Database connections are now pooled, one pool per #establish_connection call.

Pools start out empty and grow as necessary to a maximum size (default is 5,
configure size with key 'pool' in your database configuration). If no
connections are available, a thread will wait up to a 'wait_timeout' time
(default is 5 seconds).

Connections are verified and reset when checked out from the pool (usually
upon first access to ActiveRecord::Base.connection), and returned back to the
pool after each request.

If you would like to use connection pools outside of ActionPack, there is an
ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool method that gives you access to the pool,
and you can manually checkout/checkin connections, or supply a block to
ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.with_connection which takes care of the
checkout/checkin for you.

[#936 state:resolved]

85 files changed, 1175 insertions, 708 deletions

diff --git a/README.rdoc b/README.rdoc
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f94d14d8a..0000000000
--- a/README.rdoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-== About
-
-This is Nick's connection pool branch, wherein he attempts to rewrite Rails' connection handling code to
-be more thread-safe, and to add connection pooling features.
-
-== Goals
-
-- Preserve Rails' lazy connection acquisition and caching strategy behavior as it exists prior to this work.
-- Add ability to configure a connection pool to limit the number of connections made to a database in multiple-thread scenarios.
-- Threads will block for a configurable timeout if the pool is exhausted until a connection is available.
-- If none is available during the timeout period, an exception will be raised.
-- Add a checkout/checkin API to reserve and release a connection to/from the pool.
-- Add several different connection handling/pooling classes to serve different needs:
-  - proper fixed-size connection pool
-  - connection-per-thread with no maximum on the number of connections
-  - single thread cached connection
-  - pass-through to external connection pool (JRuby/JNDI data source connection pool)
-
-== TODO
-
-Remaining tasks:
-
-- Review and put the thing to real work.
-- Look at whether existing clear_* or verify_* methods can be deprecated or removed.
diff --git a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG
index bdae0d4d3d..fc02ae8ffc 100644
--- a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG
+++ b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+* Add layout functionality to mailers [Pratik]
+
+  Mailer layouts behaves just like controller layouts, except layout names need to
+  have '_mailer' postfix for them to be automatically picked up.
+
 *2.1.0 (May 31st, 2008)*
 
 * Fixed that a return-path header would be ignored #7572 [joost]
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
index 72c94529b5..96e514e0db 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
@@ -246,7 +246,10 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
   #   +implicit_parts_order+.
   class Base
     include AdvAttrAccessor, PartContainer
-    include ActionController::UrlWriter if Object.const_defined?(:ActionController)
+    if Object.const_defined?(:ActionController)
+      include ActionController::UrlWriter
+      include ActionController::Layout
+    end
 
     private_class_method :new #:nodoc:
 
@@ -362,6 +365,7 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
 
     # The mail object instance referenced by this mailer.
     attr_reader :mail
+    attr_reader :template_name, :default_template_name, :action_name
 
     class << self
       attr_writer :mailer_name
@@ -374,11 +378,16 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
       alias_method :controller_name, :mailer_name
       alias_method :controller_path, :mailer_name
 
-      def method_missing(method_symbol, *parameters)#:nodoc:
-        case method_symbol.id2name
-          when /^create_([_a-z]\w*)/  then new($1, *parameters).mail
-          when /^deliver_([_a-z]\w*)/ then new($1, *parameters).deliver!
-          when "new" then nil
+      def respond_to?(method_symbol, include_private = false) #:nodoc:
+        matches_dynamic_method?(method_symbol) || super
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(method_symbol, *parameters) #:nodoc:
+        match = matches_dynamic_method?(method_symbol)
+        case match[1]
+          when 'create'  then new(match[2], *parameters).mail
+          when 'deliver' then new(match[2], *parameters).deliver!
+          when 'new'     then nil
           else super
         end
       end
@@ -424,6 +433,12 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
       def template_root=(root)
         self.view_paths = ActionView::Base.process_view_paths(root)
       end
+
+      private
+        def matches_dynamic_method?(method_name) #:nodoc:
+          method_name = method_name.to_s
+          /(create|deliver)_([_a-z]\w*)/.match(method_name) || /^(new)$/.match(method_name)
+        end
     end
 
     # Instantiate a new mailer object. If +method_name+ is not +nil+, the mailer
@@ -519,6 +534,7 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
         @content_type ||= @@default_content_type.dup
         @implicit_parts_order ||= @@default_implicit_parts_order.dup
         @template ||= method_name
+        @default_template_name = @action_name = @template
         @mailer_name ||= self.class.name.underscore
         @parts ||= []
         @headers ||= {}
@@ -535,7 +551,22 @@ module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
         if opts[:file] && (opts[:file] !~ /\// && !opts[:file].respond_to?(:render))
           opts[:file] = "#{mailer_name}/#{opts[:file]}"
         end
-        initialize_template_class(body).render(opts)
+
+        begin
+          old_template, @template = @template, initialize_template_class(body)
+          layout = respond_to?(:pick_layout, true) ? pick_layout(opts) : false
+          @template.render(opts.merge(:layout => layout))
+        ensure
+          @template = old_template
+        end
+      end
+
+      def default_template_format
+        :html
+      end
+
+      def candidate_for_layout?(options)
+        !@template.send(:_exempt_from_layout?, default_template_name)
       end
 
       def template_root
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/helpers.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/helpers.rb
index 9c5fcc6afb..5f6dcd77cd 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/helpers.rb
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ module ActionMailer
         methods.flatten.each do |method|
           master_helper_module.module_eval <<-end_eval
             def #{method}(*args, &block)
-              controller.send!(%(#{method}), *args, &block)
+              controller.__send__(%(#{method}), *args, &block)
             end
           end_eval
         end
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ module ActionMailer
           inherited_without_helper(child)
           begin
             child.master_helper_module = Module.new
-            child.master_helper_module.send! :include, master_helper_module
+            child.master_helper_module.__send__(:include, master_helper_module)
             child.helper child.name.to_s.underscore
           rescue MissingSourceFile => e
             raise unless e.is_missing?("helpers/#{child.name.to_s.underscore}_helper")
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/auto_layout_mailer/hello.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/auto_layout_mailer/hello.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54950788f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/auto_layout_mailer/hello.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Inside
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/explicit_layout_mailer/logout.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/explicit_layout_mailer/logout.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0533a3b2fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/explicit_layout_mailer/logout.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+You logged out
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/explicit_layout_mailer/signup.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/explicit_layout_mailer/signup.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4789e888c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/explicit_layout_mailer/signup.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+We do not spam
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/layouts/auto_layout_mailer.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/layouts/auto_layout_mailer.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..932271450c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/layouts/auto_layout_mailer.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello from layout <%= yield %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/layouts/spam.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/layouts/spam.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..619d6b16b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/layouts/spam.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Spammer layout <%= yield %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ffba9a16bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class AutoLayoutMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  def hello(recipient)
+    recipients recipient
+    subject    "You have a mail"
+    from       "tester@example.com"
+  end
+
+  def spam(recipient)
+    recipients recipient
+    subject    "You have a mail"
+    from       "tester@example.com"
+    body       render(:inline => "Hello, <%= @world %>", :layout => 'spam', :body => { :world => "Earth" })
+  end
+
+  def nolayout(recipient)
+    recipients recipient
+    subject    "You have a mail"
+    from       "tester@example.com"
+    body       render(:inline => "Hello, <%= @world %>", :layout => false, :body => { :world => "Earth" })
+  end
+end
+
+class ExplicitLayoutMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  layout 'spam', :except => [:logout]
+
+  def signup(recipient)
+    recipients recipient
+    subject    "You have a mail"
+    from       "tester@example.com"
+  end
+
+  def logout(recipient)
+    recipients recipient
+    subject    "You have a mail"
+    from       "tester@example.com"
+  end
+end
+
+class LayoutMailerTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    set_delivery_method :test
+    ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
+    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries = []
+
+    @recipient = 'test@localhost'
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    restore_delivery_method
+  end
+
+  def test_should_pickup_default_layout
+    mail = AutoLayoutMailer.create_hello(@recipient)
+    assert_equal "Hello from layout Inside", mail.body.strip
+  end
+
+  def test_should_pickup_layout_given_to_render
+    mail = AutoLayoutMailer.create_spam(@recipient)
+    assert_equal "Spammer layout Hello, Earth", mail.body.strip
+  end
+
+  def test_should_respect_layout_false
+    mail = AutoLayoutMailer.create_nolayout(@recipient)
+    assert_equal "Hello, Earth", mail.body.strip
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_class_layout
+    mail = ExplicitLayoutMailer.create_signup(@recipient)
+    assert_equal "Spammer layout We do not spam", mail.body.strip
+  end
+
+  def test_explicit_layout_exceptions
+    mail = ExplicitLayoutMailer.create_logout(@recipient)
+    assert_equal "You logged out", mail.body.strip
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mail_service_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/mail_service_test.rb
index 882b07d675..f57c6f3fb8 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/mail_service_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mail_service_test.rb
@@ -968,3 +968,55 @@ class MethodNamingTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     end
   end
 end
+
+class RespondToTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  class RespondToMailer < ActionMailer::Base; end
+
+  def setup
+    set_delivery_method :test
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    restore_delivery_method
+  end
+
+  def test_should_respond_to_new
+    assert RespondToMailer.respond_to?(:new)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_respond_to_create_with_template_suffix
+    assert RespondToMailer.respond_to?(:create_any_old_template)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_respond_to_deliver_with_template_suffix
+    assert RespondToMailer.respond_to?(:deliver_any_old_template)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_respond_to_new_with_template_suffix
+    assert !RespondToMailer.respond_to?(:new_any_old_template)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_respond_to_create_with_template_suffix_unless_it_is_separated_by_an_underscore
+    assert !RespondToMailer.respond_to?(:createany_old_template)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_respond_to_deliver_with_template_suffix_unless_it_is_separated_by_an_underscore
+    assert !RespondToMailer.respond_to?(:deliverany_old_template)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_respond_to_create_with_template_suffix_if_it_begins_with_a_uppercase_letter
+    assert !RespondToMailer.respond_to?(:create_Any_old_template)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_respond_to_deliver_with_template_suffix_if_it_begins_with_a_uppercase_letter
+    assert !RespondToMailer.respond_to?(:deliver_Any_old_template)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_respond_to_create_with_template_suffix_if_it_begins_with_a_digit
+    assert !RespondToMailer.respond_to?(:create_1_template)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_respond_to_deliver_with_template_suffix_if_it_begins_with_a_digit
+    assert !RespondToMailer.respond_to?(:deliver_1_template)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/CHANGELOG b/actionpack/CHANGELOG
index a3540e90e4..88af60ed62 100644
--- a/actionpack/CHANGELOG
+++ b/actionpack/CHANGELOG
@@ -1,5 +1,21 @@
 *Edge*
 
+* Add support for shallow nesting of routes. #838 [S. Brent Faulkner]
+
+  Example :
+
+  map.resources :users, :shallow => true do |user|
+    user.resources :posts
+  end
+
+  - GET /users/1/posts (maps to PostsController#index action as usual)
+    named route "user_posts" is added as usual.
+
+  - GET /posts/2 (maps to PostsController#show action as if it were not nested)
+    Additionally, named route "post" is added too.
+
+* Added button_to_remote helper.  #3641 [Donald Piret, Tarmo Tänav]
+
 * Deprecate render_component. Please use render_component plugin from http://github.com/rails/render_component/tree/master [Pratik]
 
 * Routes may be restricted to lists of HTTP methods instead of a single method or :any.  #407 [Brennan Dunn, Gaius Centus Novus]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/assertions/selector_assertions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/assertions/selector_assertions.rb
index 2264d5d3a3..bcbb570e4b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/assertions/selector_assertions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/assertions/selector_assertions.rb
@@ -396,54 +396,31 @@ module ActionController
       #   # The same, but shorter.
       #   assert_select "ol>li", 4
       def assert_select_rjs(*args, &block)
-        rjs_type = nil
-        arg      = args.shift
+        rjs_type = args.first.is_a?(Symbol) ? args.shift : nil
+        id       = args.first.is_a?(String) ? args.shift : nil
 
         # If the first argument is a symbol, it's the type of RJS statement we're looking
         # for (update, replace, insertion, etc). Otherwise, we're looking for just about
         # any RJS statement.
-        if arg.is_a?(Symbol)
-          rjs_type = arg
-
+        if rjs_type
           if rjs_type == :insert
-            arg = args.shift
-            position  = arg
-            insertion = "insert_#{arg}".to_sym
-            raise ArgumentError, "Unknown RJS insertion type #{arg}" unless RJS_STATEMENTS[insertion]
+            position  = args.shift
+            insertion = "insert_#{position}".to_sym
+            raise ArgumentError, "Unknown RJS insertion type #{position}" unless RJS_STATEMENTS[insertion]
             statement = "(#{RJS_STATEMENTS[insertion]})"
           else
             raise ArgumentError, "Unknown RJS statement type #{rjs_type}" unless RJS_STATEMENTS[rjs_type]
             statement = "(#{RJS_STATEMENTS[rjs_type]})"
           end
-          arg = args.shift
         else
           statement = "#{RJS_STATEMENTS[:any]}"
         end
-        position ||= Regexp.new(RJS_INSERTIONS.join('|'))
 
         # Next argument we're looking for is the element identifier. If missing, we pick
-        # any element.
-        if arg.is_a?(String)
-          id = Regexp.quote(arg)
-          arg = args.shift
-        else
-          id = "[^\"]*"
-        end
-
-        pattern =
-          case rjs_type
-            when :chained_replace, :chained_replace_html
-              Regexp.new("\\$\\(\"#{id}\"\\)#{statement}\\(#{RJS_PATTERN_HTML}\\)", Regexp::MULTILINE)
-            when :remove, :show, :hide, :toggle
-              Regexp.new("#{statement}\\(\"#{id}\"\\)")
-            when :replace, :replace_html
-              Regexp.new("#{statement}\\(\"#{id}\", #{RJS_PATTERN_HTML}\\)")
-            when :insert, :insert_html
-              Regexp.new("Element.insert\\(\\\"#{id}\\\", \\{ #{position}: #{RJS_PATTERN_HTML} \\}\\);")
-             else
-              Regexp.union(Regexp.new("#{statement}\\(\"#{id}\", #{RJS_PATTERN_HTML}\\)"),
-                Regexp.new("Element.insert\\(\\\"#{id}\\\", \\{ #{position}: #{RJS_PATTERN_HTML} \\}\\);"))
-           end
+        # any element, otherwise we replace it in the statement.
+        pattern = Regexp.new(
+          id ? statement.gsub(RJS_ANY_ID, "\"#{id}\"") : statement
+        )
 
         # Duplicate the body since the next step involves destroying it.
         matches = nil
@@ -588,26 +565,23 @@ module ActionController
 
       protected
         unless const_defined?(:RJS_STATEMENTS)
-          RJS_STATEMENTS = {
-            :replace              => /Element\.replace/,
-            :replace_html         => /Element\.update/,
-            :chained_replace      => /\.replace/,
-            :chained_replace_html => /\.update/,
-            :remove               => /Element\.remove/,
-            :show                 => /Element\.show/,
-            :hide                 => /Element\.hide/,
-            :toggle                 => /Element\.toggle/
+          RJS_PATTERN_HTML  = "\"((\\\\\"|[^\"])*)\""
+          RJS_ANY_ID        = "\"([^\"])*\""
+          RJS_STATEMENTS    = {
+            :chained_replace      => "\\$\\(#{RJS_ANY_ID}\\)\\.replace\\(#{RJS_PATTERN_HTML}\\)",
+            :chained_replace_html => "\\$\\(#{RJS_ANY_ID}\\)\\.update\\(#{RJS_PATTERN_HTML}\\)",
+            :replace_html         => "Element\\.update\\(#{RJS_ANY_ID}, #{RJS_PATTERN_HTML}\\)",
+            :replace              => "Element\\.replace\\(#{RJS_ANY_ID}, #{RJS_PATTERN_HTML}\\)"
           }
-          RJS_STATEMENTS[:any] = Regexp.new("(#{RJS_STATEMENTS.values.join('|')})")
-          RJS_PATTERN_HTML = /"((\\"|[^"])*)"/
-          RJS_INSERTIONS = [:top, :bottom, :before, :after]
+          [:remove, :show, :hide, :toggle].each do |action|
+            RJS_STATEMENTS[action] = "Element\\.#{action}\\(#{RJS_ANY_ID}\\)"
+          end
+          RJS_INSERTIONS = ["top", "bottom", "before", "after"]
           RJS_INSERTIONS.each do |insertion|
-            RJS_STATEMENTS["insert_#{insertion}".to_sym] = /Element.insert\(\"([^\"]*)\", \{ #{insertion.to_s.downcase}: #{RJS_PATTERN_HTML} \}\);/
+            RJS_STATEMENTS["insert_#{insertion}".to_sym] = "Element.insert\\(#{RJS_ANY_ID}, \\{ #{insertion}: #{RJS_PATTERN_HTML} \\}\\)"
           end
-          RJS_STATEMENTS[:insert_html] = Regexp.new(RJS_INSERTIONS.collect do |insertion|
-            /Element.insert\(\"([^\"]*)\", \{ #{insertion.to_s.downcase}: #{RJS_PATTERN_HTML} \}\);/
-          end.join('|'))
-          RJS_PATTERN_EVERYTHING = Regexp.new("#{RJS_STATEMENTS[:any]}\\(\"([^\"]*)\", #{RJS_PATTERN_HTML}\\)", Regexp::MULTILINE)
+          RJS_STATEMENTS[:insert_html] = "Element.insert\\(#{RJS_ANY_ID}, \\{ (#{RJS_INSERTIONS.join('|')}): #{RJS_PATTERN_HTML} \\}\\)"
+          RJS_STATEMENTS[:any] = Regexp.new("(#{RJS_STATEMENTS.values.join('|')})")
           RJS_PATTERN_UNICODE_ESCAPED_CHAR = /\\u([0-9a-zA-Z]{4})/
         end
 
