1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
|
# oci_adapter.rb -- ActiveRecord adapter for Oracle 8i, 9i, 10g
#
# Original author: Graham Jenkins
#
# Current maintainer: Michael Schoen <schoenm@earthlink.net>
#
#########################################################################
#
# Implementation notes:
# 1. Redefines (safely) a method in ActiveRecord to make it possible to
# implement an autonumbering solution for Oracle.
# 2. The OCI8 driver is patched to properly handle values for LONG and
# TIMESTAMP columns. The driver-author has indicated that a future
# release of the driver will obviate this patch.
# 3. LOB support is implemented through an after_save callback.
# 4. Oracle does not offer native LIMIT and OFFSET options; this
# functionality is mimiced through the use of nested selects.
# See http://asktom.oracle.com/pls/ask/f?p=4950:8:::::F4950_P8_DISPLAYID:127412348064
#
# Do what you want with this code, at your own peril, but if any
# significant portion of my code remains then please acknowledge my
# contribution.
# portions Copyright 2005 Graham Jenkins
require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
begin
require_library_or_gem 'oci8' unless self.class.const_defined? :OCI8
module ActiveRecord
class Base
def self.oci_connection(config) #:nodoc:
conn = OCI8.new config[:username], config[:password], config[:host]
conn.exec %q{alter session set nls_date_format = 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'}
conn.exec %q{alter session set nls_timestamp_format = 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'}
conn.autocommit = true
ConnectionAdapters::OCIAdapter.new conn, logger
end
# Enable the id column to be bound into the sql later, by the adapter's insert method.
# This is preferable to inserting the hard-coded value here, because the insert method
# needs to know the id value explicitly.
alias :attributes_with_quotes_pre_oci :attributes_with_quotes #:nodoc:
def attributes_with_quotes(creating = true) #:nodoc:
aq = attributes_with_quotes_pre_oci creating
if connection.class == ConnectionAdapters::OCIAdapter
aq[self.class.primary_key] = ":id" if creating && aq[self.class.primary_key].nil?
end
aq
end
# After setting large objects to empty, select the OCI8::LOB
# and write back the data.
after_save :write_lobs
def write_lobs() #:nodoc:
if connection.is_a?(ConnectionAdapters::OCIAdapter)
self.class.columns.select { |c| c.type == :binary }.each { |c|
value = self[c.name]
next if value.nil? || (value == '')
lob = connection.select_one(
"select #{ c.name} from #{ self.class.table_name } WHERE #{ self.class.primary_key} = #{quote(id)}",
'Writable Large Object')[c.name]
lob.write value
}
end
end
private :write_lobs
end
module ConnectionAdapters #:nodoc:
class OCIColumn < Column #:nodoc:
attr_reader :sql_type
# overridden to add the concept of scale, required to differentiate
# between integer and float fields
def initialize(name, default, sql_type, limit, scale, null)
@name, @limit, @sql_type, @scale, @null = name, limit, sql_type, scale, null
@type = simplified_type(sql_type)
@default = type_cast(default)
@primary = nil
@text = [:string, :text].include? @type
@number = [:float, :integer].include? @type
end
def type_cast(value)
return nil if value.nil? || value =~ /^\s*null\s*$/i
case type
when :string then value
when :integer then defined?(value.to_i) ? value.to_i : (value ? 1 : 0)
when :float then value.to_f
when :datetime then cast_to_date_or_time(value)
when :time then cast_to_time(value)
else value
end
end
private
def simplified_type(field_type)
case field_type
when /char/i : :string
when /num|float|double|dec|real|int/i : @scale == 0 ? :integer : :float
when /date|time/i : @name =~ /_at$/ ? :time : :datetime
when /lob/i : :binary
end
end
def cast_to_date_or_time(value)
return value if value.is_a? Date
guess_date_or_time (value.is_a? Time) ? value : cast_to_time(value)
end
def cast_to_time(value)
return value if value.is_a? Time
time_array = ParseDate.parsedate value
time_array[0] ||= 2000; time_array[1] ||= 1; time_array[2] ||= 1;
Time.send Base.default_timezone, *time_array
end
def guess_date_or_time(value)
(value.hour == 0 and value.min == 0 and value.sec == 0) ?
