path: root/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb

# frozen_string_literal: true

require "erb"
require "yaml"
require "zlib"
require "set"
require "active_support/dependencies"
require "active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid"
require "active_record/fixture_set/file"
require "active_record/errors"

module ActiveRecord
  class FixtureClassNotFound < ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
  end

  # \Fixtures are a way of organizing data that you want to test against; in short, sample data.
  #
  # They are stored in YAML files, one file per model, which are placed in the directory
  # appointed by <tt>ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path=(path)</tt> (this is automatically
  # configured for Rails, so you can just put your files in <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/</tt>).
  # The fixture file ends with the +.yml+ file extension, for example:
  # <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/web_sites.yml</tt>).
  #
  # The format of a fixture file looks like this:
  #
  #   rubyonrails:
  #     id: 1
  #     name: Ruby on Rails
  #     url: http://www.rubyonrails.org
  #
  #   google:
  #     id: 2
  #     name: Google
  #     url: http://www.google.com
  #
  # This fixture file includes two fixtures. Each YAML fixture (ie. record) is given a name and
  # is followed by an indented list of key/value pairs in the "key: value" format. Records are
  # separated by a blank line for your viewing pleasure.
  #
  # Note: Fixtures are unordered. If you want ordered fixtures, use the omap YAML type.
  # See http://yaml.org/type/omap.html
  # for the specification. You will need ordered fixtures when you have foreign key constraints
  # on keys in the same table. This is commonly needed for tree structures. Example:
  #
  #    --- !omap
  #    - parent:
  #        id:         1
  #        parent_id:  NULL
  #        title:      Parent
  #    - child:
  #        id:         2
  #        parent_id:  1
  #        title:      Child
  #
  # = Using Fixtures in Test Cases
  #
  # Since fixtures are a testing construct, we use them in our unit and functional tests. There
  # are two ways to use the fixtures, but first let's take a look at a sample unit test:
  #
  #   require 'test_helper'
  #
  #   class WebSiteTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  #     test "web_site_count" do
  #       assert_equal 2, WebSite.count
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # By default, +test_helper.rb+ will load all of your fixtures into your test
  # database, so this test will succeed.
  #
  # The testing environment will automatically load all the fixtures into the database before each
  # test. To ensure consistent data, the environment deletes the fixtures before running the load.
  #
  # In addition to being available in the database, the fixture's data may also be accessed by
  # using a special dynamic method, which has the same name as the model.
  #
  # Passing in a fixture name to this dynamic method returns the fixture matching this name:
  #
  #   test "find one" do
  #     assert_equal "Ruby on Rails", web_sites(:rubyonrails).name
  #   end
  #
  # Passing in multiple fixture names returns all fixtures matching these names:
  #
  #   test "find all by name" do
  #     assert_equal 2, web_sites(:rubyonrails, :google).length
  #   end
  #
  # Passing in no arguments returns all fixtures:
  #
  #   test "find all" do
  #     assert_equal 2, web_sites.length
  #   end
  #
  # Passing in any fixture name that does not exist will raise <tt>StandardError</tt>:
  #
  #   test "find by name that does not exist" do
  #     assert_raise(StandardError) { web_sites(:reddit) }
  #   end
  #
  # Alternatively, you may enable auto-instantiation of the fixture data. For instance, take the
  # following tests:
  #
  #   test "find_alt_method_1" do
  #     assert_equal "Ruby on Rails", @web_sites['rubyonrails']['name']
  #   end
  #
  #   test "find_alt_method_2" do
  #     assert_equal "Ruby on Rails", @rubyonrails.name
  #   end
  #
  # In order to use these methods to access fixtured data within your test cases, you must specify one of the
  # following in your ActiveSupport::TestCase-derived class:
  #
  # - to fully enable instantiated fixtures (enable alternate methods #1 and #2 above)
  #     self.use_instantiated_fixtures = true
  #
  # - create only the hash for the fixtures, do not 'find' each instance (enable alternate method #1 only)
  #     self.use_instantiated_fixtures = :no_instances
  #
  # Using either of these alternate methods incurs a performance hit, as the fixtured data must be fully
  # traversed in the database to create the fixture hash and/or instance variables. This is expensive for
  # large sets of fixtured data.
  #
  # = Dynamic fixtures with ERB
  #
  # Sometimes you don't care about the content of the fixtures as much as you care about the volume.
  # In these cases, you can mix ERB in with your YAML fixtures to create a bunch of fixtures for load
  # testing, like:
  #
  #   <% 1.upto(1000) do |i| %>
  #   fix_<%= i %>:
  #     id: <%= i %>
  #     name: guy_<%= i %>
  #   <% end %>
  #
  # This will create 1000 very simple fixtures.
  #
  # Using ERB, you can also inject dynamic values into your fixtures with inserts like
  # <tt><%= Date.today.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") %></tt>.
  # This is however a feature to be used with some caution. The point of fixtures are that they're
  # stable units of predictable sample data. If you feel that you need to inject dynamic values, then
  # perhaps you should reexamine whether your application is properly testable. Hence, dynamic values
  # in fixtures are to be considered a code smell.
  #
  # Helper methods defined in a fixture will not be available in other fixtures, to prevent against
  # unwanted inter-test dependencies. Methods used by multiple fixtures should be defined in a module
  # that is included in ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.
  #
  # - define a helper method in <tt>test_helper.rb</tt>
  #     module FixtureFileHelpers
  #       def file_sha(path)
  #         Digest::SHA2.hexdigest(File.read(Rails.root.join('test/fixtures', path)))
  #       end
  #     end
  #     ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.include FixtureFileHelpers
  #
  # - use the helper method in a fixture
  #     photo:
  #       name: kitten.png
  #       sha: <%= file_sha 'files/kitten.png' %>
  #
  # = Transactional Tests
  #
  # Test cases can use begin+rollback to isolate their changes to the database instead of having to
  # delete+insert for every test case.
  #
  #   class FooTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  #     self.use_transactional_tests = true
  #
  #     test "godzilla" do
  #       assert_not_empty Foo.all
  #       Foo.destroy_all
  #       assert_empty Foo.all
  #     end
  #
  #     test "godzilla aftermath" do
  #       assert_not_empty Foo.all
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # If you preload your test database with all fixture data (probably in the rake task) and use
  # transactional tests, then you may omit all fixtures declarations in your test cases since
  # all the data's already there and every case rolls back its changes.
  #
  # In order to use instantiated fixtures with preloaded data, set +self.pre_loaded_fixtures+ to
  # true. This will provide access to fixture data for every table that has been loaded through
  # fixtures (depending on the value of +use_instantiated_fixtures+).
  #
  # When *not* to use transactional tests:
  #
  # 1. You're testing whether a transaction works correctly. Nested transactions don't commit until
  #    all parent transactions commit, particularly, the fixtures transaction which is begun in setup
  #    and rolled back in teardown. Thus, you won't be able to verify
  #    the results of your transaction until Active Record supports nested transactions or savepoints (in progress).
  # 2. Your database does not support transactions. Every Active Record database supports transactions except MySQL MyISAM.
  #    Use InnoDB, MaxDB, or NDB instead.
  #
  # = Advanced Fixtures
  #
  # Fixtures that don't specify an ID get some extra features:
  #
  # * Stable, autogenerated IDs
  # * Label references for associations (belongs_to, has_one, has_many)
  # * HABTM associations as inline lists
  #
  # There are some more advanced features available even if the id is specified:
  #
  # * Autofilled timestamp columns
  # * Fixture label interpolation
  # * Support for YAML defaults
  #
  # == Stable, Autogenerated IDs
  #
  # Here, have a monkey fixture:
  #
  #   george:
  #     id: 1
  #     name: George the Monkey
  #
  #   reginald:
  #     id: 2
  #     name: Reginald the Pirate
  #
  # Each of these fixtures has two unique identifiers: one for the database
  # and one for the humans. Why don't we generate the primary key instead?
  # Hashing each fixture's label yields a consistent ID:
  #
  #   george: # generated id: 503576764
  #     name: George the Monkey
  #
  #   reginald: # generated id: 324201669
  #     name: Reginald the Pirate
  #
  # Active Record looks at the fixture's model class, discovers the correct
  # primary key, and generates it right before inserting the fixture
  # into the database.
  #
  # The generated ID for a given label is constant, so we can discover
  # any fixture's ID without loading anything, as long as we know the label.
  #
  # == Label references for associations (belongs_to, has_one, has_many)
  #
  # Specifying foreign keys in fixtures can be very fragile, not to
  # mention difficult to read. Since Active Record can figure out the ID of
  # any fixture from its label, you can specify FK's by label instead of ID.
  #
  # === belongs_to
  #
  # Let's break out some more monkeys and pirates.
  #
  #   ### in pirates.yml
  #
  #   reginald:
  #     id: 1
  #     name: Reginald the Pirate
  #     monkey_id: 1
  #
  #   ### in monkeys.yml
  #
  #   george:
  #     id: 1
  #     name: George the Monkey
  #     pirate_id: 1
  #
  # Add a few more monkeys and pirates and break this into multiple files,
  # and it gets pretty hard to keep track of what's going on. Let's
  # use labels instead of IDs:
  #
  #   ### in pirates.yml
  #
  #   reginald:
  #     name: Reginald the Pirate
  #     monkey: george
  #
  #   ### in monkeys.yml
  #
  #   george:
  #     name: George the Monkey
  #     pirate: reginald
  #
  # Pow! All is made clear. Active Record reflects on the fixture's model class,
  # finds all the +belongs_to+ associations, and allows you to specify
  # a target *label* for the *association* (monkey: george) rather than
  # a target *id* for the *FK* (<tt>monkey_id: 1</tt>).
  #
  # ==== Polymorphic belongs_to
  #
  # Supporting polymorphic relationships is a little bit more complicated, since
  # Active Record needs to know what type your association is pointing at. Something
  # like this should look familiar:
  #
  #   ### in fruit.rb
  #
  #   belongs_to :eater, polymorphic: true
  #
  #   ### in fruits.yml
  #
  #   apple:
  #     id: 1
  #     name: apple
  #     eater_id: 1
  #     eater_type: Monkey
  #
  # Can we do better? You bet!
  #
  #   apple:
  #     eater: george (Monkey)
  #
  # Just provide the polymorphic target type and Active Record will take care of the rest.
  #
  # === has_and_belongs_to_many
  #
  # Time to give our monkey some fruit.
  #
  #   ### in monkeys.yml
  #
  #   george:
  #     id: 1
  #     name: George the Monkey
  #
  #   ### in fruits.yml
  #
  #   apple:
  #     id: 1
  #     name: apple
  #
  #   orange:
  #     id: 2
  #     name: orange
  #
  #   grape:
  #     id: 3
  #     name: grape
  #
  #   ### in fruits_monkeys.yml
  #
  #   apple_george:
  #     fruit_id: 1
  #     monkey_id: 1
  #
  #   orange_george:
  #     fruit_id: 2
  #     monkey_id: 1
  #
  #   grape_george:
  #     fruit_id: 3
  #     monkey_id: 1
  #
  # Let's make the HABTM fixture go away.
  #
  #   ### in monkeys.yml
  #
  #   george:
  #     id: 1
  #     name: George the Monkey
  #     fruits: apple, orange, grape
  #
  #   ### in fruits.yml
  #
  #   apple:
  #     name: apple
  #
  #   orange:
  #     name: orange
  #
  #   grape:
  #     name: grape
  #
  # Zap! No more fruits_monkeys.yml file. We've specified the list of fruits
  # on George's fixture, but we could've just as easily specified a list
  # of monkeys on each fruit. As with +belongs_to+, Active Record reflects on
  # the fixture's model class and discovers the +has_and_belongs_to_many+
  # associations.
  #
  # == Autofilled Timestamp Columns
  #
  # If your table/model specifies any of Active Record's
  # standard timestamp columns (+created_at+, +created_on+, +updated_at+, +updated_on+),
  # they will automatically be set to <tt>Time.now</tt>.
  #
  # If you've set specific values, they'll be left alone.
  #
  # == Fixture label interpolation
  #
  # The label of the current fixture is always available as a column value:
  #
  #   geeksomnia:
  #     name: Geeksomnia's Account
  #     subdomain: $LABEL
  #     email: $LABEL@email.com
  #
  # Also, sometimes (like when porting older join table fixtures) you'll need
  # to be able to get a hold of the identifier for a given label. ERB
  # to the rescue:
  #
  #   george_reginald:
  #     monkey_id: <%= ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:reginald) %>
  #     pirate_id: <%= ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:george) %>
  #
  # == Support for YAML defaults
  #
  # You can set and reuse defaults in your fixtures YAML file.
  # This is the same technique used in the +database.yml+ file to specify
  # defaults:
  #
  #   DEFAULTS: &DEFAULTS
  #     created_on: <%= 3.weeks.ago.to_s(:db) %>
  #
  #   first:
  #     name: Smurf
  #     <<: *DEFAULTS
  #
  #   second:
  #     name: Fraggle
  #     <<: *DEFAULTS
  #
  # Any fixture labeled "DEFAULTS" is safely ignored.
  #
  # == Configure the fixture model class
  #
  # It's possible to set the fixture's model class directly in the YAML file.
  # This is helpful when fixtures are loaded outside tests and
  # +set_fixture_class+ is not available (e.g.
  # when running <tt>rails db:fixtures:load</tt>).
  #
  #   _fixture:
  #     model_class: User
  #   david:
  #     name: David
  #
  # Any fixtures labeled "_fixture" are safely ignored.
  class FixtureSet
    #--
    # An instance of FixtureSet is normally stored in a single YAML file and
    # possibly in a folder with the same name.
    #++

