diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'guides')
134 files changed, 3511 insertions, 1123 deletions
diff --git a/guides/CHANGELOG.md b/guides/CHANGELOG.md index d8b122d264..0307e06fd9 100644 --- a/guides/CHANGELOG.md +++ b/guides/CHANGELOG.md @@ -1 +1,6 @@ -Please check [5-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-1-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes. +* Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer. + + *Jeremy Daer* + + +Please check [5-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes. diff --git a/guides/assets/images/rails4_features.png b/guides/assets/images/4_0_release_notes/rails4_features.png Binary files differindex ac73f05cf7..ac73f05cf7 100644 --- a/guides/assets/images/rails4_features.png +++ b/guides/assets/images/4_0_release_notes/rails4_features.png diff --git a/guides/assets/images/akshaysurve.jpg b/guides/assets/images/akshaysurve.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index cfc3333958..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/akshaysurve.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/association_basics/belongs_to.png b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/belongs_to.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2b8c1d52ea --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/belongs_to.png diff --git a/guides/assets/images/association_basics/habtm.png b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/habtm.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7e508cc1a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/habtm.png diff --git a/guides/assets/images/association_basics/has_many.png b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/has_many.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000000..36ccf9f0f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/has_many.png diff --git a/guides/assets/images/association_basics/has_many_through.png b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/has_many_through.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9e9caabd73 --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/has_many_through.png diff --git a/guides/assets/images/association_basics/has_one.png b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/has_one.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c29c6b9c59 --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/has_one.png diff --git a/guides/assets/images/association_basics/has_one_through.png b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/has_one_through.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fdf13286c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/has_one_through.png diff --git a/guides/assets/images/association_basics/polymorphic.png b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/polymorphic.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d630db9e01 --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/assets/images/association_basics/polymorphic.png diff --git a/guides/assets/images/belongs_to.png b/guides/assets/images/belongs_to.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1a9926e578..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/belongs_to.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/credits_pic_blank.gif b/guides/assets/images/credits_pic_blank.gif Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a6b335d0c9..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/credits_pic_blank.gif +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/fxn.png b/guides/assets/images/fxn.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 733d380cba..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/fxn.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png Binary files differindex 44f89ec8de..88efe34a9d 100644 --- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png +++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 08c54f921f..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/habtm.png b/guides/assets/images/habtm.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 41013b743d..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/habtm.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/has_many.png b/guides/assets/images/has_many.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0d67bea38b..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/has_many.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/has_many_through.png b/guides/assets/images/has_many_through.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b4da60e1fb..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/has_many_through.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/has_one.png b/guides/assets/images/has_one.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c70763856a..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/has_one.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/has_one_through.png b/guides/assets/images/has_one_through.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 888a02b775..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/has_one_through.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/header_backdrop.png b/guides/assets/images/header_backdrop.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 81f4d91774..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/header_backdrop.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/README b/guides/assets/images/icons/README deleted file mode 100644 index 09da77fc86..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/README +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5 +0,0 @@ -Replaced the plain DocBook XSL admonition icons with Jimmac's DocBook -icons (http://jimmac.musichall.cz/ikony.php3). I dropped transparency -from the Jimmac icons to get round MS IE and FOP PNG incompatibilities. - -Stuart Rackham diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/1.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/1.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c5d02adcf4..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/1.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/10.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/10.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index fe89f9ef83..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/10.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/11.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/11.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3b7b9318e7..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/11.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/12.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/12.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7b95925e9d..0000000000 --- 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/dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/3.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/3.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 57a33d15b4..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/3.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/4.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/4.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f061ab02b8..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/4.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/5.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/5.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b4de02da11..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/5.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/6.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/6.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0e055eec1e..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/6.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/7.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/7.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5ead87d040..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/7.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/8.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/8.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index cb99545eb6..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/8.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/9.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/9.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0ac03602f6..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/callouts/9.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/caution.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/caution.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7227b54b32..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/caution.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/example.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/example.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a0e855befa..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/example.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/home.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/home.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e70e164522..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/home.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/important.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/important.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index bab53bf3aa..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/important.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/next.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/next.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a158832725..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/next.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/note.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/note.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 62eec7845f..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/note.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/prev.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/prev.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8a96960422..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/prev.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/tip.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/tip.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a5316d318f..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/tip.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/up.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/up.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 6cac818170..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/up.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/icons/warning.png b/guides/assets/images/icons/warning.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 72a8a5d873..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/icons/warning.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/oscardelben.jpg b/guides/assets/images/oscardelben.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9f3f67c2c7..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/oscardelben.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/polymorphic.png b/guides/assets/images/polymorphic.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e0a7f6d64a..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/polymorphic.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/radar.png b/guides/assets/images/radar.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 421b62b623..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/radar.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/rails_logo_remix.gif b/guides/assets/images/rails_logo_remix.gif Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 58960ee4f9..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/rails_logo_remix.gif +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/csrf.png b/guides/assets/images/security/csrf.png Binary files differindex a8123d47c3..a8123d47c3 100644 --- a/guides/assets/images/csrf.png +++ b/guides/assets/images/security/csrf.png diff --git a/guides/assets/images/session_fixation.png b/guides/assets/images/security/session_fixation.png Binary files differindex e009484f09..e009484f09 100644 --- a/guides/assets/images/session_fixation.png +++ b/guides/assets/images/security/session_fixation.png diff --git a/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.png b/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 053c807d28..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/tab_yellow.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/images/vijaydev.jpg b/guides/assets/images/vijaydev.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index fe5e4f1cb4..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/images/vijaydev.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js index e4d25dfb21..e39ac239cd 100644 --- a/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js +++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js @@ -1,53 +1,54 @@ -$.fn.selectGuide = function(guide) { - $("select", this).val(guide); -}; - -var guidesIndex = { - bind: function() { - var currentGuidePath = window.location.pathname; - var currentGuide = currentGuidePath.substring(currentGuidePath.lastIndexOf("/")+1); - $(".guides-index-small"). - on("change", "select", guidesIndex.navigate). - selectGuide(currentGuide); - $(document).on("click", ".more-info-button", function(e){ - e.stopPropagation(); - if ($(".more-info-links").is(":visible")) { - $(".more-info-links").addClass("s-hidden").unwrap(); - } else { - $(".more-info-links").wrap("<div class='more-info-container'></div>").removeClass("s-hidden"); - } - }); - $("#guidesMenu").on("click", function(e) { - $("#guides").toggle(); - return false; +(function() { + "use strict"; + + this.syntaxhighlighterConfig = { autoLinks: false }; + + this.wrap = function(elem, wrapper) { + elem.parentNode.insertBefore(wrapper, elem); + wrapper.appendChild(elem); + } + + this.unwrap = function(elem) { + var wrapper = elem.parentNode; + wrapper.parentNode.replaceChild(elem, wrapper); + } + + this.createElement = function(tagName, className) { + var elem = document.createElement(tagName); + elem.classList.add(className); + return elem; + } + + document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() { + var guidesMenu = document.getElementById("guidesMenu"); + var guides = document.getElementById("guides"); + + guidesMenu.addEventListener("click", function(e) { + e.preventDefault(); + guides.classList.toggle("visible"); }); - $(document).on("click", function(e){ - e.stopPropagation(); - var $button = $(".more-info-button"); - var element; - // Cross browser find the element that had the event - if (e.target) element = e.target; - else if (e.srcElement) element = e.srcElement; + var guidesIndexItem = document.querySelector("select.guides-index-item"); + var currentGuidePath = window.location.pathname; + guidesIndexItem.value = currentGuidePath.substring(currentGuidePath.lastIndexOf("/") + 1); - // Defeat the older Safari bug: - // http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_properties.html - if (element.nodeType === 3) element = element.parentNode; + guidesIndexItem.addEventListener("change", function(e) { + window.location = e.target.value; + }); - var $element = $(element); + var moreInfoButton = document.querySelector(".more-info-button"); + var moreInfoLinks = document.querySelector(".more-info-links"); - var $container = $element.parents(".more-info-container"); + moreInfoButton.addEventListener("click", function(e) { + e.preventDefault(); - // We've captured a click outside the popup - if($container.length === 0){ - $container = $button.next(".more-info-container"); - $container.find(".more-info-links").addClass("s-hidden").unwrap(); + if (moreInfoLinks.classList.contains("s-hidden")) { + wrap(moreInfoLinks, createElement("div", "more-info-container")); + moreInfoLinks.classList.remove("s-hidden"); + } else { + moreInfoLinks.classList.add("s-hidden"); + unwrap(moreInfoLinks); } }); - }, - navigate: function(e){ - var $list = $(e.target); - var url = $list.val(); - window.location = url; - } -}; + }); +}).call(this); diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/jquery.min.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/jquery.min.js deleted file mode 100644 index 93adea19fd..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/javascripts/jquery.min.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -/*! jQuery v1.7.2 jquery.com | jquery.org/license */ -(function(a,b){function cy(a){return f.isWindow(a)?a:a.nodeType===9?a.defaultView||a.parentWindow:!1}function cu(a){if(!cj[a]){var b=c.body,d=f("<"+a+">").appendTo(b),e=d.css("display");d.remove();if(e==="none"||e===""){ck||(ck=c.createElement("iframe"),ck.frameBorder=ck.width=ck.height=0),b.appendChild(ck);if(!cl||!ck.createElement)cl=(ck.contentWindow||ck.contentDocument).document,cl.write((f.support.boxModel?"<!doctype html>":"")+"<html><body>"),cl.close();d=cl.createElement(a),cl.body.appendChild(d),e=f.css(d,"display"),b.removeChild(ck)}cj[a]=e}return cj[a]}function ct(a,b){var 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/responsive-tables.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/responsive-tables.js index 8554a1343b..24906dddeb 100644 --- a/guides/assets/javascripts/responsive-tables.js +++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/responsive-tables.js @@ -1,43 +1,50 @@ -$(document).ready(function() { +(function() { + "use strict"; + var switched = false; - $("table").not(".syntaxhighlighter").addClass("responsive"); + + // For old browsers + var each = function(node, callback) { + var array = Array.prototype.slice.call(node); + for(var i = 0; i < array.length; i++) callback(array[i]); + } + + each(document.querySelectorAll(":not(.syntaxhighlighter)>table"), function(element) { + element.classList.add("responsive"); + }); + var updateTables = function() { - if (($(window).width() < 767) && !switched ){ + if (document.documentElement.clientWidth < 767 && !switched) { switched = true; - $("table.responsive").each(function(i, element) { - splitTable($(element)); - }); - return true; - } - else if (switched && ($(window).width() > 767)) { + each(document.querySelectorAll("table.responsive"), splitTable); + } else { switched = false; - $("table.responsive").each(function(i, element) { - unsplitTable($(element)); - }); + each(document.querySelectorAll(".table-wrapper table.responsive"), unsplitTable); } - }; - - $(window).load(updateTables); - $(window).bind("resize", updateTables); - - - function splitTable(original) - { - original.wrap("<div class='table-wrapper' />"); - - var copy = original.clone(); - copy.find("td:not(:first-child), th:not(:first-child)").css("display", "none"); - copy.removeClass("responsive"); - - original.closest(".table-wrapper").append(copy); - copy.wrap("<div class='pinned' />"); - original.wrap("<div class='scrollable' />"); - } - - function unsplitTable(original) { - original.closest(".table-wrapper").find(".pinned").remove(); - original.unwrap(); - original.unwrap(); - } - -}); + } + + document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", updateTables); + window.addEventListener("resize", updateTables); + + var splitTable = function(original) { + wrap(original, createElement("div", "table-wrapper")); + + var copy = original.cloneNode(true); + each(copy.querySelectorAll("td:not(:first-child), th:not(:first-child)"), function(element) { + element.style.display = "none"; + }); + copy.classList.remove("responsive"); + + original.parentNode.append(copy); + wrap(copy, createElement("div", "pinned")) + wrap(original, createElement("div", "scrollable")); + } + + var unsplitTable = function(original) { + each(document.querySelectorAll(".table-wrapper .pinned"), function(element) { + element.parentNode.removeChild(element); + }); + unwrap(original.parentNode); + unwrap(original); + } +}).call(this); diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css index b27776745a..00d4bcb21e 100644 --- a/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css +++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ table { } table th, table td { - padding: 0.25em 1em; + padding: 9px 10px; border: 1px solid #CCC; border-collapse: collapse; } @@ -79,7 +79,6 @@ table th { border-bottom: 2px solid #CCC; background: #EEE; font-weight: bold; - padding: 0.5em 1em; } img { @@ -265,8 +264,6 @@ body { } } -#extraCol {display: none;} - #footer { padding: 2em 0; background: #222 url(../images/footer_tile.gif) repeat-x; @@ -410,6 +407,10 @@ a, a:link, a:visited { padding-top: 2em; } +#guides.visible { + display: block !important; +} + #guides dt, #guides dd { font-weight: normal; font-size: 0.722em; @@ -555,8 +556,6 @@ h6 { font-size: 1.2857em; padding: 0.125em 0 0.25em 0; margin-bottom: 0; - /*background: url(../images/book_icon.gif) no-repeat left top; - padding: 0.125em 0 0.25em 28px;*/ } @media screen and (max-width: 480px) { @@ -665,10 +664,8 @@ div.code_container { visibility: hidden; } -.clearfix {display: inline-block;} * html .clearfix {height: 1%;} .clearfix {display: block;} -.clear { clear:both; } /* Same bottom margin for special boxes than for regular paragraphs, this way intermediate whitespace looks uniform. */ @@ -696,9 +693,6 @@ div.important p, div.caution p, div.warning p, div.note p, div.info p { /* Foundation v2.1.4 http://foundation.zurb.com */ /* Artfully masterminded by ZURB */ -table th { font-weight: bold; } -table td, table th { padding: 9px 10px; text-align: left; } - /* Mobile */ @media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { table.responsive { margin-bottom: 0; } diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/print.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/print.css index bdc8ec948d..6280422469 100644 --- a/guides/assets/stylesheets/print.css +++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/print.css @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ /* Modified January 31, 2009 --------------------------------------- */ -body, .wrapper, .note, .info, code, #topNav, .L, .R, #frame, #container, #header, #navigation, #footer, #feature, #mainCol, #subCol, #extraCol, .content {position: static; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; background: White; color: Black; border-color: Black; width: auto; height: auto; display: block; float: none; min-height: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;} +body, .wrapper, .note, .info, code, #topNav, .L, .R, #frame, #container, #header, #navigation, #footer, #feature, #mainCol, #subCol, .content {position: static; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; background: White; color: Black; border-color: Black; width: auto; height: auto; display: block; float: none; min-height: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;} body { background: #FFF; diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/responsive-tables.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/responsive-tables.css deleted file mode 100644 index f5fbcbf948..0000000000 --- a/guides/assets/stylesheets/responsive-tables.css +++ /dev/null @@ -1,50 +0,0 @@ -/* Foundation v2.1.4 http://foundation.zurb.com */ -/* Artfully masterminded by ZURB */ - -/* -------------------------------------------------- - Table of Contents ------------------------------------------------------ -:: Shared Styles -:: Page Name 1 -:: Page Name 2 -*/ - - -/* ----------------------------------------- - Shared Styles ------------------------------------------ */ - -table th { font-weight: bold; } -table td, table th { padding: 9px 10px; text-align: left; } - -/* Mobile */ -@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { - - table { margin-bottom: 0; } - - .pinned { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; background: #fff; width: 35%; overflow: hidden; overflow-x: scroll; border-right: 1px solid #ccc; border-left: 1px solid #ccc; } - .pinned table { border-right: none; border-left: none; width: 100%; } - .pinned table th, .pinned table td { white-space: nowrap; } - .pinned td:last-child { border-bottom: 0; } - - div.table-wrapper { position: relative; margin-bottom: 20px; overflow: hidden; border-right: 1px solid #ccc; } - div.table-wrapper div.scrollable table { margin-left: 35%; } - div.table-wrapper div.scrollable { overflow: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; } - - table td, table th { position: relative; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; } - table th:first-child, table td:first-child, table td:first-child, table.pinned td { display: none; } - -} - -/* ----------------------------------------- - Page Name 1 ------------------------------------------ */ - - - - -/* ----------------------------------------- - Page Name 2 ------------------------------------------ */ - - diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb index 4d8d8db3e5..e8b6ad19dd 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb @@ -9,8 +9,11 @@ end gemfile(true) do source "https://rubygems.org" + + git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" } + # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against. - gem "rails", "5.1.0" + gem "rails", "5.2.0" end require "rack/test" @@ -19,7 +22,6 @@ require "action_controller/railtie" class TestApp < Rails::Application config.root = __dir__ config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "cookie_store_key" - secrets.secret_token = "secret_token" secrets.secret_key_base = "secret_key_base" config.logger = Logger.new($stdout) diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb index 1f862e07da..ffd81c0079 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb @@ -9,15 +9,16 @@ end gemfile(true) do source "https://rubygems.org" + + git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" } + gem "rails", github: "rails/rails" - gem "arel", github: "rails/arel" end require "action_controller/railtie" class TestApp < Rails::Application config.root = __dir__ - secrets.secret_token = "secret_token" secrets.secret_key_base = "secret_key_base" config.logger = Logger.new($stdout) diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_gem.rb index af777a86ef..720b7e9c51 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_gem.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_gem.rb @@ -9,8 +9,11 @@ end gemfile(true) do source "https://rubygems.org" + + git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" } + # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against. - gem "activejob", "5.1.0" + gem "activejob", "5.2.0" end require "minitest/autorun" diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_master.rb index 39fb3f60a6..4bcee07607 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_master.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_master.rb @@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ end gemfile(true) do source "https://rubygems.org" + + git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" } + gem "rails", github: "rails/rails" - gem "arel", github: "rails/arel" end require "active_job" diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb index 168e2dcc66..c0d705239b 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb @@ -9,8 +9,11 @@ end gemfile(true) do source "https://rubygems.org" + + git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" } + # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against. - gem "activerecord", "5.1.0" + gem "activerecord", "5.2.0" gem "sqlite3" end diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb index cbd2cff2b8..914f04f51a 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb @@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ end gemfile(true) do source "https://rubygems.org" + + git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" } + gem "rails", github: "rails/rails" - gem "arel", github: "rails/arel" gem "sqlite3" end diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_gem.rb index b931ed0beb..f47cf08766 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_gem.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_gem.rb @@ -9,8 +9,11 @@ end gemfile(true) do source "https://rubygems.org" + + git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" } + # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against. - gem "activerecord", "5.1.0" + gem "activerecord", "5.2.0" gem "sqlite3" end @@ -34,7 +37,7 @@ end class Payment < ActiveRecord::Base end -class ChangeAmountToAddScale < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0] +class ChangeAmountToAddScale < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2] def change reversible do |dir| dir.up do diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_master.rb index 2c009c0563..715dca98ba 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_master.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_master.rb @@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ end gemfile(true) do source "https://rubygems.org" + + git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" } + gem "rails", github: "rails/rails" - gem "arel", github: "rails/arel" gem "sqlite3" end @@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ end class Payment < ActiveRecord::Base end -class ChangeAmountToAddScale < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0] +class ChangeAmountToAddScale < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0] def change reversible do |dir| dir.up do diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/benchmark.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/benchmark.rb index d0f5a634bc..046572148b 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/benchmark.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/benchmark.rb @@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ end gemfile(true) do source "https://rubygems.org" + + git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" } + gem "rails", github: "rails/rails" - gem "arel", github: "rails/arel" gem "benchmark-ips" end diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb index c990bda005..0935354bf4 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb @@ -9,10 +9,14 @@ end gemfile(true) do source "https://rubygems.org" + + git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" } + # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against. - gem "activesupport", "5.1.0" + gem "activesupport", "5.2.0" end +require "active_support" require "active_support/core_ext/object/blank" require "minitest/autorun" diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb index 1a9b99b624..727f428960 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb @@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ end gemfile(true) do source "https://rubygems.org" + + git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" } + gem "rails", github: "rails/rails" - gem "arel", github: "rails/arel" end require "active_support" diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb index 7205f37be7..c83538ad48 100644 --- a/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb +++ b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb @@ -141,32 +141,34 @@ module RailsGuides puts "Generating #{guide} as #{output_file}" layout = @kindle ? "kindle/layout" : "layout" - File.open(output_path, "w") do |f| - view = ActionView::Base.new( - @source_dir, - edge: @edge, - version: @version, - mobi: "kindle/#{mobi}", - language: @language - ) - view.extend(Helpers) - - if guide =~ /\.(\w+)\.erb$/ - # Generate the special pages like the home. - # Passing a template handler in the template name is deprecated. So pass the file name without the extension. - result = view.render(layout: layout, formats: [$1], file: $`) - else - body = File.read("#{@source_dir}/#{guide}") - result = RailsGuides::Markdown.new( - view: view, - layout: layout, - edge: @edge, - version: @version - ).render(body) - - warn_about_broken_links(result) - end + view = ActionView::Base.new( + @source_dir, + edge: @edge, + version: @version, + mobi: "kindle/#{mobi}", + language: @language + ) + view.extend(Helpers) + + if guide =~ /\.(\w+)\.erb$/ + return if %w[_license _welcome layout].include?($`) + + # Generate the special pages like the home. + # Passing a template handler in the template name is deprecated. So pass the file name without the extension. + result = view.render(layout: layout, formats: [$1], file: $`) + else + body = File.read("#{@source_dir}/#{guide}") + result = RailsGuides::Markdown.new( + view: view, + layout: layout, + edge: @edge, + version: @version + ).render(body) + + warn_about_broken_links(result) + end + File.open(output_path, "w") do |f| f.write(result) end end diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb b/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb index a6970fb90c..5ab1388c29 100644 --- a/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb +++ b/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb @@ -38,15 +38,6 @@ module RailsGuides end end - def author(name, nick, image = "credits_pic_blank.gif", &block) - image = "images/#{image}" - - result = tag(:img, src: image, class: "left pic", alt: name, width: 91, height: 91) - result << content_tag(:h3, name) - result << content_tag(:p, capture(&block)) - content_tag(:div, result, class: "clearfix", id: nick) - end - def code(&block) c = capture(&block) content_tag(:code, c) diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb b/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb index 87a369a15a..d370541d2e 100644 --- a/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb +++ b/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module Kindle def generate_front_matter(html_pages) frontmatter = [] html_pages.delete_if { |x| - if x =~ /(toc|welcome|credits|copyright).html/ + if x =~ /(toc|welcome|copyright).html/ frontmatter << x unless x =~ /toc/ true end @@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ module Kindle end def generate_sections(html_pages) - FileUtils::rm_rf("sections/") + FileUtils.rm_rf("sections/") html_pages.each_with_index do |page, section_idx| - FileUtils::mkdir_p("sections/%03d" % section_idx) + FileUtils.mkdir_p("sections/%03d" % section_idx) doc = Nokogiri::HTML(File.open(page)) title = doc.at("title").inner_text.gsub("Ruby on Rails Guides: ", "") title = page.capitalize.gsub(".html", "") if title.strip == "" diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb index bafa6bfe9d..c48af797fa 100644 --- a/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb +++ b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module RailsGuides d[m] = x end - return x + x end end end diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb index 1f2fe91ea1..78820a7856 100644 --- a/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb +++ b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ HTML # # It is important that we do not eat more than one newline # because formatting may be wrong otherwise. For example, - # if a bulleted list follows the first item is not rendered + # if a bulleted list follows, the first item is not rendered # as a list item, but as a paragraph starting with a plain # asterisk. body.gsub(/^(TIP|IMPORTANT|CAUTION|WARNING|NOTE|INFO|TODO)[.:](.*?)(\n(?=\n)|\Z)/m) do diff --git a/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md index ac5833e069..8b91b4853f 100644 --- a/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md @@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ rake doc:guides This will put the guides inside `Rails.root/doc/guides` and you may start surfing straight away by opening `Rails.root/doc/guides/index.html` in your favourite browser. -* Lead Contributors: [Rails Documentation Team](credits.html) * Major contributions from [Xavier Noria](http://advogato.org/person/fxn/diary.html) and [Hongli Lai](http://izumi.plan99.net/blog/). * More information: * [Rails Guides hackfest](http://hackfest.rubyonrails.org/guide) @@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ There are two big additions to talk about here: transactional migrations and poo Historically, multiple-step Rails migrations have been a source of trouble. If something went wrong during a migration, everything before the error changed the database and everything after the error wasn't applied. Also, the migration version was stored as having been executed, which means that it couldn't be simply rerun by `rake db:migrate:redo` after you fix the problem. Transactional migrations change this by wrapping migration steps in a DDL transaction, so that if any of them fail, the entire migration is undone. In Rails 2.2, transactional migrations are supported on PostgreSQL out of the box. The code is extensible to other database types in the future - and IBM has already extended it to support the DB2 adapter. -* Lead Contributor: [Adam Wiggins](http://adam.heroku.com/) +* Lead Contributor: [Adam Wiggins](http://about.adamwiggins.com/) * More information: * [DDL Transactions](http://adam.heroku.com/past/2008/9/3/ddl_transactions/) * [A major milestone for DB2 on Rails](http://db2onrails.com/2008/11/08/a-major-milestone-for-db2-on-rails/) @@ -391,7 +390,7 @@ You can unpack or install a single gem by specifying `GEM=_gem_name_` on the com * Lead Contributor: [Matt Jones](https://github.com/al2o3cr) * More information: * [What's New in Edge Rails: Gem Dependencies](http://archives.ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/4/1/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-gem-dependencies) - * [Rails 2.1.2 and 2.2RC1: Update Your RubyGems](http://afreshcup.com/2008/10/25/rails-212-and-22rc1-update-your-rubygems/) + * [Rails 2.1.2 and 2.2RC1: Update Your RubyGems](https://afreshcup.com/home/2008/10/25/rails-212-and-22rc1-update-your-rubygems) * [Detailed discussion on Lighthouse](http://rails.lighthouseapp.com/projects/8994-ruby-on-rails/tickets/1128) ### Other Railties Changes diff --git a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md index 3f5a3c7ade..634569fa2d 100644 --- a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md @@ -231,10 +231,10 @@ Rails chooses between file, template, and action depending on whether there is a ### Application Controller Renamed -If you're one of the people who has always been bothered by the special-case naming of `application.rb`, rejoice! It's been reworked to be application_controller.rb in Rails 2.3. In addition, there's a new rake task, `rake rails:update:application_controller` to do this automatically for you - and it will be run as part of the normal `rake rails:update` process. +If you're one of the people who has always been bothered by the special-case naming of `application.rb`, rejoice! It's been reworked to be `application_controller.rb` in Rails 2.3. In addition, there's a new rake task, `rake rails:update:application_controller` to do this automatically for you - and it will be run as part of the normal `rake rails:update` process. * More Information: - * [The Death of Application.rb](http://afreshcup.com/2008/11/17/rails-2x-the-death-of-applicationrb/) + * [The Death of Application.rb](https://afreshcup.com/home/2008/11/17/rails-2x-the-death-of-applicationrb) * [What's New in Edge Rails: Application.rb Duality is no More](http://archives.ryandaigle.com/articles/2008/11/19/what-s-new-in-edge-rails-application-rb-duality-is-no-more) ### HTTP Digest Authentication Support @@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ Rails now keeps a per-request local cache of read from the remote cache stores, Rails can now provide localized views, depending on the locale that you have set. For example, suppose you have a `Posts` controller with a `show` action. By default, this will render `app/views/posts/show.html.erb`. But if you set `I18n.locale = :da`, it will render `app/views/posts/show.da.html.erb`. If the localized template isn't present, the undecorated version will be used. Rails also includes `I18n#available_locales` and `I18n::SimpleBackend#available_locales`, which return an array of the translations that are available in the current Rails project. -In addition, you can use the same scheme to localize the rescue files in the `public` directory: `public/500.da.html` or `public/404.en.html` work, for example. +In addition, you can use the same scheme to localize the rescue files in the public directory: `public/500.da.html` or `public/404.en.html` work, for example. ### Partial Scoping for Translations @@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ options_from_collection_for_select(@product.sizes, :name, :id, :disabled => lamb ``` * Lead Contributor: [Tekin Suleyman](http://tekin.co.uk/) -* More Information: [New in rails 2.3 - disabled option tags and lambdas for selecting and disabling options from collections](http://tekin.co.uk/2009/03/new-in-rails-23-disabled-option-tags-and-lambdas-for-selecting-and-disabling-options-from-collections/) +* More Information: [New in rails 2.3 - disabled option tags and lambdas for selecting and disabling options from collections](https://tekin.co.uk/2009/03/new-in-rails-23-disabled-option-tags-and-lambdas-for-selecting-and-disabling-options-from-collections) ### A Note About Template Loading @@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ If you look up the spec on the "json.org" site, you'll discover that all keys in ### Other Active Support Changes * You can use `Enumerable#none?` to check that none of the elements match the supplied block. -* If you're using Active Support [delegates](http://afreshcup.com/2008/10/19/coming-in-rails-22-delegate-prefixes/) the new `:allow_nil` option lets you return `nil` instead of raising an exception when the target object is nil. +* If you're using Active Support [delegates](https://afreshcup.com/home/2008/10/19/coming-in-rails-22-delegate-prefixes) the new `:allow_nil` option lets you return `nil` instead of raising an exception when the target object is nil. * `ActiveSupport::OrderedHash`: now implements `each_key` and `each_value`. * `ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor` provides a simple way to encrypt information for storage in an untrusted location (like cookies). * Active Support's `from_xml` no longer depends on XmlSimple. Instead, Rails now includes its own XmlMini implementation, with just the functionality that it requires. This lets Rails dispense with the bundled copy of XmlSimple that it's been carting around. @@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ The internals of the various <code>rake gem</code> tasks have been substantially * Internal Rails testing has been switched from `Test::Unit::TestCase` to `ActiveSupport::TestCase`, and the Rails core requires Mocha to test. * The default `environment.rb` file has been decluttered. * The dbconsole script now lets you use an all-numeric password without crashing. -* `Rails.root` now returns a `Pathname` object, which means you can use it directly with the `join` method to [clean up existing code](http://afreshcup.com/2008/12/05/a-little-rails_root-tidiness/) that uses `File.join`. +* `Rails.root` now returns a `Pathname` object, which means you can use it directly with the `join` method to [clean up existing code](https://afreshcup.wordpress.com/2008/12/05/a-little-rails_root-tidiness/) that uses `File.join`. * Various files in /public that deal with CGI and FCGI dispatching are no longer generated in every Rails application by default (you can still get them if you need them by adding `--with-dispatchers` when you run the `rails` command, or add them later with `rake rails:update:generate_dispatchers`). * Rails Guides have been converted from AsciiDoc to Textile markup. * Scaffolded views and controllers have been cleaned up a bit. @@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ Deprecated A few pieces of older code are deprecated in this release: -* If you're one of the (fairly rare) Rails developers who deploys in a fashion that depends on the inspector, reaper, and spawner scripts, you'll need to know that those scripts are no longer included in core Rails. If you need them, you'll be able to pick up copies via the [irs_process_scripts](https://github.com/rails/irs_process_scripts/tree) plugin. +* If you're one of the (fairly rare) Rails developers who deploys in a fashion that depends on the inspector, reaper, and spawner scripts, you'll need to know that those scripts are no longer included in core Rails. If you need them, you'll be able to pick up copies via the [irs_process_scripts](https://github.com/rails/irs_process_scripts) plugin. * `render_component` goes from "deprecated" to "nonexistent" in Rails 2.3. If you still need it, you can install the [render_component plugin](https://github.com/rails/render_component/tree/master). * Support for Rails components has been removed. * If you were one of the people who got used to running `script/performance/request` to look at performance based on integration tests, you need to learn a new trick: that script has been removed from core Rails now. There's a new request_profiler plugin that you can install to get the exact same functionality back. diff --git a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md index f0e2cb3b63..7ffa7d4a5c 100644 --- a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md @@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ Railties now deprecates: More information: * [Discovering Rails 3 generators](http://blog.plataformatec.com.br/2010/01/discovering-rails-3-generators) -* [The Rails Module (in Rails 3)](http://litanyagainstfear.com/blog/2010/02/03/the-rails-module/) +* [The Rails Module (in Rails 3)](http://quaran.to/blog/2010/02/03/the-rails-module/) Action Pack ----------- diff --git a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md index 6570b19f97..ae6eb27f35 100644 --- a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md @@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ TIP: Note that Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshalling bugs that crash Rails. ### What to update in your apps -* Update your Gemfile to depend on +* Update your `Gemfile` to depend on * `rails = 3.2.0` * `sass-rails ~> 3.2.3` * `coffee-rails ~> 3.2.1` * `uglifier >= 1.0.3` -* Rails 3.2 deprecates `vendor/plugins` and Rails 4.0 will remove them completely. You can start replacing these plugins by extracting them as gems and adding them in your Gemfile. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, `lib/my_plugin/*` and add an appropriate initializer in `config/initializers/my_plugin.rb`. +* Rails 3.2 deprecates `vendor/plugins` and Rails 4.0 will remove them completely. You can start replacing these plugins by extracting them as gems and adding them in your `Gemfile`. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, `lib/my_plugin/*` and add an appropriate initializer in `config/initializers/my_plugin.rb`. * There are a couple of new configuration changes you'd want to add in `config/environments/development.rb`: @@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ Railties will create indexes for `title` and `author` with the latter being a unique index. Some types such as decimal accept custom options. In the example, `price` will be a decimal column with precision and scale set to 7 and 2 respectively. -* Turn gem has been removed from default Gemfile. +* Turn gem has been removed from default `Gemfile`. * Remove old plugin generator `rails generate plugin` in favor of `rails plugin new` command. diff --git a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md index 6f1b75a42b..a1a6a225b2 100644 --- a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ $ ruby /path/to/rails/railties/bin/rails new myapp --dev Major Features -------------- -[](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/images/rails4_features.png) +[](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/images/4_0_release_notes/rails4_features.png) ### Upgrade @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Major Features * **ActiveRecord session store** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0ffe19056c8e8b2f9ae9d487b896cad2ce9387ad)) - The ActiveRecord session store is extracted to a separate gem. Storing sessions in SQL is costly. Instead, use cookie sessions, memcache sessions, or a custom session store. * **ActiveModel mass assignment protection** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f8c9a4d3e88181cee644f91e1342bfe896ca64c6)) - Rails 3 mass assignment protection is deprecated. Instead, use strong parameters. * **ActiveResource** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1637bf2bb00490203503fbd943b73406e043d1d)) - ActiveResource is extracted to a separate gem. ActiveResource was not widely used. -* **vendor/plugins removed** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/853de2bd9ac572735fa6cf59fcf827e485a231c3)) - Use a Gemfile to manage installed gems. +* **vendor/plugins removed** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/853de2bd9ac572735fa6cf59fcf827e485a231c3)) - Use a `Gemfile` to manage installed gems. ### ActionPack diff --git a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md index 6bf65757ec..2c5e665e33 100644 --- a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md @@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ for detailed changes. * The [Spring application preloader](https://github.com/rails/spring) is now installed by default for new applications. It uses the development group of - the Gemfile, so will not be installed in + the `Gemfile`, so will not be installed in production. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12958)) * `BACKTRACE` environment variable to show unfiltered backtraces for test diff --git a/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md index a30bfc458a..7105df5634 100644 --- a/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md @@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ change your code to use the explicit form (`render file: "foo/bar"`) instead. `respond_with` and the corresponding class-level `respond_to` have been moved to the [responders](https://github.com/plataformatec/responders) gem. Add -`gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` to your Gemfile to use it: +`gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` to your `Gemfile` to use it: ```ruby # app/controllers/users_controller.rb @@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][railties] for detailed changes. ### Notable changes -* Introduced `web-console` in the default application Gemfile. +* Introduced `web-console` in the default application `Gemfile`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11667)) * Added a `required` option to the model generator for associations. diff --git a/guides/source/5_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/5_0_release_notes.md index 3805fd2a63..656838c6b8 100644 --- a/guides/source/5_0_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/5_0_release_notes.md @@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][active-record] for detailed changes. * Added prepared statements support to `mysql2` adapter, for mysql2 0.4.4+, Previously this was only supported on the deprecated `mysql` legacy adapter. - To enable, set `prepared_statements: true` in config/database.yml. + To enable, set `prepared_statements: true` in `config/database.yml`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/23461)) * Added ability to call `ActionRecord::Relation#update` on relation objects diff --git a/guides/source/5_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/5_1_release_notes.md index 80c9da6446..852d04b1f6 100644 --- a/guides/source/5_1_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/5_1_release_notes.md @@ -350,6 +350,13 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog][action-pack] for detailed changes. * Removed deprecated methods related to controller filters. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d7be30e8babf5e37a891522869e7b0191b79b757)) + +* Removed deprecated support to `:text` and `:nothing` in `render`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/79a5ea9eadb4d43b62afacedc0706cbe88c54496), + [Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/57e1c99a280bdc1b324936a690350320a1cd8111)) + +* Removed deprecated support for calling `HashWithIndifferentAccess` methods on `ActionController::Parameters`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/26746/commits/7093ceb480ad6a0a91b511832dad4c6a86981b93)) ### Deprecations diff --git a/guides/source/5_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/5_2_release_notes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ab24c7e590 --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/source/5_2_release_notes.md @@ -0,0 +1,861 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + +Ruby on Rails 5.2 Release Notes +=============================== + +Highlights in Rails 5.2: + +* Active Storage +* Redis Cache Store +* HTTP/2 Early Hints +* Credentials +* Content Security Policy + +These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug +fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of +commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/5-2-stable) in the main Rails +repository on GitHub. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Upgrading to Rails 5.2 +---------------------- + +If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test +coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 5.1 in case you +haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting +an update to Rails 5.2. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is +available in the +[Upgrading Ruby on Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#upgrading-from-rails-5-1-to-rails-5-2) +guide. + +Major Features +-------------- + +### Active Storage + +[Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30020) + +[Active Storage](https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/5-2-stable/activestorage) +facilitates uploading files to a cloud storage service like +Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage, or Microsoft Azure Storage and attaching +those files to Active Record objects. It comes with a local disk-based service +for development and testing and supports mirroring files to subordinate +services for backups and migrations. +You can read more about Active Storage in the +[Active Storage Overview](active_storage_overview.html) guide. + +### Redis Cache Store + +[Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31134) + +Rails 5.2 ships with built-in Redis cache store. +You can read more about this in the +[Caching with Rails: An Overview](caching_with_rails.html#activesupport-cache-rediscachestore) +guide. + +### HTTP/2 Early Hints + +[Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30744) + +Rails 5.2 supports [HTTP/2 Early Hints](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8297). +To start the server with Early Hints enabled pass `--early-hints` +to `bin/rails server`. + +### Credentials + +[Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30067) + +Added `config/credentials.yml.enc` file to store production app secrets. +It allows saving any authentication credentials for third-party services +directly in repository encrypted with a key in the `config/master.key` file or +the `RAILS_MASTER_KEY` environment variable. +This will eventually replace `Rails.application.secrets` and the encrypted +secrets introduced in Rails 5.1. +Furthermore, Rails 5.2 +[opens API underlying Credentials](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30940), +so you can easily deal with other encrypted configurations, keys, and files. +You can read more about this in the +[Securing Rails Applications](security.html#custom-credentials) +guide. + +### Content Security Policy + +[Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31162) + +Rails 5.2 ships with a new DSL that allows you to configure a +[Content Security Policy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy) +for your application. You can configure a global default policy and then +override it on a per-resource basis and even use lambdas to inject per-request +values into the header such as account subdomains in a multi-tenant application. +You can read more about this in the +[Securing Rails Applications](security.html#content-security-policy) +guide. + +Railties +-------- + +Please refer to the [Changelog][railties] for detailed changes. + +### Deprecations + +* Deprecate `capify!` method in generators and templates. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29493)) + +* Passing the environment's name as a regular argument to the + `rails dbconsole` and `rails console` commands is deprecated. + The `-e` option should be used instead. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/48b249927375465a7102acc71c2dfb8d49af8309)) + +* Deprecate using subclass of `Rails::Application` to start the Rails server. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30127)) + +* Deprecate `after_bundle` callback in Rails plugin templates. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29446)) + +### Notable changes + +* Added a shared section to `config/database.yml` that will be loaded for + all environments. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/28896)) + +* Add `railtie.rb` to the plugin generator. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29576)) + +* Clear screenshot files in `tmp:clear` task. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29534)) + +* Skip unused components when running `bin/rails app:update`. + If the initial app generation skipped Action Cable, Active Record etc., + the update task honors those skips too. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29645)) + +* Allow passing a custom connection name to the `rails dbconsole` + command when using a 3-level database configuration. + Example: `bin/rails dbconsole -c replica`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/1acd9a6464668d4d54ab30d016829f60b70dbbeb)) + +* Properly expand shortcuts for environment's name running the `console` + and `dbconsole` commands. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/3777701f1380f3814bd5313b225586dec64d4104)) + +* Add `bootsnap` to default `Gemfile`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29313)) + +* Support `-` as a platform-agnostic way to run a script from stdin with + `rails runner` + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/26343)) + +* Add `ruby x.x.x` version to `Gemfile` and create `.ruby-version` + root file containing the current Ruby version when new Rails applications + are created. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30016)) + +* Add `--skip-action-cable` option to the plugin generator. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30164)) + +* Add `git_source` to `Gemfile` for plugin generator. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30110)) + +* Skip unused components when running `bin/rails` in Rails plugin. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/62499cb6e088c3bc32a9396322c7473a17a28640)) + +* Optimize indentation for generator actions. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30166)) + +* Optimize routes indentation. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30241)) + +* Add `--skip-yarn` option to the plugin generator. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30238)) + +* Support multiple versions arguments for `gem` method of Generators. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30323)) + +* Derive `secret_key_base` from the app name in development and test + environments. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30067)) + +* Add `mini_magick` to default `Gemfile` as comment. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30633)) + +* `rails new` and `rails plugin new` get `Active Storage` by default. + Add ability to skip `Active Storage` with `--skip-active-storage` + and do so automatically when `--skip-active-record` is used. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30101)) + +Action Cable +------------ + +Please refer to the [Changelog][action-cable] for detailed changes. + +### Removals + +* Removed deprecated evented redis adapter. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/48766e32d31651606b9f68a16015ad05c3b0de2c)) + +### Notable changes + +* Add support for `host`, `port`, `db` and `password` options in cable.yml + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29528)) + +* Hash long stream identifiers when using PostgreSQL adapter. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29297)) + +Action Pack +----------- + +Please refer to the [Changelog][action-pack] for detailed changes. + +### Removals + +* Remove deprecated `ActionController::ParamsParser::ParseError`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e16c765ac6dcff068ff2e5554d69ff345c003de1)) + +### Deprecations + +* Deprecate `#success?`, `#missing?` and `#error?` aliases of + `ActionDispatch::TestResponse`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30104)) + +### Notable changes + +* Add support for recyclable cache keys with fragment caching. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29092)) + +* Change the cache key format for fragments to make it easier to debug key + churn. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29092)) + +* AEAD encrypted cookies and sessions with GCM. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/28132)) + +* Protect from forgery by default. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29742)) + +* Enforce signed/encrypted cookie expiry server side. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30121)) + +* Cookies `:expires` option supports `ActiveSupport::Duration` object. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30121)) + +* Use Capybara registered `:puma` server config. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30638)) + +* Simplify cookies middleware with key rotation support. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29716)) + +* Add ability to enable Early Hints for HTTP/2. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30744)) + +* Add headless chrome support to System Tests. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30876)) + +* Add `:allow_other_host` option to `redirect_back` method. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30850)) + +* Make `assert_recognizes` to traverse mounted engines. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/22435)) + +* Add DSL for configuring Content-Security-Policy header. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31162), + [Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/619b1b6353a65e1635d10b8f8c6630723a5a6f1a), + [Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4ec8bf68ff92f35e79232fbd605012ce1f4e1e6e)) + +* Register most popular audio/video/font mime types supported by modern + browsers. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31251)) + +* Changed the default system test screenshot output from `inline` to `simple`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9d6e288ee96d6241f864dbf90211c37b14a57632)) + +* Add headless firefox support to System Tests. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31365)) + +* Add secure `X-Download-Options` and `X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies` to + default headers set. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5d7b70f4336d42eabfc403e9f6efceb88b3eff44)) + +* Changed the system tests to set Puma as default server only when the + user haven't specified manually another server. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31384)) + +* Add `Referrer-Policy` header to default headers set. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/428939be9f954d39b0c41bc53d85d0d106b9d1a1)) + +* Matches behavior of `Hash#each` in `ActionController::Parameters#each`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/27790)) + +* Add support for automatic nonce generation for Rails UJS. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b2f0a8945956cd92dec71ec4e44715d764990a49)) + +* Update the default HSTS max-age value to 31536000 seconds (1 year) + to meet the minimum max-age requirement for https://hstspreload.org/. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/30b5f469a1d30c60d1fb0605e84c50568ff7ed37)) + +* Add alias method `to_hash` to `to_h` for `cookies`. + Add alias method `to_h` to `to_hash` for `session`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/50a62499e41dfffc2903d468e8b47acebaf9b500)) + +Action View +----------- + +Please refer to the [Changelog][action-view] for detailed changes. + +### Removals + +* Remove deprecated Erubis ERB handler. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/7de7f12fd140a60134defe7dc55b5a20b2372d06)) + +### Deprecations + +* Deprecate `image_alt` helper which used to add default alt text to + the images generated by `image_tag`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30213)) + +### Notable changes + +* Add `:json` type to `auto_discovery_link_tag` to support + [JSON Feeds](https://jsonfeed.org/version/1). + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29158)) + +* Add `srcset` option to `image_tag` helper. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29349)) + +* Fix issues with `field_error_proc` wrapping `optgroup` and + select divider `option`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31088)) + +* Change `form_with` to generates ids by default. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/260d6f112a0ffdbe03e6f5051504cb441c1e94cd)) + +* Add `preload_link_tag` helper. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31251)) + +* Allow the use of callable objects as group methods for grouped selects. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31578)) + +Action Mailer +------------- + +Please refer to the [Changelog][action-mailer] for detailed changes. + +### Notable changes + +* Allow Action Mailer classes to configure their delivery job. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29457)) + +* Add `assert_enqueued_email_with` test helper. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30695)) + +Active Record +------------- + +Please refer to the [Changelog][active-record] for detailed changes. + +### Removals + +* Remove deprecated `#migration_keys`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30337)) + +* Remove deprecated support to `quoted_id` when typecasting + an Active Record object. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/82472b3922bda2f337a79cef961b4760d04f9689)) + +* Remove deprecated argument `default` from `index_name_exists?`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/8f5b34df81175e30f68879479243fbce966122d7)) + +* Remove deprecated support to passing a class to `:class_name` + on associations. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e65aff70696be52b46ebe57207ebd8bb2cfcdbb6)) + +* Remove deprecated methods `initialize_schema_migrations_table` and + `initialize_internal_metadata_table`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/c9660b5777707658c414b430753029cd9bc39934)) + +* Remove deprecated method `supports_migrations?`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9438c144b1893f2a59ec0924afe4d46bd8d5ffdd)) + +* Remove deprecated method `supports_primary_key?`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/c56ff22fc6e97df4656ddc22909d9bf8b0c2cbb1)) + +* Remove deprecated method + `ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/7df6e3f3cbdea9a0460ddbab445c81fbb1cfd012)) + +* Remove deprecated argument `name` from `#indexes`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d6b779ecebe57f6629352c34bfd6c442ac8fba0e)) + +* Remove deprecated arguments from `#verify!`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9c6ee1bed0292fc32c23dc1c68951ae64fc510be)) + +* Remove deprecated configuration `.error_on_ignored_order_or_limit`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e1066f450d1a99c9a0b4d786b202e2ca82a4c3b3)) + +* Remove deprecated method `#scope_chain`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ef7784752c5c5efbe23f62d2bbcc62d4fd8aacab)) + +* Remove deprecated method `#sanitize_conditions`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/8f5413b896099f80ef46a97819fe47a820417bc2)) + +### Deprecations + +* Deprecate `supports_statement_cache?`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/28938)) + +* Deprecate passing arguments and block at the same time to + `count` and `sum` in `ActiveRecord::Calculations`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29262)) + +* Deprecate delegating to `arel` in `Relation`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29619)) + +* Deprecate `set_state` method in `TransactionState`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/608ebccf8f6314c945444b400a37c2d07f21b253)) + +* Deprecate `expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates` without replacement. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/7ae26885d96daee3809d0bd50b1a440c2f5ffb69)) + +### Notable changes + +* When calling the dynamic fixture accessor method with no arguments, it now + returns all fixtures of this type. Previously this method always returned + an empty array. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/28692)) + +* Fix inconsistency with changed attributes when overriding + Active Record attribute reader. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/28661)) + +* Support Descending Indexes for MySQL. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/28773)) + +* Fix `bin/rails db:forward` first migration. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b77d2aa0c336492ba33cbfade4964ba0eda3ef84)) + +* Raise error `UnknownMigrationVersionError` on the movement of migrations + when the current migration does not exist. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/bb9d6eb094f29bb94ef1f26aa44f145f17b973fe)) + +* Respect `SchemaDumper.ignore_tables` in rake tasks for + databases structure dump. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29077)) + +* Add `ActiveRecord::Base#cache_version` to support recyclable cache keys via + the new versioned entries in `ActiveSupport::Cache`. This also means that + `ActiveRecord::Base#cache_key` will now return a stable key that + does not include a timestamp any more. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29092)) + +* Prevent creation of bind param if casted value is nil. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29282)) + +* Use bulk INSERT to insert fixtures for better performance. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29504)) + +* Merging two relations representing nested joins no longer transforms + the joins of the merged relation into LEFT OUTER JOIN. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/27063)) + +* Fix transactions to apply state to child transactions. + Previously, if you had a nested transaction and the outer transaction was + rolledback, the record from the inner transaction would still be marked + as persisted. It was fixed by applying the state of the parent + transaction to the child transaction when the parent transaction is + rolledback. This will correctly mark records from the inner transaction + as not persisted. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0237da287eb4c507d10a0c6d94150093acc52b03)) + +* Fix eager loading/preloading association with scope including joins. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29413)) + +* Prevent errors raised by `sql.active_record` notification subscribers + from being converted into `ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid` exceptions. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29692)) + +* Skip query caching when working with batches of records + (`find_each`, `find_in_batches`, `in_batches`). + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b83852e6eed5789b23b13bac40228e87e8822b4d)) + +* Change sqlite3 boolean serialization to use 1 and 0. + SQLite natively recognizes 1 and 0 as true and false, but does not natively + recognize 't' and 'f' as was previously serialized. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29699)) + +* Values constructed using multi-parameter assignment will now use the + post-type-cast value for rendering in single-field form inputs. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/1519e976b224871c7f7dd476351930d5d0d7faf6)) + +* `ApplicationRecord` is no longer generated when generating models. If you + need to generate it, it can be created with `rails g application_record`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29916)) + +* `Relation#or` now accepts two relations who have different values for + `references` only, as `references` can be implicitly called by `where`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ea6139101ccaf8be03b536b1293a9f36bc12f2f7)) + +* When using `Relation#or`, extract the common conditions and + put them before the OR condition. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29950)) + +* Add `binary` fixture helper method. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30073)) + +* Automatically guess the inverse associations for STI. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/23425)) + +* Add new error class `LockWaitTimeout` which will be raised + when lock wait timeout exceeded. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30360)) + +* Update payload names for `sql.active_record` instrumentation to be + more descriptive. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30619)) + +* Use given algorithm while removing index from database. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/24199)) + +* Passing a `Set` to `Relation#where` now behaves the same as passing + an array. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9cf7e3494f5bd34f1382c1ff4ea3d811a4972ae2)) + +* PostgreSQL `tsrange` now preserves subsecond precision. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30725)) + +* Raises when calling `lock!` in a dirty record. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/63cf15877bae859ff7b4ebaf05186f3ca79c1863)) + +* Fixed a bug where column orders for an index weren't written to + `db/schema.rb` when using the sqlite adapter. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30970)) + +* Fix `bin/rails db:migrate` with specified `VERSION`. + `bin/rails db:migrate` with empty VERSION behaves as without `VERSION`. + Check a format of `VERSION`: Allow a migration version number + or name of a migration file. Raise error if format of `VERSION` is invalid. + Raise error if target migration doesn't exist. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30714)) + +* Add new error class `StatementTimeout` which will be raised + when statement timeout exceeded. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31129)) + +* `update_all` will now pass its values to `Type#cast` before passing them to + `Type#serialize`. This means that `update_all(foo: 'true')` will properly + persist a boolean. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/68fe6b08ee72cc47263e0d2c9ff07f75c4b42761)) + +* Require raw SQL fragments to be explicitly marked when used in + relation query methods. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a1ee43d2170dd6adf5a9f390df2b1dde45018a48), + [Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e4a921a75f8702a7dbaf41e31130fe884dea93f9)) + +* Add `#up_only` to database migrations for code that is only relevant when + migrating up, e.g. populating a new column. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31082)) + +* Add new error class `QueryCanceled` which will be raised + when canceling statement due to user request. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31235)) + +* Don't allow scopes to be defined which conflict with instance methods + on `Relation`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31179)) + +* Add support for PostgreSQL operator classes to `add_index`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/19090)) + +* Log database query callers. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/26815), + [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31519), + [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31690)) + +* Undefine attribute methods on descendants when resetting column information. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31475)) + +* Using subselect for `delete_all` with `limit` or `offset`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9e7260da1bdc0770cf4ac547120c85ab93ff3d48)) + +* Fixed inconsistency with `first(n)` when used with `limit()`. + The `first(n)` finder now respects the `limit()`, making it consistent + with `relation.to_a.first(n)`, and also with the behavior of `last(n)`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/27597)) + +* Fix nested `has_many :through` associations on unpersisted parent instances. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/027f865fc8b262d9ba3ee51da3483e94a5489b66)) + +* Take into account association conditions when deleting through records. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ae48c65e411e01c1045056562319666384bb1b63)) + +* Don't allow destroyed object mutation after `save` or `save!` is called. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/562dd0494a90d9d47849f052e8913f0050f3e494)) + +* Fix relation merger issue with `left_outer_joins`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/27860)) + +* Support for PostgreSQL foreign tables. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31549)) + +* Clear the transaction state when an Active Record object is duped. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31751)) + +* Fix not expanded problem when passing an Array object as argument + to the where method using `composed_of` column. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31724)) + +* Make `reflection.klass` raise if `polymorphic?` not to be misused. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/63fc1100ce054e3e11c04a547cdb9387cd79571a)) + +* Fix `#columns_for_distinct` of MySQL and PostgreSQL to make + `ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#limited_ids_for` use correct primary key values + even if `ORDER BY` columns include other table's primary key. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/851618c15750979a75635530200665b543561a44)) + +* Fix `dependent: :destroy` issue for has_one/belongs_to relationship where + the parent class was getting deleted when the child was not. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b0fc04aa3af338d5a90608bf37248668d59fc881)) + +Active Model +------------ + +Please refer to the [Changelog][active-model] for detailed changes. + +### Notable changes + +* Fix methods `#keys`, `#values` in `ActiveModel::Errors`. + Change `#keys` to only return the keys that don't have empty messages. + Change `#values` to only return the not empty values. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/28584)) + +* Add method `#merge!` for `ActiveModel::Errors`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29714)) + +* Allow passing a Proc or Symbol to length validator options. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30674)) + +* Execute `ConfirmationValidator` validation when `_confirmation`'s value + is `false`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31058)) + +* Models using the attributes API with a proc default can now be marshalled. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0af36c62a5710e023402e37b019ad9982e69de4b)) + +* Do not lose all multiple `:includes` with options in serialization. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/853054bcc7a043eea78c97e7705a46abb603cc44)) + +Active Support +-------------- + +Please refer to the [Changelog][active-support] for detailed changes. + +### Removals + +* Remove deprecated `:if` and `:unless` string filter for callbacks. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/c792354adcbf8c966f274915c605c6713b840548)) + +* Remove deprecated `halt_callback_chains_on_return_false` option. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/19fbbebb1665e482d76cae30166b46e74ceafe29)) + +### Deprecations + +* Deprecate `Module#reachable?` method. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30624)) + +* Deprecate `secrets.secret_token`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/fbcc4bfe9a211e219da5d0bb01d894fcdaef0a0e)) + +### Notable changes + +* Add `fetch_values` for `HashWithIndifferentAccess`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/28316)) + +* Add support for `:offset` to `Time#change`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/851b7f866e13518d900407c78dcd6eb477afad06)) + +* Add support for `:offset` and `:zone` + to `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone#change`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/851b7f866e13518d900407c78dcd6eb477afad06)) + +* Pass gem name and deprecation horizon to deprecation notifications. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/28800)) + +* Add support for versioned cache entries. This enables the cache stores to + recycle cache keys, greatly saving on storage in cases with frequent churn. + Works together with the separation of `#cache_key` and `#cache_version` + in Active Record and its use in Action Pack's fragment caching. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29092)) + +* Add `ActiveSupport::CurrentAttributes` to provide a thread-isolated + attributes singleton. Primary use case is keeping all the per-request + attributes easily available to the whole system. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29180)) + +* `#singularize` and `#pluralize` now respect uncountables for + the specified locale. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/352865d0f835c24daa9a2e9863dcc9dde9e5371a)) + +* Add default option to `class_attribute`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29270)) + +* Add `Date#prev_occurring` and `Date#next_occurring` to return + specified next/previous occurring day of week. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/26600)) + +* Add default option to module and class attribute accessors. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29294)) + +* Cache: `write_multi`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29366)) + +* Default `ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor` to use AES 256 GCM encryption. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29263)) + +* Add `freeze_time` helper which freezes time to `Time.now` in tests. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29681)) + +* Make the order of `Hash#reverse_merge!` consistent + with `HashWithIndifferentAccess`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/28077)) + +* Add purpose and expiry support to `ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier` and + `ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29892)) + +* Update `String#camelize` to provide feedback when wrong option is passed. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30039)) + +* `Module#delegate_missing_to` now raises `DelegationError` if target is nil, + similar to `Module#delegate`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30191)) + +* Add `ActiveSupport::EncryptedFile` and + `ActiveSupport::EncryptedConfiguration`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30067)) + +* Add `config/credentials.yml.enc` to store production app secrets. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30067)) + +* Add key rotation support to `MessageEncryptor` and `MessageVerifier`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29716)) + +* Return an instance of `HashWithIndifferentAccess` from + `HashWithIndifferentAccess#transform_keys`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30728)) + +* `Hash#slice` now falls back to Ruby 2.5+'s built-in definition if defined. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/01ae39660243bc5f0a986e20f9c9bff312b1b5f8)) + +* `IO#to_json` now returns the `to_s` representation, rather than + attempting to convert to an array. This fixes a bug where `IO#to_json` + would raise an `IOError` when called on an unreadable object. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30953)) + +* Add same method signature for `Time#prev_day` and `Time#next_day` + in accordance with `Date#prev_day`, `Date#next_day`. + Allows pass argument for `Time#prev_day` and `Time#next_day`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/61ac2167eff741bffb44aec231f4ea13d004134e)) + +* Add same method signature for `Time#prev_month` and `Time#next_month` + in accordance with `Date#prev_month`, `Date#next_month`. + Allows pass argument for `Time#prev_month` and `Time#next_month`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f2c1e3a793570584d9708aaee387214bc3543530)) + +* Add same method signature for `Time#prev_year` and `Time#next_year` + in accordance with `Date#prev_year`, `Date#next_year`. + Allows pass argument for `Time#prev_year` and `Time#next_year`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ee9d81837b5eba9d5ec869ae7601d7ffce763e3e)) + +* Fix acronym support in `humanize`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0ddde0a8fca6a0ca3158e3329713959acd65605d)) + +* Allow `Range#include?` on TWZ ranges. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31081)) + +* Cache: Enable compression by default for values > 1kB. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31147)) + +* Redis cache store. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31134), + [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31866)) + +* Handle `TZInfo::AmbiguousTime` errors. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31128)) + +* MemCacheStore: Support expiring counters. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b22ee64b5b30c6d5039c292235e10b24b1057f6d)) + +* Make `ActiveSupport::TimeZone.all` return only time zones that are in + `ActiveSupport::TimeZone::MAPPING`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31176)) + +* Changed default behaviour of `ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare`, + to make it not leak length information even for variable length string. + Renamed old `ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare` to + `fixed_length_secure_compare`, and started raising `ArgumentError` in + case of length mismatch of passed strings. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/24510)) + +* Use SHA-1 to generate non-sensitive digests, such as the ETag header. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31289), + [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31651)) + +* `assert_changes` will always assert that the expression changes, + regardless of `from:` and `to:` argument combinations. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31011)) + +* Add missing instrumentation for `read_multi` + in `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30268)) + +* Support hash as first argument in `assert_difference`. + This allows to specify multiple numeric differences in the same assertion. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31600)) + +* Caching: MemCache and Redis `read_multi` and `fetch_multi` speedup. + Read from the local in-memory cache before consulting the backend. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a2b97e4ffef971607a1be8fc7909f099b6840f36)) + +Active Job +---------- + +Please refer to the [Changelog][active-job] for detailed changes. + +### Notable changes + +* Allow block to be passed to `ActiveJob::Base.discard_on` to allow custom + handling of discard jobs. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/30622)) + +Ruby on Rails Guides +-------------------- + +Please refer to the [Changelog][guides] for detailed changes. + +### Notable changes + +* Add + [Threading and Code Execution in Rails](threading_and_code_execution.html) + Guide. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/27494)) + +* Add [Active Storage Overview](active_storage_overview.html) Guide. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/31037)) + +Credits +------- + +See the +[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) +for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust +framework it is. Kudos to all of them. + +[railties]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md +[action-pack]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md +[action-view]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md +[action-mailer]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md +[action-cable]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/actioncable/CHANGELOG.md +[active-record]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md +[active-model]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md +[active-support]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md +[active-job]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/activejob/CHANGELOG.md +[guides]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md diff --git a/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb index 8afec00018..5dd6bfdd23 100644 --- a/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb +++ b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb @@ -10,16 +10,20 @@ </p> <% else %> <p> - These are the new guides for Rails 5.1 based on <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/<%= @version %>"><%= @version %></a>. + These are the new guides for Rails 5.2 based on <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/<%= @version %>"><%= @version %></a>. These guides are designed to make you immediately productive with Rails, and to help you understand how all of the pieces fit together. </p> <% end %> <p> The guides for earlier releases: +<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v5.2/">Rails 5.2</a>, +<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v5.1/">Rails 5.1</a>, <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v5.0/">Rails 5.0</a>, <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.2/">Rails 4.2</a>, <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.1/">Rails 4.1</a>, <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.0/">Rails 4.0</a>, -<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2/">Rails 3.2</a>, and +<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2/">Rails 3.2</a>, +<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.1/">Rails 3.1</a>, +<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.0/">Rails 3.0</a>, and <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3/">Rails 2.3</a>. </p> diff --git a/guides/source/action_cable_overview.md b/guides/source/action_cable_overview.md index 31151e0329..c250db2e0c 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_cable_overview.md +++ b/guides/source/action_cable_overview.md @@ -1,12 +1,14 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Action Cable Overview ===================== -In this guide you will learn how Action Cable works and how to use WebSockets to +In this guide, you will learn how Action Cable works and how to use WebSockets to incorporate real-time features into your Rails application. After reading this guide, you will know: -* What Action Cable is and its integration on backend and frontend +* What Action Cable is and its integration backend and frontend * How to setup Action Cable * How to setup channels * Deployment and Architecture setup for running Action Cable @@ -129,7 +131,7 @@ subscriptions based on an identifier sent by the cable consumer. # app/channels/chat_channel.rb class ChatChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel # Called when the consumer has successfully - # become a subscriber of this channel. + # become a subscriber to this channel. def subscribed end end @@ -225,7 +227,7 @@ A *broadcasting* is a pub/sub link where anything transmitted by a publisher is routed directly to the channel subscribers who are streaming that named broadcasting. Each channel can be streaming zero or more broadcastings. -Broadcastings are purely an online queue and time dependent. If a consumer is +Broadcastings are purely an online queue and time-dependent. If a consumer is not streaming (subscribed to a given channel), they'll not get the broadcast should they connect later. @@ -515,8 +517,8 @@ user. For a user with an ID of 1, the broadcasting name would be The channel has been instructed to stream everything that arrives at `web_notifications:1` directly to the client by invoking the `received` callback. The data passed as argument is the hash sent as the second parameter -to the server-side broadcast call, JSON encoded for the trip across the wire, -and unpacked for the data argument arriving to `received`. +to the server-side broadcast call, JSON encoded for the trip across the wire +and unpacked for the data argument arriving as `received`. ### More Complete Examples @@ -555,9 +557,8 @@ The async adapter is intended for development/testing and should not be used in ##### Redis Adapter -Action Cable contains two Redis adapters: "normal" Redis and Evented Redis. Both -of the adapters require users to provide a URL pointing to the Redis server. -Additionally, a channel_prefix may be provided to avoid channel name collisions +The Redis adapter requires users to provide a URL pointing to the Redis server. +Additionally, a `channel_prefix` may be provided to avoid channel name collisions when using the same Redis server for multiple applications. See the [Redis PubSub documentation](https://redis.io/topics/pubsub#database-amp-scoping) for more details. ##### PostgreSQL Adapter @@ -570,7 +571,7 @@ This may change in the future. [#27214](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/27 Action Cable will only accept requests from specified origins, which are passed to the server config as an array. The origins can be instances of -strings or regular expressions, against which a check for match will be performed. +strings or regular expressions, against which a check for the match will be performed. ```ruby config.action_cable.allowed_request_origins = ['http://rubyonrails.com', %r{http://ruby.*}] @@ -593,7 +594,7 @@ environment configuration files. ### Other Configurations -The other common option to configure, is the log tags applied to the +The other common option to configure is the log tags applied to the per-connection logger. Here's an example that uses the user account id if available, else "no-account" while tagging: @@ -608,7 +609,7 @@ config.action_cable.log_tags = [ For a full list of all configuration options, see the `ActionCable::Server::Configuration` class. -Also note that your server must provide at least the same number of database +Also, note that your server must provide at least the same number of database connections as you have workers. The default worker pool size is set to 4, so that means you have to make at least that available. You can change that in `config/database.yml` through the `pool` attribute. @@ -669,8 +670,8 @@ authentication. You can see one way of doing that with Devise in this [article]( ## Dependencies Action Cable provides a subscription adapter interface to process its -pubsub internals. By default, asynchronous, inline, PostgreSQL, evented -Redis, and non-evented Redis adapters are included. The default adapter +pubsub internals. By default, asynchronous, inline, PostgreSQL, and Redis +adapters are included. The default adapter in new Rails applications is the asynchronous (`async`) adapter. The Ruby side of things is built on top of [websocket-driver](https://github.com/faye/websocket-driver-ruby), diff --git a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md index 2c3f74c3e1..cd685a228e 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md +++ b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: What Does a Controller Do? -------------------------- -Action Controller is the C in MVC. After the router has determined which controller to use for a request, the controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output. Luckily, Action Controller does most of the groundwork for you and uses smart conventions to make this as straightforward as possible. +Action Controller is the C in [MVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller). After the router has determined which controller to use for a request, the controller is responsible for making sense of the request, and producing the appropriate output. Luckily, Action Controller does most of the groundwork for you and uses smart conventions to make this as straightforward as possible. For most conventional [RESTful](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer) applications, the controller will receive the request (this is invisible to you as the developer), fetch or save data from a model and use a view to create HTML output. If your controller needs to do things a little differently, that's not a problem, this is just the most common way for a controller to work. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class ClientsController < ApplicationController end ``` -As an example, if a user goes to `/clients/new` in your application to add a new client, Rails will create an instance of `ClientsController` and call its `new` method. Note that the empty method from the example above would work just fine because Rails will by default render the `new.html.erb` view unless the action says otherwise. The `new` method could make available to the view a `@client` instance variable by creating a new `Client`: +As an example, if a user goes to `/clients/new` in your application to add a new client, Rails will create an instance of `ClientsController` and call its `new` method. Note that the empty method from the example above would work just fine because Rails will by default render the `new.html.erb` view unless the action says otherwise. By creating a new `Client`, the `new` method can make a `@client` instance variable accessible in the view: ```ruby def new @@ -400,9 +400,9 @@ Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session', Rails sets up (for the CookieStore) a secret key used for signing the session data in `config/credentials.yml.enc`. This can be changed with `bin/rails credentials:edit`. ```ruby -# amazon: -# access_key_id: 123 -# secret_access_key: 345 +# aws: +# access_key_id: 123 +# secret_access_key: 345 # Used as the base secret for all MessageVerifiers in Rails, including the one protecting cookies. secret_key_base: 492f... @@ -450,14 +450,16 @@ class LoginsController < ApplicationController end ``` -To remove something from the session, assign that key to be `nil`: +To remove something from the session, delete the key/value pair: ```ruby class LoginsController < ApplicationController # "Delete" a login, aka "log the user out" def destroy # Remove the user id from the session - @_current_user = session[:current_user_id] = nil + session.delete(:current_user_id) + # Clear the memoized current user + @_current_user = nil redirect_to root_url end end @@ -476,7 +478,7 @@ Let's use the act of logging out as an example. The controller can send a messag ```ruby class LoginsController < ApplicationController def destroy - session[:current_user_id] = nil + session.delete(:current_user_id) flash[:notice] = "You have successfully logged out." redirect_to root_url end @@ -654,8 +656,8 @@ class UsersController < ApplicationController @users = User.all respond_to do |format| format.html # index.html.erb - format.xml { render xml: @users} - format.json { render json: @users} + format.xml { render xml: @users } + format.json { render json: @users } end end end @@ -784,9 +786,9 @@ The way this is done is to add a non-guessable token which is only known to your If you generate a form like this: ```erb -<%= form_for @user do |f| %> - <%= f.text_field :username %> - <%= f.text_field :password %> +<%= form_with model: @user, local: true do |form| %> + <%= form.text_field :username %> + <%= form.text_field :password %> <% end %> ``` @@ -855,7 +857,7 @@ If you want to set custom headers for a response then `response.headers` is the response.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/pdf" ``` -Note: in the above case it would make more sense to use the `content_type` setter directly. +NOTE: In the above case it would make more sense to use the `content_type` setter directly. HTTP Authentications -------------------- @@ -1116,7 +1118,7 @@ Rails default exception handling displays a "500 Server Error" message for all e ### The Default 500 and 404 Templates -By default a production application will render either a 404 or a 500 error message, in the development environment all unhandled exceptions are raised. These messages are contained in static HTML files in the `public` folder, in `404.html` and `500.html` respectively. You can customize these files to add some extra information and style, but remember that they are static HTML; i.e. you can't use ERB, SCSS, CoffeeScript, or layouts for them. +By default a production application will render either a 404 or a 500 error message, in the development environment all unhandled exceptions are raised. These messages are contained in static HTML files in the public folder, in `404.html` and `500.html` respectively. You can customize these files to add some extra information and style, but remember that they are static HTML; i.e. you can't use ERB, SCSS, CoffeeScript, or layouts for them. ### `rescue_from` @@ -1181,22 +1183,6 @@ NOTE: Certain exceptions are only rescuable from the `ApplicationController` cla Force HTTPS protocol -------------------- -Sometime you might want to force a particular controller to only be accessible via an HTTPS protocol for security reasons. You can use the `force_ssl` method in your controller to enforce that: - -```ruby -class DinnerController - force_ssl -end -``` - -Just like the filter, you could also pass `:only` and `:except` to enforce the secure connection only to specific actions: - -```ruby -class DinnerController - force_ssl only: :cheeseburger - # or - force_ssl except: :cheeseburger -end -``` - -Please note that if you find yourself adding `force_ssl` to many controllers, you may want to force the whole application to use HTTPS instead. In that case, you can set the `config.force_ssl` in your environment file. +If you'd like to ensure that communication to your controller is only possible +via HTTPS, you should do so by enabling the `ActionDispatch::SSL` middleware via +`config.force_ssl` in your environment configuration. diff --git a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md index 96ef9c4450..662f9ea38a 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md @@ -20,9 +20,18 @@ Introduction ------------ Action Mailer allows you to send emails from your application using mailer classes -and views. Mailers work very similarly to controllers. They inherit from -`ActionMailer::Base` and live in `app/mailers`, and they have associated views -that appear in `app/views`. +and views. + +#### Mailers are similar to controllers + +They inherit from `ActionMailer::Base` and live in `app/mailers`. Mailers also work +very similarly to controllers. Some examples of similarities are enumerated below. +Mailers have: + +* Actions, and also, associated views that appear in `app/views`. +* Instance variables that are accessible in views. +* The ability to utilise layouts and partials. +* The ability to access a params hash. Sending Emails -------------- @@ -60,8 +69,7 @@ end ``` As you can see, you can generate mailers just like you use other generators with -Rails. Mailers are conceptually similar to controllers, and so we get a mailer, -a directory for views, and a test. +Rails. If you didn't want to use a generator, you could create your own file inside of `app/mailers`, just make sure that it inherits from `ActionMailer::Base`: @@ -73,10 +81,9 @@ end #### Edit the Mailer -Mailers are very similar to Rails controllers. They also have methods called -"actions" and use views to structure the content. Where a controller generates -content like HTML to send back to the client, a Mailer creates a message to be -delivered via email. +Mailers have methods called "actions" and they use views to structure their content. +Where a controller generates content like HTML to send back to the client, a Mailer +creates a message to be delivered via email. `app/mailers/user_mailer.rb` contains an empty mailer: @@ -92,8 +99,8 @@ registered email address: class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer default from: 'notifications@example.com' - def welcome_email(user) - @user = user + def welcome_email + @user = params[:user] @url = 'http://example.com/login' mail(to: @user.email, subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site') end @@ -110,9 +117,6 @@ messages in this class. This can be overridden on a per-email basis. * `mail` - The actual email message, we are passing the `:to` and `:subject` headers in. -Just like controllers, any instance variables we define in the method become -available for use in the views. - #### Create a Mailer View Create a file called `welcome_email.html.erb` in `app/views/user_mailer/`. This @@ -176,7 +180,7 @@ $ bin/rails db:migrate Now that we have a user model to play with, we will just edit the `app/controllers/users_controller.rb` make it instruct the `UserMailer` to deliver an email to the newly created user by editing the create action and inserting a -call to `UserMailer.welcome_email` right after the user is successfully saved. +call to `UserMailer.with(user: @user).welcome_email` right after the user is successfully saved. Action Mailer is nicely integrated with Active Job so you can send emails outside of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it: @@ -191,7 +195,7 @@ class UsersController < ApplicationController respond_to do |format| if @user.save # Tell the UserMailer to send a welcome email after save - UserMailer.welcome_email(@user).deliver_later + UserMailer.with(user: @user).welcome_email.deliver_later format.html { redirect_to(@user, notice: 'User was successfully created.') } format.json { render json: @user, status: :created, location: @user } @@ -220,12 +224,17 @@ If you want to send emails right away (from a cronjob for example) just call class SendWeeklySummary def run User.find_each do |user| - UserMailer.weekly_summary(user).deliver_now + UserMailer.with(user: user).weekly_summary.deliver_now end end end ``` +Any key value pair passed to `with` just becomes the `params` for the mailer +action. So `with(user: @user, account: @user.account)` makes `params[:user]` and +`params[:account]` available in the mailer action. Just like controllers have +params. + The method `welcome_email` returns an `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object which can then just be told `deliver_now` or `deliver_later` to send itself out. The `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object is just a wrapper around a `Mail::Message`. If @@ -331,7 +340,7 @@ with the addresses separated by commas. ```ruby class AdminMailer < ApplicationMailer - default to: Proc.new { Admin.pluck(:email) }, + default to: -> { Admin.pluck(:email) }, from: 'notification@example.com' def new_registration(user) @@ -351,8 +360,8 @@ address when they receive the email. The trick to doing that is to format the email address in the format `"Full Name" <email>`. ```ruby -def welcome_email(user) - @user = user +def welcome_email + @user = params[:user] email_with_name = %("#{@user.name}" <#{@user.email}>) mail(to: email_with_name, subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site') end @@ -372,8 +381,8 @@ To change the default mailer view for your action you do something like: class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer default from: 'notifications@example.com' - def welcome_email(user) - @user = user + def welcome_email + @user = params[:user] @url = 'http://example.com/login' mail(to: @user.email, subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site', @@ -394,8 +403,8 @@ templates or even render inline or text without using a template file: class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer default from: 'notifications@example.com' - def welcome_email(user) - @user = user + def welcome_email + @user = params[:user] @url = 'http://example.com/login' mail(to: @user.email, subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site') do |format| @@ -453,8 +462,8 @@ the format block to specify different layouts for different formats: ```ruby class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer - def welcome_email(user) - mail(to: user.email) do |format| + def welcome_email + mail(to: params[:user].email) do |format| format.html { render layout: 'my_layout' } format.text end @@ -477,7 +486,7 @@ special URL that renders them. In the above example, the preview class for ```ruby class UserMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview def welcome_email - UserMailer.welcome_email(User.first) + UserMailer.with(user: User.first).welcome_email end end ``` @@ -594,12 +603,12 @@ mailer action. ```ruby class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer - def welcome_email(user, company) - @user = user + def welcome_email + @user = params[:user] @url = user_url(@user) - delivery_options = { user_name: company.smtp_user, - password: company.smtp_password, - address: company.smtp_host } + delivery_options = { user_name: params[:company].smtp_user, + password: params[:company].smtp_password, + address: params[:company].smtp_host } mail(to: @user.email, subject: "Please see the Terms and Conditions attached", delivery_method_options: delivery_options) @@ -616,9 +625,9 @@ will default to `text/plain` otherwise. ```ruby class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer - def welcome_email(user, email_body) - mail(to: user.email, - body: email_body, + def welcome_email + mail(to: params[:user].email, + body: params[:email_body], content_type: "text/html", subject: "Already rendered!") end @@ -677,24 +686,43 @@ Action Mailer allows for you to specify a `before_action`, `after_action` and * You could use a `before_action` to populate the mail object with defaults, delivery_method_options or insert default headers and attachments. +```ruby +class InvitationsMailer < ApplicationMailer + before_action { @inviter, @invitee = params[:inviter], params[:invitee] } + before_action { @account = params[:inviter].account } + + default to: -> { @invitee.email_address }, + from: -> { common_address(@inviter) }, + reply_to: -> { @inviter.email_address_with_name } + + def account_invitation + mail subject: "#{@inviter.name} invited you to their Basecamp (#{@account.name})" + end + + def project_invitation + @project = params[:project] + @summarizer = ProjectInvitationSummarizer.new(@project.bucket) + + mail subject: "#{@inviter.name.familiar} added you to a project in Basecamp (#{@account.name})" + end +end +``` + * You could use an `after_action` to do similar setup as a `before_action` but using instance variables set in your mailer action. ```ruby class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer + before_action { @business, @user = params[:business], params[:user] } + after_action :set_delivery_options, :prevent_delivery_to_guests, :set_business_headers - def feedback_message(business, user) - @business = business - @user = user - mail + def feedback_message end - def campaign_message(business, user) - @business = business - @user = user + def campaign_message end private @@ -781,9 +809,9 @@ config.action_mailer.smtp_settings = { user_name: '<username>', password: '<password>', authentication: 'plain', - enable_starttls_auto: true } + enable_starttls_auto: true } ``` -Note: As of July 15, 2014, Google increased [its security measures](https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/6010255) and now blocks attempts from apps it deems less secure. +NOTE: As of July 15, 2014, Google increased [its security measures](https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/6010255) and now blocks attempts from apps it deems less secure. You can change your Gmail settings [here](https://www.google.com/settings/security/lesssecureapps) to allow the attempts. If your Gmail account has 2-factor authentication enabled, then you will need to set an [app password](https://myaccount.google.com/apppasswords) and use that instead of your regular password. Alternatively, you can use another ESP to send email by replacing 'smtp.gmail.com' above with the address of your provider. diff --git a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md index a57623428f..37b8843d1e 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md +++ b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md @@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ end #### Jbuilder [Jbuilder](https://github.com/rails/jbuilder) is a gem that's -maintained by the Rails team and included in the default Rails Gemfile. +maintained by the Rails team and included in the default Rails `Gemfile`. It's similar to Builder, but is used to generate JSON, instead of XML. -If you don't have it, you can add the following to your Gemfile: +If you don't have it, you can add the following to your `Gemfile`: ```ruby gem 'jbuilder' @@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ stylesheet_link_tag "application" # => <link href="/assets/application.css" medi #### stylesheet_path -Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the `app/assets/stylesheets` directory. If the source filename has no extension, `.css` will be appended. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by stylesheet_link_tag to build the stylesheet path. +Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the `app/assets/stylesheets` directory. If the source filename has no extension, `.css` will be appended. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by `stylesheet_link_tag` to build the stylesheet path. ```ruby stylesheet_path "application" # => /assets/application.css @@ -807,20 +807,22 @@ The core method of this helper, `form_for`, gives you the ability to create a fo The HTML generated for this would be: ```html -<form action="/people/create" method="post"> - <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" type="text" /> - <input id="person_last_name" name="person[last_name]" type="text" /> - <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Create" /> +<form class="new_person" id="new_person" action="/people" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"> + <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" /> + <input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="lTuvBzs7ANygT0NFinXj98tfw3Emfm65wwYLbUvoWsK2pngccIQSUorM2C035M9dZswXgWTvKwFS8W5TVblpYw==" /> + <input type="text" name="person[first_name]" id="person_first_name" /> + <input type="text" name="person[last_name]" id="person_last_name" /> + <input type="submit" name="commit" value="Create" data-disable-with="Create" /> </form> ``` The params object created when this form is submitted would look like: ```ruby -{ "action" => "create", "controller" => "people", "person" => { "first_name" => "William", "last_name" => "Smith" } } +{"utf8" => "✓", "authenticity_token" => "lTuvBzs7ANygT0NFinXj98tfw3Emfm65wwYLbUvoWsK2pngccIQSUorM2C035M9dZswXgWTvKwFS8W5TVblpYw==", "person" => {"first_name" => "William", "last_name" => "Smith"}, "commit" => "Create", "controller" => "people", "action" => "create"} ``` -The params hash has a nested person value, which can therefore be accessed with params[:person] in the controller. +The params hash has a nested person value, which can therefore be accessed with `params[:person]` in the controller. #### check_box @@ -1100,7 +1102,7 @@ Possible output: </optgroup> ``` -Note: Only the `optgroup` and `option` tags are returned, so you still have to wrap the output in an appropriate `select` tag. +NOTE: Only the `optgroup` and `option` tags are returned, so you still have to wrap the output in an appropriate `select` tag. #### options_for_select @@ -1111,7 +1113,7 @@ options_for_select([ "VISA", "MasterCard" ]) # => <option>VISA</option> <option>MasterCard</option> ``` -Note: Only the `option` tags are returned, you have to wrap this call in a regular HTML `select` tag. +NOTE: Only the `option` tags are returned, you have to wrap this call in a regular HTML `select` tag. #### options_from_collection_for_select @@ -1128,7 +1130,7 @@ options_from_collection_for_select(@project.people, "id", "name") # => <option value="#{person.id}">#{person.name}</option> ``` -Note: Only the `option` tags are returned, you have to wrap this call in a regular HTML `select` tag. +NOTE: Only the `option` tags are returned, you have to wrap this call in a regular HTML `select` tag. #### select @@ -1160,7 +1162,7 @@ Returns a string of option tags for pretty much any time zone in the world. Returns select and option tags for the given object and method, using `time_zone_options_for_select` to generate the list of option tags. ```ruby -time_zone_select( "user", "time_zone") +time_zone_select("user", "time_zone") ``` #### date_field @@ -1265,8 +1267,8 @@ password_field_tag 'pass' Creates a radio button; use groups of radio buttons named the same to allow users to select from a group of options. ```ruby -radio_button_tag 'gender', 'male' -# => <input id="gender_male" name="gender" type="radio" value="male" /> +radio_button_tag 'favorite_color', 'maroon' +# => <input id="favorite_color_maroon" name="favorite_color" type="radio" value="maroon" /> ``` #### select_tag diff --git a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md index 914ef2c327..6d52ac0a99 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md @@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class GuestsCleanupJob < ApplicationJob #.... end -# Now your job will use `resque` as it's backend queue adapter overriding what +# Now your job will use `resque` as its backend queue adapter overriding what # was configured in `config.active_job.queue_adapter`. ``` @@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ class GuestsCleanupJob < ApplicationJob end private - def around_cleanup(job) + def around_cleanup # Do something before perform yield # Do something after perform @@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ For example, you could send metrics for every job enqueued: ```ruby class ApplicationJob - before_enqueue { |job| $statsd.increment "#{job.name.underscore}.enqueue" } + before_enqueue { |job| $statsd.increment "#{job.class.name.underscore}.enqueue" } end ``` @@ -339,8 +339,23 @@ UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_later # Email will be localized to Esperanto. ``` -GlobalID --------- +Supported types for arguments +---------------------------- + +ActiveJob supports the following types of arguments by default: + + - Basic types (`NilClass`, `String`, `Integer`, `Float`, `BigDecimal`, `TrueClass`, `FalseClass`) + - `Symbol` + - `Date` + - `Time` + - `DateTime` + - `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone` + - `ActiveSupport::Duration` + - `Hash` (Keys should be of `String` or `Symbol` type) + - `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess` + - `Array` + +### GlobalID Active Job supports GlobalID for parameters. This makes it possible to pass live Active Record objects to your job instead of class/id pairs, which you then have @@ -368,6 +383,39 @@ end This works with any class that mixes in `GlobalID::Identification`, which by default has been mixed into Active Record classes. +### Serializers + +You can extend the list of supported argument types. You just need to define your own serializer: + +```ruby +class MoneySerializer < ActiveJob::Serializers::ObjectSerializer + # Checks if an argument should be serialized by this serializer. + def serialize?(argument) + argument.is_a? Money + end + + # Converts an object to a simpler representative using supported object types. + # The recommended representative is a Hash with a specific key. Keys can be of basic types only. + # You should call `super` to add the custom serializer type to the hash. + def serialize(money) + super( + "amount" => money.amount, + "currency" => money.currency + ) + end + + # Converts serialized value into a proper object. + def deserialize(hash) + Money.new(hash["amount"], hash["currency"]) + end +end +``` + +and add this serializer to the list: + +```ruby +Rails.application.config.active_job.custom_serializers << MoneySerializer +``` Exceptions ---------- diff --git a/guides/source/active_model_basics.md b/guides/source/active_model_basics.md index b8f076a27b..ee0472621b 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_model_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/active_model_basics.md @@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ a `password` accessor with certain validations on it. #### Requirements `ActiveModel::SecurePassword` depends on [`bcrypt`](https://github.com/codahale/bcrypt-ruby 'BCrypt'), -so include this gem in your Gemfile to use `ActiveModel::SecurePassword` correctly. +so include this gem in your `Gemfile` to use `ActiveModel::SecurePassword` correctly. In order to make this work, the model must have an accessor named `password_digest`. The `has_secure_password` will add the following validations on the `password` accessor: diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md index 11aefcb05f..2f85b765a3 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md @@ -38,13 +38,15 @@ object on how to write to and read from the database. ### Object Relational Mapping -Object Relational Mapping, commonly referred to as its abbreviation ORM, is +[Object Relational Mapping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-relational_mapping), commonly referred to as its abbreviation ORM, is a technique that connects the rich objects of an application to tables in a relational database management system. Using ORM, the properties and relationships of the objects in an application can be easily stored and retrieved from a database without writing SQL statements directly and with less overall database access code. +NOTE: If you are not familiar enough with relational database management systems (RDBMS) or structured query language (SQL), please go through [this tutorial](https://www.w3schools.com/sql/default.asp) (or [this one](http://www.sqlcourse.com/)) or study them by other means. Understanding how relational databases work is crucial to understanding Active Records and Rails in general. + ### Active Record as an ORM Framework Active Record gives us several mechanisms, the most important being the ability @@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ end This will create a `Product` model, mapped to a `products` table at the database. By doing this you'll also have the ability to map the columns of each row in that table with the attributes of the instances of your model. Suppose -that the `products` table was created using an SQL statement like: +that the `products` table was created using an SQL (or one of its extensions) statement like: ```sql CREATE TABLE products ( @@ -152,8 +154,9 @@ CREATE TABLE products ( ); ``` -Following the table schema above, you would be able to write code like the -following: +Schema above declares a table with two columns: `id` and `name`. Each row of +this table represents a certain product with these two parameters. Thus, you +would be able to write code like the following: ```ruby p = Product.new @@ -304,6 +307,17 @@ user = User.find_by(name: 'David') user.destroy ``` +If you'd like to delete several records in bulk, you may use `destroy_all` +method: + +```ruby +# find and delete all users named David +User.where(name: 'David').destroy_all + +# delete all users +User.destroy_all +``` + Validations ----------- diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md index 53417f012e..4f54b4c206 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md @@ -213,6 +213,7 @@ The following methods trigger callbacks: * `save!` * `save(validate: false)` * `toggle!` +* `touch` * `update_attribute` * `update` * `update!` @@ -245,7 +246,6 @@ Just as with validations, it is also possible to skip callbacks by using the fol * `increment` * `increment_counter` * `toggle` -* `touch` * `update_column` * `update_columns` * `update_all` @@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ The whole callback chain is wrapped in a transaction. If any callback raises an throw :abort ``` -WARNING. Any exception that is not `ActiveRecord::Rollback` or `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` will be re-raised by Rails after the callback chain is halted. Raising an exception other than `ActiveRecord::Rollback` or `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` may break code that does not expect methods like `save` and `update_attributes` (which normally try to return `true` or `false`) to raise an exception. +WARNING. Any exception that is not `ActiveRecord::Rollback` or `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` will be re-raised by Rails after the callback chain is halted. Raising an exception other than `ActiveRecord::Rollback` or `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` may break code that does not expect methods like `save` and `update` (which normally try to return `true` or `false`) to raise an exception. Relational Callbacks -------------------- diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md index f8f36bf600..d09adf3c19 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md @@ -353,8 +353,7 @@ create_table :products, options: "ENGINE=BLACKHOLE" do |t| end ``` -will append `ENGINE=BLACKHOLE` to the SQL statement used to create the table -(when using MySQL or MariaDB, the default is `ENGINE=InnoDB`). +will append `ENGINE=BLACKHOLE` to the SQL statement used to create the table. Also you can pass the `:comment` option with any description for the table that will be stored in database itself and can be viewed with database administration @@ -443,7 +442,7 @@ change_column_default :products, :approved, from: true, to: false This sets `:name` field on products to a `NOT NULL` column and the default value of the `:approved` field from true to false. -Note: You could also write the above `change_column_default` migration as +NOTE: You could also write the above `change_column_default` migration as `change_column_default :products, :approved, false`, but unlike the previous example, this would make your migration irreversible. @@ -918,35 +917,29 @@ Schema Dumping and You ### What are Schema Files for? Migrations, mighty as they may be, are not the authoritative source for your -database schema. That role falls to either `db/schema.rb` or an SQL file which -Active Record generates by examining the database. They are not designed to be -edited, they just represent the current state of the database. +database schema. Your database remains the authoritative source. By default, +Rails generates `db/schema.rb` which attempts to capture the current state of +your database schema. -There is no need (and it is error prone) to deploy a new instance of an app by -replaying the entire migration history. It is much simpler and faster to just -load into the database a description of the current schema. - -For example, this is how the test database is created: the current development -database is dumped (either to `db/schema.rb` or `db/structure.sql`) and then -loaded into the test database. +It tends to be faster and less error prone to create a new instance of your +application's database by loading the schema file via `rails db:schema:load` +than it is to replay the entire migration history. Old migrations may fail to +apply correctly if those migrations use changing external dependencies or rely +on application code which evolves separately from your migrations. Schema files are also useful if you want a quick look at what attributes an Active Record object has. This information is not in the model's code and is frequently spread across several migrations, but the information is nicely -summed up in the schema file. The -[annotate_models](https://github.com/ctran/annotate_models) gem automatically -adds and updates comments at the top of each model summarizing the schema if -you desire that functionality. +summed up in the schema file. ### Types of Schema Dumps -There are two ways to dump the schema. This is set in `config/application.rb` -by the `config.active_record.schema_format` setting, which may be either `:sql` -or `:ruby`. +The format of the schema dump generated by Rails is controlled by the +`config.active_record.schema_format` setting in `config/application.rb`. By +default, the format is `:ruby`, but can also be set to `:sql`. If `:ruby` is selected, then the schema is stored in `db/schema.rb`. If you look -at this file you'll find that it looks an awful lot like one very big -migration: +at this file you'll find that it looks an awful lot like one very big migration: ```ruby ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20080906171750) do @@ -968,36 +961,32 @@ end In many ways this is exactly what it is. This file is created by inspecting the database and expressing its structure using `create_table`, `add_index`, and so -on. Because this is database-independent, it could be loaded into any database -that Active Record supports. This could be very useful if you were to -distribute an application that is able to run against multiple databases. - -NOTE: `db/schema.rb` cannot express database specific items such as triggers, -sequences, stored procedures or check constraints, etc. Please note that while -custom SQL statements can be run in migrations, these statements cannot be reconstituted -by the schema dumper. If you are using features like this, then you -should set the schema format to `:sql`. - -Instead of using Active Record's schema dumper, the database's structure will -be dumped using a tool specific to the database (via the `db:structure:dump` -rails task) into `db/structure.sql`. For example, for PostgreSQL, the `pg_dump` -utility is used. For MySQL and MariaDB, this file will contain the output of -`SHOW CREATE TABLE` for the various tables. - -Loading these schemas is simply a question of executing the SQL statements they -contain. By definition, this will create a perfect copy of the database's -structure. Using the `:sql` schema format will, however, prevent loading the -schema into a RDBMS other than the one used to create it. +on. + +`db/schema.rb` cannot express everything your database may support such as +triggers, sequences, stored procedures, check constraints, etc. While migrations +may use `execute` to create database constructs that are not supported by the +Ruby migration DSL, these constructs may not be able to be reconstituted by the +schema dumper. If you are using features like these, you should set the schema +format to `:sql` in order to get an accurate schema file that is useful to +create new database instances. + +When the schema format is set to `:sql`, the database structure will be dumped +using a tool specific to the database into `db/structure.sql`. For example, for +PostgreSQL, the `pg_dump` utility is used. For MySQL and MariaDB, this file will +contain the output of `SHOW CREATE TABLE` for the various tables. + +To load the schema from `db/structure.sql`, run `rails db:structure:load`. +Loading this file is done by executing the SQL statements it contains. By +definition, this will create a perfect copy of the database's structure. ### Schema Dumps and Source Control -Because schema dumps are the authoritative source for your database schema, it -is strongly recommended that you check them into source control. +Because schema files are commonly used to create new databases, it is strongly +recommended that you check your schema file into source control. -`db/schema.rb` contains the current version number of the database. This -ensures conflicts are going to happen in the case of a merge where both -branches touched the schema. When that happens, solve conflicts manually, -keeping the highest version number of the two. +Merge conflicts can occur in your schema file when two branches modify schema. +To resolve these conflicts run `rails db:migrate` to regenerate the schema file. Active Record and Referential Integrity --------------------------------------- diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md index 58c61f0864..6c6c6a1ded 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ Book.where("array_length(ratings, 1) >= 3") ### Hstore * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/hstore.html) -* [functions and operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/hstore.html#AEN179902) +* [functions and operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/hstore.html#id-1.11.7.26.5) NOTE: You need to enable the `hstore` extension to use hstore. @@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ SELECT n.nspname AS enum_schema, ### UUID * [type definition](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-uuid.html) -* [pgcrypto generator function](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/pgcrypto.html#AEN182570) +* [pgcrypto generator function](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/pgcrypto.html#id-1.11.7.35.7) * [uuid-ossp generator functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/uuid-ossp.html) NOTE: You need to enable the `pgcrypto` (only PostgreSQL >= 9.4) or `uuid-ossp` diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md index 678b80516f..4e28e31a53 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md @@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ end `find_in_batches` works on model classes, as seen above, and also on relations: ```ruby -Invoice.pending.find_in_batches do |invoice| +Invoice.pending.find_in_batches do |invoices| pending_invoices_export.add_invoices(invoices) end ``` @@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ The SQL that would be executed: SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id DESC # Original query without `only` -SELECT "articles".* FROM "articles" WHERE (id > 10) ORDER BY id desc LIMIT 20 +SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 20 ``` @@ -820,14 +820,14 @@ Article.find(10).comments.reorder('name') The SQL that would be executed: ```sql -SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id = 10 +SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id = 10 LIMIT 1 SELECT * FROM comments WHERE article_id = 10 ORDER BY name ``` In the case where the `reorder` clause is not used, the SQL executed would be: ```sql -SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id = 10 +SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id = 10 LIMIT 1 SELECT * FROM comments WHERE article_id = 10 ORDER BY posted_at DESC ``` @@ -1091,7 +1091,7 @@ This produces: ```sql SELECT articles.* FROM articles - INNER JOIN categories ON articles.category_id = categories.id + INNER JOIN categories ON categories.id = articles.category_id INNER JOIN comments ON comments.article_id = articles.id ``` @@ -1712,10 +1712,10 @@ Client.find_by_sql("SELECT * FROM clients ### `select_all` -`find_by_sql` has a close relative called `connection#select_all`. `select_all` will retrieve objects from the database using custom SQL just like `find_by_sql` but will not instantiate them. Instead, you will get an array of hashes where each hash indicates a record. +`find_by_sql` has a close relative called `connection#select_all`. `select_all` will retrieve objects from the database using custom SQL just like `find_by_sql` but will not instantiate them. This method will return an instance of `ActiveRecord::Result` class and calling `to_hash` on this object would return you an array of hashes where each hash indicates a record. ```ruby -Client.connection.select_all("SELECT first_name, created_at FROM clients WHERE id = '1'") +Client.connection.select_all("SELECT first_name, created_at FROM clients WHERE id = '1'").to_hash # => [ # {"first_name"=>"Rafael", "created_at"=>"2012-11-10 23:23:45.281189"}, # {"first_name"=>"Eileen", "created_at"=>"2013-12-09 11:22:35.221282"} @@ -1871,14 +1871,14 @@ All calculation methods work directly on a model: ```ruby Client.count -# SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM clients +# SELECT COUNT(*) FROM clients ``` Or on a relation: ```ruby Client.where(first_name: 'Ryan').count -# SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM clients WHERE (first_name = 'Ryan') +# SELECT COUNT(*) FROM clients WHERE (first_name = 'Ryan') ``` You can also use various finder methods on a relation for performing complex calculations: @@ -1890,9 +1890,9 @@ Client.includes("orders").where(first_name: 'Ryan', orders: { status: 'received' Which will execute: ```sql -SELECT count(DISTINCT clients.id) AS count_all FROM clients - LEFT OUTER JOIN orders ON orders.client_id = clients.id WHERE - (clients.first_name = 'Ryan' AND orders.status = 'received') +SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT clients.id) FROM clients + LEFT OUTER JOIN orders ON orders.client_id = clients.id + WHERE (clients.first_name = 'Ryan' AND orders.status = 'received') ``` ### Count diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md index e9157f3db1..d076efcd54 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md @@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ should happen, an `Array` can be used. Moreover, you can apply both `:if` and ```ruby class Computer < ApplicationRecord validates :mouse, presence: true, - if: [Proc.new { |c| c.market.retail? }, :desktop?], + if: [Proc.new { |c| c.market.retail? }, :desktop?], unless: Proc.new { |c| c.trackpad.present? } end ``` diff --git a/guides/source/active_storage_overview.md b/guides/source/active_storage_overview.