diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'guides')
37 files changed, 246 insertions, 208 deletions
diff --git a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md index 6976848e95..3f5a3c7ade 100644 --- a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Rails 2.3 delivers a variety of new and improved features, including pervasive R Application Architecture ------------------------ -There are two major changes in the architecture of Rails applications: complete integration of the [Rack](http://rack.github.io/) modular web server interface, and renewed support for Rails Engines. +There are two major changes in the architecture of Rails applications: complete integration of the [Rack](https://rack.github.io/) modular web server interface, and renewed support for Rails Engines. ### Rack Integration diff --git a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md index 517b38be07..f0e2cb3b63 100644 --- a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ $ cd myapp Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](https://github.com/bundler/bundler) which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems. -More information: - [bundler homepage](http://bundler.io/) +More information: - [bundler homepage](https://bundler.io/) ### Living on the Edge diff --git a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md index fd90cf9886..17d4ac23b6 100644 --- a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md @@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ $ cd myapp Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](https://github.com/carlhuda/bundler) gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems. -More information: - [bundler homepage](http://bundler.io/) +More information: - [bundler homepage](https://bundler.io/) ### Living on the Edge diff --git a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md index f16d509f77..6570b19f97 100644 --- a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ $ cd myapp Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](https://github.com/carlhuda/bundler) gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems. -More information: [Bundler homepage](http://bundler.io/) +More information: [Bundler homepage](https://bundler.io/) ### Living on the Edge @@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ Action Pack ```ruby @items.each do |item| content_tag_for(:li, item) do - Title: <%= item.title %> + Title: <%= item.title %> end end ``` diff --git a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md index 4615cf18e6..6f1b75a42b 100644 --- a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ $ cd myapp Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](https://github.com/carlhuda/bundler) gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems. -More information: [Bundler homepage](http://bundler.io) +More information: [Bundler homepage](https://bundler.io) ### Living on the Edge @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Major Features ### Upgrade * **Ruby 1.9.3** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a0380e808d3dbd2462df17f5d3b7fcd8bd812496)) - Ruby 2.0 preferred; 1.9.3+ required -* **[New deprecation policy](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6YgD6tVPQs)** - Deprecated features are warnings in Rails 4.0 and will be removed in Rails 4.1. +* **[New deprecation policy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6YgD6tVPQs)** - Deprecated features are warnings in Rails 4.0 and will be removed in Rails 4.1. * **ActionPack page and action caching** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b0a7068564f0c95e7ef28fc39d0335ed17d93e90)) - Page and action caching are extracted to a separate gem. Page and action caching requires too much manual intervention (manually expiring caches when the underlying model objects are updated). Instead, use Russian doll caching. * **ActiveRecord observers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ccecab3ba950a288b61a516bf9b6962e384aae0b)) - Observers are extracted to a separate gem. Observers are only needed for page and action caching, and can lead to spaghetti code. * **ActiveRecord session store** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0ffe19056c8e8b2f9ae9d487b896cad2ce9387ad)) - The ActiveRecord session store is extracted to a separate gem. Storing sessions in SQL is costly. Instead, use cookie sessions, memcache sessions, or a custom session store. diff --git a/guides/source/5_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/5_0_release_notes.md index 5f4be07351..3805fd2a63 100644 --- a/guides/source/5_0_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/5_0_release_notes.md @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ information. ### API Applications Rails can now be used to create slimmed down API only applications. -This is useful for creating and serving APIs similar to [Twitter](https://dev.twitter.com) or [GitHub](http://developer.github.com) API, +This is useful for creating and serving APIs similar to [Twitter](https://dev.twitter.com) or [GitHub](https://developer.github.com) API, that can be used to serve public facing, as well as, for custom applications. You can generate a new api Rails app using: @@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ This will do three main things: Controller modules that provide functionalities primarily used by browser applications. - Configure the generators to skip generating views, helpers and assets when - you generate a new resource. + you generate a new resource. + +The application provides a base for APIs, +that can then be [configured to pull in functionality](api_app.html) as suitable for the application's needs. -The application provides a base for APIs, -that can then be [configured to pull in functionality](api_app.html) as suitable for the application's needs. - See the [Using Rails for API-only Applications](api_app.html) guide for more information. diff --git a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md index 7de6542f4a..b3b5f19b61 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md +++ b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ What Does a Controller Do? Action Controller is the C in MVC. After the router has determined which controller to use for a request, the controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output. Luckily, Action Controller does most of the groundwork for you and uses smart conventions to make this as straightforward as possible. -For most conventional [RESTful](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer) applications, the controller will receive the request (this is invisible to you as the developer), fetch or save data from a model and use a view to create HTML output. If your controller needs to do things a little differently, that's not a problem, this is just the most common way for a controller to work. +For most conventional [RESTful](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer) applications, the controller will receive the request (this is invisible to you as the developer), fetch or save data from a model and use a view to create HTML output. If your controller needs to do things a little differently, that's not a problem, this is just the most common way for a controller to work. A controller can thus be thought of as a middleman between models and views. It makes the model data available to the view so it can display that data to the user, and it saves or updates user data to the model. diff --git a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md index 6562dc3a98..96ef9c4450 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md @@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ inside of Action Controller, so you can use all the same options, such as #### Caching mailer view -You can do cache in mailer views like in application views using `cache` method. +You can perform fragment caching in mailer views like in application views using the `cache` method. ``` <% cache do %> @@ -427,6 +427,9 @@ And in order to use this feature, you need to configure your application with th config.action_mailer.perform_caching = true ``` +Fragment caching is also supported in multipart emails. +Read more about caching in the [Rails caching guide](caching_with_rails.html). + ### Action Mailer Layouts Just like controller views, you can also have mailer layouts. The layout name @@ -560,7 +563,7 @@ Unlike controllers, the mailer instance doesn't have any context about the incoming request so you'll need to provide the `:asset_host` parameter yourself. As the `:asset_host` usually is consistent across the application you can -configure it globally in config/application.rb: +configure it globally in `config/application.rb`: ```ruby config.action_mailer.asset_host = 'http://example.com' diff --git a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md index e5f4e0ec30..ea72567c03 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md +++ b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md @@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ By default, Rails links to these assets on the current host in the public folder ```ruby config.action_controller.asset_host = "assets.example.com" -image_tag("rails.png") # => <img src="http://assets.example.com/images/rails.png" alt="Rails" /> +image_tag("rails.png") # => <img src="http://assets.example.com/images/rails.png" /> ``` #### auto_discovery_link_tag @@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ image_url("edit.png") # => http://www.example.com/assets/edit.png Returns an HTML image tag for the source. The source can be