1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
|
require 'yaml'
require 'set'
require 'active_record/deprecated_finders'
module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
class ActiveRecordError < StandardError #:nodoc:
end
class SubclassNotFound < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
end
class AssociationTypeMismatch < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
end
class SerializationTypeMismatch < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
end
class AdapterNotSpecified < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
end
class AdapterNotFound < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
end
class ConnectionNotEstablished < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
end
class ConnectionFailed < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
end
class RecordNotFound < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
end
class StatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
end
class PreparedStatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
end
class StaleObjectError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
end
class ConfigurationError < StandardError #:nodoc:
end
class ReadOnlyRecord < StandardError #:nodoc:
end
class AttributeAssignmentError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
attr_reader :exception, :attribute
def initialize(message, exception, attribute)
@exception = exception
@attribute = attribute
@message = message
end
end
class MultiparameterAssignmentErrors < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
attr_reader :errors
def initialize(errors)
@errors = errors
end
end
# Active Record objects don't specify their attributes directly, but rather infer them from the table definition with
# which they're linked. Adding, removing, and changing attributes and their type is done directly in the database. Any change
# is instantly reflected in the Active Record objects. The mapping that binds a given Active Record class to a certain
# database table will happen automatically in most common cases, but can be overwritten for the uncommon ones.
#
# See the mapping rules in table_name and the full example in link:files/README.html for more insight.
#
# == Creation
#
# Active Records accept constructor parameters either in a hash or as a block. The hash method is especially useful when
# you're receiving the data from somewhere else, like a HTTP request. It works like this:
#
# user = User.new(:name => "David", :occupation => "Code Artist")
# user.name # => "David"
#
# You can also use block initialization:
#
# user = User.new do |u|
# u.name = "David"
# u.occupation = "Code Artist"
# end
#
# And of course you can just create a bare object and specify the attributes after the fact:
#
# user = User.new
# user.name = "David"
# user.occupation = "Code Artist"
#
# == Conditions
#
# Conditions can either be specified as a string or an array representing the WHERE-part of an SQL statement.
# The array form is to be used when the condition input is tainted and requires sanitization. The string form can
# be used for statements that don't involve tainted data. Examples:
#
# User < ActiveRecord::Base
# def self.authenticate_unsafely(user_name, password)
# find(:first, :conditions => "user_name = '#{user_name}' AND password = '#{password}'")
# end
#
# def self.authenticate_safely(user_name, password)
# find(:first, :conditions => [ "user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password ])
# end
# end
#
# The <tt>authenticate_unsafely</tt> method inserts the parameters directly into the query and is thus susceptible to SQL-injection
# attacks if the <tt>user_name</tt> and +password+ parameters come directly from a HTTP request. The <tt>authenticate_safely</tt> method,
# on the other hand, will sanitize the <tt>user_name</tt> and +password+ before inserting them in the query, which will ensure that
# an attacker can't escape the query and fake the login (or worse).
#
# When using multiple parameters in the conditions, it can easily become hard to read exactly what the fourth or fifth
# question mark is supposed to represent. In those cases, you can resort to named bind variables instead. That's done by replacing
# the question marks with symbols and supplying a hash with values for the matching symbol keys:
#
# Company.find(:first, [
# "id = :id AND name = :name AND division = :division AND created_at > :accounting_date",
# { :id => 3, :name => "37signals", :division => "First", :accounting_date => '2005-01-01' }
# ])
#
# == Overwriting default accessors
#
# All column values are automatically available through basic accessors on the Active Record object, but some times you
# want to specialize this behavior. This can be done by either by overwriting the default accessors (using the same
# name as the attribute) calling read_attribute(attr_name) and write_attribute(attr_name, value) to actually change things.
# Example:
#
# class Song < ActiveRecord::Base
# # Uses an integer of seconds to hold the length of the song
#
# def length=(minutes)
# write_attribute(:length, minutes * 60)
# end
#
# def length
# read_attribute(:length) / 60
# end
# end
#
# You can alternatively use self[:attribute]=(value) and self[:attribute] instead of write_attribute(:attribute, vaule) and
# read_attribute(:attribute) as a shorter form.
#
# == Accessing attributes before they have been typecasted
#
# Sometimes you want to be able to read the raw attribute data without having the column-determined typecast run its course first.
# That can be done by using the <attribute>_before_type_cast accessors that all attributes have. For example, if your Account model
# has a balance attribute, you can call account.balance_before_type_cast or account.id_before_type_cast.
#
# This is especially useful in validation situations where the user might supply a string for an integer field and you want to display
# the original string back in an error message. Accessing the attribute normally would typecast the string to 0, which isn't what you
# want.
#
# == Dynamic attribute-based finders
#
# Dynamic attribute-based finders are a cleaner way of getting (and/or creating) objects by simple queries without turning to SQL. They work by
# appending the name of an attribute to <tt>find_by_</tt> or <tt>find_all_by_</tt>, so you get finders like Person.find_by_user_name,
# Person.find_all_by_last_name, Payment.find_by_transaction_id. So instead of writing
# <tt>Person.find(:first, ["user_name = ?", user_name])</tt>, you just do <tt>Person.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt>.
# And instead of writing <tt>Person.find(:all, ["last_name = ?", last_name])</tt>, you just do <tt>Person.find_all_by_last_name(last_name)</tt>.
#
# It's also possible to use multiple attributes in the same find by separating them with "_and_", so you get finders like
# <tt>Person.find_by_user_name_and_password</tt> or even <tt>Payment.find_by_purchaser_and_state_and_country</tt>. So instead of writing
# <tt>Person.find(:first, ["user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password])</tt>, you just do
# <tt>Person.find_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password)</tt>.
#
# It's even possible to use all the additional parameters to find. For example, the full interface for Payment.find_all_by_amount
# is actually Payment.find_all_by_amount(amount, options). And the full interface to Person.find_by_user_name is
# actually Person.find_by_user_name(user_name, options). So you could call <tt>Payment.find_all_by_amount(50, :order => "created_on")</tt>.
#
# The same dynamic finder style can be used to create the object if it doesn't already exist. This dynamic finder is called with
# <tt>find_or_create_by_</tt> and will return the object if it already exists and otherwise creates it, then returns it. Example:
#
# # No 'Summer' tag exists
# Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.create(:name => "Summer")
#
# # Now the 'Summer' tag does exist
# Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.find_by_name("Summer")
#
# == Saving arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects in text columns
#
# Active Record can serialize any object in text columns using YAML. To do so, you must specify this with a call to the class method +serialize+.
# This makes it possible to store arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects without doing any additional work. Example:
#
# class User < ActiveRecord::Base
# serialize :preferences
# end
#
# user = User.create(:preferences) => { "background" => "black", "display" => large })
# User.find(user.id).preferences # => { "background" => "black", "display" => large }
#
# You can also specify a class option as the second parameter that'll raise an exception if a serialized object is retrieved as a
# descendent of a class not in the hierarchy. Example:
#
# class User < ActiveRecord::Base
# serialize :preferences, Hash
# end
#
# user = User.create(:preferences => %w( one two three ))
# User.find(user.id).preferences # raises SerializationTypeMismatch
#
# == Single table inheritance
#
# Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by default is called "type" (can be changed
# by overwriting <tt>Base.inheritance_column</tt>). This means that an inheritance looking like this:
#
# class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end
# class Firm < Company; end
# class Client < Company; end
# class PriorityClient < Client; end
#
# When you do Firm.create(:name => "37signals"), this record will be saved in the companies table with type = "Firm". You can then
# fetch this row again using Company.find(:first, "name = '37signals'") and it will return a Firm object.
#
# If you don't have a type column defined in your table, single-table inheritance won't be triggered. In that case, it'll work just
# like normal subclasses with no special magic for differentiating between them or reloading the right type with find.
#
# Note, all the attributes for all the cases are kept in the same table. Read more:
# http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html
#
# == Connection to multiple databases in different models
#
# Connections are usually created through ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection and retrieved by ActiveRecord::Base.connection.
