removed use of AR in AMo tests and removed testing of scopes (:on) in individual validation tests and moved them to their own test file

12 files changed, 222 insertions, 279 deletions

diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
index 11c9c1edfd..b316b8f17b 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
@@ -15,43 +15,43 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_terms_of_service_agreement_no_acceptance
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service, :on => :create)
+    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service)
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "We should not be confirmed")
-    assert t.save
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should not be confirmed")
+    assert t.valid?
   end
 
   def test_terms_of_service_agreement
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service, :on => :create)
+    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service)
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "We should be confirmed","terms_of_service" => "")
-    assert !t.save
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed","terms_of_service" => "")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["must be accepted"], t.errors[:terms_of_service]
 
     t.terms_of_service = "1"
-    assert t.save
+    assert t.valid?
   end
 
   def test_eula
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:eula, :message => "must be abided", :on => :create)
+    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:eula, :message => "must be abided")
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "We should be confirmed","eula" => "")
-    assert !t.save
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed","eula" => "")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["must be abided"], t.errors[:eula]
 
     t.eula = "1"
-    assert t.save
+    assert t.valid?
   end
 
   def test_terms_of_service_agreement_with_accept_value
-    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service, :on => :create, :accept => "I agree.")
+    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service, :accept => "I agree.")
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "We should be confirmed", "terms_of_service" => "")
-    assert !t.save
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed", "terms_of_service" => "")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["must be accepted"], t.errors[:terms_of_service]
 
     t.terms_of_service = "I agree."
-    assert t.save
+    assert t.valid?
   end
 
   def test_validates_acceptance_of_for_ruby_class
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
index 6866bfcf24..6bb5752702 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def teardown
     Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
   end
-  
+
   def test_if_validation_using_method_true
     # When the method returns true
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :too_long=>"hoo %{count}", :if => :condition_is_true )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["hoo 5"], t.errors["title"]
   end
@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_unless_validation_using_method_true
     # When the method returns true
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :too_long=>"hoo %{count}", :unless => :condition_is_true )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
-    assert !t.errors[:title].any?
+    assert t.errors[:title].empty?
   end
 
   def test_if_validation_using_method_false
     # When the method returns false
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :too_long=>"hoo %{count}", :if => :condition_is_true_but_its_not )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
     assert t.errors[:title].empty?
   end
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_unless_validation_using_method_false
     # When the method returns false
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :too_long=>"hoo %{count}", :unless => :condition_is_true_but_its_not )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["hoo 5"], t.errors["title"]
   end
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_if_validation_using_string_true
     # When the evaluated string returns true
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :too_long=>"hoo %{count}", :if => "a = 1; a == 1" )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["hoo 5"], t.errors["title"]
   end
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_unless_validation_using_string_true
     # When the evaluated string returns true
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :too_long=>"hoo %{count}", :unless => "a = 1; a == 1" )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
     assert t.errors[:title].empty?
   end
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_if_validation_using_string_false
     # When the evaluated string returns false
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :too_long=>"hoo %{count}", :if => "false")
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
     assert t.errors[:title].empty?
   end
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_unless_validation_using_string_false
     # When the evaluated string returns false
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :too_long=>"hoo %{count}", :unless => "false")
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["hoo 5"], t.errors["title"]
   end
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     # When the block returns true
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :too_long=>"hoo %{count}",
       :if => Proc.new { |r| r.content.size > 4 } )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["hoo 5"], t.errors["title"]
   end
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     # When the block returns true
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :too_long=>"hoo %{count}",
       :unless => Proc.new { |r| r.content.size > 4 } )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
     assert t.errors[:title].empty?
   end
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     # When the block returns false
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :too_long=>"hoo %{count}",
       :if => Proc.new { |r| r.title != "uhohuhoh"} )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
     assert t.errors[:title].empty?
   end
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     # When the block returns false
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :too_long=>"hoo %{count}",
       :unless => Proc.new { |r| r.title != "uhohuhoh"} )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["hoo 5"], t.errors["title"]
   end
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert t.valid?, "A topic with a basic title should be valid"
 
     t.title = "A very important title"
-    assert !t.valid?, "A topic with an important title, but without an author, should not be valid"
+    assert t.invalid?, "A topic with an important title, but without an author, should not be valid"
     assert t.errors[:author_name].any?, "A topic with an 'important' title should require an author"
 
     t.author_name = "Hubert J. Farnsworth"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
index 55554d5054..59b30e211b 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert t.valid?
 