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4a915b1083 --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/source/active_storage_overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,597 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + +Active Storage Overview +======================= + +This guide covers how to attach files to your Active Record models. + +After reading this guide, you will know: + +* How to attach one or many files to a record. +* How to delete an attached file. +* How to link to an attached file. +* How to use variants to transform images. +* How to generate an image representation of a non-image file, such as a PDF or a video. +* How to send file uploads directly from browsers to a storage service, + bypassing your application servers. +* How to clean up files stored during testing. +* How to implement support for additional storage services. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +What is Active Storage? +----------------------- + +Active Storage facilitates uploading files to a cloud storage service like +Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage, or Microsoft Azure Storage and attaching those +files to Active Record objects. It comes with a local disk-based service for +development and testing and supports mirroring files to subordinate services for +backups and migrations. + +Using Active Storage, an application can transform image uploads with +[ImageMagick](https://www.imagemagick.org), generate image representations of +non-image uploads like PDFs and videos, and extract metadata from arbitrary +files. + +## Setup + +Active Storage uses two tables in your application’s database named +`active_storage_blobs` and `active_storage_attachments`. After upgrading your +application to Rails 5.2, run `rails active_storage:install` to generate a +migration that creates these tables. Use `rails db:migrate` to run the +migration. + +Declare Active Storage services in `config/storage.yml`. For each service your +application uses, provide a name and the requisite configuration. The example +below declares three services named `local`, `test`, and `amazon`: + +```yaml +local: + service: Disk + root: <%= Rails.root.join("storage") %> + +test: + service: Disk + root: <%= Rails.root.join("tmp/storage") %> + +amazon: + service: S3 + access_key_id: "" + secret_access_key: "" +``` + +Tell Active Storage which service to use by setting +`Rails.application.config.active_storage.service`. Because each environment will +likely use a different service, it is recommended to do this on a +per-environment basis. To use the disk service from the previous example in the +development environment, you would add the following to +`config/environments/development.rb`: + +```ruby +# Store files locally. +config.active_storage.service = :local +``` + +To use the Amazon S3 service in production, you add the following to +`config/environments/production.rb`: + +```ruby +# Store files on Amazon S3. +config.active_storage.service = :amazon +``` + +Continue reading for more information on the built-in service adapters (e.g. +`Disk` and `S3`) and the configuration they require. + +### Disk Service + +Declare a Disk service in `config/storage.yml`: + +```yaml +local: + service: Disk + root: <%= Rails.root.join("storage") %> +``` + +### Amazon S3 Service + +Declare an S3 service in `config/storage.yml`: + +```yaml +amazon: + service: S3 + access_key_id: "" + secret_access_key: "" + region: "" + bucket: "" +``` + +Add the [`aws-sdk-s3`](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-ruby) gem to your `Gemfile`: + +```ruby +gem "aws-sdk-s3", require: false +``` + +NOTE: The core features of Active Storage require the following permissions: `s3:ListBucket`, `s3:PutObject`, `s3:GetObject`, and `s3:DeleteObject`. If you have additional upload options configured such as setting ACLs then additional permissions may be required. + +NOTE: If you want to use environment variables, standard SDK configuration files, profiles, +IAM instance profiles or task roles, you can omit the `access_key_id`, `secret_access_key`, +and `region` keys in the example above. The Amazon S3 Service supports all of the +authentication options described in the [AWS SDK documentation] +(https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-ruby/v3/developer-guide/setup-config.html). + + +### Microsoft Azure Storage Service + +Declare an Azure Storage service in `config/storage.yml`: + +```yaml +azure: + service: AzureStorage + storage_account_name: "" + storage_access_key: "" + container: "" +``` + +Add the [`azure-storage`](https://github.com/Azure/azure-storage-ruby) gem to your `Gemfile`: + +```ruby +gem "azure-storage", require: false +``` + +### Google Cloud Storage Service + +Declare a Google Cloud Storage service in `config/storage.yml`: + +```yaml +google: + service: GCS + credentials: <%= Rails.root.join("path/to/keyfile.json") %> + project: "" + bucket: "" +``` + +Optionally provide a Hash of credentials instead of a keyfile path: + +```yaml +google: + service: GCS + credentials: + type: "service_account" + project_id: "" + private_key_id: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:gcs, :private_key_id) %> + private_key: <%= Rails.application.credentials.dig(:gcs, :private_key) %> + client_email: "" + client_id: "" + auth_uri: "https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth" + token_uri: "https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token" + auth_provider_x509_cert_url: "https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/certs" + client_x509_cert_url: "" + project: "" + bucket: "" +``` + +Add the [`google-cloud-storage`](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/google-cloud-ruby/tree/master/google-cloud-storage) gem to your `Gemfile`: + +```ruby +gem "google-cloud-storage", "~> 1.8", require: false +``` + +### Mirror Service + +You can keep multiple services in sync by defining a mirror service. When a file +is uploaded or deleted, it's done across all the mirrored services. Mirrored +services can be used to facilitate a migration between services in production. +You can start mirroring to the new service, copy existing files from the old +service to the new, then go all-in on the new service. Define each of the +services you'd like to use as described above and reference them from a mirrored +service. + +```yaml +s3_west_coast: + service: S3 + access_key_id: "" + secret_access_key: "" + region: "" + bucket: "" + +s3_east_coast: + service: S3 + access_key_id: "" + secret_access_key: "" + region: "" + bucket: "" + +production: + service: Mirror + primary: s3_east_coast + mirrors: + - s3_west_coast +``` + +NOTE: Files are served from the primary service. + +Attaching Files to Records +-------------------------- + +### `has_one_attached` + +The `has_one_attached` macro sets up a one-to-one mapping between records and +files. Each record can have one file attached to it. + +For example, suppose your application has a `User` model. If you want each user to +have an avatar, define the `User` model like this: + +```ruby +class User < ApplicationRecord + has_one_attached :avatar +end +``` + +You can create a user with an avatar: + +```ruby +class SignupController < ApplicationController + def create + user = User.create!(user_params) + session[:user_id] = user.id + redirect_to root_path + end + + private + def user_params + params.require(:user).permit(:email_address, :password, :avatar) + end +end +``` + +Call `avatar.attach` to attach an avatar to an existing user: + +```ruby +Current.user.avatar.attach(params[:avatar]) +``` + +Call `avatar.attached?` to determine whether a particular user has an avatar: + +```ruby +Current.user.avatar.attached? +``` + +### `has_many_attached` + +The `has_many_attached` macro sets up a one-to-many relationship between records +and files. Each record can have many files attached to it. + +For example, suppose your application has a `Message` model. If you want each +message to have many images, define the `Message` model like this: + +```ruby +class Message < ApplicationRecord + has_many_attached :images +end +``` + +You can create a message with images: + +```ruby +class MessagesController < ApplicationController + def create + message = Message.create!(message_params) + redirect_to message + end + + private + def message_params + params.require(:message).permit(:title, :content, images: []) + end +end +``` + +Call `images.attach` to add new images to an existing message: + +```ruby +@message.images.attach(params[:images]) +``` + +Call `images.attached?` to determine whether a particular message has any images: + +```ruby +@message.images.attached? +``` + +Removing Files +-------------- + +To remove an attachment from a model, call `purge` on the attachment. Removal +can be done in the background if your application is setup to use Active Job. +Purging deletes the blob and the file from the storage service. + +```ruby +# Synchronously destroy the avatar and actual resource files. +user.avatar.purge + +# Destroy the associated models and actual resource files async, via Active Job. +user.avatar.purge_later +``` + +Linking to Files +---------------- + +Generate a permanent URL for the blob that points to the application. Upon +access, a redirect to the actual service endpoint is returned. This indirection +decouples the public URL from the actual one, and allows, for example, mirroring +attachments in different services for high-availability. The redirection has an +HTTP expiration of 5 min. + +```ruby +url_for(user.avatar) +``` + +To create a download link, use the `rails_blob_{path|url}` helper. Using this +helper allows you to set the disposition. + +```ruby +rails_blob_path(user.avatar, disposition: "attachment") +``` + +Transforming Images +------------------- + +To create variation of the image, call `variant` on the Blob. You can pass +any transformation to the method supported by the processor. The default +processor is [MiniMagick](https://github.com/minimagick/minimagick), but you +can also use [Vips](http://www.rubydoc.info/gems/ruby-vips/Vips/Image). + +To enable variants, add the `image_processing` gem to your `Gemfile`: + +```ruby +gem 'image_processing', '~> 1.2' +``` + +When the browser hits the variant URL, Active Storage will lazy transform the +original blob into the format you specified and redirect to its new service +location. + +```erb +<%= image_tag user.avatar.variant(resize_to_fit: [100, 100]) %> +``` + +To switch to the Vips processor, you would add the following to +`config/application.rb`: + +```ruby +# Use Vips for processing variants. +config.active_storage.variant_processor = :vips +``` + +Previewing Files +---------------- + +Some non-image files can be previewed: that is, they can be presented as images. +For example, a video file can be previewed by extracting its first frame. Out of +the box, Active Storage supports previewing videos and PDF documents. + +```erb +<ul> + <% @message.files.each do |file| %> + <li> + <%= image_tag file.preview(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]) %> + </li> + <% end %> +</ul> +``` + +WARNING: Extracting previews requires third-party applications, `ffmpeg` for +video and `mutool` for PDFs. These libraries are not provided by Rails. You must +install them yourself to use the built-in previewers. Before you install and use +third-party software, make sure you understand the licensing implications of +doing so. + +Direct Uploads +-------------- + +Active Storage, with its included JavaScript library, supports uploading +directly from the client to the cloud. + +### Direct upload installation + +1. Include `activestorage.js` in your application's JavaScript bundle. + + Using the asset pipeline: + + ```js + //= require activestorage + + ``` + + Using the npm package: + + ```js + import * as ActiveStorage from "activestorage" + ActiveStorage.start() + ``` + +2. Annotate file inputs with the direct upload URL. + + ```ruby + <%= form.file_field :attachments, multiple: true, direct_upload: true %> + ``` +3. That's it! Uploads begin upon form submission. + +### Direct upload JavaScript events + +| Event name | Event target | Event data (`event.detail`) | Description | +| --- | --- | --- | --- | +| `direct-uploads:start` | `<form>` | None | A form containing files for direct upload fields was submitted. | +| `direct-upload:initialize` | `<input>` | `{id, file}` | Dispatched for every file after form submission. | +| `direct-upload:start` | `<input>` | `{id, file}` | A direct upload is starting. | +| `direct-upload:before-blob-request` | `<input>` | `{id, file, xhr}` | Before making a request to your application for direct upload metadata. | +| `direct-upload:before-storage-request` | `<input>` | `{id, file, xhr}` | Before making a request to store a file. | +| `direct-upload:progress` | `<input>` | `{id, file, progress}` | As requests to store files progress. | +| `direct-upload:error` | `<input>` | `{id, file, error}` | An error occurred. An `alert` will display unless this event is canceled. | +| `direct-upload:end` | `<input>` | `{id, file}` | A direct upload has ended. | +| `direct-uploads:end` | `<form>` | None | All direct uploads have ended. | + +### Example + +You can use these events to show the progress of an upload. + + + +To show the uploaded files in a form: + +```js +// direct_uploads.js + +addEventListener("direct-upload:initialize", event => { + const { target, detail } = event + const { id, file } = detail + target.insertAdjacentHTML("beforebegin", ` + <div id="direct-upload-${id}" class="direct-upload direct-upload--pending"> + <div id="direct-upload-progress-${id}" class="direct-upload__progress" style="width: 0%"></div> + <span class="direct-upload__filename">${file.name}</span> + </div> + `) +}) + +addEventListener("direct-upload:start", event => { + const { id } = event.detail + const element = document.getElementById(`direct-upload-${id}`) + element.classList.remove("direct-upload--pending") +}) + +addEventListener("direct-upload:progress", event => { + const { id, progress } = event.detail + const progressElement = document.getElementById(`direct-upload-progress-${id}`) + progressElement.style.width = `${progress}%` +}) + +addEventListener("direct-upload:error", event => { + event.preventDefault() + const { id, error } = event.detail + const element = document.getElementById(`direct-upload-${id}`) + element.classList.add("direct-upload--error") + element.setAttribute("title", error) +}) + +addEventListener("direct-upload:end", event => { + const { id } = event.detail + const element = document.getElementById(`direct-upload-${id}`) + element.classList.add("direct-upload--complete") +}) +``` + +Add styles: + +```css +/* direct_uploads.css */ + +.direct-upload { + display: inline-block; + position: relative; + padding: 2px 4px; + margin: 0 3px 3px 0; + border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); + border-radius: 3px; + font-size: 11px; + line-height: 13px; +} + +.direct-upload--pending { + opacity: 0.6; +} + +.direct-upload__progress { + position: absolute; + top: 0; + left: 0; + bottom: 0; + opacity: 0.2; + background: #0076ff; + transition: width 120ms ease-out, opacity 60ms 60ms ease-in; + transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0); +} + +.direct-upload--complete .direct-upload__progress { + opacity: 0.4; +} + +.direct-upload--error { + border-color: red; +} + +input[type=file][data-direct-upload-url][disabled] { + display: none; +} +``` + +Discarding Files Stored During System Tests +------------------------------------------- + +System tests clean up test data by rolling back a transaction. Because destroy +is never called on an object, the attached files are never cleaned up. If you +want to clear the files, you can do it in an `after_teardown` callback. Doing it +here ensures that all connections created during the test are complete and +you won't receive an error from Active Storage saying it can't find a file. + +```ruby +class ApplicationSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase + driven_by :selenium, using: :chrome, screen_size: [1400, 1400] + + def remove_uploaded_files + FileUtils.rm_rf("#{Rails.root}/storage_test") + end + + def after_teardown + super + remove_uploaded_files + end +end +``` + +If your system tests verify the deletion of a model with attachments and you're +using Active Job, set your test environment to use the inline queue adapter so +the purge job is executed immediately rather at an unknown time in the future. + +You may also want to use a separate service definition for the test environment +so your tests don't delete the files you create during development. + +```ruby +# Use inline job processing to make things happen immediately +config.active_job.queue_adapter = :inline + +# Separate file storage in the test environment +config.active_storage.service = :local_test +``` + +Discarding Files Stored During Integration Tests +------------------------------------------- + +Similarly to System Tests, files uploaded during Integration Tests will not be +automatically cleaned up. If you want to clear the files, you can do it in an +`after_teardown` callback. Doing it here ensures that all connections created +during the test are complete and you won't receive an error from Active Storage +saying it can't find a file. + +```ruby +module ActionDispatch + class IntegrationTest + def remove_uploaded_files + FileUtils.rm_rf(Rails.root.join('tmp', 'storage')) + end + + def after_teardown + super + remove_uploaded_files + end + end +end +``` + +Implementing Support for Other Cloud Services +--------------------------------------------- + +If you need to support a cloud service other than these, you will need to +implement the Service. Each service extends +[`ActiveStorage::Service`](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb) +by implementing the methods necessary to upload and download files to the cloud. diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md index 1438245f9c..ae2e1faf14 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md +++ b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md @@ -135,16 +135,14 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb`. ### `duplicable?` -In Ruby 2.4 most objects can be duplicated via `dup` or `clone` except -methods and certain numbers. Though Ruby 2.2 and 2.3 can't duplicate `nil`, -`false`, `true`, and symbols as well as instances `Float`, `Fixnum`, -and `Bignum` instances. +As of Ruby 2.5, most objects can be duplicated via `dup` or `clone`: ```ruby "foo".dup # => "foo" "".dup # => "" -1.method(:+).dup # => TypeError: allocator undefined for Method -Complex(0).dup # => TypeError: can't copy Complex +Rational(1).dup # => (1/1) +Complex(0).dup # => (0+0i) +1.method(:+).dup # => TypeError (allocator undefined for Method) ``` Active Support provides `duplicable?` to query an object about this: @@ -152,35 +150,18 @@ Active Support provides `duplicable?` to query an object about this: ```ruby "foo".duplicable? # => true "".duplicable? # => true -Rational(1).duplicable? # => false -Complex(1).duplicable? # => false +Rational(1).duplicable? # => true +Complex(1).duplicable? # => true 1.method(:+).duplicable? # => false ``` -`duplicable?` matches Ruby's `dup` according to the Ruby version. - -So in 2.4: - -```ruby -nil.dup # => nil -:my_symbol.dup # => :my_symbol -1.dup # => 1 - -nil.duplicable? # => true -:my_symbol.duplicable? # => true -1.duplicable? # => true -``` - -Whereas in 2.2 and 2.3: +`duplicable?` matches the current Ruby version's `dup` behavior, +so results will vary according the version of Ruby you're using. +In Ruby 2.4, for example, Complex and Rational are not duplicable: ```ruby -nil.dup # => TypeError: can't dup NilClass -:my_symbol.dup # => TypeError: can't dup Symbol -1.dup # => TypeError: can't dup Fixnum - -nil.duplicable? # => false -:my_symbol.duplicable? # => false -1.duplicable? # => false +Rational(1).duplicable? # => false +Complex(1).duplicable? # => false ``` WARNING: Any class can disallow duplication by removing `dup` and `clone` or raising exceptions from them. Thus only `rescue` can tell whether a given arbitrary object is duplicable. `duplicable?` depends on the hard-coded list above, but it is much faster than `rescue`. Use it only if you know the hard-coded list is enough in your use case. @@ -674,44 +655,6 @@ M.parents # => [X::Y, X, Object] NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb`. -### Reachable - -A named module is reachable if it is stored in its corresponding constant. It means you can reach the module object via the constant. - -That is what ordinarily happens, if a module is called "M", the `M` constant exists and holds it: - -```ruby -module M -end - -M.reachable? # => true -``` - -But since constants and modules are indeed kind of decoupled, module objects can become unreachable: - -```ruby -module M -end - -orphan = Object.send(:remove_const, :M) - -# The module object is orphan now but it still has a name. -orphan.name # => "M" - -# You cannot reach it via the constant M because it does not even exist. -orphan.reachable? # => false - -# Let's define a module called "M" again. -module M -end - -# The constant M exists now again, and it stores a module -# object called "M", but it is a new instance. -orphan.reachable? # => false -``` - -NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/reachable.rb`. - ### Anonymous A module may or may not have a name: @@ -745,7 +688,6 @@ end m = Object.send(:remove_const, :M) -m.reachable? # => false m.anonymous? # => false ``` @@ -837,6 +779,14 @@ delegate :size, to: :attachment, prefix: :avatar In the previous example the macro generates `avatar_size` rather than `size`. +The option `:private` changes methods scope: + +```ruby +delegate :date_of_birth, to: :profile, private: true +``` + +The delegated methods are public by default. Pass `private: true` to change that. + NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb` #### `delegate_missing_to` @@ -964,6 +914,15 @@ The macros `cattr_reader`, `cattr_writer`, and `cattr_accessor` are analogous to ```ruby class MysqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter # Generates class methods to access @@emulate_booleans. + cattr_accessor :emulate_booleans +end +``` + +Also, you can pass a block to `cattr_*` to set up the attribute with a default value: + +```ruby +class MysqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter + # Generates class methods to access @@emulate_booleans with default value of true. cattr_accessor :emulate_booleans, default: true end ``` @@ -980,15 +939,6 @@ end we can access `field_error_proc` in views. -Also, you can pass a block to `cattr_*` to set up the attribute with a default value: - -```ruby -class MysqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter - # Generates class methods to access @@emulate_booleans with default value of true. - cattr_accessor :emulate_booleans, default: true -end -``` - The generation of the reader instance method can be prevented by setting `:instance_reader` to `false` and the generation of the writer instance method can be prevented by setting `:instance_writer` to `false`. Generation of both methods can be prevented by setting `:instance_accessor` to `false`. In all cases, the value must be exactly `false` and not any false value. ```ruby @@ -1791,7 +1741,7 @@ The methods `to_date`, `to_time`, and `to_datetime` are basically convenience wr "2010-07-27 23:42:00".to_time(:local) # => 2010-07-27 23:42:00 +0200 ``` -Default is `:utc`. +Default is `:local`. Please refer to the documentation of `Date._parse` for further details. @@ -1835,7 +1785,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb`. ### Time -Enables the use of time calculations and declarations, like `45.minutes + 2.hours + 4.years`. +Enables the use of time calculations and declarations, like `45.minutes + 2.hours + 4.weeks`. These methods use Time#advance for precise date calculations when using from_now, ago, etc. as well as adding or subtracting their results from a Time object. For example: @@ -1844,13 +1794,15 @@ as well as adding or subtracting their results from a Time object. For example: # equivalent to Time.current.advance(months: 1) 1.month.from_now -# equivalent to Time.current.advance(years: 2) -2.years.from_now +# equivalent to Time.current.advance(weeks: 2) +2.weeks.from_now -# equivalent to Time.current.advance(months: 4, years: 5) -(4.months + 5.years).from_now +# equivalent to Time.current.advance(months: 4, weeks: 5) +(4.months + 5.weeks).from_now ``` +WARNING. For other durations please refer to the time extensions to `Integer`. + NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb`. ### Formatting @@ -1986,6 +1938,28 @@ The method `ordinalize` returns the ordinal string corresponding to the receiver NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/integer/inflections.rb`. +### Time + +Enables the use of time calculations and declarations, like `4.months + 5.years`. + +These methods use Time#advance for precise date calculations when using from_now, ago, etc. +as well as adding or subtracting their results from a Time object. For example: + +```ruby +# equivalent to Time.current.advance(months: 1) +1.month.from_now + +# equivalent to Time.current.advance(years: 2) +2.years.from_now + +# equivalent to Time.current.advance(months: 4, years: 5) +(4.months + 5.years).from_now +``` + +WARNING. For other durations please refer to the time extensions to `Numeric`. + +NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/integer/time.rb`. + Extensions to `BigDecimal` -------------------------- ### `to_s` @@ -1993,19 +1967,19 @@ Extensions to `BigDecimal` The method `to_s` provides a default specifier of "F". This means that a simple call to `to_s` will result in floating point representation instead of engineering notation: ```ruby -BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_s # => "5.0" +BigDecimal(5.00, 6).to_s # => "5.0" ``` and that symbol specifiers are also supported: ```ruby -BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_s(:db) # => "5.0" +BigDecimal(5.00, 6).to_s(:db) # => "5.0" ``` Engineering notation is still supported: ```ruby -BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_s("e") # => "0.5E1" +BigDecimal(5.00, 6).to_s("e") # => "0.5E1" ``` Extensions to `Enumerable` @@ -2791,20 +2765,6 @@ Active Record does not accept unknown options when building associations, for ex NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb`. -### Working with Values - -#### `transform_values` && `transform_values!` - -The method `transform_values` accepts a block and returns a hash that has applied the block operations to each of the values in the receiver. - -```ruby -{ nil => nil, 1 => 1, :x => :a }.transform_values { |value| value.to_s.upcase } -# => {nil=>"", 1=>"1", :x=>"A"} -``` -There's also the bang variant `transform_values!` that applies the block operations to values in the very receiver. - -NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb`. - ### Slicing Ruby has built-in support for taking slices out of strings and arrays. Active Support extends slicing to hashes: @@ -2866,16 +2826,6 @@ The method `with_indifferent_access` returns an `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndiffer NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb`. -### Compacting - -The methods `compact` and `compact!` return a Hash without items with `nil` value. - -```ruby -{a: 1, b: 2, c: nil}.compact # => {a: 1, b: 2} -``` - -NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb`. - Extensions to `Regexp` ---------------------- @@ -2905,24 +2855,6 @@ end NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/regexp.rb`. -### `match?` - -Rails implements `Regexp#match?` for Ruby versions prior to 2.4: - -```ruby -/oo/.match?('foo') # => true -/oo/.match?('bar') # => false -/oo/.match?('foo', 1) # => true -``` - -The backport has the same interface and lack of side-effects in the caller like -not setting `$1` and friends, but it does not have the speed benefits. Its -purpose is to be able to write 2.4 compatible code. Rails itself uses this -predicate internally for example. - -Active Support defines `Regexp#match?` only if not present, so code running -under 2.4 or later does run the original one and gets the performance boost. - Extensions to `Range` --------------------- @@ -2985,6 +2917,32 @@ Extensions to `Date` NOTE: All the following methods are defined in `active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb`. +```ruby +yesterday +tomorrow +beginning_of_week (at_beginning_of_week) +end_of_week (at_end_of_week) +monday +sunday +weeks_ago +prev_week (last_week) +next_week +months_ago +months_since +beginning_of_month (at_beginning_of_month) +end_of_month (at_end_of_month) +last_month +beginning_of_quarter (at_beginning_of_quarter) +end_of_quarter (at_end_of_quarter) +beginning_of_year (at_beginning_of_year) +end_of_year (at_end_of_year) +years_ago +years_since +last_year +on_weekday? +on_weekend? +``` + INFO: The following calculation methods have edge cases in October 1582, since days 5..14 just do not exist. This guide does not document their behavior around those days for brevity, but it is enough to say that they do what you would expect. That is, `Date.new(1582, 10, 4).tomorrow` returns `Date.new(1582, 10, 15)` and so on. Please check `test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb` in the Active Support test suite for expected behavior. #### `Date.current` @@ -2995,68 +2953,6 @@ When making Date comparisons using methods which honor the user time zone, make #### Named dates -##### `prev_year`, `next_year` - -In Ruby 1.9 `prev_year` and `next_year` return a date with the same day/month in the last or next year: - -```ruby -d = Date.new(2010, 5, 8) # => Sat, 08 May 2010 -d.prev_year # => Fri, 08 May 2009 -d.next_year # => Sun, 08 May 2011 -``` - -If date is the 29th of February of a leap year, you obtain the 28th: - -```ruby -d = Date.new(2000, 2, 29) # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000 -d.prev_year # => Sun, 28 Feb 1999 -d.next_year # => Wed, 28 Feb 2001 -``` - -`prev_year` is aliased to `last_year`. - -##### `prev_month`, `next_month` - -In Ruby 1.9 `prev_month` and `next_month` return the date with the same day in the last or next month: - -```ruby -d = Date.new(2010, 5, 8) # => Sat, 08 May 2010 -d.prev_month # => Thu, 08 Apr 2010 -d.next_month # => Tue, 08 Jun 2010 -``` - -If such a day does not exist, the last day of the corresponding month is returned: - -```ruby -Date.new(2000, 5, 31).prev_month # => Sun, 30 Apr 2000 -Date.new(2000, 3, 31).prev_month # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000 -Date.new(2000, 5, 31).next_month # => Fri, 30 Jun 2000 -Date.new(2000, 1, 31).next_month # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000 -``` - -`prev_month` is aliased to `last_month`. - -##### `prev_quarter`, `next_quarter` - -Same as `prev_month` and `next_month`. It returns the date with the same day in the previous or next quarter: - -```ruby -t = Time.local(2010, 5, 8) # => Sat, 08 May 2010 -t.prev_quarter # => Mon, 08 Feb 2010 -t.next_quarter # => Sun, 08 Aug 2010 -``` - -If such a day does not exist, the last day of the corresponding month is returned: - -```ruby -Time.local(2000, 7, 31).prev_quarter # => Sun, 30 Apr 2000 -Time.local(2000, 5, 31).prev_quarter # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000 -Time.local(2000, 10, 31).prev_quarter # => Mon, 30 Oct 2000 -Time.local(2000, 11, 31).next_quarter # => Wed, 28 Feb 2001 -``` - -`prev_quarter` is aliased to `last_quarter`. - ##### `beginning_of_week`, `end_of_week` The methods `beginning_of_week` and `end_of_week` return the dates for the @@ -3174,6 +3070,8 @@ Date.new(2012, 2, 29).years_ago(3) # => Sat, 28 Feb 2009 Date.new(2012, 2, 29).years_since(3) # => Sat, 28 Feb 2015 ``` +`last_year` is short-hand for `#years_ago(1)`. + ##### `months_ago`, `months_since` The methods `months_ago` and `months_since` work analogously for months: @@ -3190,6 +3088,8 @@ Date.new(2010, 4, 30).months_ago(2) # => Sun, 28 Feb 2010 Date.new(2009, 12, 31).months_since(2) # => Sun, 28 Feb 2010 ``` +`last_month` is short-hand for `#months_ago(1)`. + ##### `weeks_ago` The method `weeks_ago` works analogously for weeks: @@ -3352,35 +3252,7 @@ WARNING: `DateTime` is not aware of DST rules and so some of these methods have NOTE: All the following methods are defined in `active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb`. -The class `DateTime` is a subclass of `Date` so by loading `active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb` you inherit these methods and their aliases, except that they will always return datetimes: - -```ruby -yesterday -tomorrow -beginning_of_week (at_beginning_of_week) -end_of_week (at_end_of_week) -monday -sunday -weeks_ago -prev_week (last_week) -next_week -months_ago -months_since -beginning_of_month (at_beginning_of_month) -end_of_month (at_end_of_month) -prev_month (last_month) -next_month -beginning_of_quarter (at_beginning_of_quarter) -end_of_quarter (at_end_of_quarter) -beginning_of_year (at_beginning_of_year) -end_of_year (at_end_of_year) -years_ago -years_since -prev_year (last_year) -next_year -on_weekday? -on_weekend? -``` +The class `DateTime` is a subclass of `Date` so by loading `active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb` you inherit these methods and their aliases, except that they will always return datetimes. The following methods are reimplemented so you do **not** need to load `active_support/core_ext/date/calculations.rb` for these ones: @@ -3528,8 +3400,6 @@ Extensions to `Time` NOTE: All the following methods are defined in `active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb`. -Active Support adds to `Time` many of the methods available for `DateTime`: - ```ruby past? today? @@ -3541,6 +3411,8 @@ change advance ago since (in) +prev_day +next_day beginning_of_day (midnight, at_midnight, at_beginning_of_day) end_of_day beginning_of_hour (at_beginning_of_hour) @@ -3556,15 +3428,17 @@ months_ago months_since beginning_of_month (at_beginning_of_month) end_of_month (at_end_of_month) -prev_month (last_month) +prev_month next_month +last_month beginning_of_quarter (at_beginning_of_quarter) end_of_quarter (at_end_of_quarter) beginning_of_year (at_beginning_of_year) end_of_year (at_end_of_year) years_ago years_since -prev_year (last_year) +prev_year +last_year next_year on_weekday? on_weekend? @@ -3622,6 +3496,74 @@ now.all_year # => Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 UTC +00:00..Fri, 31 Dec 2010 23:59:59 UTC +00:00 ``` +#### `prev_day`, `next_day` + +In Ruby 1.9 `prev_day` and `next_day` return the date in the last or next day: + +```ruby +d = Date.new(2010, 5, 8) # => Sat, 08 May 2010 +d.prev_day # => Fri, 07 May 2010 +d.next_day # => Sun, 09 May 2010 +``` + +#### `prev_month`, `next_month` + +In Ruby 1.9 `prev_month` and `next_month` return the date with the same day in the last or next month: + +```ruby +d = Date.new(2010, 5, 8) # => Sat, 08 May 2010 +d.prev_month # => Thu, 08 Apr 2010 +d.next_month # => Tue, 08 Jun 2010 +``` + +If such a day does not exist, the last day of the corresponding month is returned: + +```ruby +Date.new(2000, 5, 31).prev_month # => Sun, 30 Apr 2000 +Date.new(2000, 3, 31).prev_month # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000 +Date.new(2000, 5, 31).next_month # => Fri, 30 Jun 2000 +Date.new(2000, 1, 31).next_month # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000 +``` + +#### `prev_year`, `next_year` + +In Ruby 1.9 `prev_year` and `next_year` return a date with the same day/month in the last or next year: + +```ruby +d = Date.new(2010, 5, 8) # => Sat, 08 May 2010 +d.prev_year # => Fri, 08 May 2009 +d.next_year # => Sun, 08 May 2011 +``` + +If date is the 29th of February of a leap year, you obtain the 28th: + +```ruby +d = Date.new(2000, 2, 29) # => Tue, 29 Feb 2000 +d.prev_year # => Sun, 28 Feb 1999 +d.next_year # => Wed, 28 Feb 2001 +``` + +#### `prev_quarter`, `next_quarter` + +`prev_quarter` and `next_quarter` return the date with the same day in the previous or next quarter: + +```ruby +t = Time.local(2010, 5, 8) # => 2010-05-08 00:00:00 +0300 +t.prev_quarter # => 2010-02-08 00:00:00 +0200 +t.next_quarter # => 2010-08-08 00:00:00 +0300 +``` + +If such a day does not exist, the last day of the corresponding month is returned: + +```ruby +Time.local(2000, 7, 31).prev_quarter # => 2000-04-30 00:00:00 +0300 +Time.local(2000, 5, 31).prev_quarter # => 2000-02-29 00:00:00 +0200 +Time.local(2000, 10, 31).prev_quarter # => 2000-07-31 00:00:00 +0300 +Time.local(2000, 11, 31).next_quarter # => 2001-03-01 00:00:00 +0200 +``` + +`prev_quarter` is aliased to `last_quarter`. + ### Time Constructors Active Support defines `Time.current` to be `Time.zone.now` if there's a user time zone defined, with fallback to `Time.now`: diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md index 03c9183eb3..11c4a8222a 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md +++ b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md @@ -197,6 +197,12 @@ INFO. Additional keys may be added by the caller. } ``` +### unpermitted_parameters.action_controller + +| Key | Value | +| ------- | ---------------- | +| `:keys` | Unpermitted keys | + Action View ----------- @@ -304,7 +310,7 @@ Action Mailer mailer: "Notification", message_id: "4f5b5491f1774_181b23fc3d4434d38138e5@mba.local.mail", subject: "Rails Guides", - to: ["users@rails.com", "ddh@rails.com"], + to: ["users@rails.com", "dhh@rails.com"], from: ["me@rails.com"], date: Sat, 10 Mar 2012 14:18:09 +0100, mail: "..." # omitted for brevity @@ -330,13 +336,29 @@ Action Mailer mailer: "Notification", message_id: "4f5b5491f1774_181b23fc3d4434d38138e5@mba.local.mail", subject: "Rails Guides", - to: ["users@rails.com", "ddh@rails.com"], + to: ["users@rails.com", "dhh@rails.com"], from: ["me@rails.com"], date: Sat, 10 Mar 2012 14:18:09 +0100, mail: "..." # omitted for brevity } ``` +### process.action_mailer + +| Key | Value | +| ------------- | ------------------------ | +| `:mailer` | Name of the mailer class | +| `:action` | The action | +| `:args` | The arguments | + +```ruby +{ + mailer: "Notification", + action: "welcome_email", + args: [] +} +``` + Active Support -------------- @@ -450,6 +472,99 @@ Active Job | `:adapter` | QueueAdapter object processing the job | | `:job` | Job object | +Action Cable +------------ + +### perform_action.action_cable + +| Key | Value | +| ---------------- | ------------------------- | +| `:channel_class` | Name of the channel class | +| `:action` | The action | +| `:data` | A hash of data | + +### transmit.action_cable + +| Key | Value | +| ---------------- | ------------------------- | +| `:channel_class` | Name of the channel class | +| `:data` | A hash of data | +| `:via` | Via | + +### transmit_subscription_confirmation.action_cable + +| Key | Value | +| ---------------- | ------------------------- | +| `:channel_class` | Name of the channel class | + +### transmit_subscription_rejection.action_cable + +| Key | Value | +| ---------------- | ------------------------- | +| `:channel_class` | Name of the channel class | + +### broadcast.action_cable + +| Key | Value | +| --------------- | -------------------- | +| `:broadcasting` | A named broadcasting | +| `:message` | A hash of message | +| `:coder` | The coder | + +Active Storage +-------------- + +### service_upload.active_storage + +| Key | Value | +| ------------ | ---------------------------- | +| `:key` | Secure token | +| `:service` | Name of the service | +| `:checksum` | Checksum to ensure integrity | + +### service_streaming_download.active_storage + +| Key | Value | +| ------------ | ------------------- | +| `:key` | Secure token | +| `:service` | Name of the service | + +### service_download.active_storage + +| Key | Value | +| ------------ | ------------------- | +| `:key` | Secure token | +| `:service` | Name of the service | + +### service_delete.active_storage + +| Key | Value | +| ------------ | ------------------- | +| `:key` | Secure token | +| `:service` | Name of the service | + +### service_delete_prefixed.active_storage + +| Key | Value | +| ------------ | ------------------- | +| `:prefix` | Key prefix | +| `:service` | Name of the service | + +### service_exist.active_storage + +| Key | Value | +| ------------ | --------------------------- | +| `:key` | Secure token | +| `:service` | Name of the service | +| `:exist` | File or blob exists or not | + +### service_url.active_storage + +| Key | Value | +| ------------ | ------------------- | +| `:key` | Secure token | +| `:service` | Name of the service | +| `:url` | Generated url | Railties -------- @@ -549,4 +664,4 @@ end ``` You should follow Rails conventions when defining your own events. The format is: `event.library`. -If you application is sending Tweets, you should create an event named `tweet.twitter`. +If your application is sending Tweets, you should create an event named `tweet.twitter`. diff --git a/guides/source/api_app.md b/guides/source/api_app.md index da1b7b25ef..c2df6c45ad 100644 --- a/guides/source/api_app.md +++ b/guides/source/api_app.md @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ **DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** - Using Rails for API-only Applications ===================================== @@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ With the advent of client-side frameworks, more developers are using Rails to build a back-end that is shared between their web application and other native applications. -For example, Twitter uses its [public API](https://dev.twitter.com) in its web +For example, Twitter uses its [public API](https://developer.twitter.com/) in its web application, which is built as a static site that consumes JSON resources. Instead of using Rails to generate HTML that communicates with the server @@ -216,7 +215,6 @@ An API application comes with the following middleware by default: - `Rack::Head` - `Rack::ConditionalGet` - `Rack::ETag` -- `MyApi::Application::Routes` See the [internal middleware](rails_on_rack.html#internal-middleware-stack) section of the Rack guide for further information on them. @@ -377,7 +375,6 @@ controller modules by default: - `ActionController::ConditionalGet`: Support for `stale?