# All classes inheriting from ActiveRecord::Base will use this connection. But you can also set a class-specific connection.
# For example, if Course is a ActiveRecord::Base, but resides in a different database you can just say Course.establish_connection
# and Course *and all its subclasses* will use this connection instead.
#
# This feature is implemented by keeping a connection pool in ActiveRecord::Base that is a Hash indexed by the class. If a connection is
# requested, the retrieve_connection method will go up the class-hierarchy until a connection is found in the connection pool.
#
# == Exceptions
#
# * +ActiveRecordError+ -- generic error class and superclass of all other errors raised by Active Record
# * +AdapterNotSpecified+ -- the configuration hash used in <tt>establish_connection</tt> didn't include a
# <tt>:adapter</tt> key.
# * +AdapterNotFound+ -- the <tt>:adapter</tt> key used in <tt>establish_connection</tt> specified an non-existent adapter
# (or a bad spelling of an existing one).
# * +AssociationTypeMismatch+ -- the object assigned to the association wasn't of the type specified in the association definition.
# * +SerializationTypeMismatch+ -- the object serialized wasn't of the class specified as the second parameter.
# * +ConnectionNotEstablished+ -- no connection has been established. Use <tt>establish_connection</tt> before querying.
# * +RecordNotFound+ -- no record responded to the find* method.
# Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions.
# * +StatementInvalid+ -- the database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the message.
# Either the record with the given ID doesn't exist or the record didn't meet the additional restrictions.
# * +MultiparameterAssignmentErrors+ -- collection of errors that occurred during a mass assignment using the
# +attributes=+ method. The +errors+ property of this exception contains an array of +AttributeAssignmentError+
# objects that should be inspected to determine which attributes triggered the errors.
# * +AttributeAssignmentError+ -- an error occurred while doing a mass assignment through the +attributes=+ method.
# You can inspect the +attribute+ property of the exception object to determine which attribute triggered the error.
#
# *Note*: The attributes listed are class-level attributes (accessible from both the class and instance level).
# So it's possible to assign a logger to the class through Base.logger= which will then be used by all
# instances in the current object space.
class Base
# Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby 1.8+ Logger class, which is then passed
# on to any new database connections made and which can be retrieved on both a class and instance level by calling +logger+.
cattr_accessor :logger
include Reloadable::Subclasses
def self.inherited(child) #:nodoc:
@@subclasses[self] ||= []
@@subclasses[self] << child
super
end
def self.reset_subclasses
nonreloadables = []
subclasses.each do |klass|
unless klass.reloadable?
nonreloadables << klass
next
end
klass.instance_variables.each { |var| klass.send(:remove_instance_variable, var) }
klass.instance_methods(false).each { |m| klass.send :undef_method, m }
end
@@subclasses = {}
nonreloadables.each { |klass| (@@subclasses[klass.superclass] ||= []) << klass }
end
@@subclasses = {}
cattr_accessor :configurations
@@configurations = {}
# Accessor for the prefix type that will be prepended to every primary key column name. The options are :table_name and
# :table_name_with_underscore. If the first is specified, the Product class will look for "productid" instead of "id" as
# the primary column. If the latter is specified, the Product class will look for "product_id" instead of "id". Remember
# that this is a global setting for all Active Records.
cattr_accessor :primary_key_prefix_type
@@primary_key_prefix_type = nil
# Accessor for the name of the prefix string to prepend to every table name. So if set to "basecamp_", all
# table names will be named like "basecamp_projects", "basecamp_people", etc. This is a convenient way of creating a namespace
# for tables in a shared database. By default, the prefix is the empty string.
cattr_accessor :table_name_prefix
@@table_name_prefix = ""
# Works like +table_name_prefix+, but appends instead of prepends (set to "_basecamp" gives "projects_basecamp",
# "people_basecamp"). By default, the suffix is the empty string.
cattr_accessor :table_name_suffix
@@table_name_suffix = ""
# Indicates whether or not table names should be the pluralized versions of the corresponding class names.
# If true, the default table name for a +Product+ class will be +products+. If false, it would just be +product+.
# See table_name for the full rules on table/class naming. This is true, by default.
cattr_accessor :pluralize_table_names
@@pluralize_table_names = true
# Determines whether or not to use ANSI codes to colorize the logging statements committed by the connection adapter. These colors
# make it much easier to overview things during debugging (when used through a reader like +tail+ and on a black background), but
# may complicate matters if you use software like syslog. This is true, by default.
cattr_accessor :colorize_logging
@@colorize_logging = true
# Determines whether to use Time.local (using :local) or Time.utc (using :utc) when pulling dates and times from the database.
# This is set to :local by default.
cattr_accessor :default_timezone
@@default_timezone = :local
# Determines whether or not to use a connection for each thread, or a single shared connection for all threads.
# Defaults to true; Railties' WEBrick server sets this to false.
cattr_accessor :allow_concurrency
@@allow_concurrency = true
# Determines whether to speed up access by generating optimized reader
# methods to avoid expensive calls to method_missing when accessing
# attributes by name. You might want to set this to false in development
# mode, because the methods would be regenerated on each request.
cattr_accessor :generate_read_methods
@@generate_read_methods = true
# Specifies the format to use when dumping the database schema with Rails'
# Rakefile. If :sql, the schema is dumped as (potentially database-
# specific) SQL statements. If :ruby, the schema is dumped as an
# ActiveRecord::Schema file which can be loaded into any database that
# supports migrations. Use :ruby if you want to have different database
# adapters for, e.g., your development and test environments.
cattr_accessor :schema_format
@@schema_format = :ruby
class << self # Class methods
# Find operates with three different retrieval approaches:
#
# * Find by id: This can either be a specific id (1), a list of ids (1, 5, 6), or an array of ids ([5, 6, 10]).
# If no record can be found for all of the listed ids, then RecordNotFound will be raised.
# * Find first: This will return the first record matched by the options used. These options can either be specific
# conditions or merely an order. If no record can matched, nil is returned.
# * Find all: This will return all the records matched by the options used. If no records are found, an empty array is returned.
#
# All approaches accept an option hash as their last parameter. The options are:
#
# * <tt>:conditions</tt>: An SQL fragment like "administrator = 1" or [ "user_name = ?", username ]. See conditions in the intro.
# * <tt>:order</tt>: An SQL fragment like "created_at DESC, name".
# * <tt>:group</tt>: An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause.
# * <tt>:limit</tt>: An integer determining the limit on the number of rows that should be returned.
# * <tt>:offset</tt>: An integer determining the offset from where the rows should be fetched. So at 5, it would skip the first 4 rows.
# * <tt>:joins</tt>: An SQL fragment for additional joins like "LEFT JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = id". (Rarely needed).
