Fall back to type casting from the connection adapter

Unfortunately, a11a8ff had no effect as long as using bind param, and
was not tested.

This ensures making the intent of a11a8ff, which fall back to type
casting from the connection adapter.

Fixes #35205.

```
% ARCONN=postgresql bundle exec ruby -w -Itest test/cases/relation/where_test.rb -n test_type_casting_nested_joins
Using postgresql
Run options: -n test_type_casting_nested_joins --seed 55730

# Running:

E

Error:
ActiveRecord::WhereTest#test_type_casting_nested_joins:
ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid: PG::InvalidTextRepresentation: ERROR:  invalid input syntax for integer: "2-foo"

rails test test/cases/relation/where_test.rb:30

Finished in 0.245778s, 4.0687 runs/s, 0.0000 assertions/s.
1 runs, 0 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips
```

1 files changed, 16 insertions, 10 deletions

diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb
index 7cf8181d8e..f43559f4cb 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb
@@ -8,21 +8,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @table_name = table_name
       end
 
-      def type_cast_for_database(attribute_name, value)
+      def type_cast_for_database(attr_name, value)
         return value if value.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::BindParam)
-        column = column_for(attribute_name)
-        connection.type_cast_from_column(column, value)
+        type = type_for_attribute(attr_name)
+        type.serialize(value)
       end
 
-      private
-        attr_reader :table_name
-        delegate :connection, to: :@klass
+      def type_for_attribute(attr_name)
+        schema_cache = connection.schema_cache
 
-        def column_for(attribute_name)
-          if connection.schema_cache.data_source_exists?(table_name)
-            connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)[attribute_name.to_s]
-          end
+        if schema_cache.data_source_exists?(table_name)
+          column = schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)[attr_name.to_s]
+          type = connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(column) if column
         end
+
+        type || Type.default_value
+      end
+
+      delegate :connection, to: :@klass, private: true
+
+      private
+        attr_reader :table_name
     end
   end
 end