     t.title_confirmation = "Parallel Lives"
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
 
     t.title_confirmation = nil
     t.title = "Parallel Lives"
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_title_confirmation
     Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "We should be confirmed","title_confirmation" => "")
-    assert !t.save
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed","title_confirmation" => "")
+    assert t.invalid?
 
     t.title_confirmation = "We should be confirmed"
-    assert t.save
+    assert t.valid?
   end
 
   def test_validates_confirmation_of_for_ruby_class
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
index fffd290fa3..e0abb9016b 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -15,17 +15,17 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_validates_exclusion_of
     Topic.validates_exclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( abe monkey ) )
 
-    assert Topic.create("title" => "something", "content" => "abc").valid?
-    assert !Topic.create("title" => "monkey", "content" => "abc").valid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "something", "content" => "abc").valid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "monkey", "content" => "abc").invalid?
   end
 
   def test_validates_exclusion_of_with_formatted_message
     Topic.validates_exclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( abe monkey ), :message => "option %{value} is restricted" )
 
-    assert Topic.create("title" => "something", "content" => "abc")
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "something", "content" => "abc")
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "monkey")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "monkey")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["option monkey is restricted"], t.errors[:title]
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
index 1aa6e30f6b..0895cf0952 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
@@ -16,15 +16,14 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_validate_format
     Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, :with => /^Validation\smacros \w+!$/, :message => "is bad data")
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "i'm incorrect", "content" => "Validation macros rule!")
-    assert !t.valid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
-    assert !t.save, "Shouldn't save because it's invalid"
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "i'm incorrect", "content" => "Validation macros rule!")
+    assert t.invalid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
     assert_equal ["is bad data"], t.errors[:title]
     assert t.errors[:content].empty?
 
     t.title = "Validation macros rule!"
 
-    assert t.save
+    assert t.valid?
     assert t.errors[:title].empty?
 
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content) }
@@ -32,43 +31,44 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validate_format_with_allow_blank
     Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /^Validation\smacros \w+!$/, :allow_blank=>true)
-    assert !Topic.create("title" => "Shouldn't be valid").valid?
-    assert Topic.create("title" => "").valid?
-    assert Topic.create("title" => nil).valid?
-    assert Topic.create("title" => "Validation macros rule!").valid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "Shouldn't be valid").invalid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "").valid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => nil).valid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "Validation macros rule!").valid?
   end
 
   # testing ticket #3142
   def test_validate_format_numeric
     Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :content, :with => /^[1-9][0-9]*$/, :message => "is bad data")
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "72x", "content" => "6789")
-    assert !t.valid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
-    assert !t.save, "Shouldn't save because it's invalid"
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "72x", "content" => "6789")
+    assert t.invalid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
+
     assert_equal ["is bad data"], t.errors[:title]
     assert t.errors[:content].empty?
 
     t.title = "-11"
-    assert !t.valid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
+    assert t.invalid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
 
     t.title = "03"
-    assert !t.valid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
+    assert t.invalid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
 
     t.title = "z44"
-    assert !t.valid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
+    assert t.invalid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
 
     t.title = "5v7"
-    assert !t.valid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
+    assert t.invalid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
 
     t.title = "1"
 
-    assert t.save
+    assert t.valid?
     assert t.errors[:title].empty?
   end
 
   def test_validate_format_with_formatted_message
     Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :with => /^Valid Title$/, :message => "can't be %{value}")
-    t = Topic.create(:title => 'Invalid title')
+    t = Topic.new(:title => 'Invalid title')
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["can't be Invalid title"], t.errors[:title]
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
index 45ff0175d1..6a977385c6 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_validates_inclusion_of
     Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( a b c d e f g ) )
 
