* Prevent the counter cache from being decremented twice when destroying
a record on a has_many :through association.
Fixes #11079.
*Dmitry Dedov*
* Unify boolean type casting for `MysqlAdapter` and `Mysql2Adapter`.
`type_cast` will return `1` for `true` and `0` for `false`.
Fixes #11119.
*Adam Williams*, *Yves Senn*
* Fix bug where has_one associaton record update result in crash, when replaced with itself.
Fixes #12834.
*Denis Redozubov*, *Sergio Cambra*
* Log bind variables after they are type casted. This makes it more
transparent what values are actually sent to the database.
irb(main):002:0> Event.find("im-no-integer")
# Before: ... WHERE "events"."id" = $1 LIMIT 1 [["id", "im-no-integer"]]
# After: ... WHERE "events"."id" = $1 LIMIT 1 [["id", 0]]
*Yves Senn*
* Fix uninitialized constant `TransactionState` error when `Marshall.load` is used on an Active Record result.
Fixes #12790.
*Jason Ayre*
* `.unscope` now removes conditions specified in `default_scope`.
*Jon Leighton*
* Added `ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#rewhere` which will overwrite an existing, named where condition.
Examples:
Post.where(trashed: true).where(trashed: false) #=> WHERE `trashed` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
Post.where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false) #=> WHERE `trashed` = 0
Post.where(active: true).where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false) #=> WHERE `active` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
*DHH*
* Extend `ActiveRecord::Base#cache_key` to take an optional list of timestamp attributes of which the highest will be used.
Example:
# last_reviewed_at will be used, if that's more recent than updated_at, or vice versa
Person.find(5).cache_key(:updated_at, :last_reviewed_at)
*DHH*
* Added `ActiveRecord::Base#enum` for declaring enum attributes where the values map to integers in the database, but can be queried by name.
Example:
class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
enum status: [:active, :archived]
end
Conversation::STATUS # => { active: 0, archived: 1 }
# conversation.update! status: 0
conversation.active!
conversation.active? # => true
conversation.status # => "active"
# conversation.update! status: 1
conversation.archived!
conversation.archived? # => true
conversation.status # => "archived"
# conversation.update! status: 1
conversation.status = :archived
*DHH*
* `ActiveRecord::Base#attribute_for_inspect` now truncates long arrays (more than 10 elements).
*Jan Bernacki*
* Allow for the name of the `schema_migrations` table to be configured.
*Jerad Phelps*
* Do not add to scope includes values from through associations.
Fixed bug when providing `includes` in through association scope, and fetching targets.
Example:
class Vendor < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :relationships, -> { includes(:user) }
has_many :users, through: :relationships
end
vendor = Vendor.first
# Before
vendor.users.to_a # => Raises exception: not found `:user` for `User`
# After
vendor.users.to_a # => No exception is raised
Fixes #12242, #9517, #10240.
*Paul Nikitochkin*
* Type cast json values on write, so that the value is consistent
with reading from the database.
Example:
x = JsonDataType.new tags: {"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}
# Before:
x.tags # => {"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}
# After:
x.tags # => {"string" => "foo", "symbol" => "bar"}
*Severin Schoepke*
* `ActiveRecord::Store` works together with PG `hstore` columns.
Fixes #12452.
*Yves Senn*
* Fix bug where `ActiveRecord::Store` used a global `Hash` to keep track of
all registered `stored_attributes`. Now every subclass of
`ActiveRecord::Base` has it's own `Hash`.
*Yves Senn*
* Save `has_one` association when primary key is manually set.
Fixes #12302.
*Lauro Caetano*
* Allow any version of BCrypt when using `has_secure_password`.
*Mike Perham*
* Sub-query generated for `Relation` passed as array condition did not take in account
bind values and have invalid syntax.
Generate sub-query with inline bind values.
Fixes #12586.
*Paul Nikitochkin*
* Fix a bug where rake db:structure:load crashed when the path contained
spaces.