a full path or a file that exists in your `app/assets/images` directory. ```ruby -image_tag("icon.png") # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" alt="Icon" /> +image_tag("icon.png") # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" /> ``` #### javascript_include_tag diff --git a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md index 2606bfe280..9fc95954bc 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md @@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ class GuestsCleanupJob < ApplicationJob queue_as :default rescue_from(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do |exception| - # Do something with the exception + # Do something with the exception end def perform diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md index 2ac80d8f89..11aefcb05f 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: What is Active Record? ---------------------- -Active Record is the M in [MVC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller) - the +Active Record is the M in [MVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller) - the model - which is the layer of the system responsible for representing business data and logic. Active Record facilitates the creation and use of business objects whose data requires persistent storage to a database. It is an diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md index 7fdb5901f3..f8f36bf600 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Migration Overview ------------------ Migrations are a convenient way to -[alter your database schema over time](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_migration) +[alter your database schema over time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_migration) in a consistent and easy way. They use a Ruby DSL so that you don't have to write SQL by hand, allowing your schema and changes to be database independent. diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md index c79c86ac0c..678b80516f 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md @@ -1393,7 +1393,7 @@ end ``` NOTE: The `default_scope` is also applied while creating/building a record -when the scope arguments are given as a `Hash`. It is not applied while +when the scope arguments are given as a `Hash`. It is not applied while updating a record. E.g.: ```ruby @@ -1539,7 +1539,7 @@ Read the full documentation about enums Understanding The Method Chaining --------------------------------- -The Active Record pattern implements [Method Chaining](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_chaining), +The Active Record pattern implements [Method Chaining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_chaining), which allow us to use multiple Active Record methods together in a simple and straightforward way. You can chain methods in a statement when the previous method called returns an diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md index 4c37f6aba9..9f89e666dc 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md +++ b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md @@ -135,9 +135,9 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb`. ### `duplicable?` -In Ruby 2.4 most objects can be duplicated via `dup` or `clone` except +In Ruby 2.4 most objects can be duplicated via `dup` or `clone` except methods and certain numbers. Though Ruby 2.2 and 2.3 can't duplicate `nil`, -`false`, `true`, and symbols as well as instances `Float`, `Fixnum`, +`false`, `true`, and symbols as well as instances `Float`, `Fixnum`, and `Bignum` instances. ```ruby @@ -1709,7 +1709,7 @@ Specifically performs these transformations: * Capitalizes the first word. The capitalization of the first word can be turned off by setting the -+:capitalize+ option to false (default is true). +`:capitalize` option to false (default is true). ```ruby "name".humanize # => "Name" @@ -1989,7 +1989,7 @@ Extensions to `BigDecimal` The method `to_s` provides a default specifier of "F". This means that a simple call to `to_s` will result in floating point representation instead of engineering notation: ```ruby -BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_s # => "5.0" +BigDecimal.new(5.00, 6).to_s # => "5.0" ``` and that symbol specifiers are also supported: @@ -2359,7 +2359,7 @@ This method is similar in purpose to `Kernel#Array`, but there are some differen * If the argument responds to `to_ary` the method is invoked. `Kernel#Array` moves on to try `to_a` if the returned value is `nil`, but `Array.wrap` returns an array with the argument as its single element right away. * If the returned value from `to_ary` is neither `nil` nor an `Array` object, `Kernel#Array` raises an exception, while `Array.wrap` does not, it just returns the value. -* It does not call `to_a` on the argument, if the argument does not respond to +to_ary+ it returns an array with the argument as its single element. +* It does not call `to_a` on the argument, if the argument does not respond to `to_ary` it returns an array with the argument as its single element. The last point is particularly worth comparing for some enumerables: @@ -3641,7 +3641,7 @@ Durations can be added to and subtracted from time objects: now = Time.current # => Mon, 09 Aug 2010 23:20:05 UTC +00:00 now + 1.year -# => Tue, 09 Aug 2011 23:21:11 UTC +00:00 +# => Tue, 09 Aug 2011 23:21:11 UTC +00:00 now - 1.week # => Mon, 02 Aug 2010 23:21:11 UTC +00:00 ``` diff --git a/guides/source/api_app.md b/guides/source/api_app.md index 64200ec242..da1b7b25ef 100644 --- a/guides/source/api_app.md +++ b/guides/source/api_app.md @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ What is an API Application? Traditionally, when people said that they used Rails as an "API", they meant providing a programmatically accessible API alongside their web application. -For example, GitHub provides [an API](http://developer.github.com) that you +For example, GitHub provides [an API](https://developer.github.com) that you can use from your own custom clients. With the advent of client-side frameworks, more developers are using Rails to @@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ Handled at the middleware layer: about the request environment, database queries, and basic performance information. - Security: Rails detects and thwarts [IP spoofing - attacks](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address_spoofing) and handles + attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address_spoofing) and handles cryptographic signatures in a [timing - attack](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_attack) aware way. Don't know what + attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_attack) aware way. Don't know what an IP spoofing attack or a timing attack is? Exactly. - Parameter Parsing: Want to specify your parameters as JSON instead of as a URL-encoded String? No problem. Rails will decode the JSON for you and make @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Handled at the Action Pack layer: means not having to spend time thinking about how to model your API in terms of HTTP. - URL Generation: The flip side of routing is URL generation. A good API based - on HTTP includes URLs (see [the GitHub Gist API](http://developer.github.com/v3/gists/) + on HTTP includes URLs (see [the GitHub Gist API](https://developer.github.com/v3/gists/) for an example). - Header and Redirection Responses: `head :no_content` and `redirect_to user_url(current_user)` come in handy. Sure, you could manually diff --git a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md index c3c7367304..2c153d3783 100644 --- a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md +++ b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md @@ -82,12 +82,12 @@ used. Instead of: English ------- -Please use American English (*color*, *center*, *modularize*, etc). See [a list of American and British English spelling differences here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences). +Please use American English (*color*, *center*, *modularize*, etc). See [a list of American and British English spelling differences here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences). Oxford Comma ------------ -Please use the [Oxford comma](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_comma) +Please use the [Oxford comma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_comma) ("red, white, and blue", instead of "red, white and blue"). Example Code @@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ into account, one such example is ```ruby # image_tag("icon.png") -# # => <img alt="Icon" src="/assets/icon.png" /> +# # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" /> ``` Although the default behavior for `#image_tag` is to always return diff --git a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md index 383e972f74..17ab9c7600 100644 --- a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md +++ b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md @@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ it would make sense to have an image in one of the asset load paths, such as already available in `public/assets` as a fingerprinted file, then that path is referenced. -If you want to use a [data URI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_URI_scheme) - +If you want to use a [data URI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_URI_scheme) - a method of embedding the image data directly into the CSS file - you can use the `asset_data_uri` helper. @@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ end ### CDNs CDN stands for [Content Delivery -Network](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), they are +Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), they are primarily designed to cache assets all over the world so that when a browser requests the asset, a cached copy will be geographically close to that browser. If you are serving assets directly from your Rails server in production, the @@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ domain, you do not need to specify a protocol or "scheme" such as `http://` or that is generated will match how the webpage is accessed by default. You can also set this value through an [environment -variable](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable) to make running a +variable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable) to make running a staging copy of your site easier: ``` @@ -1069,7 +1069,7 @@ Customizing the Pipeline ### CSS Compression One of the options for compressing CSS is YUI. The [YUI CSS -compressor](http://yui.github.io/yuicompressor/css.html) provides +compressor](https://yui.github.io/yuicompressor/css.html) provides minification. The following line enables YUI compression, and requires the `yui-compressor` diff --git a/guides/source/association_basics.md b/guides/source/association_basics.md index 1212ae53bc..b5bd24d027 100644 --- a/guides/source/association_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/association_basics.md @@ -663,11 +663,11 @@ By default, associations look for objects only within the current module's scope module MyApplication module Business class Supplier < ApplicationRecord - has_one :account + has_one :account end class Account < ApplicationRecord - belongs_to :supplier + belongs_to :supplier end end end @@ -679,13 +679,13 @@ This will work fine, because both the `Supplier` and the `Account` class are def module MyApplication module Business class Supplier < ApplicationRecord - has_one :account + has_one :account end end module Billing class Account < ApplicationRecord - belongs_to :supplier + belongs_to :supplier end end end @@ -697,14 +697,14 @@ To associate a model with a model in a different namespace, you must specify the module MyApplication module Business class Supplier < ApplicationRecord - has_one :account, + has_one :account, class_name: "MyApplication::Billing::Account" end end module Billing class Account < ApplicationRecord - belongs_to :supplier, + belongs_to :supplier, class_name: "MyApplication::Business::Supplier" end end @@ -968,13 +968,12 @@ side of the association. Counter cache columns are added to the containing model's list of read-only attributes through `attr_readonly`. ##### `:dependent` -Controls what happens to associated objects when their owner is destroyed: +If you set the `:dependent` option to: -* `:destroy` causes the associated objects to also be destroyed. -* `:delete_all` causes the associated objects to be deleted directly from the database (callbacks are not executed). -* `:nullify` causes the foreign keys to be set to `NULL` (callbacks are not executed). -* `:restrict_with_exception` causes an exception to be raised if there are associated records. -* `:restrict_with_error` causes an error to be added to the owner if there are associated objects. +* `:destroy`, when the object is destroyed, `destroy` will be called on its +associated objects. +* `:delete`, when the object is destroyed, all its associated objects will be +deleted directly from the database without calling their `destroy` method. WARNING: You should not specify this option on a `belongs_to` association that is connected with a `has_many` association on the other class. Doing so can lead to orphaned records in your database. diff --git a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md index 05743ee4ce..c62194faf4 100644 --- a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md +++ b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md @@ -475,12 +475,21 @@ it is (edited): ``` $ bin/rails r 'puts ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths' .../app/assets +.../app/channels .../app/controllers +.../app/controllers/concerns .../app/helpers +.../app/jobs .../app/mailers .../app/models -.../app/controllers/concerns .../app/models/concerns +.../activestorage/app/assets +.../activestorage/app/controllers +.../activestorage/app/javascript +.../activestorage/app/jobs +.../activestorage/app/models +.../actioncable/app/assets +.../actionview/app/assets .../test/mailers/previews ``` diff --git a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md index 6cdce5c2f4..910a531068 100644 --- a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md @@ -175,10 +175,28 @@ class Game < ApplicationRecord end ``` -With `touch` set to true, any action which changes `updated_at` for a game +With `touch` set to `true`, any action which changes `updated_at` for a game record will also change it for the associated product, thereby expiring the cache. +### Shared Partial Caching + +It is possible to share partials and associated caching between files with different mime types. For example shared partial caching allows template writers to share a partial between HTML and Javascript files. When templates are collected in the template resolver file paths they only include the template language extension and not the mime type. Because of this templates can be used for multiple mime types. Both HTML and JavaScript requests will respond to the following code: + +```ruby +render(partial: 'hotels/hotel', collection: @hotels, cached: true) +``` + +Will load a file named `hotels/hotel.erb`. + +Another option is to include the full filename of the partial to render. + +```ruby +render(partial: 'hotels/hotel.html.erb', collection: @hotels, cached: true) +``` + +Will load a file named `hotels/hotel.html.erb` in any file mime type, for example you could include this partial in a Javascript file. + ### Managing dependencies In order to correctly invalidate the cache, you need to properly define the @@ -272,7 +290,7 @@ Sometimes you need to cache a particular value or query result instead of cachin The most efficient way to implement low-level caching is using the `Rails.cache.fetch` method. This method does both reading and writing to the cache. When passed only a single argument, the key is fetched and value from the cache is returned. If a block is passed, that block will be executed in the event of a cache miss. The return value of the block will be written to the cache under the given cache key, and that return value will be returned. In case of cache hit, the cached value will be returned without executing the block. -Consider the following example. An application has a `Product` model with an instance method that looks up the product’s price on a competing website. The data returned by this method would be perfect for low-level caching: +Consider the following example. An application has a `Product` model with an instance method that looks up the product's price on a competing website. The data returned by this method would be perfect for low-level caching: ```ruby class Product < ApplicationRecord @@ -284,7 +302,7 @@ class Product < ApplicationRecord end ``` -NOTE: Notice that in this example we used the `cache_key` method, so the resulting cache-key will be something like `products/233-20140225082222765838000/competing_price`. `cache_key` generates a string based on the model’s `id` and `updated_at` attributes. This is a common convention and has the benefit of invalidating the cache whenever the product is updated. In general, when you use low-level caching for instance level information, you need to generate a cache key. +NOTE: Notice that in this example we used the `cache_key` method, so the resulting cache key will be something like `products/233-20140225082222765838000/competing_price`. `cache_key` generates a string based on the model's `id` and `updated_at` attributes. This is a common convention and has the benefit of invalidating the cache whenever the product is updated. In general, when you use low-level caching for instance level information, you need to generate a cache key. ### SQL Caching @@ -387,9 +405,9 @@ store is not appropriate for large application deployments. However, it can work well for small, low traffic sites with only a couple of server processes, as well as development and test environments. -New Rails projects are configured to use this implementation in development environment by default. +New Rails projects are configured to use this implementation in development environment by default. -NOTE: Since processes will not share cache data when using `:memory_store`, +NOTE: Since processes will not share cache data when using `:memory_store`, it will not be possible to manually read, write or expire the cache via the Rails console. ### ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore @@ -580,7 +598,7 @@ Caching in Development ---------------------- It's common to want to test the caching strategy of your application -in development mode. Rails provides the rake task `dev:cache` to +in development mode. Rails provides the rake task `dev:cache` to easily toggle caching on/off. ```bash diff --git a/guides/source/command_line.md b/guides/source/command_line.md index 8ae01286e4..2cd8e02a77 100644 --- a/guides/source/command_line.md +++ b/guides/source/command_line.md @@ -645,13 +645,16 @@ $ cat config/database.yml # Configure Using Gemfile # gem 'pg' # -development: +default: &default adapter: postgresql encoding: unicode + # For details on connection pooling, see Rails configuration guide + # http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#database-pooling + pool: <%= ENV.fetch("RAILS_MAX_THREADS") { 5 } %> + +development: + <<: *default database: gitapp_development - pool: 5 - username: gitapp - password: ... ... ``` diff --git a/guides/source/configuring.md b/guides/source/configuring.md index f6b7b3b5a7..d4e1d7b5dd 100644 --- a/guides/source/configuring.md +++ b/guides/source/configuring.md @@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@ Once you've configured the application server, you must proxy requests to it by ``` upstream application_server { - server 0.0.0.0:8080 + server 0.0.0.0:8080; } server { diff --git a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md index 2f2962a3e6..7424818757 100644 --- a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: * How to contribute to the Ruby on Rails documentation. * How to contribute to the Ruby on Rails code. -Ruby on Rails is not "someone else's framework." Over the years, hundreds of people have contributed to Ruby on Rails ranging from a single character to massive architectural changes or significant documentation - all with the goal of making Ruby on Rails better for everyone. Even if you don't feel up to writing code or documentation yet, there are a variety of other ways that you can contribute, from reporting issues to testing patches. +Ruby on Rails is not "someone else's framework." Over the years, thousands of people have contributed to Ruby on Rails ranging from a single character to massive architectural changes or significant documentation - all with the goal of making Ruby on Rails better for everyone. Even if you don't feel up to writing code or documentation yet, there are a variety of other ways that you can contribute, from reporting issues to testing patches. As mentioned in [Rails' README](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/README.md), everyone interacting in Rails and its sub-projects' codebases, issue trackers, chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the Rails [code of conduct](http://rubyonrails.org/conduct/). @@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ For starters, it helps just to verify bug reports. Can you reproduce the reporte If an issue is very vague, can you help narrow it down to something more specific? Maybe you can provide additional information to help reproduce a bug, or help by eliminating needless steps that aren't required to demonstrate the problem. -If you find a bug report without a test, it's very useful to contribute a failing test. This is also a great way to get started exploring the source code: looking at the existing test files will teach you how to write more tests. New tests are best contributed in the form of a patch, as explained later on in the "Contributing to the Rails Code" section. +If you find a bug report without a test, it's very useful to contribute a failing test. This is also a great way to get started exploring the source code: looking at the existing test files will teach you how to write more tests. New tests are best contributed in the form of a patch, as explained later on in the "[Contributing to the Rails Code](#contributing-to-the-rails-code)" section. Anything you can do to make bug reports more succinct or easier to reproduce helps folks trying to write code to fix those bugs - whether you end up writing the code yourself or not. @@ -164,11 +164,11 @@ NOTE: The instructions are for Rails > 4. The Redcarpet Gem doesn't work with JR Translation efforts we know about (various versions): * **Italian**: [https://github.com/rixlabs/docrails](https://github.com/rixlabs/docrails) -* **Spanish**: [http://wiki.github.com/gramos/docrails](http://wiki.github.com/gramos/docrails) -* **Polish**: [https://github.com/apohllo/docrails/tree/master](https://github.com/apohllo/docrails/tree/master) +* **Spanish**: [https://github.com/gramos/docrails/wiki](https://github.com/gramos/docrails/wiki) +* **Polish**: [https://github.com/apohllo/docrails](https://github.com/apohllo/docrails) * **French** : [https://github.com/railsfrance/docrails](https://github.com/railsfrance/docrails) * **Czech** : [https://github.com/rubyonrails-cz/docrails/tree/czech](https://github.com/rubyonrails-cz/docrails/tree/czech) -* **Turkish** : [https://github.com/ujk/docrails/tree/master](https://github.com/ujk/docrails/tree/master) +* **Turkish** : [https://github.com/ujk/docrails](https://github.com/ujk/docrails) * **Korean** : [https://github.com/rorlakr/rails-guides](https://github.com/rorlakr/rails-guides) * **Simplified Chinese** : [https://github.com/ruby-china/guides](https://github.com/ruby-china/guides) * **Traditional Chinese** : [https://github.com/docrails-tw/guides](https://github.com/docrails-tw/guides) @@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ To move on from submitting bugs to helping resolve existing issues or contributi #### The Easy Way -The easiest and recommended way to get a development environment ready to hack is to use the [Rails development box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box). +The easiest and recommended way to get a development environment ready to hack is to use the [rails-dev-box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box). #### The Hard Way @@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ file. #### Testing Active Record -First, create the databases you'll need. You can find a list of the required +First, create the databases you'll need. You can find a list of the required table names, usernames, and passwords in `activerecord/test/config.example.yml`. For MySQL and PostgreSQL, running the SQL statements `create database @@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ Navigate to the Rails [GitHub repository](https://github.com/rails/rails) and pr Add the new remote to your local repository on your local machine: ```bash -$ git remote add mine https://github.com:<your user name>/rails.git +$ git remote add mine https://github.com/<your user name>/rails.git ``` Push to your remote: @@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ is the open source life. If it's been over a week, and you haven't heard anything, you might want to try and nudge things along. You can use the [rubyonrails-core mailing -list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-core/) for this. You can also +list](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rubyonrails-core) for this. You can also leave another comment on the pull request. While you're waiting for feedback on your pull request, open up a few other diff --git a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md index 7ea3646c30..07c78be3db 100644 --- a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md +++ b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md @@ -186,21 +186,17 @@ end Here's an example of the log generated when this controller action is executed: ``` -Processing ArticlesController#create (for 127.0.0.1 at 2008-09-08 11:52:54) [POST] - Session ID: BAh7BzoMY3NyZl9pZCIlMDY5MWU1M2I1ZDRjODBlMzkyMWI1OTg2NWQyNzViZjYiCmZsYXNoSUM6J0FjdGl -vbkNvbnRyb2xsZXI6OkZsYXNoOjpGbGFzaEhhc2h7AAY6CkB1c2VkewA=--b18cd92fba90eacf8137e5f6b3b06c4d724596a4 - Parameters: {"commit"=>"Create", "article"=>{"title"=>"Debugging Rails", - "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!", "published"=>"0"}, - "authenticity_token"=>"2059c1286e93402e389127b1153204e0d1e275dd", "action"=>"create", "controller"=>"articles"} -New article: {"updated_at"=>nil, "title"=>"Debugging Rails", "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!", - "published"=>false, "created_at"=>nil} +Started POST "/articles" for 127.0.0.1 at 2017-08-20 20:53:10 +0900 +Processing by ArticlesController#create as HTML + Parameters: {"utf8"=>"✓", "authenticity_token"=>"xhuIbSBFytHCE1agHgvrlKnSVIOGD6jltW2tO+P6a/ACjQ3igjpV4OdbsZjIhC98QizWH9YdKokrqxBCJrtoqQ==", "article"=>{"title"=>"Debugging Rails", "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!", "published"=>"0"}, "commit"=>"Create Article"} +New article: {"id"=>nil, "title"=>"Debugging Rails", "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!", "published"=>false, "created_at"=>nil, "updated_at"=>nil} Article should be valid: true - Article Create (0.000443) INSERT INTO "articles" ("updated_at", "title", "body", "published", - "created_at") VALUES('2008-09-08 14:52:54', 'Debugging Rails', - 'I''m learning how to print in logs!!!', 'f', '2008-09-08 14:52:54') + (0.1ms) BEGIN + SQL (0.4ms) INSERT INTO "articles" ("title", "body", "published", "created_at", "updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5) RETURNING "id" [["title", "Debugging Rails"], ["body", "I'm learning how to print in logs!!!"], ["published", "f"], ["created_at", "2017-08-20 11:53:10.010435"], ["updated_at", "2017-08-20 11:53:10.010435"]] + (0.3ms) COMMIT The article was saved and now the user is going to be redirected... -Redirected to # Article:0x20af760> -Completed in 0.01224 (81 reqs/sec) | DB: 0.00044 (3%) | 302 Found [http://localhost/articles] +Redirected to http://localhost:3000/articles/1 +Completed 302 Found in 4ms (ActiveRecord: 0.8ms) ``` Adding extra logging like this makes it easy to search for unexpected or unusual behavior in your logs. If you add extra logging, be sure to make sensible use of log levels to avoid filling your production logs with useless trivia. @@ -405,7 +401,7 @@ To see the previous ten lines you should type `list-` (or `l-`). 7 byebug 8 @articles = Article.find_recent 9 - 10 respond_to do |format| + 10 respond_to do |format| ``` This way you can move inside the file and see the code above the line where you @@ -544,9 +540,9 @@ command later in this guide). 