@@ -621,8 +595,8 @@ module ActionController
             root = HTML::Node.new(nil)
 
             while true
-              next if body.sub!(RJS_PATTERN_EVERYTHING) do |match|
-                html = unescape_rjs($3)
+              next if body.sub!(RJS_STATEMENTS[:any]) do |match|
+                html = unescape_rjs(match)
                 matches = HTML::Document.new(html).root.children.select { |n| n.tag? }
                 root.children.concat matches
                 ""
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
index 32c1dcbcaf..670a049497 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
@@ -260,10 +260,11 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
     include StatusCodes
 
+    cattr_reader :protected_instance_variables
     # Controller specific instance variables which will not be accessible inside views.
-    @@protected_view_variables = %w(@assigns @performed_redirect @performed_render @variables_added @request_origin @url @parent_controller
-                                    @action_name @before_filter_chain_aborted @action_cache_path @_session @_cookies @_headers @_params
-                                    @_flash @_response)
+    @@protected_instance_variables = %w(@assigns @performed_redirect @performed_render @variables_added @request_origin @url @parent_controller
+                                        @action_name @before_filter_chain_aborted @action_cache_path @_session @_cookies @_headers @_params
+                                        @_flash @_response)
 
     # Prepends all the URL-generating helpers from AssetHelper. This makes it possible to easily move javascripts, stylesheets,
     # and images to a dedicated asset server away from the main web server. Example:
@@ -393,16 +394,9 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # directive. Values should always be specified as strings.
     attr_internal :headers
 
-    # Holds the hash of variables that are passed on to the template class to be made available to the view. This hash
-    # is generated by taking a snapshot of all the instance variables in the current scope just before a template is rendered.
-    attr_accessor :assigns
-
     # Returns the name of the action this controller is processing.
     attr_accessor :action_name
 
-    # Templates that are exempt from layouts
-    @@exempt_from_layout = Set.new([/\.rjs$/])
-
     class << self
       # Factory for the standard create, process loop where the controller is discarded after processing.
       def process(request, response) #:nodoc:
@@ -520,13 +514,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         protected :filter_parameters
       end
 
-      # Don't render layouts for templates with the given extensions.
-      def exempt_from_layout(*extensions)
-        regexps = extensions.collect do |extension|
-          extension.is_a?(Regexp) ? extension : /\.#{Regexp.escape(extension.to_s)}$/
-        end
-        @@exempt_from_layout.merge regexps
-      end
+      delegate :exempt_from_layout, :to => 'ActionView::Base'
     end
 
     public
@@ -538,7 +526,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         assign_shortcuts(request, response)
         initialize_current_url
         assign_names
-        forget_variables_added_to_assigns
 
         log_processing
 
@@ -863,7 +850,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         raise DoubleRenderError, "Can only render or redirect once per action" if performed?
 
         if options.nil?
-          return render_for_file(default_template_name, nil, true)
+          return render(:file => default_template_name, :layout => true)
         elsif !extra_options.is_a?(Hash)
           raise RenderError, "You called render with invalid options : #{options.inspect}, #{extra_options.inspect}"
         else
@@ -874,6 +861,9 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           end
         end
 
+        response.layout = layout = pick_layout(options)
+        logger.info("Rendering template within #{layout}") if logger && layout
+
         if content_type = options[:content_type]
           response.content_type = content_type.to_s
         end
@@ -883,26 +873,21 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         end
 
         if options.has_key?(:text)
-          render_for_text(options[:text], options[:status])
+          text = layout ? @template.render(options.merge(:text => options[:text], :layout => layout)) : options[:text]
+          render_for_text(text, options[:status])
 
         else
           if file = options[:file]
-            render_for_file(file, options[:status], nil, options[:locals] || {})
+            render_for_file(file, options[:status], layout, options[:locals] || {})
 
           elsif template = options[:template]
-            render_for_file(template, options[:status], true, options[:locals] || {})
+            render_for_file(template, options[:status], layout, options[:locals] || {})
 
           elsif inline = options[:inline]
-            add_variables_to_assigns
-            render_for_text(@template.render(options), options[:status])
+            render_for_text(@template.render(options.merge(:layout => layout)), options[:status])
 
           elsif action_name = options[:action]
-            template = default_template_name(action_name.to_s)
-            if options[:layout] && !template_exempt_from_layout?(template)
-              render_with_a_layout(:file => template, :status => options[:status], :layout => true)
-            else
-              render_with_no_layout(:file => template, :status => options[:status])
-            end
+            render_for_file(default_template_name(action_name.to_s), options[:status], layout)
 
           elsif xml = options[:xml]
             response.content_type ||= Mime::XML
@@ -916,12 +901,14 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
           elsif options[:partial]
             options[:partial] = default_template_name if options[:partial] == true
-            add_variables_to_assigns
-            render_for_text(@template.render(options), options[:status])
+            if layout
+              render_for_text(@template.render(:text => @template.render(options), :layout => layout), options[:status])
+            else
+              render_for_text(@template.render(options), options[:status])
+            end
 
           elsif options[:update]
-            add_variables_to_assigns
-            @template.send! :evaluate_assigns
+            @template.send(:_evaluate_assigns_and_ivars)
 
             generator = ActionView::Helpers::PrototypeHelper::JavaScriptGenerator.new(@template, &block)
             response.content_type = Mime::JS
@@ -931,7 +918,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
             render_for_text(nil, options[:status])
 
           else
-            render_for_file(default_template_name, options[:status], true)
+            render_for_file(default_template_name, options[:status], layout)
           end
         end
       end
@@ -942,7 +929,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         render(options, &block)
       ensure
         erase_render_results
-        forget_variables_added_to_assigns
         reset_variables_added_to_assigns
       end
 
@@ -1127,10 +1113,9 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
 
     private
-      def render_for_file(template_path, status = nil, use_full_path = nil, locals = {}) #:nodoc:
-        add_variables_to_assigns
+      def render_for_file(template_path, status = nil, layout = nil, locals = {}) #:nodoc:
         logger.info("Rendering #{template_path}" + (status ? " (#{status})" : '')) if logger
-        render_for_text(@template.render(:file => template_path, :locals => locals), status)
+        render_for_text @template.render(:file => template_path, :locals => locals, :layout => layout), status
       end
 
       def render_for_text(text = nil, status = nil, append_response = false) #:nodoc:
@@ -1165,7 +1150,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
         @_session = @_response.session
         @template = @_response.template
-        @assigns  = @_response.template.assigns
 
         @_headers = @_response.headers
       end
@@ -1229,27 +1213,10 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           hidden_actions
       end
 
-      def add_variables_to_assigns
-        unless @variables_added
-          add_instance_variables_to_assigns
-          @variables_added = true
-        end
-      end
-
-      def forget_variables_added_to_assigns
-        @variables_added = nil
-      end
-
       def reset_variables_added_to_assigns
         @template.instance_variable_set("@assigns_added", nil)
       end
 
-      def add_instance_variables_to_assigns
-        (instance_variable_names - @@protected_view_variables).each do |var|
-          @assigns[var[1..-1]] = instance_variable_get(var)
-        end
-      end
-
       def request_origin
         # this *needs* to be cached!
         # otherwise you'd get different results if calling it more than once
@@ -1265,12 +1232,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
 
       def template_exists?(template_name = default_template_name)
-        @template.file_exists?(template_name)
-      end
-
-      def template_exempt_from_layout?(template_name = default_template_name)
-        template_name = @template.pick_template(template_name).to_s if @template
-        @@exempt_from_layout.any? { |ext| template_name =~ ext }
+        @template.send(:_pick_template, template_name) ? true : false
       rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
         false
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/actions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/actions.rb
index f3535f8330..e72434074e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/actions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/actions.rb
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
             set_content_type!(controller, cache_path.extension)
             options = { :text => cache }
             options.merge!(:layout => true) if cache_layout?
-            controller.send!(:render, options)
+            controller.__send__(:render, options)
             false
           else
             controller.action_cache_path = cache_path
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           end
 
           def content_for_layout(controller)
-            controller.response.layout && controller.response.template.instance_variable_get('@content_for_layout')
+            controller.response.layout && controller.response.template.instance_variable_get('@cached_content_for_layout')
           end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/sweeping.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/sweeping.rb
index 61559e9ec7..c7992d7769 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/sweeping.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/sweeping.rb
@@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
             controller_callback_method_name = "#{timing}_#{controller.controller_name.underscore}"
             action_callback_method_name     = "#{controller_callback_method_name}_#{controller.action_name}"
 
-            send!(controller_callback_method_name) if respond_to?(controller_callback_method_name, true)
-            send!(action_callback_method_name)     if respond_to?(action_callback_method_name, true)
+            __send__(controller_callback_method_name) if respond_to?(controller_callback_method_name, true)
+            __send__(action_callback_method_name)     if respond_to?(action_callback_method_name, true)
           end
 
           def method_missing(method, *arguments)
             return if @controller.nil?
-            @controller.send!(method, *arguments)
+            @controller.__send__(method, *arguments)
           end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/cgi_process.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/cgi_process.rb
index 0ca27b30db..d381af1b84 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/cgi_process.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/cgi_process.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     def initialize(cgi, session_options = {})
       @cgi = cgi
       @session_options = session_options
-      @env = @cgi.send!(:env_table)
+      @env = @cgi.__send__(:env_table)
       super()
     end
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     end
 
     def method_missing(method_id, *arguments)
-      @cgi.send!(method_id, *arguments) rescue super
+      @cgi.__send__(method_id, *arguments) rescue super
     end
 
     private
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ end_msg
       begin
         output.write(@cgi.header(@headers))
 
-        if @cgi.send!(:env_table)['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD'
+        if @cgi.__send__(:env_table)['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD'
           return
         elsif @body.respond_to?(:call)
           # Flush the output now in case the @body Proc uses
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/components.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/components.rb
index a9b4559852..f446b91e7e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/components.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/components.rb
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
     module HelperMethods
       def render_component(options)
-        @controller.send!(:render_component_as_string, options)
+        @controller.__send__(:render_component_as_string, options)
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/filters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/filters.rb
index 1d7236f18a..9022b8b279 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/filters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/filters.rb
@@ -199,8 +199,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           Proc.new do |controller, action|
             method.before(controller)
 
-            if controller.send!(:performed?)
-              controller.send!(:halt_filter_chain, method, :rendered_or_redirected)
+            if controller.__send__(:performed?)
+              controller.__send__(:halt_filter_chain, method, :rendered_or_redirected)
             else
               begin
                 action.call
@@ -223,8 +223,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
       def call(controller, &block)
         super
-        if controller.send!(:performed?)
-          controller.send!(:halt_filter_chain, method, :rendered_or_redirected)
+        if controller.__send__(:performed?)
+          controller.__send__(:halt_filter_chain, method, :rendered_or_redirected)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/helpers.rb
index ce5e8be54c..9cffa07b26 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/helpers.rb
@@ -204,8 +204,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
           begin
             child.master_helper_module = Module.new
-            child.master_helper_module.send! :include, master_helper_module
-            child.send! :default_helper_module!
+            child.master_helper_module.__send__ :include, master_helper_module
+            child.__send__ :default_helper_module!
           rescue MissingSourceFile => e
             raise unless e.is_missing?("helpers/#{child.controller_path}_helper")
           end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/http_authentication.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/http_authentication.rb
index 31db012ef2..2ed810db7d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/http_authentication.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/http_authentication.rb
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ module ActionController
 
       def authentication_request(controller, realm)
         controller.headers["WWW-Authenticate"] = %(Basic realm="#{realm.gsub(/"/, "")}")
-        controller.send! :render, :text => "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n", :status => :unauthorized
+        controller.__send__ :render, :text => "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n", :status => :unauthorized
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb
index 198a22e8dc..a98c1af7f9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ EOF
           reset! unless @integration_session
           # reset the html_document variable, but only for new get/post calls
           @html_document = nil unless %w(cookies assigns).include?(method)
-          returning @integration_session.send!(method, *args) do
+          returning @integration_session.__send__(method, *args) do
             copy_session_variables!
           end
         end
@@ -469,12 +469,12 @@ EOF
           self.class.fixture_table_names.each do |table_name|
             name = table_name.tr(".", "_")
             next unless respond_to?(name)
-            extras.send!(:define_method, name) { |*args| delegate.send(name, *args) }
+            extras.__send__(:define_method, name) { |*args| delegate.send(name, *args) }
           end
         end
 
         # delegate add_assertion to the test case
-        extras.send!(:define_method, :add_assertion) { test_result.add_assertion }
+        extras.__send__(:define_method, :add_assertion) { test_result.add_assertion }
         session.extend(extras)
         session.delegate = self
         session.test_result = @_result
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ EOF
       def copy_session_variables! #:nodoc:
         return unless @integration_session
         %w(controller response request).each do |var|
-          instance_variable_set("@#{var}", @integration_session.send!(var))
+          instance_variable_set("@#{var}", @integration_session.__send__(var))
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/layout.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/layout.rb
index 8b6febe254..8432a008eb 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/layout.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/layout.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,6 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     def self.included(base)
       base.extend(ClassMethods)
       base.class_eval do
-        # NOTE: Can't use alias_method_chain here because +render_without_layout+ is already
-        # defined as a publicly exposed method
-        alias_method :render_with_no_layout, :render
-        alias_method :render, :render_with_a_layout
-
         class << self
           alias_method_chain :inherited, :layout
         end
@@ -221,10 +216,10 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # object). If the layout was defined without a directory, layouts is assumed. So <tt>layout "weblog/standard"</tt> will return
     # weblog/standard, but <tt>layout "standard"</tt> will return layouts/standard.
     def active_layout(passed_layout = nil)
-      layout = passed_layout || self.class.default_layout(response.template.template_format)
+      layout = passed_layout || self.class.default_layout(default_template_format)
       active_layout = case layout
         when String then layout
-        when Symbol then send!(layout)
+        when Symbol then __send__(layout)
         when Proc   then layout.call(self)
       end
 
@@ -240,51 +235,24 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    protected
-      def render_with_a_layout(options = nil, extra_options = {}, &block) #:nodoc:
-        template_with_options = options.is_a?(Hash)
-
-        if (layout = pick_layout(template_with_options, options)) && apply_layout?(template_with_options, options)
-          options = options.merge :layout => false if template_with_options
-          logger.info("Rendering template within #{layout}") if logger
-
-          content_for_layout = render_with_no_layout(options, extra_options, &block)
-          erase_render_results
-          add_variables_to_assigns
-          @template.instance_variable_set("@content_for_layout", content_for_layout)
-          response.layout = layout
-          status = template_with_options ? options[:status] : nil
-          render_for_text(@template.render(layout), status)
-        else
-          render_with_no_layout(options, extra_options, &block)
-        end
-      end
-
-
     private
-      def apply_layout?(template_with_options, options)
-        return false if options == :update
-        template_with_options ?  candidate_for_layout?(options) : !template_exempt_from_layout?
-      end
-
       def candidate_for_layout?(options)
-        (options.has_key?(:layout) && options[:layout] != false) ||
-          options.values_at(:text, :xml, :json, :file, :inline, :partial, :nothing).compact.empty? &&
-          !template_exempt_from_layout?(options[:template] || default_template_name(options[:action]))
+        options.values_at(:text, :xml, :json, :file, :inline, :partial, :nothing, :update).compact.empty? &&
+          !@template.__send__(:_exempt_from_layout?, options[:template] || default_template_name(options[:action]))
       end
 