-    assert !Topic.create("title" => "a!", "content" => "abc").valid?
-    assert !Topic.create("title" => "a b", "content" => "abc").valid?
-    assert !Topic.create("title" => nil, "content" => "def").valid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "a!", "content" => "abc").invalid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "a b", "content" => "abc").invalid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => nil, "content" => "def").invalid?
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "a", "content" => "I know you are but what am I?")
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "a", "content" => "I know you are but what am I?")
     assert t.valid?
     t.title = "uhoh"
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["is not included in the list"], t.errors[:title]
 
@@ -38,18 +38,18 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_allow_nil
     Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( a b c d e f g ), :allow_nil=>true )
 
-    assert !Topic.create("title" => "a!", "content" => "abc").valid?
-    assert !Topic.create("title" => "", "content" => "abc").valid?
-    assert Topic.create("title" => nil, "content" => "abc").valid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "a!", "content" => "abc").invalid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "",   "content" => "abc").invalid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => nil,  "content" => "abc").valid?
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_formatted_message
     Topic.validates_inclusion_of( :title, :in => %w( a b c d e f g ), :message => "option %{value} is not in the list" )
 
-    assert Topic.create("title" => "a", "content" => "abc").valid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "a", "content" => "abc").valid?
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhoh", "content" => "abc")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhoh", "content" => "abc")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["option uhoh is not in the list"], t.errors[:title]
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
index 254e823b7c..da3146f267 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
@@ -16,53 +16,53 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_validates_length_of_with_allow_nil
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :is => 5, :allow_nil=>true )
 
-    assert !Topic.create("title" => "ab").valid?
-    assert !Topic.create("title" => "").valid?
-    assert Topic.create("title" => nil).valid?
-    assert Topic.create("title" => "abcde").valid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "ab").invalid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "").invalid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => nil).valid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "abcde").valid?
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_with_allow_blank
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :is => 5, :allow_blank=>true )
 
-    assert !Topic.create("title" => "ab").valid?
-    assert Topic.create("title" => "").valid?
-    assert Topic.create("title" => nil).valid?
-    assert Topic.create("title" => "abcde").valid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "ab").invalid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "").valid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => nil).valid?
+    assert Topic.new("title" => "abcde").valid?
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_using_minimum
     Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 5
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
 
     t.title = "not"
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["is too short (minimum is 5 characters)"], t.errors[:title]
 
     t.title = ""
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["is too short (minimum is 5 characters)"], t.errors[:title]
 
     t.title = nil
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["is too short (minimum is 5 characters)"], t.errors["title"]
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_using_maximum_should_allow_nil
     Topic.validates_length_of :title, :maximum => 10
-    t = Topic.create
+    t = Topic.new
     assert t.valid?
   end
 
   def test_optionally_validates_length_of_using_minimum
     Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 5, :allow_nil => true
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
 
     t.title = nil
@@ -72,11 +72,11 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_validates_length_of_using_maximum
     Topic.validates_length_of :title, :maximum => 5
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
 
     t.title = "notvalid"
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["is too long (maximum is 5 characters)"], t.errors[:title]
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_optionally_validates_length_of_using_maximum
     Topic.validates_length_of :title, :maximum => 5, :allow_nil => true
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
 
     t.title = nil
@@ -98,13 +98,13 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     Topic.validates_length_of(:title, :content, :within => 3..5)
 
     t = Topic.new("title" => "a!", "content" => "I'm ooooooooh so very long")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["is too short (minimum is 3 characters)"], t.errors[:title]
     assert_equal ["is too long (maximum is 5 characters)"], t.errors[:content]
 
     t.title = nil
     t.content = nil
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["is too short (minimum is 3 characters)"], t.errors[:title]
     assert_equal ["is too short (minimum is 3 characters)"], t.errors[:content]
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert t.valid?
 
