diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'guides')
68 files changed, 5664 insertions, 1851 deletions
diff --git a/guides/CHANGELOG.md b/guides/CHANGELOG.md index 2770fc73e7..dd5ca4b395 100644 --- a/guides/CHANGELOG.md +++ b/guides/CHANGELOG.md @@ -1,27 +1,13 @@ -* Change Posts to Articles in Getting Started sample application in order to -better align with the actual guides. +* New section in Active Record Association Basics: Single Table Inheritance - *John Kelly Ferguson* + *Andrey Nering* -* Update all Rails 4.1.0 references to 4.1.1 within the guides and code. +* New section in Active Record Querying: Understanding The Method Chaining - *John Kelly Ferguson* + *Andrey Nering* -* Split up rows in the Explain Queries table of the ActiveRecord Querying section -in order to improve readability. +* New section in Configuring: Search Engines Indexing - *John Kelly Ferguson* + *Andrey Nering* -* Change all non-HTTP method 'post' references to 'article'. - - *John Kelly Ferguson* - -* Updates the maintenance policy to match the latest versions of Rails - - *Matias Korhonen* - -* Switched the order of `Applying a default scope` and `Merging of scopes` subsections so default scopes are introduced first. - - *Alex Riabov* - -Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes. +Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes. diff --git a/guides/Rakefile b/guides/Rakefile index 94d4be8c0a..3c2099ac02 100644 --- a/guides/Rakefile +++ b/guides/Rakefile @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace :guides do ruby "rails_guides.rb" end - desc "Generate .mobi file. The kindlegen executable must be in your PATH. You can get it for free from http://www.amazon.com/kindlepublishing" + desc "Generate .mobi file. The kindlegen executable must be in your PATH. You can get it for free from http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?docId=1000765211" task :kindle do unless `kindlerb -v 2> /dev/null` =~ /kindlerb 0.1.1/ abort "Please `gem install kindlerb` and make sure you have `kindlegen` in your PATH" @@ -34,11 +34,13 @@ namespace :guides do task :help do puts <<-help -Guides are taken from the source directory, and the resulting HTML goes into the +Guides are taken from the source directory, and the result goes into the output directory. Assets are stored under files, and copied to output/files as part of the generation process. -All this process is handled via rake tasks, here's a full list of them: +You can generate HTML, Kindle or both formats using the `guides:generate` task. + +All of these processes are handled via rake tasks, here's a full list of them: #{%x[rake -T]} Some arguments may be passed via environment variables: diff --git a/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico b/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico Binary files differindex e0e80cf8f1..faa10b4580 100644 --- a/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico +++ b/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png Binary files differindex 117a78a39f..c489e4c00e 100644 --- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png +++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css index 318a1ef1c7..ed558e4793 100644 --- a/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css +++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ pre, code { overflow: auto; color: #222; } -pre,tt,code,.note>p { +pre, tt, code { white-space: pre-wrap; /* css-3 */ white-space: -moz-pre-wrap !important; /* Mozilla, since 1999 */ white-space: -pre-wrap; /* Opera 4-6 */ diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb index 9387e3dc1d..032e6bfe11 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb @@ -1,14 +1,15 @@ # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against. -gem 'rails', '4.0.0' +gem 'rails', '4.2.0' require 'rails' +require 'rack/test' require 'action_controller/railtie' class TestApp < Rails::Application config.root = File.dirname(__FILE__) config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'cookie_store_key' - config.secret_token = 'secret_token' - config.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base' + secrets.secret_token = 'secret_token' + secrets.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base' config.logger = Logger.new($stdout) Rails.logger = config.logger @@ -27,7 +28,6 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base end require 'minitest/autorun' -require 'rack/test' # Ensure backward compatibility with Minitest 4 Minitest::Test = MiniTest::Unit::TestCase unless defined?(Minitest::Test) diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb index d44fd9196a..9be8130884 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb @@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ unless File.exist?('Gemfile') File.write('Gemfile', <<-GEMFILE) source 'https://rubygems.org' gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails' + gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel' GEMFILE system 'bundle' @@ -16,8 +17,8 @@ require 'action_controller/railtie' class TestApp < Rails::Application config.root = File.dirname(__FILE__) config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'cookie_store_key' - config.secret_token = 'secret_token' - config.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base' + secrets.secret_token = 'secret_token' + secrets.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base' config.logger = Logger.new($stdout) Rails.logger = config.logger diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb index d72633d0b2..b295d9d21f 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against. -gem 'activerecord', '4.0.0' +gem 'activerecord', '4.2.0' require 'active_record' require 'minitest/autorun' require 'logger' @@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: ':memory:' ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT) ActiveRecord::Schema.define do - create_table :posts do |t| + create_table :posts, force: true do |t| end - create_table :comments do |t| + create_table :comments, force: true do |t| t.integer :post_id end end diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb index d95354e12d..9557f0b7c5 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb @@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: ':memory:' ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT) ActiveRecord::Schema.define do - create_table :posts do |t| + create_table :posts, force: true do |t| end - create_table :comments do |t| + create_table :comments, force: true do |t| t.integer :post_id end end diff --git a/guides/rails_guides.rb b/guides/rails_guides.rb index 9d1d5567f6..367ed0b12e 100644 --- a/guides/rails_guides.rb +++ b/guides/rails_guides.rb @@ -1,13 +1,6 @@ pwd = File.dirname(__FILE__) $:.unshift pwd -# This is a predicate useful for the doc:guides task of applications. -def bundler? - # Note that rake sets the cwd to the one that contains the Rakefile - # being executed. - File.exist?('Gemfile') -end - begin # Guides generation in the Rails repo. as_lib = File.join(pwd, "../activesupport/lib") @@ -20,44 +13,5 @@ rescue LoadError gem "actionpack", '>= 3.0' end -begin - require 'redcarpet' -rescue LoadError - # This can happen if doc:guides is executed in an application. - $stderr.puts('Generating guides requires Redcarpet 3.1.2+.') - $stderr.puts(<<ERROR) if bundler? -Please add - - gem 'redcarpet', '~> 3.1.2' - -to the Gemfile, run - - bundle install - -and try again. -ERROR - exit 1 -end - -begin - require 'nokogiri' -rescue LoadError - # This can happen if doc:guides is executed in an application. - $stderr.puts('Generating guides requires Nokogiri.') - $stderr.puts(<<ERROR) if bundler? -Please add - - gem 'nokogiri' - -to the Gemfile, run - - bundle install - -and try again. -ERROR - exit 1 -end - -require 'rails_guides/markdown' require "rails_guides/generator" RailsGuides::Generator.new.generate diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb index aa900454c8..43f6f7eecf 100644 --- a/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb +++ b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb @@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank' require 'action_controller' require 'action_view' +require 'rails_guides/markdown' require 'rails_guides/indexer' require 'rails_guides/helpers' require 'rails_guides/levenshtein' diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb b/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb index 09eecd5634..32926622e3 100644 --- a/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb +++ b/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ module Kindle File.open("sections/%03d/_section.txt" % section_idx, 'w') {|f| f.puts title} doc.xpath("//h3[@id]").each_with_index do |h3,item_idx| subsection = h3.inner_text - content = h3.xpath("./following-sibling::*").take_while {|x| x.name != "h3"}.map {|x| x.to_html} + content = h3.xpath("./following-sibling::*").take_while {|x| x.name != "h3"}.map(&:to_html) item = Nokogiri::HTML(h3.to_html + content.join("\n")) item_path = "sections/%03d/%03d.html" % [section_idx, item_idx] add_head_section(item, subsection) diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb index 8a908a4339..36183fd321 100644 --- a/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb +++ b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb @@ -7,11 +7,9 @@ module RailsGuides t = str2 n = s.length m = t.length - max = n/2 return m if (0 == n) return n if (0 == m) - return n if (n - m).abs > max d = (0..m).to_a x = nil diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb b/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb index 1ea18ba9f5..17035069d0 100644 --- a/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb +++ b/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb @@ -47,7 +47,12 @@ module RailsGuides end def dom_id_text(text) - text.downcase.gsub(/\?/, '-questionmark').gsub(/!/, '-bang').gsub(/\s+/, '-') + escaped_chars = Regexp.escape('\\/`*_{}[]()#+-.!:,;|&<>^~=\'"') + + text.downcase.gsub(/\?/, '-questionmark') + .gsub(/!/, '-bang') + .gsub(/[#{escaped_chars}]+/, ' ').strip + .gsub(/\s+/, '-') end def engine diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb index 2eb7ca17a3..554d94ad50 100644 --- a/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb +++ b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb @@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ HTML end def paragraph(text) - if text =~ /^(TIP|IMPORTANT|CAUTION|WARNING|NOTE|INFO|TODO)[.:](.*?)/ + if text =~ /^(TIP|IMPORTANT|CAUTION|WARNING|NOTE|INFO|TODO)[.:]/ convert_notes(text) + elsif text.include?('DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB') elsif text =~ /^\[<sup>(\d+)\]:<\/sup> (.+)$/ linkback = %(<a href="#footnote-#{$1}-ref"><sup>#{$1}</sup></a>) %(<p class="footnote" id="footnote-#{$1}">#{linkback} #{$2}</p>) @@ -47,10 +48,10 @@ HTML case code_type when 'ruby', 'sql', 'plain' code_type - when 'erb' + when 'erb', 'html+erb' 'ruby; html-script: true' when 'html' - 'xml' # html is understood, but there are .xml rules in the CSS + 'xml' # HTML is understood, but there are .xml rules in the CSS else 'plain' end diff --git a/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md index 522f628a7e..be00087f63 100644 --- a/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md @@ -1,7 +1,9 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Ruby on Rails 2.2 Release Notes =============================== -Rails 2.2 delivers a number of new and improved features. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub. +Rails 2.2 delivers a number of new and improved features. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/2-2-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub. Along with Rails, 2.2 marks the launch of the [Ruby on Rails Guides](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/), the first results of the ongoing [Rails Guides hackfest](http://hackfest.rubyonrails.org/guide). This site will deliver high-quality documentation of the major features of Rails. diff --git a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md index 52eeb4c2bc..0a62f34371 100644 --- a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md @@ -1,7 +1,9 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Ruby on Rails 2.3 Release Notes =============================== -Rails 2.3 delivers a variety of new and improved features, including pervasive Rack integration, refreshed support for Rails Engines, nested transactions for Active Record, dynamic and default scopes, unified rendering, more efficient routing, application templates, and quiet backtraces. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub or review the `CHANGELOG` files for the individual Rails components. +Rails 2.3 delivers a variety of new and improved features, including pervasive Rack integration, refreshed support for Rails Engines, nested transactions for Active Record, dynamic and default scopes, unified rendering, more efficient routing, application templates, and quiet backtraces. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/2-3-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub or review the `CHANGELOG` files for the individual Rails components. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -185,7 +187,7 @@ MySQL supports a reconnect flag in its connections - if set to true, then the cl * Lead Contributor: [Dov Murik](http://twitter.com/dubek) * More information: - * [Controlling Automatic Reconnection Behavior](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/auto-reconnect.html) + * [Controlling Automatic Reconnection Behavior](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/auto-reconnect.html) * [MySQL auto-reconnect revisited](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-core/browse_thread/thread/49d2a7e9c96cb9f4) ### Other Active Record Changes diff --git a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md index aec3a383d6..9ad32e8168 100644 --- a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Ruby on Rails 3.0 Release Notes =============================== @@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ Even if you don't give a hoot about any of our internal cleanups, Rails 3.0 is g On top of all that, we've tried our best to deprecate the old APIs with nice warnings. That means that you can move your existing application to Rails 3 without immediately rewriting all your old code to the latest best practices. -These release notes cover the major upgrades, but don't include every little bug fix and change. Rails 3.0 consists of almost 4,000 commits by more than 250 authors! If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub. +These release notes cover the major upgrades, but don't include every little bug fix and change. Rails 3.0 consists of almost 4,000 commits by more than 250 authors! If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-0-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ More Information: - [Rails Edge Architecture](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/06/11/r [Arel](http://github.com/brynary/arel) (or Active Relation) has been taken on as the underpinnings of Active Record and is now required for Rails. Arel provides an SQL abstraction that simplifies out Active Record and provides the underpinnings for the relation functionality in Active Record. -More information: - [Why I wrote Arel](http://magicscalingsprinkles.wordpress.com/2010/01/28/why-i-wrote-arel/.) +More information: - [Why I wrote Arel](https://web.archive.org/web/20120718093140/http://magicscalingsprinkles.wordpress.com/2010/01/28/why-i-wrote-arel/) ### Mail Extraction @@ -298,7 +300,7 @@ Deprecations More Information: * [The Rails 3 Router: Rack it Up](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/12/26/the-rails-3-router-rack-it-up/) -* [Revamped Routes in Rails 3](http://rizwanreza.com/2009/12/20/revamped-routes-in-rails-3) +* [Revamped Routes in Rails 3](https://medium.com/fusion-of-thoughts/revamped-routes-in-rails-3-b6d00654e5b0) * [Generic Actions in Rails 3](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/12/20/generic-actions-in-rails-3/) @@ -545,7 +547,7 @@ These are the main changes in Active Support: * `String#to_time` and `String#to_datetime` handle fractional seconds. * Added support to new callbacks for around filter object that respond to `:before` and `:after` used in before and after callbacks. * The `ActiveSupport::OrderedHash#to_a` method returns an ordered set of arrays. Matches Ruby 1.9's `Hash#to_a`. -* `MissingSourceFile` exists as a constant but it is now just equals to `LoadError`. +* `MissingSourceFile` exists as a constant but it is now just equal to `LoadError`. * Added `Class#class_attribute`, to be able to declare a class-level attribute whose value is inheritable and overwritable by subclasses. * Finally removed `DeprecatedCallbacks` in `ActiveRecord::Associations`. * `Object#metaclass` is now `Kernel#singleton_class` to match Ruby. diff --git a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md index 7626296e7d..537aa5a371 100644 --- a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Ruby on Rails 3.1 Release Notes =============================== @@ -8,7 +10,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 3.1: * Assets Pipeline * jQuery as the default JavaScript library -This release notes cover the major changes, but don't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub. +These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug +fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of +commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-1-stable) in the main Rails +repository on GitHub. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -169,7 +174,7 @@ Rails Architectural Changes The major change in Rails 3.1 is the Assets Pipeline. It makes CSS and JavaScript first-class code citizens and enables proper organization, including use in plugins and engines. -The assets pipeline is powered by [Sprockets](https://github.com/sstephenson/sprockets) and is covered in the [Asset Pipeline](asset_pipeline.html) guide. +The assets pipeline is powered by [Sprockets](https://github.com/rails/sprockets) and is covered in the [Asset Pipeline](asset_pipeline.html) guide. ### HTTP Streaming diff --git a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md index 2416e1a228..6ddf77d9c0 100644 --- a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Ruby on Rails 3.2 Release Notes =============================== @@ -8,7 +10,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 3.2: * Automatic Query Explains * Tagged Logging -These release notes cover the major changes, but do not include each bug-fix and changes. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-2-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub. +These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug +fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of +commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-2-stable) in the main Rails +repository on GitHub. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md index 19c690233c..9feaff098a 100644 --- a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Ruby on Rails 4.0 Release Notes =============================== @@ -8,7 +10,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 4.0: * Turbolinks * Russian Doll Caching -These release notes cover only the major changes. To know about various bug fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub. +These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug +fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of +commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/4-0-stable) in the main Rails +repository on GitHub. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -54,25 +59,25 @@ Major Features ### Upgrade - * **Ruby 1.9.3** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a0380e808d3dbd2462df17f5d3b7fcd8bd812496)) - Ruby 2.0 preferred; 1.9.3+ required - * **[New deprecation policy](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6YgD6tVPQs)** - Deprecated features are warnings in Rails 4.0 and will be removed in Rails 4.1. - * **ActionPack page and action caching** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b0a7068564f0c95e7ef28fc39d0335ed17d93e90)) - Page and action caching are extracted to a separate gem. Page and action caching requires too much manual intervention (manually expiring caches when the underlying model objects are updated). Instead, use Russian doll caching. - * **ActiveRecord observers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ccecab3ba950a288b61a516bf9b6962e384aae0b)) - Observers are extracted to a separate gem. Observers are only needed for page and action caching, and can lead to spaghetti code. - * **ActiveRecord session store** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0ffe19056c8e8b2f9ae9d487b896cad2ce9387ad)) - The ActiveRecord session store is extracted to a separate gem. Storing sessions in SQL is costly. Instead, use cookie sessions, memcache sessions, or a custom session store. - * **ActiveModel mass assignment protection** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f8c9a4d3e88181cee644f91e1342bfe896ca64c6)) - Rails 3 mass assignment protection is deprecated. Instead, use strong parameters. - * **ActiveResource** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1637bf2bb00490203503fbd943b73406e043d1d)) - ActiveResource is extracted to a separate gem. ActiveResource was not widely used. - * **vendor/plugins removed** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/853de2bd9ac572735fa6cf59fcf827e485a231c3)) - Use a Gemfile to manage installed gems. +* **Ruby 1.9.3** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a0380e808d3dbd2462df17f5d3b7fcd8bd812496)) - Ruby 2.0 preferred; 1.9.3+ required +* **[New deprecation policy](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6YgD6tVPQs)** - Deprecated features are warnings in Rails 4.0 and will be removed in Rails 4.1. +* **ActionPack page and action caching** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b0a7068564f0c95e7ef28fc39d0335ed17d93e90)) - Page and action caching are extracted to a separate gem. Page and action caching requires too much manual intervention (manually expiring caches when the underlying model objects are updated). Instead, use Russian doll caching. +* **ActiveRecord observers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ccecab3ba950a288b61a516bf9b6962e384aae0b)) - Observers are extracted to a separate gem. Observers are only needed for page and action caching, and can lead to spaghetti code. +* **ActiveRecord session store** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0ffe19056c8e8b2f9ae9d487b896cad2ce9387ad)) - The ActiveRecord session store is extracted to a separate gem. Storing sessions in SQL is costly. Instead, use cookie sessions, memcache sessions, or a custom session store. +* **ActiveModel mass assignment protection** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f8c9a4d3e88181cee644f91e1342bfe896ca64c6)) - Rails 3 mass assignment protection is deprecated. Instead, use strong parameters. +* **ActiveResource** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1637bf2bb00490203503fbd943b73406e043d1d)) - ActiveResource is extracted to a separate gem. ActiveResource was not widely used. +* **vendor/plugins removed** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/853de2bd9ac572735fa6cf59fcf827e485a231c3)) - Use a Gemfile to manage installed gems. ### ActionPack - * **Strong parameters** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a8f6d5c6450a7fe058348a7f10a908352bb6c7fc)) - Only allow whitelisted parameters to update model objects (`params.permit(:title, :text)`). - * **Routing concerns** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0dd24728a088fcb4ae616bb5d62734aca5276b1b)) - In the routing DSL, factor out common subroutes (`comments` from `/posts/1/comments` and `/videos/1/comments`). - * **ActionController::Live** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/af0a9f9eefaee3a8120cfd8d05cbc431af376da3)) - Stream JSON with `response.stream`. - * **Declarative ETags** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed5c938fa36995f06d4917d9543ba78ed506bb8d)) - Add controller-level etag additions that will be part of the action etag computation - * **[Russian doll caching](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works)** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4154bf012d2bec2aae79e4a49aa94a70d3e91d49)) - Cache nested fragments of views. Each fragment expires based on a set of dependencies (a cache key). The cache key is usually a template version number and a model object. - * **Turbolinks** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e35d8b18d0649c0ecc58f6b73df6b3c8d0c6bb74)) - Serve only one initial HTML page. When the user navigates to another page, use pushState to update the URL and use AJAX to update the title and body. - * **Decouple ActionView from ActionController** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/78b0934dd1bb84e8f093fb8ef95ca99b297b51cd)) - ActionView was decoupled from ActionPack and will be moved to a separated gem in Rails 4.1. - * **Do not depend on ActiveModel** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/166dbaa7526a96fdf046f093f25b0a134b277a68)) - ActionPack no longer depends on ActiveModel. +* **Strong parameters** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a8f6d5c6450a7fe058348a7f10a908352bb6c7fc)) - Only allow whitelisted parameters to update model objects (`params.permit(:title, :text)`). +* **Routing concerns** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0dd24728a088fcb4ae616bb5d62734aca5276b1b)) - In the routing DSL, factor out common subroutes (`comments` from `/posts/1/comments` and `/videos/1/comments`). +* **ActionController::Live** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/af0a9f9eefaee3a8120cfd8d05cbc431af376da3)) - Stream JSON with `response.stream`. +* **Declarative ETags** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed5c938fa36995f06d4917d9543ba78ed506bb8d)) - Add controller-level etag additions that will be part of the action etag computation. +* **[Russian doll caching](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works)** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4154bf012d2bec2aae79e4a49aa94a70d3e91d49)) - Cache nested fragments of views. Each fragment expires based on a set of dependencies (a cache key). The cache key is usually a template version number and a model object. +* **Turbolinks** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e35d8b18d0649c0ecc58f6b73df6b3c8d0c6bb74)) - Serve only one initial HTML page. When the user navigates to another page, use pushState to update the URL and use AJAX to update the title and body. +* **Decouple ActionView from ActionController** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/78b0934dd1bb84e8f093fb8ef95ca99b297b51cd)) - ActionView was decoupled from ActionPack and will be moved to a separated gem in Rails 4.1. +* **Do not depend on ActiveModel** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/166dbaa7526a96fdf046f093f25b0a134b277a68)) - ActionPack no longer depends on ActiveModel. ### General @@ -82,14 +87,17 @@ Major Features * **Support for specifying transaction isolation level** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/392eeecc11a291e406db927a18b75f41b2658253)) - Choose whether repeatable reads or improved performance (less locking) is more important. * **Dalli** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/82663306f428a5bbc90c511458432afb26d2f238)) - Use Dalli memcache client for the memcache store. * **Notifications start & finish** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f08f8750a512f741acb004d0cebe210c5f949f28)) - Active Support instrumentation reports start and finish notifications to subscribers. - * **Thread safe by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5d416b907864d99af55ebaa400fff217e17570cd)) - Rails can run in threaded app servers without additional configuration. Note: Check that the gems you are using are threadsafe. + * **Thread safe by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5d416b907864d99af55ebaa400fff217e17570cd)) - Rails can run in threaded app servers without additional configuration. + +NOTE: Check that the gems you are using are threadsafe. + * **PATCH verb** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/eed9f2539e3ab5a68e798802f464b8e4e95e619e)) - In Rails, PATCH replaces PUT. PATCH is used for partial updates of resources. ### Security - * **match do not catch all** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/90d2802b71a6e89aedfe40564a37bd35f777e541)) - In the routing DSL, match requires the HTTP verb or verbs to be specified. - * **html entities escaped by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5f189f41258b83d49012ec5a0678d827327e7543)) - Strings rendered in erb are escaped unless wrapped with `raw` or `html_safe` is called. - * **New security headers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6794e92b204572d75a07bd6413bdae6ae22d5a82)) - Rails sends the following headers with every HTTP request: `X-Frame-Options` (prevents clickjacking by forbidding the browser from embedding the page in a frame), `X-XSS-Protection` (asks the browser to halt script injection) and `X-Content-Type-Options` (prevents the browser from opening a jpeg as an exe). +* **match do not catch all** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/90d2802b71a6e89aedfe40564a37bd35f777e541)) - In the routing DSL, match requires the HTTP verb or verbs to be specified. +* **html entities escaped by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5f189f41258b83d49012ec5a0678d827327e7543)) - Strings rendered in erb are escaped unless wrapped with `raw` or `html_safe` is called. +* **New security headers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6794e92b204572d75a07bd6413bdae6ae22d5a82)) - Rails sends the following headers with every HTTP request: `X-Frame-Options` (prevents clickjacking by forbidding the browser from embedding the page in a frame), `X-XSS-Protection` (asks the browser to halt script injection) and `X-Content-Type-Options` (prevents the browser from opening a jpeg as an exe). Extraction of features to gems --------------------------- @@ -176,7 +184,7 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/a * `String#to_date` now raises `ArgumentError: invalid date` instead of `NoMethodError: undefined method 'div' for nil:NilClass` when given an invalid date. It is now the same as `Date.parse`, and it accepts more invalid dates than 3.x, such as: - ``` + ```ruby # ActiveSupport 3.x "asdf".to_date # => NoMethodError: undefined method `div' for nil:NilClass "333".to_date # => NoMethodError: undefined method `div' for nil:NilClass @@ -226,11 +234,11 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/a The method `change_table` is also reversible, as long as its block doesn't call `remove`, `change` or `change_default` * New method `reversible` makes it possible to specify code to be run when migrating up or down. - See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/migrations.md#using-the-reversible-method) + See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md#using-reversible) * New method `revert` will revert a whole migration or the given block. If migrating down, the given migration / block is run normally. - See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/migrations.md#reverting-previous-migrations) + See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md#reverting-previous-migrations) * Adds PostgreSQL array type support. Any datatype can be used to create an array column, with full migration and schema dumper support. diff --git a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md index 822943d81e..6bf65757ec 100644 --- a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Ruby on Rails 4.1 Release Notes =============================== @@ -8,10 +10,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 4.1: * Action Pack variants * Action Mailer previews -These release notes cover only the major changes. To know about various bug -fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the -[list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main -Rails repository on GitHub. +These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug +fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of +commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/4-1-stable) in the main Rails +repository on GitHub. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ end ### Action Mailer Previews -Action Mailer previews provide a way to visually see how emails look by visiting +Action Mailer previews provide a way to see how emails look by visiting a special URL that renders them. You implement a preview class whose methods return the mail object you'd like @@ -157,7 +159,7 @@ By default, these preview classes live in `test/mailers/previews`. This can be configured using the `preview_path` option. See its -[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html) +[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html#class-ActionMailer::Base-label-Previewing+emails) for a detailed write up. ### Active Record enums @@ -315,15 +317,15 @@ for detailed changes. * Removed deprecated constants from Action Controller: - | Removed | Successor | - |:-----------------------------------|:--------------------------------| - | ActionController::AbstractRequest | ActionDispatch::Request | - | ActionController::Request | ActionDispatch::Request | - | ActionController::AbstractResponse | ActionDispatch::Response | - | ActionController::Response | ActionDispatch::Response | - | ActionController::Routing | ActionDispatch::Routing | - | ActionController::Integration | ActionDispatch::Integration | - | ActionController::IntegrationTest | ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest | +| Removed | Successor | +|:-----------------------------------|:--------------------------------| +| ActionController::AbstractRequest | ActionDispatch::Request | +| ActionController::Request | ActionDispatch::Request | +| ActionController::AbstractResponse | ActionDispatch::Response | +| ActionController::Response | ActionDispatch::Response | +| ActionController::Routing | ActionDispatch::Routing | +| ActionController::Integration | ActionDispatch::Integration | +| ActionController::IntegrationTest | ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest | ### Notable changes diff --git a/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md index 1bb912b678..684bd286bc 100644 --- a/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md @@ -1,12 +1,20 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Ruby on Rails 4.2 Release Notes =============================== Highlights in Rails 4.2: -These release notes cover only the major changes. To know about various bug -fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the -[list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main -Rails repository on GitHub. +* Active Job +* Asynchronous mails +* Adequate Record +* Web Console +* Foreign key support + +These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about other +features, bug fixes, and changes, please refer to the changelogs or check out +the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/4-2-stable) in +the main Rails repository on GitHub. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -16,16 +24,116 @@ Upgrading to Rails 4.2 If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 4.1 in case you haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting -an update to Rails 4.2. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is -available in the -[Upgrading Ruby on Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#upgrading-from-rails-4-1-to-rails-4-2) -guide. +to upgrade to Rails 4.2. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is +available in the guide [Upgrading Ruby on +Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#upgrading-from-rails-4-1-to-rails-4-2). Major Features -------------- -### Foreign key support +### Active Job + +Active Job is a new framework in Rails 4.2. It is a common interface on top of +queuing systems like [Resque](https://github.com/resque/resque), [Delayed +Job](https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job), +[Sidekiq](https://github.com/mperham/sidekiq), and more. + +Jobs written with the Active Job API run on any of the supported queues thanks +to their respective adapters. Active Job comes pre-configured with an inline +runner that executes jobs right away. + +Jobs often need to take Active Record objects as arguments. Active Job passes +object references as URIs (uniform resource identifiers) instead of marshaling +the object itself. The new [Global ID](https://github.com/rails/globalid) +library builds URIs and looks up the objects they reference. Passing Active +Record objects as job arguments just works by using Global ID internally. + +For example, if `trashable` is an Active Record object, then this job runs +just fine with no serialization involved: + +```ruby +class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base + def perform(trashable, depth) + trashable.cleanup(depth) + end +end +``` + +See the [Active Job Basics](active_job_basics.html) guide for more +information. + +### Asynchronous Mails + +Building on top of Active Job, Action Mailer now comes with a `deliver_later` +method that sends emails via the queue, so it doesn't block the controller or +model if the queue is asynchronous (the default inline queue blocks). + +Sending emails right away is still possible with `deliver_now`. + +### Adequate Record + +Adequate Record is a set of performance improvements in Active Record that makes +common `find` and `find_by` calls and some association queries up to 2x faster. + +It works by caching common SQL queries as prepared statements and reusing them +on similar calls, skipping most of the query-generation work on subsequent +calls. For more details, please refer to [Aaron Patterson's blog +post](http://tenderlovemaking.com/2014/02/19/adequaterecord-pro-like-activerecord.html). + +Active Record will automatically take advantage of this feature on +supported operations without any user involvement or code changes. Here are +some examples of supported operations: + +```ruby +Post.find(1) # First call generates and cache the prepared statement +Post.find(2) # Subsequent calls reuse the cached prepared statement + +Post.find_by_title('first post') +Post.find_by_title('second post') + +Post.find_by(title: 'first post') +Post.find_by(title: 'second post') + +post.comments +post.comments(true) +``` + +It's important to highlight that, as the examples above suggest, the prepared +statements do not cache the values passed in the method calls; rather, they +have placeholders for them. + +Caching is not used in the following scenarios: + +- The model has a default scope +- The model uses single table inheritance +- `find` with a list of ids, e.g.: + + ```ruby + # not cached + Post.find(1, 2, 3) + Post.find([1,2]) + ``` + +- `find_by` with SQL fragments: + + ```ruby + Post.find_by('published_at < ?', 2.weeks.ago) + ``` + +### Web Console + +New applications generated with Rails 4.2 now come with the [Web +Console](https://github.com/rails/web-console) gem by default. Web Console adds +an interactive Ruby console on every error page and provides a `console` view +and controller helpers. + +The interactive console on error pages lets you execute code in the context of +the place where the exception originated. The `console` helper, if called +anywhere in a view or controller, launches an interactive console with the final +context, once rendering has completed. + +### Foreign Key Support The migration DSL now supports adding and removing foreign keys. They are dumped to `schema.rb` as well. At this time, only the `mysql`, `mysql2` and `postgresql` @@ -52,273 +160,720 @@ and for a full description. +Incompatibilities +----------------- + +Previously deprecated functionality has been removed. Please refer to the +individual components