Convert ActiveModel to 1.9 hash syntax.

I also attempted to fix other styleguide violations such as
{ a: :b } over {a: :b} and foo(b: 'bar') over foo( b: 'bar' ).

25 files changed, 311 insertions, 309 deletions

diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index d3ec78157c..25eb4860e3 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class ModelWithAttributes
   end
 
   def attributes
-    { :foo => 'value of foo', :baz => 'value of baz' }
+    { foo: 'value of foo', baz: 'value of baz' }
   end
 
 private
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes
   include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
 
   def attributes
-    { :begin => 'value of begin', :end => 'value of end' }
+    { begin: 'value of begin', end: 'value of end' }
   end
 
 private
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
index c4c34b0be7..5fede098d1 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
 
     define_model_callbacks :create
-    define_model_callbacks :initialize, :only => :after
-    define_model_callbacks :multiple,   :only => [:before, :around]
-    define_model_callbacks :empty,      :only => []
+    define_model_callbacks :initialize, only: :after
+    define_model_callbacks :multiple,   only: [:before, :around]
+    define_model_callbacks :empty,      only: []
 
     before_create :before_create
     around_create CallbackValidator.new
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
index a037666cbc..3bb177591d 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class ConversionTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "to_key default implementation returns the id in an array for persisted records" do
-    assert_equal [1], Contact.new(:id => 1).to_key
+    assert_equal [1], Contact.new(id: 1).to_key
   end
 
   test "to_param default implementation returns nil for new records" do
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class ConversionTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "to_param default implementation returns a string of ids for persisted records" do
-    assert_equal "1", Contact.new(:id => 1).to_param
+    assert_equal "1", Contact.new(id: 1).to_param
   end
 
   test "to_partial_path default implementation returns a string giving a relative path" do
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
index 80ff97d03b..4e07e0e00b 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
@@ -271,8 +271,8 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "add_on_empty generates message with custom default message" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :empty, {:message => 'custom'})
-    person.errors.add_on_empty :name, :message => 'custom'
+    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :empty, { message: 'custom' })
+    person.errors.add_on_empty :name, message: 'custom'
   end
 
   test "add_on_empty generates message with empty string value" do
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "add_on_blank generates message with custom default message" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :blank, {:message => 'custom'})
-    person.errors.add_on_blank :name, :message => 'custom'
+    person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :blank, { message: 'custom' })
+    person.errors.add_on_blank :name, message: 'custom'
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb
index 588d8e661e..24e4ca91c6 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class ModelTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_initialize_with_params
-    object = BasicModel.new(:attr => "value")
+    object = BasicModel.new(attr: "value")
     assert_equal object.attr, "value"
   end
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class ModelTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_persisted_is_always_false
-    object = BasicModel.new(:attr => "value")
+    object = BasicModel.new(attr: "value")
     assert object.persisted? == false
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
index d2ba9fd95d..4ae41aa19c 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
@@ -49,32 +49,32 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_method_serializable_hash_should_work_with_only_option
     expected = {"name"=>"David"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:only => [:name])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(only: [:name])
   end
 
   def test_method_serializable_hash_should_work_with_except_option
     expected = {"gender"=>"male", "email"=>"david@example.com"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:except => [:name])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(except: [:name])
   end
 
   def test_method_serializable_hash_should_work_with_methods_option
     expected = {"name"=>"David", "gender"=>"male", "foo"=>"i_am_foo", "email"=>"david@example.com"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:methods => [:foo])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(methods: [:foo])
   end
 
   def test_method_serializable_hash_should_work_with_only_and_methods
     expected = {"foo"=>"i_am_foo"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:only => [], :methods => [:foo])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(only: [], methods: [:foo])
   end
 
   def test_method_serializable_hash_should_work_with_except_and_methods
     expected = {"gender"=>"male", "foo"=>"i_am_foo"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:except => [:name, :email], :methods => [:foo])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(except: [:name, :email], methods: [:foo])
   end
 
   def test_should_not_call_methods_that_dont_respond
     expected = {"name"=>"David", "gender"=>"male", "email"=>"david@example.com"}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:methods => [:bar])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(methods: [:bar])
   end
 
   def test_should_use_read_attribute_for_serialization
@@ -83,26 +83,26 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = { "name" => "Jon" }
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:only => :name)
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(only: :name)
   end
 
   def test_include_option_with_singular_association
     expected = {"name"=>"David", "gender"=>"male", "email"=>"david@example.com",
                 "address"=>{"street"=>"123 Lane", "city"=>"Springfield", "state"=>"CA", "zip"=>11111}}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => :address)
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: :address)
   end
 
   def test_include_option_with_plural_association
     expected = {"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David",
                 "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
                            {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue@example.com', "gender"=>'female'}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => :friends)
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: :friends)
   end
 
   def test_include_option_with_empty_association
     @user.friends = []
     expected = {"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David", "friends"=>[]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => :friends)
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: :friends)
   end
 
   class FriendList
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     expected = {"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David",
                 "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
                            {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue@example.com', "gender"=>'female'}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => :friends)
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: :friends)
   end
 
   def test_multiple_includes
@@ -128,13 +128,13 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
                 "address"=>{"street"=>"123 Lane", "city"=>"Springfield", "state"=>"CA", "zip"=>11111},
                 "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
                            {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue@example.com', "gender"=>'female'}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => [:address, :friends])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: [:address, :friends])
   end
 
   def test_include_with_options
     expected = {"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David",
                 "address"=>{"street"=>"123 Lane"}}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => {:address => {:only => "street"}})
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: { address: { only: "street" } })
   end
 
   def test_nested_include
@@ -143,19 +143,19 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
                 "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male',
                             "friends"=> [{"email"=>"david@example.com", "gender"=>"male", "name"=>"David"}]},
                             {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue@example.com', "gender"=>'female', "friends"=> []}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => {:friends => {:include => :friends}})
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: { friends: { include: :friends } })
   end
 
   def test_only_include
     expected = {"name"=>"David", "friends" => [{"name" => "Joe"}, {"name" => "Sue"}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:only => :name, :include => {:friends => {:only => :name}})
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(only: :name, include: { friends: { only: :name } })
   end
 
   def test_except_include
     expected = {"name"=>"David", "email"=>"david@example.com",
                 "friends"=> [{"name" => 'Joe', "email" => 'joe@example.com'},
                              {"name" => "Sue", "email" => 'sue@example.com'}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:except => :gender, :include => {:friends => {:except => :gender}})
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(except: :gender, include: { friends: { except: :gender } })
   end
 
   def test_multiple_includes_with_options
@@ -163,6 +163,6 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
                 "address"=>{"street"=>"123 Lane"},
                 "friends"=>[{"name"=>'Joe', "email"=>'joe@example.com', "gender"=>'male'},
                            {"name"=>'Sue', "email"=>'sue@example.com', "gender"=>'female'}]}
-    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(:include => [{:address => {:only => "street"}}, :friends])
+    assert_equal expected, @user.serializable_hash(include: [{ address: {only: "street" } }, :friends])
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
index 9134c4980c..f0347081ee 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should allow attribute filtering with only" do
-    json = @contact.to_json(:only => [:name, :age])
+    json = @contact.to_json(only: [:name, :age])
 
     assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
     assert_match %r{"age":16}, json
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
index 04ecf8a31b..901f42f29b 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ end
 
 class SerializableContact < Contact
   def serializable_hash(options={})
-    super(options.merge(:only => [:name, :age]))
+    super(options.merge(only: [:name, :age]))
   end
 end
 
