Ruby on Rails 4.2 Release Notes
===============================
Highlights in Rails 4.2:
These release notes cover only the major changes. To know about various bug
fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the
[list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main
Rails repository on GitHub.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Upgrading to Rails 4.2
----------------------
If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test
coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 4.1 in case you
haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting
an update to Rails 4.2. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is
available in the
[Upgrading Ruby on Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#upgrading-from-rails-4.1-to-rails-4.2)
guide.
Major Features
--------------
### Foreign key support
The migration DSL now supports adding and removing foreign keys. They are dumped
to `schema.rb` as well. At this time, only the `mysql`, `mysql2` and `postgresql`
adapters support foreign keys.
```ruby
# add a foreign key to `articles.author_id` referencing `authors.id`
add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
# add a foreign key to `articles.author_id` referencing `users.lng_id`
add_foreign_key :articles, :users, column: :author_id, primary_key: "lng_id"
# remove the foreign key on `accounts.branch_id`
remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
# remove the foreign key on `accounts.owner_id`
remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
```
See the API documentation on
[add_foreign_key](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-add_foreign_key)
and
[remove_foreign_key](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-remove_foreign_key)
for a full description.
Railties
--------
Please refer to the [Changelog][railties] for detailed changes.
### Removals
* The `rails application` command has been removed without replacement.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11616))
### Deprecations
* Deprecated `Rails::Rack::LogTailer` without replacement.
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/84a13e019e93efaa8994b3f8303d635a7702dbce))
### Notable changes
* Added a `required` option to the model generator for associations.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16062))
* Introduced an `after_bundle` callbacks for use in Rails templates.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16359))
* Introduced the `x` namespace for defining custom configuration options:
```ruby
# config/environments/production.rb
config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
config.x.payment_processing.retries = 3
config.x.super_debugger = true
```
These options are then available through the configuration object:
```ruby
Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.schedule # => :daily
Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.retries # => 3
Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger # => true
Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger.not_set # => nil
```
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/611849772dd66c2e4d005dcfe153f7ce79a8a7db))
* Introduced `Rails::Application.config_for` to load a configuration for the
current environment.
```ruby
# config/exception_notification.yml:
production:
url: http://127.0.0.1:8080
namespace: my_app_production
development:
url: http://localhost:3001
namespace: my_app_development
# config/production.rb
MyApp::Application.configure do
config.middleware.use ExceptionNotifier, config_for(:exception_notification)
end
```
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16129))
* Introduced `--skip-gems` option in the app generator to skip gems such as
`turbolinks` and `coffee-rails` that does not have their own specific flags.
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/10565895805887d4faf004a6f71219da177f78b7))
* Introduced `bin/setup` script to bootstrap an application.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15189))
* Changed default value for `config.assets.digest` to `true` in development.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15155))
* Introduced an API to register new extensions for `rake notes`.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14379))
* Introduced `Rails.gem_version` as a convenience method to return `Gem::Version.new(Rails.version)`.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14101))
* Introduced an `after_bundle` callback in the Rails templates.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16359))
Action Pack
-----------
Please refer to the [Changelog][action-pack] for detailed changes.
### Removals
* `respond_with` and the class-level `respond_to` were removed from Rails and
moved to the `responders` gem (version 2.0). Add it to your `Gemfile` to
continue using these features.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16526))
* Removed deprecated `AbstractController::Helpers::ClassMethods::MissingHelperError`
in favor of `AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError`.
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a1ddde15ae0d612ff2973de9cf768ed701b594e8))
### Deprecations
* Deprecated `assert_tag`, `assert_no_tag`, `find_tag` and `find_all_tag` in
favor of `assert_select`.
