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diff --git a/railties/doc/guides/source/testing_rails_applications.txt b/railties/doc/guides/source/testing_rails_applications.txt index dc7635eff9..6cced2fdd1 100644 --- a/railties/doc/guides/source/testing_rails_applications.txt +++ b/railties/doc/guides/source/testing_rails_applications.txt @@ -11,18 +11,17 @@ This guide won't teach you to write a Rails application; it assumes basic famili == Why Write Tests for your Rails Applications? == - * Because Ruby code that you write in your Rails application is interpreted, you may only find that it's broken when you actually run your application server and use it through the browser. Writing tests is a clean way of running through your code in advance and catching syntactical and logic errors. - * Rails tests can also simulate browser requests and thus you can test your application's response without having to test it through your browser. - * By simply running your Rails tests you can ensure your code adheres to the desired functionality even after some major code refactoring. * Rails makes it super easy to write your tests. It starts by producing skeleton test code in background while you are creating your models and controllers. + * By simply running your Rails tests you can ensure your code adheres to the desired functionality even after some major code refactoring. + * Rails tests can also simulate browser requests and thus you can test your application's response without having to test it through your browser. -== Before you Start Writing Tests == +== Introduction to Testing == -Just about every Rails application interacts heavily with a database - and, as a result, your tests will need a database to interact with as well. To write efficient tests, you'll need to understand how to set up this database and populate it with sample data. +Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn't an "oh! let's bolt on support for running tests because they're new and cool" epiphany. Just about every Rails application interacts heavily with a database - and, as a result, your tests will need a database to interact with as well. To write efficient tests, you'll need to understand how to set up this database and populate it with sample data. === The 3 Environments === -Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn't an "oh! let's bolt on support for running tests because they're new and cool" epiphany. One of the consequences of this design decision is that every Rails application you build has 3 sides: a side for production, a side for development, and a side for testing. +Every Rails application you build has 3 sides: a side for production, a side for development, and a side for testing. One place you'll find this distinction is in the +config/database.yml+ file. This YAML configuration file has 3 different sections defining 3 unique database setups: @@ -55,11 +54,11 @@ For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data. In Rai ==== What Are Fixtures? ==== -_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent and assume one of two formats: *YAML* or *CSV*. +_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent and assume one of two formats: *YAML* or *CSV*. In this guide we will use *YAML* which is the preferred format. You'll find fixtures under your +test/fixtures+ directory. When you run +script/generate model+ to create a new model, fixture stubs will be automatically created and placed in this directory. -==== YAML the Camel is a Mammal with Enamel ==== +==== YAML ==== YAML-formatted fixtures are a very human-friendly way to describe your sample data. These types of fixtures have the *.yml* file extension (as in +users.yml+). @@ -69,13 +68,11 @@ Here's a sample YAML fixture file: --------------------------------------------- # low & behold! I am a YAML comment! david: - id: 1 name: David Heinemeier Hansson birthday: 1979-10-15 profession: Systems development steve: - id: 2 name: Steve Ross Kellock birthday: 1974-09-27 profession: guy with keyboard @@ -83,56 +80,24 @@ steve: Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are separated by a blank space. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column. -==== Comma Seperated ==== - -Fixtures can also be described using the all-too-familiar comma-separated value (CSV) file format. These files, just like YAML fixtures, are placed in the 'test/fixtures' directory, but these end with the +.csv+ file extension (as in +celebrity_holiday_figures.csv+). - -A CSV fixture looks like this: - -[source, log] --------------------------------------------------------------- -id, username, password, stretchable, comments -1, sclaus, ihatekids, false, I like to say ""Ho! Ho! Ho!"" -2, ebunny, ihateeggs, true, Hoppity hop y'all -3, tfairy, ilovecavities, true, "Pull your teeth, I will" --------------------------------------------------------------- - -The first