# The records will be returned read-only since they will have attributes that do not correspond to the table's columns.
# Pass :readonly => false to override.
# * <tt>:include</tt>: Names associations that should be loaded alongside using LEFT OUTER JOINs. The symbols named refer
# to already defined associations. See eager loading under Associations.
# * <tt>:select</tt>: By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if you for example want to do a join, but not
# include the joined columns.
# * <tt>:readonly</tt>: Mark the returned records read-only so they cannot be saved or updated.
#
# Examples for find by id:
# Person.find(1) # returns the object for ID = 1
# Person.find(1, 2, 6) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (1, 2, 6)
# Person.find([7, 17]) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (7, 17)
# Person.find([1]) # returns an array for objects the object with ID = 1
# Person.find(1, :conditions => "administrator = 1", :order => "created_on DESC")
#
# Examples for find first:
# Person.find(:first) # returns the first object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
# Person.find(:first, :conditions => [ "user_name = ?", user_name])
# Person.find(:first, :order => "created_on DESC", :offset => 5)
#
# Examples for find all:
# Person.find(:all) # returns an array of objects for all the rows fetched by SELECT * FROM people
# Person.find(:all, :conditions => [ "category IN (?)", categories], :limit => 50)
# Person.find(:all, :offset => 10, :limit => 10)
# Person.find(:all, :include => [ :account, :friends ])
# Person.find(:all, :group => "category")
def find(*args)
options = extract_options_from_args!(args)
# Inherit :readonly from finder scope if set. Otherwise,
# if :joins is not blank then :readonly defaults to true.
unless options.has_key?(:readonly)
if scoped?(:find, :readonly)
options[:readonly] = scope(:find, :readonly)
elsif !options[:joins].blank?
options[:readonly] = true
end
end
case args.first
when :first
find(:all, options.merge(options[:include] ? { } : { :limit => 1 })).first
when :all
records = options[:include] ? find_with_associations(options) : find_by_sql(construct_finder_sql(options))
records.each { |record| record.readonly! } if options[:readonly]
records
else
return args.first if args.first.kind_of?(Array) && args.first.empty?
expects_array = args.first.kind_of?(Array)
conditions = " AND (#{sanitize_sql(options[:conditions])})" if options[:conditions]
ids = args.flatten.compact.uniq
case ids.size
when 0
raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} without an ID#{conditions}"
when 1
if result = find(:first, options.merge({ :conditions => "#{table_name}.#{primary_key} = #{sanitize(ids.first)}#{conditions}" }))
return expects_array ? [ result ] : result
else
raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} with ID=#{ids.first}#{conditions}"
end
else
# Find multiple ids
ids_list = ids.map { |id| sanitize(id) }.join(',')
result = find(:all, options.merge({ :conditions => "#{table_name}.#{primary_key} IN (#{ids_list})#{conditions}"}))
if result.size == ids.size
return result
else
raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find all #{name.pluralize} with IDs (#{ids_list})#{conditions}"
end
end
end
end
# Works like find(:all), but requires a complete SQL string. Examples:
# Post.find_by_sql "SELECT p.*, c.author FROM posts p, comments c WHERE p.id = c.post_id"
# Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT * FROM posts WHERE author = ? AND created > ?", author_id, start_date]
def find_by_sql(sql)
connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load").collect! { |record| instantiate(record) }
end
# Returns true if the given +id+ represents the primary key of a record in the database, false otherwise.
# Example:
# Person.exists?(5)
def exists?(id)
!find(:first, :conditions => ["#{primary_key} = ?", id]).nil? rescue false
end
# Creates an object, instantly saves it as a record (if the validation permits it), and returns it. If the save
# fails under validations, the unsaved object is still returned.
def create(attributes = nil)
if attributes.is_a?(Array)
attributes.collect { |attr| create(attr) }
else
object = new(attributes)
scope(:create).each { |att,value| object.send("#{att}=", value) } if scoped?(:create)
object.save
object
end
end
# Finds the record from the passed +id+, instantly saves it with the passed +attributes+ (if the validation permits it),
# and returns it. If the save fails under validations, the unsaved object is still returned.
#
# The arguments may also be given as arrays in which case the update method is called for each pair of +id+ and
# +attributes+ and an array of objects is returned.
#
# Example of updating one record:
# Person.update(15, {:user_name => 'Samuel', :group => 'expert'})
#
# Example of updating multiple records:
# people = { 1 => { "first_name" => "David" }, 2 => { "first_name" => "Jeremy"} }
# Person.update(people.keys, people.values)
def update(id, attributes)
if id.is_a?(Array)
idx = -1
id.collect { |id| idx += 1; update(id, attributes[idx]) }
else
object = find(id)
object.update_attributes(attributes)
object
end
end
# Deletes the record with the given +id+ without instantiating an object first. If an array of ids is provided, all of them
# are deleted.
def delete(id)
delete_all([ "#{primary_key} IN (?)", id ])
end
# Destroys the record with the given +id+ by instantiating the object and calling #destroy (all the callbacks are the triggered).
# If an array of ids is provided, all of them are destroyed.
def destroy(id)
id.is_a?(Array) ? id.each { |id| destroy(id) } : find(id).destroy
end
# Updates all records with the SET-part of an SQL update statement in +updates+ and returns an integer with the number of rows updated.
# A subset of the records can be selected by specifying +conditions+. Example:
# Billing.update_all "category = 'authorized', approved = 1", "author = 'David'"
def update_all(updates, conditions = nil)
sql = "UPDATE #{table_name} SET #{sanitize_sql(updates)} "
add_conditions!(sql, conditions)
connection.update(sql, "#{name} Update")
end
# Destroys the objects for all the records that match the +condition+ by instantiating each object and calling
# the destroy method. Example:
# Person.destroy_all "last_login < '2004-04-04'"
def destroy_all(conditions = nil)
find(:all, :conditions => conditions).each { |object| object.destroy }
end
# Deletes all the records that match the +condition+ without instantiating the objects first (and hence not
# calling the destroy method). Example:
# Post.delete_all "person_id = 5 AND (category = 'Something' OR category = 'Else')"
def delete_all(conditions = nil)
sql = "DELETE FROM #{table_name} "
add_conditions!(sql, conditions)
connection.delete(sql, "#{name} Delete all")
end
# Returns the result of an SQL statement that should only include a COUNT(*) in the SELECT part.
# Product.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales s, customers c WHERE s.customer_id = c.id"
def count_by_sql(sql)
sql = sanitize_conditions(sql)
connection.select_value(sql, "#{name} Count").to_i
end
# Increments the specified counter by one. So <tt>DiscussionBoard.increment_counter("post_count",
# discussion_board_id)</tt> would increment the "post_count" counter on the board responding to discussion_board_id.
# This is used for caching aggregate values, so that they don't need to be computed every time. Especially important
# for looping over a collection where each element require a number of aggregate values. Like the DiscussionBoard
# that needs to list both the number of posts and comments.
def increment_counter(counter_name, id)
update_all "#{counter_name} = #{counter_name} + 1", "#{primary_key} = #{quote(id)}"
end
# Works like increment_counter, but decrements instead.
def decrement_counter(counter_name, id)
update_all "#{counter_name} = #{counter_name} - 1", "#{primary_key} = #{quote(id)}"
end
# Attributes named in this macro are protected from mass-assignment, such as <tt>new(attributes)</tt> and
# <tt>attributes=(attributes)</tt>. Their assignment will simply be ignored. Instead, you can use the direct writer
# methods to do assignment. This is meant to protect sensitive attributes from being overwritten by URL/form hackers. Example:
#
# class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
# attr_protected :credit_rating
# end
#
# customer = Customer.new("name" => David, "credit_rating" => "Excellent")
# customer.credit_rating # => nil
# customer.attributes = { "description" => "Jolly fellow", "credit_rating" => "Superb" }
# customer.credit_rating # => nil
#
# customer.credit_rating = "Average"
# customer.credit_rating # => "Average"
def attr_protected(*attributes)
write_inheritable_array("attr_protected", attributes - (protected_attributes || []))
end
# Returns an array of all the attributes that have been protected from mass-assignment.
def protected_attributes # :nodoc:
read_inheritable_attribute("attr_protected")
end
# If this macro is used, only those attributes named in it will be accessible for mass-assignment, such as
# <tt>new(attributes)</tt> and <tt>attributes=(attributes)</tt>. This is the more conservative choice for mass-assignment
# protection. If you'd rather start from an all-open default and restrict attributes as needed, have a look at
# attr_protected.
def attr_accessible(*attributes)
write_inheritable_array("attr_accessible", attributes - (accessible_attributes || []))
end
# Returns an array of all the attributes that have been made accessible to mass-assignment.
def accessible_attributes # :nodoc:
read_inheritable_attribute("attr_accessible")
end
# Specifies that the attribute by the name of +attr_name+ should be serialized before saving to the database and unserialized
# after loading from the database. The serialization is done through YAML. If +class_name+ is specified, the serialized
# object must be of that class on retrieval or +SerializationTypeMismatch+ will be raised.
def serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object)
serialized_attributes[attr_name.to_s] = class_name
end
# Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for serialization as keys and their class restriction as values.
