_set_session_variable_default
       run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
         # This should execute a query that does not raise an error
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({variables: {debug_print_plan: :default}}))
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: {debug_print_plan: :default}))
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
index 04631cb5e5..6197e517d5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
@@ -166,19 +166,19 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
     end
 
     def test_gen1
-      assert_equal(%q(" "=>""), @type.serialize({" "=>""}))
+      assert_equal(%q(" "=>""), @type.serialize(" "=>""))
     end
 
     def test_gen2
-      assert_equal(%q(","=>""), @type.serialize({","=>""}))
+      assert_equal(%q(","=>""), @type.serialize(","=>""))
     end
 
     def test_gen3
-      assert_equal(%q("="=>""), @type.serialize({"="=>""}))
+      assert_equal(%q("="=>""), @type.serialize("="=>""))
     end
 
     def test_gen4
-      assert_equal(%q(">"=>""), @type.serialize({">"=>""}))
+      assert_equal(%q(">"=>""), @type.serialize(">"=>""))
     end
 
     def test_parse1
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
     end
 
     def test_hstore_with_serialized_attributes
-      HstoreWithSerialize.create! tags: TagCollection.new({"one" => "two"})
+      HstoreWithSerialize.create! tags: TagCollection.new("one" => "two")
       record = HstoreWithSerialize.first
       assert_instance_of TagCollection, record.tags
       assert_equal({"one" => "two"}, record.tags.to_hash)
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
     end
 
     def test_clone_hstore_with_serialized_attributes
-      HstoreWithSerialize.create! tags: TagCollection.new({"one" => "two"})
+      HstoreWithSerialize.create! tags: TagCollection.new("one" => "two")
       record = HstoreWithSerialize.first
       dupe = record.dup
       assert_equal({"one" => "two"}, dupe.tags.to_hash)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
index 67931ed228..c4f174e470 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -283,11 +283,9 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_habtm_collection_size_from_params
-    devel = Developer.new({
-      projects_attributes: {
+    devel = Developer.new(      projects_attributes: {
         "0" => {}
-      }
-    })
+      })
 
     assert_equal 1, devel.projects.size
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
index b513c40f48..09692fc3a0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm = Firm.all.merge!(order: "id").first
     summit = firm.clients.where("name = 'Summit'").to_a
     assert_equal summit, firm.clients.where("name = ?", "Summit").to_a
-    assert_equal summit, firm.clients.where("name = :name", { name: "Summit" }).to_a
+    assert_equal summit, firm.clients.where("name = :name", name: "Summit").to_a
   end
 
   def test_find_first
@@ -1978,8 +1978,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
 
-    firm = Namespaced::Firm.create({ name: "Some Company" })
-    firm.clients.create({ name: "Some Client" })
+    firm = Namespaced::Firm.create(name: "Some Company")
+    firm.clients.create(name: "Some Client")
 
     stats = Namespaced::Firm.all.merge!(
       select: "#{Namespaced::Firm.table_name}.id, COUNT(#{Namespaced::Client.table_name}.id) AS num_clients",
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index 102884d255..8aad272bfd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
     test "read attributes_before_type_cast on a boolean" do
-      bool = Boolean.create!({ "value" => false })
+      bool = Boolean.create!("value" => false)
       if RUBY_PLATFORM.include?("java")
         # JRuby will return the value before typecast as string.
         assert_equal "0", bool.reload.attributes_before_type_cast["value"]
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
index 4dfe40bea6..059b5b2401 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     test "building with custom types" do
       builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Float.new)
-      attributes = builder.build_from_database({ foo: "3.3", bar: "4.4" }, { bar: Type::Integer.new })
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database({ foo: "3.3", bar: "4.4" }, bar: Type::Integer.new)
 