@@ -70,33 +70,33 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should serialize default root with namespace" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml :namespace => "http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact"
+    @xml = @contact.to_xml namespace: "http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact"
     assert_match %r{^<contact xmlns="http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact">}, @xml
     assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
   end
 
   test "should serialize custom root" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml :root => 'xml_contact'
+    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact'
     assert_match %r{^<xml-contact>},  @xml
     assert_match %r{</xml-contact>$}, @xml
   end
 
   test "should allow undasherized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml :root => 'xml_contact', :dasherize => false
+    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', dasherize: false
     assert_match %r{^<xml_contact>},  @xml
     assert_match %r{</xml_contact>$}, @xml
     assert_match %r{<created_at},     @xml
   end
 
   test "should allow camelized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml :root => 'xml_contact', :camelize => true
+    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: true
     assert_match %r{^<XmlContact>},  @xml
     assert_match %r{</XmlContact>$}, @xml
     assert_match %r{<CreatedAt},     @xml
   end
 
   test "should allow lower-camelized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml :root => 'xml_contact', :camelize => :lower
+    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: :lower
     assert_match %r{^<xmlContact>},  @xml
     assert_match %r{</xmlContact>$}, @xml
     assert_match %r{<createdAt},     @xml
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should allow skipped types" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml :skip_types => true
+    @xml = @contact.to_xml skip_types: true
     assert_match %r{<age>25</age>}, @xml
   end
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should serialize nil" do
-    assert_match %r{<pseudonyms nil=\"true\"/>}, @contact.to_xml(:methods => :pseudonyms)
+    assert_match %r{<pseudonyms nil=\"true\"/>}, @contact.to_xml(methods: :pseudonyms)
   end
 
   test "should serialize integer" do
@@ -146,11 +146,11 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should serialize array" do
-    assert_match %r{<social type=\"array\">\s*<social>twitter</social>\s*<social>github</social>\s*</social>}, @contact.to_xml(:methods => :social)
+    assert_match %r{<social type=\"array\">\s*<social>twitter</social>\s*<social>github</social>\s*</social>}, @contact.to_xml(methods: :social)
   end
 
   test "should serialize hash" do
-    assert_match %r{<network>\s*<git type=\"symbol\">github</git>\s*</network>}, @contact.to_xml(:methods => :network)
+    assert_match %r{<network>\s*<git type=\"symbol\">github</git>\s*</network>}, @contact.to_xml(methods: :network)
   end
 
   test "should serialize yaml" do
@@ -159,29 +159,29 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "should call proc on object" do
     proc = Proc.new { |options| options[:builder].tag!('nationality', 'unknown') }
-    xml = @contact.to_xml(:procs => [ proc ])
+    xml = @contact.to_xml(procs: [ proc ])
     assert_match %r{<nationality>unknown</nationality>}, xml
   end
 
   test 'should supply serializable to second proc argument' do
     proc = Proc.new { |options, record| options[:builder].tag!('name-reverse', record.name.reverse) }
-    xml = @contact.to_xml(:procs => [ proc ])
+    xml = @contact.to_xml(procs: [ proc ])
     assert_match %r{<name-reverse>kcats noraa</name-reverse>}, xml
   end
 
   test "should serialize string correctly when type passed" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :type => 'Contact'
+    xml = @contact.to_xml type: 'Contact'
     assert_match %r{<contact type="Contact">}, xml
     assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, xml
   end
 
   test "include option with singular association" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :include => :address, :indent => 0
-    assert xml.include?(@contact.address.to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true))
+    xml = @contact.to_xml include: :address, indent: 0
+    assert xml.include?(@contact.address.to_xml(indent: 0, skip_instruct: true))
   end
 
   test "include option with plural association" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :include => :friends, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml include: :friends, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<friends type="array">}, xml
     assert_match %r{<friend type="Contact">}, xml
   end
@@ -198,60 +198,60 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "include option with ary" do
     @contact.friends = FriendList.new(@contact.friends)
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :include => :friends, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml include: :friends, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<friends type="array">}, xml
     assert_match %r{<friend type="Contact">}, xml
   end
 
   test "multiple includes" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :include => [ :address, :friends ]
-    assert xml.include?(@contact.address.to_xml(:indent => 0, :skip_instruct => true))
+    xml = @contact.to_xml indent: 0, skip_instruct: true, include: [ :address, :friends ]
+    assert xml.include?(@contact.address.to_xml(indent: 0, skip_instruct: true))
     assert_match %r{<friends type="array">}, xml
     assert_match %r{<friend type="Contact">}, xml
   end
 
   test "include with options" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :indent  => 0, :skip_instruct => true, :include => { :address => { :only => :city } }
+    xml = @contact.to_xml indent: 0, skip_instruct: true, include: { address: { only: :city } }
     assert xml.include?(%(><address><city>Springfield</city></address>))
   end
 
   test "propagates skip_types option to included associations" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :include => :friends, :indent => 0, :skip_types => true
+    xml = @contact.to_xml include: :friends, indent: 0, skip_types: true
     assert_match %r{<friends>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<friend>}, xml
   end
 
   test "propagates skip-types option to included associations and attributes" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :skip_types => true, :include => :address, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml skip_types: true, include: :address, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<address>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<apt-number>}, xml
   end
 
   test "propagates camelize option to included associations and attributes" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :camelize => true, :include => :address, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml camelize: true, include: :address, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<Address>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<AptNumber type="integer">}, xml
   end
 
   test "propagates dasherize option to included associations and attributes" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :dasherize => false, :include => :address, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml dasherize: false, include: :address, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<apt_number type="integer">}, xml
   end
 
   test "don't propagate skip_types if skip_types is defined at the included association level" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :skip_types => true, :include => { :address => { :skip_types => false } }, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml skip_types: true, include: { address: { skip_types: false } }, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<address>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<apt-number type="integer">}, xml
   end
 
   test "don't propagate camelize if camelize is defined at the included association level" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :camelize => true, :include => { :address => { :camelize => false } }, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml camelize: true, include: { address: { camelize: false } }, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<address>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<apt-number type="integer">}, xml
   end
 
   test "don't propagate dasherize if dasherize is defined at the included association level" do
-    xml = @contact.to_xml :dasherize => false, :include => { :address => { :dasherize => true } }, :indent => 0
+    xml = @contact.to_xml dasherize: false, include: { address: { dasherize: true } }, indent: 0
     assert_match %r{<address>}, xml
     assert_match %r{<apt-number type="integer">}, xml
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
index fd833cdd06..deb4e1ed0a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
@@ -8,22 +8,22 @@ class ActiveModelI18nTests < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:person => {:name => 'person name attribute'} } }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { person: { name: 'person name attribute' } } }
     assert_equal 'person name attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name')
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_with_default
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :attributes => { :name => 'name default attribute' }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', attributes: { name: 'name default attribute' }
     assert_equal 'name default attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name')
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_using_default_option
-    assert_equal 'name default attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name', :default => "name default attribute")
+    assert_equal 'name default attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name', default: "name default attribute")
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_using_default_option_as_symbol
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :default_name => 'name default attribute'
-    assert_equal 'name default attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name', :default => :default_name)
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', default_name: 'name default attribute'
+    assert_equal 'name default attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name', default: :default_name)
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_falling_back_to_default
@@ -31,71 +31,74 @@ class ActiveModelI18nTests < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_using_default_option_as_symbol_and_falling_back_to_default
-    assert_equal 'Name', Person.human_attribute_name('name', :default => :default_name)
+    assert_equal 'Name', Person.human_attribute_name('name', default: :default_name)
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_with_symbols
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:person => {:name => 'person name attribute'} } }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { person: { name: 'person name attribute'} } }
     assert_equal 'person name attribute', Person.human_attribute_name(:name)
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_with_ancestor
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:child => {:name => 'child name attribute'} } }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { child: { name: 'child name attribute'} } }
     assert_equal 'child name attribute', Child.human_attribute_name('name')
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_with_ancestors_fallback
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:person => {:name => 'person name attribute'} } }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { person: { name: 'person name attribute'} } }
     assert_equal 'person name attribute', Child.human_attribute_name('name')
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_attributes_with_attribute_matching_namespaced_model_name
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:person => {:gender => 'person gender'}, :"person/gender" => {:attribute => 'person gender attribute'}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: {
+      person: { gender: 'person gender'},
+      :"person/gender" => { attribute: 'person gender attribute' }
+    } }
 