     t.title = "Now I'm 10"
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["is too long (maximum is 9 characters)"], t.errors[:title]
 
     t.title = "Four"
@@ -130,77 +130,35 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_optionally_validates_length_of_using_within
     Topic.validates_length_of :title, :content, :within => 3..5, :allow_nil => true
 
-    t = Topic.create('title' => 'abc', 'content' => 'abcd')
+    t = Topic.new('title' => 'abc', 'content' => 'abcd')
     assert t.valid?
 
     t.title = nil
     assert t.valid?
   end
 
-  def test_optionally_validates_length_of_using_within_on_create
-    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :content, :within => 5..10, :on => :create, :too_long => "my string is too long: %{count}"
-
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "thisisnotvalid", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.save
-    assert t.errors[:title].any?
-    assert_equal ["my string is too long: 10"], t.errors[:title]
-
-    t.title = "butthisis"
-    assert t.save
-
-    t.title = "few"
-    assert t.save
-
-    t.content = "andthisislong"
-    assert t.save
-
-    t.content = t.title = "iamfine"
-    assert t.save
-  end
-
-  def test_optionally_validates_length_of_using_within_on_update
-    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :content, :within => 5..10, :on => :update, :too_short => "my string is too short: %{count}"
-
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "vali", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.save
-    assert t.errors[:title].any?
-
-    t.title = "not"
-    assert !t.save
-    assert t.errors[:title].any?
-    assert_equal ["my string is too short: 5"], t.errors[:title]
-
-    t.title = "valid"
-    t.content = "andthisistoolong"
-    assert !t.save
-    assert t.errors[:content].any?
-
-    t.content = "iamfine"
-    assert t.save
-  end
-
   def test_validates_length_of_using_is
     Topic.validates_length_of :title, :is => 5
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
 
     t.title = "notvalid"
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["is the wrong length (should be 5 characters)"], t.errors[:title]
 
     t.title = ""
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
 
     t.title = nil
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
   end
 
   def test_optionally_validates_length_of_using_is
     Topic.validates_length_of :title, :is => 5, :allow_nil => true
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
 
     t.title = nil
@@ -231,61 +189,61 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_length_of_custom_errors_for_minimum_with_message
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :minimum=>5, :message=>"boo %{count}" )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["boo 5"], t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_custom_errors_for_minimum_with_too_short
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :minimum=>5, :too_short=>"hoo %{count}" )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["hoo 5"], t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_custom_errors_for_maximum_with_message
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :message=>"boo %{count}" )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["boo 5"], t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_custom_errors_for_in
     Topic.validates_length_of(:title, :in => 10..20, :message => "hoo %{count}")
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["hoo 10"], t.errors["title"]
 
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhohuhohuhohuhohuhohuhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhohuhohuhohuhohuhohuhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["hoo 20"], t.errors["title"]
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_custom_errors_for_maximum_with_too_long
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :maximum=>5, :too_long=>"hoo %{count}" )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["hoo 5"], t.errors["title"]
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_custom_errors_for_is_with_message
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :is=>5, :message=>"boo %{count}" )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["boo 5"], t.errors["title"]
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_custom_errors_for_is_with_wrong_length
     Topic.validates_length_of( :title, :is=>5, :wrong_length=>"hoo %{count}" )
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["hoo 5"], t.errors["title"]
   end
@@ -294,11 +252,11 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     with_kcode('UTF8') do
       Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 5
 
-      t = Topic.create("title" => "一二三四五", "content" => "whatever")
+      t = Topic.new("title" => "一二三四五", "content" => "whatever")
       assert t.valid?
 
       t.title = "一二三四"
-      assert !t.valid?
+      assert t.invalid?
       assert t.errors[:title].any?
       assert_equal ["is too short (minimum is 5 characters)"], t.errors["title"]
     end
@@ -308,11 +266,11 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     with_kcode('UTF8') do
       Topic.validates_length_of :title, :maximum => 5
 