`. - `ActionController::BasicImplicitRender`: Makes sure to return an empty response, if there isn't an explicit one. - `ActionController::StrongParameters`: Support for parameters white-listing in combination with Active Model mass assignment. -- `ActionController::ForceSSL`: Support for `force_ssl`. - `ActionController::DataStreaming`: Support for `send_file` and `send_data`. - `AbstractController::Callbacks`: Support for `before_action` and similar helpers. @@ -415,8 +412,10 @@ Some common modules you might want to add: - `AbstractController::Translation`: Support for the `l` and `t` localization and translation methods. -- `ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic` (or `Digest` or `Token`): Support - for basic, digest or token HTTP authentication. +- Support for basic, digest or token HTTP authentication: + * `ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic::ControllerMethods`, + * `ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Digest::ControllerMethods`, + * `ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token::ControllerMethods` - `ActionView::Layouts`: Support for layouts when rendering. - `ActionController::MimeResponds`: Support for `respond_to`. - `ActionController::Cookies`: Support for `cookies`, which includes diff --git a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md index 2c153d3783..10b89433e7 100644 --- a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md +++ b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ RDoc ---- The [Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org) is generated with -[RDoc](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/). To generate it, make sure you are +[RDoc](https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/). To generate it, make sure you are in the rails root directory, run `bundle install` and execute: ```bash @@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ in the rails root directory, run `bundle install` and execute: Resulting HTML files can be found in the ./doc/rdoc directory. Please consult the RDoc documentation for help with the -[markup](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/RDoc/Markup.html), +[markup](https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/Markup.html), and also take into account these [additional -directives](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/RDoc/Parser/Ruby.html). +directives](https://ruby.github.io/rdoc/RDoc/Parser/Ruby.html). Wording ------- diff --git a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md index 17ab9c7600..88b87b78d2 100644 --- a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md +++ b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md @@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ The asset pipeline provides a framework to concatenate and minify or compress JavaScript and CSS assets. It also adds the ability to write these assets in other languages and pre-processors such as CoffeeScript, Sass and ERB. It allows assets in your application to be automatically combined with assets -from other gems. For example, jquery-rails includes a copy of jquery.js -and enables AJAX features in Rails. +from other gems. The asset pipeline is implemented by the [sprockets-rails](https://github.com/rails/sprockets-rails) gem, @@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ rails new appname --skip-sprockets ``` Rails automatically adds the `sass-rails`, `coffee-rails` and `uglifier` -gems to your Gemfile, which are used by Sprockets for asset compression: +gems to your `Gemfile`, which are used by Sprockets for asset compression: ```ruby gem 'sass-rails' @@ -44,8 +43,8 @@ gem 'coffee-rails' ``` Using the `--skip-sprockets` option will prevent Rails from adding -them to your Gemfile, so if you later want to enable -the asset pipeline you will have to add those gems to your Gemfile. Also, +them to your `Gemfile`, so if you later want to enable +the asset pipeline you will have to add those gems to your `Gemfile`. Also, creating an application with the `--skip-sprockets` option will generate a slightly different `config/application.rb` file, with a require statement for the sprockets railtie that is commented-out. You will have to remove @@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier ``` NOTE: The `sass-rails` gem is automatically used for CSS compression if included -in the Gemfile and no `config.assets.css_compressor` option is set. +in the `Gemfile` and no `config.assets.css_compressor` option is set. ### Main Features @@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ environments. You can enable or disable it in your configuration through the More reading: -* [Optimize caching](http://code.google.com/speed/page-speed/docs/caching.html) +* [Optimize caching](https://developers.google.com/speed/docs/insights/LeverageBrowserCaching) * [Revving Filenames: don't use querystring](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/) @@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ When you generate a scaffold or a controller, Rails also generates a JavaScript file (or CoffeeScript file if the `coffee-rails` gem is in the `Gemfile`) and a Cascading Style Sheet file (or SCSS file if `sass-rails` is in the `Gemfile`) for that controller. Additionally, when generating a scaffold, Rails generates -the file scaffolds.css (or scaffolds.scss if `sass-rails` is in the +the file `scaffolds.css` (or `scaffolds.scss` if `sass-rails` is in the `Gemfile`.) For example, if you generate a `ProjectsController`, Rails will also add a new @@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ will result in your assets being included more than once. WARNING: When using asset precompilation, you will need to ensure that your controller assets will be precompiled when loading them on a per page basis. By -default .coffee and .scss files will not be precompiled on their own. See +default `.coffee` and `.scss` files will not be precompiled on their own. See [Precompiling Assets](#precompiling-assets) for more information on how precompiling works. @@ -726,11 +725,11 @@ include, you can add them to the `precompile` array in `config/initializers/asse Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += %w( admin.js admin.css ) ``` -NOTE. Always specify an expected compiled filename that ends with .js or .css, +NOTE. Always specify an expected compiled filename that ends with `.js` or `.css`, even if you want to add Sass or CoffeeScript files to the precompile array. -The task also generates a `.sprockets-manifest-md5hash.json` (where `md5hash` is -an MD5 hash) that contains a list with all your assets and their respective +The task also generates a `.sprockets-manifest-randomhex.json` (where `randomhex` is +a 16-byte random hex string) that contains a list with all your assets and their respective fingerprints. This is used by the Rails helper methods to avoid handing the mapping requests back to Sprockets. A typical manifest file looks like: @@ -850,7 +849,7 @@ This mode uses more memory, performs more poorly than the default and is not recommended. If you are deploying a production application to a system without any -pre-existing JavaScript runtimes, you may want to add one to your Gemfile: +pre-existing JavaScript runtimes, you may want to add one to your `Gemfile`: ```ruby group :production do @@ -918,7 +917,7 @@ config.action_controller.asset_host = ENV['CDN_HOST'] -Note: You would need to set `CDN_HOST` on your server to `mycdnsubdomain +NOTE: You would need to set `CDN_HOST` on your server to `mycdnsubdomain .fictional-cdn.com` for this to work. Once you have configured your server and your CDN when you serve a webpage that @@ -1090,7 +1089,7 @@ Possible options for JavaScript compression are `:closure`, `:uglifier` and `:yui`. These require the use of the `closure-compiler`, `uglifier` or `yui-compressor` gems, respectively. -The default Gemfile includes [uglifier](https://github.com/lautis/uglifier). +The default `Gemfile` includes [uglifier](https://github.com/lautis/uglifier). This gem wraps [UglifyJS](https://github.com/mishoo/UglifyJS) (written for NodeJS) in Ruby. It compresses your code by removing white space and comments, shortening local variable names, and performing other micro-optimizations such @@ -1205,10 +1204,10 @@ Adding Assets to Your Gems Assets can also come from external sources in the form of gems. -A good example of this is the `jquery-rails` gem which comes with Rails as the -standard JavaScript library gem. This gem contains an engine class which -inherits from `Rails::Engine`. By doing this, Rails is informed that the -directory for this gem may contain assets and the `app/assets`, `lib/assets` and +A good example of this is the `jquery-rails` gem. +This gem contains an engine class which inherits from `Rails::Engine`. +By doing this, Rails is informed that the directory for this +gem may contain assets and the `app/assets`, `lib/assets` and `vendor/assets` directories of this engine are added to the search path of Sprockets. @@ -1219,7 +1218,7 @@ Sprockets uses Processors, Transformers, Compressors, and Exporters to extend Sprockets functionality. Have a look at [Extending Sprockets](https://github.com/rails/sprockets/blob/master/guides/extending_sprockets.md) to learn more. Here we registered a preprocessor to add a comment to the end -of text/css (.css) files. +of text/css (`.css`) files. ```ruby module AddComment @@ -1244,11 +1243,7 @@ moving the files from `public/` to the new locations. See [Asset Organization](#asset-organization) above for guidance on the correct locations for different file types. -Next will be avoiding duplicate JavaScript files. Since jQuery is the default -JavaScript library from Rails 3.1 onwards, you don't need to copy `jquery.js` -into `app/assets` and it will be included automatically. - -The third is updating the various environment files with the correct default +Next is updating the various environment files with the correct default options. In `application.rb`: diff --git a/guides/source/association_basics.md b/guides/source/association_basics.md index b5bd24d027..6fbd52edbd 100644 --- a/guides/source/association_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/association_basics.md @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class Book < ApplicationRecord end ``` - + NOTE: `belongs_to` associations _must_ use the singular term. If you used the pluralized form in the above example for the `author` association in the `Book` model, you would be told that there was an "uninitialized constant Book::Authors". This is because Rails automatically infers the class name from the association name. If the association name is wrongly pluralized, then the inferred class will be wrongly pluralized too. @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class Supplier < ApplicationRecord end ``` - + The corresponding migration might look like this: @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ end NOTE: The name of the other model is pluralized when declaring a `has_many` association. - + The corresponding migration might look like this: @@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class Patient < ApplicationRecord end ``` - + The corresponding migration might look like this: @@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ class AccountHistory < ApplicationRecord end ``` - + The corresponding migration might look like this: @@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ class Part < ApplicationRecord end ``` - + The corresponding migration might look like this: @@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0] end ``` - + ### Self Joins @@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ class Employee < ApplicationRecord has_many :subordinates, class_name: "Employee", foreign_key: "manager_id" - belongs_to :manager, class_name: "Employee" + belongs_to :manager, class_name: "Employee", optional: true end ``` @@ -572,40 +572,32 @@ class Book < ApplicationRecord end ``` -This declaration needs to be backed up by the proper foreign key declaration on the books table: +This declaration needs to be backed up by a corresponding foreign key column in the books table. For a brand new table, the migration might look something like this: ```ruby class CreateBooks < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0] def change create_table :books do |t| - t.datetime :published_at - t.string :book_number - t.integer :author_id + t.datetime :published_at + t.string :book_number + t.references :author end end end ``` -If you create an association some time after you build the underlying model, you need to remember to create an `add_column` migration to provide the necessary foreign key. - -It's a good practice to add an index on the foreign key to improve queries -performance and a foreign key constraint to ensure referential data integrity: +Whereas for an existing table, it might look like this: ```ruby -class CreateBooks < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0] +class AddAuthorToBooks < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0] def change - create_table :books do |t| - t.datetime :published_at - t.string :book_number - t.integer :author_id - end - - add_index :books, :author_id - add_foreign_key :books, :authors + add_reference :books, :author end end ``` +NOTE: If you wish to [enforce referential integrity at the database level](/active_record_migrations.html#foreign-keys), add the `foreign_key: true` option to the ‘reference’ column declarations above. + #### Creating Join Tables for `has_and_belongs_to_many` Associations If you create a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, you need to explicitly create the joining table. Unless the name of the join table is explicitly specified by using the `:join_table` option, Active Record creates the name by using the lexical book of the class names. So a join between author and book models will give the default join table name of "authors_books" because "a" outranks "b" in lexical ordering. @@ -735,12 +727,9 @@ a.first_name = 'David' a.first_name == b.author.first_name # => true ``` -Active Record supports automatic identification for most associations with standard names. However, Active Record will not automatically identify bi-directional associations that contain any of the following options: +Active Record supports automatic identification for most associations with standard names. However, Active Record will not automatically identify bi-directional associations that contain a scope or any of the following options: -* `:conditions` * `:through` -* `:polymorphic` -* `:class_name` * `:foreign_key` For example, consider the following model declarations: @@ -787,12 +776,6 @@ a.first_name = 'David' a.first_name == b.writer.first_name # => true ``` -There are a few limitations to `:inverse_of` support: - -* They do not work with `:through` associations. -* They do not work with `:polymorphic` associations. -* They do not work with `:as` associations. - Detailed Association Reference ------------------------------ @@ -804,7 +787,7 @@ The `belongs_to` association creates a one-to-one match with another model. In d #### Methods Added by `belongs_to` -When you declare a `belongs_to` association, the declaring class automatically gains five methods related to the association: +When you declare a `belongs_to` association, the declaring class automatically gains 6 methods related to the association: * `association` * `association=(associate)` @@ -906,7 +889,7 @@ The `belongs_to` association supports these options: ##### `:autosave` -If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Rails will save any loaded members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object. +If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Rails will save any loaded association members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object. Setting `:autosave` to `false` is not the same as not setting the `:autosave` option. If the `:autosave` option is not present, then new associated objects will be saved, but updated associated objects will not be saved. ##### `:class_name` @@ -1012,7 +995,7 @@ When we execute `@user.todos.create` then the `@todo` record will have its ##### `:inverse_of` -The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `has_many` or `has_one` association that is the inverse of this association. Does not work in combination with the `:polymorphic` options. +The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `has_many` or `has_one` association that is the inverse of this association. ```ruby class Author < ApplicationRecord @@ -1082,7 +1065,7 @@ You can use any of the standard [querying methods](active_record_querying.html) The `where` method lets you specify the conditions that the associated object must meet. ```ruby -class book < ApplicationRecord +class Book < ApplicationRecord belongs_to :author, -> { where active: true } end ``` @@ -1155,7 +1138,7 @@ The `has_one` association creates a one-to-one match with another model. In data #### Methods Added by `has_one` -When you declare a `has_one` association, the declaring class automatically gains five methods related to the association: +When you declare a `has_one` association, the declaring class automatically gains 6 methods related to the association: * `association` * `association=(associate)` @@ -1257,7 +1240,7 @@ Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polym ##### `:autosave` -If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Rails will save any loaded members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object. +If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Rails will save any loaded association members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object. Setting `:autosave` to `false` is not the same as not setting the `:autosave` option. If the `:autosave` option is not present, then new associated objects will be saved, but updated associated objects will not be saved. ##### `:class_name` @@ -1299,7 +1282,7 @@ TIP: In any case, Rails will not create foreign key columns for you. You need to ##### `:inverse_of` -The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `belongs_to` association that is the inverse of this association. Does not work in combination with the `:through` or `:as` options. +The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `belongs_to` association that is the inverse of this association. ```ruby class Supplier < ApplicationRecord @@ -1428,7 +1411,7 @@ The `has_many` association creates a one-to-many relationship with another model #### Methods Added by `has_many` -When you declare a `has_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 16 methods related to the association: +When you declare a `has_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 17 methods related to the association: * `collection` * `collection<<(object, ...)` @@ -1561,7 +1544,8 @@ The `collection.size` method returns the number of objects in the collection. ##### `collection.find(...)` -The `collection.find` method finds objects within the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as `ActiveRecord::Base.find`. +The `collection.find` method finds objects within the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as +[`ActiveRecord::Base.find`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-find). ```ruby @available_book = @author.books.find(1) @@ -1653,7 +1637,7 @@ Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association, as di ##### `:autosave` -If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Rails will save any loaded members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object. +If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Rails will save any loaded association members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object. Setting `:autosave` to `false` is not the same as not setting the `:autosave` option. If the `:autosave` option is not present, then new associated objects will be saved, but updated associated objects will not be saved. ##### `:class_name` @@ -1693,7 +1677,7 @@ TIP: In any case, Rails will not create foreign key columns for you. You need to ##### `:inverse_of` -The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `belongs_to` association that is the inverse of this association. Does not work in combination with the `:through` or `:as` options. +The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `belongs_to` association that is the inverse of this association. ```ruby class Author < ApplicationRecord @@ -1960,7 +1944,7 @@ The `has_and_belongs_to_many` association creates a many-to-many relationship wi #### Methods Added by `has_and_belongs_to_many` -When you declare a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 16 methods related to the association: +When you declare a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 17 methods related to the association: * `collection` * `collection<<(object, ...)` @@ -2091,7 +2075,8 @@ The `collection.size` method returns the number of objects in the collection. ##### `collection.find(...)` -The `collection.find` method finds objects within the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as `ActiveRecord::Base.find`. It also adds the additional condition that the object must be in the collection. +The `collection.find` method finds objects within the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as +[`ActiveRecord::Base.find`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-find). ```ruby @assembly = @part.assemblies.find(1) @@ -2099,7 +2084,7 @@ The `collection.find` method finds objects within the collection. It uses the sa ##### `collection.where(...)` -The `collection.where` method finds objects within the collection based on the conditions supplied but the objects are loaded lazily meaning that the database is queried only when the object(s) are accessed. It also adds the additional condition that the object must be in the collection. +The `collection.where` method finds objects within the collection based on the conditions supplied but the objects are loaded lazily meaning that the database is queried only when the object(s) are accessed. ```ruby @new_assemblies = @part.assemblies.where("created_at > ?", 2.days.ago) @@ -2176,7 +2161,7 @@ end ##### `:autosave` -If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Rails will save any loaded members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object. +If you set the `:autosave` option to `true`, Rails will save any loaded association members and destroy members that are marked for destruction whenever you save the parent object. Setting `:autosave` to `false` is not the same as not setting the `:autosave` option. If the `:autosave` option is not present, then new associated objects will be saved, but updated associated objects will not be saved. ##### `:class_name` diff --git a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md index ede0324a51..5428b16edc 100644 --- a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md +++ b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This guide documents how constant autoloading and reloading works. After reading this guide, you will know: * Key aspects of Ruby constants -* What is `autoload_paths` +* What are the `autoload_paths` and how does eager loading work in production? * How constant autoloading works * What is `require_dependency` * How constant reloading works @@ -330,11 +330,17 @@ its resolution next. Let's define *parent* to be that qualifying class or module object, that is, `Billing` in the example above. The algorithm for qualified constants goes like this: -1. The constant is looked up in the parent and its ancestors. +1. The constant is looked up in the parent and its ancestors. In Ruby >= 2.5, +`Object` is skipped if present among the ancestors. `Kernel` and `BasicObject` +are still checked though. 2. If the lookup fails, `const_missing` is invoked in the parent. The default implementation of `const_missing` raises `NameError`, but it can be overridden. +INFO. In Ruby < 2.5 `String::Hash` evaluates to `Hash` and the interpreter +issues a warning: "toplevel constant Hash referenced by String::Hash". Starting +with 2.5, `String::Hash` raises `NameError` because `Object` is skipped. + As you see, this algorithm is simpler than the one for relative constants. In particular, the nesting plays no role here, and modules are not special-cased, if neither they nor their ancestors have the constants, `Object` is **not** @@ -424,8 +430,8 @@ if `House` is still unknown when `app/models/beach_house.rb` is being eager loaded, Rails autoloads it. -autoload_paths --------------- +autoload_paths and eager_load_paths +----------------------------------- As you probably know, when `require` gets a relative file name: @@ -445,7 +451,7 @@ the idea is that when a constant like `Post` is hit and missing, if there's a `post.rb` file for example in `app/models` Rails is going to find it, evaluate it, and have `Post` defined as a side-effect. -Alright, Rails has a collection of directories similar to `$LOAD_PATH` in which +All right, Rails has a collection of directories similar to `$LOAD_PATH` in which to look up `post.rb`. That collection is called `autoload_paths` and by default it contains: @@ -459,17 +465,22 @@ default it contains: * The directory `test/mailers/previews`. -Also, this collection is configurable via `config.autoload_paths`. For example, -`lib` was in the list years ago, but no longer is. An application can opt-in -by adding this to `config/application.rb`: +`eager_load_paths` is initially the `app` paths above -```ruby -config.autoload_paths << "#{Rails.root}/lib" -``` +How files are autoloaded depends on `eager_load` and `cache_classes` config settings which typically vary in development, production, and test modes: + + * In **development**, you want quicker startup with incremental loading of application code. So `eager_load` should be set to `false`, and Rails will autoload files as needed (see [Autoloading Algorithms](#autoloading-algorithms) below) -- and then reload them when they change (see [Constant Reloading](#constant-reloading) below). + * In **production**, however you want consistency and thread-safety and can live with a longer boot time. So `eager_load` is set to `true`, and then during boot (before the app is ready to receive requests) Rails loads all files in the `eager_load_paths` and then turns off auto loading (NB: autoloading may be needed during eager loading). Not autoloading after boot is a `good thing`, as autoloading can cause the app to be have thread-safety problems. + * In **test**, for speed of execution (of individual tests) `eager_load` is `false`, so Rails follows development behaviour. + +What is described above are the defaults with a newly generated Rails app. There are multiple ways this can be configured differently (see [Configuring Rails Applications](configuring.html#rails-general-configuration). +). But using `autoload_paths` on its own in the past (before Rails 5) developers might configure `autoload_paths` to add in extra locations (e.g. `lib` which used to be an autoload path list years ago, but no longer is). However this is now discouraged for most purposes, as it is likely to lead to production-only errors. It is possible to add new locations to both `config.eager_load_paths` and `config.autoload_paths` but use at your own risk. + +See also [Autoloading in the Test Environment](#autoloading-in-the-test-environment). `config.autoload_paths` is not changeable from environment-specific configuration files. -The value of `autoload_paths` can be inspected. In a just generated application +The value of `autoload_paths` can be inspected. In a just-generated application it is (edited): ``` @@ -1178,6 +1189,8 @@ end #### Qualified References +WARNING. This gotcha is only possible in Ruby < 2.5. + Given ```ruby @@ -1321,3 +1334,17 @@ class C < BasicObject end end ``` + +### Autoloading in the Test Environment + +When configuring the `test` environment for autoloading you might consider multiple factors. + +For example it might be worth running your tests with an identical setup to production (`config.eager_load = true`, `config.cache_classes = true`) in order to catch any problems before they hit production (this is compensation for the lack of dev-prod parity). However this will slow down the boot time for individual tests on a dev machine (and is not immediately compatible with spring see below). So one possibility is to do this on a +[CI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration) machine only (which should run without spring). + +On a development machine you can then have your tests running with whatever is fastest (ideally `config.eager_load = false`). + +With the [Spring](https://github.com/rails/spring) pre-loader (included with new Rails apps), you ideally keep `config.eager_load = false` as per development. Sometimes you may end up with a hybrid configuration (`config.eager_load = true`, `config.cache_classes = true` AND `config.enable_dependency_loading = true`), see [spring issue](https://github.com/rails/spring/issues/519#issuecomment-348324369). However it might be simpler to keep the same configuration as development, and work out whatever it is that is causing autoloading to fail (perhaps by the results of your CI test results). + +Occasionally you may need to explicitly eager_load by using `Rails +.application.eager_load!` in the setup of your tests -- this might occur if your [tests involve multithreading](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25796409/in-rails-how-can-i-eager-load-all-code-before-a-specific-rspec-test). diff --git a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md index 96650b5be9..3f357b532b 100644 --- a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Basic Caching This is an introduction to three types of caching techniques: page, action and fragment caching. By default Rails provides fragment caching. In order to use page and action caching you will need to add `actionpack-page_caching` and -`actionpack-action_caching` to your Gemfile. +`actionpack-action_caching` to your `Gemfile`. By default, caching is only enabled in your production environment. To play around with caching locally you'll want to enable caching in your local @@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ called key-based expiration. Cache fragments will also be expired when the view fragment changes (e.g., the HTML in the view changes). The string of characters at the end of the key is a -template tree digest. It is an MD5 hash computed based on the contents of the -view fragment you are caching. If you change the view fragment, the MD5 hash -will change, expiring the existing file. +template tree digest. It is a hash digest computed based on the contents of the +view fragment you are caching. If you change the view fragment, the digest will +change, expiring the existing file. TIP: Cache stores like Memcached will automatically delete old cache files. @@ -366,9 +366,9 @@ There are some common options used by all cache implementations. These can be pa * `:namespace` - This option can be used to create a namespace within the cache store. It is especially useful if your application shares a cache with other applications. -* `:compress` - This option can be used to indicate that compression should be used in the cache. This can be useful for transferring large cache entries over a slow network. +* `:compress` - Enabled by default. Compresses cache entries so more data can be stored in the same memory footprint, leading to fewer cache evictions and higher hit rates. -* `:compress_threshold` - This option is used in conjunction with the `:compress` option to indicate a threshold under which cache entries should not be compressed. This defaults to 16 kilobytes. +* `:compress_threshold` - Defaults to 1kB. Cache entries larger than this threshold, specified in bytes, are compressed. * `:expires_in` - This option sets an expiration time in seconds for the cache entry when it will be automatically removed from the cache. @@ -444,6 +444,78 @@ The `write` and `fetch` methods on this cache accept two additional options that config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store, "cache-1.example.com", "cache-2.example.com" ``` +### ActiveSupport::Cache::RedisCacheStore + +The Redis cache store takes advantage of Redis support for automatic eviction +when it reaches max memory, allowing it to behave much like a Memcached cache server. + +Deployment note: Redis doesn't expire keys by default, so take care to use a +dedicated Redis cache server. Don't fill up your persistent-Redis server with +volatile cache data! Read the +[Redis cache server setup guide](https://redis.io/topics/lru-cache) in detail. + +For a cache-only Redis server, set `maxmemory-policy` to one of the variants of allkeys. +Redis 4+ supports least-frequently-used eviction (`allkeys-lfu`), an excellent +default choice. Redis 3 and earlier should use least-recently-used eviction (`allkeys-lru`). + +Set cache read and write timeouts relatively low. Regenerating a cached value +is often faster than waiting more than a second to retrieve it. Both read and +write timeouts default to 1 second, but may be set lower if your network is +consistently low-latency. + +By default, the cache store will not attempt to reconnect to Redis if the +connection fails during a request. If you experience frequent disconnects you +may wish to enable reconnect attempts. + +Cache reads and writes never raise exceptions; they just return `nil` instead, +behaving as if there was nothing in the cache. To gauge whether your cache is +hitting exceptions, you may provide an `error_handler` to report to an +exception gathering service. It must accept three keyword arguments: `method`, +the cache store method that was originally called; `returning`, the value that +was returned to the user, typically `nil`; and `exception`, the exception that +was rescued. + +To get started, add the redis gem to your Gemfile: + +```ruby +gem 'redis' +``` + +You can enable support for the faster [hiredis](https://github.com/redis/hiredis) +connection library by additionally adding its ruby wrapper to your Gemfile: + +```ruby +gem 'hiredis' +``` + +Redis cache store will automatically require & use hiredis if available. No further +configuration is needed. + +Finally, add the configuration in the relevant `config/environments/*.rb` file: + +```ruby +config.cache_store = :redis_cache_store, { url: ENV['REDIS_URL'] } +``` + +A more complex, production Redis cache store may look something like this: + +```ruby +cache_servers = %w(redis://cache-01:6379/0 redis://cache-02:6379/0) +config.cache_store = :redis_cache_store, { url: cache_servers, + + connect_timeout: 30, # Defaults to 20 seconds + read_timeout: 0.2, # Defaults to 1 second + write_timeout: 0.2, # Defaults to 1 second + reconnect_attempts: 1, # Defaults to 0 + + error_handler: -> (method:, returning:, exception:) { + # Report errors to Sentry as warnings + Raven.capture_exception exception, level: 'warning', + tags: { method: method, returning: returning } + } +} +``` + ### ActiveSupport::Cache::NullStore This cache store implementation is meant to be used only in development or test environments and it never stores anything. This can be very useful in development when you have code that interacts directly with `Rails.cache` but caching may interfere with being able to see the results of code changes. With this cache store, all `fetch` and `read` operations will result in a miss. diff --git a/guides/source/command_line.md b/guides/source/command_line.md index 2cd8e02a77..b41e8bbec6 100644 --- a/guides/source/command_line.md +++ b/guides/source/command_line.md @@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ INFO: You can also use the alias "c" to invoke the console: `rails c`. You can specify the environment in which the `console` command should operate. ```bash -$ bin/rails console staging +$ bin/rails console -e staging ``` If you wish to test out some code without changing any data, you can do that by invoking `rails console --sandbox`. @@ -431,16 +431,16 @@ INFO: You can also use `bin/rails -T` to get the list of tasks. ```bash $ bin/rails about About your application's environment -Rails version 5.1.0 -Ruby version 2.2.2 (x86_64-linux) -RubyGems version 2.4.6 -Rack version 2.0.1 +Rails version 6.0.0 +Ruby version 2.5.0 (x86_64-linux) +RubyGems version 2.7.3 +Rack version 2.0.4 JavaScript Runtime Node.js (V8) Middleware: Rack::Sendfile, ActionDispatch::Static, ActionDispatch::Executor, ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware, Rack::Runtime, Rack::MethodOverride, ActionDispatch::RequestId, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, Sprockets::Rails::QuietAssets, Rails::Rack::Logger, ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, WebConsole::Middleware, ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, ActionDispatch::Reloader, ActionDispatch::Callbacks, ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending, ActionDispatch::Cookies, ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore, ActionDispatch::Flash, Rack::Head, Rack::ConditionalGet, Rack::ETag Application root /home/foobar/commandsapp Environment development Database adapter sqlite3 -Database schema version 20110805173523 +Database schema version 20180205173523 ``` ### `assets` @@ -659,6 +659,6 @@ development: ... ``` -It also generated some lines in our database.yml configuration corresponding to our choice of PostgreSQL for database. +It also generated some lines in our `database.yml` configuration corresponding to our choice of PostgreSQL for database. NOTE. The only catch with using the SCM options is that you have to make your application's directory first, then initialize your SCM, then you can run the `rails new` command to generate the basis of your app. diff --git a/guides/source/configuring.md b/guides/source/configuring.md index 1c720ad82f..c98e9b719c 100644 --- a/guides/source/configuring.md +++ b/guides/source/configuring.md @@ -62,12 +62,10 @@ These configuration methods are to be called on a `Rails::Railtie` object, such * `config.autoload_once_paths` accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants that won't be wiped per request. Relevant if `config.cache_classes` is `false`, which is the case in development mode by default. Otherwise, all autoloading happens only once. All elements of this array must also be in `autoload_paths`. Default is an empty array. -* `config.autoload_paths` accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants. Default is all directories under `app`. +* `config.autoload_paths` accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants. Default is all directories under `app`. It is no longer recommended to adjust this. See [Autoloading and Reloading Constants](autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html#autoload-paths-and-eager-load-paths) * `config.cache_classes` controls whether or not application classes and modules should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to `false` in development mode, and `true` in test and production modes. -* `config.action_view.cache_template_loading` controls whether or not templates should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to whatever is set for `config.cache_classes`. - * `config.beginning_of_week` sets the default beginning of week for the application. Accepts a valid week day symbol (e.g. `:monday`). @@ -202,6 +200,7 @@ The full set of methods that can be used in this block are as follows: * `force_plural` allows pluralized model names. Defaults to `false`. * `helper` defines whether or not to generate helpers. Defaults to `true`. * `integration_tool` defines which integration tool to use to generate integration tests. Defaults to `:test_unit`. +* `system_tests` defines which integration tool to use to generate system tests. Defaults to `:test_unit`. * `javascripts` turns on the hook for JavaScript files in generators. Used in Rails for when the `scaffold` generator is run. Defaults to `true`. * `javascript_engine` configures the engine to be used (for eg. coffee) when generating assets. Defaults to `:js`. * `orm` defines which orm to use. Defaults to `false` and will use Active Record by default. @@ -322,6 +321,10 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library. * `config.active_record.schema_migrations_table_name` lets you set a string to be used as the name of the schema migrations table. +* `config.active_record.internal_metadata_table_name` lets you set a string to be used as the name of the internal metadata table. + +* `config.active_record.protected_environments` lets you set an array of names of environments where destructive actions should be prohibited. + * `config.active_record.pluralize_table_names` specifies whether Rails will look for singular or plural table names in the database. If set to `true` (the default), then the Customer class will use the `customers` table. If set to false, then the Customer class will use the `customer` table. * `config.active_record.default_timezone` determines whether to use `Time.local` (if set to `:local`) or `Time.utc` (if set to `:utc`) when pulling dates and times from the database. The default is `:utc`. @@ -391,15 +394,21 @@ by setting up a Rake task which runs ``` for all models and all boolean columns, after which the flag must be set to true -by adding the following to your application.rb file: +by adding the following to your `application.rb` file: ```ruby Rails.application.config.active_record.sqlite3.represent_boolean_as_integer = true ``` -The schema dumper adds one additional configuration option: +The schema dumper adds two additional configuration options: + +* `ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables` accepts an array of tables that should _not_ be included in any generated schema file. -* `ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables` accepts an array of tables that should _not_ be included in any generated schema file. This setting is ignored unless `config.active_record.schema_format == :ruby`. +* `ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.fk_ignore_pattern` allows setting a different regular + expression that will be used to decide whether a foreign key's name should be + dumped to db/schema.rb or not. By default, foreign key names starting with + `fk_rails_` are not exported to the database schema dump. + Defaults to `/^fk_rails_[0-9a-f]{10}$/`. ### Configuring Action Controller @@ -459,7 +468,10 @@ The schema dumper adds one additional configuration option: config.action_dispatch.default_headers = { 'X-Frame-Options' => 'SAMEORIGIN', 'X-XSS-Protection' => '1; mode=block', - 'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff' + 'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff', + 'X-Download-Options' => 'noopen', + 'X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies' => 'none', + 'Referrer-Policy' => 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin' } ``` @@ -487,6 +499,19 @@ Defaults to `'signed cookie'`. authenticated encrypted cookie salt. Defaults to `'authenticated encrypted cookie'`. +* `config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_cipher` sets the cipher to be + used for encrypted cookies. This defaults to `"aes-256-gcm"`. + +* `config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_digest` sets the digest to be + used for signed cookies. This defaults to `"SHA1"`. + +* `config.action_dispatch.cookies_rotations` allows rotating + secrets, ciphers, and digests for encrypted and signed cookies. + +* `config.action_dispatch.use_authenticated_cookie_encryption` controls whether + signed and encrypted cookies use the AES-256-GCM cipher or + the older AES-256-CBC cipher. It defaults to `true`. + * `config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge` configures whether `deep_munge` method should be performed on the parameters. See [Security Guide](security.html#unsafe-query-generation) for more information. It defaults to `true`. @@ -525,6 +550,8 @@ Defaults to `'signed cookie'`. `config.action_view` includes a small number of configuration settings: +* `config.action_view.cache_template_loading` controls whether or not templates should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to whatever is set for `config.cache_classes`. + * `config.action_view.field_error_proc` provides an HTML generator for displaying errors that come from Active Model. The default is ```ruby @@ -563,12 +590,23 @@ Defaults to `'signed cookie'`. error should be raised for missing translations. * `config.action_view.automatically_disable_submit_tag` determines whether - submit_tag should automatically disable on click, this defaults to `true`. + `submit_tag` should automatically disable on click, this defaults to `true`. * `config.action_view.debug_missing_translation` determines whether to wrap the missing translations key in a `<span>` tag or not. This defaults to `true`. * `config.action_view.form_with_generates_remote_forms` determines whether `form_with` generates remote forms or not. This defaults to `true`. +* `config.action_view.form_with_generates_ids` determines whether `form_with` generates ids on inputs. This defaults to `true`. + +* `config.action_view.default_enforce_utf8` determines whether forms are generated with a hidden tag that forces older versions of Internet Explorer to submit forms encoded in UTF-8. This defaults to `false`. + +* `config.action_view.finalize_compiled_template_methods` determines + whether the methods on `ActionView::CompiledTemplates` that templates + compile themselves to are removed when template instances are + destroyed by the garbage collector. This helps prevent memory leaks in + development mode, but for large test suites, disabling this option in + the test environment can improve performance. This defaults to `true`. + ### Configuring Action Mailer There are a number of settings available on `config.action_mailer`: @@ -657,6 +695,8 @@ There are a few configuration options available in Active Support: * `config.active_support.time_precision` sets the precision of JSON encoded time values. Defaults to `3`. +* `config.active_support.use_sha1_digests` specifies whether to use SHA-1 instead of MD5 to generate non-sensitive digests, such as the ETag header. Defaults to false. + * `ActiveSupport::Logger.silencer` is set to `false` to disable the ability to silence logging in a block. The default is `true`. * `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store.logger` specifies the logger to use within cache store operations. @@ -720,6 +760,8 @@ There are a few configuration options available in Active Support: * `config.active_job.