       assert_equal 3.3, attributes[:foo].value
       assert_equal 4, attributes[:bar].value
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
index e26b2445b8..7d619c6a91 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
@@ -279,16 +279,14 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_initialize_with_attributes
-    topic = Topic.new({
-      "title" => "initialized from attributes", "written_on" => "2003-12-12 23:23"
-    })
+    topic = Topic.new(      "title" => "initialized from attributes", "written_on" => "2003-12-12 23:23")
 
     assert_equal("initialized from attributes", topic.title)
   end
 
   def test_initialize_with_invalid_attribute
-    Topic.new({ "title" => "test",
-      "last_read(1i)" => "2005", "last_read(2i)" => "2", "last_read(3i)" => "31"})
+    Topic.new("title" => "test",
+      "last_read(1i)" => "2005", "last_read(2i)" => "2", "last_read(3i)" => "31")
   rescue ActiveRecord::MultiparameterAssignmentErrors => ex
     assert_equal(1, ex.errors.size)
     assert_equal("last_read", ex.errors[0].attribute)
@@ -710,11 +708,11 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_boolean
-    b_nil = Boolean.create({ "value" => nil })
+    b_nil = Boolean.create("value" => nil)
     nil_id = b_nil.id
-    b_false = Boolean.create({ "value" => false })
+    b_false = Boolean.create("value" => false)
     false_id = b_false.id
-    b_true = Boolean.create({ "value" => true })
+    b_true = Boolean.create("value" => true)
     true_id = b_true.id
 
     b_nil = Boolean.find(nil_id)
@@ -726,7 +724,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_boolean_without_questionmark
-    b_true = Boolean.create({ "value" => true })
+    b_true = Boolean.create("value" => true)
     true_id = b_true.id
 
     subclass   = Class.new(Boolean).find true_id
@@ -736,11 +734,11 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_boolean_cast_from_string
-    b_blank = Boolean.create({ "value" => "" })
+    b_blank = Boolean.create("value" => "")
     blank_id = b_blank.id
-    b_false = Boolean.create({ "value" => "0" })
+    b_false = Boolean.create("value" => "0")
     false_id = b_false.id
-    b_true = Boolean.create({ "value" => "1" })
+    b_true = Boolean.create("value" => "1")
     true_id = b_true.id
 
     b_blank = Boolean.find(blank_id)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
index 7a6125d81b..4bfec47124 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def test_spec_name_with_inline_config
-          spec = spec({"adapter" => "sqlite3"})
+          spec = spec("adapter" => "sqlite3")
           assert_equal "primary", spec.name, "should default to primary id"
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb
index e8a86d0e33..2edc0415cd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/date_test.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class DateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     invalid_dates.each do |date_src|
       assert_nothing_raised do
-        topic = Topic.new({"last_read(1i)" => date_src[0].to_s, "last_read(2i)" => date_src[1].to_s, "last_read(3i)" => date_src[2].to_s})
+        topic = Topic.new("last_read(1i)" => date_src[0].to_s, "last_read(2i)" => date_src[1].to_s, "last_read(3i)" => date_src[2].to_s)
         # Oracle DATE columns are datetime columns and Oracle adapter returns Time value
         if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
           assert_equal(topic.last_read.to_date, Time.local(*date_src).to_date, "The date should be modified according to the behavior of the Time object")
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
index c594616aa3..8a10399ec2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: verb.to_s))
       assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_MAGENTA} \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/i, logger.debugs.last)
 
-      logger.sql(event.new(0, {sql: verb.to_s, name: "SQL"}))
+      logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: verb.to_s, name: "SQL"))
       assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_MAGENTA}SQL \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/i, logger.debugs.last)
     end
   end
@@ -113,13 +113,13 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     logger = TestDebugLogSubscriber.new
     logger.colorize_logging = true
     SQL_COLORINGS.each do |verb, _|
-      logger.sql(event.new(0, {sql: verb.to_s, name: "Model Load"}))
+      logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: verb.to_s, name: "Model Load"))
       assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_CYAN}Model Load \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/i, logger.debugs.last)
 