for new deprecations in this release. + +The following changes may require immediate action upon upgrade. + +### `render` with a String Argument + +Previously, calling `render "foo/bar"` in a controller action was equivalent to +`render file: "foo/bar"`. In Rails 4.2, this has been changed to mean +`render template: "foo/bar"` instead. If you need to render a file, please +change your code to use the explicit form (`render file: "foo/bar"`) instead. + +### `respond_with` / Class-Level `respond_to` + +`respond_with` and the corresponding class-level `respond_to` have been moved +to the [responders](https://github.com/plataformatec/responders) gem. Add +`gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` to your Gemfile to use it: + +```ruby +# app/controllers/users_controller.rb + +class UsersController < ApplicationController + respond_to :html, :json + + def show + @user = User.find(params[:id]) + respond_with @user + end +end +``` + +Instance-level `respond_to` is unaffected: + +```ruby +# app/controllers/users_controller.rb + +class UsersController < ApplicationController + def show + @user = User.find(params[:id]) + respond_to do |format| + format.html + format.json { render json: @user } + end + end +end +``` + +### Default Host for `rails server` + +Due to a [change in Rack](https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/28b014484a8ac0bbb388e7eaeeef159598ec64fc), +`rails server` now listens on `localhost` instead of `0.0.0.0` by default. This +should have minimal impact on the standard development workflow as both +http://127.0.0.1:3000 and http://localhost:3000 will continue to work as before +on your own machine. + +However, with this change you will no longer be able to access the Rails +server from a different machine, for example if your development environment +is in a virtual machine and you would like to access it from the host machine. +In such cases, please start the server with `rails server -b 0.0.0.0` to +restore the old behavior. + +If you do this, be sure to configure your firewall properly such that only +trusted machines on your network can access your development server. + +### HTML Sanitizer + +The HTML sanitizer has been replaced with a new, more robust, implementation +built upon [Loofah](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah) and +[Nokogiri](https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri). The new sanitizer is +more secure and its sanitization is more powerful and flexible. + +Due to the new algorithm, the sanitized output may be different for certain +pathological inputs. + +If you have a particular need for the exact output of the old sanitizer, you +can add the [rails-deprecated_sanitizer](https://github.com/kaspth/rails-deprecated_sanitizer) +gem to the `Gemfile`, to have the old behavior. The gem does not issue +deprecation warnings because it is opt-in. + +`rails-deprecated_sanitizer` will be supported for Rails 4.2 only; it will not +be maintained for Rails 5.0. + +See [this blog post](http://blog.plataformatec.com.br/2014/07/the-new-html-sanitizer-in-rails-4-2/) +for more details on the changes in the new sanitizer. + +### `assert_select` + +`assert_select` is now based on [Nokogiri](https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri). +As a result, some previously-valid selectors are now unsupported. If your +application is using any of these spellings, you will need to update them: + +* Values in attribute selectors may need to be quoted if they contain + non-alphanumeric characters. + + ```ruby + # before + a[href=/] + a[href$=/] + + # now + a[href="/"] + a[href$="/"] + ``` + +* DOMs built from HTML source containing invalid HTML with improperly + nested elements may differ. + + For example: + + ```ruby + # content: <div><i><p></i></div> + + # before: + assert_select('div > i') # => true + assert_select('div > p') # => false + assert_select('i > p') # => true + + # now: + assert_select('div > i') # => true + assert_select('div > p') # => true + assert_select('i > p') # => false + ``` + +* If the data selected contains entities, the value selected for comparison + used to be raw (e.g. `AT&T`), and now is evaluated + (e.g. `AT&T`). + + ```ruby + # content: <p>AT&T</p> + + # before: + assert_select('p', 'AT&T') # => true + assert_select('p', 'AT&T') # => false + + # now: + assert_select('p', 'AT&T') # => true + assert_select('p', 'AT&T') # => false + ``` + +Furthermore substitutions have changed syntax. + +Now you have to use a `:match` CSS-like selector: + +```ruby +assert_select ":match('id', ?)", 'comment_1' +``` + +Additionally Regexp substitutions look different when the assertion fails. +Notice how `/hello/` here: + +```ruby +assert_select(":match('id', ?)", /hello/) +``` + +becomes `"(?-mix:hello)"`: + +``` +Expected at least 1 element matching "div:match('id', "(?-mix:hello)")", found 0.. +Expected 0 to be >= 1. +``` + +See the [Rails Dom Testing](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing/tree/8798b9349fb9540ad8cb9a0ce6cb88d1384a210b) documentation for more on `assert_select`. + + Railties -------- -Please refer to the -[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md) -for detailed changes. +Please refer to the [Changelog][railties] for detailed changes. ### Removals -* The `rails application` command has been removed without replacement. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11616)) +* The `--skip-action-view` option has been removed from the + app generator. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17042)) + +* The `rails application` command has been removed without replacement. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11616)) + +### Deprecations + +* Deprecated missing `config.log_level` for production environments. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16622)) + +* Deprecated `rake test:all` in favor of `rake test` as it now run all tests + in the `test` folder. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17348)) + +* Deprecated `rake test:all:db` in favor of `rake test:db`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17348)) + +* Deprecated `Rails::Rack::LogTailer` without replacement. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/84a13e019e93efaa8994b3f8303d635a7702dbce)) ### Notable changes -* Introduced `bin/setup` script to bootstrap an application. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15189)) +* Introduced `web-console` in the default application Gemfile. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11667)) + +* Added a `required` option to the model generator for associations. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16062)) + +* Introduced the `x` namespace for defining custom configuration options: -* Changed default value for `config.assets.digest` to `true` in development. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15155)) + ```ruby + # config/environments/production.rb + config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily + config.x.payment_processing.retries = 3 + config.x.super_debugger = true + ``` -* Introduced an API to register new extensions for `rake notes`. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14379)) + These options are then available through the configuration object: -* Introduced `Rails.gem_version` as a convenience method to return `Gem::Version.new(Rails.version)`. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14101)) + ```ruby + Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.schedule # => :daily + Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.retries # => 3 + Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger # => true + ``` + + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/611849772dd66c2e4d005dcfe153f7ce79a8a7db)) + +* Introduced `Rails::Application.config_for` to load a configuration for the + current environment. + + ```ruby + # config/exception_notification.yml: + production: + url: http://127.0.0.1:8080 + namespace: my_app_production + development: + url: http://localhost:3001 + namespace: my_app_development + + # config/production.rb + Rails.application.configure do + config.middleware.use ExceptionNotifier, config_for(:exception_notification) + end + ``` + + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16129)) + +* Introduced a `--skip-turbolinks` option in the app generator to not generate + turbolinks integration. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/bf17c8a531bc8059d50ad731398002a3e7162a7d)) + +* Introduced a `bin/setup` script as a convention for automated setup code when + bootstrapping an application. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15189)) + +* Changed the default value for `config.assets.digest` to `true` in development. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15155)) + +* Introduced an API to register new extensions for `rake notes`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14379)) + +* Introduced an `after_bundle` callback for use in Rails templates. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16359)) + +* Introduced `Rails.gem_version` as a convenience method to return + `Gem::Version.new(Rails.version)`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14101)) Action Pack ----------- -Please refer to the -[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) -for detailed changes. +Please refer to the [Changelog][action-pack] for detailed changes. -### Deprecations +### Removals -* Deprecated support for setting the `:to` option of a router to a symbol or a - string that does not contain a `#` character: +* `respond_with` and the class-level `respond_to` have been removed from Rails and + moved to the `responders` gem (version 2.0). Add `gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` + to your `Gemfile` to continue using these features. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16526), + [More Details](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#responders)) - get '/posts', to: MyRackApp => (No change necessary) - get '/posts', to: 'post#index' => (No change necessary) - get '/posts', to: 'posts' => get '/posts', controller: :posts - get '/posts', to: :index => get '/posts', action: :index +* Removed deprecated `AbstractController::Helpers::ClassMethods::MissingHelperError` + in favor of `AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a1ddde15ae0d612ff2973de9cf768ed701b594e8)) - ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/cc26b6b7bccf0eea2e2c1a9ebdcc9d30ca7390d9)) +### Deprecations -### Notable changes +* Deprecated the `only_path` option on `*_path` helpers. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/aa1fadd48fb40dd9396a383696134a259aa59db9)) -* The `*_filter` family methods has been removed from the documentation. Their - usage are discouraged in favor of the `*_action` family methods: +* Deprecated `assert_tag`, `assert_no_tag`, `find_tag` and `find_all_tag` in + favor of `assert_select`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing/commit/b12850bc5ff23ba4b599bf2770874dd4f11bf750)) - after_filter => after_action - append_after_filter => append_after_action - append_around_filter => append_around_action - append_before_filter => append_before_action - around_filter => around_action - before_filter => before_action - prepend_after_filter => prepend_after_action - prepend_around_filter => prepend_around_action - prepend_before_filter => prepend_before_action - skip_after_filter => skip_after_action - skip_around_filter => skip_around_action - skip_before_filter => skip_before_action - skip_filter => skip_action_callback +* Deprecated support for setting the `:to` option of a router to a symbol or a + string that does not contain a "#" character: - If your application is depending on these methods, you should use the - replacement `*_action` methods instead. These methods will be deprecated in - the future and eventually removed from Rails. - (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6c5f43bab8206747a8591435b2aa0ff7051ad3de), - [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/489a8f2a44dc9cea09154ee1ee2557d1f037c7d4)) + ```ruby + get '/posts', to: MyRackApp => (No change necessary) + get '/posts', to: 'post#index' => (No change necessary) + get '/posts', to: 'posts' => get '/posts', controller: :posts + get '/posts', to: :index => get '/posts', action: :index + ``` -* Added HTTP method `MKCALENDAR` from RFC-4791 - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15121)) + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/cc26b6b7bccf0eea2e2c1a9ebdcc9d30ca7390d9)) -* `*_fragment.action_controller` notifications now include the controller and action name - in the payload. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14137)) +* Deprecated support for string keys in URL helpers: -* Segments that are passed into URL helpers are now automatically escaped. - ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5460591f0226a9d248b7b4f89186bd5553e7768f)) + ```ruby + # bad + root_path('controller' => 'posts', 'action' => 'index') -* Improved Routing Error page with fuzzy matching for route search. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14619)) + # good + root_path(controller: 'posts', action: 'index') + ``` -* Added option to disable logging of CSRF failures. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14280)) + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17743)) +### Notable changes + +* The `*_filter` family of methods have been removed from the documentation. Their + usage is discouraged in favor of the `*_action` family of methods: + + ``` + after_filter => after_action + append_after_filter => append_after_action + append_around_filter => append_around_action + append_before_filter => append_before_action + around_filter => around_action + before_filter => before_action + prepend_after_filter => prepend_after_action + prepend_around_filter => prepend_around_action + prepend_before_filter => prepend_before_action + skip_after_filter => skip_after_action + skip_around_filter => skip_around_action + skip_before_filter => skip_before_action + skip_filter => skip_action_callback + ``` + + If your application currently depends on these methods, you should use the + replacement `*_action` methods instead. These methods will be deprecated in + the future and will eventually be removed from Rails. + + (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6c5f43bab8206747a8591435b2aa0ff7051ad3de), + [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/489a8f2a44dc9cea09154ee1ee2557d1f037c7d4)) + +* `render nothing: true` or rendering a `nil` body no longer add a single + space padding to the response body. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14883)) + +* Rails now automatically includes the template's digest in ETags. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16527)) + +* Segments that are passed into URL helpers are now automatically escaped. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5460591f0226a9d248b7b4f89186bd5553e7768f)) + +* Introduced the `always_permitted_parameters` option to configure which + parameters are permitted globally. The default value of this configuration + is `['controller', 'action']`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15933)) + +* Added the HTTP method `MKCALENDAR` from [RFC 4791](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4791). + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15121)) + +* `*_fragment.action_controller` notifications now include the controller + and action name in the payload. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14137)) + +* Improved the Routing Error page with fuzzy matching for route search. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14619)) + +* Added an option to disable logging of CSRF failures. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14280)) + +* When the Rails server is set to serve static assets, gzip assets will now be + served if the client supports it and a pre-generated gzip file (`.gz`) is on disk. + By default the asset pipeline generates `.gz` files for all compressible assets. + Serving gzip files minimizes data transfer and speeds up asset requests. Always + [use a CDN](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/asset_pipeline.html#cdns) if you are + serving assets from your Rails server in production. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16466)) + +* When calling the `process` helpers in an integration test the path needs to have + a leading slash. Previously you could omit it but that was a byproduct of the + implementation and not an intentional feature, e.g.: + + ```ruby + test "list all posts" do + get "/posts" + assert_response :success + end + ``` Action View -------------- +----------- -Please refer to the -[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md) -for detailed changes. +Please refer to the [Changelog][action-view] for detailed changes. ### Deprecations -* Deprecated `AbstractController::Base.parent_prefixes`. - Override `AbstractController::Base.local_prefixes` when you want to change - where to find views. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15026)) +* Deprecated `AbstractController::Base.parent_prefixes`. + Override `AbstractController::Base.local_prefixes` when you want to change + where to find views. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15026)) -* Deprecated `ActionView::Digestor#digest(name, format, finder, options = {})`, - arguments should be passed as a hash instead. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14243)) +* Deprecated `ActionView::Digestor#digest(name, format, finder, options = {})`. + Arguments should be passed as a hash instead. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14243)) ### Notable changes +* `render "foo/bar"` now expands to `render template: "foo/bar"` instead of + `render file: "foo/bar"`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16888)) + +* The form helpers no longer generate a `<div>` element with inline CSS around + the hidden fields. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14738)) + +* Introduced a `#{partial_name}_iteration` special local variable for use with + partials that are rendered with a collection. It provides access to the + current state of the iteration via the `index`, `size`, `first?` and + `last?` methods. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/7698)) + +* Placeholder I18n follows the same convention as `label` I18n. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16438)) + Action Mailer ------------- -Please refer to the -[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) -for detailed changes. +Please refer to the [Changelog][action-mailer] for detailed changes. + +### Deprecations + +* Deprecated `*_path` helpers in mailers. Always use `*_url` helpers instead. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15840)) + +* Deprecated `deliver` / `deliver!` in favor of `deliver_now` / `deliver_now!`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16582)) ### Notable changes +* `link_to` and `url_for` generate absolute URLs by default in templates, + it is no longer needed to pass `only_path: false`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9685080a7677abfa5d288a81c3e078368c6bb67c)) + +* Introduced `deliver_later` which enqueues a job on the application's queue + to deliver emails asynchronously. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16485)) + +* Added the `show_previews` configuration option for enabling mailer previews + outside of the development environment. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15970)) + Active Record ------------- -Please refer to the -[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) -for detailed changes. +Please refer to the [Changelog][active-record] for detailed changes. ### Removals -* Removed deprecated method `ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column`. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15612)) +* Removed `cache_attributes` and friends. All attributes are cached. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15429)) -* Removed deprecated `ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name`. Use the - `proper_table_name` instance method on `ActiveRecord::Migration` instead. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15512)) +* Removed deprecated method `ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15612)) -* Removed `cache_attributes` and friends. All attributes are cached. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15429)) +* Removed deprecated `ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name`. Use the + `proper_table_name` instance method on `ActiveRecord::Migration` instead. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15512)) -* Removed unused `:timestamp` type. Transparently alias it to `:datetime` - in all cases. Fixes inconsistencies when column types are sent outside of - `ActiveRecord`, such as for XML Serialization. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15184)) +* Removed unused `:timestamp` type. Transparently alias it to `:datetime` + in all cases. Fixes inconsistencies when column types are sent outside of + Active Record, such as for XML serialization. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15184)) ### Deprecations -* Deprecated returning `nil` from `column_for_attribute` when no column exists. - It will return a null object in Rails 5.0 - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15878)) +* Deprecated swallowing of errors inside `after_commit` and `after_rollback`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16537)) + +* Deprecated broken support for automatic detection of counter caches on + `has_many :through` associations. You should instead manually specify the + counter cache on the `has_many` and `belongs_to` associations for the + through records. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15754)) + +* Deprecated passing Active Record objects to `.find` or `.exists?`. Call + `id` on the objects first. + (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d92ae6ccca3bcfd73546d612efaea011270bd270), + [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d35f0033c7dec2b8d8b52058fb8db495d49596f7)) + +* Deprecated half-baked support for PostgreSQL range values with excluding + beginnings. We currently map PostgreSQL ranges to Ruby ranges. This conversion + is not fully possible because Ruby ranges do not support excluded beginnings. + + The current solution of incrementing the beginning is not correct + and is now deprecated. For subtypes where we don't know how to increment + (e.g. `succ` is not defined) it will raise an `ArgumentError` for ranges + with excluding beginnings. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/91949e48cf41af9f3e4ffba3e5eecf9b0a08bfc3)) -* Deprecated `serialized_attributes` without replacement. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15704)) +* Deprecated calling `DatabaseTasks.load_schema` without a connection. Use + `DatabaseTasks.load_schema_current` instead. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f15cef67f75e4b52fd45655d7c6ab6b35623c608)) -* Deprecated using `.joins`, `.preload` and `.eager_load` with associations that - depends on the instance state (i.e. those defined with a scope that takes an - argument) without replacement. - ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed56e596a0467390011bc9d56d462539776adac1)) +* Deprecated `sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions` without replacement. Using a + `Relation` for performing queries and updates is the preferred API. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d5902c9e)) -* Deprecated passing Active Record objects to `.find` or `.exists?`. Call `#id` - on the objects first. - (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d92ae6ccca3bcfd73546d612efaea011270bd270), - [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d35f0033c7dec2b8d8b52058fb8db495d49596f7)) +* Deprecated `add_timestamps` and `t.timestamps` without passing the `:null` + option. The default of `null: true` will change in Rails 5 to `null: false`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16481)) -* Deprecated half-baked support for PostgreSQL range values with excluding - beginnings. We currently map PostgreSQL ranges to Ruby ranges. This conversion - is not fully possible because the Ruby range does not support excluded - beginnings. +* Deprecated `Reflection#source_macro` without replacement as it is no longer + needed in Active Record. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16373)) - The current solution of incrementing the beginning is not correct and is now - deprecated. For subtypes where we don't know how to increment (e.g. `#succ` - is not defined) it will raise an `ArgumentError` for ranges with excluding - beginnings. +* Deprecated `serialized_attributes` without replacement. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15704)) - ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/91949e48cf41af9f3e4ffba3e5eecf9b0a08bfc3)) +* Deprecated returning `nil` from `column_for_attribute` when no column + exists. It will return a null object in Rails 5.0. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15878)) -* Deprecated broken support for automatic detection of counter caches on - `has_many :through` associations. You should instead manually specify the - counter cache on the `has_many` and `belongs_to` associations for the through - records. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15754)) +* Deprecated using `.joins`, `.preload` and `.eager_load` with associations + that depend on the instance state (i.e. those defined with a scope that + takes an argument) without replacement. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed56e596a0467390011bc9d56d462539776adac1)) ### Notable changes -* Added support for `#pretty_print` in `ActiveRecord::Base` objects. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15172)) +* `SchemaDumper` uses `force: :cascade` on `create_table`. This makes it + possible to reload a schema when foreign keys are in place. + +* Added a `:required` option to singular associations, which defines a + presence validation on the association. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16056)) + +* `ActiveRecord::Dirty` now detects in-place changes to mutable values. + Serialized attributes on Active Record models are no longer saved when + unchanged. This also works with other types such as string columns and json + columns on PostgreSQL. + (Pull Requests [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15674), + [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15786), + [3](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15788)) + +* Introduced the `db:purge` Rake task to empty the database for the + current environment. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e2f232aba15937a4b9d14bd91e0392c6d55be58d)) + +* Introduced `ActiveRecord::Base#validate!` that raises + `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if the record is invalid. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8639)) -* PostgreSQL and SQLite adapters no longer add a default limit of 255 characters - on string columns. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14579)) +* Introduced `validate` as an alias for `valid?`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456)) -* `sqlite3:///some/path` now resolves to the absolute system path `/some/path`. - For relative paths, use `sqlite3:some/path` instead. (Previously, `sqlite3:///some/path` - resolved to the relative path `some/path`. This behaviour was deprecated on - Rails 4.1.) - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14569)) +* `touch` now accepts multiple attributes to be touched at once. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14423)) -* Introduced `#validate` as an alias for `#valid?`. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456)) +* The PostgreSQL adapter now supports the `jsonb` datatype in PostgreSQL 9.4+. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16220)) -* `#touch` now accepts multiple attributes to be touched at once. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14423)) +* The PostgreSQL and SQLite adapters no longer add a default limit of 255 + characters on string columns. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14579)) -* Added support for fractional seconds for MySQL 5.6 and above. - (Pull Request [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8240), [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14359)) +* Added support for the `citext` column type in the PostgreSQL adapter. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12523)) -* Added support for the `citext` column type in PostgreSQL adapter. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12523)) +* Added support for user-created range types in the PostgreSQL adapter. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4cb47167e747e8f9dc12b0ddaf82bdb68c03e032)) -* Added support for user-created range types in PostgreSQL adapter. - ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4cb47167e747e8f9dc12b0ddaf82bdb68c03e032)) +* `sqlite3:///some/path` now resolves to the absolute system path + `/some/path`. For relative paths, use `sqlite3:some/path` instead. + (Previously, `sqlite3:///some/path` resolved to the relative path + `some/path`. This behavior was deprecated on Rails 4.1). + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14569)) + +* Added support for fractional seconds for MySQL 5.6 and above. + (Pull Request [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8240), + [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14359)) + +* Added `ActiveRecord::Base#pretty_print` to pretty print models. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15172)) + +* `ActiveRecord::Base#reload` now behaves the same as `m = Model.find(m.id)`, + meaning that it no longer retains the extra attributes from custom + `SELECT`s. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15866)) + +* `ActiveRecord::Base#reflections` now returns a hash with string keys instead + of symbol keys. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17718)) + +* The `references` method in migrations now supports a `type` option for + specifying the type of the foreign key (e.g. `:uuid`). + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16231)) Active Model ------------ -Please refer to the -[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) -for detailed changes. +Please refer to the [Changelog][active-model] for detailed changes. ### Removals -* Removed deprecated `Validator#setup` without replacement. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15617)) +* Removed deprecated `Validator#setup` without replacement. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10716)) + +### Deprecations + +* Deprecated `reset_#{attribute}` in favor of `restore_#{attribute}`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180)) + +* Deprecated `ActiveModel::Dirty#reset_changes` in favor of + `clear_changes_information`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180)) ### Notable changes -* Introduced `#validate` as an alias for `#valid?`. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456)) +* Introduced `validate` as an alias for `valid?`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456)) + +* Introduced the `restore_attributes` method in `ActiveModel::Dirty` to restore + the changed (dirty) attributes to their previous values. + (Pull Request [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14861), + [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180)) +* `has_secure_password` no longer disallows blank passwords (i.e. passwords + that contains only spaces) by default. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16412)) + +* `has_secure_password` now verifies that the given password is less than 72 + characters if validations are enabled. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15708)) Active Support -------------- -Please refer to the -[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) -for detailed changes. +Please refer to the [Changelog][active-support] for detailed changes. ### Removals -* Removed deprecated `Numeric#ago`, `Numeric#until`, `Numeric#since`, - `Numeric#from_now`. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1eddea1e3f6faf93581c43651348f48b2b7d8bb)) +* Removed deprecated `Numeric#ago`, `Numeric#until`, `Numeric#since`, + `Numeric#from_now`. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1eddea1e3f6faf93581c43651348f48b2b7d8bb)) -* Removed deprecated string based terminators for `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15100)) +* Removed deprecated string based terminators for `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15100)) ### Deprecations -* Deprecated `Class#superclass_delegating_accessor`, use `Class#class_attribute` - instead. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14271)) +* Deprecated `Kernel#silence_stderr`, `Kernel#capture` and `Kernel#quietly` + without replacement. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13392)) + +* Deprecated `Class#superclass_delegating_accessor`, use + `Class#class_attribute` instead. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14271)) -* Deprecated `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend!` as `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend` - now performs the same function. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14529)) +* Deprecated `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend!` as + `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend` now performs the same function. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14529)) ### Notable changes -* The `humanize` inflector helper now strips any leading underscores. - ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/daaa21bc7d20f2e4ff451637423a25ff2d5e75c7)) +* Introduced a new configuration option `active_support.test_order` for + specifying the order test cases are executed. This option currently defaults + to `:sorted` but will be changed to `:random` in Rails 5.0. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/53e877f7d9291b2bf0b8c425f9e32ef35829f35b)) + +* `Object#try` and `Object#try!` can now be used without an explicit receiver in the block. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5e51bdda59c9ba8e5faf86294e3e431bd45f1830), + [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17361)) + +* The `travel_to` test helper now truncates the `usec` component to 0. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9f6e82ee4783e491c20f5244a613fdeb4024beb5)) + +* Introduced `Object#itself` as an identity function. + (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/702ad710b57bef45b081ebf42e6fa70820fdd810), + [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/64d91122222c11ad3918cc8e2e3ebc4b0a03448a)) + +* `Object#with_options` can now be used without an explicit receiver in the block. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16339)) + +* Introduced `String#truncate_words` to truncate a string by a number of words. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16190)) + +* Added `Hash#transform_values` and `Hash#transform_values!` to simplify a + common pattern where the values of a hash must change, but the keys are left + the same. + ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15819)) + +* The `humanize` inflector helper now strips any leading underscores. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/daaa21bc7d20f2e4ff451637423a25ff2d5e75c7)) -* Added `SecureRandom::uuid_v3` and `SecureRandom::uuid_v5`. - ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12016)) +* Introduced `Concern#class_methods` as an alternative to + `module ClassMethods`, as well as `Kernel#concern` to avoid the + `module Foo; extend ActiveSupport::Concern; end` boilerplate. + ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b16c36e688970df2f96f793a759365b248b582ad)) -* Introduce `Concern#class_methods` as an alternative to `module ClassMethods`, - as well as `Kernel#concern` to avoid the `module Foo; extend ActiveSupport::Concern; end` - boilerplate. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b16c36e688970df2f96f793a759365b248b582ad)) +* New [guide](constant_autoloading_and_reloading.html) about constant autoloading and reloading. Credits ------- See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for -the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust -framework it is. Kudos to all of them. +the many people who spent many hours making Rails the stable and robust +framework it is today. Kudos to all of them. + +[railties]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md +[action-pack]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md +[action-view]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md +[action-mailer]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md +[active-record]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md +[active-model]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md +[active-support]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md diff --git a/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb index 6ec3aa78a4..67f5f1cdd5 100644 --- a/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb +++ b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb @@ -10,10 +10,15 @@ </p> <% else %> <p> - These are the new guides for Rails 4.1 based on <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/<%= @version %>"><%= @version %></a>. + These are the new guides for Rails 5.0 based on <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/<%= @version %>"><%= @version %></a>. These guides are designed to make you immediately productive with Rails, and to help you understand how all of the pieces fit together. </p> <% end %> <p> - The guides for earlier releases: <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.1/">Rails 4.1.1</a>, <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.0.5/">Rails 4.0.5</a>, <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2.18/">Rails 3.2.18</a> and <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3.11/">Rails 2.3.11</a>. +The guides for earlier releases: +<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/">Rails 4.2.0</a>, +<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.8/">Rails 4.1.8</a>, +<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.0.12/">Rails 4.0.12</a>, +<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2.21/">Rails 3.2.21</a> and +<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3.11/">Rails 2.3.11</a>. </p> diff --git a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md index 4c04a06dbb..8c1551f4a1 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md +++ b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Action Controller Overview ========================== @@ -7,7 +9,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: * How to follow the flow of a request through a controller. * How to restrict parameters passed to your controller. -* Why and how to store data in the session or cookies. +* How and why to store data in the session or cookies. * How to work with filters to execute code during request processing. * How to use Action Controller's built-in HTTP authentication. * How to stream data directly to the user's browser. @@ -19,11 +21,11 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: What Does a Controller Do? -------------------------- -Action Controller is the C in MVC. After routing has determined which controller to use for a request, your controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output. Luckily, Action Controller does most of the groundwork for you and uses smart conventions to make this as straightforward as possible. +Action Controller is the C in MVC. After routing has determined which controller to use for a request, the controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output. Luckily, Action Controller does most of the groundwork for you and uses smart conventions to make this as straightforward