*Kevin Mook*
* `ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#unscope` unscopes negative equality
Allows you to call `#unscope` on a relation with negative equality
operators, i.e. `Arel::Nodes::NotIn` and `Arel::Nodes::NotEqual` that have
been generated through the use of `where.not`.
*Eric Hankins*
* Raise an exception when model without primary key calls `.find_with_ids`.
*Shimpei Makimoto*
* Make `Relation#empty?` use `exists?` instead of `count`.
*Szymon Nowak*
* `rake db:structure:dump` no longer crashes when the port was specified as `Fixnum`.
*Kenta Okamoto*
* `NullRelation#pluck` takes a list of columns
The method signature in `NullRelation` was updated to mimic that in
`Calculations`.
*Derek Prior*
* `scope_chain` should not be mutated for other reflections.
Currently `scope_chain` uses same array for building different
`scope_chain` for different associations. During processing
these arrays are sometimes mutated and because of in-place
mutation the changed `scope_chain` impacts other reflections.
Fix is to dup the value before adding to the `scope_chain`.
Fixes #3882.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Prevent the inversed association from being reloaded on save.
Fixes #9499.
*Dmitry Polushkin*
* Generate subquery for `Relation` if it passed as array condition for `where`
method.
Example:
# Before
Blog.where('id in (?)', Blog.where(id: 1))
# => SELECT "blogs".* FROM "blogs" WHERE "blogs"."id" = 1
# => SELECT "blogs".* FROM "blogs" WHERE (id IN (1))
# After
Blog.where('id in (?)', Blog.where(id: 1).select(:id))
# => SELECT "blogs".* FROM "blogs"
# WHERE "blogs"."id" IN (SELECT "blogs"."id" FROM "blogs" WHERE "blogs"."id" = 1)
Fixes #12415.
*Paul Nikitochkin*
* For missed association exception message
which is raised in `ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader` class
added owner record class name in order to simplify to find problem code.
*Paul Nikitochkin*
* `has_and_belongs_to_many` is now transparently implemented in terms of
`has_many :through`. Behavior should remain the same, if not, it is a bug.
* `create_savepoint`, `rollback_to_savepoint` and `release_savepoint` accept
a savepoint name.
*Yves Senn*
* Make `next_migration_number` accessible for third party generators.
*Yves Senn*
* Objects instantiated using a null relationship will now retain the
attributes of the where clause.
Fixes #11676, #11675, #11376.
*Paul Nikitochkin*, *Peter Brown*, *Nthalk*
* Fixed `ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionAssociation#find`
when using `has_many` association with `:inverse_of` and finding an array of one element,
it should return an array of one element too.
*arthurnn*
* Callbacks on has_many should access the in memory parent if a inverse_of is set.
*arthurnn*
* `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters.string_to_time` respects
string with timezone (e.g. Wed, 04 Sep 2013 20:30:00 JST).
Fixes #12278.
*kennyj*
* Calling `update_attributes` will now throw an `ArgumentError` whenever it
gets a `nil` argument. More specifically, it will throw an error if the
argument that it gets passed does not respond to to `stringify_keys`.
Example:
@my_comment.update_attributes(nil) # => raises ArgumentError
*John Wang*
* Deprecate `quoted_locking_column` method, which isn't used anywhere.
*kennyj*
* Migration dump UUID default functions to schema.rb.
Fixes #10751.
*kennyj*
* Fixed a bug in `ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionAssociation#find_by_scan`
when using `has_many` association with `:inverse_of` option and UUID primary key.
Fixes #10450.
*kennyj*
* Fix: joins association, with defined in the scope block constraints by using several
where constraints and at least of them is not `Arel::Nodes::Equality`,
generates invalid SQL expression.
Fixes #11963.
*Paul Nikitochkin*
* Deprecate the delegation of Array bang methods for associations.
To use them, instead first call `#to_a` on the association to access the
array to be acted on.
*Ben Woosley*
* `CollectionAssociation#first`/`#last` (e.g. `has_many`) use a `LIMIT`ed
query to fetch results rather than loading the entire collection.