-      logger.sql(event.new(0, {sql: verb.to_s, name: "Model Exists"}))
+      logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: verb.to_s, name: "Model Exists"))
       assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_CYAN}Model Exists \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/i, logger.debugs.last)
 
-      logger.sql(event.new(0, {sql: verb.to_s, name: "ANY SPECIFIC NAME"}))
+      logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: verb.to_s, name: "ANY SPECIFIC NAME"))
       assert_match(/#{REGEXP_BOLD}#{REGEXP_CYAN}ANY SPECIFIC NAME \(0.0ms\)#{REGEXP_CLEAR}/i, logger.debugs.last)
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
index 045c18eb3f..87da9c90fe 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def test_remove_timestamps_creates_updated_at_and_created_at
         with_change_table do |t|
           @connection.expect :remove_timestamps, nil, [:delete_me, { null: true }]
-          t.remove_timestamps({ null: true })
+          t.remove_timestamps(null: true)
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
index 61c754fc0e..d3d6931ea4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
@@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
     @existing_migrations = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"]
 
-    copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy"})
+    copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy")
     assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
     assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/5_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
     assert_equal [@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb", @migrations_path + "/5_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb"], copied.map(&:filename)
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, IO.readlines(@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")[0].chomp
 
     files_count = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
-    copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy"})
+    copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy")
     assert_equal files_count, Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
     assert copied.empty?
   ensure
@@ -960,7 +960,7 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @existing_migrations = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"]
 
     travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
-      copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
+      copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps")
       assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
       assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
       expected = [@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb",
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal expected, copied.map(&:filename)
 
       files_count = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
-      copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
+      copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps")
       assert_equal files_count, Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
       assert copied.empty?
     end
@@ -1005,12 +1005,12 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @existing_migrations = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"]
 
     travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 2, 20, 10, 10, 10)) do
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
+      ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps")
       assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100301010102_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
       assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100301010103_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
 
       files_count = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
-      copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
+      copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps")
       assert_equal files_count, Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
       assert copied.empty?
     end
@@ -1023,7 +1023,7 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
     @existing_migrations = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"]
 
-    copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/magic"})
+    copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/magic")
     assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/4_currencies_have_symbols.bukkits.rb")
     assert_equal [@migrations_path + "/4_currencies_have_symbols.bukkits.rb"], copied.map(&:filename)
 
@@ -1031,7 +1031,7 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, IO.readlines(@migrations_path + "/4_currencies_have_symbols.bukkits.rb")[0..1].join.chomp
 
     files_count = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
-    copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/magic"})
+    copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/magic")
     assert_equal files_count, Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
     assert copied.empty?
   ensure
@@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @existing_migrations = []
 
     travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
-      copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
+      copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps")
       assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
       assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
       assert_equal 2, copied.length
@@ -1095,7 +1095,7 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @existing_migrations = []
 
     travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
-      copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
+      copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, bukkits: MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps")
       assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
       assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
       assert_equal 2, copied.length
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
index d1ff270b07..d3923173a7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, reject_if: proc {|attributes| true }
     pirate = Pirate.new(catchphrase: "Stop wastin' me time")
     ship = pirate.create_ship(name: "s1")
-    pirate.update({ship_attributes: { name: "s2", id: ship.id } })
+    pirate.update(ship_attributes: { name: "s2", id: ship.id })
     assert_equal "s1", ship.reload.name
   end
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Man.accepts_nested_attributes_for :interests, reject_if: proc {|attributes| true }
     man = Man.create(name: "John")
     interest = man.interests.create(topic: "photography")
-    man.update({interests_attributes: { topic: "gardening", id: interest.id } })
+    man.update(interests_attributes: { topic: "gardening", id: interest.id })
     assert_equal "photography", interest.reload.topic
   end
 