    MAX_ID = 2**30 - 1

    @@all_cached_fixtures = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = {} }

    def self.default_fixture_model_name(fixture_set_name, config = ActiveRecord::Base) # :nodoc:
      config.pluralize_table_names ?
        fixture_set_name.singularize.camelize :
        fixture_set_name.camelize
    end

    def self.default_fixture_table_name(fixture_set_name, config = ActiveRecord::Base) # :nodoc:
      "#{ config.table_name_prefix }"\
      "#{ fixture_set_name.tr('/', '_') }"\
      "#{ config.table_name_suffix }".to_sym
    end

    def self.reset_cache
      @@all_cached_fixtures.clear
    end

    def self.cache_for_connection(connection)
      @@all_cached_fixtures[connection]
    end

    def self.fixture_is_cached?(connection, table_name)
      cache_for_connection(connection)[table_name]
    end

    def self.cached_fixtures(connection, keys_to_fetch = nil)
      if keys_to_fetch
        cache_for_connection(connection).values_at(*keys_to_fetch)
      else
        cache_for_connection(connection).values
      end
    end

    def self.cache_fixtures(connection, fixtures_map)
      cache_for_connection(connection).update(fixtures_map)
    end

    def self.instantiate_fixtures(object, fixture_set, load_instances = true)
      if load_instances
        fixture_set.each do |fixture_name, fixture|
          begin
            object.instance_variable_set "@#{fixture_name}", fixture.find
          rescue FixtureClassNotFound
            nil
          end
        end
      end
    end

    def self.instantiate_all_loaded_fixtures(object, load_instances = true)
      all_loaded_fixtures.each_value do |fixture_set|
        instantiate_fixtures(object, fixture_set, load_instances)
      end
    end

    cattr_accessor :all_loaded_fixtures, default: {}

    class ClassCache
      def initialize(class_names, config)
        @class_names = class_names.stringify_keys
        @config      = config