*Lann Martin*
* Make possible to run SQLite rake tasks without the `Rails` constant defined.
*Damien Mathieu*
* Allow Relation#from to accept other relations with bind values.
*Ryan Wallace*
* Fix inserts with prepared statements disabled.
Fixes #12023.
*Rafael Mendonça França*
* Setting a has_one association on a new record no longer causes an empty
transaction.
*Dylan Thacker-Smith*
* Fix `AR::Relation#merge` sometimes failing to preserve `readonly(false)` flag.
*thedarkone*
* Re-use `order` argument pre-processing for `reorder`.
*Paul Nikitochkin*
* Fix PredicateBuilder so polymorphic association keys in `where` clause can
accept objects other than direct descendants of `ActiveRecord::Base` (decorated
models, for example).
*Mikhail Dieterle*
* PostgreSQL adapter recognizes negative money values formatted with
parentheses (eg. `($1.25) # => -1.25`)).
Fixes #11899.
*Yves Senn*
* Stop interpreting SQL 'string' columns as :string type because there is no
common STRING datatype in SQL.
*Ben Woosley*
* `ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#exists?` returns `true`/`false` in all cases.
*Xavier Noria*
* Assign inet/cidr attribute with `nil` value for invalid address.
Example:
record = User.new
record.logged_in_from_ip # is type of an inet or a cidr
# Before:
record.logged_in_from_ip = 'bad ip address' # raise exception
# After:
record.logged_in_from_ip = 'bad ip address' # do not raise exception
record.logged_in_from_ip # => nil
record.logged_in_from_ip_before_type_cast # => 'bad ip address'
*Paul Nikitochkin*
* `add_to_target` now accepts a second optional `skip_callbacks` argument
If truthy, it will skip the :before_add and :after_add callbacks.
*Ben Woosley*
* Fix interactions between `:before_add` callbacks and nested attributes
assignment of `has_many` associations, when the association was not
yet loaded:
- A `:before_add` callback was being called when a nested attributes
assignment assigned to an existing record.
- Nested Attributes assignment did not affect the record in the
association target when a `:before_add` callback triggered the
loading of the association
*Jörg Schray*
* Allow enable_extension migration method to be revertible.
*Eric Tipton*
* Type cast hstore values on write, so that the value is consistent
with reading from the database.
Example:
x = Hstore.new tags: {"bool" => true, "number" => 5}
# Before:
x.tags # => {"bool" => true, "number" => 5}
# After:
x.tags # => {"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}
*Yves Senn* , *Severin Schoepke*
* Fix multidimensional PG arrays containing non-string items.
*Yves Senn*
* Fixes bug when using includes combined with select, the select statement was overwritten.
Fixes #11773.
*Edo Balvers*
* Load fixtures from linked folders.
*Kassio Borges*
* Create a directory for sqlite3 file if not present on the system.
*Richard Schneeman*
* Removed redundant override of `xml` column definition for PG,
in order to use `xml` column type instead of `text`.
*Paul Nikitochkin*, *Michael Nikitochkin*
* Revert `ActiveRecord::Relation#order` change that make new order
prepend the old one.
Before:
User.order("name asc").order("created_at desc")
# SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at desc, name asc
After:
User.order("name asc").order("created_at desc")
# SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY name asc, created_at desc
This also affects order defined in `default_scope` or any kind of associations.
* Add ability to define how a class is converted to Arel predicates.
For example, adding a very vendor specific regex implementation:
regex_handler = proc do |column, value|
Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new('~', column, value.source)
end
ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.register_handler(Regexp, regex_handler)
*Sean Griffin & @joannecheng*
* Don't allow `quote_value` to be called without a column.
Some adapters require column information to do their job properly.
By enforcing the provision of the column for this internal method
we ensure that those using adapters that require column information
will always get the proper behavior.
*Ben Woosley*
* When using optimistic locking, `update` was not passing the column to `quote_value`
to allow the connection adapter to properly determine how to quote the value. This was
affecting certain databases that use specific column types.