-      def pick_layout(template_with_options, options)
-        if template_with_options
-          case layout = options[:layout]
-            when FalseClass
-              nil
-            when NilClass, TrueClass
-              active_layout if action_has_layout?
-            else
-              active_layout(layout)
+      def pick_layout(options)
+        if options.has_key?(:layout)
+          case layout = options.delete(:layout)
+          when FalseClass
+            nil
+          when NilClass, TrueClass
+            active_layout if action_has_layout? && !@template.__send__(:_exempt_from_layout?, default_template_name)
+          else
+            active_layout(layout)
           end
         else
-          active_layout if action_has_layout?
+          active_layout if action_has_layout? && candidate_for_layout?(options)
         end
       end
 
@@ -304,7 +272,13 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
 
       def layout_directory?(layout_name)
-        @template.file_exists?("#{File.join('layouts', layout_name)}.#{@template.template_format}")
+        @template.__send__(:_pick_template, "#{File.join('layouts', layout_name)}.#{@template.template_format}") ? true : false
+      rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
+        false
+      end
+
+      def default_template_format
+        response.template.template_format
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/polymorphic_routes.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/polymorphic_routes.rb
index 30564c7bb3..cc228c4230 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/polymorphic_routes.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/polymorphic_routes.rb
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ module ActionController
         args.last.kind_of?(Hash) ? args.last.merge!(url_options) : args << url_options
       end
 
-      send!(named_route, *args)
+      __send__(named_route, *args)
     end
 
     # Returns the path component of a URL for the given record. It uses
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ module ActionController
             if parent.is_a?(Symbol) || parent.is_a?(String)
               string << "#{parent}_"
             else
-              string << "#{RecordIdentifier.send!("singular_class_name", parent)}_"
+              string << "#{RecordIdentifier.__send__("singular_class_name", parent)}_"
             end
           end
         end
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ module ActionController
         if record.is_a?(Symbol) || record.is_a?(String)
           route << "#{record}_"
         else
-          route << "#{RecordIdentifier.send!("#{inflection}_class_name", record)}_"
+          route << "#{RecordIdentifier.__send__("#{inflection}_class_name", record)}_"
         end
 
         action_prefix(options) + namespace + route + routing_type(options).to_s
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/rescue.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/rescue.rb
index a1a9d68a35..1492c4ec61 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/rescue.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/rescue.rb
@@ -177,11 +177,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       # Render detailed diagnostics for unhandled exceptions rescued from
       # a controller action.
       def rescue_action_locally(exception)
-        add_variables_to_assigns
         @template.instance_variable_set("@exception", exception)
         @template.instance_variable_set("@rescues_path", File.dirname(rescues_path("stub")))
-        @template.send!(:assign_variables_from_controller)
-
         @template.instance_variable_set("@contents", @template.render(:file => template_path_for_local_rescue(exception)))
 
         response.content_type = Mime::HTML
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/resources.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/resources.rb
index b4ac0db262..31710caccb 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/resources.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/resources.rb
@@ -85,16 +85,24 @@ module ActionController
         @new_path  ||= "#{path}/#{new_action}"
       end
 
+      def shallow_path_prefix
+        @shallow_path_prefix ||= "#{path_prefix unless @options[:shallow]}"
+      end
+
       def member_path
-        @member_path ||= "#{path}/:id"
+        @member_path ||= "#{shallow_path_prefix}/#{path_segment}/:id"
       end
 
       def nesting_path_prefix
-        @nesting_path_prefix ||= "#{path}/:#{singular}_id"
+        @nesting_path_prefix ||= "#{shallow_path_prefix}/#{path_segment}/:#{singular}_id"
+      end
+
+      def shallow_name_prefix
+        @shallow_name_prefix ||= "#{name_prefix unless @options[:shallow]}"
       end
 
       def nesting_name_prefix
-        "#{name_prefix}#{singular}_"
+        "#{shallow_name_prefix}#{singular}_"
       end
 
       def action_separator
@@ -141,6 +149,8 @@ module ActionController
         super
       end
 
+      alias_method :shallow_path_prefix, :path_prefix
+      alias_method :shallow_name_prefix, :name_prefix
       alias_method :member_path,         :path
       alias_method :nesting_path_prefix, :path
     end
@@ -318,6 +328,31 @@ module ActionController
     #   comments_url(@article)
     #   comment_url(@article, @comment)
     #
+    # * <tt>:shallow</tt> - If true, paths for nested resources which reference a specific member
+    #   (ie. those with an :id parameter) will not use the parent path prefix or name prefix.
+    #
+    # The <tt>:shallow</tt> option is inherited by any nested resource(s).
+    #
+    # For example, 'users', 'posts' and 'comments' all use shallow paths with the following nested resources:
+    #
+    #   map.resources :users, :shallow => true do |user|
+    #     user.resources :posts do |post|
+    #       post.resources :comments
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #   # --> GET /users/1/posts (maps to the PostsController#index action as usual)
+    #   #     also adds the usual named route called "user_posts"
+    #   # --> GET /posts/2 (maps to the PostsController#show action as if it were not nested)
+    #   #     also adds the named route called "post"
+    #   # --> GET /posts/2/comments (maps to the CommentsController#index action)
+    #   #     also adds the named route called "post_comments"
+    #   # --> GET /comments/2 (maps to the CommentsController#show action as if it were not nested)
+    #   #     also adds the named route called "comment"
+    #
+    # You may also use <tt>:shallow</tt> in combination with the +has_one+ and +has_many+ shorthand notations like:
+    #
+    #   map.resources :users, :has_many => { :posts => :comments }, :shallow => true
+    #
     # If <tt>map.resources</tt> is called with multiple resources, they all get the same options applied.
     #
     # Examples:
@@ -443,7 +478,7 @@ module ActionController
           map_associations(resource, options)
 
           if block_given?
-            with_options(:path_prefix => resource.nesting_path_prefix, :name_prefix => resource.nesting_name_prefix, :namespace => options[:namespace], &block)
+            with_options(:path_prefix => resource.nesting_path_prefix, :name_prefix => resource.nesting_name_prefix, :namespace => options[:namespace], :shallow => options[:shallow], &block)
           end
         end
       end
@@ -460,21 +495,35 @@ module ActionController
           map_associations(resource, options)
 
           if block_given?
-            with_options(:path_prefix => resource.nesting_path_prefix, :name_prefix => resource.nesting_name_prefix, :namespace => options[:namespace], &block)
+            with_options(:path_prefix => resource.nesting_path_prefix, :name_prefix => resource.nesting_name_prefix, :namespace => options[:namespace], :shallow => options[:shallow], &block)
           end
         end
       end
 
       def map_associations(resource, options)
+        map_has_many_associations(resource, options.delete(:has_many), options) if options[:has_many]
+
         path_prefix = "#{options.delete(:path_prefix)}#{resource.nesting_path_prefix}"
         name_prefix = "#{options.delete(:name_prefix)}#{resource.nesting_name_prefix}"
 
-        Array(options[:has_many]).each do |association|
-          resources(association, :path_prefix => path_prefix, :name_prefix => name_prefix, :namespace => options[:namespace])
+        Array(options[:has_one]).each do |association|
+          resource(association, :path_prefix => path_prefix, :name_prefix => name_prefix, :namespace => options[:namespace], :shallow => options[:shallow])
         end
+      end
 
-        Array(options[:has_one]).each do |association|
-          resource(association, :path_prefix => path_prefix, :name_prefix => name_prefix, :namespace => options[:namespace])
+      def map_has_many_associations(resource, associations, options)
+        case associations
+        when Hash
+          associations.each do |association,has_many|
+            map_has_many_associations(resource, association, options.merge(:has_many => has_many))
+          end
+        when Array
+          associations.each do |association|
+            map_has_many_associations(resource, association, options)
+          end
+        when Symbol, String
+          resources(associations, :path_prefix => resource.nesting_path_prefix, :name_prefix => resource.nesting_name_prefix, :namespace => options[:namespace], :shallow => options[:shallow], :has_many => options[:has_many])
+        else
         end
       end
 
@@ -530,13 +579,13 @@ module ActionController
               action_path = resource.options[:path_names][action] if resource.options[:path_names].is_a?(Hash)
               action_path ||= Base.resources_path_names[action] || action
 
-              map_named_routes(map, "#{action}_#{resource.name_prefix}#{resource.singular}", "#{resource.member_path}#{resource.action_separator}#{action_path}", action_options)
+              map_named_routes(map, "#{action}_#{resource.shallow_name_prefix}#{resource.singular}", "#{resource.member_path}#{resource.action_separator}#{action_path}", action_options)
             end
           end
         end
 
         show_action_options = action_options_for("show", resource)
-        map_named_routes(map, "#{resource.name_prefix}#{resource.singular}", resource.member_path, show_action_options)
+        map_named_routes(map, "#{resource.shallow_name_prefix}#{resource.singular}", resource.member_path, show_action_options)
 
         update_action_options = action_options_for("update", resource)
         map_unnamed_routes(map, resource.member_path, update_action_options)
@@ -579,4 +628,4 @@ end
 
 class ActionController::Routing::RouteSet::Mapper
   include ActionController::Resources
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/optimisations.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/optimisations.rb
index 0fe836606c..894d4109e4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/optimisations.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/optimisations.rb
@@ -103,9 +103,10 @@ module ActionController
         end
 
         # This case uses almost the same code as positional arguments,
-        # but add an args.last.to_query on the end
+        # but add a question mark and args.last.to_query on the end,
+        # unless the last arg is empty
         def generation_code
-          super.insert(-2, '?#{args.last.to_query}')
+          super.insert(-2, '#{\'?\' + args.last.to_query unless args.last.empty?}')
         end
 
         # To avoid generating "http://localhost/?host=foo.example.com" we
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/route_set.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/route_set.rb
index 8dfc22f94f..9d48f289db 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/route_set.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/route_set.rb
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ module ActionController
         def install(destinations = [ActionController::Base, ActionView::Base], regenerate = false)
           reset! if regenerate
           Array(destinations).each do |dest|
-            dest.send! :include, @module
+            dest.__send__(:include, @module)
           end
         end
 
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ module ActionController
           if generate_all
             # Used by caching to expire all paths for a resource
             return routes.collect do |route|
-              route.send!(method, options, merged, expire_on)
+              route.__send__(method, options, merged, expire_on)
             end.compact
           end
 
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ module ActionController
           routes = routes_by_controller[controller][action][options.keys.sort_by { |x| x.object_id }]
 
           routes.each do |route|
-            results = route.send!(method, options, merged, expire_on)
+            results = route.__send__(method, options, merged, expire_on)
             return results if results && (!results.is_a?(Array) || results.first)
           end
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_process.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_process.rb
index a11fa7cd10..cde1f2052b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_process.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_process.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ require 'action_controller/test_case'
 
 module ActionController #:nodoc:
   class Base
+    attr_reader :assigns
+
     # Process a test request called with a TestRequest object.
     def self.process_test(request)
       new.process_test(request)
@@ -14,7 +16,12 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
     def process_with_test(*args)
       returning process_without_test(*args) do
-        add_variables_to_assigns
+        @assigns = {}
+        (instance_variable_names - @@protected_instance_variables).each do |var|
+          value = instance_variable_get(var)
+          @assigns[var[1..-1]] = value
+          response.template.assigns[var[1..-1]] = value if response
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -211,7 +218,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # Returns the template of the file which was used to
     # render this response (or nil)
     def rendered_template
-      template._first_render
+      template.send(:_first_render)
     end
 
     # A shortcut to the flash. Returns an empty hash if no session flash exists.
@@ -350,7 +357,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     alias local_path path
 
     def method_missing(method_name, *args, &block) #:nodoc:
-      @tempfile.send!(method_name, *args, &block)
+      @tempfile.__send__(method_name, *args, &block)
     end
   end
 
@@ -396,7 +403,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     def xml_http_request(request_method, action, parameters = nil, session = nil, flash = nil)
       @request.env['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] = 'XMLHttpRequest'
       @request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = 'text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*'
-      returning send!(request_method, action, parameters, session, flash) do
+      returning __send__(request_method, action, parameters, session, flash) do
         @request.env.delete 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'
         @request.env.delete 'HTTP_ACCEPT'
       end
@@ -429,7 +436,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
     def build_request_uri(action, parameters)
       unless @request.env['REQUEST_URI']
-        options = @controller.send!(:rewrite_options, parameters)
+        options = @controller.__send__(:rewrite_options, parameters)
         options.update(:only_path => true, :action => action)
 
         url = ActionController::UrlRewriter.new(@request, parameters)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/verification.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/verification.rb
index 35b12a7f13..7bf09ba6ea 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/verification.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/verification.rb
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       #   array (may also be a single value).
       def verify(options={})
         before_filter :only => options[:only], :except => options[:except] do |c|
-          c.send! :verify_action, options
+          c.__send__ :verify_action, options
         end
       end
     end
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     end
     
     def apply_redirect_to(redirect_to_option) # :nodoc:
-      (redirect_to_option.is_a?(Symbol) && redirect_to_option != :back) ? self.send!(redirect_to_option) : redirect_to_option
+      (redirect_to_option.is_a?(Symbol) && redirect_to_option != :back) ? self.__send__(redirect_to_option) : redirect_to_option
     end
     
     def apply_remaining_actions(options) # :nodoc:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
index c65048bfa0..6c4da9067d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
@@ -162,7 +162,6 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
 
     attr_accessor :base_path, :assigns, :template_extension
     attr_accessor :controller
-    attr_accessor :_first_render, :_last_render
 
     attr_writer :template_format
 
@@ -185,6 +184,17 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
         "deprecated and has no effect. Please remove it from your config files.", caller)
     end
 
+    # Templates that are exempt from layouts
+    @@exempt_from_layout = Set.new([/\.rjs$/])
+
+    # Don't render layouts for templates with the given extensions.
+    def self.exempt_from_layout(*extensions)
+      regexps = extensions.collect do |extension|
+        extension.is_a?(Regexp) ? extension : /\.#{Regexp.escape(extension.to_s)}$/
+      end
+      @@exempt_from_layout.merge(regexps)
+    end
+
     # Specify whether RJS responses should be wrapped in a try/catch block
     # that alert()s the caught exception (and then re-raises it).
     @@debug_rjs = false
@@ -246,33 +256,20 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
         update_page(&block)
       elsif options.is_a?(Hash)
         options = options.reverse_merge(:locals => {})
-
-        if partial_layout = options.delete(:layout)
-          if block_given?
-            begin
-              @_proc_for_layout = block
-              concat(render(options.merge(:partial => partial_layout)))
-            ensure
-              @_proc_for_layout = nil
-            end
-          else
-            begin
-              original_content_for_layout, @content_for_layout = @content_for_layout, render(options)
-              render(options.merge(:partial => partial_layout))
-            ensure
-              @content_for_layout = original_content_for_layout
-            end
-          end
+        if options[:layout]
+          _render_with_layout(options, local_assigns, &block)
         elsif options[:file]
           if options[:use_full_path]
             ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("use_full_path option has been deprecated and has no affect.", caller)
           end
 
-          pick_template(options[:file]).render_template(self, options[:locals])
+          _pick_template(options[:file]).render_template(self, options[:locals])
         elsif options[:partial]
           render_partial(options)
         elsif options[:inline]
           InlineTemplate.new(options[:inline], options[:type]).render(self, options[:locals])
+        elsif options[:text]
+          options[:text]
         end
       end
     end
@@ -290,74 +287,95 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    def file_exists?(template_path)
-      pick_template(template_path) ? true : false
-    rescue MissingTemplate
-      false
-    end
+    private
+      attr_accessor :_first_render, :_last_render
 
-    # Gets the extension for an existing template with the given template_path.
-    # Returns the format with the extension if that template exists.
-    #
-    #   pick_template('users/show')
-    #   # => 'users/show.html.erb'
-    #
-    #   pick_template('users/legacy')
-    #   # => 'users/legacy.rhtml'
-    #
-    def pick_template(template_path)
-      return template_path if template_path.respond_to?(:render)
-
-      path = template_path.sub(/^\//, '')
-      if m = path.match(/(.*)\.(\w+)$/)
-        template_file_name, template_file_extension = m[1], m[2]
-      else
-        template_file_name = path
-      end
+      # Evaluate the local assigns and pushes them to the view.
+      def _evaluate_assigns_and_ivars #:nodoc:
+        unless @assigns_added
+          @assigns.each { |key, value| instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value) }
 