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Active Job. You can retrieve this logger by calling `logger` on either an Active Job class or an Active Job instance. Set to `nil` to disable logging. +* `config.active_job.custom_serializers` allows to set custom argument serializers. Defaults to `[]`. + ### Configuring Action Cable * `config.action_cable.url` accepts a string for the URL for where @@ -731,6 +773,43 @@ main application. You can set this as nil to not mount Action Cable as part of your normal Rails server. + +### Configuring Active Storage + +`config.active_storage` provides the following configuration options: + +* `config.active_storage.variant_processor` accepts a symbol `:mini_magick` or `:vips`, specifying whether variant transformations will be performed with MiniMagick or ruby-vips. The default is `:mini_magick`. + +* `config.active_storage.analyzers` accepts an array of classes indicating the analyzers available for Active Storage blobs. The default is `[ActiveStorage::Analyzer::ImageAnalyzer, ActiveStorage::Analyzer::VideoAnalyzer]`. The former can extract width and height of an image blob; the latter can extract width, height, duration, angle, and aspect ratio of a video blob. + +* `config.active_storage.previewers` accepts an array of classes indicating the image previewers available in Active Storage blobs. The default is `[ActiveStorage::Previewer::PDFPreviewer, ActiveStorage::Previewer::VideoPreviewer]`. The former can generate a thumbnail from the first page of a PDF blob; the latter from the relevant frame of a video blob. + +* `config.active_storage.paths` accepts a hash of options indicating the locations of previewer/analyzer commands. The default is `{}`, meaning the commands will be looked for in the default path. Can include any of these options: + * `:ffprobe` - The location of the ffprobe executable. + * `:mutool` - The location of the mutool executable. + * `:ffmpeg` - The location of the ffmpeg executable. + + ```ruby + config.active_storage.paths[:ffprobe] = '/usr/local/bin/ffprobe' + ``` + +* `config.active_storage.variable_content_types` accepts an array of strings indicating the content types that Active Storage can transform through ImageMagick. The default is `%w(image/png image/gif image/jpg image/jpeg image/vnd.adobe.photoshop)`. + +* `config.active_storage.content_types_to_serve_as_binary` accepts an array of strings indicating the content types that Active Storage will always serve as an attachment, rather than inline. The default is `%w(text/html +text/javascript image/svg+xml application/postscript application/x-shockwave-flash text/xml application/xml application/xhtml+xml)`. + +* `config.active_storage.queue` can be used to set the name of the Active Job queue used to perform jobs like analyzing the content of a blob or purging a blog. + + ```ruby + config.active_job.queue = :low_priority + ``` + +* `config.active_storage.logger` can be used to set the logger used by Active Storage. Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class. + + ```ruby + config.active_job.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT) + ``` + ### Configuring a Database Just about every Rails application will interact with a database. You can connect to the database by setting an environment variable `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` or by using a configuration file called `config/database.yml`. @@ -964,7 +1043,7 @@ By default Rails ships with three environments: "development", "test", and "prod Imagine you have a server which mirrors the production environment but is only used for testing. Such a server is commonly called a "staging server". To define an environment called "staging" for this server, just create a file called `config/environments/staging.rb`. Please use the contents of any existing file in `config/environments` as a starting point and make the necessary changes from there. -That environment is no different than the default ones, start a server with `rails server -e staging`, a console with `rails console staging`, `Rails.env.staging?` works, etc. +That environment is no different than the default ones, start a server with `rails server -e staging`, a console with `rails console -e staging`, `Rails.env.staging?` works, etc. ### Deploy to a subdirectory (relative url root) @@ -994,11 +1073,11 @@ Deploying your application using a reverse proxy has definite advantages over tr Many modern web servers can be used as a proxy server to balance third-party elements such as caching servers or application servers. -One such application server you can use is [Unicorn](http://unicorn.bogomips.org/) to run behind a reverse proxy. +One such application server you can use is [Unicorn](https://bogomips.org/unicorn/) to run behind a reverse proxy. In this case, you would need to configure the proxy server (NGINX, Apache, etc) to accept connections from your application server (Unicorn). By default Unicorn will listen for TCP connections on port 8080, but you can change the port or configure it to use sockets instead. -You can find more information in the [Unicorn readme](http://unicorn.bogomips.org/README.html) and understand the [philosophy](http://unicorn.bogomips.org/PHILOSOPHY.html) behind it. +You can find more information in the [Unicorn readme](https://bogomips.org/unicorn/README.html) and understand the [philosophy](https://bogomips.org/unicorn/PHILOSOPHY.html) behind it. Once you've configured the application server, you must proxy requests to it by configuring your web server appropriately. For example your NGINX config may include: @@ -1026,7 +1105,7 @@ server { } ``` -Be sure to read the [NGINX documentation](http://nginx.org/en/docs/) for the most up-to-date information. +Be sure to read the [NGINX documentation](https://nginx.org/en/docs/) for the most up-to-date information. Rails Environment Settings @@ -1048,7 +1127,7 @@ After loading the framework and any gems in your application, Rails turns to loa NOTE: You can use subfolders to organize your initializers if you like, because Rails will look into the whole file hierarchy from the initializers folder on down. -TIP: If you have any ordering dependency in your initializers, you can control the load order through naming. Initializer files are loaded in alphabetical order by their path. For example, `01_critical.rb` will be loaded before `02_normal.rb`. +TIP: While Rails supports numbering of initializer file names for load ordering purposes, a better technique is to place any code that need to load in a specific order within the same file. This reduces file name churn, makes dependencies more explicit, and can help surface new concepts within your application. Initialization events --------------------- @@ -1308,7 +1387,7 @@ know which pages it is allowed to index. Rails creates this file for you inside the `/public` folder. By default, it allows search engines to index all pages of your application. If you want to block -indexing on all pages of you application, use this: +indexing on all pages of your application, use this: ``` User-agent: * diff --git a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md index 7424818757..c1668f989b 100644 --- a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md @@ -84,7 +84,9 @@ discussions new features require. Helping to Resolve Existing Issues ---------------------------------- -As a next step beyond reporting issues, you can help the core team resolve existing issues. If you check the [issues list](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) in GitHub Issues, you'll find lots of issues already requiring attention. What can you do for these? Quite a bit, actually: +As a next step beyond reporting issues, you can help the core team resolve existing ones by providing feedback about them. If you are new to Rails core development, that might be a great way to walk your first steps, you'll get familiar with the code base and the processes. + +If you check the [issues list](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) in GitHub Issues, you'll find lots of issues already requiring attention. What can you do for these? Quite a bit, actually: ### Verifying Bug Reports @@ -132,7 +134,8 @@ learn about Ruby on Rails, and the API, which serves as a reference. You can help improve the Rails guides by making them more coherent, consistent or readable, adding missing information, correcting factual errors, fixing typos, or bringing them up to date with the latest edge Rails. -To do so, open a pull request to [Rails](https://github.com/rails/rails) on GitHub. +To do so, make changes to Rails guides source files (located [here](https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/master/guides/source) on GitHub). Then open a pull request to apply your +changes to master branch. When working with documentation, please take into account the [API Documentation Guidelines](api_documentation_guidelines.html) and the [Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines](ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html). diff --git a/guides/source/credits.html.erb b/guides/source/credits.html.erb deleted file mode 100644 index 5adbd12ac0..0000000000 --- a/guides/source/credits.html.erb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,80 +0,0 @@ -<% content_for :page_title do %> -Ruby on Rails Guides: Credits -<% end %> - -<% content_for :header_section do %> -<h2>Credits</h2> - -<p>We'd like to thank the following people for their tireless contributions to this project.</p> - -<% end %> - -<h3 class="section">Rails Guides Reviewers</h3> - -<%= author('Vijay Dev', 'vijaydev', 'vijaydev.jpg') do %> - Vijayakumar, found as Vijay Dev on the web, is a web applications developer and an open source enthusiast who lives in Chennai, India. He started using Rails in 2009 and began actively contributing to Rails documentation in late 2010. He <a href="https://twitter.com/vijay_dev">tweets</a> a lot and also <a href="http://vijaydev.wordpress.com">blogs</a>. -<% end %> - -<%= author('Xavier Noria', 'fxn', 'fxn.png') do %> - Xavier Noria has been into Ruby on Rails since 2005. He is a Rails core team member and enjoys combining his passion for Rails and his past life as a proofreader of math textbooks. Xavier is currently an independent Ruby on Rails consultant. Oh, he also <a href="http://twitter.com/fxn">tweets</a> and can be found everywhere as "fxn". -<% end %> - -<h3 class="section">Rails Guides Designers</h3> - -<%= author('Jason Zimdars', 'jz') do %> - Jason Zimdars is an experienced creative director and web designer who has lead UI and UX design for numerous websites and web applications. You can see more of his design and writing at <a href="http://www.thinkcage.com/">Thinkcage.com</a> or follow him on <a href="https://twitter.com/jasonzimdars">Twitter</a>. -<% end %> - -<h3 class="section">Rails Guides Authors</h3> - -<%= author('Ryan Bigg', 'radar', 'radar.png') do %> - Ryan Bigg works as a Rails developer at <a href="http://marketplacer.com">Marketplacer</a> and has been working with Rails since 2006. He's the author of <a href="https://leanpub.com/multi-tenancy-rails">Multi Tenancy With Rails</a> and co-author of <a href="http://manning.com/bigg2">Rails 4 in Action</a>. He's written many gems which can be seen on <a href="https://github.com/radar">his GitHub page</a> and he also tweets prolifically as <a href="http://twitter.com/ryanbigg">@ryanbigg</a>. -<% end %> - -<%= author('Oscar Del Ben', 'oscardelben', 'oscardelben.jpg') do %> -Oscar Del Ben is a software engineer at <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/google-buys-wildfire-2012-8">Wildfire</a>. He's a regular open source contributor (<a href="https://github.com/oscardelben">GitHub account</a>) and tweets regularly at <a href="https://twitter.com/oscardelben">@oscardelben</a>. - <% end %> - -<%= author('Frederick Cheung', 'fcheung') do %> - Frederick Cheung is Chief Wizard at Texperts where he has been using Rails since 2006. He is based in Cambridge (UK) and when not consuming fine ales he blogs at <a href="http://www.spacevatican.org">spacevatican.org</a>. -<% end %> - -<%= author('Tore Darell', 'toretore') do %> - Tore Darell is an independent developer based in Menton, France who specialises in cruft-free web applications using Ruby, Rails and unobtrusive JavaScript. You can follow him on <a href="http://twitter.com/toretore">Twitter</a>. -<% end %> - -<%= author('Jeff Dean', 'zilkey') do %> - Jeff Dean is a software engineer with <a href="http://pivotallabs.com">Pivotal Labs</a>. -<% end %> - -<%= author('Mike Gunderloy', 'mgunderloy') do %> - Mike Gunderloy is a consultant with <a href="http://www.actionrails.com">ActionRails</a>. He brings 25 years of experience in a variety of languages to bear on his current work with Rails. His near-daily links and other blogging can be found at <a href="http://afreshcup.com">A Fresh Cup</a> and he <a href="http://twitter.com/MikeG1">twitters</a> too much. -<% end %> - -<%= author('Mikel Lindsaar', 'raasdnil') do %> - Mikel Lindsaar has been working with Rails since 2006 and is the author of the Ruby <a href="https://github.com/mikel/mail">Mail gem</a> and core contributor (he helped re-write Action Mailer's API). Mikel is the founder of <a href="http://rubyx.com/">RubyX</a>, has a <a href="http://lindsaar.net/">blog</a> and <a href="http://twitter.com/raasdnil">tweets</a>. -<% end %> - -<%= author('Cássio Marques', 'cmarques') do %> - Cássio Marques is a Brazilian software developer working with different programming languages such as Ruby, JavaScript, CPP and Java, as an independent consultant. He blogs at <a href="http://cassiomarques.wordpress.com">/* CODIFICANDO */</a>, which is mainly written in Portuguese, but will soon get a new section for posts with English translation. -<% end %> - -<%= author('James Miller', 'bensie') do %> - James Miller is a software developer for <a href="http://www.jk-tech.com">JK Tech</a> in San Diego, CA. You can find James on GitHub, Gmail, Twitter, and Freenode as "bensie". -<% end %> - -<%= author('Pratik Naik', 'lifo') do %> - Pratik Naik is a Ruby on Rails developer at <a href="https://basecamp.com/">Basecamp</a> and maintains a blog at <a href="http://m.onkey.org">has_many :bugs, :through => :rails</a>. He also has a semi-active <a href="http://twitter.com/lifo">twitter account</a>. -<% end %> - -<%= author('Emilio Tagua', 'miloops') do %> - Emilio Tagua —a.k.a. miloops— is an Argentinian entrepreneur, developer, open source contributor and Rails evangelist. Cofounder of <a href="http://eventioz.com">Eventioz</a>. He has been using Rails since 2006 and contributing since early 2008. Can be found at gmail, twitter, freenode, everywhere as "miloops". -<% end %> - -<%= author('Heiko Webers', 'hawe') do %> - Heiko Webers is the founder of <a href="http://www.bauland42.de">bauland42</a>, a German web application security consulting and development company focused on Ruby on Rails. He blogs at the <a href="http://www.rorsecurity.info">Ruby on Rails Security Project</a>. After 10 years of desktop application development, Heiko has rarely looked back. -<% end %> - -<%= author('Akshay Surve', 'startupjockey', 'akshaysurve.jpg') do %> - Akshay Surve is the Founder at <a href="http://www.deltax.com">DeltaX</a>, hackathon specialist, a midnight code junkie and occasionally writes prose. You can connect with him on <a href="https://twitter.com/akshaysurve">Twitter</a>, <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/in/akshaysurve">Linkedin</a>, <a href="http://www.akshaysurve.com/">Personal Blog</a> or <a href="http://www.quora.com/Akshay-Surve">Quora</a>. -<% end %> diff --git a/guides/source/documents.yaml b/guides/source/documents.yaml index 59205ee465..5cddf79eeb 100644 --- a/guides/source/documents.yaml +++ b/guides/source/documents.yaml @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ url: active_support_core_extensions.html description: This guide documents the Ruby core extensions defined in Active Support. - - name: Rails Internationalization API + name: Rails Internationalization (I18n) API url: i18n.html description: This guide covers how to add internationalization to your applications. Your application will be able to translate content to different languages, change pluralization rules, use correct date formats for each country, and so on. - @@ -84,6 +84,10 @@ url: active_job_basics.html description: This guide provides you with all you need to get started creating, enqueuing, and executing background jobs. - + name: Active Storage Overview + url: active_storage_overview.html + description: This guide covers how to attach files to your Active Record models. + - name: Testing Rails Applications url: testing.html description: This is a rather comprehensive guide to the various testing facilities in Rails. It covers everything from 'What is a test?' to Integration Testing. Enjoy. @@ -104,7 +108,7 @@ url: command_line.html description: This guide covers the command line tools provided by Rails. - - name: Asset Pipeline + name: The Asset Pipeline url: asset_pipeline.html description: This guide documents the asset pipeline. - @@ -151,7 +155,7 @@ url: rails_on_rack.html description: This guide covers Rails integration with Rack and interfacing with other Rack components. - - name: Creating and Customizing Rails Generators + name: Creating and Customizing Rails Generators & Templates url: generators.html description: This guide covers the process of adding a brand new generator to your extension or providing an alternative to an element of a built-in Rails generator (such as providing alternative test stubs for the scaffold generator). - @@ -159,6 +163,11 @@ url: engines.html description: This guide explains how to write a mountable engine. work_in_progress: true + - + name: Threading and Code Execution in Rails + url: threading_and_code_execution.html + description: This guide describes the considerations needed and tools available when working directly with concurrency in a Rails application. + work_in_progress: true - name: Contributing to Ruby on Rails documents: @@ -178,7 +187,7 @@ name: Maintenance Policy documents: - - name: Maintenance Policy + name: Maintenance Policy for Ruby on Rails url: maintenance_policy.html description: What versions of Ruby on Rails are currently supported, and when to expect new versions. - @@ -189,6 +198,10 @@ url: upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html description: This guide helps in upgrading applications to latest Ruby on Rails versions. - + name: Ruby on Rails 5.2 Release Notes + url: 5_2_release_notes.html + description: Release notes for Rails 5.2. + - name: Ruby on Rails 5.1 Release Notes url: 5_1_release_notes.html description: Release notes for Rails 5.1. diff --git a/guides/source/engines.md b/guides/source/engines.md index c7331b6ca4..8d81296fa5 100644 --- a/guides/source/engines.md +++ b/guides/source/engines.md @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ authentication for its parent applications, or [Thredded](https://github.com/thredded/thredded), an engine that provides forum functionality. There's also [Spree](https://github.com/spree/spree) which provides an e-commerce platform, and -[RefineryCMS](https://github.com/refinery/refinerycms), a CMS engine. +[Refinery CMS](https://github.com/refinery/refinerycms), a CMS engine. Finally, engines would not have been possible without the work of James Adam, Piotr Sarnacki, the Rails Core Team, and a number of other people. If you ever @@ -537,12 +537,12 @@ directory at `app/views/blorgh/comments` and in it a new file called ```html+erb <h3>New comment</h3> -<%= form_for [@article, @article.comments.build] do |f| %> +<%= form_with(model: [@article, @article.comments.build], local: true) do |form| %> <p> - <%= f.label :text %><br> - <%= f.text_area :text %> + <%= form.label :text %><br> + <%= form.text_area :text %> </p> - <%= f.submit %> + <%= form.submit %> <% end %> ``` @@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ there isn't an application handy to test this out in, generate one using the $ rails new unicorn ``` -Usually, specifying the engine inside the Gemfile would be done by specifying it +Usually, specifying the engine inside the `Gemfile` would be done by specifying it as a normal, everyday gem. ```ruby @@ -783,8 +783,8 @@ added above the `title` field with this code: ```html+erb <div class="field"> - <%= f.label :author_name %><br> - <%= f.text_field :author_name %> + <%= form.label :author_name %><br> + <%= form.text_field :author_name %> </div> ``` @@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ engine: mattr_accessor :author_class ``` -This method works like its brothers, `attr_accessor` and `cattr_accessor`, but +This method works like its siblings, `attr_accessor` and `cattr_accessor`, but provides a setter and getter method on the module with the specified name. To use it, it must be referenced using `Blorgh.author_class`. @@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ Blorgh.author_class = "User" WARNING: It's very important here to use the `String` version of the class, rather than the class itself. If you were to use the class, Rails would attempt to load that class and then reference the related table. This could lead to -problems if the table wasn't already existing. Therefore, a `String` should be +problems if the table didn't already exist. Therefore, a `String` should be used and then converted to a class using `constantize` in the engine later on. Go ahead and try to create a new article. You will see that it works exactly in the @@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@ engine. Assets within an engine work in an identical way to a full application. Because the engine class inherits from `Rails::Engine`, the application will know to -look up assets in the engine's 'app/assets' and 'lib/assets' directories. +look up assets in the engine's `app/assets` and `lib/assets` directories. Like all of the other components of an engine, the assets should be namespaced. This means that if you have an asset called `style.css`, it should be placed at @@ -1361,7 +1361,7 @@ that only exists for your engine. In this case, the host application doesn't need to require `admin.css` or `admin.js`. Only the gem's admin layout needs these assets. It doesn't make sense for the host app to include `"blorgh/admin.css"` in its stylesheets. In this situation, you should -explicitly define these assets for precompilation. This tells sprockets to add +explicitly define these assets for precompilation. This tells Sprockets to add your engine assets when `bin/rails assets:precompile` is triggered. You can define assets for precompilation in `engine.rb`: @@ -1501,6 +1501,7 @@ To hook into the initialization process of one of the following classes use the | `ActionController::Base` | `action_controller` | | `ActionController::TestCase` | `action_controller_test_case` | | `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` | `action_dispatch_integration_test` | +| `ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase` | `action_dispatch_system_test_case` | | `ActionMailer::Base` | `action_mailer` | | `ActionMailer::TestCase` | `action_mailer_test_case` | | `ActionView::Base` | `action_view` | @@ -1513,14 +1514,14 @@ To hook into the initialization process of one of the following classes use the ## Configuration hooks -These are the available configuration hooks. They do not hook into any particular framework, instead they run in context of the entire application. +These are the available configuration hooks. They do not hook into any particular framework, but instead they run in context of the entire application. -| Hook | Use Case | -| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| `before_configuration` | First configurable block to run. Called before any initializers are run. | -| `before_initialize` | Second configurable block to run. Called before frameworks initialize. | -| `before_eager_load` | Third configurable block to run. Does not run if `config.cache_classes` set to false. | -| `after_initialize` | Last configurable block to run. Called after frameworks initialize. | +| Hook | Use Case | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| `before_configuration` | First configurable block to run. Called before any initializers are run. | +| `before_initialize` | Second configurable block to run. Called before frameworks initialize. | +| `before_eager_load` | Third configurable block to run. Does not run if `config.eager_load` set to false. | +| `after_initialize` | Last configurable block to run. Called after frameworks initialize. | ### Example diff --git a/guides/source/form_helpers.md b/guides/source/form_helpers.md index f46f1648b3..53c567727f 100644 --- a/guides/source/form_helpers.md +++ b/guides/source/form_helpers.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ **DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** -Form Helpers -============ +Action View Form Helpers +======================== Forms in web applications are an essential interface for user input. However, form markup can quickly become tedious to write and maintain because of the need to handle form control naming and its numerous attributes. Rails does away with this complexity by providing view helpers for generating form markup. However, since these helpers have different use cases, developers need to know the differences between the helper methods before putting them to use. @@ -274,10 +274,12 @@ There are a few things to note here: The resulting HTML is: ```html -<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" method="post" class="nifty_form"> - <input id="article_title" name="article[title]" type="text" /> - <textarea id="article_body" name="article[body]" cols="60" rows="12"></textarea> - <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Create" /> +<form class="nifty_form" id="new_article" action="/articles" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"> + <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" /> + <input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="NRkFyRWxdYNfUg7vYxLOp2SLf93lvnl+QwDWorR42Dp6yZXPhHEb6arhDOIWcqGit8jfnrPwL781/xlrzj63TA==" /> + <input type="text" name="article[title]" id="article_title" /> + <textarea name="article[body]" id="article_body" cols="60" rows="12"></textarea> + <input type="submit" name="commit" value="Create" data-disable-with="Create" /> </form> ``` @@ -299,9 +301,11 @@ You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with th which produces the following output: ```html -<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post"> - <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" /> - <input id="contact_detail_phone_number" name="contact_detail[phone_number]" type="text" /> +<form class="new_person" id="new_person" action="/people" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"> + <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" /> + <input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="bL13x72pldyDD8bgtkjKQakJCpd4A8JdXGbfksxBDHdf1uC0kCMqe2tvVdUYfidJt0fj3ihC4NxiVHv8GVYxJA==" /> + <input type="text" name="person[name]" id="person_name" /> + <input type="text" name="contact_detail[phone_number]" id="contact_detail_phone_number" /> </form> ``` @@ -916,7 +920,7 @@ When an association accepts nested attributes `fields_for` renders its block onc ```ruby def new @person = Person.new - 2.times { @person.addresses.build} + 2.times { @person.addresses.build } end ``` diff --git a/guides/source/getting_started.md b/guides/source/getting_started.md index 7c7b3a4c01..5b6cfe6659 100644 --- a/guides/source/getting_started.md +++ b/guides/source/getting_started.md @@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ current version of Ruby installed: ```bash $ ruby -v -ruby 2.3.1p112 +ruby 2.5.0 ``` -Rails requires Ruby version 2.2.2 or later. If the version number returned is +Rails requires Ruby version 2.4.1 or later. If the version number returned is less than that number, you'll need to install a fresh copy of Ruby. TIP: A number of tools exist to help you quickly install Ruby and Ruby @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ For more installation methods for most Operating Systems take a look at [ruby-lang.org](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/installation/). If you are working on Windows, you should also install the -[Ruby Installer Development Kit](http://rubyinstaller.org/downloads/). +[Ruby Installer Development Kit](https://rubyinstaller.org/downloads/). You will also need an installation of the SQLite3 database. Many popular UNIX-like OSes ship with an acceptable version of SQLite3. @@ -170,16 +170,16 @@ of the files and folders that Rails created by default: | File/Folder | Purpose | | ----------- | ------- | |app/|Contains the controllers, models, views, helpers, mailers, channels, jobs and assets for your application. You'll focus on this folder for the remainder of this guide.| -|bin/|Contains the rails script that starts your app and can contain other scripts you use to setup, update, deploy or run your application.| +|bin/|Contains the rails script that starts your app and can contain other scripts you use to setup, update, deploy, or run your application.| |config/|Configure your application's routes, database, and more. This is covered in more detail in [Configuring Rails Applications](configuring.html).| -|config.ru|Rack configuration for Rack based servers used to start the application.| +|config.ru|Rack configuration for Rack based servers used to start the application. For more information about Rack, see the [Rack website](https://rack.github.io/).| |db/|Contains your current database schema, as well as the database migrations.| |Gemfile<br>Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see the [Bundler website](https://bundler.io).| |lib/|Extended modules for your application.| |log/|Application log files.| |package.json|This file allows you to specify what npm dependencies are needed for your Rails application. This file is used by Yarn. For more information about Yarn, see the [Yarn website](https://yarnpkg.com/lang/en/).| |public/|The only folder seen by the world as-is. Contains static files and compiled assets.| -|Rakefile|This file locates and loads tasks that can be run from the command line. The task definitions are defined throughout the components of Rails. Rather than changing Rakefile, you should add your own tasks by adding files to the `lib/tasks` directory of your application.| +|Rakefile|This file locates and loads tasks that can be run from the command line. The task definitions are defined throughout the components of Rails. Rather than changing `Rakefile`, you should add your own tasks by adding files to the `lib/tasks` directory of your application.| |README.md|This is a brief instruction manual for your application. You should edit this file to tell others what your application does, how to set it up, and so on.| |test/|Unit tests, fixtures, and other test apparatus. These are covered in [Testing Rails Applications](testing.html).| |tmp/|Temporary files (like cache and pid files).| @@ -346,9 +346,9 @@ Now that you've seen how to create a controller, an action and a view, let's create something with a bit more substance. In the Blog application, you will now create a new _resource_. A resource is the -term used for a collection of similar objects, such as articles, people or +term used for a collection of similar objects, such as articles, people, or animals. -You can create, read, update and destroy items for a resource and these +You can create, read, update, and destroy items for a resource and these operations are referred to as _CRUD_ operations. Rails provides a `resources` method which can be used to declare a standard REST @@ -372,16 +372,17 @@ singular form `article` and makes meaningful use of the distinction. ```bash $ bin/rails routes - Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action - articles GET /articles(.:format) articles#index - POST /articles(.:format) articles#create - new_article GET /articles/new(.:format) articles#new -edit_article GET /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit - article GET /articles/:id(.:format) articles#show - PATCH /articles/:id(.:format) articles#update - PUT /articles/:id(.:format) articles#update - DELETE /articles/:id(.:format) articles#destroy - root GET / welcome#index + Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action +welcome_index GET /welcome/index(.:format) welcome#index + articles GET /articles(.:format) articles#index + POST /articles(.:format) articles#create + new_article GET /articles/new(.:format) articles#new + edit_article GET /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit + article GET /articles/:id(.:format) articles#show + PATCH /articles/:id(.:format) articles#update + PUT /articles/:id(.:format) articles#update + DELETE /articles/:id(.:format) articles#destroy + root GET / welcome#index ``` In the next section, you will add the ability to create new articles in your @@ -461,8 +462,7 @@ You're getting this error now because Rails expects plain actions like this one to have views associated with them to display their information. With no view available, Rails will raise an exception. -In the above image, the bottom line has been truncated. Let's see what the full -error message looks like: +Let's look at the full error message again: >ArticlesController#new is missing a template for this request format and variant. request.formats: ["text/html"] request.variant: [] NOTE! For XHR/Ajax or API requests, this action would normally respond with 204 No Content: an empty white screen. Since you're loading it in a web browser, we assume that you expected to actually render a template, not… nothing, so we're showing an error to be extra-clear. If you expect 204 No Content, carry on. That's what you'll get from an XHR or API request. Give it a shot. @@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ write this content in it: ``` When you refresh <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll now see that the -page has a title. The route, controller, action and view are now working +page has a title. The route, controller, action, and view are now working harmoniously! It's time to create the form for a new article. ### The first form @@ -567,15 +567,16 @@ To see what Rails will do with this, we look back at the output of ```bash $ bin/rails routes Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action - articles GET /articles(.:format) articles#index - POST /articles(.:format) articles#create - new_article GET /articles/new(.:format) articles#new -edit_article GET /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit - article GET /articles/:id(.:format) articles#show - PATCH /articles/:id(.:format) articles#update - PUT /articles/:id(.:format) articles#update - DELETE /articles/:id(.:format) articles#destroy - root GET / welcome#index +welcome_index GET /welcome/index(.:format) welcome#index + articles GET /articles(.:format) articles#index + POST /articles(.:format) articles#create + new_article GET /articles/new(.:format) articles#new + edit_article GET /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit + article GET /articles/:id(.:format) articles#show + PATCH /articles/:id(.:format) articles#update + PUT /articles/:id(.:format) articles#update + DELETE /articles/:id(.:format) articles#destroy + root GET / welcome#index ``` The `articles_path` helper tells Rails to point the form to the URI Pattern @@ -594,7 +595,7 @@ familiar error: You now need to create the `create` action within the `ArticlesController` for this to work. -NOTE: by default `form_with` submits forms using Ajax thereby skipping full page +NOTE: By default `form_with` submits forms using Ajax thereby skipping full page redirects. To make this guide easier to get into we've disabled that with `local: true` for now. @@ -1121,10 +1122,10 @@ that otherwise `@article` would be `nil` in our view, and calling `@article.errors.any?` would throw an error. TIP: Rails automatically wraps fields that contain an error with a div -with class `field_with_errors`. You can define a css rule to make them +with class `field_with_errors`. You can define a CSS rule to make them standout. -Now you'll get a nice error message when saving an article without title when +Now you'll get a nice error message when saving an article without a title when you attempt to do just that on the new article form <http://localhost:3000/articles/new>: @@ -1203,10 +1204,10 @@ it look as follows: This time we point the form to the `update` action, which is not defined yet but will be very soon. -Passing the article object to the method, will automagically create url for submitting the edited article form. -This option tells Rails that we want this form to be submitted -via the `PATCH` HTTP method which is the HTTP method you're expected to use to -**update** resources according to the REST protocol. +Passing the article object to the method will automatically set the URL for +submitting the edited article form. This option tells Rails that we want this +form to be submitted via the `PATCH` HTTP method, which is the HTTP method you're +expected to use to **update** resources according to the REST protocol. The arguments to `form_with` could be model objects, say, `model: @article` which would cause the helper to fill in the form with the fields of the object. Passing in a @@ -1505,7 +1506,7 @@ appear. TIP: Learn more about Unobtrusive JavaScript on [Working With JavaScript in Rails](working_with_javascript_in_rails.html) guide. -Congratulations, you can now create, show, list, update and destroy +Congratulations, you can now create, show, list, update, and destroy articles. TIP: In general, Rails encourages using resources objects instead of @@ -1521,7 +1522,7 @@ comments on articles. ### Generating a Model We're going to see the same generator that we used before when creating -the `Article` model. This time we'll create a `Comment` model to hold +the `Article` model. This time we'll create a `Comment` model to hold a reference to an article. Run this command in your terminal: ```bash @@ -1856,7 +1857,7 @@ This will now render the partial in `app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb` once for each comment that is in the `@article.comments` collection. As the `render` method iterates over the `@article.comments` collection, it assigns each comment to a local variable named the same as the partial, in this case -`comment` which is then available in the partial for us to show. +`comment`, which is then available in the partial for us to show. ### Rendering a Partial Form @@ -2059,13 +2060,13 @@ What's Next? Now that you've seen your first Rails application, you should feel free to update it and experiment on your own. -Remember you don't have to do everything without help. As you need assistance +Remember, you don't have to do everything without help. As you need assistance getting up and running with Rails, feel free to consult these support resources: * The [Ruby on Rails Guides](index.html) -* The [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](http://railstutorial.org/book) -* The [Ruby on Rails mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk) +* The [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](https://www.railstutorial.org/book) +* The [Ruby on Rails mailing list](https://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk) * The [#rubyonrails](irc://irc.freenode.net/#rubyonrails) channel on irc.freenode.net diff --git a/guides/source/i18n.md b/guides/source/i18n.md index cb24822f86..f42ab15b8b 100644 --- a/guides/source/i18n.md +++ b/guides/source/i18n.md @@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ Internationalization is a complex problem. Natural languages differ in so many w As part of this solution, **every static string in the Rails framework** - e.g. Active Record validation messages, time and date formats - **has been internationalized**. _Localization_ of a Rails application means defining translated values for these strings in desired languages. +To localize store and update _content_ in your application (e.g. translate blog posts), see the [Translating model content](#translating-model-content) section. + ### The Overall Architecture of the Library Thus, the Ruby I18n gem is split into two parts: @@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ This means, that in the `:en` locale, the key _hello_ will map to the _Hello wor The I18n library will use **English** as a **default locale**, i.e. if a different locale is not set, `:en` will be used for looking up translations. -NOTE: The i18n library takes a **pragmatic approach** to locale keys (after [some discussion](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/rails-i18n/FN7eLH2-lHA)), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like `:en`, `:pl`, not the _region_ part, like `:en-US` or `:en-GB`, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such as `:cs`, `:th` or `:es` (for Czech, Thai and Spanish). However, there are also regional differences within different language groups that may be important. For instance, in the `:en-US` locale you would have $ as a currency symbol, while in `:en-GB`, you would have £. Nothing stops you from separating regional and other settings in this way: you just have to provide full "English - United Kingdom" locale in a `:en-GB` dictionary. Few gems such as [Globalize3](https://github.com/globalize/globalize) may help you implement it. +NOTE: The i18n library takes a **pragmatic approach** to locale keys (after [some discussion](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/rails-i18n/FN7eLH2-lHA)), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like `:en`, `:pl`, not the _region_ part, like `:en-US` or `:en-GB`, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such as `:cs`, `:th` or `:es` (for Czech, Thai and Spanish). However, there are also regional differences within different language groups that may be important. For instance, in the `:en-US` locale you would have $ as a currency symbol, while in `:en-GB`, you would have £. Nothing stops you from separating regional and other settings in this way: you just have to provide full "English - United Kingdom" locale in a `:en-GB` dictionary. The **translations load path** (`I18n.load_path`) is an array of paths to files that will be loaded automatically. Configuring this path allows for customization of translations directory structure and file naming scheme. @@ -827,14 +829,14 @@ For example when you add the following translations: en: activerecord: models: - user: Dude + user: Customer attributes: user: login: "Handle" # will translate User attribute "login" as "Handle" ``` -Then `User.model_name.human` will return "Dude" and `User.human_attribute_name("login")` will return "Handle". +Then `User.model_name.human` will return "Customer" and `User.human_attribute_name("login")` will return "Handle". You can also set a plural form for model names, adding as following: @@ -843,11 +845,11 @@ en: activerecord: models: user: - one: Dude - other: Dudes + one: Customer + other: Customers ``` -Then `User.model_name.human(count: 2)` will return "Dudes". With `count: 1` or without params will return "Dude". +Then `User.model_name.human(count: 2)` will return "Customers". With `count: 1` or without params will return "Customer". In the event you need to access nested attributes within a given model, you should nest these under `model/attribute` at the model level of your translation file: @@ -855,12 +857,12 @@ In the event you need to access nested attributes within a given model, you shou en: activerecord: attributes: - user/gender: - female: "Female" - male: "Male" + user/role: + admin: "Admin" + contributor: "Contributor" ``` -Then `User.human_attribute_name("gender.female")` will return "Female". +Then `User.human_attribute_name("role.admin")` will return "Admin". NOTE: If you are using a class which includes `ActiveModel` and does not inherit from `ActiveRecord::Base`, replace `activerecord` with `activemodel` in the above key paths. @@ -977,7 +979,7 @@ en: ``` NOTE: In order to use this helper, you need to install [DynamicForm](https://github.com/joelmoss/dynamic_form) -gem by adding this line to your Gemfile: `gem 'dynamic_form'`. +gem by adding this line to your `Gemfile`: `gem 'dynamic_form'`. ### Translations for Action Mailer E-Mail Subjects @@ -1099,13 +1101,11 @@ Customize your I18n Setup For several reasons the Simple backend shipped with Active Support only does the "simplest thing that could possibly work" _for Ruby on Rails_[^3] ... which means that it is only guaranteed to work for English and, as a side effect, languages that are very similar to English. Also, the simple backend is only capable of reading translations but cannot dynamically store them to any format. -That does not mean you're stuck with these limitations, though. The Ruby I18n gem makes it very easy to exchange the Simple backend implementation with something else that fits better for your needs. E.g. you could exchange it with Globalize's Static backend: +That does not mean you're stuck with these limitations, though. The Ruby I18n gem makes it very easy to exchange the Simple backend implementation with something else that fits better for your needs, by passing a backend instance to the `I18n.backend=` setter. -```ruby -I18n.backend = Globalize::Backend::Static.new -``` +For example, you can replace the Simple backend with the the Chain backend to chain multiple backends together. This is useful when you want to use standard translations with a Simple backend but store custom application translations in a database or other backends. -You can also use the Chain backend to chain multiple backends together. This is useful when you want to use standard translations with a Simple backend but store custom application translations in a database or other backends. For example, you could use the Active Record backend and fall back to the (default) Simple backend: +With the Chain backend, you could use the Active Record backend and fall back to the (default) Simple backend: ```ruby I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Chain.new(I18n::Backend::ActiveRecord.new, I18n.backend) @@ -1166,20 +1166,29 @@ To do so, the helper forces `I18n#translate` to raise exceptions no matter what I18n.t :foo, raise: true # always re-raises exceptions from the backend ``` +Translating Model Content +------------------------- + +The I18n API described in this guide is primarily intended for translating interface strings. If you are looking to translate model content (e.g. blog posts), you will need a different solution to help with this. + +Several gems can help with this: + +* [Globalize](https://github.com/globalize/globalize): Store translations on separate translation tables, one for each translated model +* [Mobility](https://github.com/shioyama/mobility): Provides support for storing translations in many formats, including translation tables, json columns (Postgres), etc. +* [Traco](https://github.com/barsoom/traco): Translatable columns for Rails 3 and 4, stored in the model table itself + Conclusion ---------- At this point you should have a good overview about how I18n support in Ruby on Rails works and are ready to start translating your project. -If you want to discuss certain portions or have questions, please sign up to the [rails-i18n mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n). - Contributing to Rails I18n -------------------------- I18n support in Ruby on Rails was introduced in the release 2.2 and is still evolving. The project follows the good Ruby on Rails development tradition of evolving solutions in gems and real applications first, and only then cherry-picking the best-of-breed of most widely useful features for inclusion in the core. -Thus we encourage everybody to experiment with new ideas and features in gems or other libraries and make them available to the community. (Don't forget to announce your work on our [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n)!) +Thus we encourage everybody to experiment with new ideas and features in gems or other libraries and make them available to the community. (Don't forget to announce your work on our [mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rails-i18n)!) If you find your own locale (language) missing from our [example translations data](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master/rails/locale) repository for Ruby on Rails, please [_fork_](https://github.com/guides/fork-a-project-and-submit-your-modifications) the repository, add your data and send a [pull request](https://help.github.com/articles/about-pull-requests/). diff --git a/guides/source/index.html.erb b/guides/source/index.html.erb index 2fdf18a2e9..76f01fea0a 100644 --- a/guides/source/index.html.erb +++ b/guides/source/index.html.erb @@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ Ruby on Rails Guides <div id="subCol"> <dl> <dt></dt> - <dd class="kindle">Rails Guides are also available for <%= link_to 'Kindle', @mobi %>.