def serialized_attributes
read_inheritable_attribute("attr_serialized") or write_inheritable_attribute("attr_serialized", {})
end
# Guesses the table name (in forced lower-case) based on the name of the class in the inheritance hierarchy descending
# directly from ActiveRecord. So if the hierarchy looks like: Reply < Message < ActiveRecord, then Message is used
# to guess the table name from even when called on Reply. The rules used to do the guess are handled by the Inflector class
# in Active Support, which knows almost all common English inflections (report a bug if your inflection isn't covered).
#
# Additionally, the class-level table_name_prefix is prepended to the table_name and the table_name_suffix is appended.
# So if you have "myapp_" as a prefix, the table name guess for an Account class becomes "myapp_accounts".
#
# You can also overwrite this class method to allow for unguessable links, such as a Mouse class with a link to a
# "mice" table. Example:
#
# class Mouse < ActiveRecord::Base
# set_table_name "mice"
# end
def table_name
reset_table_name
end
def reset_table_name
name = "#{table_name_prefix}#{undecorated_table_name(class_name_of_active_record_descendant(self))}#{table_name_suffix}"
set_table_name name
name
end
# Defines the primary key field -- can be overridden in subclasses. Overwriting will negate any effect of the
# primary_key_prefix_type setting, though.
def primary_key
reset_primary_key
end
def reset_primary_key
key = 'id'
case primary_key_prefix_type
when :table_name
key = Inflector.foreign_key(class_name_of_active_record_descendant(self), false)
when :table_name_with_underscore
key = Inflector.foreign_key(class_name_of_active_record_descendant(self))
end
set_primary_key(key)
key
end
# Defines the column name for use with single table inheritance -- can be overridden in subclasses.
def inheritance_column
"type"
end
# Lazy-set the sequence name to the connection's default. This method
# is only ever called once since set_sequence_name overrides it.
def sequence_name
reset_sequence_name
end
def reset_sequence_name
default = connection.default_sequence_name(table_name, primary_key)
set_sequence_name(default)
default
end
# Sets the table name to use to the given value, or (if the value
# is nil or false) to the value returned by the given block.
#
# Example:
#
# class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
# set_table_name "project"
# end
def set_table_name( value=nil, &block )
define_attr_method :table_name, value, &block
end
alias :table_name= :set_table_name
# Sets the name of the primary key column to use to the given value,
# or (if the value is nil or false) to the value returned by the given
# block.
#
# Example:
#
# class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
# set_primary_key "sysid"
# end
def set_primary_key( value=nil, &block )
define_attr_method :primary_key, value, &block
end
alias :primary_key= :set_primary_key
# Sets the name of the inheritance column to use to the given value,
# or (if the value # is nil or false) to the value returned by the
# given block.
#
# Example:
#
# class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
# set_inheritance_column do
# original_inheritance_column + "_id"
# end
# end
def set_inheritance_column( value=nil, &block )
define_attr_method :inheritance_column, value, &block
end
alias :inheritance_column= :set_inheritance_column
# Sets the name of the sequence to use when generating ids to the given
# value, or (if the value is nil or false) to the value returned by the
# given block. This is required for Oracle and is useful for any
# database which relies on sequences for primary key generation.
#
# If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using Oracle or Firebird,
# it will default to the commonly used pattern of: #{table_name}_seq
#
# If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using PostgreSQL, it
# will discover the sequence corresponding to your primary key for you.
#
# Example:
#
# class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
# set_sequence_name "projectseq" # default would have been "project_seq"
# end
def set_sequence_name( value=nil, &block )
define_attr_method :sequence_name, value, &block
end
alias :sequence_name= :set_sequence_name
# Turns the +table_name+ back into a class name following the reverse rules of +table_name+.
def class_name(table_name = table_name) # :nodoc:
# remove any prefix and/or suffix from the table name
class_name = table_name[table_name_prefix.length..-(table_name_suffix.length + 1)].camelize
class_name = class_name.singularize if pluralize_table_names
class_name
end
# Indicates whether the table associated with this class exists
def table_exists?
if connection.respond_to?(:tables)
connection.tables.include? table_name
else
# if the connection adapter hasn't implemented tables, there are two crude tests that can be
# used - see if getting column info raises an error, or if the number of columns returned is zero
begin
reset_column_information
columns.size > 0
rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
false
end
end
end
# Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
def columns
unless @columns
@columns = connection.columns(table_name, "#{name} Columns")
@columns.each {|column| column.primary = column.name == primary_key}
end
@columns
end
# Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
def columns_hash
@columns_hash ||= columns.inject({}) { |hash, column| hash[column.name] = column; hash }
end
def column_names
@column_names ||= columns.map { |column| column.name }
end
# Returns an array of column objects where the primary id, all columns ending in "_id" or "_count",
# and columns used for single table inheritance have been removed.
def content_columns
@content_columns ||= columns.reject { |c| c.primary || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column }
end
# Returns a hash of all the methods added to query each of the columns in the table with the name of the method as the key
# and true as the value. This makes it possible to do O(1) lookups in respond_to? to check if a given method for attribute
# is available.
def column_methods_hash
@dynamic_methods_hash ||= column_names.inject(Hash.new(false)) do |methods, attr|
attr_name = attr.to_s
methods[attr.to_sym] = attr_name
methods["#{attr}=".to_sym] = attr_name
methods["#{attr}?".to_sym] = attr_name
methods["#{attr}_before_type_cast".to_sym] = attr_name
methods
end
end
# Contains the names of the generated reader methods.
def read_methods
@read_methods ||= Set.new
end
# Resets all the cached information about columns, which will cause them to be reloaded on the next request.
def reset_column_information
read_methods.each { |name| undef_method(name) }
@column_names = @columns = @columns_hash = @content_columns = @dynamic_methods_hash = @read_methods = nil
end
def reset_column_information_and_inheritable_attributes_for_all_subclasses#:nodoc:
subclasses.each { |klass| klass.reset_inheritable_attributes; klass.reset_column_information }
end
# Transforms attribute key names into a more humane format, such as "First name" instead of "first_name". Example:
# Person.human_attribute_name("first_name") # => "First name"
# Deprecated in favor of just calling "first_name".humanize
def human_attribute_name(attribute_key_name) #:nodoc:
attribute_key_name.humanize
end
def descends_from_active_record? # :nodoc:
superclass == Base || !columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
end
def quote(object) #:nodoc:
connection.quote(object)
end
# Used to sanitize objects before they're used in an SELECT SQL-statement. Delegates to <tt>connection.quote</tt>.
def sanitize(object) #:nodoc:
connection.quote(object)
