path: root/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb

require 'mail'
require 'action_mailer/tmail_compat'
require 'action_mailer/collector'

module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
  # Action Mailer allows you to send email from your application using a mailer model and views.
  #
  # = Mailer Models
  #
  # To use Action Mailer, you need to create a mailer model.
  #
  #   $ rails generate mailer Notifier
  #
  # The generated model inherits from ActionMailer::Base. Emails are defined by creating methods
  # within the model which are then used to set variables to be used in the mail template, to
  # change options on the mail, or to add attachments.
  #
  # Examples:
  #
  #  class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  #    default :from => 'no-reply@example.com',
  #            :return_path => 'system@example.com'
  # 
  #    def welcome(recipient)
  #      @account = recipient
  #      mail(:to => recipient.email_address_with_name,
  #           :bcc => ["bcc@example.com", "Order Watcher <watcher@example.com>"])
  #      end
  #    end
  # 
  # Within the mailer method, you have access to the following methods:
  # 
  # * <tt>attachments[]=</tt> - Allows you to add attachments to your email in an intuitive
  #   manner; <tt>attachments['filename.png'] = File.read('path/to/filename.png')</tt>
  #
  # * <tt>headers[]=</tt> - Allows you to specify any header field in your email such
  #   as <tt>headers['X-No-Spam'] = 'True'</tt>. Note, while most fields (like <tt>To:</tt>
  #   <tt>From:</tt> can only appear once in an email header, other fields like <tt>X-Anything</tt>
  #   can appear multiple times. If you want to change a field that can appear multiple times,
  #   you need to set it to nil first so that Mail knows you are replacing it, not adding
  #   another field of the same name.)
  #
  # * <tt>headers(hash)</tt> - Allows you to specify multiple headers in your email such
  #   as <tt>headers({'X-No-Spam' => 'True', 'In-Reply-To' => '1234@message.id'})</tt>
  #
  # * <tt>mail</tt> - Allows you to specify your email to send.
  # 
  # The hash passed to the mail method allows you to specify any header that a Mail::Message
  # will accept (any valid Email header including optional fields).
  #
  # The mail method, if not passed a block, will inspect your views and send all the views with
  # the same name as the method, so the above action would send the +welcome.text.plain.erb+ view
  # file as well as the +welcome.text.html.erb+ view file in a +multipart/alternative+ email.
  # 
  # If you want to explicitly render only certain templates, pass a block:
  # 
  #   mail(:to => user.emai) do |format|
  #     format.text
  #     format.html
  #   end
  #
  # The block syntax is useful if also need to specify information specific to a part:
  #
  #   mail(:to => user.emai) do |format|
  #     format.text(:content_transfer_encoding => "base64")
  #     format.html
  #   end
  #
  # Or even to render a special view:
  #
  #   mail(:to => user.emai) do |format|
  #     format.text
  #     format.html { render "some_other_template" }
  #   end
  #
  # = Mailer views
  #
  # Like Action Controller, each mailer class has a corresponding view directory in which each
  # method of the class looks for a template with its name.
  # 
  # To define a template to be used with a mailing, create an <tt>.erb</tt> file with the same
  # name as the method in your mailer model. For example, in the mailer defined above, the template at
  # <tt>app/views/notifier/signup_notification.text.plain.erb</tt> would be used to generate the email.
  #
  # Variables defined in the model are accessible as instance variables in the view.
  #
  # Emails by default are sent in plain text, so a sample view for our model example might look like this:
  #
  #   Hi <%= @account.name %>,
  #   Thanks for joining our service! Please check back often.
  #
  # You can even use Action Pack helpers in these views. For example:
  #
  #   You got a new note!
  #   <%= truncate(@note.body, 25) %>
  #
  # If you need to access the subject, from or the recipients in the view, you can do that through message object:
  #
  #   You got a new note from <%= message.from %>!
  #   <%= truncate(@note.body, 25) %>
  #
  #
  # = Generating URLs
  #
  # URLs can be generated in mailer views using <tt>url_for</tt> or named routes. Unlike controllers from 
  # Action Pack, the mailer instance doesn't have any context about the incoming request, so you'll need
  # to provide all of the details needed to generate a URL.
  #
  # When using <tt>url_for</tt> you'll need to provide the <tt>:host</tt>, <tt>:controller</tt>, and <tt>:action</tt>:
  #
  #   <%= url_for(:host => "example.com", :controller => "welcome", :action => "greeting") %>
  #
  # When using named routes you only need to supply the <tt>:host</tt>:
  #
  #   <%= users_url(:host => "example.com") %>
  #
  # You will want to avoid using the <tt>name_of_route_path</tt> form of named routes because it doesn't
  # make sense to generate relative URLs in email messages.
  #
  # It is also possible to set a default host that will be used in all mailers by setting the <tt>:host</tt>
  # option in the <tt>ActionMailer::Base.default_url_options</tt> hash as follows:
  #
  #   ActionMailer::Base.default_url_options[:host] = "example.com"
  #
  # This can also be set as a configuration option in <tt>config/environment.rb</tt>:
  #
  #   config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { :host => "example.com" }
  #
  # If you do decide to set a default <tt>:host</tt> for your mailers you will want to use the
  # <tt>:only_path => false</tt> option when using <tt>url_for</tt>. This will ensure that absolute URLs are
  # generated because the <tt>url_for</tt> view helper will, by default, generate relative URLs when a
  # <tt>:host</tt> option isn't explicitly provided.
  #
  # = Sending mail
  #
  # Once a mailer action and template are defined, you can deliver your message or create it and save it
  # for delivery later:
  #
  #   Notifier.welcome(david).deliver # sends the email
  #   mail = Notifier.welcome(david)  # => a Mail::Message object
  #   mail.deliver                    # sends the email
  #
  # You never instantiate your mailer class. Rather, you just call the method you defined on the class itself.
  #
  # = Multipart Emails
  #
  # Multipart messages can also be used implicitly because Action Mailer will automatically
  # detect and use multipart templates, where each template is named after the name of the action, followed
  # by the content type. Each such detected template will be added as separate part to the message.
  #
  # For example, if the following templates existed:
  # * signup_notification.text.plain.erb
  # * signup_notification.text.html.erb
  # * signup_notification.text.xml.builder
  # * signup_notification.text.yaml.erb
  #
  # Each would be rendered and added as a separate part to the message, with the corresponding content
  # type. The content type for the entire message is automatically set to <tt>multipart/alternative</tt>,
  # which indicates that the email contains multiple different representations of the same email
  # body. The same instance variables defined in the action are passed to all email templates.
  #
  # Implicit template rendering is not performed if any attachments or parts have been added to the email.
  # This means that you'll have to manually add each part to the email and set the content type of the email
  # to <tt>multipart/alternative</tt>.
  #
  # = Attachments
  #
  # You can see above how to make a multipart HTML / Text email, to send attachments is just
  # as easy:
  #
  #   class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
  #     def welcome(recipient)
  #       attachments['free_book.pdf'] = { :data => File.read('path/to/file.pdf') }
  #       mail(:to => recipient, :subject => "New account information")
  #     end
  #   end
  # 
  # Which will (if it had both a <tt>welcome.text.plain.erb</tt> and <tt>welcome.text.html.erb</tt>
  # tempalte in the view directory), send a complete <tt>multipart/mixed</tt> email with two parts,
  # the first part being a <tt>multipart/alternative</tt> with the text and HTML email parts inside,
  # and the second being a <tt>application/pdf</tt> with a Base64 encoded copy of the file.pdf book
  # with the filename +free_book.pdf+.
  #
  #
  # = Configuration options
  #
  # These options are specified on the class level, like <tt>ActionMailer::Base.template_root = "/my/templates"</tt>
  #
  # * <tt>default</tt> - This is a class wide hash of <tt>:key => value</tt> pairs containing
  #   default values for the specified header fields of the <tt>Mail::Message</tt>.  You can 
  #   specify a default for any valid header for <tt>Mail::Message</tt> and it will be used if
  #   you do not override it.  You pass in the header value as a symbol, all lower case with under
  #   scores instead of hyphens, so <tt>Content-Transfer-Encoding:</tt>
  #   becomes <tt>:content_transfer_encoding</tt>. The defaults set by Action Mailer are:
  #   * <tt>:mime_version => "1.0"</tt>
  #   * <tt>:charset      => "utf-8",</tt>
  #   * <tt>:content_type => "text/plain",</tt>
  #   * <tt>:parts_order  => [ "text/plain", "text/enriched", "text/html" ]</tt>
  #
  # * <tt>logger</tt> - the logger is used for generating information on the mailing run if available.
  #   Can be set to nil for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own Logger and Log4r loggers.
  #
  # * <tt>smtp_settings</tt> - Allows detailed configuration for <tt>:smtp</tt> delivery method:
  #   * <tt>:address</tt> - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default
  #     "localhost" setting.
  #   * <tt>:port</tt> - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.
  #   * <tt>:domain</tt> - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.
  #   * <tt>:user_name</tt> - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.
  #   * <tt>:password</tt> - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.
  #   * <tt>:authentication</tt> - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the
  #     authentication type here.
  #     This is a symbol and one of <tt>:plain</tt>, <tt>:login</tt>, <tt>:cram_md5</tt>.
  #   * <tt>:enable_starttls_auto</tt> - When set to true, detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server
  #     and starts to use it.
  #
  # * <tt>sendmail_settings</tt> - Allows you to override options for the <tt>:sendmail</tt> delivery method.
  #   * <tt>:location</tt> - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to <tt>/usr/sbin/sendmail</tt>.
  #   * <tt>:arguments</tt> - The command line arguments. Defaults to <tt>-i -t</tt> with <tt>-f sender@addres</tt>
  #     added automatically before the message is sent.
  #
  # * <tt>file_settings</tt> - Allows you to override options for the <tt>:file</tt> delivery method.
  #   * <tt>:location</tt> - The directory into which emails will be written. Defaults to the application
  #     <tt>tmp/mails</tt>.
  #
  # * <tt>raise_delivery_errors</tt> - Whether or not errors should be raised if the email fails to be delivered.
  #
  # * <tt>delivery_method</tt> - Defines a delivery method. Possible values are <tt>:smtp</tt> (default),
  #   <tt>:sendmail</tt>, <tt>:test</tt>, and <tt>:file</tt>. Or you may provide a custom delivery method
  #   object eg. MyOwnDeliveryMethodClass.new.  See the Mail gem documentation on the interface you need to
  #   implement for a custom delivery agent.
  #
  # * <tt>perform_deliveries</tt> - Determines whether emails are actually sent from Action Mailer when you
  #   call <tt>.deliver</tt> on an mail message or on an Action Mailer method.  This is on by default but can
  #   be turned off to aid in functional testing.
  #
  # * <tt>deliveries</tt> - Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with
  #   <tt>delivery_method :test</tt>. Most useful for unit and functional testing.
  #
  # * <tt>default_charset</tt> - This is now deprecated, use the +default+ method above to 
  #   set the default +:charset+.
  #
  # * <tt>default_content_type</tt> - This is now deprecated, use the +default+ method above 
  #   to set the default +:content_type+.
  #
  # * <tt>default_mime_version</tt> - This is now deprecated, use the +default+ method above 
  #   to set the default +:mime_version+.
  #
  # * <tt>default_implicit_parts_order</tt> - This is now deprecated, use the +default+ method above 
  #   to set the default +:parts_order+.  Parts Order is used when a message is built implicitly
  #   (i.e. multiple parts are assembled from templates which specify the content type in their
  #   filenames) this variable controls how the parts are ordered.
  class Base < AbstractController::Base
    include DeliveryMethods, Quoting
    abstract!