as possible. For most conventional [RESTful](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer) applications, the controller will receive the request (this is invisible to you as the developer), fetch or save data from a model and use a view to create HTML output. If your controller needs to do things a little differently, that's not a problem, this is just the most common way for a controller to work. -A controller can thus be thought of as a middle man between models and views. It makes the model data available to the view so it can display that data to the user, and it saves or updates data from the user to the model. +A controller can thus be thought of as a middleman between models and views. It makes the model data available to the view so it can display that data to the user, and it saves or updates user data to the model. NOTE: For more details on the routing process, see [Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html). @@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ Controller Naming Convention The naming convention of controllers in Rails favors pluralization of the last word in the controller's name, although it is not strictly required (e.g. `ApplicationController`). For example, `ClientsController` is preferable to `ClientController`, `SiteAdminsController` is preferable to `SiteAdminController` or `SitesAdminsController`, and so on. -Following this convention will allow you to use the default route generators (e.g. `resources`, etc) without needing to qualify each `:path` or `:controller`, and keeps URL and path helpers' usage consistent throughout your application. See [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) for more details. +Following this convention will allow you to use the default route generators (e.g. `resources`, etc) without needing to qualify each `:path` or `:controller`, and will keep URL and path helpers' usage consistent throughout your application. See [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) for more details. NOTE: The controller naming convention differs from the naming convention of models, which are expected to be named in singular form. @@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ class ClientsController < ApplicationController end ``` -As an example, if a user goes to `/clients/new` in your application to add a new client, Rails will create an instance of `ClientsController` and run the `new` method. Note that the empty method from the example above would work just fine because Rails will by default render the `new.html.erb` view unless the action says otherwise. The `new` method could make available to the view a `@client` instance variable by creating a new `Client`: +As an example, if a user goes to `/clients/new` in your application to add a new client, Rails will create an instance of `ClientsController` and call its `new` method. Note that the empty method from the example above would work just fine because Rails will by default render the `new.html.erb` view unless the action says otherwise. The `new` method could make available to the view a `@client` instance variable by creating a new `Client`: ```ruby def new @@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ The [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) explains this in mor `ApplicationController` inherits from `ActionController::Base`, which defines a number of helpful methods. This guide will cover some of these, but if you're curious to see what's in there, you can see all of them in the API documentation or in the source itself. -Only public methods are callable as actions. It is a best practice to lower the visibility of methods which are not intended to be actions, like auxiliary methods or filters. +Only public methods are callable as actions. It is a best practice to lower the visibility of methods (with `private` or `protected`) which are not intended to be actions, like auxiliary methods or filters. Parameters ---------- @@ -102,21 +104,21 @@ end ### Hash and Array Parameters -The `params` hash is not limited to one-dimensional keys and values. It can contain arrays and (nested) hashes. To send an array of values, append an empty pair of square brackets "[]" to the key name: +The `params` hash is not limited to one-dimensional keys and values. It can contain nested arrays and hashes. To send an array of values, append an empty pair of square brackets "[]" to the key name: ``` GET /clients?ids[]=1&ids[]=2&ids[]=3 ``` -NOTE: The actual URL in this example will be encoded as "/clients?ids%5b%5d=1&ids%5b%5d=2&ids%5b%5d=3" as "[" and "]" are not allowed in URLs. Most of the time you don't have to worry about this because the browser will take care of it for you, and Rails will decode it back when it receives it, but if you ever find yourself having to send those requests to the server manually you have to keep this in mind. +NOTE: The actual URL in this example will be encoded as "/clients?ids%5b%5d=1&ids%5b%5d=2&ids%5b%5d=3" as the "[" and "]" characters are not allowed in URLs. Most of the time you don't have to worry about this because the browser will encode it for you, and Rails will decode it automatically, but if you ever find yourself having to send those requests to the server manually you should keep this in mind. The value of `params[:ids]` will now be `["1", "2", "3"]`. Note that parameter values are always strings; Rails makes no attempt to guess or cast the type. -NOTE: Values such as `[]`, `[nil]` or `[nil, nil, ...]` in `params` are replaced -with `nil` for security reasons by default. See [Security Guide](security.html#unsafe-query-generation) +NOTE: Values such as `[nil]` or `[nil, nil, ...]` in `params` are replaced +with `[]` for security reasons by default. See [Security Guide](security.html#unsafe-query-generation) for more information. -To send a hash you include the key name inside the brackets: +To send a hash, you include the key name inside the brackets: ```html <form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/clients" method="post"> @@ -129,11 +131,11 @@ To send a hash you include the key name inside the brackets: When this form is submitted, the value of `params[:client]` will be `{ "name" => "Acme", "phone" => "12345", "address" => { "postcode" => "12345", "city" => "Carrot City" } }`. Note the nested hash in `params[:client][:address]`. -Note that the `params` hash is actually an instance of `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`, which acts like a hash but lets you use symbols and strings interchangeably as keys. +The `params` object acts like a Hash, but lets you use symbols and strings interchangeably as keys. ### JSON parameters -If you're writing a web service application, you might find yourself more comfortable accepting parameters in JSON format. If the "Content-Type" header of your request is set to "application/json", Rails will automatically convert your parameters into the `params` hash, which you can access as you would normally. +If you're writing a web service application, you might find yourself more comfortable accepting parameters in JSON format. If the "Content-Type" header of your request is set to "application/json", Rails will automatically load your parameters into the `params` hash, which you can access as you would normally. So for example, if you are sending this JSON content: @@ -141,15 +143,15 @@ So for example, if you are sending this JSON content: { "company": { "name": "acme", "address": "123 Carrot Street" } } ``` -You'll get `params[:company]` as `{ "name" => "acme", "address" => "123 Carrot Street" }`. +Your controller will receive `params[:company]` as `{ "name" => "acme", "address" => "123 Carrot Street" }`. -Also, if you've turned on `config.wrap_parameters` in your initializer or calling `wrap_parameters` in your controller, you can safely omit the root element in the JSON parameter. The parameters will be cloned and wrapped in the key according to your controller's name by default. So the above parameter can be written as: +Also, if you've turned on `config.wrap_parameters` in your initializer or called `wrap_parameters` in your controller, you can safely omit the root element in the JSON parameter. In this case, the parameters will be cloned and wrapped with a key chosen based on your controller's name. So the above JSON POST can be written as: ```json { "name": "acme", "address": "123 Carrot Street" } ``` -And assume that you're sending the data to `CompaniesController`, it would then be wrapped in `:company` key like this: +And, assuming that you're sending the data to `CompaniesController`, it would then be wrapped within the `:company` key like this: ```ruby { name: "acme", address: "123 Carrot Street", company: { name: "acme", address: "123 Carrot Street" } } @@ -157,17 +159,17 @@ And assume that you're sending the data to `CompaniesController`, it would then You can customize the name of the key or specific parameters you want to wrap by consulting the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/ParamsWrapper.html) -NOTE: Support for parsing XML parameters has been extracted into a gem named `actionpack-xml_parser` +NOTE: Support for parsing XML parameters has been extracted into a gem named `actionpack-xml_parser`. ### Routing Parameters -The `params` hash will always contain the `:controller` and `:action` keys, but you should use the methods `controller_name` and `action_name` instead to access these values. Any other parameters defined by the routing, such as `:id` will also be available. As an example, consider a listing of clients where the list can show either active or inactive clients. We can add a route which captures the `:status` parameter in a "pretty" URL: +The `params` hash will always contain the `:controller` and `:action` keys, but you should use the methods `controller_name` and `action_name` instead to access these values. Any other parameters defined by the routing, such as `:id`, will also be available. As an example, consider a listing of clients where the list can show either active or inactive clients. We can add a route which captures the `:status` parameter in a "pretty" URL: ```ruby get '/clients/:status' => 'clients#index', foo: 'bar' ``` -In this case, when a user opens the URL `/clients/active`, `params[:status]` will be set to "active". When this route is used, `params[:foo]` will also be set to "bar" just like it was passed in the query string. In the same way `params[:action]` will contain "index". +In this case, when a user opens the URL `/clients/active`, `params[:status]` will be set to "active". When this route is used, `params[:foo]` will also be set to "bar", as if it were passed in the query string. Your controller will also receive `params[:action]` as "index" and `params[:controller]` as "clients". ### `default_url_options` @@ -181,21 +183,21 @@ class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base end ``` -These options will be used as a starting point when generating URLs, so it's possible they'll be overridden by the options passed in `url_for` calls. +These options will be used as a starting point when generating URLs, so it's possible they'll be overridden by the options passed to `url_for` calls. -If you define `default_url_options` in `ApplicationController`, as in the example above, it would be used for all URL generation. The method can also be defined in one specific controller, in which case it only affects URLs generated there. +If you define `default_url_options` in `ApplicationController`, as in the example above, it will be used for all URL generation. The method can also be defined in a specific controller, in which case it only affects URLs generated there. ### Strong Parameters With strong parameters, Action Controller parameters are forbidden to be used in Active Model mass assignments until they have been -whitelisted. This means you'll have to make a conscious choice about -which attributes to allow for mass updating and thus prevent -accidentally exposing that which shouldn't be exposed. +whitelisted. This means that you'll have to make a conscious decision about +which attributes to allow for mass update. This is a better security +practice to help prevent accidentally allowing users to update sensitive +model attributes. -In addition, parameters can be marked as required and flow through a -predefined raise/rescue flow to end up as a 400 Bad Request with no -effort. +In addition, parameters can be marked as required and will flow through a +predefined raise/rescue flow to end up as a 400 Bad Request. ```ruby class PeopleController < ActionController::Base @@ -237,17 +239,17 @@ params.permit(:id) ``` the key `:id` will pass the whitelisting if it appears in `params` and -it has a permitted scalar value associated. Otherwise the key is going +it has a permitted scalar value associated. Otherwise, the key is going to be filtered out, so arrays, hashes, or any other objects cannot be injected. The permitted scalar types are `String`, `Symbol`, `NilClass`, `Numeric`, `TrueClass`, `FalseClass`, `Date`, `Time`, `DateTime`, -`StringIO`, `IO`, `ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile` and +`StringIO`, `IO`, `ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile`, and `Rack::Test::UploadedFile`. To declare that the value in `params` must be an array of permitted -scalar values map the key to an empty array: +scalar values, map the key to an empty array: ```ruby params.permit(id: []) @@ -260,14 +262,13 @@ used: params.require(:log_entry).permit! ``` -This will mark the `:log_entry` parameters hash and any sub-hash of it -permitted. Extreme care should be taken when using `permit!` as it -will allow all current and future model attributes to be -mass-assigned. +This will mark the `:log_entry` parameters hash and any sub-hash of it as +permitted. Extreme care should be taken when using `permit!`, as it +will allow all current and future model attributes to be mass-assigned. #### Nested Parameters -You can also use permit on nested parameters, like: +You can also use `permit` on nested parameters, like: ```ruby params.permit(:name, { emails: [] }, @@ -275,19 +276,19 @@ params.permit(:name, { emails: [] }, { family: [ :name ], hobbies: [] }]) ``` -This declaration whitelists the `name`, `emails` and `friends` +This declaration whitelists the `name`, `emails`, and `friends` attributes. It is expected that `emails` will be an array of permitted -scalar values and that `friends` will be an array of resources with -specific attributes : they should have a `name` attribute (any +scalar values, and that `friends` will be an array of resources with +specific attributes: they should have a `name` attribute (any permitted scalar values allowed), a `hobbies` attribute as an array of permitted scalar values, and a `family` attribute which is restricted -to having a `name` (any permitted scalar values allowed, too). +to having a `name` (any permitted scalar values allowed here, too). #### More Examples -You want to also use the permitted attributes in the `new` +You may want to also use the permitted attributes in your `new` action. This raises the problem that you can't use `require` on the -root key because normally it does not exist when calling `new`: +root key because, normally, it does not exist when calling `new`: ```ruby # using `fetch` you can supply a default and use @@ -295,8 +296,8 @@ root key because normally it does not exist when calling `new`: params.fetch(:blog, {}).permit(:title, :author) ``` -`accepts_nested_attributes_for` allows you to update and destroy -associated records. This is based on the `id` and `_destroy` +The model class method `accepts_nested_attributes_for` allows you to +update and destroy associated records. This is based on the `id` and `_destroy` parameters: ```ruby @@ -304,7 +305,7 @@ parameters: params.require(:author).permit(:name, books_attributes: [:title, :id, :_destroy]) ``` -Hashes with integer keys are treated differently and you can declare +Hashes with integer keys are treated differently, and you can declare the attributes as if they were direct children. You get these kinds of parameters when you use `accepts_nested_attributes_for` in combination with a `has_many` association: @@ -321,13 +322,13 @@ params.require(:book).permit(:title, chapters_attributes: [:title]) #### Outside the Scope of Strong Parameters The strong parameter API was designed with the most common use cases -in mind. It is not meant as a silver bullet to handle all your -whitelisting problems. However you can easily mix the API with your +in mind. It is not meant as a silver bullet to handle all of your +whitelisting problems. However, you can easily mix the API with your own code to adapt to your situation. Imagine a scenario where you have parameters representing a product name and a hash of arbitrary data associated with that product, and -you want to whitelist the product name attribute but also the whole +you want to whitelist the product name attribute and also the whole data hash. The strong parameters API doesn't let you directly whitelist the whole of a nested hash with any keys, but you can use the keys of your nested hash to declare what to whitelist: @@ -735,7 +736,7 @@ You can choose not to yield and build the response yourself, in which case the a While the most common way to use filters is by creating private methods and using *_action to add them, there are two other ways to do the same thing. -The first is to use a block directly with the *_action methods. The block receives the controller as an argument, and the `require_login` filter from above could be rewritten to use a block: +The first is to use a block directly with the *\_action methods. The block receives the controller as an argument, and the `require_login` filter from above could be rewritten to use a block: ```ruby class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base @@ -992,6 +993,11 @@ you would like in a response object. The `ActionController::Live` module allows you to create a persistent connection with a browser. Using this module, you will be able to send arbitrary data to the browser at specific points in time. +NOTE: The default Rails server (WEBrick) is a buffering web server and does not +support streaming. In order to use this feature, you'll need to use a non buffering +server like [Puma](http://puma.io), [Rainbows](http://rainbows.bogomips.org) +or [Passenger](https://www.phusionpassenger.com). + #### Incorporating Live Streaming Including `ActionController::Live` inside of your controller class will provide @@ -1164,65 +1170,10 @@ class ClientsController < ApplicationController end ``` -WARNING: You shouldn't do `rescue_from Exception` or `rescue_from StandardError` unless you have a particular reason as it will cause serious side-effects (e.g. you won't be able to see exception details and tracebacks during development). If you would like to dynamically generate error pages, see [Custom errors page](#custom-errors-page). +WARNING: You shouldn't do `rescue_from Exception` or `rescue_from StandardError` unless you have a particular reason as it will cause serious side-effects (e.g. you won't be able to see exception details and tracebacks during development). NOTE: Certain exceptions are only rescuable from the `ApplicationController` class, as they are raised before the controller gets initialized and the action gets executed. See Pratik Naik's [article](http://m.onkey.org/2008/7/20/rescue-from-dispatching) on the subject for more information. - -### Custom errors page - -You can customize the layout of your error handling using controllers and views. -First define your app own routes to display the errors page. - -* `config/application.rb` - - ```ruby - config.exceptions_app = self.routes - ``` - -* `config/routes.rb` - - ```ruby - get '/404', to: 'errors#not_found' - get '/422', to: 'errors#unprocessable_entity' - get '/500', to: 'errors#server_error' - ``` - -Create the controller and views. - -* `app/controllers/errors_controller.rb` - - ```ruby - class ErrorsController < ActionController::Base - layout 'error' - - def not_found - render status: :not_found - end - - def unprocessable_entity - render status: :unprocessable_entity - end - - def server_error - render status: :server_error - end - end - ``` - -* `app/views` - - ``` - errors/ - not_found.html.erb - unprocessable_entity.html.erb - server_error.html.erb - layouts/ - error.html.erb - ``` - -Do not forget to set the correct status code on the controller as shown before. You should avoid using the database or any complex operations because the user is already on the error page. Generating another error while on an error page could cause issues. - Force HTTPS protocol -------------------- diff --git a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md index cb1c1c653d..73b240ff2c 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Action Mailer Basics ==================== @@ -35,10 +37,26 @@ views. ```bash $ bin/rails generate mailer UserMailer create app/mailers/user_mailer.rb +create app/mailers/application_mailer.rb invoke erb create app/views/user_mailer +create app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb +create app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb invoke test_unit create test/mailers/user_mailer_test.rb +create test/mailers/previews/user_mailer_preview.rb +``` + +```ruby +# app/mailers/application_mailer.rb +class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base + default from: "from@example.com" + layout 'mailer' +end + +# app/mailers/user_mailer.rb +class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer +end ``` As you can see, you can generate mailers just like you use other generators with @@ -63,8 +81,7 @@ delivered via email. `app/mailers/user_mailer.rb` contains an empty mailer: ```ruby -class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base - default from: 'from@example.com' +class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer end ``` @@ -72,7 +89,7 @@ Let's add a method called `welcome_email`, that will send an email to the user's registered email address: ```ruby -class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base +class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer default from: 'notifications@example.com' def welcome_email(user) @@ -159,7 +176,10 @@ $ bin/rake db:migrate Now that we have a user model to play with, we will just edit the `app/controllers/users_controller.rb` make it instruct the `UserMailer` to deliver an email to the newly created user by editing the create action and inserting a -call to `UserMailer.welcome_email` right after the user is successfully saved: +call to `UserMailer.welcome_email` right after the user is successfully saved. + +Action Mailer is nicely integrated with Active Job so you can send emails outside +of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it: ```ruby class UsersController < ApplicationController @@ -171,7 +191,7 @@ class UsersController < ApplicationController respond_to do |format| if @user.save # Tell the UserMailer to send a welcome email after save - UserMailer.welcome_email(@user).deliver + UserMailer.welcome_email(@user).deliver_later format.html { redirect_to(@user, notice: 'User was successfully created.') } format.json { render json: @user, status: :created, location: @user } @@ -184,8 +204,29 @@ class UsersController < ApplicationController end ``` -The method `welcome_email` returns a `Mail::Message` object which can then just -be told `deliver` to send itself out. +NOTE: Active Job's default behavior is to execute jobs ':inline'. So, you can use +`deliver_later` now to send emails, and when you later decide to start sending +them from a background job, you'll only need to set up Active Job to use a queueing +backend (Sidekiq, Resque, etc). + +If you want to send emails right away (from a cronjob for example) just call +`deliver_now`: + +```ruby +class SendWeeklySummary + def run + User.find_each do |user| + UserMailer.weekly_summary(user).deliver_now + end + end +end +``` + +The method `welcome_email` returns a `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object which +can then just be told `deliver_now` or `deliver_later` to send itself out. The +`ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object is just a wrapper around a `Mail::Message`. If +you want to inspect, alter or do anything else with the `Mail::Message` object you can +access it with the `message` method on the `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object. ### Auto encoding header values @@ -274,8 +315,7 @@ Action Mailer 3.0 makes inline attachments, which involved a lot of hacking in p ```html+erb <p>Hello there, this is our image</p> - <%= image_tag attachments['image.jpg'].url, alt: 'My Photo', - class: 'photos' %> + <%= image_tag attachments['image.jpg'].url, alt: 'My Photo', class: 'photos' %> ``` #### Sending Email To Multiple Recipients @@ -325,7 +365,7 @@ for the HTML version and `welcome_email.text.erb` for the plain text version. To change the default mailer view for your action you do something like: ```ruby -class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base +class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer default from: 'notifications@example.com' def welcome_email(user) @@ -347,7 +387,7 @@ If you want more flexibility you can also pass a block and render specific templates or even render inline or text without using a template file: ```ruby -class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base +class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer default from: 'notifications@example.com' def welcome_email(user) @@ -377,7 +417,7 @@ layout. In order to use a different file, call `layout` in your mailer: ```ruby -class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base +class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer layout 'awesome' # use awesome.(html|text).erb as the layout end ``` @@ -389,7 +429,7 @@ You can also pass in a `layout: 'layout_name'` option to the render call inside the format block to specify different layouts for different formats: ```ruby -class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base +class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer def welcome_email(user) mail(to: user.email) do |format| format.html { render layout: 'my_layout' } @@ -402,6 +442,39 @@ end Will render the HTML part using the `my_layout.html.erb` file and the text part with the usual `user_mailer.text.erb` file if it exists. +### Previewing Emails + +Action Mailer previews provide a way to see how emails look by visiting a +special URL that renders them. In the above example, the preview class for +`UserMailer` should be named `UserMailerPreview` and located in +`test/mailers/previews/user_mailer_preview.rb`. To see the preview of +`welcome_email`, implement a method that has the same name and call +`UserMailer.welcome_email`: + +```ruby +class UserMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview + def welcome_email + UserMailer.welcome_email(User.first) + end +end +``` + +Then the preview will be available in <http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/user_mailer/welcome_email>. + +If you change something in `app/views/user_mailer/welcome_email.html.erb` +or the mailer itself, it'll automatically reload and render it so you can +visually see the new style instantly. A list of previews are also available +in <http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers>. + +By default, these preview classes live in `test/mailers/previews`. +This can be configured using the `preview_path` option. For example, if you +want to change it to `lib/mailer_previews`, you can configure it in +`config/application.rb`: + +```ruby +config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews" +``` + ### Generating URLs in Action Mailer Views Unlike controllers, the mailer instance doesn't have any context about the @@ -414,18 +487,25 @@ globally in `config/application.rb`: config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: 'example.com' } ``` -#### generating URLs with `url_for` +Because of this behavior you cannot use any of the `*_path` helpers inside of +an email. Instead you will need to use the associated `*_url` helper. For example +instead of using + +``` +<%= link_to 'welcome', welcome_path %> +``` -You need to pass the `only_path: false` option when using `url_for`. This will -ensure that absolute URLs are generated because the `url_for` view helper will, -by default, generate relative URLs when a `:host` option isn't explicitly -provided. +You will need to use: -```erb -<%= url_for(controller: 'welcome', - action: 'greeting', - only_path: false) %> ``` +<%= link_to 'welcome', welcome_url %> +``` + +By using the full URL, your links will now work in your emails. + +#### generating URLs with `url_for` + +`url_for` generate full URL by default in templates. If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to `url_for`. @@ -437,9 +517,6 @@ If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to action: 'greeting') %> ``` -NOTE: When you explicitly pass the `:host` Rails will always generate absolute -URLs, so there is no need to pass `only_path: false`. - #### generating URLs with named routes Email clients have no web context and so paths have no base URL to form complete @@ -471,7 +548,7 @@ while delivering emails, you can do this using `delivery_method_options` in the mailer action. ```ruby -class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base +class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer def welcome_email(user, company) @user = user @url = user_url(@user) @@ -493,7 +570,7 @@ option. In such cases don't forget to add the `:content_type` option. Rails will default to `text/plain` otherwise. ```ruby -class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base +class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer def welcome_email(user, email_body) mail(to: user.email, body: email_body, @@ -523,7 +600,7 @@ mailer, and pass the email object to the mailer `receive` instance method. Here's an example: ```ruby -class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base +class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer def receive(email) page = Page.find_by(address: email.to.first) page.emails.create( @@ -559,7 +636,7 @@ Action Mailer allows for you to specify a `before_action`, `after_action` and using instance variables set in your mailer action. ```ruby -class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base +class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer after_action :set_delivery_options, :prevent_delivery_to_guests, :set_business_headers @@ -689,7 +766,9 @@ Mailer framework. You can do this in an initializer file `config/initializers/sandbox_email_interceptor.rb` ```ruby -ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(SandboxEmailInterceptor) if Rails.env.staging? +if Rails.env.staging? + ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(SandboxEmailInterceptor) +end ``` NOTE: The example above uses a custom environment called "staging" for a diff --git a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md index ef7ef5a50e..02ef32d66e 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md +++ b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Action View Overview ==================== @@ -7,7 +9,6 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: * How best to use templates, partials, and layouts. * What helpers are provided by Action View and how to make your own. * How to use localized views. -* How to use Action View outside of Rails. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -44,18 +45,18 @@ $ bin/rails generate scaffold article There is a naming convention for views in Rails. Typically, the views share their name with the associated controller action, as you can see above. For example, the index controller action of the `articles_controller.rb` will use the `index.html.erb` view file in the `app/views/articles` directory. -The complete HTML returned to the client is composed of a combination of this ERB file, a layout template that wraps it, and all the partials that the view may reference. Later on this guide you can find a more detailed documentation of each one of these three components. +The complete HTML returned to the client is composed of a combination of this ERB file, a layout template that wraps it, and all the partials that the view may reference. Within this guide you will find more detailed documentation about each of these three components. Templates, Partials and Layouts ------------------------------- -As mentioned before, the final HTML output is a composition of three Rails elements: `Templates`, `Partials` and `Layouts`. -Below is a brief overview of each one of them. +As mentioned, the final HTML output is a composition of three Rails elements: `Templates`, `Partials` and `Layouts`. +Below is a brief overview of each of them. ### Templates -Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a `.erb` extension then it uses a mixture of ERB (included in Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a `.builder` extension then a fresh instance of `Builder::XmlMarkup` library is used. +Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a `.erb` extension then it uses a mixture of ERB (Embedded Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a `.builder` extension then the `Builder::XmlMarkup` library is used. Rails supports multiple template systems and uses a file extension to distinguish amongst them. For example, an HTML file using the ERB template system will have `.html.erb` as a file extension. @@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ Consider the following loop for names: <% end %> ``` -The loop is set up in regular embedding tags (`<% %>`) and the name is written using the output embedding tags (`<%= %>`). Note that this is not just a usage suggestion, for regular output functions like `print` or `puts` won't work with ERB templates. So this would be wrong: +The loop is set up using regular embedding tags (`<% %>`) and the name is inserted using the output embedding tags (`<%= %>`). Note that this is not just a usage suggestion: regular output functions such as `print` and `puts` won't be rendered to the view with ERB templates. So this would be wrong: ```html+erb <%# WRONG %> @@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ One way to use partials is to treat them as the equivalent of subroutines; a way <p>Here are a few of our fine products:</p> <% @products.each do |product| %> - <%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: product} %> + <%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: product } %> <% end %> <%= render "shared/footer" %> @@ -189,6 +190,22 @@ One way to use partials is to treat them as the equivalent of subroutines; a way Here, the `_ad_banner.html.erb` and `_footer.html.erb` partials could contain content that is shared among many pages in your application. You don't need to see the details of these sections when you're concentrating on a particular page. +#### `render` without `partial` and `locals` options + +In the above example, `render` takes 2 options: `partial` and `locals`. But if +these are the only options you want to pass, you can skip using these options. +For example, instead of: + +```erb +<%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: @product } %> +``` + +You can also do: + +```erb +<%= render "product", product: @product %> +``` + #### The `as` and `object` options By default `ActionView::Partials::PartialRenderer` has its object in a local variable with the same name as the template. So, given: @@ -200,7 +217,7 @@ By default `ActionView::Partials::PartialRenderer` has its object in a local var within product we'll get `@product` in the local variable `product`, as if we had written: ```erb -<%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: @product} %> +<%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: @product } %> ``` With the `as` option we can specify a different name for the local variable. For example, if we wanted it to be `item` instead of `product` we would do: @@ -214,7 +231,7 @@ The `object` option can be used to directly specify which object is rendered int For example, instead of: ```erb -<%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: @item} %> +<%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: @item } %> ``` we would do: @@ -231,7 +248,7 @@ The `object` and `as` options can also be used together: #### Rendering Collections -It is very common that a template needs to iterate over a collection and render a sub-template for each of the elements. This pattern has been implemented as a single method that accepts an array and renders a partial for each one of the elements in the array. +It is very common that a template will need to iterate over a collection and render a sub-template for each of the elements. This pattern has been implemented as a single method that accepts an array and renders a partial for each one of the elements in the array. So this example for rendering all the products: @@ -247,7 +264,7 @@ can be rewritten in a single line: <%= render partial: "product", collection: @products %> ``` -When a partial is called like this (eg. with a collection), the individual instances of the partial have access to the member of the collection being rendered via a variable named after the partial. In this case, the partial is `_product`, and within it you can refer to `product` to get the instance that is being rendered. +When a partial is called with a collection, the individual instances of the partial have access to the member of the collection being rendered via a variable named after the partial. In this case, the partial is `_product`, and within it you can refer to `product` to get the collection member that is being rendered. You can use a shorthand syntax for rendering collections. Assuming `@products` is a collection of `Product` instances, you can simply write the following to produce the same result: @@ -255,7 +272,7 @@ You can use a shorthand syntax for rendering collections. Assuming `@products` i <%= render @products %> ``` -Rails determines the name of the partial to use by looking at the model name in the collection, `Product` in this case. In fact, you can even create a heterogeneous collection and render it this way, and Rails will choose the proper partial for each member of the collection. +Rails determines the name of the partial to use by looking at the model name in the collection, `Product` in this case. In fact, you can even render a collection made up of instances of different models using this shorthand, and Rails will choose the proper partial for each member of the collection. #### Spacer Templates @@ -269,14 +286,14 @@ Rails will render the `_product_ruler` partial (with no data passed to it) betwe ### Layouts -Layouts can be used to render a common view template around the results of Rails controller actions. Typically, every Rails application has a couple of overall layouts that most pages are rendered within. For example, a site might have a layout for a logged in user, and a layout for the marketing or sales side of the site. The logged in user layout might include top-level navigation that should be present across many controller actions. The sales layout for a SaaS app might include top-level navigation for things like "Pricing" and "Contact Us." You would expect each layout to have a different look and feel. You can read more details about Layouts in the [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide. +Layouts can be used to render a common view template around the results of Rails controller actions. Typically, a Rails application will have a couple of layouts that pages will be rendered within. For example, a site might have one layout for a logged in user and another for the marketing or sales side of the site. The logged in user layout might include top-level navigation that should be present across many controller actions. The sales layout for a SaaS app might include top-level navigation for things like "Pricing" and "Contact Us" pages. You would expect each layout to have a different look and feel. You can read about layouts in more detail in the [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide. Partial Layouts --------------- -Partials can have their own layouts applied to them. These layouts are different than the ones that are specified globally for the entire action, but they work in a similar fashion. +Partials can have their own layouts applied to them. These layouts are different from those applied to a controller action, but they work in a similar fashion. -Let's say we're displaying an article on a page, that should be wrapped in a `div` for display purposes. First, we'll create a new `Article`: +Let's say we're displaying an article on a page which should be wrapped in a `div` for display purposes. Firstly, we'll create a new `Article`: ```ruby Article.create(body: 'Partial Layouts are cool!') @@ -287,7 +304,7 @@ In the `show` template, we'll render the `_article` partial wrapped in the `box` **articles/show.html.erb** ```erb -<%= render partial: 'article', layout: 'box', locals: {article: @article} %> +<%= render partial: 'article', layout: 'box', locals: { article: @article } %> ``` The `box` layout simply wraps the `_article` partial in a `div`: @@ -327,7 +344,7 @@ You can also render a block of code within a partial layout instead of calling ` **articles/show.html.erb** ```html+erb -<% render(layout: 'box', locals: {article: @article}) do %> +<% render(layout: 'box', locals: { article: @article }) do %> <%= div_for(article) do %> <p><%= article.body %></p> <% end %> @@ -348,83 +365,6 @@ WIP: Not all the helpers are listed here. For a full list see the [API documenta The following is only a brief overview summary of the helpers available in Action View. It's recommended that you review the [API Documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html), which covers all of the helpers in more detail, but this should serve as a good starting point. -### RecordTagHelper - -This module provides methods for generating container tags, such as `div`, for your record. This is the recommended way of creating a container for render your Active Record object, as it adds an appropriate class and id attributes to that container. You can then refer to those containers easily by following the convention, instead of having to think about which class or id attribute you should use. - -#### content_tag_for - -Renders a container tag that relates to your Active Record Object. - -For example, given `@article` is the object of `Article` class, you can do: - -```html+erb -<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @article) do %> - <td><%= @article.title %></td> -<% end %> -``` - -This will generate this HTML output: - -```html -<tr id="article_1234" class="article"> - <td>Hello World!