-      # OPTIMIZE: Checks to lookup template in view path
-      if template = self.view_paths["#{template_file_name}.#{template_format}"]
-        template
-      elsif template = self.view_paths[template_file_name]
-        template
-      elsif _first_render && template = self.view_paths["#{template_file_name}.#{_first_render.format_and_extension}"]
-        template
-      elsif template_format == :js && template = self.view_paths["#{template_file_name}.html"]
-        @template_format = :html
-        template
-      else
-        template = Template.new(template_path, view_paths)
-
-        if self.class.warn_cache_misses && logger
-          logger.debug "[PERFORMANCE] Rendering a template that was " +
-            "not found in view path. Templates outside the view path are " +
-            "not cached and result in expensive disk operations. Move this " +
-            "file into #{view_paths.join(':')} or add the folder to your " +
-            "view path list"
+          if @controller
+            variables = @controller.instance_variables
+            variables -= @controller.protected_instance_variables if @controller.respond_to?(:protected_instance_variables)
+            variables.each {|name| instance_variable_set(name, @controller.instance_variable_get(name)) }
+          end
+
+          @assigns_added = true
         end
+      end
 
-        template
+      def _set_controller_content_type(content_type) #:nodoc:
+        if controller.respond_to?(:response)
+          controller.response.content_type ||= content_type
+        end
       end
-    end
-    memoize :pick_template
 
-    private
-      # Evaluate the local assigns and pushes them to the view.
-      def evaluate_assigns
-        unless @assigns_added
-          assign_variables_from_controller
-          @assigns_added = true
+      def _pick_template(template_path)
+        return template_path if template_path.respond_to?(:render)
+
+        path = template_path.sub(/^\//, '')
+        if m = path.match(/(.*)\.(\w+)$/)
+          template_file_name, template_file_extension = m[1], m[2]
+        else
+          template_file_name = path
+        end
+
+        # OPTIMIZE: Checks to lookup template in view path
+        if template = self.view_paths["#{template_file_name}.#{template_format}"]
+          template
+        elsif template = self.view_paths[template_file_name]
+          template
+        elsif _first_render && template = self.view_paths["#{template_file_name}.#{_first_render.format_and_extension}"]
+          template
+        elsif template_format == :js && template = self.view_paths["#{template_file_name}.html"]
+          @template_format = :html
+          template
+        else
+          template = Template.new(template_path, view_paths)
+
+          if self.class.warn_cache_misses && logger
+            logger.debug "[PERFORMANCE] Rendering a template that was " +
+              "not found in view path. Templates outside the view path are " +
+              "not cached and result in expensive disk operations. Move this " +
+              "file into #{view_paths.join(':')} or add the folder to your " +
+              "view path list"
+          end
+
+          template
         end
       end
+      memoize :_pick_template
 
-      # Assigns instance variables from the controller to the view.
-      def assign_variables_from_controller
-        @assigns.each { |key, value| instance_variable_set("@#{key}", value) }
+      def _exempt_from_layout?(template_path) #:nodoc:
+        template = _pick_template(template_path).to_s
+        @@exempt_from_layout.any? { |ext| template =~ ext }
+      rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
+        return false
       end
 
-      def set_controller_content_type(content_type)
-        if controller.respond_to?(:response)
-          controller.response.content_type ||= content_type
+      def _render_with_layout(options, local_assigns, &block) #:nodoc:
+        partial_layout = options.delete(:layout)
+
+        if block_given?
+          begin
+            @_proc_for_layout = block
+            concat(render(options.merge(:partial => partial_layout)))
+          ensure
+            @_proc_for_layout = nil
+          end
+        else
+          begin
+            original_content_for_layout, @content_for_layout = @content_for_layout, render(options)
+            if (options[:inline] || options[:file] || options[:text])
+              @cached_content_for_layout = @content_for_layout
+              render(:file => partial_layout, :locals => local_assigns)
+            else
+              render(options.merge(:partial => partial_layout))
+            end
+          ensure
+            @content_for_layout = original_content_for_layout
+          end
         end
       end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/prototype_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/prototype_helper.rb
index 2ce818cd71..2f08583b16 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/prototype_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/prototype_helper.rb
@@ -255,6 +255,14 @@ module ActionView
         link_to_function(name, remote_function(options), html_options || options.delete(:html))
       end
 
+      # Creates a button with an onclick event which calls a remote action
+      # via XMLHttpRequest
+      # The options for specifying the target with :url
+      # and defining callbacks is the same as link_to_remote.
+      def button_to_remote(name, options = {}, html_options = {})
+        button_to_function(name, remote_function(options), html_options)
+      end
+
       # Periodically calls the specified url (<tt>options[:url]</tt>) every
       # <tt>options[:frequency]</tt> seconds (default is 10). Usually used to
       # update a specified div (<tt>options[:update]</tt>) with the results
@@ -1052,7 +1060,7 @@ module ActionView
 
         js_options['asynchronous'] = options[:type] != :synchronous
         js_options['method']       = method_option_to_s(options[:method]) if options[:method]
-        js_options['insertion']    = options[:position].to_s.downcase if options[:position]
+        js_options['insertion']    = "'#{options[:position].to_s.downcase}'" if options[:position]
         js_options['evalScripts']  = options[:script].nil? || options[:script]
 
         if options[:form]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/partials.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/partials.rb
index 443c49b870..373bb92dc4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/partials.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/partials.rb
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ module ActionView
           path = "_#{partial_path}"
         end
 
-        pick_template(path)
+        _pick_template(path)
       end
       memoize :_pick_partial_template
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderable.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderable.rb
index fa45edd436..d960335220 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderable.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/renderable.rb
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ module ActionView
     def render(view, local_assigns = {})
       compile(local_assigns)
 
-      view._first_render ||= self
-      view._last_render = self
+      view.send(:_first_render=, self) unless view.send(:_first_render)
+      view.send(:_last_render=, self)
 
-      view.send(:evaluate_assigns)
-      view.send(:set_controller_content_type, mime_type) if respond_to?(:mime_type)
+      view.send(:_evaluate_assigns_and_ivars)
+      view.send(:_set_controller_content_type, mime_type) if respond_to?(:mime_type)
 
       view.send(method_name(local_assigns), local_assigns) do |*names|
         if proc = view.instance_variable_get("@_proc_for_layout")
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template_handlers/builder.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template_handlers/builder.rb
index 7d24a5c423..788dc93326 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template_handlers/builder.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template_handlers/builder.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActionView
       include Compilable
 
       def compile(template)
-        "set_controller_content_type(Mime::XML);" +
+        "_set_controller_content_type(Mime::XML);" +
           "xml = ::Builder::XmlMarkup.new(:indent => 2);" +
           "self.output_buffer = xml.target!;" +
           template.source +
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
index adbb37fd09..c69f9455b2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ module ActionView
     private
       def method_missing(selector, *args)
         controller = TestController.new
-        return controller.send!(selector, *args) if ActionController::Routing::Routes.named_routes.helpers.include?(selector)
+        return controller.__send__(selector, *args) if ActionController::Routing::Routes.named_routes.helpers.include?(selector)
         super
       end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
index cce8f8dc21..08cbcbf302 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
@@ -599,6 +599,11 @@ class AssertSelectTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_select_rjs_raise_errors
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { assert_select_rjs(:destroy) }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { assert_select_rjs(:insert, :left) }
+  end
+
   # Simple selection from a single result.
   def test_nested_assert_select_rjs_with_single_result
     render_rjs do |page|
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
index d49cc2a9aa..738c016c6e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
@@ -84,11 +84,11 @@ class ControllerInstanceTests < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def test_action_methods
     @empty_controllers.each do |c|
       hide_mocha_methods_from_controller(c)
-      assert_equal Set.new, c.send!(:action_methods), "#{c.controller_path} should be empty!"
+      assert_equal Set.new, c.__send__(:action_methods), "#{c.controller_path} should be empty!"
     end
     @non_empty_controllers.each do |c|
       hide_mocha_methods_from_controller(c)
-      assert_equal Set.new(%w(public_action)), c.send!(:action_methods), "#{c.controller_path} should not be empty!"
+      assert_equal Set.new(%w(public_action)), c.__send__(:action_methods), "#{c.controller_path} should not be empty!"
     end
   end
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class ControllerInstanceTests < Test::Unit::TestCase
         :expects, :mocha, :mocha_inspect, :reset_mocha, :stubba_object,
         :stubba_method, :stubs, :verify, :__metaclass__, :__is_a__, :to_matcher,
       ]
-      controller.class.send!(:hide_action, *mocha_methods)
+      controller.class.__send__(:hide_action, *mocha_methods)
     end
 end
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class PerformActionTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   
   def test_method_missing_is_not_an_action_name
     use_controller MethodMissingController
-    assert ! @controller.send!(:action_methods).include?('method_missing')
+    assert ! @controller.__send__(:action_methods).include?('method_missing')
     
     get :method_missing
     assert_response :success
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/filter_params_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/filter_params_test.rb
index c4de10181d..0b259a7980 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/filter_params_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/filter_params_test.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class FilterParamTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
 
     test_hashes.each do |before_filter, after_filter, filter_words|
       FilterParamController.filter_parameter_logging(*filter_words)
-      assert_equal after_filter, @controller.send!(:filter_parameters, before_filter)
+      assert_equal after_filter, @controller.__send__(:filter_parameters, before_filter)
 
       filter_words.push('blah')
       FilterParamController.filter_parameter_logging(*filter_words) do |key, value|
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class FilterParamTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
       before_filter['barg'] = {'bargain'=>'gain', 'blah'=>'bar', 'bar'=>{'bargain'=>{'blah'=>'foo'}}}
       after_filter['barg'] = {'bargain'=>'niag', 'blah'=>'[FILTERED]', 'bar'=>{'bargain'=>{'blah'=>'[FILTERED]'}}}
 
-      assert_equal after_filter, @controller.send!(:filter_parameters, before_filter)
+      assert_equal after_filter, @controller.__send__(:filter_parameters, before_filter)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
index 3652c482f1..dafa344473 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
@@ -111,15 +111,15 @@ class FilterTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionProcController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter(:only => :show) {|c| c.assigns["ran_proc_filter"] = true }
+    before_filter(:only => :show) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) }
   end
 
   class ExceptConditionProcController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter(:except => :show_without_filter) {|c| c.assigns["ran_proc_filter"] = true }
+    before_filter(:except => :show_without_filter) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) }
   end
 
   class ConditionalClassFilter
-    def self.filter(controller) controller.assigns["ran_class_filter"] = true end
+    def self.filter(controller) controller.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_class_filter", true) end
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionClassController < ConditionalFilterController
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class FilterTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   end
 
   class AnomolousYetValidConditionController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter(ConditionalClassFilter, :ensure_login, Proc.new {|c| c.assigns["ran_proc_filter1"] = true }, :except => :show_without_filter) { |c| c.assigns["ran_proc_filter2"] = true}
+    before_filter(ConditionalClassFilter, :ensure_login, Proc.new {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter1", true)}, :except => :show_without_filter) { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter2", true)}
   end
 
   class ConditionalOptionsFilter < ConditionalFilterController
@@ -225,16 +225,16 @@ class FilterTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   end
 
   class ProcController < PrependingController
-    before_filter(proc { |c| c.assigns["ran_proc_filter"] = true })
+    before_filter(proc { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) })
   end
 
   class ImplicitProcController < PrependingController
-    before_filter { |c| c.assigns["ran_proc_filter"] = true }
+    before_filter { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) }
   end
 
   class AuditFilter
     def self.filter(controller)
-      controller.assigns["was_audited"] = true
+      controller.instance_variable_set(:"@was_audited", true)
     end
   end
 
@@ -242,12 +242,12 @@ class FilterTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     def before(controller)
       @execution_log = "before"
       controller.class.execution_log << " before aroundfilter " if controller.respond_to? :execution_log
-      controller.assigns["before_ran"] = true
+      controller.instance_variable_set(:"@before_ran", true)
     end
 
     def after(controller)
-      controller.assigns["execution_log"] = @execution_log + " and after"
-      controller.assigns["after_ran"] = true
+      controller.instance_variable_set(:"@execution_log", @execution_log + " and after")
+      controller.instance_variable_set(:"@after_ran", true)
       controller.class.execution_log << " after aroundfilter " if controller.respond_to? :execution_log
     end
   end
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ class FilterTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
       begin
         yield
       rescue ErrorToRescue => ex
-        controller.send! :render, :text => "I rescued this: #{ex.inspect}"
+        controller.__send__ :render, :text => "I rescued this: #{ex.inspect}"
       end
     end
   end
@@ -726,9 +726,9 @@ end
 
 class ControllerWithProcFilter < PostsController
   around_filter(:only => :no_raise) do |c,b|
-    c.assigns['before'] = true
+    c.instance_variable_set(:"@before", true)
     b.call
-    c.assigns['after'] = true
+    c.instance_variable_set(:"@after", true)
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
index c986941140..7e4c3e171a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ class IntegrationTestUsesCorrectClass < ActionController::IntegrationTest
     reset!
     stub_integration_session(@integration_session)
     %w( get post head put delete ).each do |verb|
-      assert_nothing_raised("'#{verb}' should use integration test methods") { send!(verb, '/') }
+      assert_nothing_raised("'#{verb}' should use integration test methods") { __send__(verb, '/') }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/layout_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/layout_test.rb
index 71f110f241..1120fdbff5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/layout_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/layout_test.rb
@@ -79,53 +79,6 @@ class LayoutAutoDiscoveryTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class ExemptFromLayoutTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @controller = LayoutTest.new
-    @request    = ActionController::TestRequest.new
-    @response   = ActionController::TestResponse.new
-  end
-
-  def test_rjs_exempt_from_layout
-    assert @controller.send!(:template_exempt_from_layout?, 'test.rjs')
-  end
-
-  def test_rhtml_and_rxml_not_exempt_from_layout
-    assert !@controller.send!(:template_exempt_from_layout?, 'test.rhtml')
-    assert !@controller.send!(:template_exempt_from_layout?, 'test.rxml')
-  end
-
-  def test_other_extension_not_exempt_from_layout
-    assert !@controller.send!(:template_exempt_from_layout?, 'test.random')
-  end
-
-  def test_add_extension_to_exempt_from_layout
-    ['rpdf', :rpdf].each do |ext|
-      assert_nothing_raised do
-        ActionController::Base.exempt_from_layout ext
-      end
-      assert @controller.send!(:template_exempt_from_layout?, "test.#{ext}")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_add_regexp_to_exempt_from_layout
-    ActionController::Base.exempt_from_layout /\.rdoc/
-    assert @controller.send!(:template_exempt_from_layout?, 'test.rdoc')
-  end
-
-  def test_rhtml_exempt_from_layout_status_should_prevent_layout_render
-    ActionController::Base.exempt_from_layout :rhtml
-
-    assert @controller.send!(:template_exempt_from_layout?, 'test.rhtml')
-    assert @controller.send!(:template_exempt_from_layout?, 'hello.rhtml')
-
-    get :hello
-    assert_equal 'hello.rhtml', @response.body
-    ActionController::Base.exempt_from_layout.delete(/\.rhtml$/)
-  end
-end
-
-
 class DefaultLayoutController < LayoutTest
 end
 
@@ -179,8 +132,6 @@ class LayoutSetInResponseTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     ActionController::Base.exempt_from_layout :rhtml
     @controller = RenderWithTemplateOptionController.new
 
-    assert @controller.send(:template_exempt_from_layout?, 'alt/hello.rhtml')
-
     get :hello
     assert_equal "alt/hello.rhtml", @response.body.strip
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
index e383fda384..c4a2bf3db3 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,18 @@ module Fun
   end
 end
 
+class MockLogger
+  attr_reader :logged
+
+  def initialize
+    @logged = []
+  end
+
+  def method_missing(method, *args)
+    @logged << args.first
+  end
+end
+
 class TestController < ActionController::Base
   class LabellingFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
   end
@@ -371,6 +383,12 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     end
   end
 
