Add `quoted_time` for truncating the date part of a time column value

Context #24522.

TIME column on MariaDB doesn't ignore the date part of the string when
it coerces to time.

```
root@localhost [test] > CREATE TABLE `foos` (`id` int AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, `start` time(0), `finish` time(4)) ENGINE=InnoDB;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

root@localhost [test] > INSERT INTO `foos` (`start`, `finish`) VALUES ('2000-01-01 12:30:00', '2000-01-01 12:30:00.999900');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)

Note (Code 1265): Data truncated for column 'start' at row 1
Note (Code 1265): Data truncated for column 'finish' at row 1
root@localhost [test] > SELECT `foos`.* FROM `foos`;
+----+----------+---------------+
| id | start    | finish        |
+----+----------+---------------+
|  1 | 12:30:00 | 12:30:00.9999 |
+----+----------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

root@localhost [test] > SELECT  `foos`.* FROM `foos` WHERE `foos`.`start` = '2000-01-01 12:30:00' LIMIT 1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

root@localhost [test] > SELECT  `foos`.* FROM `foos` WHERE `foos`.`start` = '12:30:00' LIMIT 1;
+----+----------+---------------+
| id | start    | finish        |
+----+----------+---------------+
|  1 | 12:30:00 | 12:30:00.9999 |
+----+----------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
```

1 files changed, 0 insertions, 1 deletions

diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
index c422daa859..628a8eb771 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ class TimePrecisionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_formatting_time_according_to_precision
-    skip("TIME column on MariaDB doesn't ignore the date part of the string when it coerces to time") if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter) && ActiveRecord::Base.connection.mariadb?
     @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
       t.time :start,  precision: 0
       t.time :finish, precision: 4