     assert_equal 'person gender', Person.human_attribute_name('gender')
     assert_equal 'person gender attribute', Person::Gender.human_attribute_name('attribute')
   end
 
   def test_translated_deeply_nested_model_attributes
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:"person/contacts/addresses" => {:street => 'Deeply Nested Address Street'}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { :"person/contacts/addresses" => { street: 'Deeply Nested Address Street' } } }
     assert_equal 'Deeply Nested Address Street', Person.human_attribute_name('contacts.addresses.street')
   end
 
   def test_translated_nested_model_attributes
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:"person/addresses" => {:street => 'Person Address Street'}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { :"person/addresses" => { street: 'Person Address Street' } } }
     assert_equal 'Person Address Street', Person.human_attribute_name('addresses.street')
   end
 
   def test_translated_nested_model_attributes_with_namespace_fallback
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:attributes => {:addresses => {:street => 'Cool Address Street'}}}
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { addresses: { street: 'Cool Address Street' } } }
     assert_equal 'Cool Address Street', Person.human_attribute_name('addresses.street')
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_names
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:models => {:person => 'person model'} }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { models: { person: 'person model' } }
     assert_equal 'person model', Person.model_name.human
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_names_with_sti
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:models => {:child => 'child model'} }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { models: { child: 'child model' } }
     assert_equal 'child model', Child.model_name.human
   end
 
   def test_translated_model_names_with_ancestors_fallback
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:models => {:person => 'person model'} }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { models: { person: 'person model' } }
     assert_equal 'person model', Child.model_name.human
   end
 
   def test_human_does_not_modify_options
-    options = { :default => 'person model' }
+    options = { default: 'person model' }
     Person.model_name.human(options)
-    assert_equal({ :default => 'person model' }, options)
+    assert_equal({ default: 'person model' }, options)
   end
 
   def test_human_attribute_name_does_not_modify_options
-    options = { :default => 'Cool gender' }
+    options = { default: 'Cool gender' }
     Person.human_attribute_name('gender', options)
-    assert_equal({ :default => 'Cool gender' }, options)
+    assert_equal({ default: 'Cool gender' }, options)
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
index de04e11258..dc413bef30 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eula
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:eula, :message => "must be abided")
+    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:eula, message: "must be abided")
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed","eula" => "")
     assert t.invalid?
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_terms_of_service_agreement_with_accept_value
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service, :accept => "I agree.")
+    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service, accept: "I agree.")
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "terms_of_service" => "")
     assert t.invalid?
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
index e06b04af19..41a4c33727 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_if_validation_using_method_true
     # When the method returns true
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :if => :condition_is_true )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", if: :condition_is_true)
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_method_true
     # When the method returns true
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :unless => :condition_is_true )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", unless: :condition_is_true)
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
     assert t.errors[:title].empty?
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_if_validation_using_method_false
     # When the method returns false
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :if => :condition_is_true_but_its_not )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", if: :condition_is_true_but_its_not)
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
     assert t.errors[:title].empty?
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_method_false
     # When the method returns false
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :unless => :condition_is_true_but_its_not )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", unless: :condition_is_true_but_its_not)
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_if_validation_using_string_true
     # When the evaluated string returns true
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :if => "a = 1; a == 1" )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", if: "a = 1; a == 1")
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_string_true
     # When the evaluated string returns true
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :unless => "a = 1; a == 1" )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", unless: "a = 1; a == 1")
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
     assert t.errors[:title].empty?
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_if_validation_using_string_false
     # When the evaluated string returns false
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :if => "false")
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", if: "false")
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
     assert t.errors[:title].empty?
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_string_false
     # When the evaluated string returns false
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}", :unless => "false")
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", unless: "false")
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_if_validation_using_block_true
     # When the block returns true
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}",
-      :if => Proc.new { |r| r.content.size > 4 } )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}",
+      if: Proc.new { |r| r.content.size > 4 })
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_block_true
     # When the block returns true
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}",
-      :unless => Proc.new { |r| r.content.size > 4 } )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}",
+      unless: Proc.new { |r| r.content.size > 4 })
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
     assert t.errors[:title].empty?
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_if_validation_using_block_false
     # When the block returns false
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}",
-      :if => Proc.new { |r| r.title != "uhohuhoh"} )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}",
+      if: Proc.new { |r| r.title != "uhohuhoh"})
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
     assert t.errors[:title].empty?
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_block_false
     # When the block returns false
-    Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum => 5, :too_long => "hoo %{count}",
-      :unless => Proc.new { |r| r.title != "uhohuhoh"} )
+    Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}",
+      unless: Proc.new { |r| r.title != "uhohuhoh"} )
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   # ensure that it works correctly
   def test_validation_with_if_as_string
     Topic.validates_presence_of(:title)
-    Topic.validates_presence_of(:author_name, :if => "title.to_s.match('important')")
+    Topic.validates_presence_of(:author_name, if: "title.to_s.match('important')")
 
     t = Topic.new
     assert t.invalid?, "A topic without a title should not be valid"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
index 814eec3f59..f03de2c24a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_no_title_confirmation
     Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
 
-    t = Topic.new(:author_name => "Plutarch")
+    t = Topic.new(author_name: "Plutarch")
     assert t.valid?
 
     t.title_confirmation = "Parallel Lives"
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     I18n.load_path.clear
     I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
     I18n.backend.store_translations('en', {
-      :errors => {:messages => {:confirmation => "doesn't match %{attribute}"}},
-      :activemodel => {:attributes => {:topic => {:title => 'Test Title'}}}
+      errors: { messages: { confirmation: "doesn't match %{attribute}" } },
+      activemodel: { attributes: { topic: { title: 'Test Title'} } }
     })
 
     Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
index 7d5af27f3d..81455ba519 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_exclusion_of
-    Topic.validates_exclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( abe monkey ) )
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of(:title, in: %w( abe monkey ))
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "something", "content" => "abc").valid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => "monkey", "content" => "abc").invalid?
   end
 
   def test_validates_exclusion_of_with_formatted_message
-    Topic.validates_exclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( abe monkey ), :message => "option %{value} is restricted" )
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of(:title, in: %w( abe monkey ), message: "option %{value} is restricted")
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "something", "content" => "abc")
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_exclusion_of_with_within_option
-    Topic.validates_exclusion_of( :title, :within => %w( abe monkey ) )
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of(:title, within: %w( abe monkey ))
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "something", "content" => "abc")
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_exclusion_of_for_ruby_class
-    Person.validates_exclusion_of :karma, :in => %w( abe monkey )
+    Person.validates_exclusion_of :karma, in: %w( abe monkey )
 