        # Remove string values that aren't constants or subclasses of AR
        @class_names.delete_if { |klass_name, klass| !insert_class(@class_names, klass_name, klass) }
      end

      def [](fs_name)
        @class_names.fetch(fs_name) {
          klass = default_fixture_model(fs_name, @config).safe_constantize
          insert_class(@class_names, fs_name, klass)
        }
      end

      private

        def insert_class(class_names, name, klass)
          # We only want to deal with AR objects.
          if klass && klass < ActiveRecord::Base
            class_names[name] = klass
          else
            class_names[name] = nil
          end
        end

        def default_fixture_model(fs_name, config)
          ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.default_fixture_model_name(fs_name, config)
        end
    end

    def self.create_fixtures(fixtures_directory, fixture_set_names, class_names = {}, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
      fixture_set_names = Array(fixture_set_names).map(&:to_s)
      class_names = ClassCache.new class_names, config

      # FIXME: Apparently JK uses this.
      connection = block_given? ? yield : ActiveRecord::Base.connection

      files_to_read = fixture_set_names.reject { |fs_name|
        fixture_is_cached?(connection, fs_name)
      }

      unless files_to_read.empty?
        fixtures_map = {}

        fixture_sets = files_to_read.map do |fs_name|
          klass = class_names[fs_name]
          conn = klass ? klass.connection : connection
          fixtures_map[fs_name] = new( # ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new
            conn,
            fs_name,
            klass,
            ::File.join(fixtures_directory, fs_name))
        end

        update_all_loaded_fixtures fixtures_map
        fixture_sets_by_connection = fixture_sets.group_by { |fs| fs.model_class ? fs.model_class.connection : connection }

        fixture_sets_by_connection.each do |conn, set|
          table_rows_for_connection = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }

          set.each do |fs|
            fs.table_rows.each do |table, rows|
              table_rows_for_connection[table].unshift(*rows)
            end
          end
          conn.insert_fixtures_set(table_rows_for_connection, table_rows_for_connection.keys)

          # Cap primary key sequences to max(pk).
          if conn.respond_to?(:reset_pk_sequence!)
            set.each { |fs| conn.reset_pk_sequence!(fs.table_name) }
          end
        end

        cache_fixtures(connection, fixtures_map)
      end
      cached_fixtures(connection, fixture_set_names)
    end

    # Returns a consistent, platform-independent identifier for +label+.
    # Integer identifiers are values less than 2^30. UUIDs are RFC 4122 version 5 SHA-1 hashes.
    def self.identify(label, column_type = :integer)
      if column_type == :uuid
        Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::OID_NAMESPACE, label.to_s)
      else
        Zlib.crc32(label.to_s) % MAX_ID
      end
    end

    # Superclass for the evaluation contexts used by ERB fixtures.
    def self.context_class
      @context_class ||= Class.new
    end

    def self.update_all_loaded_fixtures(fixtures_map) # :nodoc:
      all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)
    end

    attr_reader :table_name, :name, :fixtures, :model_class, :config

    def initialize(connection, name, class_name, path, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
      @name     = name
      @path     = path
      @config   = config

      self.model_class = class_name

      @fixtures = read_fixture_files(path)

      @connection = connection

      @table_name = (model_class.respond_to?(:table_name) ?
                      model_class.table_name :
                      self.class.default_fixture_table_name(name, config))
    end

    def [](x)
      fixtures[x]
    end

    def []=(k, v)
      fixtures[k] = v
    end

    def each(&block)
      fixtures.each(&block)
    end

    def size
      fixtures.size
    end

    # Returns a hash of rows to be inserted. The key is the table, the value is
    # a list of rows to insert to that table.
    def table_rows
      now = config.default_timezone == :utc ? Time.now.utc : Time.now