end
# Log and benchmark multiple statements in a single block. Example:
#
# Project.benchmark("Creating project") do
# project = Project.create("name" => "stuff")
# project.create_manager("name" => "David")
# project.milestones << Milestone.find(:all)
# end
#
# The benchmark is only recorded if the current level of the logger matches the <tt>log_level</tt>, which makes it
# easy to include benchmarking statements in production software that will remain inexpensive because the benchmark
# will only be conducted if the log level is low enough.
#
# The logging of the multiple statements is turned off unless <tt>use_silence</tt> is set to false.
def benchmark(title, log_level = Logger::DEBUG, use_silence = true)
if logger && logger.level == log_level
result = nil
seconds = Benchmark.realtime { result = use_silence ? silence { yield } : yield }
logger.add(log_level, "#{title} (#{'%.5f' % seconds})")
result
else
yield
end
end
# Silences the logger for the duration of the block.
def silence
old_logger_level, logger.level = logger.level, Logger::ERROR if logger
yield
ensure
logger.level = old_logger_level if logger
end
# Scope parameters to method calls within the block. Takes a hash of method_name => parameters hash.
# method_name may be :find or :create. :find parameters may include the <tt>:conditions</tt>, <tt>:joins</tt>,
# <tt>:offset</tt>, <tt>:limit</tt>, and <tt>:readonly</tt> options. :create parameters are an attributes hash.
#
# Article.with_scope(:find => { :conditions => "blog_id = 1" }, :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do
# Article.find(1) # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND id = 1
# a = Article.create(1)
# a.blog_id # => 1
# end
#
# In nested scopings, all previous parameters are overwritten by inner rule
# except :conditions in :find, that are merged as hash.
#
# Article.with_scope(:find => { :conditions => "blog_id = 1", :limit => 1 }, :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do
# Article.with_scope(:find => { :limit => 10})
# Article.find(:all) # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 LIMIT 10
# end
# Article.with_scope(:find => { :conditions => "author_id = 3" })
# Article.find(:all) # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND author_id = 3 LIMIT 1
# end
# end
#
# You can ignore any previous scopings by using <tt>with_exclusive_scope</tt> method.
#
# Article.with_scope(:find => { :conditions => "blog_id = 1", :limit => 1 }) do
# Article.with_exclusive_scope(:find => { :limit => 10 })
# Article.find(:all) # => SELECT * from articles LIMIT 10
# end
# end
def with_scope(method_scoping = {}, action = :merge, &block)
method_scoping = method_scoping.method_scoping if method_scoping.respond_to?(:method_scoping)
# Dup first and second level of hash (method and params).
method_scoping = method_scoping.inject({}) do |hash, (method, params)|
hash[method] = (params == true) ? params : params.dup
hash
end
method_scoping.assert_valid_keys([ :find, :create ])
if f = method_scoping[:find]
f.assert_valid_keys([ :conditions, :joins, :from, :offset, :limit, :readonly ])
f[:readonly] = true if !f[:joins].blank? && !f.has_key?(:readonly)
end
# Merge scopings
if action == :merge && current_scoped_methods
method_scoping = current_scoped_methods.inject(method_scoping) do |hash, (method, params)|
case hash[method]
when Hash
if method == :find && hash[method][:conditions] && params[:conditions]
(hash[method].keys + params.keys).uniq.each do |key|
if key == :conditions
hash[method][key] = [params[key], hash[method][key]].collect{|sql| "( %s )" % sanitize_sql(sql)}.join(" AND ")
else
hash[method][key] = hash[method][key] || params[key]
end
end
else
hash[method] = params.merge(hash[method])
end
else
hash[method] = params
end
hash
end
end
self.scoped_methods << method_scoping
begin
yield
ensure
self.scoped_methods.pop
end
end
def with_exclusive_scope(method_scoping = {}, &block)
with_scope(method_scoping, :overwrite, &block)
end
# Overwrite the default class equality method to provide support for association proxies.
def ===(object)
object.is_a?(self)
end
# Deprecated
def threaded_connections
allow_concurrency
end
# Deprecated
def threaded_connections=(value)
self.allow_concurrency = value
end
# Returns the base AR subclass that this class descends from. If A
# extends AR::Base, A.base_class will return A. If B descends from A
# through some arbitrarily deep hierarchy, B.base_class will return A.
def base_class
class_of_active_record_descendant(self)
end
private
# Finder methods must instantiate through this method to work with the single-table inheritance model
# that makes it possible to create objects of different types from the same table.
def instantiate(record)
object =
if subclass_name = record[inheritance_column]
if subclass_name.empty?
allocate
else
require_association_class(subclass_name)
begin
compute_type(subclass_name).allocate
rescue NameError
raise SubclassNotFound,
"The single-table inheritance mechanism failed to locate the subclass: '#{record[inheritance_column]}'. " +
"This error is raised because the column '#{inheritance_column}' is reserved for storing the class in case of inheritance. " +
"Please rename this column if you didn't intend it to be used for storing the inheritance class " +
"or overwrite #{self.to_s}.inheritance_column to use another column for that information."
end
end
else
allocate
end
object.instance_variable_set("@attributes", record)
object
end
# Nest the type name in the same module as this class.
# Bar is "MyApp::Business::Bar" relative to MyApp::Business::Foo
def type_name_with_module(type_name)
"#{self.name.sub(/(::)?[^:]+$/, '')}#{$1}#{type_name}"
end
def construct_finder_sql(options)
sql = "SELECT #{options[:select] || '*'} "
sql << "FROM #{scope(:find, :from) || options[:from] || table_name} "
add_joins!(sql, options)
add_conditions!(sql, options[:conditions])
sql << " GROUP BY #{options[:group]} " if options[:group]
sql << " ORDER BY #{options[:order]} " if options[:order]
add_limit!(sql, options)
sql
end
def add_limit!(sql, options)
options[:limit] ||= scope(:find, :limit)
options[:offset] ||= scope(:find, :offset)
connection.add_limit_offset!(sql, options)
end
def add_joins!(sql, options)
join = scope(:find, :joins) || options[:joins]
sql << " #{join} " if join
end
# Adds a sanitized version of +conditions+ to the +sql+ string. Note that the passed-in +sql+ string is changed.
def add_conditions!(sql, conditions)
segments = [sanitize_sql(scope(:find, :conditions))]
segments << sanitize_sql(conditions) unless conditions.nil?
segments << type_condition unless descends_from_active_record?
segments.compact!
sql << "WHERE (#{segments.join(") AND (")}) " unless segments.empty?
end
def type_condition
quoted_inheritance_column = connection.quote_column_name(inheritance_column)
type_condition = subclasses.inject("#{table_name}.#{quoted_inheritance_column} = '#{name.demodulize}' ") do |condition, subclass|
condition << "OR #{table_name}.#{quoted_inheritance_column} = '#{subclass.name.demodulize}' "
end
" (#{type_condition}) "
end
# Guesses the table name, but does not decorate it with prefix and suffix information.
def undecorated_table_name(class_name = class_name_of_active_record_descendant(self))
table_name = Inflector.underscore(Inflector.demodulize(class_name))
table_name = Inflector.pluralize(table_name) if pluralize_table_names
table_name
end
# Enables dynamic finders like find_by_user_name(user_name) and find_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password) that are turned into
# find(:first, :conditions => ["user_name = ?", user_name]) and find(:first, :conditions => ["user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password])
# respectively. Also works for find(:all), but using find_all_by_amount(50) that are turned into find(:all, :conditions => ["amount = ?", 50]).