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "abe"
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_exclusion_of_with_lambda
-    Topic.validates_exclusion_of :title, :in => lambda{ |topic| topic.author_name == "sikachu" ? %w( monkey elephant ) : %w( abe wasabi ) }
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of :title, in: lambda { |topic| topic.author_name == "sikachu" ? %w( monkey elephant ) : %w( abe wasabi ) }
 
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "elephant"
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_symbol
-    Person.validates_exclusion_of :karma, :in => :reserved_karmas
+    Person.validates_exclusion_of :karma, in: :reserved_karmas
 
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "abe"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
index 308a3c6cef..26e8dbf19c 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validate_format
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, :with => /\AValidation\smacros \w+!\z/, :message => "is bad data")
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, with: /\AValidation\smacros \w+!\z/, message: "is bad data")
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "i'm incorrect", "content" => "Validation macros rule!")
     assert t.invalid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validate_format_with_allow_blank
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /\AValidation\smacros \w+!\z/, :allow_blank => true)
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: /\AValidation\smacros \w+!\z/, allow_blank: true)
     assert Topic.new("title" => "Shouldn't be valid").invalid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => "").valid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => nil).valid?
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   # testing ticket #3142
   def test_validate_format_numeric
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, :with => /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/, :message => "is bad data")
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, with: /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/, message: "is bad data")
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "72x", "content" => "6789")
     assert t.invalid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
@@ -63,24 +63,24 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validate_format_with_formatted_message
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /\AValid Title\z/, :message => "can't be %{value}")
-    t = Topic.new(:title => 'Invalid title')
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: /\AValid Title\z/, message: "can't be %{value}")
+    t = Topic.new(title: 'Invalid title')
     assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["can't be Invalid title"], t.errors[:title]
   end
   
   def test_validate_format_of_with_multiline_regexp_should_raise_error
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /^Valid Title$/) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: /^Valid Title$/) }
   end
   
   def test_validate_format_of_with_multiline_regexp_and_option
     assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) do
-      Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /^Valid Title$/, :multiline => true)
+      Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: /^Valid Title$/, multiline: true)
     end
   end
 
   def test_validate_format_with_not_option
-    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :without => /foo/, :message => "should not contain foo")
+    Topic.validates_format_of(:title, without: /foo/, message: "should not contain foo")
     t = Topic.new
 
     t.title = "foobar"
@@ -97,19 +97,19 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_format_of_with_both_regexps_should_raise_error
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /this/, :without => /that/) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: /this/, without: /that/) }
   end
 
   def test_validates_format_of_when_with_isnt_a_regexp_should_raise_error
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => "clearly not a regexp") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: "clearly not a regexp") }
   end
 
   def test_validates_format_of_when_not_isnt_a_regexp_should_raise_error
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :without => "clearly not a regexp") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, without: "clearly not a regexp") }
   end
 
   def test_validates_format_of_with_lambda
-    Topic.validates_format_of :content, :with => lambda{ |topic| topic.title == "digit" ? /\A\d+\Z/ : /\A\S+\Z/ }
+    Topic.validates_format_of :content, with: lambda { |topic| topic.title == "digit" ? /\A\d+\Z/ : /\A\S+\Z/ }
 
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "digit"
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_format_of_without_lambda
-    Topic.validates_format_of :content, :without => lambda{ |topic| topic.title == "characters" ? /\A\d+\Z/ : /\A\S+\Z/ }
+    Topic.validates_format_of :content, without: lambda { |topic| topic.title == "characters" ? /\A\d+\Z/ : /\A\S+\Z/ }
 
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "characters"
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_format_of_for_ruby_class
-    Person.validates_format_of :karma, :with => /\A\d+\Z/
+    Person.validates_format_of :karma, with: /\A\d+\Z/
 
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "Pixies"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
index 302cbe9761..40a5aee997 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
@@ -10,29 +10,29 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   # validates_inclusion_of: generate_message(attr_name, :inclusion, message: custom_message, value: value)
   def test_generate_message_inclusion_with_default_message
-    assert_equal 'is not included in the list', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :inclusion, :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'is not included in the list', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :inclusion, value: 'title')
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_inclusion_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :inclusion, :message => 'custom message %{value}', :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :inclusion, message: 'custom message %{value}', value: 'title')
   end
 
   # validates_exclusion_of: generate_message(attr_name, :exclusion, message: custom_message, value: value)
   def test_generate_message_exclusion_with_default_message
-    assert_equal 'is reserved', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :exclusion, :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'is reserved', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :exclusion, value: 'title')
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_exclusion_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :exclusion, :message => 'custom message %{value}', :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :exclusion, message: 'custom message %{value}', value: 'title')
   end
 
   # validates_format_of:  generate_message(attr_name, :invalid, message: custom_message, value: value)
   def test_generate_message_invalid_with_default_message
-    assert_equal 'is invalid', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :invalid, :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'is invalid', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :invalid, value: 'title')
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_invalid_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :invalid, :message => 'custom message %{value}', :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :invalid, message: 'custom message %{value}', value: 'title')
   end
 
   # validates_confirmation_of: generate_message(attr_name, :confirmation, message: custom_message)
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_confirmation_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :confirmation, :message => 'custom message')
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :confirmation, message: 'custom message')
   end
 
   # validates_acceptance_of: generate_message(attr_name, :accepted, message: custom_message)
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_accepted_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :accepted, :message => 'custom message')
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :accepted, message: 'custom message')
   end
 
   # add_on_empty: generate_message(attr, :empty, message: custom_message)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_empty_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :empty, :message => 'custom message')
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :empty, message: 'custom message')
   end
 
   # add_on_blank: generate_message(attr, :blank, message: custom_message)
@@ -68,71 +68,71 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_blank_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :blank, :message => 'custom message')
+    assert_equal 'custom message', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :blank, message: 'custom message')
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :too_long, message: custom_message, count: option_value.end)
   def test_generate_message_too_long_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "is too long (maximum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "is too long (maximum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_too_long_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, :message => 'custom message %{count}', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :too_short, default: custom_message, count: option_value.begin)
   def test_generate_message_too_short_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "is too short (minimum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "is too short (minimum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_too_short_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, :message => 'custom message %{count}', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :wrong_length, message: custom_message, count: option_value)
   def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "is the wrong length (should be 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "is the wrong length (should be 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, :message => 'custom message %{count}', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
 
   # validates_numericality_of: generate_message(attr_name, :not_a_number, value: raw_value, message: custom_message)
   def test_generate_message_not_a_number_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "is not a number", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :not_a_number, :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal "is not a number", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :not_a_number, value: 'title')
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_not_a_number_with_custom_message
-    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :not_a_number, :message => 'custom message %{value}', :value => 'title')
+    assert_equal 'custom message title', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :not_a_number, message: 'custom message %{value}', value: 'title')
   end
 