Fixes #6763.
*Alfred Wong*
* rescue from all exceptions in `ConnectionManagement#call`
Fixes #11497.
As `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement` middleware does
not rescue from Exception (but only from StandardError), the Connection
Pool quickly runs out of connections when multiple erroneous Requests come
in right after each other.
Rescuing from all exceptions and not just StandardError, fixes this
behaviour.
*Vipul A M*
* `change_column` for PostgreSQL adapter respects the `:array` option.
*Yves Senn*
* Remove deprecation warning from `attribute_missing` for attributes that are columns.
*Arun Agrawal*
* Remove extra decrement of transaction deep level.
Fixes #4566.
*Paul Nikitochkin*
* Reset @column_defaults when assigning `locking_column`.
We had a potential problem. For example:
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
self.column_defaults # if we call this unintentionally before setting locking_column ...
self.locking_column = 'my_locking_column'
end
Post.column_defaults["my_locking_column"]
=> nil # expected value is 0 !
*kennyj*
* Remove extra select and update queries on save/touch/destroy ActiveRecord model
with belongs to reflection with option `touch: true`.
Fixes #11288.
*Paul Nikitochkin*
* Remove deprecated nil-passing to the following `SchemaCache` methods:
`primary_keys`, `tables`, `columns` and `columns_hash`.
*Yves Senn*
* Remove deprecated block filter from `ActiveRecord::Migrator#migrate`.
*Yves Senn*
* Remove deprecated String constructor from `ActiveRecord::Migrator`.
*Yves Senn*
* Remove deprecated `scope` use without passing a callable object.
*Arun Agrawal*
* Remove deprecated `transaction_joinable=` in favor of `begin_transaction`
with `:joinable` option.
*Arun Agrawal*
* Remove deprecated `decrement_open_transactions`.
*Arun Agrawal*
* Remove deprecated `increment_open_transactions`.
*Arun Agrawal*
* Remove deprecated `PostgreSQLAdapter#outside_transaction?`
method. You can use `#transaction_open?` instead.
*Yves Senn*
* Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Fixtures.find_table_name` in favor of
`ActiveRecord::Fixtures.default_fixture_model_name`.
*Vipul A M*
* Removed deprecated `columns_for_remove` from `SchemaStatements`.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Remove deprecated `SchemaStatements#distinct`.
*Francesco Rodriguez*
* Move deprecated `ActiveRecord::TestCase` into the rails test
suite. The class is no longer public and is only used for internal
Rails tests.
*Yves Senn*
* Removed support for deprecated option `:restrict` for `:dependent`
in associations.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Removed support for deprecated `delete_sql` in associations.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Removed support for deprecated `insert_sql` in associations.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Removed support for deprecated `finder_sql` in associations.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Support array as root element in JSON fields.
*Alexey Noskov & Francesco Rodriguez*
* Removed support for deprecated `counter_sql` in associations.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Do not invoke callbacks when `delete_all` is called on collection.
Method `delete_all` should not be invoking callbacks and this
feature was deprecated in Rails 4.0. This is being removed.
`delete_all` will continue to honor the `:dependent` option. However
if `:dependent` value is `:destroy` then the `:delete_all` deletion
strategy for that collection will be applied.
User can also force a deletion strategy by passing parameter to
`delete_all`. For example you can do `@post.comments.delete_all(:nullify)`.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Calling default_scope without a proc will now raise `ArgumentError`.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Removed deprecated method `type_cast_code` from Column.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Removed deprecated options `delete_sql` and `insert_sql` from HABTM
association.
Removed deprecated options `finder_sql` and `counter_sql` from
collection association.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Base#connection` method.
Make sure to access it via the class.
*Yves Senn*
* Remove deprecation warning for `auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds`.
*Yves Senn*
* Remove deprecated `:distinct` option from `Relation#count`.
