Fix errors for four of the code samples

The four code samples that fail to run are:

- Add attribute magic to objects. Fixed by introducing a Person
  instance variable.

- Tracking value changes. Fixed by replacing `attr_accessor` with
  `define_attribute_methods`, providing getter and setter methods
  for `name` and providing the missing `Person#save` method. A
  call to `Person#save` has to precede the `person.name = 'robert'`
  assignment, if we want `previous_changes` to include 'bob'.

- Adding `errors` interface to objects. Fixed by introducing a
  Person instance variable, assigning `nil` to its name and calling
  `Person#validate!`.

- Custom validators. Fixed by defining `HasNameValidator` before
  it is used by `ValidatorPerson`.

All the code samples can now be run smoothly.

Call Dirty#changes_applied in Person#save, instead of modifying instance vars.

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