1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
|
require 'active_support/base64'
require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
module ActionController
module HttpAuthentication
# Makes it dead easy to do HTTP \Basic and \Digest authentication.
#
# === Simple \Basic example
#
# class PostsController < ApplicationController
# USER_NAME, PASSWORD = "dhh", "secret"
#
# before_filter :authenticate, :except => [ :index ]
#
# def index
# render :text => "Everyone can see me!"
# end
#
# def edit
# render :text => "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
# end
#
# private
# def authenticate
# authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic do |user_name, password|
# user_name == USER_NAME && password == PASSWORD
# end
# end
# end
#
#
# === Advanced \Basic example
#
# Here is a more advanced \Basic example where only Atom feeds and the XML API is protected by HTTP authentication,
# the regular HTML interface is protected by a session approach:
#
# class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
# before_filter :set_account, :authenticate
#
# protected
# def set_account
# @account = Account.find_by_url_name(request.subdomains.first)
# end
#
# def authenticate
# case request.format
# when Mime::XML, Mime::ATOM
# if user = authenticate_with_http_basic { |u, p| @account.users.authenticate(u, p) }
# @current_user = user
# else
# request_http_basic_authentication
# end
# else
# if session_authenticated?
# @current_user = @account.users.find(session[:authenticated][:user_id])
# else
# redirect_to(login_url) and return false
# end
# end
# end
# end
#
# In your integration tests, you can do something like this:
#
# def test_access_granted_from_xml
# get(
# "/notes/1.xml", nil,
# 'HTTP_AUTHORIZATION' => ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic.encode_credentials(users(:dhh).name, users(:dhh).password)
# )
#
# assert_equal 200, status
# end
#
# === Simple \Digest example
#
# require 'digest/md5'
# class PostsController < ApplicationController
# REALM = "SuperSecret"
# USERS = {"dhh" => "secret", #plain text password
# "dap" => Digest:MD5::hexdigest(["dap",REALM,"secret"].join(":")) #ha1 digest password
#
# before_filter :authenticate, :except => [:index]
#
# def index
# render :text => "Everyone can see me!"
# end
#
# def edit
# render :text => "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
# end
#
# private
# def authenticate
# authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest(REALM) do |username|
# USERS[username]
# end
# end
# end
#
# === Notes
#
# The +authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest+ block must return the user's password
# or the ha1 digest hash so the framework can appropriately hash to check the user's
# credentials. Returning +nil+ will cause authentication to fail.
#
# Storing the ha1 hash: MD5(username:realm:password), is better than storing a plain password. If
# the password file or database is compromised, the attacker would be able to use the ha1 hash to
# authenticate as the user at this +realm+, but would not have the user's password to try using at
# other sites.
#
# In rare instances, web servers or front proxies strip authorization headers before
# they reach your application. You can debug this situation by logging all environment
# variables, and check for HTTP_AUTHORIZATION, amongst others.
module Basic
extend self
module ControllerMethods
def authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic(realm = "Application", &login_procedure)
authenticate_with_http_basic(&login_procedure) || request_http_basic_authentication(realm)
end
def authenticate_with_http_basic(&login_procedure)
HttpAuthentication::Basic.authenticate(request, &login_procedure)
end
def request_http_basic_authentication(realm = "Application")
HttpAuthentication::Basic.authentication_request(self, realm)
end
end
def authenticate(request, &login_procedure)
unless request.authorization.blank?
login_procedure.call(*user_name_and_password(request))
end
end
def user_name_and_password(request)
decode_credentials(request).split(/:/, 2)
end
def decode_credentials(request)
ActiveSupport::Base64.decode64(request.authorization.split(' ', 2).last || '')
end
def encode_credentials(user_name, password)
"Basic #{ActiveSupport::Base64.encode64("#{user_name}:#{password}")}"
end
def authentication_request(controller, realm)
controller.headers["WWW-Authenticate"] = %(Basic realm="#{realm.gsub(/"/, "")}")
controller.response_body = "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n"
controller.status = 401
end
end
module Digest
extend self
module ControllerMethods
def authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest(realm = "Application", &password_procedure)
authenticate_with_http_digest(realm, &password_procedure) || request_http_digest_authentication(realm)
end
# Authenticate with HTTP Digest, returns true or false
def authenticate_with_http_digest(realm = "Application", &password_procedure)
HttpAuthentication::Digest.authenticate(request, realm, &password_procedure)
end
# Render output including the HTTP Digest authentication header
def request_http_digest_authentication(realm = "Application", message = nil)
HttpAuthentication::Digest.authentication_request(self, realm, message)
end
end
# Returns false on a valid response, true otherwise
def authenticate(request, realm, &password_procedure)
request.authorization && validate_digest_response(request, realm, &password_procedure)