#
# It's even possible to use all the additional parameters to find. For example, the full interface for find_all_by_amount
# is actually find_all_by_amount(amount, options).
def method_missing(method_id, *arguments)
if match = /find_(all_by|by)_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)/.match(method_id.to_s)
finder = determine_finder(match)
attribute_names = extract_attribute_names_from_match(match)
super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
conditions = construct_conditions_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)
if (extra_options = arguments[attribute_names.size]).is_a?(Hash)
finder_options = extra_options.merge(:conditions => conditions)
if extra_options[:conditions]
with_scope(:find => {:conditions => extra_options[:conditions]}) do
find(finder, finder_options)
end
else
find(finder, finder_options)
end
else
send("find_#{finder}", conditions, *arguments[attribute_names.length..-1]) # deprecated API
end
elsif match = /find_or_create_by_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)/.match(method_id.to_s)
attribute_names = extract_attribute_names_from_match(match)
super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
find(:first, :conditions => construct_conditions_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)) ||
create(construct_attributes_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments))
else
super
end
end
def determine_finder(match)
match.captures.first == 'all_by' ? :all : :first
end
def extract_attribute_names_from_match(match)
match.captures.last.split('_and_')
end
def construct_conditions_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)
conditions = []
attribute_names.each_with_index { |name, idx| conditions << "#{table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(name)} #{attribute_condition(arguments[idx])} " }
[ conditions.join(" AND "), *arguments[0...attribute_names.length] ]
end
def construct_attributes_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)
attributes = {}
attribute_names.each_with_index { |name, idx| attributes[name] = arguments[idx] }
attributes
end
def all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
attribute_names.all? { |name| column_methods_hash.include?(name.to_sym) }
end
def attribute_condition(argument)
case argument
when nil then "IS ?"
when Array then "IN (?)"
else "= ?"
end
end
# Defines an "attribute" method (like #inheritance_column or
# #table_name). A new (class) method will be created with the
# given name. If a value is specified, the new method will
# return that value (as a string). Otherwise, the given block
# will be used to compute the value of the method.
#
# The original method will be aliased, with the new name being
# prefixed with "original_". This allows the new method to
# access the original value.
#
# Example:
#
# class A < ActiveRecord::Base
# define_attr_method :primary_key, "sysid"
# define_attr_method( :inheritance_column ) do
# original_inheritance_column + "_id"
# end
# end
def define_attr_method(name, value=nil, &block)
sing = class << self; self; end
sing.send :alias_method, "original_#{name}", name
if block_given?
sing.send :define_method, name, &block
else
# use eval instead of a block to work around a memory leak in dev
# mode in fcgi
sing.class_eval "def #{name}; #{value.to_s.inspect}; end"
end
end
protected
def subclasses
@@subclasses[self] ||= []
@@subclasses[self] + extra = @@subclasses[self].inject([]) {|list, subclass| list + subclass.subclasses }
end
# Test whether the given method and optional key are scoped.
def scoped?(method, key = nil)
current_scoped_methods && current_scoped_methods.has_key?(method) && (key.nil? || scope(method).has_key?(key))
end
# Retrieve the scope for the given method and optional key.
def scope(method, key = nil)
if current_scoped_methods && scope = current_scoped_methods[method]
key ? scope[key] : scope
end
end
def scoped_methods
if allow_concurrency
Thread.current[:scoped_methods] ||= {}
Thread.current[:scoped_methods][self] ||= []
else
@scoped_methods ||= []
end
end
def current_scoped_methods
scoped_methods.last
end
# Returns the class type of the record using the current module as a prefix. So descendents of
# MyApp::Business::Account would appear as MyApp::Business::AccountSubclass.
def compute_type(type_name)
begin
instance_eval(type_name_with_module(type_name))
rescue Object
instance_eval(type_name)
end
end
# Returns the class descending directly from ActiveRecord in the inheritance hierarchy.
def class_of_active_record_descendant(klass)
if klass.superclass == Base
klass
elsif klass.superclass.nil?
raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} doesn't belong in a hierarchy descending from ActiveRecord"
else
class_of_active_record_descendant(klass.superclass)
end
end
# Returns the name of the class descending directly from ActiveRecord in the inheritance hierarchy.
def class_name_of_active_record_descendant(klass)
class_of_active_record_descendant(klass).name
end
# Accepts an array or string. The string is returned untouched, but the array has each value
# sanitized and interpolated into the sql statement.
# ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4] returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
def sanitize_sql(ary)
return ary unless ary.is_a?(Array)
statement, *values = ary
if values.first.is_a?(Hash) and statement =~ /:\w+/
replace_named_bind_variables(statement, values.first)
elsif statement.include?('?')
replace_bind_variables(statement, values)
else
statement % values.collect { |value| connection.quote_string(value.to_s) }
end
end
alias_method :sanitize_conditions, :sanitize_sql
def replace_bind_variables(statement, values)
raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, statement.count('?'), values.size)
bound = values.dup
statement.gsub('?') { quote_bound_value(bound.shift) }
end
def replace_named_bind_variables(statement, bind_vars)
statement.gsub(/:(\w+)/) do
match = $1.to_sym
if bind_vars.include?(match)
quote_bound_value(bind_vars[match])
else
raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "missing value for :#{match} in #{statement}"
end
end
end
def quote_bound_value(value)
if (value.respond_to?(:map) && !value.is_a?(String))
value.map { |v| connection.quote(v) }.join(',')
else
connection.quote(value)
end
end
def raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, expected, provided)
unless expected == provided
raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "wrong number of bind variables (#{provided} for #{expected}) in: #{statement}"
end
end
def extract_options_from_args!(args)
options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
validate_find_options(options)
options
end
def validate_find_options(options)
options.assert_valid_keys [:conditions, :include, :joins, :limit, :offset, :order, :select, :readonly, :group, :from]
end
def encode_quoted_value(value)
quoted_value = connection.quote(value)
quoted_value = "'#{quoted_value[1..-2].gsub(/\'/, "\\\\'")}'" if quoted_value.include?("\\\'") # (for ruby mode) "
quoted_value
end
end
public
# New objects can be instantiated as either empty (pass no construction parameter) or pre-set with
# attributes but not yet saved (pass a hash with key names matching the associated table column names).
# In both instances, valid attribute keys are determined by the column names of the associated table --
# hence you can't have attributes that aren't part of the table columns.
def initialize(attributes = nil)
@attributes = attributes_from_column_definition
@new_record = true
ensure_proper_type
self.attributes = attributes unless attributes.nil?
yield self if block_given?
end
# A model instance's primary key is always available as model.id
# whether you name it the default 'id' or set it to something else.
def id
attr_name = self.class.primary_key
column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)
define_read_method(:id, attr_name, column) if self.class.generate_read_methods
read_attribute(attr_name)
end
# Enables Active Record objects to be used as URL parameters in Action Pack automatically.
alias_method :to_param, :id
def id_before_type_cast #:nodoc:
read_attribute_before_type_cast(self.class.primary_key)
end
def quoted_id #:nodoc:
quote(id, column_for_attribute(self.class.primary_key))
end
# Sets the primary ID.
def id=(value)
write_attribute(self.class.primary_key, value)
end
# Returns true if this object hasn't been saved yet -- that is, a record for the object doesn't exist yet.
def new_record?