+  def update_page_with_view_method
+    render :update do |page|
+      page.replace_html 'person', pluralize(2, 'person')
+    end
+  end
+
   def action_talk_to_layout
     # Action template sets variable that's picked up by layout
   end
@@ -1022,6 +1040,13 @@ class RenderTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     assert_match /\$37/, @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_update_page_with_view_method
+    get :update_page_with_view_method
+    assert_template nil
+    assert_equal 'text/javascript; charset=utf-8', @response.headers['type']
+    assert_match /2 people/, @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_yield_content_for
     assert_not_deprecated { get :yield_content_for }
     assert_equal "<title>Putting stuff in the title!</title>\n\nGreat stuff!\n", @response.body
@@ -1372,3 +1397,21 @@ class LastModifiedRenderTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
   end
 end
+
+class RenderingLoggingTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @request    = ActionController::TestRequest.new
+    @response   = ActionController::TestResponse.new
+    @controller = TestController.new
+
+    @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
+  end
+
+  def test_logger_prints_layout_and_template_rendering_info
+    @controller.logger = MockLogger.new
+    get :layout_test
+    logged = @controller.logger.logged.find_all {|l| l =~ /render/i }
+    assert_equal "Rendering template within layouts/standard", logged[0]
+    assert_equal "Rendering test/hello_world", logged[1]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
index 7830767723..1fea82e564 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
@@ -379,6 +379,31 @@ class ResourcesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_shallow_nested_restful_routes
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do |map|
+        map.resources :threads, :shallow => true do |map|
+          map.resources :messages do |map|
+            map.resources :comments
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_simply_restful_for :threads,
+        :shallow => true
+      assert_simply_restful_for :messages,
+        :name_prefix => 'thread_',
+        :path_prefix => 'threads/1/',
+        :shallow => true,
+        :options => { :thread_id => '1' }
+      assert_simply_restful_for :comments,
+        :name_prefix => 'message_',
+        :path_prefix => 'messages/2/',
+        :shallow => true,
+        :options => { :message_id => '2' }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_restful_routes_dont_generate_duplicates
     with_restful_routing :messages do
       routes = ActionController::Routing::Routes.routes
@@ -429,6 +454,32 @@ class ResourcesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_resources_has_many_hash_should_become_nested_resources
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do |map|
+        map.resources :threads, :has_many => { :messages => [ :comments, { :authors => :threads } ] }
+      end
+
+      assert_simply_restful_for :threads
+      assert_simply_restful_for :messages, :name_prefix => "thread_", :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :options => { :thread_id => '1' }
+      assert_simply_restful_for :comments, :name_prefix => "thread_message_", :path_prefix => 'threads/1/messages/1/', :options => { :thread_id => '1', :message_id => '1' }
+      assert_simply_restful_for :authors,  :name_prefix => "thread_message_", :path_prefix => 'threads/1/messages/1/', :options => { :thread_id => '1', :message_id => '1' }
+      assert_simply_restful_for :threads,  :name_prefix => "thread_message_author_", :path_prefix => 'threads/1/messages/1/authors/1/', :options => { :thread_id => '1', :message_id => '1', :author_id => '1' }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_shallow_resource_has_many_should_become_shallow_nested_resources
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do |map|
+        map.resources :messages, :has_many => [ :comments, :authors ], :shallow => true
+      end
+
+      assert_simply_restful_for :messages, :shallow => true
+      assert_simply_restful_for :comments, :name_prefix => "message_", :path_prefix => 'messages/1/', :shallow => true, :options => { :message_id => '1' }
+      assert_simply_restful_for :authors,  :name_prefix => "message_", :path_prefix => 'messages/1/', :shallow => true, :options => { :message_id => '1' }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_resource_has_one_should_become_nested_resources
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do |map|
@@ -440,6 +491,17 @@ class ResourcesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_shallow_resource_has_one_should_become_shallow_nested_resources
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do |map|
+        map.resources :messages, :has_one => :logo, :shallow => true
+      end
+
+      assert_simply_restful_for :messages, :shallow => true
+      assert_singleton_restful_for :logo, :name_prefix => 'message_', :path_prefix => 'messages/1/', :shallow => true, :options => { :message_id => '1' }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_singleton_resource_with_member_action
     [:put, :post].each do |method|
       with_singleton_resources :account, :member => { :reset => method } do
@@ -744,6 +806,13 @@ class ResourcesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
       options[:options] ||= {}
       options[:options][:controller] = options[:controller] || controller_name.to_s
 
+      if options[:shallow]
+        options[:shallow_options] ||= {}
+        options[:shallow_options][:controller] = options[:options][:controller]
+      else
+        options[:shallow_options] = options[:options]
+      end
+
       new_action    = ActionController::Base.resources_path_names[:new] || "new"
       edit_action   = ActionController::Base.resources_path_names[:edit] || "edit"
       if options[:path_names]
@@ -751,8 +820,10 @@ class ResourcesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
         edit_action = options[:path_names][:edit] if options[:path_names][:edit]
       end
 
-      collection_path            = "/#{options[:path_prefix]}#{options[:as] || controller_name}"
-      member_path                = "#{collection_path}/1"
+      path                       = "#{options[:as] || controller_name}"
+      collection_path            = "/#{options[:path_prefix]}#{path}"
+      shallow_path               = "/#{options[:path_prefix] unless options[:shallow]}#{path}"
+      member_path                = "#{shallow_path}/1"
       new_path                   = "#{collection_path}/#{new_action}"
       edit_member_path           = "#{member_path}/#{edit_action}"
       formatted_edit_member_path = "#{member_path}/#{edit_action}.xml"
@@ -760,10 +831,13 @@ class ResourcesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
       with_options(options[:options]) do |controller|
         controller.assert_routing collection_path,            :action => 'index'
         controller.assert_routing new_path,                   :action => 'new'
-        controller.assert_routing member_path,                :action => 'show', :id => '1'
-        controller.assert_routing edit_member_path,           :action => 'edit', :id => '1'
         controller.assert_routing "#{collection_path}.xml",   :action => 'index',            :format => 'xml'
         controller.assert_routing "#{new_path}.xml",          :action => 'new',              :format => 'xml'
+      end
+
+      with_options(options[:shallow_options]) do |controller|
+        controller.assert_routing member_path,                :action => 'show', :id => '1'
+        controller.assert_routing edit_member_path,           :action => 'edit', :id => '1'
         controller.assert_routing "#{member_path}.xml",       :action => 'show', :id => '1', :format => 'xml'
         controller.assert_routing formatted_edit_member_path, :action => 'edit', :id => '1', :format => 'xml'
       end
@@ -771,18 +845,18 @@ class ResourcesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
       assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'index'),               :path => collection_path,  :method => :get)
       assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'new'),                 :path => new_path,         :method => :get)
       assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'create'),              :path => collection_path,  :method => :post)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'show',    :id => '1'), :path => member_path,      :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'edit',    :id => '1'), :path => edit_member_path, :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'update',  :id => '1'), :path => member_path,      :method => :put)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'destroy', :id => '1'), :path => member_path,      :method => :delete)
-
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'index',               :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{collection_path}.xml",   :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'new',                 :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{new_path}.xml",          :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'create',              :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{collection_path}.xml",   :method => :post)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'show',    :id => '1', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{member_path}.xml",       :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'edit',    :id => '1', :format => 'xml'), :path => formatted_edit_member_path, :method => :get)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'update',  :id => '1', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{member_path}.xml",       :method => :put)
-      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'destroy', :id => '1', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{member_path}.xml",       :method => :delete)
+      assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'show',    :id => '1'), :path => member_path,      :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'edit',    :id => '1'), :path => edit_member_path, :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'update',  :id => '1'), :path => member_path,      :method => :put)
+      assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'destroy', :id => '1'), :path => member_path,      :method => :delete)
+
+      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'index',  :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{collection_path}.xml",   :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'new',    :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{new_path}.xml",          :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(options[:options].merge(:action => 'create', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{collection_path}.xml",   :method => :post)
+      assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'show',    :id => '1', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{member_path}.xml",       :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'edit',    :id => '1', :format => 'xml'), :path => formatted_edit_member_path, :method => :get)
+      assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'update',  :id => '1', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{member_path}.xml",       :method => :put)
+      assert_recognizes(options[:shallow_options].merge(:action => 'destroy', :id => '1', :format => 'xml'), :path => "#{member_path}.xml",       :method => :delete)
 
       yield options[:options] if block_given?
     end
@@ -798,14 +872,24 @@ class ResourcesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
       options[:options] ||= {}
       options[:options][:controller] = options[:controller] || controller_name.to_s
 
+      if options[:shallow]
+        options[:shallow_options] ||= {}
+        options[:shallow_options][:controller] = options[:options][:controller]
+      else
+        options[:shallow_options] = options[:options]
+      end
+
       @controller = "#{options[:options][:controller].camelize}Controller".constantize.new
       @request    = ActionController::TestRequest.new
       @response   = ActionController::TestResponse.new
       get :index, options[:options]
       options[:options].delete :action
 
-      full_prefix = "/#{options[:path_prefix]}#{options[:as] || controller_name}"
+      path = "#{options[:as] || controller_name}"
+      shallow_path = "/#{options[:path_prefix] unless options[:shallow]}#{path}"
+      full_path = "/#{options[:path_prefix]}#{path}"
       name_prefix = options[:name_prefix]
+      shallow_prefix = "#{options[:name_prefix] unless options[:shallow]}"
 
       new_action  = "new"
       edit_action = "edit"
@@ -814,15 +898,15 @@ class ResourcesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
         edit_action = options[:path_names][:edit] || "edit"
       end
 
-      assert_named_route "#{full_prefix}",            "#{name_prefix}#{controller_name}_path",              options[:options]
-      assert_named_route "#{full_prefix}.xml",        "formatted_#{name_prefix}#{controller_name}_path",    options[:options].merge(            :format => 'xml')
-      assert_named_route "#{full_prefix}/1",          "#{name_prefix}#{singular_name}_path",                options[:options].merge(:id => '1')
-      assert_named_route "#{full_prefix}/1.xml",      "formatted_#{name_prefix}#{singular_name}_path",      options[:options].merge(:id => '1', :format => 'xml')
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}", "#{name_prefix}#{controller_name}_path", options[:options]
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}.xml", "formatted_#{name_prefix}#{controller_name}_path", options[:options].merge(:format => 'xml')
+      assert_named_route "#{shallow_path}/1", "#{shallow_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", options[:shallow_options].merge(:id => '1')
+      assert_named_route "#{shallow_path}/1.xml", "formatted_#{shallow_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", options[:shallow_options].merge(:id => '1', :format => 'xml')
 
-      assert_named_route "#{full_prefix}/#{new_action}",        "new_#{name_prefix}#{singular_name}_path",            options[:options]
-      assert_named_route "#{full_prefix}/#{new_action}.xml",    "formatted_new_#{name_prefix}#{singular_name}_path",  options[:options].merge(            :format => 'xml')
-      assert_named_route "#{full_prefix}/1/#{edit_action}",     "edit_#{name_prefix}#{singular_name}_path",           options[:options].merge(:id => '1')
-      assert_named_route "#{full_prefix}/1/#{edit_action}.xml", "formatted_edit_#{name_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", options[:options].merge(:id => '1', :format => 'xml')
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/#{new_action}", "new_#{name_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", options[:options]
+      assert_named_route "#{full_path}/#{new_action}.xml", "formatted_new_#{name_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", options[:options].merge(:format => 'xml')
+      assert_named_route "#{shallow_path}/1/#{edit_action}", "edit_#{shallow_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", options[:shallow_options].merge(:id => '1')
+      assert_named_route "#{shallow_path}/1/#{edit_action}.xml", "formatted_edit_#{shallow_prefix}#{singular_name}_path", options[:shallow_options].merge(:id => '1', :format => 'xml')
 
       yield options[:options] if block_given?
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
index f480e6dbe4..8bb1c49cbd 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
@@ -1694,6 +1694,12 @@ uses_mocha 'LegacyRouteSet, Route, RouteSet and RouteLoading' do
         controller.send(:multi_url, 7, "hello", 5, :baz => "bar")
     end
 
+    def test_named_route_url_method_with_ordered_parameters_and_empty_hash
+      controller = setup_named_route_test
+      assert_equal "http://named.route.test/people/go/7/hello/joe/5",
+        controller.send(:multi_url, 7, "hello", 5, {})
+    end
+
     def test_named_route_url_method_with_no_positional_arguments
       controller = setup_named_route_test
       assert_equal "http://named.route.test/people?baz=bar",
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/prototype_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/prototype_helper_test.rb
index abc9f930dd..a1f541fd7b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/prototype_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/prototype_helper_test.rb
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@ class PrototypeHelperTest < PrototypeHelperBaseTest
       link_to_remote("Remote outauthor", :failure => "alert(request.responseText)", :url => { :action => "whatnot", :a => '10', :b => '20' })
     assert_dom_equal %(<a href=\"#\" onclick=\"new Ajax.Request('http://www.example.com/whatnot', {asynchronous:false, evalScripts:true}); return false;\">Remote outauthor</a>),
       link_to_remote("Remote outauthor", :url => { :action => "whatnot" }, :type => :synchronous)
+    assert_dom_equal %(<a href=\"#\" onclick=\"new Ajax.Request('http://www.example.com/whatnot', {asynchronous:true, evalScripts:true, insertion:'bottom'}); return false;\">Remote outauthor</a>),
+      link_to_remote("Remote outauthor", :url => { :action => "whatnot" }, :position => :bottom)
   end
 
   def test_link_to_remote_html_options
@@ -91,6 +93,19 @@ class PrototypeHelperTest < PrototypeHelperBaseTest
       link_to_remote("Remote", { :url => { :action => "whatnot's" } })
   end
 
+  def test_button_to_remote
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input class=\"fine\" type=\"button\" value=\"Remote outpost\" onclick=\"new Ajax.Request('http://www.example.com/whatnot', {asynchronous:true, evalScripts:true});\" />),
+      button_to_remote("Remote outpost", { :url => { :action => "whatnot"  }}, { :class => "fine"  })
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input type=\"button\" value=\"Remote outpost\" onclick=\"new Ajax.Request('http://www.example.com/whatnot', {asynchronous:true, evalScripts:true, onComplete:function(request){alert(request.reponseText)}});\" />),
+      button_to_remote("Remote outpost", :complete => "alert(request.reponseText)", :url => { :action => "whatnot"  })
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input type=\"button\" value=\"Remote outpost\" onclick=\"new Ajax.Request('http://www.example.com/whatnot', {asynchronous:true, evalScripts:true, onSuccess:function(request){alert(request.reponseText)}});\" />),
+      button_to_remote("Remote outpost", :success => "alert(request.reponseText)", :url => { :action => "whatnot"  })
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input type=\"button\" value=\"Remote outpost\" onclick=\"new Ajax.Request('http://www.example.com/whatnot', {asynchronous:true, evalScripts:true, onFailure:function(request){alert(request.reponseText)}});\" />),
+      button_to_remote("Remote outpost", :failure => "alert(request.reponseText)", :url => { :action => "whatnot"  })
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input type=\"button\" value=\"Remote outpost\" onclick=\"new Ajax.Request('http://www.example.com/whatnot?a=10&amp;b=20', {asynchronous:true, evalScripts:true, onFailure:function(request){alert(request.reponseText)}});\" />),
+      button_to_remote("Remote outpost", :failure => "alert(request.reponseText)", :url => { :action => "whatnot", :a => '10', :b => '20' })
+  end
+
   def test_periodically_call_remote
     assert_dom_equal %(<script type="text/javascript">\n//<![CDATA[\nnew PeriodicalExecuter(function() {new Ajax.Updater('schremser_bier', 'http://www.example.com/mehr_bier', {asynchronous:true, evalScripts:true})}, 10)\n//]]>\n</script>),
       periodically_call_remote(:update => "schremser_bier", :url => { :action => "mehr_bier" })
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
index 7efe9901ca..460d2d82e5 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   module Validations
     def self.included(base) # :nodoc:
       base.extend(ClassMethods)
-      base.send!(:include, ActiveSupport::Callbacks)
+      base.__send__(:include, ActiveSupport::Callbacks)
       base.define_callbacks :validate, :validate_on_create, :validate_on_update
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/CHANGELOG b/activerecord/CHANGELOG
index dcbe354733..58d0669770 100644
--- a/activerecord/CHANGELOG
+++ b/activerecord/CHANGELOG
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 *Edge*
 
+* Connection pooling.  #936 [Nick Sieger]
+
 * Merge scoped :joins together instead of overwriting them. May expose scoping bugs in your code!  #501 [Andrew White]
 
 * before_save, before_validation and before_destroy callbacks that return false will now ROLLBACK the transaction.  Previously this would have been committed before the processing was aborted. #891 [Xavier Noria]
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
index 3ca93db10f..2470eb44b4 100755
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
@@ -1304,7 +1304,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           define_method("#{reflection.name.to_s.singularize}_ids") do
-            send(reflection.name).map { |record| record.id }
+            if send(reflection.name).loaded?
+              send(reflection.name).map(&:id)
+            else
+              send(reflection.name).all(:select => "#{reflection.quoted_table_name}.#{reflection.klass.primary_key}").map(&:id)
+            end
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
index b9b7eb5f00..d7e152ed1d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
@@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     
     class Scope
       attr_reader :proxy_scope, :proxy_options
-
+      NON_DELEGATE_METHODS = %w(nil? send object_id class extend find size count sum average maximum minimum paginate first last empty? any? respond_to?).to_set
       [].methods.each do |m|
-        unless m =~ /(^__|^nil\?|^send|^object_id$|class|extend|^find$|count|sum|average|maximum|minimum|paginate|first|last|empty\?|any\?|respond_to\?)/
+        unless m =~ /^__/ || NON_DELEGATE_METHODS.include?(m.to_s)
           delegate m, :to => :proxy_found
         end
       end
@@ -136,6 +136,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def size
+        @found ? @found.length : count
+      end
+
       def empty?
         @found ? @found.empty? : count.zero?
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
index 9ee80e6655..dae4ae8122 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
@@ -87,6 +87,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # </ol>
     def generate_message(attribute, message = :invalid, options = {})
 