   # validates_numericality_of: generate_message(attr_name, option, value: raw_value, default: custom_message)
   def test_generate_message_greater_than_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be greater than 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :greater_than, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be greater than 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :greater_than, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_greater_than_or_equal_to_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be greater than or equal to 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :greater_than_or_equal_to, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be greater than or equal to 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :greater_than_or_equal_to, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_equal_to_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be equal to 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :equal_to, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be equal to 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :equal_to, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_less_than_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be less than 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :less_than, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be less than 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :less_than, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_less_than_or_equal_to_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be less than or equal to 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :less_than_or_equal_to, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be less than or equal to 10", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :less_than_or_equal_to, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_odd_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be odd", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :odd, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be odd", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :odd, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 
   def test_generate_message_even_with_default_message
-    assert_equal "must be even", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :even, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
+    assert_equal "must be even", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :even, value: 'title', count: 10)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index 4c01b47608..e29771d6b7 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
     I18n.load_path.clear
     I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', :errors => {:messages => {:custom => nil}})
+    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', errors: { messages: { custom: nil } })
   end
 
   def teardown
@@ -22,21 +22,21 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_full_message_encoding
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', :errors => {
-      :messages => { :too_short => '猫舌' }})
-    Person.validates_length_of :title, :within => 3..5
+    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', errors: {
+      messages: { too_short: '猫舌' } })
+    Person.validates_length_of :title, within: 3..5
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ['Title 猫舌'], @person.errors.full_messages
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_translates_human_attribute_name_for_model_attributes
     @person.errors.add(:name, 'not found')
-    Person.expects(:human_attribute_name).with(:name, :default => 'Name').returns("Person's name")
+    Person.expects(:human_attribute_name).with(:name, default: 'Name').returns("Person's name")
     assert_equal ["Person's name not found"], @person.errors.full_messages
   end
 
   def test_errors_full_messages_uses_format
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', :errors => {:format => "Field %{attribute} %{message}"})
+    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', errors: { format: "Field %{attribute} %{message}" })
     @person.errors.add('name', 'empty')
     assert_equal ["Field Name empty"], @person.errors.full_messages
   end
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   COMMON_CASES = [
   # [ case,                                validation_options,            generate_message_options]
     [ "given no options",                  {},                            {}],
-    [ "given custom message",              {:message => "custom"},        {:message => "custom"}],
-    [ "given if condition",                {:if     => lambda { true }},  {}],
-    [ "given unless condition",            {:unless => lambda { false }}, {}],
-    [ "given option that is not reserved", {:format => "jpg"},            {:format => "jpg" }]
+    [ "given custom message",              { message: "custom" },         { message: "custom" }],
+    [ "given if condition",                { if:                          lambda { true }},  {}],
+    [ "given unless condition",            { unless:                      lambda { false }}, {}],
+    [ "given option that is not reserved", { format: "jpg" },             { format: "jpg" }]
   ]
 
   # validates_confirmation_of w/ mocha
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     test "validates_confirmation_of on generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_confirmation_of :title, validation_options
       @person.title_confirmation = 'foo'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title_confirmation, :confirmation, generate_message_options.merge(:attribute => 'Title'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title_confirmation, :confirmation, generate_message_options.merge(attribute: 'Title'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_acceptance_of on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_acceptance_of :title, validation_options.merge(:allow_nil => false)
+      Person.validates_acceptance_of :title, validation_options.merge(allow_nil: false)
       @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :accepted, generate_message_options)
       @person.valid?
     end
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_length_of for :withing on generated message when too short #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(:within => 3..5)
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_short, generate_message_options.merge(:count => 3))
+      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: 3..5)
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_short, generate_message_options.merge(count: 3))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_length_of for :too_long generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(:within => 3..5)
+      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: 3..5)
       @person.title = 'this title is too long'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_long, generate_message_options.merge(:count => 5))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :too_long, generate_message_options.merge(count: 5))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_length_of for :is on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(:is => 5)
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :wrong_length, generate_message_options.merge(:count => 5))
+      Person.validates_length_of :title, validation_options.merge(is: 5)
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :wrong_length, generate_message_options.merge(count: 5))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -121,9 +121,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_format_of on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_format_of :title, validation_options.merge(:with => /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
+      Person.validates_format_of :title, validation_options.merge(with: /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
       @person.title = '72x'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :invalid, generate_message_options.merge(:value => '72x'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :invalid, generate_message_options.merge(value: '72x'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -132,9 +132,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_inclusion_of on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(:in => %w(a b c))
+      Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(in: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = 'z'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'z'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'z'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -143,9 +143,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_inclusion_of using :within on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(:within => %w(a b c))
+      Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = 'z'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'z'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :inclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'z'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_exclusion_of generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(:in => %w(a b c))
+      Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(in: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = 'a'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'a'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'a'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -165,9 +165,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_exclusion_of using :within generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(:within => %w(a b c))
+      Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, validation_options.merge(within: %w(a b c))
       @person.title = 'a'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'a'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :exclusion, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'a'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     test "validates_numericality_of generated message #{name}" do
       Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options
       @person.title = 'a'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_a_number, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 'a'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_a_number, generate_message_options.merge(value: 'a'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -187,9 +187,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of for :only_integer on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(:only_integer => true)
+      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true)
       @person.title = '0.0'
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_an_integer, generate_message_options.merge(:value => '0.0'))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :not_an_integer, generate_message_options.merge(value: '0.0'))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -198,9 +198,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of for :odd on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(:only_integer => true, :odd => true)
+      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true, odd: true)
       @person.title = 0
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :odd, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 0))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :odd, generate_message_options.merge(value: 0))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -209,9 +209,9 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   COMMON_CASES.each do |name, validation_options, generate_message_options|
     test "validates_numericality_of for :less_than on generated message #{name}" do
-      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(:only_integer => true, :less_than => 0)
+      Person.validates_numericality_of :title, validation_options.merge(only_integer: true, less_than: 0)
       @person.title = 1
-      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :less_than, generate_message_options.merge(:value => 1, :count => 0))
+      @person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:title, :less_than, generate_message_options.merge(value: 1, count: 0))
       @person.valid?
     end
   end
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
     # test "validates_confirmation_of finds custom model key translation when blank"
     test "#{validation} finds custom model key translation when #{error_type}" do
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:errors => {:models => {:person => {:attributes => {attribute => {error_type => 'custom message'}}}}}}
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :errors => {:messages => {error_type => 'global message'}}
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { errors: { models: { person: { attributes: { attribute => { error_type => 'custom message' } } } } } }
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', errors: { messages: { error_type => 'global message'}}
 
       yield(@person, {})
       @person.valid?
@@ -236,17 +236,17 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     # test "validates_confirmation_of finds custom model key translation with interpolation when blank"
     test "#{validation} finds custom model key translation with interpolation when #{error_type}" do
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:errors => {:models => {:person => {:attributes => {attribute => {error_type => 'custom message with %{extra}'}}}}}}
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :errors => {:messages => {error_type => 'global message'}}
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { errors: { models: { person: { attributes: { attribute => { error_type => 'custom message with %{extra}' } } } } } }
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', errors: { messages: {error_type => 'global message'} }
 
-      yield(@person, {:extra => "extra information"})
+      yield(@person, { extra: "extra information" })
       @person.valid?
       assert_equal ['custom message with extra information'], @person.errors[attribute]
     end
 
     # test "validates_confirmation_of finds global default key translation when blank"
     test "#{validation} finds global default key translation when #{error_type}" do
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :errors => {:messages => {error_type => 'global message'}}
+      I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', errors: { messages: {error_type => 'global message'} }
 
       yield(@person, {})
       @person.valid?
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   # validates_acceptance_of w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_acceptance_of", :accepted do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_acceptance_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:allow_nil => false)
+    Person.validates_acceptance_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(allow_nil: false)
   end
 