-      t = Topic.create("title" => "一二三四五", "content" => "whatever")
+      t = Topic.new("title" => "一二三四五", "content" => "whatever")
       assert t.valid?
 
       t.title = "一二34五六"
-      assert !t.valid?
+      assert t.invalid?
       assert t.errors[:title].any?
       assert_equal ["is too long (maximum is 5 characters)"], t.errors["title"]
     end
@@ -323,7 +281,7 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       Topic.validates_length_of(:title, :content, :within => 3..5)
 
       t = Topic.new("title" => "一二", "content" => "12三四五六七")
-      assert !t.valid?
+      assert t.invalid?
       assert_equal ["is too short (minimum is 3 characters)"], t.errors[:title]
       assert_equal ["is too long (maximum is 5 characters)"], t.errors[:content]
       t.title = "一二三"
@@ -336,10 +294,10 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     with_kcode('UTF8') do
       Topic.validates_length_of :title, :within => 3..5, :allow_nil => true
 
-      t = Topic.create(:title => "一二三四五")
+      t = Topic.new(:title => "一二三四五")
       assert t.valid?, t.errors.inspect
 
-      t = Topic.create(:title => "一二三")
+      t = Topic.new(:title => "一二三")
       assert t.valid?, t.errors.inspect
 
       t.title = nil
@@ -347,60 +305,15 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_optionally_validates_length_of_using_within_on_create_utf8
-    with_kcode('UTF8') do
-      Topic.validates_length_of :title, :within => 5..10, :on => :create, :too_long => "長すぎます: %{count}"
-
-      t = Topic.create("title" => "一二三四五六七八九十A", "content" => "whatever")
-      assert !t.save
-      assert t.errors[:title].any?
-      assert_equal "長すぎます: 10", t.errors[:title].first
-
-      t.title = "一二三四五六七八九"
-      assert t.save
-
-      t.title = "一二3"
-      assert t.save
-
-      t.content = "一二三四五六七八九十"
-      assert t.save
-
-      t.content = t.title = "一二三四五六"
-      assert t.save
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_optionally_validates_length_of_using_within_on_update_utf8
-    with_kcode('UTF8') do
-      Topic.validates_length_of :title, :within => 5..10, :on => :update, :too_short => "短すぎます: %{count}"
-
-      t = Topic.create("title" => "一二三4", "content" => "whatever")
-      assert !t.save
-      assert t.errors[:title].any?
-
-      t.title = "1二三4"
-      assert !t.save
-      assert t.errors[:title].any?
-      assert_equal ["短すぎます: 5"], t.errors[:title]
-
-      t.title = "一二三四五六七八九十A"
-      assert !t.save
-      assert t.errors[:title].any?
-
-      t.title = "一二345"
-      assert t.save
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_validates_length_of_using_is_utf8
     with_kcode('UTF8') do
       Topic.validates_length_of :title, :is => 5
 
-      t = Topic.create("title" => "一二345", "content" => "whatever")
+      t = Topic.new("title" => "一二345", "content" => "whatever")
       assert t.valid?
 
       t.title = "一二345六"
-      assert !t.valid?
+      assert t.invalid?
       assert t.errors[:title].any?
       assert_equal ["is the wrong length (should be 5 characters)"], t.errors["title"]
     end
@@ -409,11 +322,11 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_validates_length_of_with_block
     Topic.validates_length_of :content, :minimum => 5, :too_short=>"Your essay must be at least %{count} words.",
                                         :tokenizer => lambda {|str| str.scan(/\w+/) }
-    t = Topic.create!(:content => "this content should be long enough")
+    t = Topic.new(:content => "this content should be long enough")
     assert t.valid?
 
     t.content = "not long enough"
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:content].any?
     assert_equal ["Your essay must be at least 5 words."], t.errors[:content]
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
index 1e73744649..3e3abdbc83 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_validates_numericality_of_with_nil_allowed
     Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :allow_nil => true
 