@new_record
end
# * No record exists: Creates a new record with values matching those of the object attributes.
# * A record does exist: Updates the record with values matching those of the object attributes.
def save
raise ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord if readonly?
create_or_update
end
# Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to reflect that no changes should
# be made (since they can't be persisted).
def destroy
unless new_record?
connection.delete <<-end_sql, "#{self.class.name} Destroy"
DELETE FROM #{self.class.table_name}
WHERE #{self.class.primary_key} = #{quoted_id}
end_sql
end
freeze
end
# Returns a clone of the record that hasn't been assigned an id yet and
# is treated as a new record. Note that this is a "shallow" clone:
# it copies the object's attributes only, not its associations.
# The extent of a "deep" clone is application-specific and is therefore
# left to the application to implement according to its need.
def clone
attrs = self.attributes_before_type_cast
attrs.delete(self.class.primary_key)
self.class.new do |record|
record.send :instance_variable_set, '@attributes', attrs
end
end
# Updates a single attribute and saves the record. This is especially useful for boolean flags on existing records.
# Note: This method is overwritten by the Validation module that'll make sure that updates made with this method
# doesn't get subjected to validation checks. Hence, attributes can be updated even if the full object isn't valid.
def update_attribute(name, value)
send(name.to_s + '=', value)
save
end
# Updates all the attributes from the passed-in Hash and saves the record. If the object is invalid, the saving will
# fail and false will be returned.
def update_attributes(attributes)
self.attributes = attributes
save
end
# Initializes the +attribute+ to zero if nil and adds one. Only makes sense for number-based attributes. Returns self.
def increment(attribute)
self[attribute] ||= 0
self[attribute] += 1
self
end
# Increments the +attribute+ and saves the record.
def increment!(attribute)
increment(attribute).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
end
# Initializes the +attribute+ to zero if nil and subtracts one. Only makes sense for number-based attributes. Returns self.
def decrement(attribute)
self[attribute] ||= 0
self[attribute] -= 1
self
end
# Decrements the +attribute+ and saves the record.
def decrement!(attribute)
decrement(attribute).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
end
# Turns an +attribute+ that's currently true into false and vice versa. Returns self.
def toggle(attribute)
self[attribute] = !send("#{attribute}?")
self
end
# Toggles the +attribute+ and saves the record.
def toggle!(attribute)
toggle(attribute).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
end
# Reloads the attributes of this object from the database.
def reload
clear_aggregation_cache
clear_association_cache
@attributes.update(self.class.find(self.id).instance_variable_get('@attributes'))
self
end
# Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
# "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
# (Alias for the protected read_attribute method).
def [](attr_name)
read_attribute(attr_name)
end
# Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+.
# (Alias for the protected write_attribute method).
def []=(attr_name, value)
write_attribute(attr_name, value)
end
# Allows you to set all the attributes at once by passing in a hash with keys
# matching the attribute names (which again matches the column names). Sensitive attributes can be protected
# from this form of mass-assignment by using the +attr_protected+ macro. Or you can alternatively
# specify which attributes *can* be accessed in with the +attr_accessible+ macro. Then all the
# attributes not included in that won't be allowed to be mass-assigned.
def attributes=(new_attributes)
return if new_attributes.nil?
attributes = new_attributes.dup
attributes.stringify_keys!
multi_parameter_attributes = []
remove_attributes_protected_from_mass_assignment(attributes).each do |k, v|
k.include?("(") ? multi_parameter_attributes << [ k, v ] : send(k + "=", v)
end
assign_multiparameter_attributes(multi_parameter_attributes)
end
# Returns a hash of all the attributes with their names as keys and clones of their objects as values.
def attributes
clone_attributes :read_attribute
end
# Returns a hash of cloned attributes before typecasting and deserialization.
def attributes_before_type_cast
clone_attributes :read_attribute_before_type_cast
end
# Returns true if the specified +attribute+ has been set by the user or by a database load and is neither
# nil nor empty? (the latter only applies to objects that respond to empty?, most notably Strings).
def attribute_present?(attribute)
value = read_attribute(attribute)
!value.blank? or value == 0
end
# Returns true if the given attribute is in the attributes hash
def has_attribute?(attr_name)
@attributes.has_key?(attr_name.to_s)
end
# Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object sorted alphabetically.
def attribute_names
@attributes.keys.sort
end
# Returns the column object for the named attribute.
def column_for_attribute(name)
self.class.columns_hash[name.to_s]
end
# Returns true if the +comparison_object+ is the same object, or is of the same type and has the same id.
def ==(comparison_object)
comparison_object.equal?(self) ||
(comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) &&
comparison_object.id == id &&
!comparison_object.new_record?)
end
# Delegates to ==
def eql?(comparison_object)
self == (comparison_object)
end
# Delegates to id in order to allow two records of the same type and id to work with something like:
# [ Person.find(1), Person.find(2), Person.find(3) ] & [ Person.find(1), Person.find(4) ] # => [ Person.find(1) ]
def hash
id.hash
end
# For checking respond_to? without searching the attributes (which is faster).
alias_method :respond_to_without_attributes?, :respond_to?
# A Person object with a name attribute can ask person.respond_to?("name"), person.respond_to?("name="), and
# person.respond_to?("name?") which will all return true.
def respond_to?(method, include_priv = false)
if attr_name = self.class.column_methods_hash[method.to_sym]
return true if @attributes.include?(attr_name) || attr_name == self.class.primary_key
return false if self.class.read_methods.include?(attr_name)
elsif @attributes.include?(method_name = method.to_s)
return true
elsif md = /(=|\?|_before_type_cast)$/.match(method_name)
return true if @attributes.include?(md.pre_match)
end
# super must be called at the end of the method, because the inherited respond_to?
# would return true for generated readers, even if the attribute wasn't present
super
end
# Just freeze the attributes hash, such that associations are still accessible even on destroyed records.
def freeze
@attributes.freeze; self
end
def frozen?
@attributes.frozen?
end
def readonly?
@readonly == true
end
def readonly!
@readonly = true
end
private
def create_or_update
if new_record? then create else update end
end
# Updates the associated record with values matching those of the instance attributes.
def update
connection.update(
"UPDATE #{self.class.table_name} " +
"SET #{quoted_comma_pair_list(connection, attributes_with_quotes(false))} " +
"WHERE #{self.class.primary_key} = #{quote(id)}",
"#{self.class.name} Update"
)
end
# Creates a new record with values matching those of the instance attributes.
def create
if self.id.nil? && connection.prefetch_primary_key?(self.class.table_name)
self.id = connection.next_sequence_value(self.class.sequence_name)
end
self.id = connection.insert(
"INSERT INTO #{self.class.table_name} " +
"(#{quoted_column_names.join(', ')}) " +
"VALUES(#{attributes_with_quotes.values.join(', ')})",
"#{self.class.name} Create",
self.class.primary_key, self.id, self.class.sequence_name
)
@new_record = false
end
# Sets the attribute used for single table inheritance to this class name if this is not the ActiveRecord descendent.
# Considering the hierarchy Reply < Message < ActiveRecord, this makes it possible to do Reply.new without having to
# set Reply[Reply.inheritance_column] = "Reply" yourself. No such attribute would be set for objects of the
# Message class in that example.
def ensure_proper_type
unless self.class.descends_from_active_record?
write_attribute(self.class.inheritance_column, Inflector.demodulize(self.class.name))
end
end
# Allows access to the object attributes, which are held in the @attributes hash, as were
# they first-class methods. So a Person class with a name attribute can use Person#name and
# Person#name= and never directly use the attributes hash -- except for multiple assigns with
# ActiveRecord#attributes=. A Milestone class can also ask Milestone#completed? to test that
# the completed attribute is not nil or 0.
#
# It's also possible to instantiate related objects, so a Client class belonging to the clients
# table with a master_id foreign key can instantiate master through Client#master.
def method_missing(method_id, *args, &block)
method_name = method_id.to_s
if @attributes.include?(method_name)
define_read_methods if self.class.read_methods.empty? && self.class.generate_read_methods
read_attribute(method_name)
elsif self.class.primary_key.to_s == method_name
id
elsif md = /(=|\?|_before_type_cast)$/.match(method_name)
attribute_name, method_type = md.pre_match, md.to_s
if @attributes.include?(attribute_name)
case method_type
when '='
write_attribute(attribute_name, args.first)
when '?'