*Yves Senn*
* Removed deprecated methods `partial_updates`, `partial_updates?` and
`partial_updates=`.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Removed deprecated method `scoped`
*Neeraj Singh*
* Removed deprecated method `default_scopes?`
*Neeraj Singh*
* Remove implicit join references that were deprecated in 4.0.
Example:
# before with implicit joins
Comment.where('posts.author_id' => 7)
# after
Comment.references(:posts).where('posts.author_id' => 7)
*Yves Senn*
* Apply default scope when joining associations. For example:
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
default_scope -> { where published: true }
end
class Comment
belongs_to :post
end
When calling `Comment.joins(:post)`, we expect to receive only
comments on published posts, since that is the default scope for
posts.
Before this change, the default scope from `Post` was not applied,
so we'd get comments on unpublished posts.
*Jon Leighton*
* Remove `activerecord-deprecated_finders` as a dependency
*Łukasz Strzałkowski*
* Remove Oracle / Sqlserver / Firebird database tasks that were deprecated in 4.0.
*kennyj*
* `find_each` now returns an `Enumerator` when called without a block, so that it
can be chained with other `Enumerable` methods.
*Ben Woosley*
* `ActiveRecord::Result.each` now returns an `Enumerator` when called without
a block, so that it can be chained with other `Enumerable` methods.
*Ben Woosley*
* Flatten merged join_values before building the joins.
While joining_values special treatment is given to string values.
By flattening the array it ensures that string values are detected
as strings and not arrays.
Fixes #10669.
*Neeraj Singh and iwiznia*
* Do not load all child records for inverse case.
currently `post.comments.find(Comment.first.id)` would load all
comments for the given post to set the inverse association.
This has a huge performance penalty. Because if post has 100k
records and all these 100k records would be loaded in memory
even though the comment id was supplied.
Fix is to use in-memory records only if loaded? is true. Otherwise
load the records using full sql.
Fixes #10509.
*Neeraj Singh*
* `inspect` on Active Record model classes does not initiate a
new connection. This means that calling `inspect`, when the
database is missing, will no longer raise an exception.
Fixes #10936.
Example:
Author.inspect # => "Author(no database connection)"
*Yves Senn*
* Handle single quotes in PostgreSQL default column values.
Fixes #10881.
*Dylan Markow*
* Log the sql that is actually sent to the database.
If I have a query that produces sql
`WHERE "users"."name" = 'a b'` then in the log all the
whitespace is being squeezed. So the sql that is printed in the
log is `WHERE "users"."name" = 'a b'`.
Do not squeeze whitespace out of sql queries. Fixes #10982.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Fixture setup no longer depends on `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations`.
This is relevant when `ENV["DATABASE_URL"]` is used in place of a `database.yml`.
*Yves Senn*
* Fix mysql2 adapter raises the correct exception when executing a query on a
closed connection.
*Yves Senn*
* Ambiguous reflections are on :through relationships are no longer supported.
For example, you need to change this:
class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :posts
has_many :taggings, :through => :posts
end
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
has_one :tagging
has_many :taggings
end
class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
end
To this:
class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :posts
has_many :taggings, :through => :posts, :source => :tagging
end
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
has_one :tagging
has_many :taggings
end
class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
end
*Aaron Patterson*
* Remove column restrictions for `count`, let the database raise if the SQL is
invalid. The previous behavior was untested and surprising for the user.
Fixes #5554.
Example:
User.select("name, username").count
# Before => SELECT count(*) FROM users
# After => ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
# you can still use `count(:all)` to perform a query unrelated to the
# selected columns
User.select("name, username").count(:all) # => SELECT count(*) FROM users
*Yves Senn*
* Rails now automatically detects inverse associations. If you do not set the
`:inverse_of` option on the association, then Active Record will guess the
inverse association based on heuristics.
Note that automatic inverse detection only works on `has_many`, `has_one`,
and `belongs_to` associations. Extra options on the associations will
also prevent the association's inverse from being found automatically.
The automatic guessing of the inverse association uses a heuristic based
on the name of the class, so it may not work for all associations,
especially the ones with non-standard names.