      # allow a standard key to be used for doing defaults in YAML
      fixtures.delete("DEFAULTS")

      # track any join tables we need to insert later
      rows = Hash.new { |h, table| h[table] = [] }

      rows[table_name] = fixtures.map do |label, fixture|
        row = fixture.to_hash

        if model_class
          # fill in timestamp columns if they aren't specified and the model is set to record_timestamps
          if model_class.record_timestamps
            timestamp_column_names.each do |c_name|
              row[c_name] = now unless row.key?(c_name)
            end
          end

          # interpolate the fixture label
          row.each do |key, value|
            row[key] = value.gsub("$LABEL", label.to_s) if value.is_a?(String)
          end

          # generate a primary key if necessary
          if has_primary_key_column? && !row.include?(primary_key_name)
            row[primary_key_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(label, primary_key_type)
          end

          # Resolve enums
          model_class.defined_enums.each do |name, values|
            if row.include?(name)
              row[name] = values.fetch(row[name], row[name])
            end
          end

          # If STI is used, find the correct subclass for association reflection
          reflection_class =
            if row.include?(inheritance_column_name)
              row[inheritance_column_name].constantize rescue model_class
            else
              model_class
            end

          reflection_class._reflections.each_value do |association|
            case association.macro
            when :belongs_to
              # Do not replace association name with association foreign key if they are named the same
              fk_name = (association.options[:foreign_key] || "#{association.name}_id").to_s

              if association.name.to_s != fk_name && value = row.delete(association.name.to_s)
                if association.polymorphic? && value.sub!(/\s*\(([^\)]*)\)\s*$/, "")
                  # support polymorphic belongs_to as "label (Type)"
                  row[association.foreign_type] = $1
                end

                fk_type = reflection_class.type_for_attribute(fk_name).type
                row[fk_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(value, fk_type)
              end
            when :has_many
              if association.options[:through]
                add_join_records(rows, row, HasManyThroughProxy.new(association))
              end
            end
          end
        end

        row
      end
      rows
    end

    class ReflectionProxy # :nodoc:
      def initialize(association)
        @association = association
      end

      def join_table
        @association.join_table
      end

      def name
        @association.name
      end

      def primary_key_type
        @association.klass.type_for_attribute(@association.klass.primary_key).type
      end
    end

    class HasManyThroughProxy < ReflectionProxy # :nodoc:
      def rhs_key
        @association.foreign_key
      end

      def lhs_key
        @association.through_reflection.foreign_key
      end

      def join_table
        @association.through_reflection.table_name
      end
    end

    private
      def primary_key_name
        @primary_key_name ||= model_class && model_class.primary_key
      end

      def primary_key_type
        @primary_key_type ||= model_class && model_class.type_for_attribute(model_class.primary_key).type
      end

      def add_join_records(rows, row, association)
        # This is the case when the join table has no fixtures file
        if (targets = row.delete(association.name.to_s))
          table_name  = association.join_table
          column_type = association.primary_key_type
          lhs_key     = association.lhs_key
          rhs_key     = association.rhs_key

          targets = targets.is_a?(Array) ? targets : targets.split(/\s*,\s*/)
          rows[table_name].concat targets.map { |target|
            { lhs_key => row[primary_key_name],
              rhs_key => ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(target, column_type) }
          }
        end
      end

      def has_primary_key_column?
        @has_primary_key_column ||= primary_key_name &&
          model_class.columns.any? { |c| c.name == primary_key_name }
      end

      def timestamp_column_names
        @timestamp_column_names ||=
          %w(created_at created_on updated_at updated_on) & column_names
      end

      def inheritance_column_name
        @inheritance_column_name ||= model_class && model_class.inheritance_column
      end

      def column_names
        @column_names ||= @connection.columns(@table_name).collect(&:name)
      end

      def model_class=(class_name)
        if class_name.is_a?(Class) # TODO: Should be an AR::Base type class, or any?
          @model_class = class_name
        else
          @model_class = class_name.safe_constantize if class_name
        end
      end