   # validates_presence_of w/o mocha
@@ -276,36 +276,36 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   # validates_length_of :within w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_length_of", :too_short do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:within => 3..5)
+    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(within: 3..5)
   end
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_length_of", :too_long do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:within => 3..5)
+    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(within: 3..5)
     person.title = "too long"
   end
 
   # validates_length_of :is w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_length_of", :wrong_length do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:is => 5)
+    Person.validates_length_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(is: 5)
   end
 
   # validates_format_of w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_format_of", :invalid do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_format_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:with => /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
+    Person.validates_format_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(with: /\A[1-9][0-9]*\z/)
   end
 
   # validates_inclusion_of w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_inclusion_of", :inclusion do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:in => %w(a b c))
+    Person.validates_inclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(in: %w(a b c))
   end
 
   # validates_exclusion_of w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_exclusion_of", :exclusion do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:in => %w(a b c))
+    Person.validates_exclusion_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(in: %w(a b c))
     person.title = 'a'
   end
 
@@ -319,55 +319,54 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   # validates_numericality_of with :only_integer w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :not_an_integer do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:only_integer => true)
+    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true)
     person.title = '1.0'
   end
 
   # validates_numericality_of :odd w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :odd do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:only_integer => true, :odd => true)
+    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true, odd: true)
     person.title = 0
   end
 
   # validates_numericality_of :less_than w/o mocha
 
   set_expectations_for_validation "validates_numericality_of", :less_than do |person, options_to_merge|
-    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(:only_integer => true, :less_than => 0)
+    Person.validates_numericality_of :title, options_to_merge.merge(only_integer: true, less_than: 0)
     person.title = 1
   end
 
   # test with validates_with
 
   def test_validations_with_message_symbol_must_translate
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :errors => {:messages => {:custom_error => "I am a custom error"}}
-    Person.validates_presence_of :title, :message => :custom_error
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', errors: { messages: { custom_error: "I am a custom error" } }
+    Person.validates_presence_of :title, message: :custom_error
     @person.title = nil
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ["I am a custom error"], @person.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_message_symbol_must_translate_per_attribute
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:errors => {:models => {:person => {:attributes => {:title => {:custom_error => "I am a custom error"}}}}}}
-    Person.validates_presence_of :title, :message => :custom_error
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { errors: { models: { person: { attributes: { title: { custom_error: "I am a custom error" } } } } } }
+    Person.validates_presence_of :title, message: :custom_error
     @person.title = nil
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ["I am a custom error"], @person.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_message_symbol_must_translate_per_model
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', :activemodel => {:errors => {:models => {:person => {:custom_error => "I am a custom error"}}}}
-    Person.validates_presence_of :title, :message => :custom_error
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { errors: { models: { person: { custom_error: "I am a custom error" } } } }
+    Person.validates_presence_of :title, message: :custom_error
     @person.title = nil
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ["I am a custom error"], @person.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_message_string
-    Person.validates_presence_of :title, :message => "I am a custom error"
+    Person.validates_presence_of :title, message: "I am a custom error"
     @person.title = nil
     @person.valid?
     assert_equal ["I am a custom error"], @person.errors[:title]
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
index 117e9109fc..ceec9dc256 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_range
-    Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => 'aaa'..'bbb' )
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: 'aaa'..'bbb')
     assert Topic.new("title" => "bbc", "content" => "abc").invalid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => "aa", "content" => "abc").invalid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => "aaa", "content" => "abc").valid?
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of
-    Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( a b c d e f g ) )
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: %w( a b c d e f g ))
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "a!", "content" => "abc").invalid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => "a b", "content" => "abc").invalid?
@@ -33,16 +33,16 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["is not included in the list"], t.errors[:title]
 
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => nil ) }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => 0) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: nil) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: 0) }
 
-    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => "hi!" ) }
-    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => {} ) }
-    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => [] ) }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: "hi!") }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: {}) }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: []) }
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_allow_nil
-    Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( a b c d e f g ), :allow_nil => true )
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: %w( a b c d e f g ), allow_nil: true)
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "a!", "content" => "abc").invalid?
     assert Topic.new("title" => "",   "content" => "abc").invalid?
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_formatted_message
-    Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( a b c d e f g ), :message => "option %{value} is not in the list" )
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: %w( a b c d e f g ), message: "option %{value} is not in the list")
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "a", "content" => "abc").valid?
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_within_option
-    Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :within => %w( a b c d e f g ) )
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, within: %w( a b c d e f g ))
 
     assert Topic.new("title" => "a", "content" => "abc").valid?
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_for_ruby_class
-    Person.validates_inclusion_of :karma, :in => %w( abe monkey )
+    Person.validates_inclusion_of :karma, in: %w( abe monkey )
 
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "Lifo"
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_lambda
-    Topic.validates_inclusion_of :title, :in => lambda{ |topic| topic.author_name == "sikachu" ? %w( monkey elephant ) : %w( abe wasabi ) }
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of :title, in: lambda{ |topic| topic.author_name == "sikachu" ? %w( monkey elephant ) : %w( abe wasabi ) }
 
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "wasabi"
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_symbol
-    Person.validates_inclusion_of :karma, :in => :available_karmas
+    Person.validates_inclusion_of :karma, in: :available_karmas
 
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "Lifo"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
index 6742a4bab0..84332ed014 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
@@ -30,84 +30,84 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_of_with_nil_allowed
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :allow_nil => true
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, allow_nil: true
 
     invalid!(JUNK + BLANK)
     valid!(NIL + FLOATS + INTEGERS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_of_with_integer_only
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :only_integer => true
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, only_integer: true
 
     invalid!(NIL + BLANK + JUNK + FLOATS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
     valid!(INTEGERS)
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_of_with_integer_only_and_nil_allowed
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :only_integer => true, :allow_nil => true
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, only_integer: true, allow_nil: true
 
     invalid!(JUNK + BLANK + FLOATS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
     valid!(NIL + INTEGERS)
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_greater_than
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than => 10
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than: 10
 
     invalid!([-10, 10], 'must be greater than 10')
     valid!([11])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_greater_than_or_equal
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than_or_equal_to => 10
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: 10
 
     invalid!([-9, 9], 'must be greater than or equal to 10')
     valid!([10])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_equal_to
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :equal_to => 10
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, equal_to: 10
 
     invalid!([-10, 11] + INFINITY, 'must be equal to 10')
     valid!([10])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_less_than
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :less_than => 10
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than: 10
 
     invalid!([10], 'must be less than 10')
     valid!([-9, 9])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_less_than_or_equal_to
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :less_than_or_equal_to => 10
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than_or_equal_to: 10
 
     invalid!([11], 'must be less than or equal to 10')
     valid!([-10, 10])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_odd
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :odd => true
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, odd: true
 
     invalid!([-2, 2], 'must be odd')
     valid!([-1, 1])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_even
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :even => true
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, even: true
 
     invalid!([-1, 1], 'must be even')
     valid!([-2, 2])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_greater_than_less_than_and_even
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than => 1, :less_than => 4, :even => true
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than: 1, less_than: 4, even: true
 
     invalid!([1, 3, 4])
     valid!([2])
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_other_than
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :other_than => 0
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, other_than: 0
 
     invalid!([0, 0.0])
     valid!([-1, 42])
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_proc
     Topic.send(:define_method, :min_approved, lambda { 5 })
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than_or_equal_to => Proc.new {|topic| topic.min_approved }
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: Proc.new {|topic| topic.min_approved }
 
     invalid!([3, 4])
     valid!([5, 6])
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_symbol
     Topic.send(:define_method, :max_approved, lambda { 5 })
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :less_than_or_equal_to => :max_approved
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than_or_equal_to: :max_approved
 
     invalid!([6])
     valid!([4, 5])
@@ -132,13 +132,13 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_numeric_message
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :less_than => 4, :message => "smaller than %{count}"
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than: 4, message: "smaller than %{count}"
     topic = Topic.new("title" => "numeric test", "approved" => 10)
 
     assert !topic.valid?
     assert_equal ["smaller than 4"], topic.errors[:approved]
 