7 byebug 8 @articles = Article.find_recent 9 -=> 10 respond_to do |format| - 11 format.html # index.html.erb - 12 format.json { render json: @articles } +=> 10 respond_to do |format| + 11 format.html # index.html.erb + 12 format.json { render json: @articles } 13 end 14 end 15 diff --git a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md index 77b036b20f..50274d700b 100644 --- a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md +++ b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Ruby on Rails uses Git for source code control. The [Git homepage](https://git-s * [Try Git course](https://try.github.io/) is an interactive course that will teach you the basics. * The [official Documentation](https://git-scm.com/documentation) is pretty comprehensive and also contains some videos with the basics of Git. -* [Everyday Git](http://schacon.github.io/git/everyday.html) will teach you just enough about Git to get by. +* [Everyday Git](https://schacon.github.io/git/everyday.html) will teach you just enough about Git to get by. * [GitHub](https://help.github.com/) offers links to a variety of Git resources. * [Pro Git](https://git-scm.com/book) is an entire book about Git with a Creative Commons license. @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ For FreeBSD users, you're done with: Or compile the `databases/sqlite3` port. -Get a recent version of [Bundler](http://bundler.io/) +Get a recent version of [Bundler](https://bundler.io/) ```bash $ gem install bundler @@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install yarn On Fedora or CentOS, just run: -``bash +```bash sudo wget https://dl.yarnpkg.com/rpm/yarn.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/yarn.repo sudo yum install yarn diff --git a/guides/source/generators.md b/guides/source/generators.md index 37af7a1310..b7b8262e4a 100644 --- a/guides/source/generators.md +++ b/guides/source/generators.md @@ -90,13 +90,15 @@ $ bin/rails generate generator initializer create lib/generators/initializer/initializer_generator.rb create lib/generators/initializer/USAGE create lib/generators/initializer/templates + invoke test_unit + create test/lib/generators/initializer_generator_test.rb ``` This is the generator just created: ```ruby class InitializerGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase - source_root File.expand_path("templates", __dir__) + source_root File.expand_path('templates', __dir__) end ``` @@ -122,7 +124,7 @@ And now let's change the generator to copy this template when invoked: ```ruby class InitializerGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase - source_root File.expand_path("templates", __dir__) + source_root File.expand_path('templates', __dir__) def copy_initializer_file copy_file "initializer.rb", "config/initializers/#{file_name}.rb" @@ -241,6 +243,8 @@ $ bin/rails generate generator rails/my_helper create lib/generators/rails/my_helper/my_helper_generator.rb create lib/generators/rails/my_helper/USAGE create lib/generators/rails/my_helper/templates + invoke test_unit + create test/lib/generators/rails/my_helper_generator_test.rb ``` After that, we can delete both the `templates` directory and the `source_root` @@ -510,13 +514,13 @@ Available options are: Any additional options passed to this method are put on the end of the line: ```ruby -gem "devise", git: "git://github.com/plataformatec/devise", branch: "master" +gem "devise", git: "https://github.com/plataformatec/devise.git", branch: "master" ``` The above code will put the following line into `Gemfile`: ```ruby -gem "devise", git: "git://github.com/plataformatec/devise", branch: "master" +gem "devise", git: "https://github.com/plataformatec/devise.git", branch: "master" ``` ### `gem_group` diff --git a/guides/source/getting_started.md b/guides/source/getting_started.md index 2ed1883ede..1e5c6fe3d0 100644 --- a/guides/source/getting_started.md +++ b/guides/source/getting_started.md @@ -174,11 +174,11 @@ of the files and folders that Rails created by default: |config/|Configure your application's routes, database, and more. This is covered in more detail in [Configuring Rails Applications](configuring.html).| |config.ru|Rack configuration for Rack based servers used to start the application.| |db/|Contains your current database schema, as well as the database migrations.| -|Gemfile<br>Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see the [Bundler website](http://bundler.io).| +|Gemfile<br>Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see the [Bundler website](https://bundler.io).| |lib/|Extended modules for your application.| |log/|Application log files.| |public/|The only folder seen by the world as-is. Contains static files and compiled assets.| -|Rakefile|This file locates and loads tasks that can be run from the command line. The task definitions are defined throughout the components of Rails. Rather than changing Rakefile, you should add your own tasks by adding files to the lib/tasks directory of your application.| +|Rakefile|This file locates and loads tasks that can be run from the command line. The task definitions are defined throughout the components of Rails. Rather than changing Rakefile, you should add your own tasks by adding files to the `lib/tasks` directory of your application.| |README.md|This is a brief instruction manual for your application. You should edit this file to tell others what your application does, how to set it up, and so on.| |test/|Unit tests, fixtures, and other test apparatus. These are covered in [Testing Rails Applications](testing.html).| |tmp/|Temporary files (like cache and pid files).| @@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ end ``` This is your application's _routing file_ which holds entries in a special -[DSL (domain-specific language)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language) +[DSL (domain-specific language)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language) that tells Rails how to connect incoming requests to controllers and actions. Edit this file by adding the line of code `root 'welcome#index'`. @@ -509,23 +509,23 @@ harmoniously! It's time to create the form for a new article. To create a form within this template, you will use a *form builder*. The primary form builder for Rails is provided by a helper -method called `form_for`. To use this method, add this code into +method called `form_with`. To use this method, add this code into `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`: ```html+erb -<%= form_for :article do |f| %> +<%= form_with scope: :article, local: true do |form| %> <p> - <%= f.label :title %><br> - <%= f.text_field :title %> + <%= form.label :title %><br> + <%= form.text_field :title %> </p> <p> - <%= f.label :text %><br> - <%= f.text_area :text %> + <%= form.label :text %><br> + <%= form.text_area :text %> </p> <p> - <%= f.submit %> + <%= form.submit %> </p> <% end %> ``` @@ -533,12 +533,12 @@ method called `form_for`. To use this method, add this code into If you refresh the page now, you'll see the exact same form from our example above. Building forms in Rails is really just that easy! -When you call `form_for`, you pass it an identifying object for this -form. In this case, it's the symbol `:article`. This tells the `form_for` +When you call `form_with`, you pass it an identifying scope for this +form. In this case, it's the symbol `:article`. This tells the `form_with` helper what this form is for. Inside the block for this method, the -`FormBuilder` object - represented by `f` - is used to build two labels and two +`FormBuilder` object - represented by `form` - is used to build two labels and two text fields, one each for the title and text of an article. Finally, a call to -`submit` on the `f` object will create a submit button for the form. +`submit` on the `form` object will create a submit button for the form. There's one problem with this form though. If you inspect the HTML that is generated, by viewing the source of the page, you will see that the `action` @@ -547,15 +547,15 @@ this route goes to the very page that you're on right at the moment, and that route should only be used to display the form for a new article. The form needs to use a different URL in order to go somewhere else. -This can be done quite simply with the `:url` option of `form_for`. +This can be done quite simply with the `:url` option of `form_with`. Typically in Rails, the action that is used for new form submissions like this is called "create", and so the form should be pointed to that action. -Edit the `form_for` line inside `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` to look like +Edit the `form_with` line inside `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` to look like this: ```html+erb -<%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %> +<%= form_with scope: :article, url: articles_path, local: true do |form| %> ``` In this example, the `articles_path` helper is passed to the `:url` option. @@ -592,6 +592,10 @@ familiar error: You now need to create the `create` action within the `ArticlesController` for this to work. +NOTE: by default `form_with` submits forms using Ajax thereby skipping full page +redirects. To make this guide easier to get into we've disabled that with +`local: true` for now. + ### Creating articles To make the "Unknown action" go away, you can define a `create` action within @@ -956,7 +960,7 @@ Now, add another link in `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`, underneath the form, to go back to the `index` action: ```erb -<%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %> +<%= form_with scope: :article, url: articles_path, local: true do |form| %> ... <% end %> @@ -1067,7 +1071,7 @@ something went wrong. To do that, you'll modify `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` to check for error messages: ```html+erb -<%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %> +<%= form_with scope: :article, url: articles_path, local: true do |form| %> <% if @article.errors.any? %> <div id="error_explanation"> @@ -1084,17 +1088,17 @@ something went wrong. To do that, you'll modify <% end %> <p> - <%= f.label :title %><br> - <%= f.text_field :title %> + <%= form.label :title %><br> + <%= form.text_field :title %> </p> <p> - <%= f.label :text %><br> - <%= f.text_area :text %> + <%= form.label :text %><br> + <%= form.text_area :text %> </p> <p> - <%= f.submit %> + <%= form.submit %> </p> <% end %> @@ -1159,7 +1163,7 @@ it look as follows: ```html+erb <h1>Edit article</h1> -<%= form_for(@article) do |f| %> +<%= form_with(model: @article) do |form| %> <% if @article.errors.any? %> <div id="error_explanation"> @@ -1176,17 +1180,17 @@ it look as follows: <% end %> <p> - <%= f.label :title %><br> - <%= f.text_field :title %> + <%= form.label :title %><br> + <%= form.text_field :title %> </p> <p> - <%= f.label :text %><br> - <%= f.text_area :text %> + <%= form.label :text %><br> + <%= form.text_area :text %> </p> <p> - <%= f.submit %> + <%= form.submit %> </p> <% end %> @@ -1202,12 +1206,11 @@ This option tells Rails that we want this form to be submitted via the `PATCH` HTTP method which is the HTTP method you're expected to use to **update** resources according to the REST protocol. -The first parameter of `form_for` can be an object, say, `@article` which would +The arguments to `form_with` could be model objects, say, `model: @article` which would cause the helper to fill in the form with the fields of the object. Passing in a -symbol (`:article`) with the same name as the instance variable (`@article`) -also automagically leads to the same behavior. -More details can be found in [form_for documentation] -(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for). +symbol scope (`scope: :article`) just creates the fields but without anything filled into them. +More details can be found in [form_with documentation] +(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_with). Next, we need to create the `update` action in `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`. @@ -1304,7 +1307,7 @@ Create a new file `app/views/articles/_form.html.erb` with the following content: ```html+erb -<%= form_for @article do |f| %> +<%= form_with model: @article, local: true do |form| %> <% if @article.errors.any? %> <div id="error_explanation"> @@ -1321,29 +1324,29 @@ content: <% end %> <p> - <%= f.label :title %><br> - <%= f.text_field :title %> + <%= form.label :title %><br> + <%= form.text_field :title %> </p> <p> - <%= f.label :text %><br> - <%= f.text_area :text %> + <%= form.label :text %><br> + <%= form.text_area :text %> </p> <p> - <%= f.submit %> + <%= form.submit %> </p> <% end %> ``` -Everything except for the `form_for` declaration remained the same. -The reason we can use this shorter, simpler `form_for` declaration +Everything except for the `form_with` declaration remained the same. +The reason we can use this shorter, simpler `form_with` declaration to stand in for either of the other forms is that `@article` is a *resource* corresponding to a full set of RESTful routes, and Rails is able to infer which URI and method to use. -For more information about this use of `form_for`, see [Resource-oriented style] -(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for-label-Resource-oriented+style). +For more information about this use of `form_with`, see [Resource-oriented style] +(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_with-label-Resource-oriented+style). Now, let's update the `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` view to use this new partial, rewriting it completely: @@ -1682,17 +1685,17 @@ So first, we'll wire up the Article show template </p> <h2>Add a comment:</h2> -<%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %> +<%= form_with(model: [ @article, @article.comments.build ], local: true) do |form| %> <p> - <%= f.label :commenter %><br> - <%= f.text_field :commenter %> + <%= form.label :commenter %><br> + <%= form.text_field :commenter %> </p> <p> - <%= f.label :body %><br> - <%= f.text_area :body %> + <%= form.label :body %><br> + <%= form.text_area :body %> </p> <p> - <%= f.submit %> + <%= form.submit %> </p> <% end %> @@ -1701,7 +1704,7 @@ So first, we'll wire up the Article show template ``` This adds a form on the `Article` show page that creates a new comment by -calling the `CommentsController` `create` action. The `form_for` call here uses +calling the `CommentsController` `create` action. The `form_with` call here uses an array, which will build a nested route, such as `/articles/1/comments`. Let's wire up the `create` in `app/controllers/comments_controller.rb`: @@ -1763,17 +1766,17 @@ add that to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb`. <% end %> <h2>Add a comment:</h2> -<%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %> +<%= form_with(model: [ @article, @article.comments.build ]) do |form| %> <p> - <%= f.label :commenter %><br> - <%= f.text_field :commenter %> + <%= form.label :commenter %><br> + <%= form.text_field :commenter %> </p> <p> - <%= f.label :body %><br> - <%= f.text_area :body %> + <%= form.label :body %><br> + <%= form.text_area :body %> </p> <p> - <%= f.submit %> + <%= form.submit %> </p> <% end %> @@ -1829,17 +1832,17 @@ following: <%= render @article.comments %> <h2>Add a comment:</h2> -<%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %> +<%= form_with(model: [ @article, @article.comments.build ]) do |form| %> <p> - <%= f.label :commenter %><br> - <%= f.text_field :commenter %> + <%= form.label :commenter %><br> + <%= form.text_field :commenter %> </p> <p> - <%= f.label :body %><br> - <%= f.text_area :body %> + <%= form.label :body %><br> + <%= form.text_area :body %> </p> <p> - <%= f.submit %> + <%= form.submit %> </p> <% end %> @@ -1859,17 +1862,17 @@ Let us also move that new comment section out to its own partial. Again, you create a file `app/views/comments/_form.html.erb` containing: ```html+erb -<%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %> +<%= form_with(model: [ @article, @article.comments.build ]) do |form| %> <p> - <%= f.label :commenter %><br> - <%= f.text_field :commenter %> + <%= form.label :commenter %><br> + <%= form.text_field :commenter %> </p> <p> - <%= f.label :body %><br> - <%= f.text_area :body %> + <%= form.label :body %><br> + <%= form.text_area :body %> </p> <p> - <%= f.submit %> + <%= form.submit %> </p> <% end %> ``` diff --git a/guides/source/i18n.md b/guides/source/i18n.md index aa2b7d1ba9..cb24822f86 100644 --- a/guides/source/i18n.md +++ b/guides/source/i18n.md @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ This means, that in the `:en` locale, the key _hello_ will map to the _Hello wor The I18n library will use **English** as a **default locale**, i.e. if a different locale is not set, `:en` will be used for looking up translations. -NOTE: The i18n library takes a **pragmatic approach** to locale keys (after [some discussion](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n/browse_thread/thread/14dede2c7dbe9470/80eec34395f64f3c?hl=en)), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like `:en`, `:pl`, not the _region_ part, like `:en-US` or `:en-GB`, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such as `:cs`, `:th` or `:es` (for Czech, Thai and Spanish). However, there are also regional differences within different language groups that may be important. For instance, in the `:en-US` locale you would have $ as a currency symbol, while in `:en-GB`, you would have £. Nothing stops you from separating regional and other settings in this way: you just have to provide full "English - United Kingdom" locale in a `:en-GB` dictionary. Few gems such as [Globalize3](https://github.com/globalize/globalize) may help you implement it. +NOTE: The i18n library takes a **pragmatic approach** to locale keys (after [some discussion](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/rails-i18n/FN7eLH2-lHA)), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like `:en`, `:pl`, not the _region_ part, like `:en-US` or `:en-GB`, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such as `:cs`, `:th` or `:es` (for Czech, Thai and Spanish). However, there are also regional differences within different language groups that may be important. For instance, in the `:en-US` locale you would have $ as a currency symbol, while in `:en-GB`, you would have £. Nothing stops you from separating regional and other settings in this way: you just have to provide full "English - United Kingdom" locale in a `:en-GB` dictionary. Few gems such as [Globalize3](https://github.com/globalize/globalize) may help you implement it. The **translations load path** (`I18n.load_path`) is an array of paths to files that will be loaded automatically. Configuring this path allows for customization of translations directory structure and file naming scheme. @@ -310,10 +310,10 @@ In general, this approach is far less reliable than using the language header an #### Storing the Locale from the Session or Cookies -WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a *cookie*. However, **do not do this**. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being [*RESTful*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). Read more about the RESTful approach in [Stefan Tilkov's articles](http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction). Sometimes there are exceptions to this rule and those are discussed below. +WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a *cookie*. However, **do not do this**. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being [*RESTful*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). Read more about the RESTful approach in [Stefan Tilkov's articles](https://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction). Sometimes there are exceptions to this rule and those are discussed below. Internationalization and Localization ------------------------------------ +------------------------------------- OK! Now you've initialized I18n support for your Ruby on Rails application and told it which locale to use and how to preserve it between requests. @@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ end ```html+erb # app/views/home/index.html.erb -<h1><%=t :hello_world %></h1> +<h1><%= t :hello_world %></h1> <p><%= flash[:notice] %></p> ``` @@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ If your translations are stored in YAML files, certain keys must be escaped. The Examples: -```erb +```yaml # config/locales/en.yml en: success: @@ -430,12 +430,12 @@ en: ``` ```ruby -I18n.t 'success.true' # => 'True!' -I18n.t 'success.on' # => 'On!' +I18n.t 'success.true' # => 'True!' +I18n.t 'success.on' # => 'On!' I18n.t 'success.false' # => 'False!' I18n.t 'failure.false' # => Translation Missing -I18n.t 'failure.off' # => Translation Missing -I18n.t 'failure.true' # => Translation Missing +I18n.t 'failure.off' # => Translation Missing +I18n.t 'failure.true' # => Translation Missing ``` ### Passing Variables to Translations @@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ OK! Now let's add a timestamp to the view, so we can demo the **date/time locali ```erb # app/views/home/index.html.erb -<h1><%=t :hello_world %></h1> +<h1><%= t :hello_world %></h1> <p><%= flash[:notice] %></p> <p><%= l Time.now, format: :short %></p> ``` @@ -1050,7 +1050,7 @@ The Simple backend shipped with Active Support allows you to store translations For example a Ruby Hash providing translations can look like this: -```yaml +```ruby { pt: { foo: { @@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ If you find your own locale (language) missing from our [example translations da Resources --------- -* [Google group: rails-i18n](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n) - The project's mailing list. +* [Google group: rails-i18n](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rails-i18n) - The project's mailing list. * [GitHub: rails-i18n](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n) - Code repository and issue tracker for the rails-i18n project. Most importantly you can find lots of [example translations](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master/rails/locale) for Rails that should work for your application in most cases. * [GitHub: i18n](https://github.com/svenfuchs/i18n) - Code repository and issue tracker for the i18n gem. @@ -1201,7 +1201,7 @@ Authors Footnotes --------- -[^1]: Or, to quote [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization): _"Internationalization is the process of designing a software application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting software for a specific region or language by adding locale-specific components and translating text."_ +[^1]: Or, to quote [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization): _"Internationalization is the process of designing a software application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting software for a specific region or language by adding locale-specific components and translating text."_ [^2]: Other backends might allow or require to use other formats, e.g. a GetText backend might allow to read GetText files. diff --git a/guides/source/initialization.md b/guides/source/initialization.md index ccad10f07d..0cfabe2a66 100644 --- a/guides/source/initialization.md +++ b/guides/source/initialization.md @@ -99,13 +99,15 @@ configure the load path for your Gemfile's dependencies. A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically: +* actioncable * actionmailer * actionpack * actionview +* activejob * activemodel * activerecord +* activestorage * activesupport -* activejob * arel * builder * bundler @@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ Once `config/boot.rb` has finished, the next file that is required is `ARGV` array simply contains `server` which will be passed over: ```ruby -require "rails/command" +require_relative "command" aliases = { "g" => "generate", @@ -170,7 +172,7 @@ module Rails::Command namespace = namespace.to_s namespace = "help" if namespace.blank? || HELP_MAPPINGS.include?(namespace) namespace = "version" if %w( -v --version ).include? namespace - + if command = find_by_namespace(namespace) command.perform(namespace, args, config) else @@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ module Rails class ServerCommand < Base # :nodoc: def perform set_application_directory! - + Rails::Server.new.tap do |server| # Require application after server sets environment to propagate # the --environment option. @@ -311,7 +313,7 @@ def parse!(args) args, options = args.dup, {} option_parser(options).parse! args - + options[:log_stdout] = options[:daemonize].blank? && (options[:environment] || Rails.env) == "development" options[:server] = args.shift options @@ -366,11 +368,11 @@ private def log_to_stdout wrapped_app # touch the app so the logger is set up - + console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT) console.formatter = Rails.logger.formatter console.level = Rails.logger.level - + unless ActiveSupport::Logger.logger_outputs_to?(Rails.logger, STDOUT) Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(console)) end @@ -537,6 +539,7 @@ require "rails" action_mailer/railtie active_job/railtie action_cable/engine + active_storage/engine rails/test_unit/railtie sprockets/railtie ).each do |railtie| diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb b/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb index f310edd3a1..0f4228ed6b 100644 --- a/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb +++ b/guides/source/kindle/toc.html.erb @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Ruby on Rails Guides <% if document['work_in_progress']%>(WIP)<% end %> </li> <% end %> - </ul> + </ul> <% end %> <hr /> <ul> diff --git a/guides/source/layout.html.erb b/guides/source/layout.html.erb index bb50761b30..334595e4d2 100644 --- a/guides/source/layout.html.erb +++ b/guides/source/layout.html.erb @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ <li class="more-info"><a href="http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/">Blog</a></li> <li class="more-info"><a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/">Guides</a></li> <li class="more-info"><a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/">API</a></li> - <li class="more-info"><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/ruby-on-rails">Ask for help</a></li> + <li class="more-info"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/ruby-on-rails">Ask for help</a></li> <li class="more-info"><a href="https://github.com/rails/rails">Contribute on GitHub</a></li> </ul> </div> diff --git a/guides/source/plugins.md b/guides/source/plugins.md index 164207a9f9..0f0cde7634 100644 --- a/guides/source/plugins.md +++ b/guides/source/plugins.md @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ To test that your method does what it says it does, run the unit tests with `bin 2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips ``` -To see this in action, change to the test/dummy directory, fire up a console and start squawking: +To see this in action, change to the `test/dummy` directory, fire up a console and start squawking: ```bash $ bin/rails console @@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ send("#{self.class.yaffle_text_field}=", string.to_squawk) Generators ---------- -Generators can be included in your gem simply by creating them in a lib/generators directory of your plugin. More information about +Generators can be included in your gem simply by creating them in a `lib/generators` directory of your plugin. More information about the creation of generators can be found in the [Generators Guide](generators.html). Publishing Your Gem diff --git a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md index cef8450ee4..aa1476ecc0 100644 --- a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md +++ b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md @@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ use ActionDispatch::Flash use Rack::Head use Rack::ConditionalGet use Rack::ETag -run MyApp.application.routes +run MyApp::Application.routes ``` The default middlewares shown here (and some others) are each summarized in the [Internal Middlewares](#internal-middleware-stack) section, below. @@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ Resources ### Learning Rack -* [Official Rack Website](http://rack.github.io) +* [Official Rack Website](https://rack.github.io) * [Introducing Rack](http://chneukirchen.org/blog/archive/2007/02/introducing-rack.html) ### Understanding Middlewares diff --git a/guides/source/security.md b/guides/source/security.md index 56969c7aea..d0d7e12b0a 100644 --- a/guides/source/security.md +++ b/guides/source/security.md @@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ The most common entry points are message posts, user comments, and guest