</dd> + <% unless @edge -%> + <dd class="kindle">Rails Guides are also available for <%= link_to 'Kindle', @mobi %>.</dd> + <% end -%> <dd class="work-in-progress">Guides marked with this icon are currently being worked on and will not be available in the Guides Index menu. While still useful, they may contain incomplete information and even errors. You can help by reviewing them and posting your comments and corrections.</dd> </dl> </div> diff --git a/guides/source/initialization.md b/guides/source/initialization.md index 1541ea38cd..d3b122c7fe 100644 --- a/guides/source/initialization.md +++ b/guides/source/initialization.md @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ require 'bundler/setup' # Set up gems listed in the Gemfile. In a standard Rails application, there's a `Gemfile` which declares all dependencies of the application. `config/boot.rb` sets -`ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE']` to the location of this file. If the Gemfile +`ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE']` to the location of this file. If the `Gemfile` exists, then `bundler/setup` is required. The require is used by Bundler to configure the load path for your Gemfile's dependencies. @@ -532,12 +532,12 @@ require "rails" %w( active_record/railtie + active_storage/engine action_controller/railtie action_view/railtie action_mailer/railtie active_job/railtie action_cable/engine - active_storage/engine rails/test_unit/railtie sprockets/railtie ).each do |railtie| diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/rails_guides.opf.erb b/guides/source/kindle/rails_guides.opf.erb index 63eeb007d7..1882ec1005 100644 --- a/guides/source/kindle/rails_guides.opf.erb +++ b/guides/source/kindle/rails_guides.opf.erb @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ <item id="<%= document['url'] %>" media-type="text/html" href="<%= document['url'] %>" /> <% end %> - <% %w{toc.html credits.html welcome.html copyright.html}.each do |url| %> + <% %w{toc.html welcome.html copyright.html}.each do |url| %> <item id="<%= url %>" media-type="text/html" href="<%= url %>" /> <% end %> @@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ <spine toc="toc"> <itemref idref="toc.html" /> <itemref idref="welcome.html" /> - <itemref idref="credits.html" /> <itemref idref="copyright.html" /> <% documents_flat.each do |document| %> <itemref idref="<%= document['url'] %>" /> diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb b/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb index 0f4228ed6b..b77ac2e99d 100644 --- a/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb +++ b/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb @@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ Ruby on Rails Guides <% end %> <hr /> <ul> - <li><a href="credits.html">Credits</a></li> <li><a href="copyright.html">Copyright & License</a></li> </ul> </div> diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb b/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb index 5094fea4ca..9b73bc9bea 100644 --- a/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb +++ b/guides/source/kindle/toc.ncx.erb @@ -30,10 +30,6 @@ </navLabel> <content src="welcome.html"/> </navPoint> - <navPoint class="article" id="credits" playOrder="3"> - <navLabel><text>Credits</text></navLabel> - <content src="credits.html"/> - </navPoint> <navPoint class="article" id="copyright" playOrder="4"> <navLabel><text>Copyright & License</text></navLabel> <content src="copyright.html"/> diff --git a/guides/source/layout.html.erb b/guides/source/layout.html.erb index 334595e4d2..d2024b726d 100644 --- a/guides/source/layout.html.erb +++ b/guides/source/layout.html.erb @@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ </div> </li> <li><a class="nav-item" href="contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html">Contribute</a></li> - <li><a class="nav-item" href="credits.html">Credits</a></li> <li class="guides-index guides-index-small"> <select class="guides-index-item nav-item"> <option value="index.html">Guides Index</option> @@ -99,9 +98,9 @@ To get started, you can read our <%= link_to 'documentation contributions', 'http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation' %> section. </p> <p> - You may also find incomplete content, or stuff that is not up to date. + You may also find incomplete content or stuff that is not up to date. Please do add any missing documentation for master. Make sure to check - <%= link_to 'Edge Guides','http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org' %> first to verify + <%= link_to 'Edge Guides', 'http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org' %> first to verify if the issues are already fixed or not on the master branch. Check the <%= link_to 'Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines', 'ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html' %> for style and conventions. @@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ <%= link_to 'open an issue', 'https://github.com/rails/rails/issues' %>. </p> <p>And last but not least, any kind of discussion regarding Ruby on Rails - documentation is very welcome in the <%= link_to 'rubyonrails-docs mailing list', 'https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rubyonrails-docs' %>. + documentation is very welcome on the <%= link_to 'rubyonrails-docs mailing list', 'https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rubyonrails-docs' %>. </p> </div> </div> @@ -124,15 +123,8 @@ </div> </div> - <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/jquery.min.js"></script> - <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/responsive-tables.js"></script> - <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/guides.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter.js"></script> - <script type="text/javascript"> - syntaxhighlighterConfig = { - autoLinks: false, - }; - $(guidesIndex.bind); - </script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/guides.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/responsive-tables.js"></script> </body> </html> diff --git a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md index 76b325d0bf..15345c94b7 100644 --- a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md +++ b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md @@ -71,23 +71,25 @@ If we want to display the properties of all the books in our view, we can do so <h1>Listing Books</h1> <table> - <tr> - <th>Title</th> - <th>Summary</th> - <th></th> - <th></th> - <th></th> - </tr> - -<% @books.each do |book| %> - <tr> - <td><%= book.title %></td> - <td><%= book.content %></td> - <td><%= link_to "Show", book %></td> - <td><%= link_to "Edit", edit_book_path(book) %></td> - <td><%= link_to "Remove", book, method: :delete, data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" } %></td> - </tr> -<% end %> + <thead> + <tr> + <th>Title</th> + <th>Content</th> + <th colspan="3"></th> + </tr> + </thead> + + <tbody> + <% @books.each do |book| %> + <tr> + <td><%= book.title %></td> + <td><%= book.content %></td> + <td><%= link_to "Show", book %></td> + <td><%= link_to "Edit", edit_book_path(book) %></td> + <td><%= link_to "Destroy", book, method: :delete, data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" } %></td> + </tr> + <% end %> + </tbody> </table> <br> @@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ If we want to display the properties of all the books in our view, we can do so <%= link_to "New book", new_book_path %> ``` -NOTE: The actual rendering is done by subclasses of `ActionView::TemplateHandlers`. This guide does not dig into that process, but it's important to know that the file extension on your view controls the choice of template handler. Beginning with Rails 2, the standard extensions are `.erb` for ERB (HTML with embedded Ruby), and `.builder` for Builder (XML generator). +NOTE: The actual rendering is done by nested classes of the module [`ActionView::Template::Handlers`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Template/Handlers.html). This guide does not dig into that process, but it's important to know that the file extension on your view controls the choice of template handler. ### Using `render` @@ -230,14 +232,14 @@ You can send an HTML string back to the browser by using the `:html` option to `render`: ```ruby -render html: "<strong>Not Found</strong>".html_safe +render html: helpers.tag.strong('Not Found') ``` TIP: This is useful when you're rendering a small snippet of HTML code. However, you might want to consider moving it to a template file if the markup is complex. -NOTE: When using `html:` option, HTML entities will be escaped if the string is not marked as HTML safe by using `html_safe` method. +NOTE: When using `html:` option, HTML entities will be escaped if the string is not composed with `html_safe`-aware APIs. #### Rendering JSON @@ -283,7 +285,7 @@ the response. Using `:plain` or `:html` might be more appropriate most of the time. NOTE: Unless overridden, your response returned from this render option will be -`text/html`, as that is the default content type of Action Dispatch response. +`text/plain`, as that is the default content type of Action Dispatch response. #### Options for `render` @@ -1264,7 +1266,7 @@ You can also pass in arbitrary local variables to any partial you are rendering In this case, the partial will have access to a local variable `title` with the value "Products Page". -TIP: Rails also makes a counter variable available within a partial called by the collection, named after the member of the collection followed by `_counter`. For example, if you're rendering `@products`, within the partial you can refer to `product_counter` to tell you how many times the partial has been rendered. This does not work in conjunction with the `as: :value` option. +TIP: Rails also makes a counter variable available within a partial called by the collection, named after the title of the partial followed by `_counter`. For example, when rendering a collection `@products` the partial `_product.html.erb` can access the variable `product_counter` which indexes the number of times it has been rendered within the enclosing view. You can also specify a second partial to be rendered between instances of the main partial by using the `:spacer_template` option: diff --git a/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md b/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md index 1d6a4edb5b..2604d289e9 100644 --- a/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md +++ b/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ from. In special situations, where someone from the Core Team agrees to support more series, they are included in the list of supported series. -**Currently included series:** `5.1.Z`. +**Currently included series:** `5.2.Z`. Security Issues --------------- @@ -59,16 +59,16 @@ be built from 1.2.2, and then added to the end of 1-2-stable. This means that security releases are easy to upgrade to if you're running the latest version of Rails. -**Currently included series:** `5.1.Z`, `5.0.Z`. +**Currently included series:** `5.2.Z`, `5.1.Z`. Severe Security Issues ---------------------- -For severe security issues we will provide new versions as above, and also the +For severe security issues all releases in the current major series, and also the last major release series will receive patches and new versions. The classification of the security issue is judged by the core team. -**Currently included series:** `5.1.Z`, `5.0.Z`, `4.2.Z`. +**Currently included series:** `5.2.Z`, `5.1.Z`, `5.0.Z`, `4.2.Z`. Unsupported Release Series -------------------------- diff --git a/guides/source/plugins.md b/guides/source/plugins.md index b3a7f544f5..15073af6be 100644 --- a/guides/source/plugins.md +++ b/guides/source/plugins.md @@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ When you run `bin/test`, you should see the tests all pass: ### Add an Instance Method -This plugin will add a method named 'squawk' to any Active Record object that calls 'acts_as_yaffle'. The 'squawk' +This plugin will add a method named 'squawk' to any Active Record object that calls `acts_as_yaffle`. The 'squawk' method will simply set the value of one of the fields in the database. To start out, write a failing test that shows the behavior you'd like: @@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ end ``` Run the test to make sure the last two tests fail with an error that contains "NoMethodError: undefined method `squawk'", -then update 'acts_as_yaffle.rb' to look like this: +then update `acts_as_yaffle.rb` to look like this: ```ruby # yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb @@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ Publishing Your Gem ------------------- Gem plugins currently in development can easily be shared from any Git repository. To share the Yaffle gem with others, simply -commit the code to a Git repository (like GitHub) and add a line to the Gemfile of the application in question: +commit the code to a Git repository (like GitHub) and add a line to the `Gemfile` of the application in question: ```ruby gem "yaffle", git: "https://github.com/rails/yaffle.git" diff --git a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md index aa1476ecc0..1627205b7b 100644 --- a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md +++ b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md @@ -122,9 +122,11 @@ use ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending use ActionDispatch::Cookies use ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore use ActionDispatch::Flash +use ActionDispatch::ContentSecurityPolicy::Middleware use Rack::Head use Rack::ConditionalGet use Rack::ETag +use Rack::TempfileReaper run MyApp::Application.routes ``` @@ -249,7 +251,7 @@ Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The fol **`Rails::Rack::Logger`** -* Notifies the logs that the request has began. After request is complete, flushes all the logs. +* Notifies the logs that the request has begun. After the request is complete, flushes all the logs. **`ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions`** @@ -283,18 +285,26 @@ Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The fol * Sets up the flash keys. Only available if `config.action_controller.session_store` is set to a value. +**`ActionDispatch::ContentSecurityPolicy::Middleware`** + +* Provides a DSL to configure a Content-Security-Policy header. + **`Rack::Head`** * Converts HEAD requests to `GET` requests and serves them as so. **`Rack::ConditionalGet`** -* Adds support for "Conditional `GET`" so that server responds with nothing if page wasn't changed. +* Adds support for "Conditional `GET`" so that server responds with nothing if the page wasn't changed. **`Rack::ETag`** * Adds ETag header on all String bodies. ETags are used to validate cache. +**`Rack::TempfileReaper`** + +* Cleans up tempfiles used to buffer multipart requests. + TIP: It's possible to use any of the above middlewares in your custom Rack stack. Resources diff --git a/guides/source/routing.md b/guides/source/routing.md index 638f77be13..7a83fee617 100644 --- a/guides/source/routing.md +++ b/guides/source/routing.md @@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ get '/patients/:id', to: 'patients#show' the request is dispatched to the `patients` controller's `show` action with `{ id: '17' }` in `params`. +NOTE: Rails uses snake_case for controller names here, if you have a multiple word controller like `MonsterTrucksController`, you want to use `monster_trucks#show` for example. + ### Generating Paths and URLs from Code You can also generate paths and URLs. If the route above is modified to be: @@ -58,6 +60,26 @@ and this in the corresponding view: then the router will generate the path `/patients/17`. This reduces the brittleness of your view and makes your code easier to understand. Note that the id does not need to be specified in the route helper. +### Configuring the Rails Router + +The routes for your application or engine live in the file `config/routes.rb` and typically looks like this: + +```ruby +Rails.application.routes.draw do + resources :brands, only: [:index, :show] do + resources :products, only: [:index, :show] + end + + resource :basket, only: [:show, :update, :destroy] + + resolve("Basket") { route_for(:basket) } +end +``` + +Since this is a regular Ruby source file you can use all of its features to help you define your routes but be careful with variable names as they can clash with the DSL methods of the router. + +NOTE: The `Rails.application.routes.draw do ... end` block that wraps your route definitions is required to establish the scope for the router DSL and must not be deleted. + Resource Routing: the Rails Default ----------------------------------- @@ -549,7 +571,7 @@ In particular, simple routing makes it very easy to map legacy URLs to new Rails When you set up a regular route, you supply a series of symbols that Rails maps to parts of an incoming HTTP request. For example, consider this route: ```ruby -get 'photos(/:id)', to: :display +get 'photos(/:id)', to: 'photos#display' ``` If an incoming request of `/photos/1` is processed by this route (because it hasn't matched any previous route in the file), then the result will be to invoke the `display` action of the `PhotosController`, and to make the final parameter `"1"` available as `params[:id]`. This route will also route the incoming request of `/photos` to `PhotosController#display`, since `:id` is an optional parameter, denoted by parentheses. @@ -852,6 +874,49 @@ You can specify unicode character routes directly. For example: get 'こんにちは', to: 'welcome#index' ``` +### Direct routes + +You can create custom URL helpers directly. For example: + +```ruby +direct :homepage do + "http://www.rubyonrails.org" +end + +# >> homepage_url +# => "http://www.rubyonrails.org" +``` + +The return value of the block must be a valid argument for the `url_for` method. So, you can pass a valid string URL, Hash, Array, an Active Model instance, or an Active Model class. + +```ruby +direct :commentable do |model| + [ model, anchor: model.dom_id ] +end + +direct :main do + { controller: 'pages', action: 'index', subdomain: 'www' } +end +``` + +### Using `resolve` + +The `resolve` method allows customizing polymorphic mapping of models. For example: + +``` ruby +resource :basket + +resolve("Basket") { [:basket] } +``` + +``` erb +<%= form_for @basket do |form| %> + <!-- basket form --> +<% end %> +``` + +This will generate the singular URL `/basket` instead of the usual `/baskets/:id`. + Customizing Resourceful Routes ------------------------------ @@ -1140,7 +1205,7 @@ $ bin/rails routes -c Comments $ bin/rails routes -c Articles::CommentsController ``` -TIP: You'll find that the output from `rails routes` is much more readable if you widen your terminal window until the output lines don't wrap. +TIP: You'll find that the output from `rails routes` is much more readable if you widen your terminal window until the output lines don't wrap. You can also use --expanded option to turn on the expanded table formatting mode. ### Testing Routes diff --git a/guides/source/security.md b/guides/source/security.md index 746da5e634..3ac50fb147 100644 --- a/guides/source/security.md +++ b/guides/source/security.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ **DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** -Ruby on Rails Security Guide -============================ +Securing Rails Applications +=========================== This manual describes common security problems in web applications and how to avoid them with Rails. @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ User.find(session[:user_id]) NOTE: _The session ID is a 32-character random hex string._ -The session ID is generated using `SecureRandom.hex` which generates a random hex string using platform specific methods (such as OpenSSL, /dev/urandom or Win32) for generating cryptographically secure random numbers. Currently it is not feasible to brute-force Rails' session IDs. +The session ID is generated using `SecureRandom.hex` which generates a random hex string using platform specific methods (such as OpenSSL, /dev/urandom or Win32 CryptoAPI) for generating cryptographically secure random numbers. Currently it is not feasible to brute-force Rails' session IDs. ### Session Hijacking @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Hence, the cookie serves as temporary authentication for the web application. An * Instead of stealing a cookie unknown to the attacker, they fix a user's session identifier (in the cookie) known to them. Read more about this so-called session fixation later. -The main objective of most attackers is to make money. The underground prices for stolen bank login accounts range from $10-$1000 (depending on the available amount of funds), $0.40-$20 for credit card numbers, $1-$8 for online auction site accounts and $4-$30 for email passwords, according to the [Symantec Global Internet Security Threat Report](http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-whitepaper_internet_security_threat_report_xiii_04-2008.en-us.pdf). +The main objective of most attackers is to make money. The underground prices for stolen bank login accounts range from 0.5%-10% of account balance, $0.5-$30 for credit card numbers ($20-$60 with full details), $0.1-$1.5 for identities (Name, SSN & DOB), $20-$50 for retailer accounts, and $6-$10 for cloud service provider accounts, according to the [Symantec Internet Security Threat Report (2017)](https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/reports/istr-22-2017-en.pdf). ### Session Guidelines @@ -85,37 +85,117 @@ This will also be a good idea, if you modify the structure of an object and old * _Critical data should not be stored in session_. If the user clears their cookies or closes the browser, they will be lost. And with a client-side session storage, the user can read the data. -### Session Storage +### Encrypted Session Storage NOTE: _Rails provides several storage mechanisms for the session hashes. The most important is `ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore`._ -Rails 2 introduced a new default session storage, CookieStore. CookieStore saves the session hash directly in a cookie on the client-side. The server retrieves the session hash from the cookie and eliminates the need for a session ID. That will greatly increase the speed of the application, but it is a controversial storage option and you have to think about the security implications of it: +The `CookieStore` saves the session hash directly in a cookie on the +client-side. The server retrieves the session hash from the cookie and +eliminates the need for a session ID. That will greatly increase the +speed of the application, but it is a controversial storage option and +you have to think about the security implications and storage +limitations of it: + +* Cookies imply a strict size limit of 4kB. This is fine as you should + not store large amounts of data in a session anyway, as described + before. Storing the current user's database id in a session is common + practice. + +* Session cookies do not invalidate themselves and can be maliciously + reused. It may be a good idea to have your application invalidate old + session cookies using a stored timestamp. + +The `CookieStore` uses the +[encrypted](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Cookies/ChainedCookieJars.html#method-i-encrypted) +cookie jar to provide a secure, encrypted location to store session +data. Cookie-based sessions thus provide both integrity as well as +confidentiality to their contents. The encryption key, as well as the +verification key used for +[signed](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Cookies/ChainedCookieJars.html#method-i-signed) +cookies, is derived from the `secret_key_base` configuration value. + +As of Rails 5.2 encrypted cookies and sessions are protected using AES +GCM encryption. This form of encryption is a type of Authenticated +Encryption and couples authentication and encryption in single step +while also producing shorter ciphertexts as compared to other +algorithms previously used. The key for cookies encrypted with AES GCM +are derived using a salt value defined by the +`config.action_dispatch.authenticated_encrypted_cookie_salt` +configuration value. + +Prior to this version, encrypted cookies were secured using AES in CBC +mode with HMAC using SHA1 for authentication. The keys for this type of +encryption and for HMAC verification were derived via the salts defined +by `config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt` and +`config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt` respectively. + +Prior to Rails version 4 in both versions 2 and 3, session cookies were +protected using only HMAC verification. As such, these session cookies +only provided integrity to their content because the actual session data +was stored in plaintext encoded as base64. This is how `signed` cookies +work in the current version of Rails. These kinds of cookies are still +useful for protecting the integrity of certain client-stored data and +information. + +__Do not use a trivial secret for the `secret_key_base`, i.e. a word +from a dictionary, or one which is shorter than 30 characters! Instead +use `rails secret` to generate secret keys!__ + +It is also important to use different salt values for encrypted and +signed cookies. Using the same value for different salt configuration +values may lead to the same derived key being used for different +security features which in turn may weaken the strength of the key. -* Cookies imply a strict size limit of 4kB. This is fine as you should not store large amounts of data in a session anyway, as described before. _Storing the current user's database id in a session is usually ok_. +In test and development applications get a `secret_key_base` derived from the app name. Other environments must use a random key present in `config/credentials.yml.enc`, shown here in its decrypted state: -* The client can see everything you store in a session, because it is stored in clear-text (actually Base64-encoded, so not encrypted). So, of course, _you don't want to store any secrets here_. To prevent session hash tampering, a digest is calculated from the session with a server-side secret (`secrets.secret_token`) and inserted into the end of the cookie. + secret_key_base: 492f... -In Rails 4, encrypted cookies through AES in CBC mode with HMAC using SHA1 for -verification was introduced. This prevents the user from accessing and tampering -the content of the cookie. Thus the session becomes a more secure place to store -data. The encryption is performed using a server-side `secret_key_base`. -Two salts are used when deriving keys for encryption and verification. These -salts are set via the `config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt` and -`config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt` configuration values. +If you have received an application where the secret was exposed (e.g. an application whose source was shared), strongly consider changing the secret. -Rails 5.2 uses AES-GCM for the encryption which couples authentication -and encryption in one faster step and produces shorter ciphertexts. +### Rotating Encrypted and Signed Cookies Configurations -Encrypted cookies are automatically upgraded if the -`config.action_dispatch.use_authenticated_cookie_encryption` is enabled. +Rotation is ideal for changing cookie configurations and ensuring old cookies +aren't immediately invalid. Your users then have a chance to visit your site, +get their cookie read with an old configuration and have it rewritten with the +new change. The rotation can then be removed once you're comfortable enough +users have had their chance to get their cookies upgraded. -_Do not use a trivial secret, i.e. a word from a dictionary, or one which is shorter than 30 characters! Instead use `rails secret` to generate secret keys!_ +It's possible to rotate the ciphers and digests used for encrypted and signed cookies. -In test and development applications get a `secret_key_base` derived from the app name. Other environments must use a random key present in `config/credentials.yml.enc`, shown here in its decrypted state: +For instance to change the digest used for signed cookies from SHA1 to SHA256, +you would first assign the new configuration value: - secret_key_base: 492f... +```ruby +Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_digest = "SHA256" +``` -If you have received an application where the secret was exposed (e.g. an application whose source was shared), strongly consider changing the secret. +Now add a rotation for the old SHA1 digest so existing cookies are +seamlessly upgraded to the new SHA256 digest. + +```ruby +Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_rotations.tap do |cookies| + cookies.rotate :signed, digest: "SHA1" +end +``` + +Then any written signed cookies will be digested with SHA256. Old cookies +that were written with SHA1 can still be read, and if accessed will be written +with the new digest so they're upgraded and won't be invalid when you remove the +rotation. + +Once users with SHA1 digested signed cookies should no longer have a chance to +have their cookies rewritten, remove the rotation. + +While you can setup as many rotations as you'd like it's not common to have many +rotations going at any one time. + +For more details on key rotation with encrypted and signed messages as +well as the various options the `rotate` method accepts, please refer to +the +[MessageEncryptor API](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/MessageEncryptor.html) +and +[MessageVerifier API](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/MessageVerifier.html) +documentation. ### Replay Attacks for CookieStore Sessions @@ -137,7 +217,7 @@ The best _solution against it is not to store this kind of data in a session, bu NOTE: _Apart from stealing a user's session ID, the attacker may fix a session ID known to them. This is called session fixation._ - + This attack focuses on fixing a user's session ID known to the attacker, and forcing the user's browser into using this ID. It is therefore not necessary for the attacker to steal the session ID afterwards. Here is how this attack works: @@ -192,7 +272,7 @@ Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) This attack method works by including malicious code or a link in a page that accesses a web application that the user is believed to have authenticated. If the session for that web application has not timed out, an attacker may execute unauthorized commands. - + In the [session chapter](#sessions) you have learned that most Rails applications use cookie-based sessions. Either they store the session ID in the cookie and have a server-side session hash, or the entire session hash is on the client-side. In either case the browser will automatically send along the cookie on every request to a domain, if it can find a cookie for that domain. The controversial point is that if the request comes from a site of a different domain, it will also send the cookie. Let's start with an example: @@ -245,7 +325,7 @@ Or the attacker places the code into the onmouseover event handler of an image: There are many other possibilities, like using a `<script>` tag to make a cross-site request to a URL with a JSONP or JavaScript response. The response is executable code that the attacker can find a way to run, possibly extracting sensitive data. To protect against this data leakage, we must disallow cross-site `<script>` tags. Ajax requests, however, obey the browser's same-origin policy (only your own site is allowed to initiate `XmlHttpRequest`) so we can safely allow them to return JavaScript responses. -Note: We can't distinguish a `<script>` tag's origin—whether it's a tag on your own site or on some other malicious site—so we must block all `<script>` across the board, even if it's actually a safe same-origin script served from your own site. In these cases, explicitly skip CSRF protection on actions that serve JavaScript meant for a `<script>` tag. +NOTE: We can't distinguish a `<script>` tag's origin—whether it's a tag on your own site or on some other malicious site—so we must block all `<script>` across the board, even if it's actually a safe same-origin script served from your own site. In these cases, explicitly skip CSRF protection on actions that serve JavaScript meant for a `<script>` tag. To protect against all other forged requests, we introduce a _required security token_ that our site knows but other sites don't know. We include the security token in requests and verify it on the server. This is a one-liner in your application controller, and is the default for newly created Rails applications: @@ -394,7 +474,7 @@ The common admin interface works like this: it's located at www.example.com/admi * Does the admin really have to access the interface from everywhere in the world? Think about _limiting the login to a bunch of source IP addresses_. Examine request.remote_ip to find out about the user's IP address. This is not bullet-proof, but a great barrier. Remember that there might be a proxy in use, though. -* _Put the admin interface to a special sub-domain_ such as admin.application.com and make it a separate application with its own user management. This makes stealing an admin cookie from the usual domain, www.application.com, impossible. This is because of the same origin policy in your browser: An injected (XSS) script on www.application.com may not read the cookie for admin.application.com and vice-versa. +* _Put the admin interface to a special subdomain_ such as admin.application.com and make it a separate application with its own user management. This makes stealing an admin cookie from the usual domain, www.application.com, impossible. This is because of the same origin policy in your browser: An injected (XSS) script on www.application.com may not read the cookie for admin.application.com and vice-versa. User Management --------------- @@ -456,7 +536,7 @@ Depending on your web application, there may be more ways to hijack the user's a INFO: _A CAPTCHA is a challenge-response test to determine that the response is not generated by a computer. It is often used to protect registration forms from attackers and comment forms from automatic spam bots by asking the user to type the letters of a distorted image. This is the positive CAPTCHA, but there is also the negative CAPTCHA. The idea of a negative CAPTCHA is not for a user to prove that they are human, but reveal that a robot is a robot._ -A popular positive CAPTCHA API is [reCAPTCHA](http://recaptcha.net/) which displays two distorted images of words from old books. It also adds an angled line, rather than a distorted background and high levels of warping on the text as earlier CAPTCHAs did, because the latter were broken. As a bonus, using reCAPTCHA helps to digitize old books. [ReCAPTCHA](https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha/) is also a Rails plug-in with the same name as the API. +A popular positive CAPTCHA API is [reCAPTCHA](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/) which displays two distorted images of words from old books. It also adds an angled line, rather than a distorted background and high levels of warping on the text as earlier CAPTCHAs did, because the latter were broken. As a bonus, using reCAPTCHA helps to digitize old books. [ReCAPTCHA](https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha/) is also a Rails plug-in with the same name as the API. You will get two keys from the API, a public and a private key, which you have to put into your Rails environment. After that you can use the recaptcha_tags method in the view, and the verify_recaptcha method in the controller. Verify_recaptcha will return false if the validation fails. The problem with CAPTCHAs is that they have a negative impact on the user experience. Additionally, some visually impaired users have found certain kinds of distorted CAPTCHAs difficult to read. Still, positive CAPTCHAs are one of the best methods to prevent all kinds of bots from submitting forms. @@ -471,7 +551,7 @@ Here are some ideas how to hide honeypot fields by JavaScript and/or CSS: * make the elements very small or color them the same as the background of the page * leave the fields displayed, but tell humans to leave them blank -The most simple negative CAPTCHA is one hidden honeypot field. On the server side, you will check the value of the field: If it contains any text, it must be a bot. Then, you can either ignore the post or return a positive result, but not saving the post to the database. This way the bot will be satisfied and moves on. You can do this with annoying users, too. +The most simple negative CAPTCHA is one hidden honeypot field. On the server side, you will check the value of the field: If it contains any text, it must be a bot. Then, you can either ignore the post or return a positive result, but not saving the post to the database. This way the bot will be satisfied and moves on. You can find more sophisticated negative CAPTCHAs in Ned Batchelder's [blog post](http://nedbatchelder.com/text/stopbots.html): @@ -493,18 +573,6 @@ config.filter_parameters << :password NOTE: Provided parameters will be filtered out by partial matching regular expression. Rails adds default `:password` in the appropriate initializer (`initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb`) and cares about typical application parameters `password` and `password_confirmation`. -### Good Passwords - -INFO: _Do you find it hard to remember all your passwords? Don't write them down, but use the initial letters of each word in an easy to remember sentence._ - -Bruce Schneier, a security technologist, [has analyzed](http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html) 34,000 real-world user names and passwords from the MySpace phishing attack mentioned [below](#examples-from-the-underground). It turns out that most of the passwords are quite easy to crack. The 20 most common passwords are: - -password1, abc123, myspace1, password, blink182, qwerty1, ****you, 123abc, baseball1, football1, 123456, soccer, monkey1, liverpool1, princess1, jordan23, slipknot1, superman1, iloveyou1, and monkey. - -It is interesting that only 4% of these passwords were dictionary words and the great majority is actually alphanumeric. However, password cracker dictionaries contain a large number of today's passwords, and they try out all kinds of (alphanumerical) combinations. If an attacker knows your user name and you use a weak password, your account will be easily cracked. - -A good password is a long alphanumeric combination of mixed cases. As this is quite hard to remember, it is advisable to enter only the _first letters of a sentence that you can easily remember_. For example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" will be "Tqbfjotld". Note that this is just an example, you should not use well known phrases like these, as they might appear in cracker dictionaries, too. - ### Regular Expressions INFO: _A common pitfall in Ruby's regular expressions is to match the string's beginning and end by ^ and $, instead of \A and \z._ @@ -794,7 +862,7 @@ In December 2006, 34,000 actual user names and passwords were stolen in a [MySpa INFO: _CSS Injection is actually JavaScript injection, because some browsers (IE, some versions of Safari and others) allow JavaScript in CSS. Think twice about allowing custom CSS in your web application._ -CSS Injection is explained best by the well-known [MySpace Samy worm](https://samy.pl/popular/tech.html). This worm automatically sent a friend request to Samy (the attacker) simply by visiting his profile. Within several hours he had over 1 million friend requests, which created so much traffic that MySpace went offline. The following is a technical explanation of that worm. +CSS Injection is explained best by the well-known [MySpace Samy worm](https://samy.pl/myspace/tech.html). This worm automatically sent a friend request to Samy (the attacker) simply by visiting his profile. Within several hours he had over 1 million friend requests, which created so much traffic that MySpace went offline. The following is a technical explanation of that worm. MySpace blocked many tags, but allowed CSS. So the worm's author put JavaScript into CSS like this: @@ -990,7 +1058,10 @@ Every HTTP response from your Rails application receives the following default s config.action_dispatch.default_headers = { 'X-Frame-Options' => 'SAMEORIGIN', 'X-XSS-Protection' => '1; mode=block', - 'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff' + 'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff', + 'X-Download-Options' => 'noopen', + 'X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies' => 'none', + 'Referrer-Policy' => 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin' } ``` @@ -1018,6 +1089,118 @@ Here is a list of common headers: * **Access-Control-Allow-Origin:** Used to control which sites are allowed to bypass same origin policies and send cross-origin requests. * **Strict-Transport-Security:** [Used to control if the browser is allowed to only access a site over a secure connection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security) +### Content Security Policy + +Rails provides a DSL that allows you to configure a +[Content Security Policy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy) +for your application. You can configure a global default policy and then +override it on a per-resource basis and even use lambdas to inject per-request +values into the header such as account subdomains in a multi-tenant application. + +Example global policy: + +```ruby +# config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb +Rails.application.config.content_security_policy do |policy| + policy.default_src :self, :https + policy.font_src :self, :https, :data + policy.img_src :self, :https, :data + policy.object_src :none + policy.script_src :self, :https + policy.style_src :self, :https + + # Specify URI for violation reports + policy.report_uri "/csp-violation-report-endpoint" +end +``` + +Example controller overrides: + +```ruby +# Override policy inline +class PostsController < ApplicationController + content_security_policy do |p| + p.upgrade_insecure_requests true + end +end + +# Using literal values +class PostsController < ApplicationController + content_security_policy do |p| + p.base_uri "https://www.example.com" + end +end + +# Using mixed static and dynamic values +class PostsController < ApplicationController + content_security_policy do |p| + p.base_uri :self, -> { "https://#{current_user.domain}.example.com" } + end +end + +# Disabling the global CSP +class LegacyPagesController < ApplicationController + content_security_policy false, only: :index +end +``` + +Use the `content_security_policy_report_only` +configuration attribute to set +[Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only) +in order to report only content violations for migrating +legacy content + +```ruby +# config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb +Rails.application.config.content_security_policy_report_only = true +``` + +```ruby +# Controller override +class PostsController < ApplicationController + content_security_policy_report_only only: :index +end +``` + +You can enable automatic nonce generation: + +```ruby +# config/initializers/content_security_policy.rb +Rails.application.config.content_security_policy do |policy| + policy.script_src :self, :https +end + +Rails.application.config.content_security_policy_nonce_generator = -> request { SecureRandom.base64(16) } +``` + +Then you can add an automatic nonce value by passing `nonce: true` +as part of `html_options`. Example: + +```html+erb +<%= javascript_tag nonce: true do -%> + alert('Hello, World!'); +<% end -%> +``` + +The same works with `javascript_include_tag`: + +```html+erb +<%= javascript_include_tag "script", nonce: true %> +``` + +Use [`csp_meta_tag`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/CspHelper.html#method-i-csp_meta_tag) +helper to create a meta tag "csp-nonce" with the per-session nonce value +for allowing inline `<script>` tags. + +```html+erb +<head> + <%= csp_meta_tag %> +</head> +``` + +This is used by the Rails UJS helper to create dynamically +loaded inline `<script>` elements. + Environmental Security ---------------------- @@ -1049,7 +1232,7 @@ If you want an exception to be raised when some key is blank, use the bang version: ```ruby -Rails.application.credentials.some_api_key! # => raises KeyError: key not found: :some_api_key +Rails.application.credentials.some_api_key! # => raises KeyError: :some_api_key is blank ``` Additional Resources diff --git a/guides/source/testing.md b/guides/source/testing.md index 4ee3267261..9fd29672c7 100644 --- a/guides/source/testing.md +++ b/guides/source/testing.