    include AbstractController::Logger
    include AbstractController::Rendering
    include AbstractController::LocalizedCache
    include AbstractController::Layouts
    include AbstractController::Helpers
    include AbstractController::Translation
    include AbstractController::Compatibility

    helper  ActionMailer::MailHelper

    include ActionMailer::OldApi
    include ActionMailer::DeprecatedApi

    private_class_method :new #:nodoc:

    class_attribute :default_params
    self.default_params = {
      :mime_version => "1.0",
      :charset      => "utf-8",
      :content_type => "text/plain",
      :parts_order  => [ "text/plain", "text/enriched", "text/html" ]
    }.freeze

    class << self

      def mailer_name
        @mailer_name ||= name.underscore
      end
      attr_writer :mailer_name
      alias :controller_path :mailer_name

      def default(value = nil)
        self.default_params = default_params.merge(value).freeze if value
        default_params
      end

      # Receives a raw email, parses it into an email object, decodes it,
      # instantiates a new mailer, and passes the email object to the mailer
      # object's +receive+ method. If you want your mailer to be able to
      # process incoming messages, you'll need to implement a +receive+
      # method that accepts the raw email string as a parameter:
      #
      #   class MyMailer < ActionMailer::Base
      #     def receive(mail)
      #       ...
      #     end
      #   end
      def receive(raw_mail)
        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_mailer.receive") do |payload|
          mail = Mail.new(raw_mail)
          set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail)
          new.receive(mail)
        end
      end

      # Wraps an email delivery inside of Active Support Notifications instrumentation. This
      # method is actually called by the <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object itself through a call back
      # when you call <tt>:deliver</tt> on the Mail::Message, calling +deliver_mail+ directly
      # and passing a Mail::Message will do nothing except tell the logger you sent the email.
      def deliver_mail(mail) #:nodoc:
        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("action_mailer.deliver") do |payload|
          self.set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail)
          yield # Let Mail do the delivery actions
        end
      end

      def respond_to?(method, *args) #:nodoc:
        super || action_methods.include?(method.to_s)
      end

    protected

      def set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail) #:nodoc:
        payload[:mailer]     = self.name
        payload[:message_id] = mail.message_id
        payload[:subject]    = mail.subject
        payload[:to]         = mail.to
        payload[:from]       = mail.from
        payload[:bcc]        = mail.bcc if mail.bcc.present?
        payload[:cc]         = mail.cc  if mail.cc.present?
        payload[:date]       = mail.date
        payload[:mail]       = mail.encoded
      end

      def method_missing(method, *args) #:nodoc:
        if action_methods.include?(method.to_s)
          new(method, *args).message
        else
          super
        end
      end
    end

    attr_internal :message

    # Instantiate a new mailer object. If +method_name+ is not +nil+, the mailer
    # will be initialized according to the named method. If not, the mailer will
    # remain uninitialized (useful when you only need to invoke the "receive"
    # method, for instance).
    def initialize(method_name=nil, *args)
      super()
      @_message = Mail.new
      process(method_name, *args) if method_name
    end

    # Allows you to pass random and unusual headers to the new +Mail::Message+ object
    # which will add them to itself.
    # 
    #   headers['X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header'] = "SecretValue"
    # 
    # You can also pass a hash into headers of header field names and values, which
    # will then be set on the Mail::Message object:
    # 
    #   headers 'X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header' => "SecretValue",
    #           'In-Reply-To' => incoming.message_id
    # 
    # The resulting Mail::Message will have the following in it's header:
    # 
    #   X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header: SecretValue
    def headers(args=nil)
      if args
        @_message.headers(args)
      else
        @_message
      end
    end