Date.new(value.year, value.month, value.day) : value
end
end
# This is an Oracle/OCI adapter for the ActiveRecord persistence
# framework. It relies upon the OCI8 driver, which works with Oracle 8i
# and above. Most recent development has been on Debian Linux against
# a 10g database, ActiveRecord 1.12.1 and OCI8 0.1.13.
# See: http://rubyforge.org/projects/ruby-oci8/
#
# Usage notes:
# * Key generation assumes a "${table_name}_seq" sequence is available
# for all tables; the sequence name can be changed using
# ActiveRecord::Base.set_sequence_name. When using Migrations, these
# sequences are created automatically.
# * Oracle uses DATE or TIMESTAMP datatypes for both dates and times.
# Consequently some hacks are employed to map data back to Date or Time
# in Ruby. If the column_name ends in _time it's created as a Ruby Time.
# Else if the hours/minutes/seconds are 0, I make it a Ruby Date. Else
# it's a Ruby Time. This is a bit nasty - but if you use Duck Typing
# you'll probably not care very much. In 9i and up it's tempting to
# map DATE to Date and TIMESTAMP to Time, but too many databases use
# DATE for both. Timezones and sub-second precision on timestamps are
# not supported.
# * Default values that are functions (such as "SYSDATE") are not
# supported. This is a restriction of the way ActiveRecord supports
# default values.
#
# Options:
#
# * <tt>:username</tt> -- Defaults to root
# * <tt>:password</tt> -- Defaults to nothing
# * <tt>:host</tt> -- Defaults to localhost
class OCIAdapter < AbstractAdapter
def adapter_name #:nodoc:
'OCI'
end
def supports_migrations? #:nodoc:
true
end
def native_database_types #:nodoc
{
:primary_key => "NUMBER(38) NOT NULL",
:string => { :name => "VARCHAR2", :limit => 255 },
:text => { :name => "LONG" },
:integer => { :name => "NUMBER", :limit => 38 },
:float => { :name => "NUMBER" },
:datetime => { :name => "DATE" },
:timestamp => { :name => "DATE" },
:time => { :name => "DATE" },
:date => { :name => "DATE" },
:binary => { :name => "BLOB" },
:boolean => { :name => "NUMBER", :limit => 1 }
}
end
# QUOTING ==================================================
#
# see: abstract/quoting.rb
# camelCase column names need to be quoted; not that anyone using Oracle
# would really do this, but handling this case means we pass the test...
def quote_column_name(name) #:nodoc:
name =~ /[A-Z]/ ? "\"#{name}\"" : name
end
def quote_string(string) #:nodoc:
string.gsub(/'/, "''")
end
def quote(value, column = nil) #:nodoc:
if column and column.type == :binary then %Q{empty_#{ column.sql_type }()}
else case value
when String then %Q{'#{quote_string(value)}'}
when NilClass then 'null'
when TrueClass then '1'
when FalseClass then '0'
when Numeric then value.to_s
when Date, Time then %Q{'#{value.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")}'}
else %Q{'#{quote_string(value.to_yaml)}'}
end
end
end
# DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
#
# see: abstract/database_statements.rb
def select_all(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
select(sql, name)
end
def select_one(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
result = select_all(sql, name)
result.size > 0 ? result.first : nil
end
def execute(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
log(sql, name) { @connection.exec sql }
end
def insert(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil) #:nodoc:
if pk.nil? # Who called us? What does the sql look like? No idea!
execute sql, name
elsif id_value # Pre-assigned id
log(sql, name) { @connection.exec sql }
else # Assume the sql contains a bind-variable for the id
id_value = select_one("select #{sequence_name}.nextval id from dual")['id']
log(sql, name) { @connection.exec sql, id_value }
end
id_value
end
alias :update :execute #:nodoc:
alias :delete :execute #:nodoc:
def begin_db_transaction #:nodoc:
@connection.autocommit = false
end
def commit_db_transaction #:nodoc:
@connection.commit
ensure
@connection.autocommit = true
end
def rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
@connection.rollback
ensure
@connection.autocommit = true
end
def add_limit_offset!(sql, options) #:nodoc:
offset = options[:offset] || 0
if limit = options[:limit]
sql.replace "select * from (select raw_sql_.*, rownum raw_rnum_ from (#{sql}) raw_sql_ where rownum <= #{offset+limit}) where raw_rnum_ > #{offset}"
elsif offset > 0
sql.replace "select * from (select raw_sql_.*, rownum raw_rnum_ from (#{sql}) raw_sql_) where raw_rnum_ > #{offset}"
end
end
def default_sequence_name(table, column) #:nodoc:
"#{table}_seq"
end
# SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================
#
# see: abstract/schema_statements.rb
def tables(name = nil) #:nodoc:
select_all("select lower(table_name) from user_tables").inject([]) do | tabs, t |
tabs << t.to_a.first.last
end
end
def indexes(table_name, name = nil) #:nodoc:
result = select_all(<<-SQL, name)
SELECT lower(i.index_name) as index_name, i.uniqueness, lower(c.column_name) as column_name
FROM user_indexes i, user_ind_columns c
WHERE i.table_name = '#{table_name.to_s.upcase}'
AND c.index_name = i.index_name
AND i.index_name NOT IN (SELECT index_name FROM user_constraints WHERE constraint_type = 'P')
ORDER BY i.index_name, c.column_position
SQL
current_index = nil
indexes = []
result.each do |row|
if current_index != row['index_name']
