Fall back to type casting from the connection adapter

Unfortunately, a11a8ff had no effect as long as using bind param, and
was not tested.

This ensures making the intent of a11a8ff, which fall back to type
casting from the connection adapter.

Fixes #35205.

```
% ARCONN=postgresql bundle exec ruby -w -Itest test/cases/relation/where_test.rb -n test_type_casting_nested_joins
Using postgresql
Run options: -n test_type_casting_nested_joins --seed 55730

# Running:

E

Error:
ActiveRecord::WhereTest#test_type_casting_nested_joins:
ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid: PG::InvalidTextRepresentation: ERROR:  invalid input syntax for integer: "2-foo"

rails test test/cases/relation/where_test.rb:30

Finished in 0.245778s, 4.0687 runs/s, 0.0000 assertions/s.
1 runs, 0 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips
```

1 files changed, 6 insertions, 10 deletions

diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb
index 073866b894..9a1176db6a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class TableMetadata # :nodoc:
     delegate :foreign_type, :foreign_key, :join_primary_key, :join_foreign_key, to: :association, prefix: true
 
-    def initialize(klass, arel_table, association = nil)
+    def initialize(klass, arel_table, association = nil, types = klass)
       @klass = klass
+      @types = types
       @arel_table = arel_table
       @association = association
     end
@@ -29,11 +30,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def type(column_name)
-      if klass
-        klass.type_for_attribute(column_name)
-      else
-        Type.default_value
-      end
+      types.type_for_attribute(column_name)
     end
 
     def has_column?(column_name)
@@ -52,13 +49,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       elsif association && !association.polymorphic?
         association_klass = association.klass
         arel_table = association_klass.arel_table.alias(table_name)
+        TableMetadata.new(association_klass, arel_table, association)
       else
         type_caster = TypeCaster::Connection.new(klass, table_name)
-        association_klass = nil
         arel_table = Arel::Table.new(table_name, type_caster: type_caster)
+        TableMetadata.new(nil, arel_table, association, type_caster)
       end
-
-      TableMetadata.new(association_klass, arel_table, association)
     end
 
     def polymorphic_association?
@@ -74,6 +70,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-      attr_reader :klass, :arel_table, :association
+      attr_reader :klass, :types, :arel_table, :association
   end
 end