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Man.accepts_nested_attributes_for :interests, reject_if: proc {|attributes| true }, allow_destroy: true
     man = Man.create(name: "Jon")
     interest = man.interests.create(topic: "the ladies")
-    man.update({interests_attributes: { _destroy: "1", id: interest.id } })
+    man.update(interests_attributes: { _destroy: "1", id: interest.id })
     assert man.reload.interests.empty?
   end
 
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Man.accepts_nested_attributes_for(:interests)
     man = Man.create(name: "John")
     interest = man.interests.create(topic: "photography")
-    man.update({interests_attributes: {topic: "gardening", id: interest.id}})
+    man.update(interests_attributes: {topic: "gardening", id: interest.id})
     assert_equal "gardening", interest.reload.topic
   end
 
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_work_with_update_as_well
-    @pirate.update({ catchphrase: "Arr", ship_attributes: { id: @ship.id, name: "Mister Pablo" } })
+    @pirate.update(catchphrase: "Arr", ship_attributes: { id: @ship.id, name: "Mister Pablo" })
     @pirate.reload
 
     assert_equal "Arr", @pirate.catchphrase
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_work_with_update_as_well
-    @ship.update({ name: "Mister Pablo", pirate_attributes: { catchphrase: "Arr" } })
+    @ship.update(name: "Mister Pablo", pirate_attributes: { catchphrase: "Arr" })
     @ship.reload
 
     assert_equal "Mister Pablo", @ship.name
@@ -597,10 +597,8 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
   end
 
   def test_should_save_only_one_association_on_create
-    pirate = Pirate.create!({
-      :catchphrase => "Arr",
-      association_getter => { "foo" => { name: "Grace OMalley" } }
-    })
+    pirate = Pirate.create!(      :catchphrase => "Arr",
+      association_getter => { "foo" => { name: "Grace OMalley" } })
 
     assert_equal 1, pirate.reload.send(@association_name).count
   end
@@ -714,7 +712,7 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
 
   def test_should_not_assign_destroy_key_to_a_record
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      @pirate.send(association_setter, { "foo" => { "_destroy" => "0" }})
+      @pirate.send(association_setter, "foo" => { "_destroy" => "0" })
     end
   end
 
@@ -835,7 +833,7 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
       man = Man.create(name: "John")
       interest = man.interests.create(topic: "bar", zine_id: 0)
       assert interest.save
-      assert !man.update({interests_attributes: { id: interest.id, zine_id: "foo" }})
+      assert !man.update(interests_attributes: { id: interest.id, zine_id: "foo" })
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
index 1dbf4fcdd6..57dc963b62 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_columns
     topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.update_columns({ "approved" => true, title: "Sebastian Topic" })
+    topic.update_columns("approved" => true, title: "Sebastian Topic")
     assert topic.approved?
     assert_equal "Sebastian Topic", topic.title
     topic.reload
@@ -643,19 +643,19 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_columns_should_raise_exception_if_new_record
     topic = Topic.new
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { topic.update_columns({ approved: false }) }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { topic.update_columns(approved: false) }
   end
 
   def test_update_columns_should_not_leave_the_object_dirty
     topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.update({ "content" => "--- Have a nice day\n...\n", :author_name => "Jose" })
+    topic.update("content" => "--- Have a nice day\n...\n", :author_name => "Jose")
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_columns({ content: "--- You too\n...\n", "author_name" => "Sebastian" })
+    topic.update_columns(content: "--- You too\n...\n", "author_name" => "Sebastian")
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_columns({ content: "--- Have a nice day\n...\n", author_name: "Jose" })
+    topic.update_columns(content: "--- Have a nice day\n...\n", author_name: "Jose")
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
   end
 
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     minivan = Minivan.find("m1")
     prev_color = minivan.color
     prev_name = minivan.name
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { minivan.update_columns({ name: "My old minivan", color: "black" }) }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { minivan.update_columns(name: "My old minivan", color: "black") }
     assert_equal prev_color, minivan.color
     assert_equal prev_name, minivan.name
 