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than => 4, :message => "greater than %{count}"
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than: 4, message: "greater than %{count}"
     topic = Topic.new("title" => "numeric test", "approved" => 1)
 
     assert !topic.valid?
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_of_for_ruby_class
-    Person.validates_numericality_of :karma, :allow_nil => false
+    Person.validates_numericality_of :karma, allow_nil: false
 
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "Pix"
@@ -161,11 +161,11 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_invalid_args
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than_or_equal_to => "foo" }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :less_than_or_equal_to => "foo" }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :greater_than => "foo" }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :less_than => "foo" }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :equal_to => "foo" }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: "foo" }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than_or_equal_to: "foo" }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than: "foo" }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, less_than: "foo" }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, equal_to: "foo" }
   end
 
   private
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def with_each_topic_approved_value(values)
-    topic = Topic.new(:title => "numeric test", :content => "whatever")
+    topic = Topic.new(title: "numeric test", content: "whatever")
     values.each do |value|
       topic.approved = value
       yield topic, value
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
index 144532d6f4..c1914b32bc 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
@@ -17,20 +17,20 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_messages_empty
-    Person.validates :title, :presence => {:message => "" }
+    Person.validates :title, presence: { message: "" }
     person = Person.new
     assert !person.valid?, 'person should not be valid.'
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_built_in_validation
-    Person.validates :title, :numericality => true
+    Person.validates :title, numericality: true
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['is not a number'], person.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_attribute_specified_as_string
-    Person.validates "title", :numericality => true
+    Person.validates "title", numericality: true
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['is not a number'], person.errors[:title]
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_built_in_validation_and_options
-    Person.validates :salary, :numericality => { :message => 'my custom message' }
+    Person.validates :salary, numericality: { message: 'my custom message' }
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['my custom message'], person.errors[:salary]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_validator_class
-    Person.validates :karma, :email => true
+    Person.validates :karma, email: true
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['is not an email'], person.errors[:karma]
@@ -62,33 +62,33 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_if_as_local_conditions
-    Person.validates :karma, :presence => true, :email => { :unless => :condition_is_true }
+    Person.validates :karma, presence: true, email: { unless: :condition_is_true }
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ["can't be blank"], person.errors[:karma]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_if_as_shared_conditions
-    Person.validates :karma, :presence => true, :email => true, :if => :condition_is_true
+    Person.validates :karma, presence: true, email: true, if: :condition_is_true
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ["can't be blank", "is not an email"], person.errors[:karma].sort
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_unless_shared_conditions
-    Person.validates :karma, :presence => true, :email => true, :unless => :condition_is_true
+    Person.validates :karma, presence: true, email: true, unless: :condition_is_true
     person = Person.new
     assert person.valid?
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_allow_nil_shared_conditions
-    Person.validates :karma, :length => { :minimum => 20 }, :email => true, :allow_nil => true
+    Person.validates :karma, length: { minimum: 20 }, email: true, allow_nil: true
     person = Person.new
     assert person.valid?
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_regexp
-    Person.validates :karma, :format => /positive|negative/
+    Person.validates :karma, format: /positive|negative/
     person = Person.new
     assert person.invalid?
     assert_equal ['is invalid'], person.errors[:karma]
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_array
-    Person.validates :gender, :inclusion => %w(m f)
+    Person.validates :gender, inclusion: %w(m f)
     person = Person.new
     assert person.invalid?
     assert_equal ['is not included in the list'], person.errors[:gender]
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_range
-    Person.validates :karma, :length => 6..20
+    Person.validates :karma, length: 6..20
     person = Person.new
     assert person.invalid?
     assert_equal ['is too short (minimum is 6 characters)'], person.errors[:karma]
@@ -115,25 +115,25 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_validator_class_and_options
-    Person.validates :karma, :email => { :message => 'my custom message' }
+    Person.validates :karma, email: { message: 'my custom message' }
     person = Person.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['my custom message'], person.errors[:karma]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_unknown_validator
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Person.validates :karma, :unknown => true }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Person.validates :karma, unknown: true }
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_included_validator
-    PersonWithValidator.validates :title, :presence => true
+    PersonWithValidator.validates :title, presence: true
     person = PersonWithValidator.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['Local validator'], person.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_included_validator_and_options
-    PersonWithValidator.validates :title, :presence => { :custom => ' please' }
+    PersonWithValidator.validates :title, presence: { custom: ' please' }
     person = PersonWithValidator.new
     person.valid?
     assert_equal ['Local validator please'], person.errors[:title]
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_with_included_validator_and_wildcard_shortcut
     # Shortcut for PersonWithValidator.validates :title, like: { with: "Mr." }
-    PersonWithValidator.validates :title, :like => "Mr."
+    PersonWithValidator.validates :title, like: "Mr."
     person = PersonWithValidator.new
     person.title = "Ms. Pacman"
     person.valid?
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_defining_extra_default_keys_for_validates
-    Topic.validates :title, :confirmation => true, :message => 'Y U NO CONFIRM'
+    Topic.validates :title, confirmation: true, message: 'Y U NO CONFIRM'
     topic = Topic.new
     topic.title = "What's happening"
     topic.title_confirmation = "Not this"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
index b795861f95..5f99b320a6 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
@@ -19,21 +19,21 @@ class ValidationsContextTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "with a class that adds errors on create and validating a new model with no arguments" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :on => :create)
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, on: :create)
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.valid?, "Validation doesn't run on valid? if 'on' is set to create"
   end
 
   test "with a class that adds errors on update and validating a new model" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :on => :update)
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, on: :update)
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.valid?(:create), "Validation doesn't run on create if 'on' is set to update"
   end
 
   test "with a class that adds errors on create and validating a new model" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :on => :create)
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, on: :create)
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.invalid?(:create), "Validation does run on create if 'on' is set to create"
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
index daa7a8d5c4..efe16d9aa9 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
@@ -72,26 +72,26 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "with if statements that return false" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :if => "1 == 2")
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, if: "1 == 2")
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.valid?
   end
 
   test "with if statements that return true" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :if => "1 == 1")
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, if: "1 == 1")
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
 
   test "with unless statements that return true" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :unless => "1 == 1")
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, unless: "1 == 1")
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.valid?
   end
 
   test "with unless statements that returns false" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :unless => "1 == 2")
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, unless: "1 == 2")
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   test "passes all configuration options to the validator class" do
     topic = Topic.new
     validator = mock()
-    validator.expects(:new).with(:foo => :bar, :if => "1 == 1").returns(validator)
+    validator.expects(:new).with(foo: :bar, if: "1 == 1").returns(validator)
     validator.expects(:validate).with(topic)
 
-    Topic.validates_with(validator, :if => "1 == 1", :foo => :bar)
+    Topic.validates_with(validator, if: "1 == 1", foo: :bar)
     assert topic.valid?
   end
 