+      message, options[:default] = options[:default], message if options[:default].is_a?(Symbol)
+
       defaults = @base.class.self_and_descendents_from_active_record.map do |klass| 
         [ :"models.#{klass.name.underscore}.attributes.#{attribute}.#{message}", 
           :"models.#{klass.name.underscore}.#{message}" ]
@@ -95,7 +97,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       defaults << options.delete(:default)
       defaults = defaults.compact.flatten << :"messages.#{message}"
 
-      model_name = @base.class.name
       key = defaults.shift
       value = @base.respond_to?(attribute) ? @base.send(attribute) : nil
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
index 1b31d28679..edca3c622b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -223,10 +223,10 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     devel = Developer.find(1)
     proj = assert_no_queries { devel.projects.build("name" => "Projekt") }
     assert !devel.projects.loaded?
-    
+
     assert_equal devel.projects.last, proj
     assert devel.projects.loaded?
-    
+
     assert proj.new_record?
     devel.save
     assert !proj.new_record?
@@ -251,10 +251,10 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     devel = Developer.find(1)
     proj = devel.projects.create("name" => "Projekt")
     assert !devel.projects.loaded?
-    
+
     assert_equal devel.projects.last, proj
     assert devel.projects.loaded?
-    
+
     assert !proj.new_record?
     assert_equal Developer.find(1).projects.sort_by(&:id).last, proj  # prove join table is updated
   end
@@ -274,10 +274,10 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_creation_respects_hash_condition
     post = categories(:general).post_with_conditions.build(:body => '')
-    
+
     assert        post.save
     assert_equal  'Yet Another Testing Title', post.title
-    
+
     another_post = categories(:general).post_with_conditions.create(:body => '')
 
     assert        !another_post.new_record?
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     dev = developers(:jamis)
     dev.projects << projects(:active_record)
     dev.projects << projects(:active_record)
-    
+
     assert_equal 3, dev.projects.size
     assert_equal 1, dev.projects.uniq.size
   end
@@ -415,13 +415,13 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     project.developers.class # force load target
 
     developer = project.developers.first
-    
+
     assert_no_queries do
       assert project.developers.loaded?
       assert project.developers.include?(developer)
     end
   end
-  
+
   def test_include_checks_if_record_exists_if_target_not_loaded
     project = projects(:active_record)
     developer = project.developers.first
@@ -641,6 +641,22 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [projects(:active_record).id], developers(:jamis).project_ids
   end
 
+  def test_get_ids_for_loaded_associations
+    developer = developers(:david)
+    developer.projects(true)
+    assert_queries(0) do
+      developer.project_ids
+      developer.project_ids
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_get_ids_for_unloaded_associations_does_not_load_them
+    developer = developers(:david)
+    assert !developer.projects.loaded?
+    assert_equal projects(:active_record, :action_controller).map(&:id).sort, developer.project_ids.sort
+    assert !developer.projects.loaded?
+  end
+
   def test_assign_ids
     developer = Developer.new("name" => "Joe")
     developer.project_ids = projects(:active_record, :action_controller).map(&:id)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
index 17fd88ce65..feac4b002b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     company = companies(:first_firm)
     new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
-    
+
     assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
     assert new_client.new_record?
     assert_equal new_client, company.clients_of_firm.last
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_build_many
     company = companies(:first_firm)
     new_clients = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) }
-    
+
     assert_equal 2, new_clients.size
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(3) { assert company.save }
@@ -655,10 +655,10 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_creation_respects_hash_condition
     ms_client = companies(:first_firm).clients_like_ms_with_hash_conditions.build
-    
+
     assert        ms_client.save
     assert_equal  'Microsoft', ms_client.name
-    
+
     another_ms_client = companies(:first_firm).clients_like_ms_with_hash_conditions.create
 
     assert        !another_ms_client.new_record?
@@ -830,6 +830,22 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [companies(:first_client).id, companies(:second_client).id], companies(:first_firm).client_ids
   end
 
+  def test_get_ids_for_loaded_associations
+    company = companies(:first_firm)
+    company.clients(true)
+    assert_queries(0) do
+      company.client_ids
+      company.client_ids
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_get_ids_for_unloaded_associations_does_not_load_them
+    company = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert !company.clients.loaded?
+    assert_equal [companies(:first_client).id, companies(:second_client).id], company.client_ids
+    assert !company.clients.loaded?
+  end
+
   def test_assign_ids
     firm = Firm.new("name" => "Apple")
     firm.client_ids = [companies(:first_client).id, companies(:second_client).id]
@@ -900,7 +916,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 4, authors(:david).limited_comments.find(:all, :conditions => "comments.type = 'SpecialComment'", :limit => 9_000).length
     assert_equal 4, authors(:david).limited_comments.find_all_by_type('SpecialComment', :limit => 9_000).length
   end
-  
+
   def test_find_all_include_over_the_same_table_for_through
     assert_equal 2, people(:michael).posts.find(:all, :include => :people).length
   end
@@ -937,13 +953,13 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_include_loads_collection_if_target_uses_finder_sql
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     client = firm.clients_using_sql.first
-    
+
     firm.reload
     assert ! firm.clients_using_sql.loaded?
     assert firm.clients_using_sql.include?(client)
     assert firm.clients_using_sql.loaded?
   end
-  
+
 
   def test_include_returns_false_for_non_matching_record_to_verify_scoping
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
index 353262c81b..0be050ec81 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -200,4 +200,24 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_count_with_include_should_alias_join_table
     assert_equal 2, people(:michael).posts.count(:include => :readers)
   end
+
+  def test_get_ids
+    assert_equal [posts(:welcome).id, posts(:authorless).id].sort, people(:michael).post_ids.sort
+  end
+
+  def test_get_ids_for_loaded_associations
+    person = people(:michael)
+    person.posts(true)
+    assert_queries(0) do
+      person.post_ids
+      person.post_ids
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_get_ids_for_unloaded_associations_does_not_load_them
+    person = people(:michael)
+    assert !person.posts.loaded?
+    assert_equal [posts(:welcome).id, posts(:authorless).id].sort, person.post_ids.sort
+    assert !person.posts.loaded?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
index acc3b3016a..444debd255 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
@@ -256,4 +256,19 @@ class NamedScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_should_use_where_in_query_for_named_scope
     assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('Jamis'), Developer.find_all_by_id(Developer.jamises)
   end
+
+  def test_size_should_use_count_when_results_are_not_loaded
+    topics = Topic.base
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      assert_sql(/COUNT/i) { topics.size }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_size_should_use_length_when_results_are_loaded
+    topics = Topic.base
+    topics.reload # force load
+    assert_no_queries do
+      topics.size # use loaded (no query)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_i18n_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_i18n_test.rb
index 43592bcee3..090f347a20 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_i18n_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_i18n_test.rb
@@ -675,6 +675,38 @@ class ActiveRecordValidationsI18nTests < Test::Unit::TestCase
     replied_topic.valid?
     assert_equal 'global message', replied_topic.errors.on(:replies)
   end
+
+  def test_validations_with_message_symbol_must_translate
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :activerecord => {:errors => {:messages => {:custom_error => "I am a custom error"}}}
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :message => :custom_error
+    @topic.title = nil
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal "I am a custom error", @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_with_message_symbol_must_translate_per_attribute
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :activerecord => {:errors => {:models => {:topic => {:attributes => {:title => {:custom_error => "I am a custom error"}}}}}}
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :message => :custom_error
+    @topic.title = nil
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal "I am a custom error", @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_with_message_symbol_must_translate_per_model
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'en-US', :activerecord => {:errors => {:models => {:topic => {:custom_error => "I am a custom error"}}}}
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :message => :custom_error
+    @topic.title = nil
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal "I am a custom error", @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_with_message_string
+    Topic.validates_presence_of :title, :message => "I am a custom error"
+    @topic.title = nil
+    @topic.valid?
+    assert_equal "I am a custom error", @topic.errors.on(:title)
+  end
+
 end
 
 class ActiveRecordValidationsGenerateMessageI18nTests < Test::Unit::TestCase
@@ -855,4 +887,5 @@ class ActiveRecordValidationsGenerateMessageI18nTests < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def test_generate_message_even_with_default_message
     assert_equal "must be even", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :even, :default => nil, :value => 'title', :count => 10)
   end
+
 end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/base.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/base.rb
index 4af30ea13f..9dc715b0fa 100644
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/base.rb
+++ b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/base.rb
@@ -848,8 +848,13 @@ module ActiveResource
     #
     #   my_group.to_xml(:skip_instruct => true)
     #   # => <subsidiary_group> [...] </subsidiary_group>
-    def to_xml(options={})
-      attributes.to_xml({:root => self.class.element_name}.merge(options))
+    def encode(options={})
+      case self.class.format
+        when ActiveResource::Formats[:xml]
+          self.class.format.encode(attributes, {:root => self.class.element_name}.merge(options))
+        else
+          self.class.format.encode(attributes, options)
+      end
     end
 
     # A method to reload the attributes of this object from the remote web service.
@@ -934,14 +939,14 @@ module ActiveResource
 
       # Update the resource on the remote service.
       def update
-        returning connection.put(element_path(prefix_options), to_xml, self.class.headers) do |response|
+        returning connection.put(element_path(prefix_options), encode, self.class.headers) do |response|
           load_attributes_from_response(response)
         end
       end
 
       # Create (i.e., save to the remote service) the new resource.
       def create
-        returning connection.post(collection_path, to_xml, self.class.headers) do |response|
+        returning connection.post(collection_path, encode, self.class.headers) do |response|
           self.id = id_from_response(response)
           load_attributes_from_response(response)
         end
@@ -1007,7 +1012,7 @@ module ActiveResource
       end
 
       def split_options(options = {})
-        self.class.send!(:split_options, options)
+        self.class.__send__(:split_options, options)
       end
 
       def method_missing(method_symbol, *arguments) #:nodoc:
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/connection.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/connection.rb
index d64fb79f1e..fe9c2d57fe 100644
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/connection.rb
+++ b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/connection.rb
@@ -63,6 +63,13 @@ module ActiveResource
   # This class is used by ActiveResource::Base to interface with REST
   # services.
   class Connection
+
+    HTTP_FORMAT_HEADER_NAMES = {  :get => 'Accept',
+      :put => 'Content-Type',
+      :post => 'Content-Type',
+      :delete => 'Accept'
+    }
+
     attr_reader :site, :user, :password, :timeout
     attr_accessor :format
 
@@ -106,25 +113,25 @@ module ActiveResource
     # Execute a GET request.
     # Used to get (find) resources.
     def get(path, headers = {})
-      format.decode(request(:get, path, build_request_headers(headers)).body)
+      format.decode(request(:get, path, build_request_headers(headers, :get)).body)
     end
 
     # Execute a DELETE request (see HTTP protocol documentation if unfamiliar).
     # Used to delete resources.
     def delete(path, headers = {})
-      request(:delete, path, build_request_headers(headers))
+      request(:delete, path, build_request_headers(headers, :delete))
     end
 
     # Execute a PUT request (see HTTP protocol documentation if unfamiliar).
     # Used to update resources.
     def put(path, body = '', headers = {})
-      request(:put, path, body.to_s, build_request_headers(headers))
+      request(:put, path, body.to_s, build_request_headers(headers, :put))
     end
 
     # Execute a POST request.
     # Used to create new resources.
     def post(path, body = '', headers = {})
-      request(:post, path, body.to_s, build_request_headers(headers))
+      request(:post, path, body.to_s, build_request_headers(headers, :post))
     end
 
     # Execute a HEAD request.
@@ -187,12 +194,12 @@ module ActiveResource
       end
 
       def default_header
-        @default_header ||= { 'Content-Type' => format.mime_type }
+        @default_header ||= {}
       end
 
       # Builds headers for request to remote service.
-      def build_request_headers(headers)
-        authorization_header.update(default_header).update(headers)
+      def build_request_headers(headers, http_method=nil)
+        authorization_header.update(default_header).update(headers).update(http_format_header(http_method))
       end
 
       # Sets authorization header
@@ -200,6 +207,10 @@ module ActiveResource
         (@user || @password ? { 'Authorization' => 'Basic ' + ["#{@user}:#{ @password}"].pack('m').delete("\r\n") } : {})
       end
 
+      def http_format_header(http_method)
+        {HTTP_FORMAT_HEADER_NAMES[http_method] => format.mime_type}
+      end
+
       def logger #:nodoc:
         Base.logger
       end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/custom_methods.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/custom_methods.rb
index 770116ceb7..24306f251d 100644
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/custom_methods.rb
+++ b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/custom_methods.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module ActiveResource
   #   Person.get(:active)  # GET /people/active.xml
   #   # => [{:id => 1, :name => 'Ryan'}, {:id => 2, :name => 'Joe'}]
   #
-  module CustomMethods 
+  module CustomMethods
     def self.included(base)
       base.class_eval do
         extend ActiveResource::CustomMethods::ClassMethods
@@ -83,24 +83,25 @@ module ActiveResource
         "#{prefix(prefix_options)}#{collection_name}/#{method_name}.#{format.extension}#{query_string(query_options)}"
       end
     end
-    
+
     module InstanceMethods
       def get(method_name, options = {})
         connection.get(custom_method_element_url(method_name, options), self.class.headers)
       end
-      
-      def post(method_name, options = {}, body = '')
+
+      def post(method_name, options = {}, body = nil)
+        request_body = body.nil? ? encode : body
         if new?
-          connection.post(custom_method_new_element_url(method_name, options), (body.nil? ? to_xml : body), self.class.headers)
+          connection.post(custom_method_new_element_url(method_name, options), request_body, self.class.headers)
         else
-          connection.post(custom_method_element_url(method_name, options), body, self.class.headers)
+          connection.post(custom_method_element_url(method_name, options), request_body, self.class.headers)
         end
       end
-      
+
       def put(method_name, options = {}, body = '')
         connection.put(custom_method_element_url(method_name, options), body, self.class.headers)
       end
-      
+
       def delete(method_name, options = {})
         connection.delete(custom_method_element_url(method_name, options), self.class.headers)
       end
@@ -108,11 +109,11 @@ module ActiveResource
 
       private
         def custom_method_element_url(method_name, options = {})
-          "#{self.class.prefix(prefix_options)}#{self.class.collection_name}/#{id}/#{method_name}.#{self.class.format.extension}#{self.class.send!(:query_string, options)}"
+          "#{self.class.prefix(prefix_options)}#{self.class.collection_name}/#{id}/#{method_name}.#{self.class.format.extension}#{self.class.__send__(:query_string, options)}"
         end
-      
+
         def custom_method_new_element_url(method_name, options = {})
-          "#{self.class.prefix(prefix_options)}#{self.class.collection_name}/new/#{method_name}.#{self.class.format.extension}#{self.class.send!(:query_string, options)}"
+          "#{self.class.prefix(prefix_options)}#{self.class.collection_name}/new/#{method_name}.#{self.class.format.extension}#{self.class.__send__(:query_string, options)}"
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/json_format.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/json_format.rb
index df0d6ca372..9e269d4ded 100644
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/json_format.rb
+++ b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/json_format.rb
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@ module ActiveResource
   module Formats
     module JsonFormat
       extend self
-      
+
       def extension
         "json"
       end
-      
+
       def mime_type
         "application/json"
       end
-      
-      def encode(hash)
+
+      def encode(hash, options={})
         hash.to_json
       end
-      
+
       def decode(json)
         ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json)
       end
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/xml_format.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/xml_format.rb
index 5e97ffa776..86c6cec745 100644
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/xml_format.rb
+++ b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/formats/xml_format.rb
@@ -2,23 +2,23 @@ module ActiveResource
   module Formats
     module XmlFormat
       extend self
-      
+
       def extension
         "xml"
       end
-      
+
       def mime_type
         "application/xml"
       end
-      
-      def encode(hash)
-        hash.to_xml
+
+      def encode(hash, options={})
+        hash.to_xml(options)
       end
-      
+
       def decode(xml)
         from_xml_data(Hash.from_xml(xml))
       end
-      
+
       private
         # Manipulate from_xml Hash, because xml_simple is not exactly what we
         # want for Active Resource.
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module ActiveResource
           else
             data
           end
-        end      
+        end
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/http_mock.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/http_mock.rb
index 554fc3bcfc..9ed532b48c 100644
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/http_mock.rb
+++ b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/http_mock.rb
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ module ActiveResource
     attr_accessor :path, :method, :body, :headers
 
     def initialize(method, path, body = nil, headers = {})
-      @method, @path, @body, @headers = method, path, body, headers.reverse_merge('Content-Type' => 'application/xml')
+      @method, @path, @body, @headers = method, path, body, headers.merge(ActiveResource::Connection::HTTP_FORMAT_HEADER_NAMES[method] => 'application/xml')
     end
 
     def ==(other_request)
diff --git a/activeresource/test/authorization_test.rb b/activeresource/test/authorization_test.rb
index 9215227620..ead7f5c12f 100644
--- a/activeresource/test/authorization_test.rb
+++ b/activeresource/test/authorization_test.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class AuthorizationTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_authorization_header
-    authorization_header = @authenticated_conn.send!(:authorization_header)
+    authorization_header = @authenticated_conn.__send__(:authorization_header)
     assert_equal @authorization_request_header['Authorization'], authorization_header['Authorization']
     authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
     
