Don't allocate new strings in compiled attribute methods

This improves memory and performance without having to use symbols which
present DoS problems. Thanks @headius and @tenderlove for the
suggestion.

This was originally committed in
f1765019ce9b6292f2264b4601dad5daaffe3a89, and then reverted in
d3494903719682abc0948bef290af0d3d7b5a440 due to it causing problems in a
real application. This second attempt should solve that.

Benchmark
---------

require 'active_record'
require 'benchmark/ips'

ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: ':memory:')

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  connection.create_table :posts, force: true do |t|
    t.string :name
  end
end

post = Post.create name: 'omg'

Benchmark.ips do |r|
  r.report('Post.new')          { Post.new name: 'omg' }
  r.report('post.name')         { post.name }
  r.report('post.name=')        { post.name = 'omg' }
  r.report('Post.find(1).name') { Post.find(1).name }
end

Before
------

Calculating -------------------------------------
            Post.new      1419 i/100ms
           post.name      7538 i/100ms
          post.name=      3024 i/100ms
   Post.find(1).name       243 i/100ms
-------------------------------------------------
            Post.new    20637.6 (±12.7%) i/s -     102168 in   5.039578s
           post.name  1167897.7 (±18.2%) i/s -    5186144 in   4.983077s
          post.name=    64305.6 (±9.6%) i/s -     317520 in   4.998720s
   Post.find(1).name     2678.8 (±10.8%) i/s -      13365 in   5.051265s

After
-----

Calculating -------------------------------------
            Post.new      1431 i/100ms
           post.name      7790 i/100ms
          post.name=      3181 i/100ms
   Post.find(1).name       245 i/100ms
-------------------------------------------------
            Post.new    21308.8 (±12.2%) i/s -     105894 in   5.053879s
           post.name  1534103.8 (±2.1%) i/s -    7634200 in   4.979405s
          post.name=    67441.0 (±7.5%) i/s -     337186 in   5.037871s
   Post.find(1).name     2681.9 (±10.6%) i/s -      13475 in   5.084511s

1 files changed, 6 insertions, 1 deletions

diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
index 957027c1ee..94c6684700 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
@@ -83,7 +83,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @attribute_methods_mutex = Mutex.new
 
         # force attribute methods to be higher in inheritance hierarchy than other generated methods
-        generated_attribute_methods
+        generated_attribute_methods.const_set(:AttrNames, Module.new {
+          def self.const_missing(name)
+            const_set(name, [name.to_s.sub(/ATTR_/, '')].pack('h*').freeze)
+          end
+        })
+
         generated_feature_methods
       end