end
# Returns false unless the request credentials response value matches the expected value.
# First try the password as a ha1 digest password. If this fails, then try it as a plain
# text password.
def validate_digest_response(request, realm, &password_procedure)
secret_key = secret_token(request)
credentials = decode_credentials_header(request)
valid_nonce = validate_nonce(secret_key, request, credentials[:nonce])
if valid_nonce && realm == credentials[:realm] && opaque(secret_key) == credentials[:opaque]
password = password_procedure.call(credentials[:username])
return false unless password
method = request.env['rack.methodoverride.original_method'] || request.env['REQUEST_METHOD']
uri = credentials[:uri][0,1] == '/' ? request.fullpath : request.url
[true, false].any? do |password_is_ha1|
expected = expected_response(method, uri, credentials, password, password_is_ha1)
expected == credentials[:response]
end
end
end
# Returns the expected response for a request of +http_method+ to +uri+ with the decoded +credentials+ and the expected +password+
# Optional parameter +password_is_ha1+ is set to +true+ by default, since best practice is to store ha1 digest instead
# of a plain-text password.
def expected_response(http_method, uri, credentials, password, password_is_ha1=true)
ha1 = password_is_ha1 ? password : ha1(credentials, password)
ha2 = ::Digest::MD5.hexdigest([http_method.to_s.upcase, uri].join(':'))
::Digest::MD5.hexdigest([ha1, credentials[:nonce], credentials[:nc], credentials[:cnonce], credentials[:qop], ha2].join(':'))
end
def ha1(credentials, password)
::Digest::MD5.hexdigest([credentials[:username], credentials[:realm], password].join(':'))
end
def encode_credentials(http_method, credentials, password, password_is_ha1)
credentials[:response] = expected_response(http_method, credentials[:uri], credentials, password, password_is_ha1)
"Digest " + credentials.sort_by {|x| x[0].to_s }.map {|v| "#{v[0]}='#{v[1]}'" }.join(', ')
end
def decode_credentials_header(request)
decode_credentials(request.authorization)
end
def decode_credentials(header)
Hash[header.to_s.gsub(/^Digest\s+/,'').split(',').map do |pair|
key, value = pair.split('=', 2)
[key.strip.to_sym, value.to_s.gsub(/^"|"$/,'').gsub(/'/, '')]
end]
end
def authentication_header(controller, realm)
secret_key = secret_token(controller.request)
nonce = self.nonce(secret_key)
opaque = opaque(secret_key)
controller.headers["WWW-Authenticate"] = %(Digest realm="#{realm}", qop="auth", algorithm=MD5, nonce="#{nonce}", opaque="#{opaque}")
end
def authentication_request(controller, realm, message = nil)
message ||= "HTTP Digest: Access denied.\n"
authentication_header(controller, realm)
controller.response_body = message
controller.status = 401
end
def secret_token(request)
secret = request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"]
raise "You must set config.secret_token in your app's config" if secret.blank?
secret
end
# Uses an MD5 digest based on time to generate a value to be used only once.
#
# A server-specified data string which should be uniquely generated each time a 401 response is made.
# It is recommended that this string be base64 or hexadecimal data.
# Specifically, since the string is passed in the header lines as a quoted string, the double-quote character is not allowed.
#
# The contents of the nonce are implementation dependent.
# The quality of the implementation depends on a good choice.
# A nonce might, for example, be constructed as the base 64 encoding of
#
# => time-stamp H(time-stamp ":" ETag ":" private-key)
#
# where time-stamp is a server-generated time or other non-repeating value,
# ETag is the value of the HTTP ETag header associated with the requested entity,
# and private-key is data known only to the server.
# With a nonce of this form a server would recalculate the hash portion after receiving the client authentication header and
# reject the request if it did not match the nonce from that header or
# if the time-stamp value is not recent enough. In this way the server can limit the time of the nonce's validity.
# The inclusion of the ETag prevents a replay request for an updated version of the resource.
# (Note: including the IP address of the client in the nonce would appear to offer the server the ability
# to limit the reuse of the nonce to the same client that originally got it.
# However, that would break proxy farms, where requests from a single user often go through different proxies in the farm.
# Also, IP address spoofing is not that hard.)
#
# An implementation might choose not to accept a previously used nonce or a previously used digest, in order to
# protect against a replay attack. Or, an implementation might choose to use one-time nonces or digests for
# POST or PUT requests and a time-stamp for GET requests. For more details on the issues involved see Section 4
# of this document.
#
# The nonce is opaque to the client. Composed of Time, and hash of Time with secret
# key from the Rails session secret generated upon creation of project. Ensures
# the time cannot be modified by client.
def nonce(secret_key, time = Time.now)
t = time.to_i
hashed = [t, secret_key]
digest = ::Digest::MD5.hexdigest(hashed.join(":"))
ActiveSupport::Base64.encode64("#{t}:#{digest}").gsub("\n", '')