query_attribute(attribute_name)
when '_before_type_cast'
read_attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
end
else
super
end
else
super
end
end
# Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
# "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
def read_attribute(attr_name)
attr_name = attr_name.to_s
if !(value = @attributes[attr_name]).nil?
if column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)
if unserializable_attribute?(attr_name, column)
unserialize_attribute(attr_name)
else
column.type_cast(value)
end
else
value
end
else
nil
end
end
def read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
@attributes[attr_name]
end
# Called on first read access to any given column and generates reader
# methods for all columns in the columns_hash if
# ActiveRecord::Base.generate_read_methods is set to true.
def define_read_methods
self.class.columns_hash.each do |name, column|
unless self.class.serialized_attributes[name] || respond_to_without_attributes?(name)
define_read_method(name.to_sym, name, column)
end
end
end
# Define an attribute reader method. Cope with nil column.
def define_read_method(symbol, attr_name, column)
cast_code = column.type_cast_code('v') if column
access_code = cast_code ? "(v=@attributes['#{attr_name}']) && #{cast_code}" : "@attributes['#{attr_name}']"
unless attr_name.to_s == self.class.primary_key.to_s
access_code = access_code.insert(0, "raise NoMethodError, 'missing attribute: #{attr_name}', caller unless @attributes.has_key?('#{attr_name}'); ")
self.class.read_methods << attr_name
end
begin
self.class.class_eval("def #{symbol}; #{access_code}; end")
rescue SyntaxError => err
self.class.read_methods.delete(attr_name)
if logger
logger.warn "Exception occured during reader method compilation."
logger.warn "Maybe #{attr_name} is not a valid Ruby identifier?"
logger.warn "#{err.message}"
end
end
end
# Returns true if the attribute is of a text column and marked for serialization.
def unserializable_attribute?(attr_name, column)
column.text? && self.class.serialized_attributes[attr_name]
end
# Returns the unserialized object of the attribute.
def unserialize_attribute(attr_name)
unserialized_object = object_from_yaml(@attributes[attr_name])
if unserialized_object.is_a?(self.class.serialized_attributes[attr_name])
@attributes[attr_name] = unserialized_object
else
raise SerializationTypeMismatch,
"#{attr_name} was supposed to be a #{self.class.serialized_attributes[attr_name]}, but was a #{unserialized_object.class.to_s}"
end
end
# Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+. Empty strings for fixnum and float
# columns are turned into nil.
def write_attribute(attr_name, value)
attr_name = attr_name.to_s
if (column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)) && column.number?
@attributes[attr_name] = convert_number_column_value(value)
else
@attributes[attr_name] = value
end
end
def convert_number_column_value(value)
case value
when FalseClass: 0
when TrueClass: 1
when '': nil
else value
end
end
def query_attribute(attr_name)
attribute = @attributes[attr_name]
if attribute.kind_of?(Fixnum) && attribute == 0
false
elsif attribute.kind_of?(String) && attribute == "0"
false
elsif attribute.kind_of?(String) && attribute.empty?
false
elsif attribute.nil?
false
elsif attribute == false
false
elsif attribute == "f"
false
elsif attribute == "false"
false
else
true
end
end
def remove_attributes_protected_from_mass_assignment(attributes)
if self.class.accessible_attributes.nil? && self.class.protected_attributes.nil?
attributes.reject { |key, value| attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
elsif self.class.protected_attributes.nil?
attributes.reject { |key, value| !self.class.accessible_attributes.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "").intern) || attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
elsif self.class.accessible_attributes.nil?
attributes.reject { |key, value| self.class.protected_attributes.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/,"").intern) || attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
end
end
# The primary key and inheritance column can never be set by mass-assignment for security reasons.
def attributes_protected_by_default
default = [ self.class.primary_key, self.class.inheritance_column ]
default << 'id' unless self.class.primary_key.eql? 'id'
default
end
# Returns copy of the attributes hash where all the values have been safely quoted for use in
# an SQL statement.
def attributes_with_quotes(include_primary_key = true)
attributes.inject({}) do |quoted, (name, value)|
if column = column_for_attribute(name)
quoted[name] = quote(value, column) unless !include_primary_key && column.primary
end
quoted
end
end
# Quote strings appropriately for SQL statements.
def quote(value, column = nil)
self.class.connection.quote(value, column)
end
# Interpolate custom sql string in instance context.
# Optional record argument is meant for custom insert_sql.
def interpolate_sql(sql, record = nil)
instance_eval("%@#{sql.gsub('@', '\@')}@")
end
# Initializes the attributes array with keys matching the columns from the linked table and
# the values matching the corresponding default value of that column, so
# that a new instance, or one populated from a passed-in Hash, still has all the attributes
# that instances loaded from the database would.
def attributes_from_column_definition
self.class.columns.inject({}) do |attributes, column|
attributes[column.name] = column.default unless column.name == self.class.primary_key
attributes
end
end
# Instantiates objects for all attribute classes that needs more than one constructor parameter. This is done
# by calling new on the column type or aggregation type (through composed_of) object with these parameters.
# So having the pairs written_on(1) = "2004", written_on(2) = "6", written_on(3) = "24", will instantiate
# written_on (a date type) with Date.new("2004", "6", "24"). You can also specify a typecast character in the
# parentheses to have the parameters typecasted before they're used in the constructor. Use i for Fixnum, f for Float,
# s for String, and a for Array. If all the values for a given attribute is empty, the attribute will be set to nil.
def assign_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(
extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
)
end
# Includes an ugly hack for Time.local instead of Time.new because the latter is reserved by Time itself.
def execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(callstack)
errors = []
callstack.each do |name, values|
klass = (self.class.reflect_on_aggregation(name) || column_for_attribute(name)).klass
if values.empty?
send(name + "=", nil)
else
begin
send(name + "=", Time == klass ? klass.local(*values) : klass.new(*values))
rescue => ex
errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values.inspect} to #{name}", ex, name)
end
end
end
unless errors.empty?
raise MultiparameterAssignmentErrors.new(errors), "#{errors.size} error(s) on assignment of multiparameter attributes"
end
end
def extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
attributes = { }
for pair in pairs
multiparameter_name, value = pair
attribute_name = multiparameter_name.split("(").first
attributes[attribute_name] = [] unless attributes.include?(attribute_name)
unless value.empty?
attributes[attribute_name] <<
[ find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name), type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value) ]
end
end
attributes.each { |name, values| attributes[name] = values.sort_by{ |v| v.first }.collect { |v| v.last } }
end
def type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value)
multiparameter_name =~ /\([0-9]*([a-z])\)/ ? value.send("to_" + $1) : value
end
def find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name)
multiparameter_name.scan(/\(([0-9]*).*\)/).first.first
end
# Returns a comma-separated pair list, like "key1 = val1, key2 = val2".
def comma_pair_list(hash)
hash.inject([]) { |list, pair| list << "#{pair.first} = #{pair.last}" }.join(", ")
end
def quoted_column_names(attributes = attributes_with_quotes)
attributes.keys.collect do |column_name|
self.class.connection.quote_column_name(column_name)
end
end
def quote_columns(quoter, hash)
hash.inject({}) do |quoted, (name, value)|
quoted[quoter.quote_column_name(name)] = value
quoted
end
end
def quoted_comma_pair_list(quoter, hash)
comma_pair_list(quote_columns(quoter, hash))
end
def object_from_yaml(string)
return string unless string.is_a?(String)
YAML::load(string) rescue string
end
def clone_attributes(reader_method = :read_attribute, attributes = {})
self.attribute_names.inject(attributes) do |attributes, name|
attributes[name] = clone_attribute_value(reader_method, name)
attributes
end
end
def clone_attribute_value(reader_method, attribute_name)
value = send(reader_method, attribute_name)
value.clone
rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
value
end
end
end
|