indexes << IndexDefinition.new(table_name, row['index_name'], row['uniqueness'] == "UNIQUE", [])
current_index = row['index_name']
end
indexes.last.columns << row['column_name']
end
indexes
end
def columns(table_name, name = nil) #:nodoc:
table_name = table_name.to_s.upcase
owner = table_name.include?('.') ? "'#{table_name.split('.').first}'" : "user"
table = "'#{table_name.split('.').last}'"
select_all(%Q{
select column_name, data_type, data_default, nullable,
case when data_type = 'NUMBER' then data_precision
when data_type = 'VARCHAR2' then data_length
else null end as length,
case when data_type = 'NUMBER' then data_scale
else null end as scale
from all_catalog cat, all_synonyms syn, all_tab_columns col
where cat.owner = #{owner}
and cat.table_name = #{table}
and syn.owner (+)= cat.owner
and syn.synonym_name (+)= cat.table_name
and col.owner = nvl(syn.table_owner, cat.owner)
and col.table_name = nvl(syn.table_name, cat.table_name)
}).map do |row|
row['data_default'].gsub!(/^'(.*)'\s*$/, '\1') if row['data_default']
OCIColumn.new(
oci_downcase(row['column_name']),
row['data_default'],
row['data_type'],
row['length'],
row['scale'],
row['nullable'] == 'Y'
)
end
end
def create_table(name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
super(name, options)
execute "CREATE SEQUENCE #{name}_seq"
end
def rename_table(name, new_name) #:nodoc:
execute "RENAME #{name} TO #{new_name}"
execute "RENAME #{name}_seq TO #{new_name}_seq"
end
def drop_table(name) #:nodoc:
super(name)
execute "DROP SEQUENCE #{name}_seq"
end
def remove_index(table_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
execute "DROP INDEX #{index_name(table_name, options)}"
end
def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default) #:nodoc:
execute "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} MODIFY #{column_name} DEFAULT #{quote(default)}"
end
def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
change_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} MODIFY #{column_name} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit])}"
add_column_options!(change_column_sql, options)
execute(change_column_sql)
end
def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
execute "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} RENAME COLUMN #{column_name} to #{new_column_name}"
end
def remove_column(table_name, column_name) #:nodoc:
execute "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} DROP COLUMN #{column_name}"
end
def structure_dump #:nodoc:
s = select_all("select sequence_name from user_sequences").inject("") do |structure, seq|
structure << "create sequence #{seq.to_a.first.last};\n\n"
end
select_all("select table_name from user_tables").inject(s) do |structure, table|
ddl = "create table #{table.to_a.first.last} (\n "
cols = select_all(%Q{
select column_name, data_type, data_length, data_precision, data_scale, data_default, nullable
from user_tab_columns
where table_name = '#{table.to_a.first.last}'
order by column_id
}).map do |row|
col = "#{row['column_name'].downcase} #{row['data_type'].downcase}"
if row['data_type'] =='NUMBER' and !row['data_precision'].nil?
col << "(#{row['data_precision'].to_i}"
col << ",#{row['data_scale'].to_i}" if !row['data_scale'].nil?
col << ')'
elsif row['data_type'].include?('CHAR')
col << "(#{row['data_length'].to_i})"
end
col << " default #{row['data_default']}" if !row['data_default'].nil?
col << ' not null' if row['nullable'] == 'N'
col
end
ddl << cols.join(",\n ")
ddl << ");\n\n"
structure << ddl
end
end
def structure_drop #:nodoc:
s = select_all("select sequence_name from user_sequences").inject("") do |drop, seq|
drop << "drop sequence #{seq.to_a.first.last};\n\n"
end
select_all("select table_name from user_tables").inject(s) do |drop, table|
drop << "drop table #{table.to_a.first.last} cascade constraints;\n\n"
end
end
private
def select(sql, name = nil)
cursor = log(sql, name) { @connection.exec sql }
cols = cursor.get_col_names.map { |x| oci_downcase(x) }
rows = []
while row = cursor.fetch
hash = Hash.new
cols.each_with_index do |col, i|
hash[col] =
case row[i]
when OCI8::LOB
name == 'Writable Large Object' ? row[i]: row[i].read
when OraDate
(row[i].hour == 0 and row[i].minute == 0 and row[i].second == 0) ?
row[i].to_date : row[i].to_time
else row[i]
end unless col == 'raw_rnum_'
end
rows << hash
end
rows
ensure
cursor.close if cursor
end
# Oracle column names by default are case-insensitive, but treated as upcase;
# for neatness, we'll downcase within Rails. EXCEPT that folks CAN quote
# their column names when creating Oracle tables, which makes then case-sensitive.
# I don't know anybody who does this, but we'll handle the theoretical case of a
# camelCase column name. I imagine other dbs handle this different, since there's a
# unit test that's currently failing test_oci.
def oci_downcase(column_name)
column_name =~ /[a-z]/ ? column_name : column_name.downcase
end
end
end
end
# This OCI8 patch may not longer be required with the upcoming
# release of version 0.2.
class OCI8 #:nodoc:
class Cursor #:nodoc:
alias :define_a_column_pre_ar :define_a_column
def define_a_column(i)
case do_ocicall(@ctx) { @parms[i - 1].attrGet(OCI_ATTR_DATA_TYPE) }
when 8 : @stmt.defineByPos(i, String, 65535) # Read LONG values
when 187 : @stmt.defineByPos(i, OraDate) # Read TIMESTAMP values
else define_a_column_pre_ar i
end
end
end
end
rescue LoadError
# OCI8 driver is unavailable.
end
|