-    invalid!(JUNK)
-    valid!(NIL + BLANK + FLOATS + INTEGERS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
+    invalid!(JUNK + BLANK)
+    valid!(NIL + FLOATS + INTEGERS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_of_with_integer_only
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_validates_numericality_of_with_integer_only_and_nil_allowed
     Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, :only_integer => true, :allow_nil => true
 
-    invalid!(JUNK + FLOATS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
-    valid!(NIL + BLANK + INTEGERS)
+    invalid!(JUNK + BLANK + FLOATS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
+    valid!(NIL + INTEGERS)
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_greater_than
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def invalid!(values, error = nil)
     with_each_topic_approved_value(values) do |topic, value|
-      assert !topic.valid?, "#{value.inspect} not rejected as a number"
+      assert topic.invalid?, "#{value.inspect} not rejected as a number"
       assert topic.errors[:approved].any?, "FAILED for #{value.inspect}"
       assert_equal error, topic.errors[:approved].first if error
     end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
index c4d787dadb..7fc78b1835 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
@@ -19,26 +19,26 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_validate_presences
     Topic.validates_presence_of(:title, :content)
 
-    t = Topic.create
-    assert !t.save
+    t = Topic.new
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["can't be blank"], t.errors[:title]
     assert_equal ["can't be blank"], t.errors[:content]
 
     t.title = "something"
     t.content  = "   "
 
-    assert !t.save
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["can't be blank"], t.errors[:content]
 
     t.content = "like stuff"
 
-    assert t.save
+    assert t.valid?
   end
 
   test 'accepts array arguments' do
     Topic.validates_presence_of %w(title content)
     t = Topic.new
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["can't be blank"], t.errors[:title]
     assert_equal ["can't be blank"], t.errors[:content]
   end
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_validates_acceptance_of_with_custom_error_using_quotes
     Person.validates_presence_of :karma, :message => "This string contains 'single' and \"double\" quotes"
     p = Person.new
-    assert !p.valid?
+    assert p.invalid?
     assert_equal "This string contains 'single' and \"double\" quotes", p.errors[:karma].last
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..06bd8e7903
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'cases/tests_database'
+
+require 'models/topic'
+
+class ValidationsContextTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ActiveModel::TestsDatabase
+
+  def teardown
+    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic._validators.clear
+  end
+
+  ERROR_MESSAGE = "Validation error from validator"
+
+  class ValidatorThatAddsErrors < ActiveModel::Validator
+    def validate(record)
+      record.errors[:base] << ERROR_MESSAGE
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "with a class that adds errors on update and validating a new model with no arguments" do
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :on => :create)
+    topic = Topic.new
+    assert topic.valid?, "Validation doesn't run on create if 'on' is set to update"
+  end
+
+  test "with a class that adds errors on update and validating a new model" do
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :on => :update)
+    topic = Topic.new
+    assert topic.valid?(:create), "Validation doesn't run on create if 'on' is set to update"
+  end
+
+  test "with a class that adds errors on create and validating a new model" do
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :on => :create)
+    topic = Topic.new
+    assert topic.invalid?(:create), "Validation does run on create if 'on' is set to create"
+    assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
index 92df4dd6cd..b68b511852 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'cases/tests_database'
 
 require 'models/topic'
 
-class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   include ActiveModel::TestsDatabase
 
   def teardown
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "vaidation with class that adds errors" do
     Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors)
     topic = Topic.new
-    assert !topic.valid?, "A class that adds errors causes the record to be invalid"
+    assert topic.invalid?, "A class that adds errors causes the record to be invalid"
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
 
@@ -65,23 +65,10 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert topic.valid?, "A class that does not add errors does not cause the record to be invalid"
   end
 