      # Loads the fixtures from the YAML file at +path+.
      # If the file sets the +model_class+ and current instance value is not set,
      # it uses the file value.
      def read_fixture_files(path)
        yaml_files = Dir["#{path}/{**,*}/*.yml"].select { |f|
          ::File.file?(f)
        } + [yaml_file_path(path)]

        yaml_files.each_with_object({}) do |file, fixtures|
          FixtureSet::File.open(file) do |fh|
            self.model_class ||= fh.model_class if fh.model_class
            fh.each do |fixture_name, row|
              fixtures[fixture_name] = ActiveRecord::Fixture.new(row, model_class)
            end
          end
        end
      end

      def yaml_file_path(path)
        "#{path}.yml"
      end
  end

  class Fixture #:nodoc:
    include Enumerable

    class FixtureError < StandardError #:nodoc:
    end

    class FormatError < FixtureError #:nodoc:
    end

    attr_reader :model_class, :fixture

    def initialize(fixture, model_class)
      @fixture     = fixture
      @model_class = model_class
    end

    def class_name
      model_class.name if model_class
    end

    def each
      fixture.each { |item| yield item }
    end

    def [](key)
      fixture[key]
    end

    alias :to_hash :fixture

    def find
      if model_class
        model_class.unscoped do
          model_class.find(fixture[model_class.primary_key])
        end
      else
        raise FixtureClassNotFound, "No class attached to find."
      end
    end
  end
end

module ActiveRecord
  module TestFixtures
    extend ActiveSupport::Concern

    def before_setup # :nodoc:
      setup_fixtures
      super
    end

    def after_teardown # :nodoc:
      super
      teardown_fixtures
    end

    included do
      class_attribute :fixture_path, instance_writer: false
      class_attribute :fixture_table_names, default: []
      class_attribute :fixture_class_names, default: {}
      class_attribute :use_transactional_tests, default: true
      class_attribute :use_instantiated_fixtures, default: false # true, false, or :no_instances
      class_attribute :pre_loaded_fixtures, default: false
      class_attribute :config, default: ActiveRecord::Base
      class_attribute :lock_threads, default: true
    end

    module ClassMethods
      # Sets the model class for a fixture when the class name cannot be inferred from the fixture name.
      #
      # Examples:
      #
      #   set_fixture_class some_fixture:        SomeModel,
      #                     'namespaced/fixture' => Another::Model
      #
      # The keys must be the fixture names, that coincide with the short paths to the fixture files.
      def set_fixture_class(class_names = {})
        self.fixture_class_names = fixture_class_names.merge(class_names.stringify_keys)
      end

      def fixtures(*fixture_set_names)
        if fixture_set_names.first == :all
          fixture_set_names = Dir["#{fixture_path}/{**,*}/*.{yml}"].uniq
          fixture_set_names.map! { |f| f[(fixture_path.to_s.size + 1)..-5] }
        else
          fixture_set_names = fixture_set_names.flatten.map(&:to_s)
        end

        self.fixture_table_names |= fixture_set_names
        setup_fixture_accessors(fixture_set_names)
      end

      def setup_fixture_accessors(fixture_set_names = nil)
        fixture_set_names = Array(fixture_set_names || fixture_table_names)
        methods = Module.new do
          fixture_set_names.each do |fs_name|
            fs_name = fs_name.to_s
            accessor_name = fs_name.tr("/", "_").to_sym

            define_method(accessor_name) do |*fixture_names|
              force_reload = fixture_names.pop if fixture_names.last == true || fixture_names.last == :reload
              return_single_record = fixture_names.size == 1
              fixture_names = @loaded_fixtures[fs_name].fixtures.keys if fixture_names.empty?