line is the header. It is a comma-separated list of fields. The rest of the file is the payload: 1 record per line. A few notes about this format: - - * Leading and trailing spaces are trimmed from each value when it is imported - * If you use a comma as data, the cell must be encased in quotes - * If you use a quote as data, you must escape it with a 2nd quote - * Don't use blank lines - * Nulls can be defined by including no data between a pair of commas - -Unlike the YAML format where you give each record in a fixture a name, CSV fixture names are automatically generated. They follow a pattern of "model-name-counter". In the above example, you would have: - -* +celebrity-holiday-figures-1+ -* +celebrity-holiday-figures-2+ -* +celebrity-holiday-figures-3+ - -The CSV format is great to use if you have existing data in a spreadsheet or database and you are able to save it (or export it) as a CSV. - ==== ERb'in It Up ==== ERb allows you embed ruby code within templates. Both the YAML and CSV fixture formats are pre-processed with ERb when you load fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data. -I'll demonstrate with a YAML file: - [source, ruby] -------------------------------------------------------------- <% earth_size = 20 -%> mercury: - id: 1 size: <%= earth_size / 50 %> + brightest_on: <%= 113.days.ago.to_s(:db) %> venus: - id: 2 size: <%= earth_size / 2 %> + brightest_on: <%= 67.days.ago.to_s(:db) %> mars: - id: 3 size: <%= earth_size - 69 %> + brightest_on: <%= 13.days.from_now.to_s(:db) %> -------------------------------------------------------------- Anything encased within the @@ -142,7 +107,7 @@ Anything encased within the <% %> ------------------------ -tag is considered Ruby code. When this fixture is loaded, the +size+ attribute of the three records will be set to 20/50, 20/2, and 20-69 respectively. +tag is considered Ruby code. When this fixture is loaded, the +size+ attribute of the three records will be set to 20/50, 20/2, and 20-69 respectively. The +brightest_on+ attribute will also be evaluated and formatted by Rails to be compatible with the database. ==== Fixtures in Action ==== @@ -165,9 +130,7 @@ users(:david) users(:david).id -------------------------------------------------------------- -But, by there's another side to fixtures... at night, if the moon is full and the wind completely still, fixtures can also transform themselves into the form of the original class! - -Now you can get at the methods only available to that class. +Fixtures can also transform themselves into the form of the original class. Thus, you can get at the methods only available to that class. [source, ruby] -------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -178,15 +141,18 @@ david = users(:david).find email(david.girlfriend.email, david.location_tonight) -------------------------------------------------------------- -== Unit Testing Your Models == +== Unit Testing your Models == In Rails, unit tests are what you write to test your models. -When you create a model using +script/generate+, among other things it creates a test stub in the +test/unit+ folder, as well as a fixture for the model: +For this guide we will be using Rails _scaffolding_. It will create the model, a migration, controller and views for the new resource in a single operation. It will also create a full test suite following Rails best practises. I will be using examples from this generated code and would be supplementing it with additional examples where necessary. + +NOTE: For more information on Rails _scaffolding_, refer to link:../getting_started_with_rails.html[Getting Started with Rails] + +When you use +script/generate scaffold+, for a resource among other things it creates a test stub in the +test/unit+ folder: -[source, log] ------------------------------------------------------- -$ script/generate model Post +$ script/generate scaffold post title:string body:text ... create app/models/post.rb create test/unit/post_test.rb @@ -245,6 +211,36 @@ This line of code is called an _assertion_. An assertion is a line of code that Every test contains one or more assertions. Only when all the assertions are successful the test passes. +=== Preparing you Application for Testing === + +Before you can run your tests you need to ensure that the test database structure is current. For this you can use the following rake commands: + +[source, shell] +------------------------------------------------------- +$ rake db:migrate +... +$ rake db:test:load +------------------------------------------------------- + +Above +rake db:migrate+ runs any pending migrations on the _developemnt_ environment and updates +db/schema.rb+. +rake db:test:load+ recreates the test database from the current db/schema.rb. On subsequent attempts it is a good to first run +db:test:prepare+ as it first checks for pending migrations and warns you appropriately. + +NOTE: +db:test:prepare+ will fail with an error if db/schema.rb doesn't exists. + +==== Rake Tasks for Preparing you Application for Testing == + +[grid="all"] +--------------------------------`---------------------------------------------------- +Tasks Description +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ++rake db:test:clone+ Recreate the test database from the current environment's database schema ++rake db:test:clone_structure+ Recreate the test databases from the development structure ++rake db:test:load+ Recreate the test database from the current +schema.rb+ ++rake db:test:prepare+ Check for pending migrations and load the test schema ++rake db:test:purge+ Empty the test database. +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +TIP: You can see all these rake tasks and their descriptions by running +rake --tasks --describe+ + === Running Tests === Running a test is as simple as invoking the file containing the test cases through Ruby: @@ -266,7 +262,6 @@ This will run all the test methods from the test case. You can also run a particular test method from the test case by using the +-n+ switch with the +test method name+. -[source, log] ------------------------------------------------------- $ ruby unit/post_test.rb -n test_truth @@ -280,67 +275,90 @@ Finished in 0.023513 seconds. The +.+ (dot) above indicates a passing test. When a test fails you see an +F+; when a test throws an error you see an +E+ in its place. The last line of the output is the summary. -To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the +post_test.rb+ test case: +To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the +post_test.rb+ test case. [source,ruby] -------------------------------------------------- -def test_should_have_atleast_one_post - post = Post.find(:first) - assert_not_nil post +def test_should_not_save_post_without_title + post = Post.new + assert !post.save end -------------------------------------------------- -If you haven't added any data to the test fixture for posts, this test will fail. You can see this by running it: +Let us run this newly added test. -[source, log] ------------------------------------------------------- -$ ruby unit/post_test.rb +$ ruby unit/post_test.rb -n test_should_not_save_post_without_title Loaded suite unit/post_test Started -F. -Finished in 0.027274 seconds. +F +Finished in 0.197094 seconds. 1) Failure: -test_should_have_atleast_one_post(PostTest) - [unit/post_test.rb:12:in `test_should_have_atleast_one_post' +test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) + [unit/post_test.rb:11:in `test_should_not_save_post_without_title' /opt/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.1.1/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb:33:in `__send__' /opt/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.1.1/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb:33:in `run']: -<nil> expected to not be nil. +<false> is not true. -2 tests, 2 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors +1 tests, 1 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors ------------------------------------------------------- In the output, +F+ denotes a failure. You can see the corresponding trace shown under +1)+ along with the name of the failing test. The next few lines contain the stack trace followed by a message which mentions the actual value and the expected value by the assertion. The default assertion messages provide just enough information to help pinpoint the error. To make the assertion failure message more readable every assertion provides an optional message parameter, as shown here: [source,ruby] -------------------------------------------------- -def test_should_have_atleast_one_post - post = Post.find(:first) - assert_not_nil post, "Should not be nil as Posts table should have atleast one post" +def test_should_not_save_post_without_title + post = Post.new + assert !post.save, "Saved the post without a title" end -------------------------------------------------- Running this test shows the friendlier assertion message: -[source, log] ------------------------------------------------------- -$ ruby unit/post_test.rb +$ ruby unit/post_test.rb -n test_should_not_save_post_without_title Loaded suite unit/post_test Started -F. -Finished in 0.024727 seconds. +F +Finished in 0.198093 seconds. 