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class AuthorizationTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   
   def test_authorization_header_with_username_but_no_password
     @conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://david:@localhost")
-    authorization_header = @conn.send!(:authorization_header)
+    authorization_header = @conn.__send__(:authorization_header)
     authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
     
     assert_equal "Basic", authorization[0]
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class AuthorizationTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   
   def test_authorization_header_with_password_but_no_username
     @conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://:test123@localhost")
-    authorization_header = @conn.send!(:authorization_header)
+    authorization_header = @conn.__send__(:authorization_header)
     authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
     
     assert_equal "Basic", authorization[0]
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class AuthorizationTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   
   def test_authorization_header_with_decoded_credentials_from_url
     @conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://my%40email.com:%31%32%33@localhost")
-    authorization_header = @conn.send!(:authorization_header)
+    authorization_header = @conn.__send__(:authorization_header)
     authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
 
     assert_equal "Basic", authorization[0]
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class AuthorizationTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     @authenticated_conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://@localhost")
     @authenticated_conn.user = 'david'
     @authenticated_conn.password = 'test123'
-    authorization_header = @authenticated_conn.send!(:authorization_header)
+    authorization_header = @authenticated_conn.__send__(:authorization_header)
     assert_equal @authorization_request_header['Authorization'], authorization_header['Authorization']
     authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class AuthorizationTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def test_authorization_header_explicitly_setting_username_but_no_password
     @conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://@localhost")
     @conn.user = "david"
-    authorization_header = @conn.send!(:authorization_header)
+    authorization_header = @conn.__send__(:authorization_header)
     authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
 
     assert_equal "Basic", authorization[0]
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class AuthorizationTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def test_authorization_header_explicitly_setting_password_but_no_username
     @conn = ActiveResource::Connection.new("http://@localhost")
     @conn.password = "test123"
-    authorization_header = @conn.send!(:authorization_header)
+    authorization_header = @conn.__send__(:authorization_header)
     authorization = authorization_header["Authorization"].to_s.split
 
     assert_equal "Basic", authorization[0]
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class AuthorizationTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   protected
     def assert_response_raises(klass, code)
       assert_raise(klass, "Expected response code #{code} to raise #{klass}") do
-        @conn.send!(:handle_response, Response.new(code))
+        @conn.__send__(:handle_response, Response.new(code))
       end
     end
 end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/base/custom_methods_test.rb b/activeresource/test/base/custom_methods_test.rb
index 62c33ef9bc..ba5799edfb 100644
--- a/activeresource/test/base/custom_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activeresource/test/base/custom_methods_test.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ class CustomMethodsTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     @ryan  = { :name => 'Ryan' }.to_xml(:root => 'person')
     @addy  = { :id => 1, :street => '12345 Street' }.to_xml(:root => 'address')
     @addy_deep  = { :id => 1, :street => '12345 Street', :zip => "27519" }.to_xml(:root => 'address')
-    @default_request_headers = { 'Content-Type' => 'application/xml' }
-    
+
     ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
       mock.get    "/people/1.xml",             {}, @matz
       mock.get    "/people/1/shallow.xml", {}, @matz
diff --git a/activeresource/test/base/load_test.rb b/activeresource/test/base/load_test.rb
index 737afb1748..a475fab34e 100644
--- a/activeresource/test/base/load_test.rb
+++ b/activeresource/test/base/load_test.rb
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class BaseLoadTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_load_collection_with_unknown_resource
-    Person.send!(:remove_const, :Address) if Person.const_defined?(:Address)
+    Person.__send__(:remove_const, :Address) if Person.const_defined?(:Address)
     assert !Person.const_defined?(:Address), "Address shouldn't exist until autocreated"
     addresses = silence_warnings { @person.load(:addresses => @addresses).addresses }
     assert Person.const_defined?(:Address), "Address should have been autocreated"
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class BaseLoadTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_load_collection_with_single_unknown_resource
-    Person.send!(:remove_const, :Address) if Person.const_defined?(:Address)
+    Person.__send__(:remove_const, :Address) if Person.const_defined?(:Address)
     assert !Person.const_defined?(:Address), "Address shouldn't exist until autocreated"
     addresses = silence_warnings { @person.load(:addresses => [ @first_address ]).addresses }
     assert Person.const_defined?(:Address), "Address should have been autocreated"
diff --git a/activeresource/test/base_test.rb b/activeresource/test/base_test.rb
index 9a0789e0b4..7460fd45b0 100644
--- a/activeresource/test/base_test.rb
+++ b/activeresource/test/base_test.rb
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ class BaseTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
 
   def test_prefix
     assert_equal "/", Person.prefix
-    assert_equal Set.new, Person.send!(:prefix_parameters)
+    assert_equal Set.new, Person.__send__(:prefix_parameters)
   end
 
   def test_set_prefix
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ class BaseTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def test_custom_prefix
     assert_equal '/people//', StreetAddress.prefix
     assert_equal '/people/1/', StreetAddress.prefix(:person_id => 1)
-    assert_equal [:person_id].to_set, StreetAddress.send!(:prefix_parameters)
+    assert_equal [:person_id].to_set, StreetAddress.__send__(:prefix_parameters)
   end
 
   def test_find_by_id
@@ -607,10 +607,10 @@ class BaseTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def test_id_from_response
     p = Person.new
     resp = {'Location' => '/foo/bar/1'}
-    assert_equal '1', p.send!(:id_from_response, resp)
+    assert_equal '1', p.__send__(:id_from_response, resp)
 
     resp['Location'] << '.xml'
-    assert_equal '1', p.send!(:id_from_response, resp)
+    assert_equal '1', p.__send__(:id_from_response, resp)
   end
 
   def test_create_with_custom_prefix
@@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ class BaseTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
 
   def test_to_xml
     matz = Person.find(1)
-    xml = matz.to_xml
+    xml = matz.encode
     assert xml.starts_with?('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>')
     assert xml.include?('<name>Matz</name>')
     assert xml.include?('<id type="integer">1</id>')
diff --git a/activeresource/test/connection_test.rb b/activeresource/test/connection_test.rb
index 8e43e451ff..06f31f1b57 100644
--- a/activeresource/test/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activeresource/test/connection_test.rb
@@ -185,6 +185,6 @@ class ConnectionTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     end
 
     def handle_response(response)
-      @conn.send!(:handle_response, response)
+      @conn.__send__(:handle_response, response)
     end
 end
diff --git a/activeresource/test/format_test.rb b/activeresource/test/format_test.rb
index 3c81803fce..365576a092 100644
--- a/activeresource/test/format_test.rb
+++ b/activeresource/test/format_test.rb
@@ -5,14 +5,22 @@ class FormatTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def setup
     @matz  = { :id => 1, :name => 'Matz' }
     @david = { :id => 2, :name => 'David' }
-    
+
     @programmers = [ @matz, @david ]
   end
-  
+
+  def test_http_format_header_name
+    header_name = ActiveResource::Connection::HTTP_FORMAT_HEADER_NAMES[:get]
+    assert_equal 'Accept', header_name
+
+    headers_names = [ActiveResource::Connection::HTTP_FORMAT_HEADER_NAMES[:put], ActiveResource::Connection::HTTP_FORMAT_HEADER_NAMES[:post]]
+    headers_names.each{|header_name| assert_equal 'Content-Type', header_name}
+  end
+
   def test_formats_on_single_element
     for format in [ :json, :xml ]
       using_format(Person, format) do
-        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.get "/people/1.#{format}", {}, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(@david)
+        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.get "/people/1.#{format}", {'Accept' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type}, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(@david)
         assert_equal @david[:name], Person.find(1).name
       end
     end
@@ -21,7 +29,7 @@ class FormatTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def test_formats_on_collection
     for format in [ :json, :xml ]
       using_format(Person, format) do
-        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.get "/people.#{format}", {}, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(@programmers)
+        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.get "/people.#{format}", {'Accept' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type}, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(@programmers)
         remote_programmers = Person.find(:all)
         assert_equal 2, remote_programmers.size
         assert remote_programmers.select { |p| p.name == 'David' }
@@ -32,7 +40,7 @@ class FormatTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def test_formats_on_custom_collection_method
     for format in [ :json, :xml ]
       using_format(Person, format) do
-        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.get "/people/retrieve.#{format}?name=David", {}, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode([@david])
+        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.get "/people/retrieve.#{format}?name=David", {'Accept' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type}, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode([@david])
         remote_programmers = Person.get(:retrieve, :name => 'David')
         assert_equal 1, remote_programmers.size
         assert_equal @david[:id], remote_programmers[0]['id']
@@ -40,13 +48,13 @@ class FormatTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
-  
+
   def test_formats_on_custom_element_method
     for format in [ :json, :xml ]
       using_format(Person, format) do
         ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to do |mock|
-          mock.get "/people/2.#{format}", {}, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(@david)
-          mock.get "/people/2/shallow.#{format}", {}, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(@david)
+          mock.get "/people/2.#{format}", {'Accept' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type}, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(@david)
+          mock.get "/people/2/shallow.#{format}", {'Accept' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type}, ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode(@david)
         end
         remote_programmer = Person.find(2).get(:shallow)
         assert_equal @david[:id], remote_programmer['id']
@@ -57,20 +65,24 @@ class FormatTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     for format in [ :json, :xml ]
       ryan = ActiveResource::Formats[format].encode({ :name => 'Ryan' })
       using_format(Person, format) do
-        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.post "/people/new/register.#{format}", {}, ryan, 201, 'Location' => "/people/5.#{format}"
         remote_ryan = Person.new(:name => 'Ryan')
+        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.post "/people.#{format}", {'Content-Type' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type}, ryan, 201, {'Location' => "/people/5.#{format}"}
+        remote_ryan.save
+
+        remote_ryan = Person.new(:name => 'Ryan')
+        ActiveResource::HttpMock.respond_to.post "/people/new/register.#{format}", {'Content-Type' => ActiveResource::Formats[format].mime_type}, ryan, 201, {'Location' => "/people/5.#{format}"}
         assert_equal ActiveResource::Response.new(ryan, 201, {'Location' => "/people/5.#{format}"}), remote_ryan.post(:register)
       end
     end
   end
-  
+
   def test_setting_format_before_site
     resource = Class.new(ActiveResource::Base)
     resource.format = :json
     resource.site   = 'http://37s.sunrise.i:3000'
     assert_equal ActiveResource::Formats[:json], resource.connection.format
   end
-  
+
   private
     def using_format(klass, mime_type_reference)
       previous_format = klass.format
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb
index 392ba99f4e..da8d28ec13 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,15 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/model_naming'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/synchronization'
 
+module ActiveSupport
+  module CoreExtensions
+    # Various extensions for the Ruby core Module class.
+    module Module
+      # Nothing here. Only defined for API documentation purposes.
+    end
+  end
+end
+
 class Module
-  include ActiveSupport::CoreExt::Module::ModelNaming
+  include ActiveSupport::CoreExtensions::Module
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb
index 1894e3b0a2..e640f64520 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb
@@ -1,70 +1,74 @@
-class Module
-  # Encapsulates the common pattern of:
-  #
-  #   alias_method :foo_without_feature, :foo
-  #   alias_method :foo, :foo_with_feature
-  #
-  # With this, you simply do:
-  #
-  #   alias_method_chain :foo, :feature
-  #
-  # And both aliases are set up for you.
-  #
-  # Query and bang methods (foo?, foo!) keep the same punctuation:
-  #
-  #   alias_method_chain :foo?, :feature
-  #
-  # is equivalent to
-  #
-  #   alias_method :foo_without_feature?, :foo?
-  #   alias_method :foo?, :foo_with_feature?
-  #
-  # so you can safely chain foo, foo?, and foo! with the same feature.
-  def alias_method_chain(target, feature)
-    # Strip out punctuation on predicates or bang methods since
-    # e.g. target?_without_feature is not a valid method name.
-    aliased_target, punctuation = target.to_s.sub(/([?!=])$/, ''), $1
-    yield(aliased_target, punctuation) if block_given?
-    
-    with_method, without_method = "#{aliased_target}_with_#{feature}#{punctuation}", "#{aliased_target}_without_#{feature}#{punctuation}"
-    
-    alias_method without_method, target
-    alias_method target, with_method
-    
-    case
-      when public_method_defined?(without_method)
-        public target
-      when protected_method_defined?(without_method)
-        protected target
-      when private_method_defined?(without_method)
-        private target
-    end
-  end
+module ActiveSupport
+  module CoreExtensions
+    module Module
+      # Encapsulates the common pattern of:
+      #
+      #   alias_method :foo_without_feature, :foo
+      #   alias_method :foo, :foo_with_feature
+      #
+      # With this, you simply do:
+      #
+      #   alias_method_chain :foo, :feature
+      #
+      # And both aliases are set up for you.
+      #
+      # Query and bang methods (foo?, foo!) keep the same punctuation:
+      #
+      #   alias_method_chain :foo?, :feature
+      #
+      # is equivalent to
+      #
+      #   alias_method :foo_without_feature?, :foo?
+      #   alias_method :foo?, :foo_with_feature?
+      #
+      # so you can safely chain foo, foo?, and foo! with the same feature.
+      def alias_method_chain(target, feature)
+        # Strip out punctuation on predicates or bang methods since
+        # e.g. target?_without_feature is not a valid method name.
+        aliased_target, punctuation = target.to_s.sub(/([?!=])$/, ''), $1
+        yield(aliased_target, punctuation) if block_given?
+
+        with_method, without_method = "#{aliased_target}_with_#{feature}#{punctuation}", "#{aliased_target}_without_#{feature}#{punctuation}"
 
-  # Allows you to make aliases for attributes, which includes 
-  # getter, setter, and query methods.
-  #
-  # Example:
-  #
-  #   class Content < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     # has a title attribute
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   class Email < Content
-  #     alias_attribute :subject, :title
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   e = Email.find(1)
-  #   e.title    # => "Superstars"
-  #   e.subject  # => "Superstars"
-  #   e.subject? # => true
-  #   e.subject = "Megastars"
-  #   e.title    # => "Megastars"
-  def alias_attribute(new_name, old_name)
-    module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
-      def #{new_name}; self.#{old_name}; end
-      def #{new_name}?; self.#{old_name}?; end
-      def #{new_name}=(v); self.#{old_name} = v; end
-    STR
+        alias_method without_method, target
+        alias_method target, with_method
+
+        case
+          when public_method_defined?(without_method)
+            public target
+          when protected_method_defined?(without_method)
+            protected target
+          when private_method_defined?(without_method)
+            private target
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Allows you to make aliases for attributes, which includes
+      # getter, setter, and query methods.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   class Content < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     # has a title attribute
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   class Email < Content
+      #     alias_attribute :subject, :title
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   e = Email.find(1)
+      #   e.title    # => "Superstars"
+      #   e.subject  # => "Superstars"
+      #   e.subject? # => true
+      #   e.subject = "Megastars"
+      #   e.title    # => "Megastars"
+      def alias_attribute(new_name, old_name)
+        module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__+1
+          def #{new_name}; self.#{old_name}; end
+          def #{new_name}?; self.#{old_name}?; end
+          def #{new_name}=(v); self.#{old_name} = v; end
+        STR
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb
index 45f3e4bf5c..8beaff4b82 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb
@@ -1,86 +1,90 @@
-class Module
-  # Returns the name of the module containing this one.
-  #
-  #   p M::N.parent_name # => "M"
-  def parent_name
-    unless defined? @parent_name
-      @parent_name = name =~ /::[^:]+\Z/ ? $`.freeze : nil
-    end
-    @parent_name
-  end
+module ActiveSupport
+  module CoreExtensions
+    module Module
+      # Returns the name of the module containing this one.
+      #
+      #   p M::N.parent_name # => "M"
+      def parent_name
+        unless defined? @parent_name
+          @parent_name = name =~ /::[^:]+\Z/ ? $`.freeze : nil
+        end
+        @parent_name
+      end
 