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing/commit/b12850bc5ff23ba4b599bf2770874dd4f11bf750))
* Deprecated support for setting the `:to` option of a router to a symbol or a
string that does not contain a `#` character:
```ruby
get '/posts', to: MyRackApp => (No change necessary)
get '/posts', to: 'post#index' => (No change necessary)
get '/posts', to: 'posts' => get '/posts', controller: :posts
get '/posts', to: :index => get '/posts', action: :index
```
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/cc26b6b7bccf0eea2e2c1a9ebdcc9d30ca7390d9))
### Notable changes
* Rails will now automatically include the template's digest in ETags.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16527))
* `render nothing: true` or rendering a `nil` body no longer add a single
space padding to the response body.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14883))
* Introduced the `always_permitted_parameters` option to configure which
parameters are permitted globally. The default value of this configuration
is `['controller', 'action']`.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15933))
* The `*_filter` family methods has been removed from the documentation. Their
usage are discouraged in favor of the `*_action` family methods:
```
after_filter => after_action
append_after_filter => append_after_action
append_around_filter => append_around_action
append_before_filter => append_before_action
around_filter => around_action
before_filter => before_action
prepend_after_filter => prepend_after_action
prepend_around_filter => prepend_around_action
prepend_before_filter => prepend_before_action
skip_after_filter => skip_after_action
skip_around_filter => skip_around_action
skip_before_filter => skip_before_action
skip_filter => skip_action_callback
```
If your application is depending on these methods, you should use the
replacement `*_action` methods instead. These methods will be deprecated in
the future and eventually removed from Rails.
(Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6c5f43bab8206747a8591435b2aa0ff7051ad3de),
[2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/489a8f2a44dc9cea09154ee1ee2557d1f037c7d4))
* Added HTTP method `MKCALENDAR` from RFC-4791
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15121))
* `*_fragment.action_controller` notifications now include the controller and action name
in the payload.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14137))
* Segments that are passed into URL helpers are now automatically escaped.
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5460591f0226a9d248b7b4f89186bd5553e7768f))
* Improved Routing Error page with fuzzy matching for route search.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14619))
* Added option to disable logging of CSRF failures.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14280))
Action View
-------------
Please refer to the [Changelog][action-view] for detailed changes.
### Deprecations
* Deprecated `AbstractController::Base.parent_prefixes`.
Override `AbstractController::Base.local_prefixes` when you want to change
where to find views.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15026))
* Deprecated `ActionView::Digestor#digest(name, format, finder, options = {})`,
arguments should be passed as a hash instead.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14243))
### Notable changes
* Introduced a `#{partial_name}_iteration` special local variable for use with
partials that are rendered with a collection. It provides the access to the
current state of the iteration via the `#index`, `#size`, `#first?` and
`#last?` methods.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/7698))
* The form helpers no longer generate a `<div>` element with inline CSS around
the hidden fields.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14738))
Action Mailer
-------------
Please refer to the [Changelog][action-mailer] for detailed changes.
### Deprecations
* Deprecated `*_path` helpers in mailers. Always use `*_url` helpers instead.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15840))
### Notable changes
* Introduced `deliver_later` which enqueues a job on the application's queue
to deliver the mailer asynchronously.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16485))
* Added the `show_previews` configuration option for enabling mailer previews
outside of the development environment.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15970))
Active Record
-------------
Please refer to the
[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md)
for detailed changes.
### Removals
* Removed `cache_attributes` and friends. All attributes are cached.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15429))
* Removed deprecated method `ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column`.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15612))
* Removed deprecated `ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name`. Use the
`proper_table_name` instance method on `ActiveRecord::Migration` instead.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15512))
* Removed unused `:timestamp` type. Transparently alias it to `:datetime`
in all cases. Fixes inconsistencies when column types are sent outside of
`ActiveRecord`, such as for XML Serialization.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15184))
### Deprecations
* Deprecated broken support for automatic detection of counter caches on
`has_many :through` associations. You should instead manually specify the
counter cache on the `has_many` and `belongs_to` associations for the
through records.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15754))
* Deprecated `serialized_attributes` without replacement.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15704))
* Deprecated returning `nil` from `column_for_attribute` when no column
exists. It will return a null object in Rails 5.0
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15878))
* Deprecated using `.joins`, `.preload` and `.eager_load` with associations
that depends on the instance state (i.e. those defined with a scope that
takes an argument) without replacement.
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed56e596a0467390011bc9d56d462539776adac1))
* Deprecated passing Active Record objects to `.find` or `.exists?`. Call
`#id` on the objects first.
(Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d92ae6ccca3bcfd73546d612efaea011270bd270),
[2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d35f0033c7dec2b8d8b52058fb8db495d49596f7))
* Deprecated half-baked support for PostgreSQL range values with excluding
beginnings. We currently map PostgreSQL ranges to Ruby ranges. This conversion
is not fully possible because the Ruby range does not support excluded
beginnings.
The current solution of incrementing the beginning is not correct
and is now deprecated. For subtypes where we don't know how to increment
(e.g. `#succ` is not defined) it will raise an `ArgumentError` for ranges
with excluding beginnings.
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/91949e48cf41af9f3e4ffba3e5eecf9b0a08bfc3))
### Notable changes
* Added a `:required` option to singular associations, which defines a
presence validation on the association.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16056))
* Introduced `ActiveRecord::Base#validate!` that raises `RecordInvalid` if the
record is invalid.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8639))
* `ActiveRecord::Base#reload` now behaves the same as `m = Model.find(m.id)`,
meaning that it no longer retains the extra attributes from custom
`select`s.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15866))
* Introduced the `bin/rake db:purge` task to empty the database for the
current environment.
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e2f232aba15937a4b9d14bd91e0392c6d55be58d))
* `ActiveRecord::Dirty` now detects in-place changes to mutable values.
Serialized attributes on ActiveRecord models will no longer save when
unchanged. This also works with other types such as string columns and json
columns on PostgreSQL.
(Pull Requests [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15674),
[2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15786),
[3](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15788))
* Added support for `#pretty_print` in `ActiveRecord::Base` objects.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15172))
* PostgreSQL and SQLite adapters no longer add a default limit of 255
characters on string columns.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14579))
* `sqlite3:///some/path` now resolves to the absolute system path
`/some/path`. For relative paths, use `sqlite3:some/path` instead.
(Previously, `sqlite3:///some/path` resolved to the relative path
`some/path`. This behaviour was deprecated on Rails 4.1.)
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14569))
* Introduced `#validate` as an alias for `#valid?`.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456))
* `#touch` now accepts multiple attributes to be touched at once.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14423))
* Added support for fractional seconds for MySQL 5.6 and above.
(Pull Request [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8240),
[2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14359))
* Added support for the `citext` column type in PostgreSQL adapter.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12523))
* Added support for user-created range types in PostgreSQL adapter.
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4cb47167e747e8f9dc12b0ddaf82bdb68c03e032))
Active Model
------------
Please refer to the [Changelog][active-model] for detailed changes.
### Removals
* Removed deprecated `Validator#setup` without replacement.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15617))
### Notable changes
* Introduced `undo_changes` method in `ActiveModel::Dirty` to restore the
changed (dirty) attributes to their previous values.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14861))
* `has_secure_password` now verifies that the given password is less than 72
characters if validations are enabled.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15708))
* Introduced `#validate` as an alias for `#valid?`.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456))
Active Support
--------------
Please refer to the [Changelog][active-support] for detailed changes.
### Removals
* Removed deprecated `Numeric#ago`, `Numeric#until`, `Numeric#since`,
`Numeric#from_now`.
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1eddea1e3f6faf93581c43651348f48b2b7d8bb))
* Removed deprecated string based terminators for `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15100))
### Deprecations
* Deprecated `Class#superclass_delegating_accessor`, use
`Class#class_attribute` instead.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14271))
* Deprecated `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend!` as
`ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend` now performs the same function.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14529))
### Notable changes
* Added `Hash#transform_values` and `Hash#transform_values!` to simplify a
common pattern where the values of a hash must change, but the keys are left
the same.
([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15819))
* The `humanize` inflector helper now strips any leading underscores.
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/daaa21bc7d20f2e4ff451637423a25ff2d5e75c7))
* Introduce `Concern#class_methods` as an alternative to
`module ClassMethods`, as well as `Kernel#concern` to avoid the
`module Foo; extend ActiveSupport::Concern; end` boilerplate.
([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b16c36e688970df2f96f793a759365b248b582ad))
Credits
-------
See the
[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
the many people who spent many hours making Rails the stable and robust
framework it is today. Kudos to all of them.
[railties]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md
[action-pack]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
[action-view]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
[action-mailer]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
[active-record]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
[active-model]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
[active-support]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md