1) Failure: -test_should_have_atleast_one_post(PostTest) - [unit/post_test.rb:11:in `test_should_have_atleast_one_post' +test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) + [unit/post_test.rb:11:in `test_should_not_save_post_without_title' /opt/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.1.1/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb:33:in `__send__' /opt/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.1.1/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb:33:in `run']: -Should not be nil as Posts table should have atleast one post. -<nil> expected to not be nil. +Saved the post without a title. +<false> is not true. + +1 tests, 1 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors +------------------------------------------------------- + +Now to get this test to pass we can add a model level validation for the _title_ field. + +[source,ruby] +-------------------------------------------------- +class Post < ActiveRecord::Base + validates_presence_of :title +end +-------------------------------------------------- + +Now the test should pass. Let us verify by running the test again: + +------------------------------------------------------- +$ ruby unit/post_test.rb -n test_should_not_save_post_without_title +Loaded suite unit/post_test +Started +. +Finished in 0.193608 seconds. -2 tests, 2 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors +1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors ------------------------------------------------------- +Now if you noticed we first wrote a test which fails for a desired functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is referred to as _Test-Driven Development_ (TDD). + +TIP: Many Rails developers practice _Test-Driven Development_ (TDD). This is an excellent way to build up a test suite that exercises every part of your application. TDD is beyond the scope of this guide, but one place to start is with link:http://andrzejonsoftware.blogspot.com/2007/05/15-tdd-steps-to-create-rails.html[15 TDD steps to create a Rails application]. + To see how an error gets reported, here's a test containing an error: [source,ruby] @@ -354,31 +372,22 @@ end Now you can see even more output in the console from running the tests: -[source, log] ------------------------------------------------------- -$ ruby unit/post_test.rb +$ ruby unit/post_test.rb -n test_should_report_error Loaded suite unit/post_test Started -FE. -Finished in 0.108389 seconds. - - 1) Failure: -test_should_have_atleast_one_post(PostTest) - [unit/post_test.rb:11:in `test_should_have_atleast_one_post' - /opt/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.1.1/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb:33:in `__send__' - /opt/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.1.1/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb:33:in `run']: -Should not be nil as Posts table should have atleast one post. -<nil> expected to not be nil. +E +Finished in 0.195757 seconds. - 2) Error: + 1) Error: test_should_report_error(PostTest): -NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<PostTest:0x304a7b0> +NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<PostTest:0x2cc9de8> /opt/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/actionpack-2.1.1/lib/action_controller/test_process.rb:467:in `method_missing' - unit/post_test.rb:15:in `test_should_report_error' + unit/post_test.rb:16:in `test_should_report_error' /opt/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.1.1/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb:33:in `__send__' /opt/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/activesupport-2.1.1/lib/active_support/testing/setup_and_teardown.rb:33:in `run' -3 tests, 2 assertions, 1 failures, 1 errors +1 tests, 0 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors ------------------------------------------------------- Notice the 'E' in the output. It denotes a test with error. @@ -389,8 +398,6 @@ NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or a assertio Ideally you would like to include a test for everything which could possibly break. It's a good practice to have at least one test for each of your validations and at least one test for every method in your model. -TIP: Many Rails developers practice _test-driven development_ (TDD), in which the tests are written _before_ the code that they are testing. This is an excellent way to build up a test suite that exercises every part of your application. TDD is beyond the scope of this guide, but one place to start is with link:http://andrzejonsoftware.blogspot.com/2007/05/15-tdd-steps-to-create-rails.html[15 TDD steps to create a Rails application]. - === Assertions Available === By now you've caught a glimpse of some of the assertions that are available. Assertions are the worker bees of testing. They are the ones that actually perform the checks to ensure that things are going as planned. @@ -460,32 +467,9 @@ You should test for things such as: * was the correct object stored in the response template? * was the appropriate message displayed to the user in the view -When you use +script/generate+ to create a controller, it automatically creates a functional test for that controller in +test/functional+. For example, if you create a post controller: - -[source, shell] -------------------------------------------------------- -$ script/generate controller post -... - create app/controllers/post_controller.rb - create test/functional/post_controller_test.rb -... -------------------------------------------------------- - -Now if you take a look at the file +posts_controller_test.rb+ in the +test/functional+ directory, you should see: - -[source,ruby] --------------------------------------------------- -require 'test_helper' - -class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase - # Replace this with your real tests. - def test_truth - assert true - end -end --------------------------------------------------- +Now that we have used Rails scaffold generator for our +Post+ resource, it has already created the controller code and functional tests. You can take look at the file +posts_controller_test.rb+ in the +test/functional+ directory. -Of course, you need to replace the simple assertion with real testing. Here's a starting example of a functional test: +Let me take you through one such test, +test_should_get_index+ from the file +posts_controller_test.rb+. [source,ruby] -------------------------------------------------- @@ -519,7 +503,24 @@ Another example: Calling the +:view+ action, passing an +id+ of 12 as the +param get(:view, {'id' => '12'}, nil, {'message' => 'booya!'}) -------------------------------------------------- -=== Available Request Types for Functional Tests=== +NOTE: If you try running +test_should_create_post+ test from +posts_controller_test.rb+ it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so. + +Let us modify +test_should_create_post+ test in +posts_controller_test.rb+ so that all our test pass: + +[source,ruby] +-------------------------------------------------- +def test_should_create_post + assert_difference('Post.count') do + post :create, :post => { :title => 'Some title'} + end + + assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post)) +end +-------------------------------------------------- + +Now you can try running all the tests and they should pass. + +=== Available Request Types for Functional Tests === If you're familiar with the HTTP protocol, you'll know that +get+ is a type of request. There are 5 request types supported in Rails functional tests: @@ -762,6 +763,130 @@ class UserFlowsTest < ActionController::IntegrationTest end -------------------------------------------------- +== Rake Tasks for Running your Tests == + +You don't need to set up and run your tests by hand on a test-by-test basis. Rails comes with a number of rake tasks to help in testing. The table below lists all rake tasks that come along in the default Rakefile when you initiate a Rail project. + +[grid="all"] +--------------------------------`---------------------------------------------------- +Tasks Description +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ++rake test+ Runs all unit, functional and integration tests. You can also simply run +rake+ as the _test_ target is the default. ++rake test:units+ Runs all the unit tests from +test/unit+ ++rake test:functionals+ Runs all the functional tests from +test/functional+ ++rake test:integration+ Runs all the integration tests from +test/integration+ ++rake test:recent+ Tests recent changes ++rake test:uncommitted+ Runs all the tests which are uncommitted. Only supports Subversion ++rake test:plugins+ Run all the plugin tests from +vendor/plugins/*/**/test+ (or specify with +PLUGIN=_name_+) +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + +== Brief Note About Test::Unit == + +Ruby ships with a boat load of libraries. One little gem of a library is +Test::Unit+, a framework for unit testing in Ruby. All the basic assertions discussed above are actually defined in +Test::Unit::Assertions+. The class +ActiveSupport::TestCase+ which we have been using in our unit and functional tests extends +Test::Unit::TestCase+ that it is how we can use all the basic assertions in our tests. + +NOTE: For more information on +Test::Unit+, refer to link:http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/test/unit/rdoc/[test/unit Documentation] + +== Setup and Teardown == + +If you would like to run a block of code before the start of each test and another block of code after the end of each test you have two special callbacks for your rescue. Let's take note of this by looking at an example for our functional test in +Posts+ controller: + +[source,ruby] +-------------------------------------------------- +require 'test_helper' + +class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase + + # called before every single test + def setup + @post = posts(:one) + end + + # called after every single test + def teardown + # as we are re-initializing @post before every test + # setting it to nil here is not essential but I hope + # you understand how you can use the teardown method + @post = nil + end + + def test_should_show_post + get :show, :id => @post.id + assert_response :success + end + + def test_should_destroy_post + assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do + delete :destroy, :id => @post.id + end + + assert_redirected_to posts_path + end + +end +-------------------------------------------------- + +Above, the +setup+ method is called before each test and so +@post+ is available for each of the tests. Rails implements +setup+ and +teardown+ as ActiveSupport::Callbacks. Which essentially means you need not only use +setup+ and +teardown+ as methods in your tests. You could specify them by using: + + * a block + * a method (like in the earlier example) + * a method name as a symbol + * a lambda + +Let's see the earlier example by specifying +setup+ callback by specifying a method name as a symbol: + +[source,ruby] +-------------------------------------------------- +require '../test_helper' + +class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase + + # called before every single test + setup :initialize_post + + # called after every single test + def teardown + @post = nil + end + + def test_should_show_post + get :show, :id => @post.id + assert_response :success + end + + def test_should_update_post + put :update, :id => @post.id, :post => { } + assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post)) + end + + def test_should_destroy_post + assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do + delete :destroy, :id => @post.id + end + + assert_redirected_to posts_path + end + + private + + def initialize_post + @post = posts(:one) + end + +end +-------------------------------------------------- + +== Testing Routes == + +Like everything else in you Rails application, it's recommended to test you routes. An example test for a route in the default +show+ action of +Posts+ controller above should look like: + +[source,ruby] +-------------------------------------------------- +def test_should_route_to_post + assert_routing '/posts/1', { :controller => "posts", :action => "show", :id => "1" } +end +-------------------------------------------------- + == Testing Your Mailers == Testing mailer classes requires some specific tools to do a thorough job. @@ -817,7 +942,6 @@ In this test, +@expected+ is an instance of +TMail::Mail+ that you can use in yo Here's the content of the +invite+ fixture: -[source, log] ------------------------------------------------- Hi friend@example.com, @@ -852,30 +976,6 @@ class UserControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase end ---------------------------------------------------------------- -== Rake Tasks for Testing - -You don't need to set up and run your tests by hand on a test-by-test basis. Rails comes with a number of rake tasks to help in testing. The table below lists all rake tasks that come along in the default Rakefile when you initiate a Rail project. - -[grid="all"] ---------------------------------`---------------------------------------------------- -Tasks Description ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -+rake test+ Runs all unit, functional and integration tests. You can also simply run +rake+ as the _test_ target is the default. -+rake test:units+ Runs all the unit tests from +test/unit+ -+rake test:functionals+ Runs all the functional tests from +test/functional+ -+rake test:integration+ Runs all the integration tests from +test/integration+ -+rake test:recent+ Tests recent changes -+rake test:uncommitted+ Runs all the tests which are uncommitted. Only supports Subversion -+rake test:plugins+ Run all the plugin tests from +vendor/plugins/*/**/test+ (or specify with +PLUGIN=_name_+) -+rake db:test:clone+ Recreate the test database from the current environment's database schema -+rake db:test:clone_structure+ Recreate the test databases from the development structure -+rake db:test:load+ Recreate the test database from the current +schema.rb+ -+rake db:test:prepare+ Check for pending migrations and load the test schema -+rake db:test:purge+ Empty the test database. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -TIP: You can see all these rake task and their descriptions by running +rake --tasks --describe+ - == Other Testing Approaches The built-in +test/unit+ based testing is not the only way to test Rails applications. Rails developers have come up with a wide variety of other approaches and aids for testing, including: @@ -889,6 +989,7 @@ The built-in +test/unit+ based testing is not the only way to test Rails applica http://rails.lighthouseapp.com/projects/16213-rails-guides/tickets/8[Lighthouse ticket] +* November 13, 2008: Revised based on feedback from Pratik Naik by link:../authors.html#asurve[Akshay Surve] (not yet approved for publication) * October 14, 2008: Edit and formatting pass by link:../authors.html#mgunderloy[Mike Gunderloy] (not yet approved for publication) -* October 12, 2008: First draft by link:../authors.html#asurve[Akashay Surve] (not yet approved for publication) +* October 12, 2008: First draft by link:../authors.html#asurve[Akshay Surve] (not yet approved for publication) |