-  test "with a class that adds errors on update and a new record" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :on => :update)
-    topic = Topic.new
-    assert topic.valid?, "Validation doesn't run on create if 'on' is set to update"
-  end
-
-  test "with a class that adds errors on create and a new record" do
-    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :on => :create)
-    topic = Topic.new
-    assert !topic.valid?, "Validation does run on create if 'on' is set to create"
-    assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
-  end
-
   test "with multiple classes" do
     Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, OtherValidatorThatAddsErrors)
     topic = Topic.new
-    assert !topic.valid?
+    assert topic.invalid?
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(OTHER_ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
@@ -95,7 +82,7 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "with if statements that return true" do
     Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :if => "1 == 1")
     topic = Topic.new
-    assert !topic.valid?
+    assert topic.invalid?
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
 
@@ -108,7 +95,7 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "with unless statements that returns false" do
     Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, :unless => "1 == 2")
     topic = Topic.new
-    assert !topic.valid?
+    assert topic.invalid?
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
 
@@ -121,7 +108,7 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Topic.validates_with(validator, :if => "1 == 1", :foo => :bar)
     assert topic.valid?
   end
- 
+
   test "calls setup method of validator passing in self when validator has setup method" do
     topic = Topic.new
     validator = stub_everything
@@ -132,7 +119,7 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Topic.validates_with(validator)
     assert topic.valid?
   end
-  
+
   test "doesn't call setup method of validator when validator has no setup method" do
     topic = Topic.new
     validator = stub_everything
@@ -147,14 +134,14 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "validates_with with options" do
     Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatValidatesOptions, :field => :first_name)
     topic = Topic.new
-    assert !topic.valid?
+    assert topic.invalid?
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
 
   test "validates_with each validator" do
     Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, :attributes => [:title, :content])
     topic = Topic.new :title => "Title", :content => "Content"
-    assert !topic.valid?
+    assert topic.invalid?
     assert_equal ["Value is Title"], topic.errors[:title]
     assert_equal ["Value is Content"], topic.errors[:content]
   end
@@ -174,7 +161,7 @@ class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "each validator skip nil values if :allow_nil is set to true" do
     Topic.validates_with(ValidatorPerEachAttribute, :attributes => [:title, :content], :allow_nil => true)
     topic = Topic.new :content => ""
-    assert !topic.valid?
+    assert topic.invalid?
     assert topic.errors[:title].empty?
     assert_equal ["Value is "], topic.errors[:content]
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index 925a68da91..d3c654e135 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_single_field_validation
     r = Reply.new
     r.title = "There's no content!"
-    assert !r.valid?, "A reply without content shouldn't be saveable"
+    assert r.invalid?, "A reply without content shouldn't be saveable"
 
     r.content = "Messa content!"
     assert r.valid?, "A reply with content should be saveable"
@@ -32,46 +32,46 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_single_attr_validation_and_error_msg
     r = Reply.new
     r.title = "There's no content!"
-    assert !r.valid?
+    assert r.invalid?
     assert r.errors[:content].any?, "A reply without content should mark that attribute as invalid"
-    assert_equal ["Empty"], r.errors["content"], "A reply without content should contain an error"
+    assert_equal ["is Empty"], r.errors["content"], "A reply without content should contain an error"
     assert_equal 1, r.errors.count
   end
 
   def test_double_attr_validation_and_error_msg
     r = Reply.new
-    assert !r.valid?
+    assert r.invalid?
 
     assert r.errors[:title].any?, "A reply without title should mark that attribute as invalid"
-    assert_equal ["Empty"], r.errors["title"], "A reply without title should contain an error"
+    assert_equal ["is Empty"], r.errors["title"], "A reply without title should contain an error"
 
     assert r.errors[:content].any?, "A reply without content should mark that attribute as invalid"
-    assert_equal ["Empty"], r.errors["content"], "A reply without content should contain an error"
+    assert_equal ["is Empty"], r.errors["content"], "A reply without content should contain an error"
 
     assert_equal 2, r.errors.count
   end
 
   def test_single_error_per_attr_iteration
     r = Reply.new
-    r.save
+    r.valid?
 
     errors = []
     r.errors.each {|attr, messages| errors << [attr.to_s, messages] }
 