@@ -130,15 +130,15 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "validates_with with options" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatValidatesOptions, :field => :first_name)
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatValidatesOptions, field: :first_name)
     topic = Topic.new
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
 
   test "validates_with each validator" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, :attributes => [:title, :content])
-    topic = Topic.new :title => "Title", :content => "Content"
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, attributes: [:title, :content])
+    topic = Topic.new title: "Title", content: "Content"
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert_equal ["Value is Title"], topic.errors[:title]
     assert_equal ["Value is Content"], topic.errors[:content]
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "each validator checks validity" do
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      Topic.validates_with(ValidatorCheckValidity, :attributes => [:title])
+      Topic.validates_with(ValidatorCheckValidity, attributes: [:title])
     end
   end
 
@@ -157,25 +157,25 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "each validator skip nil values if :allow_nil is set to true" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, :attributes => [:title, :content], :allow_nil => true)
-    topic = Topic.new :content => ""
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, attributes: [:title, :content], allow_nil: true)
+    topic = Topic.new content: ""
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert topic.errors[:title].empty?
     assert_equal ["Value is "], topic.errors[:content]
   end
 
   test "each validator skip blank values if :allow_blank is set to true" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, :attributes => [:title, :content], :allow_blank => true)
-    topic = Topic.new :content => ""
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, attributes: [:title, :content], allow_blank: true)
+    topic = Topic.new content: ""
     assert topic.valid?
     assert topic.errors[:title].empty?
     assert topic.errors[:content].empty?
   end
 
   test "validates_with can validate with an instance method" do
-    Topic.validates :title, :with => :my_validation
+    Topic.validates :title, with: :my_validation
 
-    topic = Topic.new :title => "foo"
+    topic = Topic.new title: "foo"
     assert topic.valid?
     assert topic.errors[:title].empty?
 
@@ -185,9 +185,9 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "optionally pass in the attribute being validated when validating with an instance method" do
-    Topic.validates :title, :content, :with => :my_validation_with_arg
+    Topic.validates :title, :content, with: :my_validation_with_arg
 
-    topic = Topic.new :title => "foo"
+    topic = Topic.new title: "foo"
     assert !topic.valid?
     assert topic.errors[:title].empty?
     assert_equal ['is missing'], topic.errors[:content]
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index 2934e70c2f..3241a03b53 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -190,16 +190,16 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validation_order
     Topic.validates_presence_of :title
-    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 2
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, minimum: 2
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "")
     assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal "can't be blank", t.errors["title"].first
     Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :author_name
     Topic.validate {errors.add('author_email_address', 'will never be valid')}
-    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :content, :minimum => 2
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :content, minimum: 2
 
-    t = Topic.new :title => ''
+    t = Topic.new title: ''
     assert t.invalid?
 
     assert_equal :title, key = t.errors.keys[0]
@@ -214,9 +214,9 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validation_with_if_and_on
-    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :if => Proc.new{|x| x.author_name = "bad"; true }, :on => :update
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, if: Proc.new{|x| x.author_name = "bad"; true }, on: :update
 
-    t = Topic.new(:title => "")
+    t = Topic.new(title: "")
 
     # If block should not fire
     assert t.valid?
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validation_with_message_as_proc
-    Topic.validates_presence_of(:title, :message => proc { "no blanks here".upcase })
+    Topic.validates_presence_of(:title, message: proc { "no blanks here".upcase })
 
     t = Topic.new
     assert t.invalid?
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_list_of_validators_for_model
     Topic.validates_presence_of :title
-    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 2
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, minimum: 2
 
     assert_equal 2, Topic.validators.count
     assert_equal [:presence, :length], Topic.validators.map(&:kind)
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_list_of_validators_on_an_attribute
     Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :content
-    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 2
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, minimum: 2
 
     assert_equal 2, Topic.validators_on(:title).count
     assert_equal [:presence, :length], Topic.validators_on(:title).map(&:kind)
@@ -265,13 +265,13 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_accessing_instance_of_validator_on_an_attribute
-    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 10
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, minimum: 10
     assert_equal 10, Topic.validators_on(:title).first.options[:minimum]
   end
 
   def test_list_of_validators_on_multiple_attributes
-    Topic.validates :title, :length => { :minimum => 10 }
-    Topic.validates :author_name, :presence => true, :format => /a/
+    Topic.validates :title, length: { minimum: 10 }
+    Topic.validates :author_name, presence: true, format: /a/
 
     validators = Topic.validators_on(:title, :author_name)
 
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_list_of_validators_will_be_empty_when_empty
-    Topic.validates :title, :length => { :minimum => 10 }
+    Topic.validates :title, length: { minimum: 10 }
     assert_equal [], Topic.validators_on(:author_name)
   end
 
@@ -300,52 +300,52 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_in_validates
-    Topic.validates :title, :strict => true, :presence => true
+    Topic.validates :title, strict: true, presence: true
     assert_raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed do
       Topic.new.valid?
     end
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_not_fails
-    Topic.validates :title, :strict => true, :presence => true
-    assert Topic.new(:title => "hello").valid?
+    Topic.validates :title, strict: true, presence: true
+    assert Topic.new(title: "hello").valid?
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_particular_validator
-    Topic.validates :title,  :presence => { :strict => true }
+    Topic.validates :title, presence: { strict: true }
     assert_raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed do
       Topic.new.valid?
     end
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_in_custom_validator_helper
-    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :strict => true
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, strict: true
     assert_raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed do
       Topic.new.valid?
     end
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_custom_exception
-    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :strict => CustomStrictValidationException
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, strict: CustomStrictValidationException
     assert_raises CustomStrictValidationException do
       Topic.new.valid?
     end
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_bang
-    Topic.validates! :title,  :presence => true
+    Topic.validates! :title, presence: true
     assert_raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed do
       Topic.new.valid?
     end
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_false_hash_value
-    Topic.validates :title,  :presence => false
+    Topic.validates :title, presence: false
     assert Topic.new.valid?
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_error_message
-    Topic.validates :title, :strict => true, :presence => true
+    Topic.validates :title, strict: true, presence: true
 
     exception = assert_raises(ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed) do
       Topic.new.valid?
@@ -354,9 +354,9 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_does_not_modify_options_argument
-    options = { :presence => true }
+    options = { presence: true }
     Topic.validates :title, options
-    assert_equal({ :presence => true }, options)
+    assert_equal({ presence: true }, options)
   end
 
   def test_dup_validity_is_independent
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb b/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb
index 021ea61c80..ece644c40c 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ class Automobile
 
   def validations
     validates_presence_of :make
-    validates_length_of   :model, :within => 2..10
+    validates_length_of   :model, within: 2..10
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb b/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
index 7bfc542afb..c25be28e1d 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class Contact
   end
 
   def network
-    {:git => :github}
+    { git: :github }
   end
 
   def initialize(options = {})
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/reply.rb b/activemodel/test/models/reply.rb
index ec1efeac19..b77910e671 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/reply.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/reply.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ require 'models/topic'
 
 class Reply < Topic
   validate :errors_on_empty_content
-  validate :title_is_wrong_create,  :on => :create
+  validate :title_is_wrong_create,  on: :create
 
   validate :check_empty_title
-  validate :check_content_mismatch, :on => :create
-  validate :check_wrong_update,     :on => :update
+  validate :check_content_mismatch, on: :create
+  validate :check_wrong_update,     on: :update
 
   def check_empty_title
     errors[:title] << "is Empty" unless title && title.size > 0