    # Allows you to add attachments to an email, like so:
    # 
    #  mail.attachments['filename.jpg'] = File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')
    # 
    # If you do this, then Mail will take the file name and work out the mime type
    # set the Content-Type, Content-Disposition, Content-Transfer-Encoding and 
    # base64 encode the contents of the attachment all for you.
    # 
    # You can also specify overrides if you want by passing a hash instead of a string:
    # 
    #  mail.attachments['filename.jpg'] = {:mime_type => 'application/x-gzip',
    #                                      :content => File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')}
    # 
    # If you want to use a different encoding than Base64, you can pass an encoding in,
    # but then it is up to you to pass in the content pre-encoded, and don't expect
    # Mail to know how to decode this data:
    # 
    #  file_content = SpecialEncode(File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg'))
    #  mail.attachments['filename.jpg'] = {:mime_type => 'application/x-gzip',
    #                                      :encoding => 'SpecialEncoding',
    #                                      :content => file_content }
    # 
    # You can also search for specific attachments:
    # 
    #  # By Filename
    #  mail.attachments['filename.jpg']   #=> Mail::Part object or nil
    #  
    #  # or by index
    #  mail.attachments[0]                #=> Mail::Part (first attachment)
    #  
    def attachments
      @_message.attachments
    end

    # The main method that creates the message and renders the email templates. There are
    # two ways to call this method, with a block, or without a block.
    # 
    # Both methods accept a headers hash. This hash allows you to specify the most used headers
    # in an email message, these are:
    # 
    # * <tt>:subject</tt> - The subject of the message, if this is omitted, ActionMailer will
    #   ask the Rails I18n class for a translated <tt>:subject</tt> in the scope of
    #   <tt>[:actionmailer, mailer_scope, action_name]</tt> or if this is missing, will translate the
    #   humanized version of the <tt>action_name</tt>
    # * <tt>:to</tt> - Who the message is destined for, can be a string of addresses, or an array
    #   of addresses.
    # * <tt>:from</tt> - Who the message is from
    # * <tt>:cc</tt> - Who you would like to Carbon-Copy on this email, can be a string of addresses,
    #   or an array of addresses.
    # * <tt>:bcc</tt> - Who you would like to Blind-Carbon-Copy on this email, can be a string of
    #   addresses, or an array of addresses.
    # * <tt>:reply_to</tt> - Who to set the Reply-To header of the email to.
    # * <tt>:date</tt> - The date to say the email was sent on.
    # 
    # You can set default values for any of the above headers (except :date) by using the <tt>default</tt> 
    # class method:
    # 
    #  class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
    #    self.default :from => 'no-reply@test.lindsaar.net',
    #                 :bcc => 'email_logger@test.lindsaar.net',
    #                 :reply_to => 'bounces@test.lindsaar.net'
    #  end
    # 
    # If you need other headers not listed above, use the <tt>headers['name'] = value</tt> method.
    #
    # When a <tt>:return_path</tt> is specified as header, that value will be used as the 'envelope from'
    # address for the Mail message.  Setting this is useful when you want delivery notifications
    # sent to a different address than the one in <tt>:from</tt>.  Mail will actually use the 
    # <tt>:return_path</tt> in preference to the <tt>:sender</tt> in preference to the <tt>:from</tt>
    # field for the 'envelope from' value.
    #
    # If you do not pass a block to the +mail+ method, it will find all templates in the 
    # template path that match the method name that it is being called from, it will then
    # create parts for each of these templates intelligently, making educated guesses
    # on correct content type and sequence, and return a fully prepared Mail::Message
    # ready to call <tt>:deliver</tt> on to send.
    #
    # If you do pass a block, you can render specific templates of your choice:
    # 
    #   mail(:to => 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format|
    #     format.text
    #     format.html
    #   end
    # 
    # You can even render text directly without using a template:
    # 
    #   mail(:to => 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format|
    #     format.text { render :text => "Hello Mikel!" }
    #     format.html { render :text => "<h1>Hello Mikel!</h1>" }
    #   end
    # 
    # Which will render a <tt>multipart/alternative</tt> email with <tt>text/plain</tt> and
    # <tt>text/html</tt> parts.
    #
    # The block syntax also allows you to customize the part headers if desired:
    #
    #   mail(:to => 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format|
    #     format.text(:content_transfer_encoding => "base64")
    #     format.html
    #   end
    #
    def mail(headers={}, &block)
      # Guard flag to prevent both the old and the new API from firing
      # Should be removed when old API is removed
      @mail_was_called = true
      m = @_message