@@ -967,11 +967,9 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         self.table_name = :widgets
       end
 
-      instance  = widget.create!({
-        name: "Bob",
+      instance  = widget.create!(        name: "Bob",
         created_at: 1.day.ago,
-        updated_at: 1.day.ago
-      })
+        updated_at: 1.day.ago)
 
       created_at = instance.created_at
       updated_at = instance.updated_at
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
index 71fc0881c1..f200770562 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # Will deadlock due to lack of Monitor timeouts in 1.9
   def checkout_checkin_connections(pool_size, threads)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection.merge({pool: pool_size, checkout_timeout: 0.5}))
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection.merge(pool: pool_size, checkout_timeout: 0.5))
     @connection_count = 0
     @timed_out = 0
     threads.times do
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def checkout_checkin_connections_loop(pool_size, loops)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection.merge({pool: pool_size, checkout_timeout: 0.5}))
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection.merge(pool: pool_size, checkout_timeout: 0.5))
     @connection_count = 0
     @timed_out = 0
     loops.times do
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_pooled_connection_remove
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection.merge({pool: 2, checkout_timeout: 0.5}))
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection.merge(pool: 2, checkout_timeout: 0.5))
     old_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     extra_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.remove(extra_connection)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
index d5aee29102..c9f7f2d542 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_hash_conditions_on_joined_table
-    firms = DependentFirm.joins(:account).where({name: "RailsCore", accounts: { credit_limit: 55..60 }}).to_a
+    firms = DependentFirm.joins(:account).where(name: "RailsCore", accounts: { credit_limit: 55..60 }).to_a
     assert_equal 1, firms.size
     assert_equal companies(:rails_core), firms.first
   end
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions
-    assert_equal Topic.all.merge!(where: {approved: false}).to_a, Topic.where({ approved: false }).to_a
+    assert_equal Topic.all.merge!(where: {approved: false}).to_a, Topic.where(approved: false).to_a
   end
 
   def test_joins_with_string_array
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
index fc7a653557..464bb12ccb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ class SanitizeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_named_bind_arity
-    assert_nothing_raised                                { bind "name = :name", { name: "37signals" } }
-    assert_nothing_raised                                { bind "name = :name", { name: "37signals", id: 1 } }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) { bind "name = :name", { id: 1 } }
+    assert_nothing_raised                                { bind "name = :name", name: "37signals" }
+    assert_nothing_raised                                { bind "name = :name", name: "37signals", id: 1 }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) { bind "name = :name", id: 1 }
   end
 
   class SimpleEnumerable
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
index d44b22b285..d73d287073 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
@@ -56,28 +56,28 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   test "translation for 'taken' can be overridden" do
     reset_i18n_load_path do
-      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {errors: {attributes: {title: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", errors: {attributes: {title: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}
       assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, value: "title")
     end
   end
 
   test "translation for 'taken' can be overridden in activerecord scope" do
     reset_i18n_load_path do
-      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {messages: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", activerecord: {errors: {messages: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}
       assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, value: "title")
     end
   end
 
   test "translation for 'taken' can be overridden in activerecord model scope" do
     reset_i18n_load_path do
-      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {models: {topic: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}}
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", activerecord: {errors: {models: {topic: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}
       assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, value: "title")
     end
   end
 
   test "translation for 'taken' can be overridden in activerecord attributes scope" do
     reset_i18n_load_path do
-      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {models: {topic: {attributes: {title: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}}}}
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", activerecord: {errors: {models: {topic: {attributes: {title: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}}}
       assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, value: "title")
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index e019c9a3e1..76510cb80d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_exception_on_create_bang_with_block
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
-      WrongReply.create!({ "title" => "OK" }) do |r|
+      WrongReply.create!("title" => "OK") do |r|
         r.content = nil
       end
     end