books, XSS attacks work like this: An attacker injects some code, the web application saves it and displays it on a page, later presented to a victim. Most XSS examples simply display an alert box, but it is more powerful than that. XSS can steal the cookie, hijack the session, redirect the victim to a fake website, display advertisements for the benefit of the attacker, change elements on the web site to get confidential information or install malicious software through security holes in the web browser. -During the second half of 2007, there were 88 vulnerabilities reported in Mozilla browsers, 22 in Safari, 18 in IE, and 12 in Opera. The [Symantec Global Internet Security threat report](http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-whitepaper_internet_security_threat_report_xiii_04-2008.en-us.pdf) also documented 239 browser plug-in vulnerabilities in the last six months of 2007. [Mpack](http://pandalabs.pandasecurity.com/mpack-uncovered/) is a very active and up-to-date attack framework which exploits these vulnerabilities. For criminal hackers, it is very attractive to exploit an SQL-Injection vulnerability in a web application framework and insert malicious code in every textual table column. In April 2008 more than 510,000 sites were hacked like this, among them the British government, United Nations, and many more high targets. +During the second half of 2007, there were 88 vulnerabilities reported in Mozilla browsers, 22 in Safari, 18 in IE, and 12 in Opera. The [Symantec Global Internet Security threat report](http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-whitepaper_internet_security_threat_report_xiii_04-2008.en-us.pdf) also documented 239 browser plug-in vulnerabilities in the last six months of 2007. [Mpack](http://pandalabs.pandasecurity.com/mpack-uncovered/) is a very active and up-to-date attack framework which exploits these vulnerabilities. For criminal hackers, it is very attractive to exploit an SQL-Injection vulnerability in a web application framework and insert malicious code in every textual table column. In April 2008 more than 510,000 sites were hacked like this, among them the British government, United Nations, and many more high profile targets. #### HTML/JavaScript Injection @@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ Here is a list of common headers: * **X-Content-Type-Options:** _'nosniff' in Rails by default_ - stops the browser from guessing the MIME type of a file. * **X-Content-Security-Policy:** [A powerful mechanism for controlling which sites certain content types can be loaded from](http://w3c.github.io/webappsec/specs/content-security-policy/csp-specification.dev.html) * **Access-Control-Allow-Origin:** Used to control which sites are allowed to bypass same origin policies and send cross-origin requests. -* **Strict-Transport-Security:** [Used to control if the browser is allowed to only access a site over a secure connection](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security) +* **Strict-Transport-Security:** [Used to control if the browser is allowed to only access a site over a secure connection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security) Environmental Security ---------------------- @@ -1060,7 +1060,7 @@ Additional Resources The security landscape shifts and it is important to keep up to date, because missing a new vulnerability can be catastrophic. You can find additional resources about (Rails) security here: -* Subscribe to the Rails security [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-security). -* [Brakeman - Rails Security Scanner](http://brakemanscanner.org/) - To perform static security analysis for Rails applications. +* Subscribe to the Rails security [mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rubyonrails-security). +* [Brakeman - Rails Security Scanner](https://brakemanscanner.org/) - To perform static security analysis for Rails applications. * [Keep up to date on the other application layers](http://secunia.com/) (they have a weekly newsletter, too). * A [good security blog](https://www.owasp.org) including the [Cross-Site scripting Cheat Sheet](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/DOM_based_XSS_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet). diff --git a/guides/source/testing.md b/guides/source/testing.md index 8141713e1e..4ee3267261 100644 --- a/guides/source/testing.md +++ b/guides/source/testing.md @@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ each of the seven default actions, you can use the following command: $ bin/rails generate test_unit:scaffold article ... invoke test_unit -create test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb +create test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb ... ``` @@ -1064,9 +1064,9 @@ end ### Setting Headers and CGI variables -[HTTP headers](http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc2616#section-5.3) +[HTTP headers](https://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc2616#section-5.3) and -[CGI variables](http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc3875#section-4.1) +[CGI variables](https://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc3875#section-4.1) can be passed as headers: ```ruby diff --git a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md index 651b86275a..d932fc8d8f 100644 --- a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md @@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ on the Rails blog. The errata for the `PATCH` verb [specifies that a 'diff' media type should be used with `PATCH`](http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=5789). One -such format is [JSON Patch](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902). While Rails +such format is [JSON Patch](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902). While Rails does not support JSON Patch natively, it's easy enough to add support: ``` @@ -1310,7 +1310,7 @@ get 'こんにちは', controller: 'welcome', action: 'index' get '/' => 'root#index' ``` -* Rails 4.0 has removed `ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport` middleware, `<!DOCTYPE html>` already triggers standards mode per http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj676915(v=vs.85).aspx and ChromeFrame header has been moved to `config.action_dispatch.default_headers`. +* Rails 4.0 has removed `ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport` middleware, `<!DOCTYPE html>` already triggers standards mode per https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj676915(v=vs.85).aspx and ChromeFrame header has been moved to `config.action_dispatch.default_headers`. Remember you must also remove any references to the middleware from your application code, for example: diff --git a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md index 304ac97b32..27cef2bd27 100644 --- a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md @@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ In order to understand Ajax, you must first understand what a web browser does normally. When you type `http://localhost:3000` into your browser's address bar and hit -'Go,' the browser (your 'client') makes a request to the server. It parses the +'Go', the browser (your 'client') makes a request to the server. It parses the response, then fetches all associated assets, like JavaScript files, stylesheets and images. It then assembles the page. If you click a link, it does the same process: fetch the page, fetch the assets, put it all together, -show you the results. This is called the 'request response cycle.' +show you the results. This is called the 'request response cycle'. JavaScript can also make requests to the server, and parse the response. It also has the ability to update information on the page. Combining these two @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ will show you how Rails can help you write websites in this way, but it's all built on top of this fairly simple technique. Unobtrusive JavaScript -------------------------------------- +---------------------- Rails uses a technique called "Unobtrusive JavaScript" to handle attaching JavaScript to the DOM. This is generally considered to be a best-practice @@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ JavaScript) in this style, and you can expect that many libraries will also follow this pattern. Built-in Helpers ----------------------- +---------------- ### Remote elements @@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ attributes to accomplish this. #### `data-method` Activating hyperlinks always results in an HTTP GET request. However, if your -application is [RESTful](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer), +application is [RESTful](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer), some links are in fact actions that change data on the server, and must be performed with non-GET requests. This attribute allows marking up such links with an explicit method such as "post", "put" or "delete". @@ -372,9 +372,9 @@ is also useful for manipulating form data before serialization. The `ajax:beforeSend` event is also useful for adding custom request headers. If you stop the `ajax:aborted:file` event, the default behavior of allowing the -browser to submit the form via normal means (i.e. non-AJAX submission) will be +browser to submit the form via normal means (i.e. non-Ajax submission) will be canceled and the form will not be submitted at all. This is useful for -implementing your own AJAX file upload workaround. +implementing your own Ajax file upload workaround. ### Rails-ujs event handlers |