end
# Might want a shorter timeout depending on whether the request
# is a PUT or POST, and if client is browser or web service.
# Can be much shorter if the Stale directive is implemented. This would
# allow a user to use new nonce without prompting user again for their
# username and password.
def validate_nonce(secret_key, request, value, seconds_to_timeout=5*60)
t = ActiveSupport::Base64.decode64(value).split(":").first.to_i
nonce(secret_key, t) == value && (t - Time.now.to_i).abs <= seconds_to_timeout
end
# Opaque based on random generation - but changing each request?
def opaque(secret_key)
::Digest::MD5.hexdigest(secret_key)
end
end
# Makes it dead easy to do HTTP Token authentication.
#
# Simple Token example:
#
# class PostsController < ApplicationController
# TOKEN = "secret"
#
# before_filter :authenticate, :except => [ :index ]
#
# def index
# render :text => "Everyone can see me!"
# end
#
# def edit
# render :text => "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
# end
#
# private
# def authenticate
# authenticate_or_request_with_http_token do |token, options|
# token == TOKEN
# end
# end
# end
#
#
# Here is a more advanced Token example where only Atom feeds and the XML API is protected by HTTP token authentication,
# the regular HTML interface is protected by a session approach:
#
# class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
# before_filter :set_account, :authenticate
#
# protected
# def set_account
# @account = Account.find_by_url_name(request.subdomains.first)
# end
#
# def authenticate
# case request.format
# when Mime::XML, Mime::ATOM
# if user = authenticate_with_http_token { |t, o| @account.users.authenticate(t, o) }
# @current_user = user
# else
# request_http_token_authentication
# end
# else
# if session_authenticated?
# @current_user = @account.users.find(session[:authenticated][:user_id])
# else
# redirect_to(login_url) and return false
# end
# end
# end
# end
#
#
# In your integration tests, you can do something like this:
#
# def test_access_granted_from_xml
# get(
# "/notes/1.xml", nil,
# :authorization => ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.encode_credentials(users(:dhh).token)
# )
#
# assert_equal 200, status
# end
#
#
# On shared hosts, Apache sometimes doesn't pass authentication headers to
# FCGI instances. If your environment matches this description and you cannot
# authenticate, try this rule in your Apache setup:
#
# RewriteRule ^(.*)$ dispatch.fcgi [E=X-HTTP_AUTHORIZATION:%{HTTP:Authorization},QSA,L]
module Token
extend self
module ControllerMethods
def authenticate_or_request_with_http_token(realm = "Application", &login_procedure)
authenticate_with_http_token(&login_procedure) || request_http_token_authentication(realm)
end
def authenticate_with_http_token(&login_procedure)
Token.authenticate(self, &login_procedure)
end
def request_http_token_authentication(realm = "Application")
Token.authentication_request(self, realm)
end
end
# If token Authorization header is present, call the login procedure with
# the present token and options.
#
# controller - ActionController::Base instance for the current request.
# login_procedure - Proc to call if a token is present. The Proc should
# take 2 arguments:
# authenticate(controller) { |token, options| ... }
#
# Returns the return value of `&login_procedure` if a token is found.
# Returns nil if no token is found.
def authenticate(controller, &login_procedure)
token, options = token_and_options(controller.request)
if !token.blank?
login_procedure.call(token, options)
end
end
# Parses the token and options out of the token authorization header. If
# the header looks like this:
# Authorization: Token token="abc", nonce="def"
# Then the returned token is "abc", and the options is {:nonce => "def"}
#
# request - ActionDispatch::Request instance with the current headers.
#
# Returns an Array of [String, Hash] if a token is present.
# Returns nil if no token is found.
def token_and_options(request)
if header = request.authorization.to_s[/^Token (.*)/]
values = Hash[$1.split(',').map do |value|
value.strip! # remove any spaces between commas and values
key, value = value.split(/\=\"?/) # split key=value pairs
value.chomp!('"') # chomp trailing " in value
value.gsub!(/\\\"/, '"') # unescape remaining quotes
[key, value]
end]
[values.delete("token"), values.with_indifferent_access]
end
end
# Encodes the given token and options into an Authorization header value.
#
# token - String token.
# options - optional Hash of the options.
#
# Returns String.
def encode_credentials(token, options = {})
values = ["token=#{token.to_s.inspect}"]
options.each do |key, value|
values << "#{key}=#{value.to_s.inspect}"
end
"Token #{values * ", "}"
end
# Sets a WWW-Authenticate to let the client know a token is desired.
#
# controller - ActionController::Base instance for the outgoing response.
# realm - String realm to use in the header.
#
# Returns nothing.
def authentication_request(controller, realm)
controller.headers["WWW-Authenticate"] = %(Token realm="#{realm.gsub(/"/, "")}")
controller.__send__ :render, :text => "HTTP Token: Access denied.\n", :status => :unauthorized
end
end
end
end
|