              @fixture_cache[fs_name] ||= {}

              instances = fixture_names.map do |f_name|
                f_name = f_name.to_s if f_name.is_a?(Symbol)
                @fixture_cache[fs_name].delete(f_name) if force_reload

                if @loaded_fixtures[fs_name][f_name]
                  @fixture_cache[fs_name][f_name] ||= @loaded_fixtures[fs_name][f_name].find
                else
                  raise StandardError, "No fixture named '#{f_name}' found for fixture set '#{fs_name}'"
                end
              end

              return_single_record ? instances.first : instances
            end
            private accessor_name
          end
        end
        include methods
      end

      def uses_transaction(*methods)
        @uses_transaction = [] unless defined?(@uses_transaction)
        @uses_transaction.concat methods.map(&:to_s)
      end

      def uses_transaction?(method)
        @uses_transaction = [] unless defined?(@uses_transaction)
        @uses_transaction.include?(method.to_s)
      end
    end

    def run_in_transaction?
      use_transactional_tests &&
        !self.class.uses_transaction?(method_name)
    end

    def setup_fixtures(config = ActiveRecord::Base)
      if pre_loaded_fixtures && !use_transactional_tests
        raise RuntimeError, "pre_loaded_fixtures requires use_transactional_tests"
      end

      @fixture_cache = {}
      @fixture_connections = []
      @@already_loaded_fixtures ||= {}
      @connection_subscriber = nil

      # Load fixtures once and begin transaction.
      if run_in_transaction?
        if @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class]
          @loaded_fixtures = @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class]
        else
          @loaded_fixtures = load_fixtures(config)
          @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class] = @loaded_fixtures
        end

        # Begin transactions for connections already established
        @fixture_connections = enlist_fixture_connections
        @fixture_connections.each do |connection|
          connection.begin_transaction joinable: false
          connection.pool.lock_thread = true if lock_threads
        end

        # When connections are established in the future, begin a transaction too
        @connection_subscriber = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("!connection.active_record") do |_, _, _, _, payload|
          spec_name = payload[:spec_name] if payload.key?(:spec_name)

          if spec_name
            begin
              connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.retrieve_connection(spec_name)
            rescue ConnectionNotEstablished
              connection = nil
            end

            if connection && !@fixture_connections.include?(connection)
              connection.begin_transaction joinable: false
              connection.pool.lock_thread = true if lock_threads
              @fixture_connections << connection
            end
          end
        end

      # Load fixtures for every test.
      else
        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.reset_cache
        @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class] = nil
        @loaded_fixtures = load_fixtures(config)
      end

      # Instantiate fixtures for every test if requested.
      instantiate_fixtures if use_instantiated_fixtures
    end

    def teardown_fixtures
      # Rollback changes if a transaction is active.
      if run_in_transaction?
        ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@connection_subscriber) if @connection_subscriber
        @fixture_connections.each do |connection|
          connection.rollback_transaction if connection.transaction_open?
          connection.pool.lock_thread = false
        end
        @fixture_connections.clear
      else
        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.reset_cache
      end

      ActiveRecord::Base.clear_active_connections!
    end

    def enlist_fixture_connections
      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.connection_pool_list.map(&:connection)
    end

    private
      def load_fixtures(config)
        fixtures = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(fixture_path, fixture_table_names, fixture_class_names, config)
        Hash[fixtures.map { |f| [f.name, f] }]
      end

      def instantiate_fixtures
        if pre_loaded_fixtures
          raise RuntimeError, "Load fixtures before instantiating them." if ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.all_loaded_fixtures.empty?
          ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.instantiate_all_loaded_fixtures(self, load_instances?)
        else
          raise RuntimeError, "Load fixtures before instantiating them." if @loaded_fixtures.nil?
          @loaded_fixtures.each_value do |fixture_set|
            ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.instantiate_fixtures(self, fixture_set, load_instances?)
          end
        end
      end

      def load_instances?
        use_instantiated_fixtures != :no_instances
      end
  end
end

class ActiveRecord::FixtureSet::RenderContext # :nodoc:
  def self.create_subclass
    Class.new ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class do
      def get_binding
        binding()
      end

      def binary(path)
        %(!!binary "#{Base64.strict_encode64(File.read(path))}")
      end
    end
  end
end