You can turn off the automatic detection of inverse associations by setting
the `:inverse_of` option to `false` like so:
class Taggable < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :tag, inverse_of: false
end
*John Wang*
* Fix `add_column` with `array` option when using PostgreSQL. Fixes #10432
*Adam Anderson*
* Usage of `implicit_readonly` is being removed`. Please use `readonly` method
explicitly to mark records as `readonly.
Fixes #10615.
Example:
user = User.joins(:todos).select("users.*, todos.title as todos_title").readonly(true).first
user.todos_title = 'clean pet'
user.save! # will raise error
*Yves Senn*
* Fix the `:primary_key` option for `has_many` associations.
Fixes #10693.
*Yves Senn*
* Fix bug where tiny types are incorrectly coerced as boolean when the length is more than 1.
Fixes #10620.
*Aaron Patterson*
* Also support extensions in PostgreSQL 9.1. This feature has been supported since 9.1.
*kennyj*
* Deprecate `ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#distinct`,
as it is no longer used by internals.
*Ben Woosley*
* Fix pending migrations error when loading schema and `ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix`
is not blank.
Call `assume_migrated_upto_version` on connection to prevent it from first
being picked up in `method_missing`.
In the base class, `Migration`, `method_missing` expects the argument to be a
table name, and calls `proper_table_name` on the arguments before sending to
`connection`. If `table_name_prefix` or `table_name_suffix` is used, the schema
version changes to `prefix_version_suffix`, breaking `rake test:prepare`.
Fixes #10411.
*Kyle Stevens*
* Method `read_attribute_before_type_cast` should accept input as symbol.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Confirm a record has not already been destroyed before decrementing counter cache.
*Ben Tucker*
* Fixed a bug in `ActiveRecord#sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions` in which
`self.class` is an argument to `PredicateBuilder#build_from_hash`
causing `PredicateBuilder` to call non-existent method
`Class#reflect_on_association`.
*Zach Ohlgren*
* While removing index if column option is missing then raise IrreversibleMigration exception.
Following code should raise `IrreversibleMigration`. But the code was
failing since options is an array and not a hash.
def change
change_table :users do |t|
t.remove_index [:name, :email]
end
end
Fix was to check if the options is a Hash before operating on it.
Fixes #10419.
*Neeraj Singh*
* Do not overwrite manually built records during one-to-one nested attribute assignment
For one-to-one nested associations, if you build the new (in-memory)
child object yourself before assignment, then the NestedAttributes
module will not overwrite it, e.g.:
class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
has_one :avatar
accepts_nested_attributes_for :avatar
def avatar
super || build_avatar(width: 200)
end
end
member = Member.new
member.avatar_attributes = {icon: 'sad'}
member.avatar.width # => 200
*Olek Janiszewski*
* fixes bug introduced by #3329. Now, when autosaving associations,
deletions happen before inserts and saves. This prevents a 'duplicate
unique value' database error that would occur if a record being created had
the same value on a unique indexed field as that of a record being destroyed.
*Johnny Holton*
* Handle aliased attributes in ActiveRecord::Relation.
When using symbol keys, ActiveRecord will now translate aliased attribute names to the actual column name used in the database:
With the model
class Topic
alias_attribute :heading, :title
end
The call
Topic.where(heading: 'The First Topic')
should yield the same result as
Topic.where(title: 'The First Topic')
This also applies to ActiveRecord::Relation::Calculations calls such as `Model.sum(:aliased)` and `Model.pluck(:aliased)`.
This will not work with SQL fragment strings like `Model.sum('DISTINCT aliased')`.
*Godfrey Chan*
* Mute `psql` output when running rake db:schema:load.
*Godfrey Chan*
* Trigger a save on `has_one association=(associate)` when the associate contents have changed.
Fix #8856.
*Chris Thompson*
* Abort a rake task when missing db/structure.sql like `db:schema:load` task.
*kennyj*
* rake:db:test:prepare falls back to original environment after execution.
*Slava Markevich*
Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
