require 'thread'
module ActiveRecord
# See ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods for documentation.
module Transactions
class TransactionError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
end
def self.included(base)
base.extend(ClassMethods)
base.class_eval do
[:destroy, :save, :save!].each do |method|
alias_method_chain method, :transactions
end
end
end
# Transactions are protective blocks where SQL statements are only permanent
# if they can all succeed as one atomic action. The classic example is a
# transfer between two accounts where you can only have a deposit if the
# withdrawal succeeded and vice versa. Transactions enforce the integrity of
# the database and guard the data against program errors or database
# break-downs. So basically you should use transaction blocks whenever you
# have a number of statements that must be executed together or not at all.
# Example:
#
# ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
# david.withdrawal(100)
# mary.deposit(100)
# end
#
# This example will only take money from David and give to Mary if neither
# +withdrawal+ nor +deposit+ raises an exception. Exceptions will force a
# ROLLBACK that returns the database to the state before the transaction was
# begun. Be aware, though, that the objects will _not_ have their instance
# data returned to their pre-transactional state.
#
# == Different Active Record classes in a single transaction
#
# Though the transaction class method is called on some Active Record class,
# the objects within the transaction block need not all be instances of
# that class. This is because transactions are per-database connection, not
# per-model.
#
# In this example a <tt>Balance</tt> record is transactionally saved even
# though <tt>transaction</tt> is called on the <tt>Account</tt> class:
#
# Account.transaction do
# balance.save!
# account.save!
# end
#
# Note that the +transaction+ method is also available as a model instance
# method. For example, you can also do this:
#
# balance.transaction do
# balance.save!
# account.save!
# end
#
# == Transactions are not distributed across database connections
#
# A transaction acts on a single database connection. If you have
# multiple class-specific databases, the transaction will not protect
# interaction among them. One workaround is to begin a transaction
# on each class whose models you alter:
#
# Student.transaction do
# Course.transaction do
# course.enroll(student)
# student.units += course.units
# end
# end
#
# This is a poor solution, but full distributed transactions are beyond
# the scope of Active Record.
#
# == Save and destroy are automatically wrapped in a transaction
#
# Both Base#save and Base#destroy come wrapped in a transaction that ensures
# that whatever you do in validations or callbacks will happen under the
# protected cover of a transaction. So you can use validations to check for
# values that the transaction depends on or you can raise exceptions in the
# callbacks to rollback, including <tt>after_*</tt> callbacks.
#
# == Exception handling and rolling back
#
# Also have in mind that exceptions thrown within a transaction block will
# be propagated (after triggering the ROLLBACK), so you should be ready to
# catch those in your application code.
#
# One exception is the ActiveRecord::Rollback exception, which will trigger
# a ROLLBACK when raised, but not be re-raised by the transaction block.
#
# *Warning*: one should not catch ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid exceptions
# inside a transaction block. StatementInvalid exceptions indicate that an
# error occurred at the database level, for example when a unique constraint
# is violated. On some database systems, such as PostgreSQL, database errors
# inside a transaction causes the entire transaction to become unusable
# until it's restarted from the beginning. Here is an example which
# demonstrates the problem:
#
# # Suppose that we have a Number model with a unique column called 'i'.
# Number.transaction do
# Number.create(:i => 0)
# begin
# # This will raise a unique constraint error...
# Number.create(:i => 0)
# rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
# # ...which we ignore.
# end
#
# # On PostgreSQL, the transaction is now unusable. The following
# # statement will cause a PostgreSQL error, even though the unique
# # constraint is no longer violated:
# Number.create(:i => 1)
# # => "PGError: ERROR: current transaction is aborted, commands
# # ignored until end of transaction block"
# end
#
# One should restart the entire transaction if a StatementError occurred.
module ClassMethods
# See ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods for detailed documentation.
def transaction(&block)
connection.increment_open_transactions
begin
connection.transaction(connection.open_transactions == 1, &block)
ensure
connection.decrement_open_transactions
end
end
end
# See ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods for detailed documentation.
def transaction(&block)
self.class.transaction(&block)
end
def destroy_with_transactions #:nodoc:
with_transaction_returning_status(:destroy_without_transactions)
end
def save_with_transactions(perform_validation = true) #:nodoc:
rollback_active_record_state! { with_transaction_returning_status(:save_without_transactions, perform_validation) }
end
def save_with_transactions! #:nodoc:
rollback_active_record_state! { transaction { save_without_transactions! } }
end
# Reset id and @new_record if the transaction rolls back.
def rollback_active_record_state!
id_present = has_attribute?(self.class.primary_key)
previous_id = id
previous_new_record = new_record?
yield
rescue Exception
@new_record = previous_new_record
if id_present
self.id = previous_id
else
@attributes.delete(self.class.primary_key)
@attributes_cache.delete(self.class.primary_key)
end
raise
end
# Executes +method+ within a transaction and captures its return value as a
# status flag. If the status is true the transaction is committed, otherwise
# a ROLLBACK is issued. In any case the status flag is returned.
#
# This method is available within the context of an ActiveRecord::Base
# instance.
def with_transaction_returning_status(method, *args)
status = nil
transaction do
status = send(method, *args)
raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless status
end
status
end
end
end