      # At the beginning, do not consider class default for parts order neither content_type
      content_type = headers[:content_type]
      parts_order  = headers[:parts_order]

      # Merge defaults from class
      headers = headers.reverse_merge(self.class.default)
      charset = headers[:charset]

      # Quote fields
      headers[:subject] ||= default_i18n_subject
      quote_fields!(headers, charset)

      # Render the templates and blocks
      responses, explicit_order = collect_responses_and_parts_order(headers, &block)
      create_parts_from_responses(m, responses, charset)

      # Finally setup content type and parts order
      m.content_type = set_content_type(m, content_type, headers[:content_type])
      m.charset      = charset

      if m.multipart?
        parts_order ||= explicit_order || headers[:parts_order]
        m.body.set_sort_order(parts_order)
        m.body.sort_parts!
      end

      # Set configure delivery behavior
      wrap_delivery_behavior!(headers[:delivery_method])

      # Remove headers already treated and assign all others
      headers.except!(:subject, :to, :from, :cc, :bcc, :reply_to)
      headers.except!(:body, :parts_order, :content_type, :charset, :delivery_method)
      headers.each { |k, v| m[k] = v }

      m
    end

  protected

    def set_content_type(m, user_content_type, class_default)
      params = m.content_type_parameters || {}
      case
      when user_content_type.present?
        user_content_type
      when m.has_attachments?
        ["multipart", "mixed", params]
      when m.multipart?
        ["multipart", "alternative", params]
      else
        m.content_type || class_default
      end
    end

    def default_i18n_subject #:nodoc:
      mailer_scope = self.class.mailer_name.gsub('/', '.')
      I18n.t(:subject, :scope => [:actionmailer, mailer_scope, action_name], :default => action_name.humanize)
    end

    # TODO: Move this into Mail
    def quote_fields!(headers, charset) #:nodoc:
      m = @_message
      m.subject  ||= quote_if_necessary(headers[:subject], charset)          if headers[:subject]
      m.to       ||= quote_address_if_necessary(headers[:to], charset)       if headers[:to]
      m.from     ||= quote_address_if_necessary(headers[:from], charset)     if headers[:from]
      m.cc       ||= quote_address_if_necessary(headers[:cc], charset)       if headers[:cc]
      m.bcc      ||= quote_address_if_necessary(headers[:bcc], charset)      if headers[:bcc]
      m.reply_to ||= quote_address_if_necessary(headers[:reply_to], charset) if headers[:reply_to]
    end

    def collect_responses_and_parts_order(headers) #:nodoc:
      responses, parts_order = [], nil

      if block_given?
        collector = ActionMailer::Collector.new(self) { render(action_name) }
        yield(collector)
        parts_order = collector.responses.map { |r| r[:content_type] }
        responses  = collector.responses
      elsif headers[:body]
        responses << {
          :body => headers[:body],
          :content_type => self.class.default[:content_type] || "text/plain"
        }
      else
        each_template do |template|
          responses << {
            :body => render_to_body(:_template => template),
            :content_type => template.mime_type.to_s
          }
        end
      end

      [responses, parts_order]
    end

    def each_template(&block) #:nodoc:
      self.class.view_paths.each do |load_paths|
        templates = load_paths.find_all(action_name, {}, self.class.mailer_name)
        templates = templates.uniq_by { |t| t.details[:formats] }

        unless templates.empty?
          templates.each(&block)
          return
        end
      end
    end

    def create_parts_from_responses(m, responses, charset) #:nodoc:
      if responses.size == 1 && !m.has_attachments?
        responses[0].each { |k,v| m[k] = v }
      elsif responses.size > 1 && m.has_attachments?
        container = Mail::Part.new
        container.content_type = "multipart/alternative"
        responses.each { |r| insert_part(container, r, charset) }
        m.add_part(container)
      else
        responses.each { |r| insert_part(m, r, charset) }
      end
    end

    def insert_part(container, response, charset) #:nodoc:
      response[:charset] ||= charset
      part = Mail::Part.new(response)
      container.add_part(part)
    end

  end
end