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ **DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** -A Guide to Testing Rails Applications -===================================== +Testing Rails Applications +========================== This guide covers built-in mechanisms in Rails for testing your application. @@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ Rails creates a `test` directory for you as soon as you create a Rails project u ```bash $ ls -F test -controllers/ helpers/ mailers/ system/ test_helper.rb -fixtures/ integration/ models/ application_system_test_case.rb +application_system_test_case.rb fixtures/ integration/ models/ test_helper.rb +controllers/ helpers/ mailers/ system/ ``` The `helpers`, `mailers`, and `models` directories are meant to hold tests for view helpers, mailers, and models, respectively. The `controllers` directory is meant to hold tests for controllers, routes, and views. The `integration` directory is meant to hold tests for interactions between controllers. @@ -319,6 +319,8 @@ specify to make your test failure messages clearer. | `assert_not_includes( collection, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is not in `collection`.| | `assert_in_delta( expected, actual, [delta], [msg] )` | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are within `delta` of each other.| | `assert_not_in_delta( expected, actual, [delta], [msg] )` | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are not within `delta` of each other.| +| `assert_in_epsilon ( expected, actual, [epsilon], [msg] )` | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` have a relative error less than `epsilon`.| +| `assert_not_in_epsilon ( expected, actual, [epsilon], [msg] )` | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` don't have a relative error less than `epsilon`.| | `assert_throws( symbol, [msg] ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block throws the symbol.| | `assert_raises( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block raises one of the given exceptions.| | `assert_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is an instance of `class`.| @@ -431,16 +433,8 @@ at the end of test run and so on. Check the documentation of the test runner as ```bash $ bin/rails test -h -minitest options: - -h, --help Display this help. - -s, --seed SEED Sets random seed. Also via env. Eg: SEED=n rake - -v, --verbose Verbose. Show progress processing files. - -n, --name PATTERN Filter run on /regexp/ or string. - --exclude PATTERN Exclude /regexp/ or string from run. - -Known extensions: rails, pride - Usage: bin/rails test [options] [files or directories] + You can run a single test by appending a line number to a filename: bin/rails test test/models/user_test.rb:27 @@ -451,13 +445,105 @@ You can run multiple files and directories at the same time: By default test failures and errors are reported inline during a run. -Rails options: +minitest options: + -h, --help Display this help. + --no-plugins Bypass minitest plugin auto-loading (or set $MT_NO_PLUGINS). + -s, --seed SEED Sets random seed. Also via env. Eg: SEED=n rake + -v, --verbose Verbose. Show progress processing files. + -n, --name PATTERN Filter run on /regexp/ or string. + --exclude PATTERN Exclude /regexp/ or string from run. + +Known extensions: rails, pride -w, --warnings Run with Ruby warnings enabled - -e, --environment Run tests in the ENV environment + -e, --environment ENV Run tests in the ENV environment -b, --backtrace Show the complete backtrace -d, --defer-output Output test failures and errors after the test run -f, --fail-fast Abort test run on first failure or error -c, --[no-]color Enable color in the output + -p, --pride Pride. Show your testing pride! +``` + +Parallel Testing +---------------- + +Parallel testing allows you to parallelize your test suite. While forking processes is the +default method, threading is supported as well. Running tests in parallel reduces the time it +takes your entire test suite to run. + +### Parallel testing with processes + +The default parallelization method is to fork processes using Ruby's DRb system. The processes +are forked based on the number of workers provided. The default is 2, but can be changed by the +number passed to the parallelize method. Active Record automatically handles creating and +migrating a new database for each worker to use. + +To enable parallelization add the following to your `test_helper.rb`: + +``` +class ActiveSupport::TestCase + parallelize(workers: 2) +end +``` + +The number of workers passed is the number of times the process will be forked. You may want to +parallelize your local test suite differently from your CI, so an environment variable is provided +to be able to easily change the number of workers a test run should use: + +``` +PARALLEL_WORKERS=15 bin/rails test +``` + +When parallelizing tests, Active Record automatically handles creating and migrating a database for each +process. The databases will be suffixed with the number corresponding to the worker. For example, if you +have 2 workers the tests will create `test-database-0` and `test-database-1` respectively. + +If the number of workers passed is 1 or fewer the processes will not be forked and the tests will not +be parallelized and the tests will use the original `test-database` database. + +Two hooks are provided, one runs when the process is forked, and one runs before the processes are closed. +These can be useful if your app uses multiple databases or perform other tasks that depend on the number of +workers. + +The `parallelize_setup` method is called right after the processes are forked. The `parallelize_teardown` metod +is called right before the processes are closed. + +``` +class ActiveSupport::TestCase + parallelize_setup do |worker| + # setup databases + end + + parallelize_teardown do |worker| + # cleanup database + end + + parallelize(workers: 2) +end +``` + +These methods are not needed or available when using parallel testing with threads. + +### Parallel testing with threads + +If you prefer using threads or are using JRuby, a threaded parallelization option is provided. The threaded +parallelizer is backed by Minitest's `Parallel::Executor`. + +To change the parallelization method to use threads over forks put the following in your `test_helper.rb` + +``` +class ActiveSupport::TestCase + parallelize(workers: 2, with: :threads) +end +``` + +Rails applications generated from JRuby will automatically include the `with: :threads` option. + +The number of workers passed to `parallelize` determines the number of threads the tests will use. You may +want to parallelize your local test suite differently from your CI, so an environment variable is provided +to be able to easily change the number of workers a test run should use: + +``` +PARALLEL_WORKERS=15 bin/rails test ``` The Test Database @@ -605,7 +691,7 @@ System Testing -------------- System tests allow you to test user interactions with your application, running tests -in either a real or a headless browser. System tests uses Capybara under the hood. +in either a real or a headless browser. System tests use Capybara under the hood. For creating Rails system tests, you use the `test/system` directory in your application. Rails provides a generator to create a system test skeleton for you. @@ -645,7 +731,7 @@ system tests should live. If you want to change the default settings you can change what the system tests are "driven by". Say you want to change the driver from Selenium to -Poltergeist. First add the `poltergeist` gem to your Gemfile. Then in your +Poltergeist. First add the `poltergeist` gem to your `Gemfile`. Then in your `application_system_test_case.rb` file do the following: ```ruby @@ -671,6 +757,17 @@ class ApplicationSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase end ``` +If you want to use a headless browser, you could use Headless Chrome or Headless Firefox by adding +`headless_chrome` or `headless_firefox` in the `:using` argument. + +```ruby +require "test_helper" + +class ApplicationSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase + driven_by :selenium, using: :headless_chrome +end +``` + If your Capybara configuration requires more setup than provided by Rails, this additional configuration could be added into the `application_system_test_case.rb` file. @@ -765,9 +862,37 @@ Then the test will fill in the title and body of the article with the specified text. Once the fields are filled in, "Create Article" is clicked on which will send a POST request to create the new article in the database. -We will be redirected back to the the articles index page and there we assert +We will be redirected back to the articles index page and there we assert that the text from the new article's title is on the articles index page. +#### Testing for multiple screen sizes +If you want to test for mobile sizes on top of testing for desktop, +you can create another class that inherits from SystemTestCase and use in your +test suite. In this example a file called `mobile_system_test_case.rb` is created +in the `/test` directory with the following configuration. + +```ruby +require "test_helper" + +class MobileSystemTestCase < ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase + driven_by :selenium, using: :chrome, screen_size: [375, 667] +end +``` +To use this configuration, create a test inside `test/system` that inherits from `MobileSystemTestCase`. +Now you can test your app using multiple different configurations. + +```ruby +require "mobile_system_test_case" + +class PostsTest < MobileSystemTestCase + + test "visiting the index" do + visit posts_url + assert_selector "h1", text: "Posts" + end +end +``` + #### Taking it further The beauty of system testing is that it is similar to integration testing in @@ -1360,7 +1485,7 @@ located under the `test/helpers` directory. Given we have the following helper: ```ruby -module UserHelper +module UsersHelper def link_to_user(user) link_to "#{user.first_name} #{user.last_name}", user end @@ -1370,7 +1495,7 @@ end We can test the output of this method like this: ```ruby -class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase +class UsersHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase test "should return the user's full name" do user = users(:david) @@ -1476,7 +1601,7 @@ Functional testing for mailers involves more than just checking that the email b ```ruby require 'test_helper' -class UserControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest +class UsersControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest test "invite friend" do assert_difference 'ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size', +1 do post invite_friend_url, params: { email: 'friend@example.com' } @@ -1494,7 +1619,7 @@ Testing Jobs ------------ Since your custom jobs can be queued at different levels inside your application, -you'll need to test both, the jobs themselves (their behavior when they get enqueued) +you'll need to test both the jobs themselves (their behavior when they get enqueued) and that other entities correctly enqueue them. ### A Basic Test Case @@ -1513,7 +1638,7 @@ class BillingJobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase end ``` -This test is pretty simple and only asserts that the job get the work done +This test is pretty simple and only asserts that the job got the work done as expected. By default, `ActiveJob::TestCase` will set the queue adapter to `:test` so that diff --git a/guides/source/threading_and_code_execution.md b/guides/source/threading_and_code_execution.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e4febc7507 --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/source/threading_and_code_execution.md @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + +Threading and Code Execution in Rails +===================================== + +After reading this guide, you will know: + +* What code Rails will automatically execute concurrently +* How to integrate manual concurrency with Rails internals +* How to wrap all application code +* How to affect application reloading + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Automatic Concurrency +--------------------- + +Rails automatically allows various operations to be performed at the same time. + +When using a threaded web server, such as the default Puma, multiple HTTP +requests will be served simultaneously, with each request provided its own +controller instance. + +Threaded Active Job adapters, including the built-in Async, will likewise +execute several jobs at the same time. Action Cable channels are managed this +way too. + +These mechanisms all involve multiple threads, each managing work for a unique +instance of some object (controller, job, channel), while sharing the global +process space (such as classes and their configurations, and global variables). +As long as your code doesn't modify any of those shared things, it can mostly +ignore that other threads exist. + +The rest of this guide describes the mechanisms Rails uses to make it "mostly +ignorable", and how extensions and applications with special needs can use them. + +Executor +-------- + +The Rails Executor separates application code from framework code: any time the +framework invokes code you've written in your application, it will be wrapped by +the Executor. + +The Executor consists of two callbacks: `to_run` and `to_complete`. The Run +callback is called before the application code, and the Complete callback is +called after. + +### Default callbacks + +In a default Rails application, the Executor callbacks are used to: + +* track which threads are in safe positions for autoloading and reloading +* enable and disable the Active Record query cache +* return acquired Active Record connections to the pool +* constrain internal cache lifetimes + +Prior to Rails 5.0, some of these were handled by separate Rack middleware +classes (such as `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement`), or +directly wrapping code with methods like +`ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.with_connection`. The Executor replaces +these with a single more abstract interface. + +### Wrapping application code + +If you're writing a library or component that will invoke application code, you +should wrap it with a call to the executor: + +```ruby +Rails.application.executor.wrap do + # call application code here +end +``` + +TIP: If you repeatedly invoke application code from a long-running process, you +may want to wrap using the Reloader instead. + +Each thread should be wrapped before it runs application code, so if your +application manually delegates work to other threads, such as via `Thread.new` +or Concurrent Ruby features that use thread pools, you should immediately wrap +the block: + +```ruby +Thread.new do + Rails.application.executor.wrap do + # your code here + end +end +``` + +NOTE: Concurrent Ruby uses a `ThreadPoolExecutor`, which it sometimes configures +with an `executor` option. Despite the name, it is unrelated. + +The Executor is safely re-entrant; if it is already active on the current +thread, `wrap` is a no-op. + +If it's impractical to wrap the application code in a block (for +example, the Rack API makes this problematic), you can also use the `run!` / +`complete!` pair: + +```ruby +Thread.new do + execution_context = Rails.application.executor.run! + # your code here +ensure + execution_context.complete! if execution_context +end +``` + +### Concurrency + +The Executor will put the current thread into `running` mode in the Load +Interlock. This operation will block temporarily if another thread is currently +either autoloading a constant or unloading/reloading the application. + +Reloader +-------- + +Like the Executor, the Reloader also wraps application code. If the Executor is +not already active on the current thread, the Reloader will invoke it for you, +so you only need to call one. This also guarantees that everything the Reloader +does, including all its callback invocations, occurs wrapped inside the +Executor. + +```ruby +Rails.application.reloader.wrap do + # call application code here +end +``` + +The Reloader is only suitable where a long-running framework-level process +repeatedly calls into application code, such as for a web server or job queue. +Rails automatically wraps web requests and Active Job workers, so you'll rarely +need to invoke the Reloader for yourself. Always consider whether the Executor +is a better fit for your use case. + +### Callbacks + +Before entering the wrapped block, the Reloader will check whether the running +application needs to be reloaded -- for example, because a model's source file has +been modified. If it determines a reload is required, it will wait until it's +safe, and then do so, before continuing. When the application is configured to +always reload regardless of whether any changes are detected, the reload is +instead performed at the end of the block. + +The Reloader also provides `to_run` and `to_complete` callbacks; they are +invoked at the same points as those of the Executor, but only when the current +execution has initiated an application reload. When no reload is deemed +necessary, the Reloader will invoke the wrapped block with no other callbacks. + +### Class Unload + +The most significant part of the reloading process is the Class Unload, where +all autoloaded classes are removed, ready to be loaded again. This will occur +immediately before either the Run or Complete callback, depending on the +`reload_classes_only_on_change` setting. + +Often, additional reloading actions need to be performed either just before or +just after the Class Unload, so the Reloader also provides `before_class_unload` +and `after_class_unload` callbacks. + +### Concurrency + +Only long-running "top level" processes should invoke the Reloader, because if +it determines a reload is needed, it will block until all other threads have +completed any Executor invocations. + +If this were to occur in a "child" thread, with a waiting parent inside the +Executor, it would cause an unavoidable deadlock: the reload must occur before +the child thread is executed, but it cannot be safely performed while the parent +thread is mid-execution. Child threads should use the Executor instead. + +Framework Behavior +------------------ + +The Rails framework components use these tools to manage their own concurrency +needs too. + +`ActionDispatch::Executor` and `ActionDispatch::Reloader` are Rack middlewares +that wraps the request with a supplied Executor or Reloader, respectively. They +are automatically included in the default application stack. The Reloader will +ensure any arriving HTTP request is served with a freshly-loaded copy of the +application if any code changes have occurred. + +Active Job also wraps its job executions with the Reloader, loading the latest +code to execute each job as it comes off the queue. + +Action Cable uses the Executor instead: because a Cable connection is linked to +a specific instance of a class, it's not possible to reload for every arriving +websocket message. Only the message handler is wrapped, though; a long-running +Cable connection does not prevent a reload that's triggered by a new incoming +request or job. Instead, Action Cable uses the Reloader's `before_class_unload` +callback to disconnect all its connections. When the client automatically +reconnects, it will be speaking to the new version of the code. + +The above are the entry points to the framework, so they are responsible for +ensuring their respective threads are protected, and deciding whether a reload +is necessary. Other components only need to use the Executor when they spawn +additional threads. + +### Configuration + +The Reloader only checks for file changes when `cache_classes` is false and +`reload_classes_only_on_change` is true (which is the default in the +`development` environment). + +When `cache_classes` is true (in `production`, by default), the Reloader is only +a pass-through to the Executor. + +The Executor always has important work to do, like database connection +management. When `cache_classes` and `eager_load` are both true (`production`), +no autoloading or class reloading will occur, so it does not need the Load +Interlock. If either of those are false (`development`), then the Executor will +use the Load Interlock to ensure constants are only loaded when it is safe. + +Load Interlock +-------------- + +The Load Interlock allows autoloading and reloading to be enabled in a +multi-threaded runtime environment. + +When one thread is performing an autoload by evaluating the class definition +from the appropriate file, it is important no other thread encounters a +reference to the partially-defined constant. + +Similarly, it is only safe to perform an unload/reload when no application code +is in mid-execution: after the reload, the `User` constant, for example, may +point to a different class. Without this rule, a poorly-timed reload would mean +`User.new.class == User`, or even `User == User`, could be false. + +Both of these constraints are addressed by the Load Interlock. It keeps track of +which threads are currently running application code, loading a class, or +unloading autoloaded constants. + +Only one thread may load or unload at a time, and to do either, it must wait +until no other threads are running application code. If a thread is waiting to +perform a load, it doesn't prevent other threads from loading (in fact, they'll +cooperate, and each perform their queued load in turn, before all resuming +running together). + +### `permit_concurrent_loads` + +The Executor automatically acquires a `running` lock for the duration of its +block, and autoload knows when to upgrade to a `load` lock, and switch back to +`running` again afterwards. + +Other blocking operations performed inside the Executor block (which includes +all application code), however, can needlessly retain the `running` lock. If +another thread encounters a constant it must autoload, this can cause a +deadlock. + +For example, assuming `User` is not yet loaded, the following will deadlock: + +```ruby +Rails.application.executor.wrap do + th = Thread.new do + Rails.application.executor.wrap do + User # inner thread waits here; it cannot load + # User while another thread is running + end + end + + th.join # outer thread waits here, holding 'running' lock +end +``` + +To prevent this deadlock, the outer thread can `permit_concurrent_loads`. By +calling this method, the thread guarantees it will not dereference any +possibly-autoloaded constant inside the supplied block. The safest way to meet +that promise is to put it as close as possible to the blocking call: + +```ruby +Rails.application.executor.wrap do + th = Thread.new do + Rails.application.executor.wrap do + User # inner thread can acquire the 'load' lock, + # load User, and continue + end + end + + ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do + th.join # outer thread waits here, but has no lock + end +end +``` + +Another example, using Concurrent Ruby: + +```ruby +Rails.application.executor.wrap do + futures = 3.times.collect do |i| + Concurrent::Future.execute do + Rails.application.executor.wrap do + # do work here + end + end + end + + values = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do + futures.collect(&:value) + end +end +``` + + +### ActionDispatch::DebugLocks + +If your application is deadlocking and you think the Load Interlock may be +involved, you can temporarily add the ActionDispatch::DebugLocks middleware to +`config/application.rb`: + +```ruby +config.middleware.insert_before Rack::Sendfile, + ActionDispatch::DebugLocks +``` + +If you then restart the application and re-trigger the deadlock condition, +`/rails/locks` will show a summary of all threads currently known to the +interlock, which lock level they are holding or awaiting, and their current +backtrace. + +Generally a deadlock will be caused by the interlock conflicting with some other +external lock or blocking I/O call. Once you find it, you can wrap it with +`permit_concurrent_loads`. + diff --git a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md index d932fc8d8f..c2fe012eeb 100644 --- a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ **DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** -A Guide for Upgrading Ruby on Rails -=================================== +Upgrading Ruby on Rails +======================= This guide provides steps to be followed when you upgrade your applications to a newer version of Ruby on Rails. These steps are also available in individual release guides. @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ The process should go as follows: 3. Fix tests and deprecated features. 4. Move to the latest patch version of the next minor version. -Repeat this process until you reach your target Rails version. Each time you move versions, you will need to change the Rails version number in the Gemfile (and possibly other gem versions) and run `bundle update`. Then run the Update task mentioned below to update configuration files, then run your tests. +Repeat this process until you reach your target Rails version. Each time you move versions, you will need to change the Rails version number in the `Gemfile` (and possibly other gem versions) and run `bundle update`. Then run the Update task mentioned below to update configuration files, then run your tests. You can find a list of all released Rails versions [here](https://rubygems.org/gems/rails/versions). @@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ You can find a list of all released Rails versions [here](https://rubygems.org/g Rails generally stays close to the latest released Ruby version when it's released: +* Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.4.1 or newer. * Rails 5 requires Ruby 2.2.2 or newer. * Rails 4 prefers Ruby 2.0 and requires 1.9.3 or newer. * Rails 3.2.x is the last branch to support Ruby 1.8.7. @@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ TIP: Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshaling bugs that crash Rails. Ruby Enterp ### The Update Task Rails provides the `app:update` task (`rake rails:update` on 4.2 and earlier). After updating the Rails version -in the Gemfile, run this task. +in the `Gemfile`, run this task. This will help you with the creation of new files and changes of old files in an interactive session. @@ -65,6 +66,38 @@ Overwrite /myapp/config/application.rb? (enter "h" for help) [Ynaqdh] Don't forget to review the difference, to see if there were any unexpected changes. +Upgrading from Rails 5.2 to Rails 6.0 +------------------------------------- + +### Force SSL + +The `force_ssl` method on controllers has been deprecated and will be removed in +Rails 6.1. You are encouraged to enable `config.force_ssl` to enforce HTTPS +connections throughout your application. If you need to exempt certain endpoints +from redirection, you can use `config.ssl_options` to configure that behavior. + + +Upgrading from Rails 5.1 to Rails 5.2 +------------------------------------- + +For more information on changes made to Rails 5.2 please see the [release notes](5_2_release_notes.html). + +### Bootsnap + +Rails 5.2 adds bootsnap gem in the [newly generated app's Gemfile](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29313). +The `app:update` task sets it up in `boot.rb`. If you want to use it, then add it in the Gemfile, +otherwise change the `boot.rb` to not use bootsnap. + +### Expiry in signed or encrypted cookie is now embedded in the cookies values + +To improve security, Rails now embeds the expiry information also in encrypted or signed cookies value. + +This new embed information make those cookies incompatible with versions of Rails older than 5.2. + +If you require your cookies to be read by 5.1 and older, or you are still validating your 5.2 deploy and want +to allow you to rollback set +`Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.use_authenticated_cookie_encryption` to `false`. + Upgrading from Rails 5.0 to Rails 5.1 ------------------------------------- @@ -72,7 +105,7 @@ For more information on changes made to Rails 5.1 please see the [release notes] ### Top-level `HashWithIndifferentAccess` is soft-deprecated -If your application uses the the top-level `HashWithIndifferentAccess` class, you +If your application uses the top-level `HashWithIndifferentAccess` class, you should slowly move your code to instead use `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`. It is only soft-deprecated, which means that your code will not break at the @@ -179,7 +212,7 @@ See [#19034](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/19034) for more details. `assigns` and `assert_template` have been extracted to the `rails-controller-testing` gem. To continue using these methods in your controller tests, add `gem 'rails-controller-testing'` to -your Gemfile. +your `Gemfile`. If you are using Rspec for testing, please see the extra configuration required in the gem's documentation. @@ -212,7 +245,7 @@ true. `ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml` has been extracted from Rails to the `activemodel-serializers-xml` gem. To continue using XML serialization in your application, add `gem 'activemodel-serializers-xml'` -to your Gemfile. +to your `Gemfile`. ### Removed Support for Legacy `mysql` Database Adapter @@ -278,7 +311,7 @@ You can now just call the dependency once with a wildcard. ### `ActionView::Helpers::RecordTagHelper` moved to external gem (record_tag_helper) -`content_tag_for` and `div_for` have been removed in favor of just using `content_tag`. To continue using the older methods, add the `record_tag_helper` gem to your Gemfile: +`content_tag_for` and `div_for` have been removed in favor of just using `content_tag`. To continue using the older methods, add the `record_tag_helper` gem to your `Gemfile`: ```ruby gem 'record_tag_helper', '~> 1.0' @@ -411,11 +444,11 @@ Upgrading from Rails 4.1 to Rails 4.2 ### Web Console -First, add `gem 'web-console', '~> 2.0'` to the `:development` group in your Gemfile and run `bundle install` (it won't have been included when you upgraded Rails). Once it's been installed, you can simply drop a reference to the console helper (i.e., `<%= console %>`) into any view you want to enable it for. A console will also be provided on any error page you view in your development environment. +First, add `gem 'web-console', '~> 2.0'` to the `:development` group in your `Gemfile` and run `bundle install` (it won't have been included when you upgraded Rails). Once it's been installed, you can simply drop a reference to the console helper (i.e., `<%= console %>`) into any view you want to enable it for. A console will also be provided on any error page you view in your development environment. ### Responders -`respond_with` and the class-level `respond_to` methods have been extracted to the `responders` gem. To use them, simply add `gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` to your Gemfile. Calls to `respond_with` and `respond_to` (again, at the class level) will no longer work without having included the `responders` gem in your dependencies: +`respond_with` and the class-level `respond_to` methods have been extracted to the `responders` gem. To use them, simply add `gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` to your `Gemfile`. Calls to `respond_with` and `respond_to` (again, at the class level) will no longer work without having included the `responders` gem in your dependencies: ```ruby # app/controllers/users_controller.rb @@ -559,7 +592,7 @@ Read the [gem's readme](https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer) for more The documentation for `PermitScrubber` and `TargetScrubber` explains how you can gain complete control over when and how elements should be stripped. -If your application needs to use the old sanitizer implementation, include `rails-deprecated_sanitizer` in your Gemfile: +If your application needs to use the old sanitizer implementation, include `rails-deprecated_sanitizer` in your `Gemfile`: ```ruby gem 'rails-deprecated_sanitizer' @@ -567,7 +600,7 @@ gem 'rails-deprecated_sanitizer' ### Rails DOM Testing -The [`TagAssertions` module](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/TagAssertions.html) (containing methods such as `assert_tag`), [has been deprecated](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6061472b8c310158a2a2e8e9a6b81a1aef6b60fe/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb) in favor of the `assert_select` methods from the `SelectorAssertions` module, which has been extracted into the [rails-dom-testing gem](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing). +The [`TagAssertions` module](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/TagAssertions.html) (containing methods such as `assert_tag`), [has been deprecated](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6061472b8c310158a2a2e8e9a6b81a1aef6b60fe/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb) in favor of the `assert_select` methods from the `SelectorAssertions` module, which has been extracted into the [rails-dom-testing gem](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing). ### Masked Authenticity Tokens @@ -617,7 +650,7 @@ migration DSL counterpart. The migration procedure is as follows: -1. remove `gem "foreigner"` from the Gemfile. +1. remove `gem "foreigner"` from the `Gemfile`. 2. run `bundle install`. 3. run `bin/rake db:schema:dump`. 4. make sure that `db/schema.rb` contains every foreign key definition with @@ -648,7 +681,7 @@ xhr :get, :index, format: :js to explicitly test an `XmlHttpRequest`. -Note: Your own `<script>` tags are treated as cross-origin and blocked by +NOTE: Your own `<script>` tags are treated as cross-origin and blocked by default, too. If you really mean to load JavaScript from `<script>` tags, you must now explicitly skip CSRF protection on those actions. @@ -769,7 +802,7 @@ and has been removed from Rails. If your application currently depends on MultiJSON directly, you have a few options: -1. Add 'multi_json' to your Gemfile. Note that this might cease to work in the future +1. Add 'multi_json' to your `Gemfile`. Note that this might cease to work in the future 2. Migrate away from MultiJSON by using `obj.to_json`, and `JSON.parse(str)` instead. @@ -810,7 +843,7 @@ part of the rewrite, the following features have been removed from the encoder: If your application depends on one of these features, you can get them back by adding the [`activesupport-json_encoder`](https://github.com/rails/activesupport-json_encoder) -gem to your Gemfile. +gem to your `Gemfile`. #### JSON representation of Time objects @@ -1135,8 +1168,8 @@ full support for the last few changes in the specification. ### Gemfile -Rails 4.0 removed the `assets` group from Gemfile. You'd need to remove that -line from your Gemfile when upgrading. You should also update your application +Rails 4.0 removed the `assets` group from `Gemfile`. You'd need to remove that +line from your `Gemfile` when upgrading. You should also update your application file (in `config/application.rb`): ```ruby @@ -1147,7 +1180,7 @@ Bundler.require(*Rails.groups) ### vendor/plugins -Rails 4.0 no longer supports loading plugins from `vendor/plugins`. You must replace any plugins by extracting them to gems and adding them to your Gemfile. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, `lib/my_plugin/*` and add an appropriate initializer in `config/initializers/my_plugin.rb`. +Rails 4.0 no longer supports loading plugins from `vendor/plugins`. You must replace any plugins by extracting them to gems and adding them to your `Gemfile`. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, `lib/my_plugin/*` and add an appropriate initializer in `config/initializers/my_plugin.rb`. ### Active Record @@ -1214,7 +1247,7 @@ end ### Active Resource -Rails 4.0 extracted Active Resource to its own gem. If you still need the feature you can add the [Active Resource gem](https://github.com/rails/activeresource) in your Gemfile. +Rails 4.0 extracted Active Resource to its own gem. If you still need the feature you can add the [Active Resource gem](https://github.com/rails/activeresource) in your `Gemfile`. ### Active Model @@ -1414,7 +1447,7 @@ config.active_record.mass_assignment_sanitizer = :strict ### vendor/plugins -Rails 3.2 deprecates `vendor/plugins` and Rails 4.0 will remove them completely. While it's not strictly necessary as part of a Rails 3.2 upgrade, you can start replacing any plugins by extracting them to gems and adding them to your Gemfile. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, `lib/my_plugin/*` and add an appropriate initializer in `config/initializers/my_plugin.rb`. +Rails 3.2 deprecates `vendor/plugins` and Rails 4.0 will remove them completely. While it's not strictly necessary as part of a Rails 3.2 upgrade, you can start replacing any plugins by extracting them to gems and adding them to your `Gemfile`. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, `lib/my_plugin/*` and add an appropriate initializer in `config/initializers/my_plugin.rb`. ### Active Record diff --git a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md index 098366ec1b..a922bdc16b 100644 --- a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md @@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ passing the `:local` option `form_with`. This will generate the following HTML: ```html -<form action="/articles" method="post" data-remote="true"> +<form action="/articles" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post" data-remote="true"> ... </form> ``` @@ -188,15 +188,20 @@ bind to the `ajax:success` event. On failure, use `ajax:error`. Check it out: ```coffeescript $(document).ready -> - $("#new_article").on("ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) -> + $("#new_article").on("ajax:success", (event) -> + [data, status, xhr] = event.detail $("#new_article").append xhr.responseText - ).on "ajax:error", (e, xhr, status, error) -> + ).on "ajax:error", (event) -> $("#new_article").append "<p>ERROR</p>" ``` Obviously, you'll want to be a bit more sophisticated than that, but it's a start. +NOTE: As of Rails 5.1 and the new `rails-ujs`, the parameters `data, status, xhr` +have been bundled into `event.detail`. For information about the previously used +`jquery-ujs` in Rails 5 and earlier, read the [`jquery-ujs` wiki](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki/ajax). + #### link_to [`link_to`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-link_to) @@ -225,7 +230,7 @@ and write some CoffeeScript like this: ```coffeescript $ -> - $("a[data-remote]").on "ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) -> + $("a[data-remote]").on "ajax:success", (event) -> alert "The article was deleted." ``` @@ -343,39 +348,6 @@ This generates a form with: <input data-disable-with="Saving..." type="submit"> ``` -Dealing with Ajax events ------------------------- - -Here are the different events that are fired when you deal with elements -that have a `data-remote` attribute: - -NOTE: All handlers bound to these events are always passed the event object as the -first argument. The table below describes the extra parameters passed after the -event argument. For example, if the extra parameters are listed as `xhr, settings`, -then to access them, you would define your handler with `function(event, xhr, settings)`. - -| Event name | Extra parameters | Fired | -|---------------------|------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------| -| `ajax:before` | | Before the whole ajax business, aborts if stopped. | -| `ajax:beforeSend` | xhr, options | Before the request is sent, aborts if stopped. | -| `ajax:send` | xhr | When the request is sent. | -| `ajax:success` | xhr, status, err | After completion, if the response was a success. | -| `ajax:error` | xhr, status, err | After completion, if the response was an error. | -| `ajax:complete` | xhr, status | After the request has been completed, no matter the outcome.| -| `ajax:aborted:file` | elements | If there are non-blank file inputs, aborts if stopped. | - -### Stoppable events - -If you stop `ajax:before` or `ajax:beforeSend` by returning false from the -handler method, the Ajax request will never take place. The `ajax:before` event -is also useful for manipulating form data before serialization. The -`ajax:beforeSend` event is also useful for adding custom request headers. - -If you stop the `ajax:aborted:file` event, the default behavior of allowing the -browser to submit the form via normal means (i.e. non-Ajax submission) will be -canceled and the form will not be submitted at all. This is useful for -implementing your own Ajax file upload workaround. - ### Rails-ujs event handlers Rails 5.1 introduced rails-ujs and dropped jQuery as a dependency. @@ -401,10 +373,28 @@ Example usage: ```html document.body.addEventListener('ajax:success', function(event) { var detail = event.detail; - var data = detail[0], status = detail[1], xhr = detail[2]; + var data = detail[0], status = detail[1], xhr = detail[2]; }) ``` +NOTE: As of Rails 5.1 and the new `rails-ujs`, the parameters `data, status, xhr` +have been bundled into `event.detail`. For information about the previously used +`jquery-ujs` in Rails 5 and earlier, read the [`jquery-ujs` wiki](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki/ajax). + +### Stoppable events +You can stop execution of the Ajax request by running `event.preventDefault()` +from the handlers methods `ajax:before` or `ajax:beforeSend`. +The `ajax:before` event can manipulate form data before serialization and the +`ajax:beforeSend` event is useful for adding custom request headers. + +If you stop the `ajax:aborted:file` event, the default behavior of allowing the +browser to submit the form via normal means (i.e. non-Ajax submission) will be +canceled and the form will not be submitted at all. This is useful for +implementing your own Ajax file upload workaround. + +Note, you should use `return false` to prevent event for `jquery-ujs` and +`e.preventDefault()` for `rails-ujs` + Server-Side Concerns -------------------- @@ -504,7 +494,7 @@ replace the entire `<body>` of the page with the `<body>` of the response. It will then use PushState to change the URL to the correct one, preserving refresh semantics and giving you pretty URLs. -The only thing you have to do to enable Turbolinks is have it in your Gemfile, +The only thing you have to do to enable Turbolinks is have it in your `Gemfile`, and put `//= require turbolinks` in your JavaScript manifest, which is usually `app/assets/javascripts/application.js`. |