-  # Returns the module which contains this one according to its name.
-  #
-  #   module M
-  #     module N
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #   X = M::N
-  #   
-  #   p M::N.parent # => M
-  #   p X.parent    # => M
-  #
-  # The parent of top-level and anonymous modules is Object.
-  #
-  #   p M.parent          # => Object
-  #   p Module.new.parent # => Object
-  #
-  def parent
-    parent_name ? parent_name.constantize : Object
-  end
+      # Returns the module which contains this one according to its name.
+      #
+      #   module M
+      #     module N
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #   X = M::N
+      #
+      #   p M::N.parent # => M
+      #   p X.parent    # => M
+      #
+      # The parent of top-level and anonymous modules is Object.
+      #
+      #   p M.parent          # => Object
+      #   p Module.new.parent # => Object
+      #
+      def parent
+        parent_name ? parent_name.constantize : Object
+      end
 
-  # Returns all the parents of this module according to its name, ordered from
-  # nested outwards. The receiver is not contained within the result.
-  #
-  #   module M
-  #     module N
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #   X = M::N
-  #   
-  #   p M.parents    # => [Object]
-  #   p M::N.parents # => [M, Object]
-  #   p X.parents    # => [M, Object]
-  #
-  def parents
-    parents = []
-    if parent_name
-      parts = parent_name.split('::')
-      until parts.empty?
-        parents << (parts * '::').constantize
-        parts.pop
+      # Returns all the parents of this module according to its name, ordered from
+      # nested outwards. The receiver is not contained within the result.
+      #
+      #   module M
+      #     module N
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #   X = M::N
+      #
+      #   p M.parents    # => [Object]
+      #   p M::N.parents # => [M, Object]
+      #   p X.parents    # => [M, Object]
+      #
+      def parents
+        parents = []
+        if parent_name
+          parts = parent_name.split('::')
+          until parts.empty?
+            parents << (parts * '::').constantize
+            parts.pop
+          end
+        end
+        parents << Object unless parents.include? Object
+        parents
       end
-    end
-    parents << Object unless parents.include? Object
-    parents
-  end
 
-  if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9'
-    # Returns the constants that have been defined locally by this object and
-    # not in an ancestor. This method is exact if running under Ruby 1.9. In
-    # previous versions it may miss some constants if their definition in some
-    # ancestor is identical to their definition in the receiver.
-    def local_constants
-      inherited = {}
+      if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9'
+        # Returns the constants that have been defined locally by this object and
+        # not in an ancestor. This method is exact if running under Ruby 1.9. In
+        # previous versions it may miss some constants if their definition in some
+        # ancestor is identical to their definition in the receiver.
+        def local_constants
+          inherited = {}
+
+          ancestors.each do |anc|
+            next if anc == self
+            anc.constants.each { |const| inherited[const] = anc.const_get(const) }
+          end
 
-      ancestors.each do |anc|
-        next if anc == self
-        anc.constants.each { |const| inherited[const] = anc.const_get(const) }
+          constants.select do |const|
+            !inherited.key?(const) || inherited[const].object_id != const_get(const).object_id
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        def local_constants #:nodoc:
+          constants(false)
+        end
       end
 
-      constants.select do |const|
-        !inherited.key?(const) || inherited[const].object_id != const_get(const).object_id
+      # Returns the names of the constants defined locally rather than the
+      # constants themselves. See <tt>local_constants</tt>.
+      def local_constant_names
+        local_constants.map { |c| c.to_s }
       end
     end
-  else
-    def local_constants #:nodoc:
-      constants(false)
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Returns the names of the constants defined locally rather than the
-  # constants themselves. See <tt>local_constants</tt>.
-  def local_constant_names
-    local_constants.map { |c| c.to_s }
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/model_naming.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/model_naming.rb
index 5518f5417b..3ec4f3ba11 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/model_naming.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/model_naming.rb
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
   end
 
-  module CoreExt
+  module CoreExtensions
     module Module
-      module ModelNaming
-        def model_name
-          @model_name ||= ModelName.new(name)
-        end
+      # Returns an ActiveSupport::ModelName object for module. It can be
+      # used to retrieve all kinds of naming-related information.
+      def model_name
+        @model_name ||= ModelName.new(name)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/misc.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/misc.rb
index 8384a12327..06a7d05702 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/misc.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/misc.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
 class Object
-  unless respond_to?(:send!)
-    # Anticipating Ruby 1.9 neutering send
-    alias send! send
-  end
-
   # A Ruby-ized realization of the K combinator, courtesy of Mikael Brockman.
   #
   #   def foo
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/rexml.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/rexml.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af8ce3af47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/rexml.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+require 'rexml/document'
+require 'rexml/entity'
+
+# Fixes the rexml vulnerability disclosed at:
+# http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2008/08/23/dos-vulnerability-in-rexml/
+# This fix is identical to rexml-expansion-fix version 1.0.1
+
+unless REXML::VERSION > "3.1.7.2"
+  module REXML
+    class Entity < Child
+      undef_method :unnormalized
+      def unnormalized
+        document.record_entity_expansion! if document
+        v = value()
+        return nil if v.nil?
+        @unnormalized = Text::unnormalize(v, parent)
+        @unnormalized
+      end
+    end
+    class Document < Element
+      @@entity_expansion_limit = 10_000
+      def self.entity_expansion_limit= val
+        @@entity_expansion_limit = val
+      end
+
+      def record_entity_expansion!
+        @number_of_expansions ||= 0
+        @number_of_expansions += 1
+        if @number_of_expansions > @@entity_expansion_limit
+          raise "Number of entity expansions exceeded, processing aborted."
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
index 079ecdd48e..9d8eb73908 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         #
         #   Time.utc(2000).in_time_zone('Alaska')  # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 15:00:00 AKST -09:00
         def in_time_zone(zone = ::Time.zone)
-          ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc? ? self : getutc, ::Time.send!(:get_zone, zone))
+          ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc? ? self : getutc, ::Time.__send__(:get_zone, zone))
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
index c77bca1ac9..b563b093ed 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     private
       def method_missing(method, *arguments, &block)
         arguments << (arguments.last.respond_to?(:to_hash) ? @options.deep_merge(arguments.pop) : @options.dup)
-        @context.send!(method, *arguments, &block)
+        @context.__send__(method, *arguments, &block)
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/core_ext/test/unit/assertions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/core_ext/test/unit/assertions.rb
index 70a44eab8c..63d1ba6507 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/core_ext/test/unit/assertions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/core_ext/test/unit/assertions.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,11 @@ module Test
       #     post :delete, :id => ...
       #   end
       def assert_difference(expressions, difference = 1, message = nil, &block)
-        expression_evaluations = Array(expressions).collect{ |expression| lambda { eval(expression, block.send!(:binding)) } }
+        expression_evaluations = Array(expressions).map do |expression|
+          lambda do
+            eval(expression, block.__send__(:binding))
+          end
+        end
 
         original_values = expression_evaluations.inject([]) { |memo, expression| memo << expression.call }
         yield
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
index 4866fa0dc8..75591b7c34 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
     
     def marshal_load(variables)
-      initialize(variables[0].utc, ::Time.send!(:get_zone, variables[1]), variables[2].utc)
+      initialize(variables[0].utc, ::Time.__send__(:get_zone, variables[1]), variables[2].utc)
     end
 
     # Ensure proxy class responds to all methods that underlying time instance responds to.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.0.1/i18n/backend/simple.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.0.1/i18n/backend/simple.rb
index 2e966a51be..da89b30c54 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.0.1/i18n/backend/simple.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.0.1/i18n/backend/simple.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ require 'strscan'
 module I18n
   module Backend
     class Simple
+      INTERPOLATION_RESERVED_KEYS = %w(scope default)
+      MATCH = /(\\\\)?\{\{([^\}]+)\}\}/
+
       # Accepts a list of paths to translation files. Loads translations from 
       # plain Ruby (*.rb) or YAML files (*.yml). See #load_rb and #load_yml
       # for details.
@@ -114,29 +117,29 @@ module I18n
         # the <tt>{{...}}</tt> key in a string (once for the string and once for the
         # interpolation).
         def interpolate(locale, string, values = {})
-          return string if !string.is_a?(String)
+          return string unless string.is_a?(String)
 
           string = string.gsub(/%d/, '{{count}}').gsub(/%s/, '{{value}}')
+
           if string.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
-             original_encoding = string.encoding
-             string.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
-           end
-          s = StringScanner.new(string)
-          
-          while s.skip_until(/\{\{/)
-            s.string[s.pos - 3, 1] = '' and next if s.pre_match[-1, 1] == '\\'            
-            start_pos = s.pos - 2
-            key = s.scan_until(/\}\}/)[0..-3]
-            end_pos = s.pos - 1            
+            original_encoding = string.encoding
+            string.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
+          end
 
-            raise ReservedInterpolationKey.new(key, string) if %w(scope default).include?(key)
-            raise MissingInterpolationArgument.new(key, string) unless values.has_key? key.to_sym
+          result = string.gsub(MATCH) do
+            escaped, pattern, key = $1, $2, $2.to_sym
 
-            s.string[start_pos..end_pos] = values[key.to_sym].to_s
-            s.unscan
+            if escaped
+              pattern
+            elsif INTERPOLATION_RESERVED_KEYS.include?(pattern)
+              raise ReservedInterpolationKey.new(pattern, string)
+            elsif !values.include?(key)
+              raise MissingInterpolationArgument.new(pattern, string)
+            else
+              values[key].to_s
+            end
           end
-          
-          result = s.string
+
           result.force_encoding(original_encoding) if original_encoding
           result
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/buffered_logger_test.rb b/activesupport/test/buffered_logger_test.rb
index 6319c09210..28dd34334f 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/buffered_logger_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/buffered_logger_test.rb
@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ class BufferedLoggerTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     a.join
     b.join
 
-    assert_equal "a\nb\nc\nx\ny\nz\n", @output.string
+    assert @output.string.include?("a\nb\nc\n")
+    assert @output.string.include?("x\ny\nz\n")
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
index fc8ed45358..7a414e946f 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class HashExtTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     @symbols = @symbols.with_indifferent_access
     @mixed   = @mixed.with_indifferent_access
 
-    assert_equal 'a', @strings.send!(:convert_key, :a)
+    assert_equal 'a', @strings.__send__(:convert_key, :a)
 
     assert_equal 1, @strings.fetch('a')
     assert_equal 1, @strings.fetch(:a.to_s)
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ class HashExtTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
 
     hashes.each do |name, hash|
       method_map.sort_by { |m| m.to_s }.each do |meth, expected|
-        assert_equal(expected, hash.send!(meth, 'a'),
+        assert_equal(expected, hash.__send__(meth, 'a'),
                      "Calling #{name}.#{meth} 'a'")
-        assert_equal(expected, hash.send!(meth, :a),
+        assert_equal(expected, hash.__send__(meth, :a),
                      "Calling #{name}.#{meth} :a")
       end
     end
@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ class HashToXmlTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   
   def test_empty_string_works_for_typecast_xml_value    
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Hash.send!(:typecast_xml_value, "")
+      Hash.__send__(:typecast_xml_value, "")
     end
   end
   
@@ -839,6 +839,27 @@ class QueryTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
       :person => {:id => [20, 10]}
   end
 
+  def test_expansion_count_is_limited
+    assert_raises RuntimeError do
+      attack_xml = <<-EOT
+      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+      <!DOCTYPE member [
+        <!ENTITY a "&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;&b;">
+        <!ENTITY b "&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;&c;">
+        <!ENTITY c "&d;&d;&d;&d;&d;&d;&d;&d;&d;&d;">
+        <!ENTITY d "&e;&e;&e;&e;&e;&e;&e;&e;&e;&e;">
+        <!ENTITY e "&f;&f;&f;&f;&f;&f;&f;&f;&f;&f;">
+        <!ENTITY f "&g;&g;&g;&g;&g;&g;&g;&g;&g;&g;">
+        <!ENTITY g "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx">
+      ]>
+      <member>
+      &a;
+      </member>
+      EOT
+      Hash.from_xml(attack_xml)
+    end
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_query_equal(expected, actual, message = nil)
       assert_equal expected.split('&'), actual.to_query.split('&')
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
index b0a746fdc7..e88dcb52d5 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
@@ -108,11 +108,6 @@ class ClassExtTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
 end
 
 class ObjectTests < Test::Unit::TestCase
-  def test_send_bang_aliases_send_before_19
-    assert_respond_to 'a', :send!
-    assert_equal 1, 'a'.send!(:size)
-  end
-
   def test_suppress_re_raises
     assert_raises(LoadError) { suppress(ArgumentError) {raise LoadError} }
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
index 39c9c74c94..18ad784837 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
@@ -146,42 +146,42 @@ class DependenciesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   def test_directories_manifest_as_modules_unless_const_defined
     with_loading 'autoloading_fixtures' do
       assert_kind_of Module, ModuleFolder
-      Object.send! :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
+      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
   end
 
   def test_module_with_nested_class
     with_loading 'autoloading_fixtures' do
       assert_kind_of Class, ModuleFolder::NestedClass
-      Object.send! :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
+      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
   end
 
   def test_module_with_nested_inline_class
     with_loading 'autoloading_fixtures' do
       assert_kind_of Class, ModuleFolder::InlineClass
-      Object.send! :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
+      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
   end
 
   def test_directories_may_manifest_as_nested_classes
     with_loading 'autoloading_fixtures' do
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder
-      Object.send! :remove_const, :ClassFolder
+      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ClassFolder
     end
   end
 
   def test_class_with_nested_class
     with_loading 'autoloading_fixtures' do
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder::NestedClass
-      Object.send! :remove_const, :ClassFolder
+      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ClassFolder
     end
   end
 
   def test_class_with_nested_inline_class
     with_loading 'autoloading_fixtures' do
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder::InlineClass
-      Object.send! :remove_const, :ClassFolder
+      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ClassFolder
     end
   end
 
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder::ClassFolderSubclass
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder
       assert_equal 'indeed', ClassFolder::ClassFolderSubclass::ConstantInClassFolder
-      Object.send! :remove_const, :ClassFolder
+      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ClassFolder
     end
   end
 
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
       sibling = ModuleFolder::NestedClass.class_eval "NestedSibling"
       assert defined?(ModuleFolder::NestedSibling)
       assert_equal ModuleFolder::NestedSibling, sibling
-      Object.send! :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
+      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
   end
 
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
       assert ! defined?(ModuleFolder)
       assert_raises(NameError) { ModuleFolder::Object }
       assert_raises(NameError) { ModuleFolder::NestedClass::Object }
-      Object.send! :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
+      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/initializer.rb b/railties/lib/initializer.rb
index 4c1f96d505..74d2daa34b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/initializer.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/initializer.rb
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ Run `rake gems:install` to install the missing gems.
     # If assigned value cannot be matched to a TimeZone, an exception will be raised.
     def initialize_time_zone
       if configuration.time_zone
-        zone_default = Time.send!(:get_zone, configuration.time_zone)
+        zone_default = Time.__send__(:get_zone, configuration.time_zone)
         unless zone_default
           raise %{Value assigned to config.time_zone not recognized. Run "rake -D time" for a list of tasks for finding appropriate time zone names.}
         end
diff --git a/railties/lib/tasks/documentation.rake b/railties/lib/tasks/documentation.rake
index f4927a0ef1..4ef838626a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/tasks/documentation.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/tasks/documentation.rake
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 namespace :doc do
-  desc "Generate documentation for the application. Set custom template with TEMPLATE=/path/to/rdoc/template.rb"
+  desc "Generate documentation for the application. Set custom template with TEMPLATE=/path/to/rdoc/template.rb or title with TITLE=\"Custom Title\""
   Rake::RDocTask.new("app") { |rdoc|
     rdoc.rdoc_dir = 'doc/app'
     rdoc.template = ENV['template'] if ENV['template']
-    rdoc.title    = "Rails Application Documentation"
+    rdoc.title    = ENV['title'] || "Rails Application Documentation"
     rdoc.options << '--line-numbers' << '--inline-source'
     rdoc.options << '--charset' << 'utf-8'
     rdoc.rdoc_files.include('doc/README_FOR_APP')