-    assert errors.include?(["title", "Empty"])
-    assert errors.include?(["content", "Empty"])
+    assert errors.include?(["title", "is Empty"])
+    assert errors.include?(["content", "is Empty"])
   end
 
   def test_multiple_errors_per_attr_iteration_with_full_error_composition
     r = Reply.new
-    r.title   = "Wrong Create"
-    r.content = "Mismatch"
-    r.save
+    r.title   = ""
+    r.content = ""
+    r.valid?
 
     errors = r.errors.to_a
 
-    assert_equal "Title is Wrong Create", errors[0]
-    assert_equal "Title is Content Mismatch", errors[1]
+    assert_equal "Content is Empty", errors[0]
+    assert_equal "Title is Empty", errors[1]
     assert_equal 2, r.errors.count
   end
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_errors_on_base
     r = Reply.new
     r.content = "Mismatch"
-    r.save
+    r.valid?
     r.errors[:base] << "Reply is not dignifying"
 
     errors = []
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     assert_equal ["Reply is not dignifying"], r.errors[:base]
 
-    assert errors.include?("Title Empty")
+    assert errors.include?("Title is Empty")
     assert errors.include?("Reply is not dignifying")
     assert_equal 2, r.errors.count
   end
@@ -110,12 +110,12 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       hits += 1
     end
     t = Topic.new("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.save
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal 4, hits
     assert_equal %w(gotcha gotcha), t.errors[:title]
     assert_equal %w(gotcha gotcha), t.errors[:content]
   end
-  
+
   def test_validates_each_custom_reader
     hits = 0
     CustomReader.validates_each(:title, :content, [:title, :content]) do |record, attr|
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       hits += 1
     end
     t = CustomReader.new("title" => "valid", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal 4, hits
     assert_equal %w(gotcha gotcha), t.errors[:title]
     assert_equal %w(gotcha gotcha), t.errors[:content]
@@ -131,39 +131,41 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validate_block
     Topic.validate { |topic| topic.errors.add("title", "will never be valid") }
-    t = Topic.create("title" => "Title", "content" => "whatever")
-    assert !t.valid?
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "Title", "content" => "whatever")
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert t.errors[:title].any?
     assert_equal ["will never be valid"], t.errors["title"]
   end
 
   def test_invalid_validator
     Topic.validate :i_dont_exist
-    assert_raise(NameError) { t = Topic.create }
+    assert_raise(NameError) do
+      t = Topic.new
+      t.valid?
+    end
   end
 
   def test_errors_to_xml
     r = Reply.new :title => "Wrong Create"
-    assert !r.valid?
+    assert r.invalid?
     xml = r.errors.to_xml(:skip_instruct => true)
     assert_equal "<errors>", xml.first(8)
-    assert xml.include?("<error>Title is Wrong Create</error>")
-    assert xml.include?("<error>Content Empty</error>")
+    assert xml.include?("<error>Content is Empty</error>")
   end
 
   def test_validation_order
-     Topic.validates_presence_of :title
-     Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 2
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title
+    Topic.validates_length_of :title, :minimum => 2
 
-     t = Topic.new("title" => "")
-     assert !t.valid?
-     assert_equal "can't be blank", t.errors["title"].first
+    t = Topic.new("title" => "")
+    assert t.invalid?
+    assert_equal "can't be blank", t.errors["title"].first
     Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :author_name
     Topic.validate {|topic| topic.errors.add('author_email_address', 'will never be valid')}
     Topic.validates_length_of :title, :content, :minimum => 2
 
     t = Topic.new :title => ''
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
 
     assert_equal :title, key = t.errors.keys.first
     assert_equal "can't be blank", t.errors[key].first
@@ -227,7 +229,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     Topic.validates_presence_of(:title, :message => proc { "no blanks here".upcase })
 
     t = Topic.new
-    assert !t.valid?
+    assert t.invalid?
     assert ["NO BLANKS HERE"], t.errors[:title]
   end