</td> -</tr> -``` - -You can also supply HTML attributes as an additional option hash. For example: - -```html+erb -<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @article, class: "frontpage") do %> - <td><%= @article.title %></td> -<% end %> -``` - -Will generate this HTML output: - -```html -<tr id="article_1234" class="article frontpage"> - <td>Hello World!</td> -</tr> -``` - -You can pass a collection of Active Record objects. This method will loop through your objects and create a container for each of them. For example, given `@articles` is an array of two `Article` objects: - -```html+erb -<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @articles) do |article| %> - <td><%= article.title %></td> -<% end %> -``` - -Will generate this HTML output: - -```html -<tr id="article_1234" class="article"> - <td>Hello World!</td> -</tr> -<tr id="article_1235" class="article"> - <td>Ruby on Rails Rocks!</td> -</tr> -``` - -#### div_for - -This is actually a convenient method which calls `content_tag_for` internally with `:div` as the tag name. You can pass either an Active Record object or a collection of objects. For example: - -```html+erb -<%= div_for(@article, class: "frontpage") do %> - <td><%= @article.title %></td> -<% end %> -``` - -Will generate this HTML output: - -```html -<div id="article_1234" class="article frontpage"> - <td>Hello World!</td> -</div> -``` - ### AssetTagHelper This module provides methods for generating HTML that links views to assets such as images, JavaScript files, stylesheets, and feeds. @@ -467,8 +407,8 @@ stylesheet_link_tag :monkey # => Returns a link tag that browsers and feed readers can use to auto-detect an RSS or Atom feed. ```ruby -auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", {title: "RSS Feed"}) # => - <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="http://www.example.com/feed" /> +auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", { title: "RSS Feed" }) # => + <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="http://www.example.com/feed.rss" /> ``` #### image_path @@ -495,7 +435,7 @@ image_url("edit.png") # => http://www.example.com/assets/edit.png #### image_tag -Returns an html image tag for the source. The source can be a full path or a file that exists in your `app/assets/images` directory. +Returns an HTML image tag for the source. The source can be a full path or a file that exists in your `app/assets/images` directory. ```ruby image_tag("icon.png") # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" alt="Icon" /> @@ -503,7 +443,7 @@ image_tag("icon.png") # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" alt="Icon" /> #### javascript_include_tag -Returns an html script tag for each of the sources provided. You can pass in the filename (`.js` extension is optional) of JavaScript files that exist in your `app/assets/javascripts` directory for inclusion into the current page or you can pass the full path relative to your document root. +Returns an HTML script tag for each of the sources provided. You can pass in the filename (`.js` extension is optional) of JavaScript files that exist in your `app/assets/javascripts` directory for inclusion into the current page or you can pass the full path relative to your document root. ```ruby javascript_include_tag "common" # => <script src="/assets/common.js"></script> @@ -736,7 +676,7 @@ distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now + 15.seconds, include_seconds: true #### select_date -Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the `date` provided. +Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the `date` provided. ```ruby # Generates a date select that defaults to the date provided (six days after today) @@ -748,7 +688,7 @@ select_date() #### select_datetime -Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected with the `datetime` provided. +Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected with the `datetime` provided. ```ruby # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime provided (four days after today) @@ -808,7 +748,7 @@ select_second(Time.now + 16.minutes) #### select_time -Returns a set of html select-tags (one for hour and minute). +Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for hour and minute). ```ruby # Generates a time select that defaults to the time provided @@ -849,7 +789,7 @@ time_select("order", "submitted") Returns a `pre` tag that has object dumped by YAML. This creates a very readable way to inspect an object. ```ruby -my_hash = {'first' => 1, 'second' => 'two', 'third' => [1,2,3]} +my_hash = { 'first' => 1, 'second' => 'two', 'third' => [1,2,3] } debug(my_hash) ``` @@ -874,7 +814,7 @@ The core method of this helper, form_for, gives you the ability to create a form ```html+erb # Note: a @person variable will have been created in the controller (e.g. @person = Person.new) -<%= form_for @person, url: {action: "create"} do |f| %> +<%= form_for @person, url: { action: "create" } do |f| %> <%= f.text_field :first_name %> <%= f.text_field :last_name %> <%= submit_tag 'Create' %> @@ -894,7 +834,7 @@ The HTML generated for this would be: The params object created when this form is submitted would look like: ```ruby -{"action" => "create", "controller" => "people", "person" => {"first_name" => "William", "last_name" => "Smith"}} +{ "action" => "create", "controller" => "people", "person" => { "first_name" => "William", "last_name" => "Smith" } } ``` The params hash has a nested person value, which can therefore be accessed with params[:person] in the controller. @@ -915,7 +855,7 @@ check_box("article", "validated") Creates a scope around a specific model object like form_for, but doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable for specifying additional model objects in the same form: ```html+erb -<%= form_for @person, url: {action: "update"} do |person_form| %> +<%= form_for @person, url: { action: "update" } do |person_form| %> First name: <%= person_form.text_field :first_name %> Last name : <%= person_form.text_field :last_name %> @@ -1050,7 +990,7 @@ end Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Article, `@article`): ```ruby -collection_select(:article, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, {prompt: true}) +collection_select(:article, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, { prompt: true }) ``` If `@article.author_id` is 1, this would return: @@ -1222,7 +1162,7 @@ Create a select tag and a series of contained option tags for the provided objec Example: ```ruby -select("article", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: true}) +select("article", "person_id", Person.all.collect { |p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, { include_blank: true }) ``` If `@article.person_id` is 1, this would become: @@ -1285,7 +1225,7 @@ Creates a field set for grouping HTML form elements. Creates a file upload field. ```html+erb -<%= form_tag({action:"post"}, multipart: true) do %> +<%= form_tag({ action: "post" }, multipart: true) do %> <label for="file">File to Upload</label> <%= file_field_tag "file" %> <%= submit_tag %> <% end %> @@ -1526,7 +1466,7 @@ The SanitizeHelper module provides a set of methods for scrubbing text of undesi #### sanitize -This sanitize helper will html encode all tags and strip all attributes that aren't specifically allowed. +This sanitize helper will HTML encode all tags and strip all attributes that aren't specifically allowed. ```ruby sanitize @article.body @@ -1600,7 +1540,7 @@ details can be found in the [Rails Security Guide](security.html#cross-site-requ Localized Views --------------- -Action View has the ability render different templates depending on the current locale. +Action View has the ability to render different templates depending on the current locale. For example, suppose you have a `ArticlesController` with a show action. By default, calling this action will render `app/views/articles/show.html.erb`. But if you set `I18n.locale = :de`, then `app/views/articles/show.de.html.erb` will be rendered instead. If the localized template isn't present, the undecorated version will be used. This means you're not required to provide localized views for all cases, but they will be preferred and used if available. diff --git a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..953c29719d --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md @@ -0,0 +1,321 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + +Active Job Basics +================= + +This guide provides you with all you need to get started in creating, +enqueueing and executing background jobs. + +After reading this guide, you will know: + +* How to create jobs. +* How to enqueue jobs. +* How to run jobs in the background. +* How to send emails from your application async. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +Introduction +------------ + +Active Job is a framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety +of queueing backends. These jobs can be everything from regularly scheduled +clean-ups, to billing charges, to mailings. Anything that can be chopped up +into small units of work and run in parallel, really. + + +The Purpose of Active Job +----------------------------- +The main point is to ensure that all Rails apps will have a job infrastructure +in place, even if it's in the form of an "immediate runner". We can then have +framework features and other gems build on top of that, without having to +worry about API differences between various job runners such as Delayed Job +and Resque. Picking your queuing backend becomes more of an operational concern, +then. And you'll be able to switch between them without having to rewrite your jobs. + + +Creating a Job +-------------- + +This section will provide a step-by-step guide to creating a job and enqueuing it. + +### Create the Job + +Active Job provides a Rails generator to create jobs. The following will create a +job in `app/jobs` (with an attached test case under `test/jobs`): + +```bash +$ bin/rails generate job guests_cleanup +invoke test_unit +create test/jobs/guests_cleanup_job_test.rb +create app/jobs/guests_cleanup_job.rb +``` + +You can also create a job that will run on a specific queue: + +```bash +$ bin/rails generate job guests_cleanup --queue urgent +``` + +If you don't want to use a generator, you could create your own file inside of +`app/jobs`, just make sure that it inherits from `ActiveJob::Base`. + +Here's what a job looks like: + +```ruby +class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base + queue_as :default + + def perform(*args) + # Do something later + end +end +``` + +### Enqueue the Job + +Enqueue a job like so: + +```ruby +# Enqueue a job to be performed as soon the queueing system is +# free. +MyJob.perform_later record +``` + +```ruby +# Enqueue a job to be performed tomorrow at noon. +MyJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later(record) +``` + +```ruby +# Enqueue a job to be performed 1 week from now. +MyJob.set(wait: 1.week).perform_later(record) +``` + +That's it! + + +Job Execution +------------- + +If no adapter is set, the job is immediately executed. + +### Backends + +Active Job has built-in adapters for multiple queueing backends (Sidekiq, +Resque, Delayed Job and others). To get an up-to-date list of the adapters +see the API Documentation for [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html). + +### Setting the Backend + +You can easily set your queueing backend: + +```ruby +# config/application.rb +module YourApp + class Application < Rails::Application + # Be sure to have the adapter's gem in your Gemfile + # and follow the adapter's specific installation + # and deployment instructions. + config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sidekiq + end +end +``` + + +Queues +------ + +Most of the adapters support multiple queues. With Active Job you can schedule +the job to run on a specific queue: + +```ruby +class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base + queue_as :low_priority + #.... +end +``` + +You can prefix the queue name for all your jobs using +`config.active_job.queue_name_prefix` in `application.rb`: + +```ruby +# config/application.rb +module YourApp + class Application < Rails::Application + config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env + end +end + +# app/jobs/guests_cleanup.rb +class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base + queue_as :low_priority + #.... +end + +# Now your job will run on queue production_low_priority on your +# production environment and on staging_low_priority +# on your staging environment +``` + +The default queue name prefix delimiter is '\_'. This can be changed by setting +`config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter` in `application.rb`: + +```ruby +# config/application.rb +module YourApp + class Application < Rails::Application + config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env + config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter = '.' + end +end + +# app/jobs/guests_cleanup.rb +class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base + queue_as :low_priority + #.... +end + +# Now your job will run on queue production.low_priority on your +# production environment and on staging.low_priority +# on your staging environment +``` + +If you want more control on what queue a job will be run you can pass a `:queue` +option to `#set`: + +```ruby +MyJob.set(queue: :another_queue).perform_later(record) +``` + +To control the queue from the job level you can pass a block to `#queue_as`. The +block will be executed in the job context (so you can access `self.arguments`) +and you must return the queue name: + +```ruby +class ProcessVideoJob < ActiveJob::Base + queue_as do + video = self.arguments.first + if video.owner.premium? + :premium_videojobs + else + :videojobs + end + end + + def perform(video) + # Do process video + end +end + +ProcessVideoJob.perform_later(Video.last) +``` + +NOTE: Make sure your queueing backend "listens" on your queue name. For some +backends you need to specify the queues to listen to. + + +Callbacks +--------- + +Active Job provides hooks during the life cycle of a job. Callbacks allow you to +trigger logic during the life cycle of a job. + +### Available callbacks + +* `before_enqueue` +* `around_enqueue` +* `after_enqueue` +* `before_perform` +* `around_perform` +* `after_perform` + +### Usage + +```ruby +class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base + queue_as :default + + before_enqueue do |job| + # Do something with the job instance + end + + around_perform do |job, block| + # Do something before perform + block.call + # Do something after perform + end + + def perform + # Do something later + end +end +``` + + +Action Mailer +------------ + +One of the most common jobs in a modern web application is sending emails outside +of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it. Active Job +is integrated with Action Mailer so you can easily send emails asynchronously: + +```ruby +# If you want to send the email now use #deliver_now +UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_now + +# If you want to send the email through Active Job use #deliver_later +UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_later +``` + + +GlobalID +-------- + +Active Job supports GlobalID for parameters. This makes it possible to pass live +Active Record objects to your job instead of class/id pairs, which you then have +to manually deserialize. Before, jobs would look like this: + +```ruby +class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base + def perform(trashable_class, trashable_id, depth) + trashable = trashable_class.constantize.find(trashable_id) + trashable.cleanup(depth) + end +end +``` + +Now you can simply do: + +```ruby +class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base + def perform(trashable, depth) + trashable.cleanup(depth) + end +end +``` + +This works with any class that mixes in `GlobalID::Identification`, which +by default has been mixed into Active Record classes. + + +Exceptions +---------- + +Active Job provides a way to catch exceptions raised during the execution of the +job: + +```ruby +class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base + queue_as :default + + rescue_from(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do |exception| + # Do something with the exception + end + + def perform + # Do something later + end +end +``` diff --git a/guides/source/active_model_basics.md b/guides/source/active_model_basics.md index 0019d08328..4b2bfaee2f 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_model_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/active_model_basics.md @@ -1,20 +1,34 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Active Model Basics =================== -This guide should provide you with all you need to get started using model classes. Active Model allows for Action Pack helpers to interact with non-Active Record models. Active Model also helps building custom ORMs for use outside of the Rails framework. +This guide should provide you with all you need to get started using model +classes. Active Model allows for Action Pack helpers to interact with +plain Ruby objects. Active Model also helps build custom ORMs for use +outside of the Rails framework. + +After reading this guide, you will be able to add to plain Ruby objects: -After reading this guide, you will know: +* The ability to behave like an Active Record model. +* Callbacks and validations like Active Record. +* Serializers. +* Integration with the Rails internationalization (i18n) framework. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Introduction ------------ -Active Model is a library containing various modules used in developing frameworks that need to interact with the Rails Action Pack library. Active Model provides a known set of interfaces for usage in classes. Some of modules are explained below. +Active Model is a library containing various modules used in developing +classes that need some features present on Active Record. +Some of these modules are explained below. -### AttributeMethods +### Attribute Methods -The AttributeMethods module can add custom prefixes and suffixes on methods of a class. It is used by defining the prefixes and suffixes and which methods on the object will use them. +The `ActiveModel::AttributeMethods` module can add custom prefixes and suffixes +on methods of a class. It is used by defining the prefixes and suffixes and +which methods on the object will use them. ```ruby class Person @@ -38,14 +52,17 @@ end person = Person.new person.age = 110 -person.age_highest? # true -person.reset_age # 0 -person.age_highest? # false +person.age_highest? # => true +person.reset_age # => 0 +person.age_highest? # => false ``` ### Callbacks -Callbacks gives Active Record style callbacks. This provides an ability to define callbacks which run at appropriate times. After defining callbacks, you can wrap them with before, after and around custom methods. +`ActiveModel::Callbacks` gives Active Record style callbacks. This provides an +ability to define callbacks which run at appropriate times. +After defining callbacks, you can wrap them with before, after and around +custom methods. ```ruby class Person @@ -69,7 +86,9 @@ end ### Conversion -If a class defines `persisted?` and `id` methods, then you can include the `Conversion` module in that class and call the Rails conversion methods on objects of that class. +If a class defines `persisted?` and `id` methods, then you can include the +`ActiveModel::Conversion` module in that class and call the Rails conversion +methods on objects of that class. ```ruby class Person @@ -92,11 +111,13 @@ person.to_param # => nil ### Dirty -An object becomes dirty when it has gone through one or more changes to its attributes and has not been saved. This gives the ability to check whether an object has been changed or not. It also has attribute based accessor methods. Let's consider a Person class with attributes `first_name` and `last_name`: +An object becomes dirty when it has gone through one or more changes to its +attributes and has not been saved. `ActiveModel::Dirty` gives the ability to +check whether an object has been changed or not. It also has attribute based +accessor methods. Let's consider a Person class with attributes `first_name` +and `last_name`: ```ruby -require 'active_model' - class Person include ActiveModel::Dirty define_attribute_methods :first_name, :last_name @@ -162,10 +183,11 @@ Track what was the previous value of the attribute. ```ruby # attr_name_was accessor -person.first_name_was # => "First Name" +person.first_name_was # => nil ``` -Track both previous and current value of the changed attribute. Returns an array if changed, else returns nil. +Track both previous and current value of the changed attribute. Returns an array +if changed, else returns nil. ```ruby # attr_name_change @@ -175,7 +197,8 @@ person.last_name_change # => nil ### Validations -Validations module adds the ability to class objects to validate them in Active Record style. +`ActiveModel::Validations` module adds the ability to validate class objects +like in Active Record. ```ruby class Person @@ -188,7 +211,8 @@ class Person validates! :token, presence: true end -person = Person.new(token: "2b1f325") +person = Person.new +person.token = "2b1f325" person.valid? # => false person.name = 'vishnu' person.email = 'me' @@ -198,3 +222,335 @@ person.valid? # => true person.token = nil person.valid? # => raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed ``` + +### Naming + +`ActiveModel::Naming` adds a number of class methods which make the naming and routing +easier to manage. The module defines the `model_name` class method which +will define a number of accessors using some `ActiveSupport::Inflector` methods. + +```ruby +class Person + extend ActiveModel::Naming +end + +Person.model_name.name # => "Person" +Person.model_name.singular # => "person" +Person.model_name.plural # => "people" +Person.model_name.element # => "person" +Person.model_name.human # => "Person" +Person.model_name.collection # => "people" +Person.model_name.param_key # => "person" +Person.model_name.i18n_key # => :person +Person.model_name.route_key # => "people" +Person.model_name.singular_route_key # => "person" +``` + +### Model + +`ActiveModel::Model` adds the ability to a class to work with Action Pack and +Action View right out of the box. + +```ruby +class EmailContact + include ActiveModel::Model + + attr_accessor :name, :email, :message + validates :name, :email, :message, presence: true + + def deliver + if valid? + # deliver email + end + end +end +``` + +When including `ActiveModel::Model` you get some features like: + +- model name introspection +- conversions +- translations +- validations + +It also gives you the ability to initialize an object with a hash of attributes, +much like any Active Record object. + +```ruby +email_contact = EmailContact.new(name: 'David', + email: 'david@example.com', + message: 'Hello World') +email_contact.name # => 'David' +email_contact.email # => 'david@example.com' +email_contact.valid? # => true +email_contact.persisted? # => false +``` + +Any class that includes `ActiveModel::Model` can be used with `form_for`, +`render` and any other Action View helper methods, just like Active Record +objects. + +### Serialization + +`ActiveModel::Serialization` provides a basic serialization for your object. +You need to declare an attributes hash which contains the attributes you want to +serialize. Attributes must be strings, not symbols. + +```ruby +class Person + include ActiveModel::Serialization + + attr_accessor :name + + def attributes + {'name' => nil} + end +end +``` + +Now you can access a serialized hash of your object using the `serializable_hash`. + +```ruby +person = Person.new +person.serializable_hash # => {"name"=>nil} +person.name = "Bob" +person.serializable_hash # => {"name"=>"Bob"} +``` + +#### ActiveModel::Serializers + +Rails provides two serializers `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON` and +`ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml`. Both of these modules automatically include +the `ActiveModel::Serialization`. + +##### ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON + +To use the `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON` you only need to change from +`ActiveModel::Serialization` to `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON`. + +```ruby +class Person + include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON + + attr_accessor :name + + def attributes + {'name' => nil} + end +end +``` + +With the `as_json` you have a hash representing the model. + +```ruby +person = Person.new +person.as_json # => {"name"=>nil} +person.name = "Bob" +person.as_json # => {"name"=>"Bob"} +``` + +From a JSON string you define the attributes of the model. +You need to have the `attributes=` method defined on your class: + +```ruby +class Person + include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON + + attr_accessor :name + + def attributes=(hash) + hash.each do |key, value| + send("#{key}=", value) + end + end + + def attributes + {'name' => nil} + end +end +``` + +Now it is possible to create an instance of person and set the attributes using `from_json`. + +```ruby +json = { name: 'Bob' }.to_json +person = Person.new +person.from_json(json) # => #<Person:0x00000100c773f0 @name="Bob"> +person.name # => "Bob" +``` + +##### ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml + +To use the `ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml` you only need to change from +`ActiveModel::Serialization` to `ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml`. + +```ruby +class Person + include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml + + attr_accessor :name + + def attributes + {'name' => nil} + end +end +``` + +With the `to_xml` you have an XML representing the model. + +```ruby +person = Person.new +person.to_xml # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<person>\n <name nil=\"true\"/>\n</person>\n" +person.name = "Bob" +person.to_xml # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<person>\n <name>Bob</name>\n</person>\n" +``` + +From an XML string you define the attributes of the model. +You need to have the `attributes=` method defined on your class: + +```ruby +class Person + include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml + + attr_accessor :name + + def attributes=(hash) + hash.each do |key, value| + send("#{key}=", value) + end + end + + def attributes + {'name' => nil} + end +end +``` + +Now it is possible to create an instance of person and set the attributes using `from_xml`. + +```ruby +xml = { name: 'Bob' }.to_xml +person = Person.new +person.from_xml(xml) # => #<Person:0x00000100c773f0 @name="Bob"> +person.name # => "Bob" +``` + +### Translation + +`ActiveModel::Translation` provides integration between your object and the Rails +internationalization (i18n) framework. + +```ruby +class Person + extend ActiveModel::Translation +end +``` + +With the `human_attribute_name` you can transform attribute names into a more +human format. The human format is defined in your locale file. + +* config/locales/app.pt-BR.yml + + ```yml + pt-BR: + activemodel: + attributes: + person: + name: 'Nome' + ``` + +```ruby +Person.human_attribute_name('name') # => "Nome" +``` + +### Lint Tests + +`ActiveModel::Lint::Tests` allow you to test whether an object is compliant with +the Active Model API. + +* app/models/person.rb + + ```ruby + class Person + include ActiveModel::Model + + end + ``` + +* test/models/person_test.rb + + ```ruby + require 'test_helper' + + class PersonTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase + include ActiveModel::Lint::Tests + + def setup + @model = Person.new + end + end + ``` + +```bash +$ rake test + +Run options: --seed 14596 + +# Running: + +...... + +Finished in 0.024899s, 240.9735 runs/s, 1204.8677 assertions/s. + +6 runs, 30 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips +``` + +An object is not required to implement all APIs in order to work with +Action Pack. This module only intends to provide guidance in case you want all +features out of the box. + +### SecurePassword + +`ActiveModel::SecurePassword` provides a way to securely store any +password in an encrypted form. On including this module, a +`has_secure_password` class method is provided which defines +an accessor named `password` with certain validations on it. + +#### Requirements + +`ActiveModel::SecurePassword` depends on the [`bcrypt`](https://github.com/codahale/bcrypt-ruby 'BCrypt'), +so include this gem in your Gemfile to use `ActiveModel::SecurePassword` correctly. +In order to make this work, the model must have an accessor named `password_digest`. +The `has_secure_password` will add the following validations on the `password` accessor: + +1. Password should be present. +2. Password should be equal to its confirmation. +3. This maximum length of a password is 72 (required by `bcrypt` on which ActiveModel::SecurePassword depends) + +#### Examples + +```ruby +class Person + include ActiveModel::SecurePassword + has_secure_password + attr_accessor :password_digest +end + +person = Person.new + +# When password is blank. +person.valid? # => false + +# When the confirmation doesn't match the password. +person.password = 'aditya' +person.password_confirmation = 'nomatch' +person.valid? # => false + +# When the length of password, exceeds 72. +person.password = person.password_confirmation = 'a' * 100 +person.valid? # => false + +# When all validations are passed. +person.password = person.password_confirmation = 'aditya' +person.valid? # => true +``` diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md index 21022f1abb..6551ba0389 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Active Record Basics ==================== @@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: What is Active Record? ---------------------- -Active Record is the M in [MVC](getting_started.html#the-mvc-architecture) - the +Active Record is the M in [MVC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller) - the model - which is the layer of the system responsible for representing business data and logic. Active Record facilitates the creation and use of business objects whose data requires persistent storage to a database. It is an @@ -31,12 +33,12 @@ Object Relational Mapping system. in his book _Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture_. In Active Record, objects carry both persistent data and behavior which operates on that data. Active Record takes the opinion that ensuring -data access logic is part of the object will educate users of that +data access logic as part of the object will educate users of that object on how to write to and read from the database. ### Object Relational Mapping -Object-Relational Mapping, commonly referred to as its abbreviation ORM, is +Object Relational Mapping, commonly referred to as its abbreviation ORM, is a technique that connects the rich objects of an application to tables in a relational database management system. Using ORM, the properties and relationships of the objects in an application can be easily stored and @@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ Convention over Configuration in Active Record When writing applications using other programming languages or frameworks, it may be necessary to write a lot of configuration code. This is particularly true for ORM frameworks in general. However, if you follow the conventions adopted by -Rails, you'll need to write very little configuration (in some case no +Rails, you'll need to write very little configuration (in some cases no configuration at all) when creating Active Record models. The idea is that if you configure your applications in the very same way most of the time then this should be the default way. Thus, explicit configuration would be needed @@ -116,11 +118,11 @@ to Active Record instances: locking](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Locking.html) to a model. * `type` - Specifies that the model uses [Single Table - Inheritance](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html#label-Single+table+inheritance). + Inheritance](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html#class-ActiveRecord::Base-label-Single+table+inheritance). * `(association_name)_type` - Stores the type for [polymorphic associations](association_basics.html#polymorphic-associations). * `(table_name)_count` - Used to cache the number of belonging objects on - associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in a `Articles` class that + associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in an `Article` class that has many instances of `Comment` will cache the number of existent comments for each article. @@ -171,18 +173,18 @@ name that should be used: ```ruby class Product < ActiveRecord::Base - self.table_name = "PRODUCT" + self.table_name = "my_products" end ``` If you do so, you will have to define manually the class name that is hosting -the fixtures (class_name.yml) using the `set_fixture_class` method in your test +the fixtures (my_products.yml) using the `set_fixture_class` method in your test definition: ```ruby -class FunnyJoke < ActiveSupport::TestCase - set_fixture_class funny_jokes: Joke - fixtures :funny_jokes +class ProductTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase + set_fixture_class my_products: Product + fixtures :my_products ... end ``` @@ -310,10 +312,10 @@ models and validate that an attribute value is not empty, is unique and not already in the database, follows a specific format and many more. Validation is a very important issue to consider when persisting to the database, so -the methods `create`, `save` and `update` take it into account when +the methods `save` and `update` take it into account when running: they return `false` when validation fails and they didn't actually perform any operation on the database. All of these have a bang counterpart (that -is, `create!`, `save!` and `update!`), which are stricter in that +is, `save!` and `update!`), which are stricter in that they raise the exception `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if validation fails. A quick example to illustrate: @@ -322,8 +324,9 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base validates :name, presence: true end -User.create # => false -User.create! # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank +user = User.new +user.save # => false +user.save! # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank ``` You can learn more about validations in the [Active Record Validations @@ -357,7 +360,7 @@ class CreatePublications < ActiveRecord::Migration t.string :publisher_type t.boolean :single_issue - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end add_index :publications, :publication_type_id end diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md index f0ae3c729e..13989a3b33 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Active Record Callbacks ======================= @@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: The Object Life Cycle --------------------- -During the normal operation of a Rails application, objects may be created, updated, and destroyed. Active Record provides hooks into this <em>object life cycle</em> so that you can control your application and its data. +During the normal operation of a Rails application, objects may be created, updated, and destroyed. Active Record provides hooks into this *object life cycle* so that you can control your application and its data. Callbacks allow you to trigger logic before or after an alteration of an object's state. @@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base protected def normalize_name - self.name = self.name.downcase.titleize + self.name = name.downcase.titleize end def set_location diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md index 229c6ee458..7a994cc5de 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Active Record Migrations ======================== @@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration t.string :name t.text :description - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end end end @@ -239,7 +241,7 @@ generates ```ruby class AddUserRefToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration def change - add_reference :products, :user, index: true + add_reference :products, :user, index: true, foreign_key: true end end ``` @@ -285,7 +287,7 @@ class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration t.string :name t.text :description - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end end end @@ -355,7 +357,7 @@ will append `ENGINE=BLACKHOLE` to the SQL statement used to create the table ### Creating a Join Table -Migration method `create_join_table` creates a HABTM join table. A typical use +Migration method `create_join_table` creates an HABTM join table. A typical use would be: ```ruby @@ -423,7 +425,7 @@ change_column :products, :part_number, :text This changes the column `part_number` on products table to be a `:text` field. Besides `change_column`, the `change_column_null` and `change_column_default` -methods are used specifically to change the null and default values of a +methods are used specifically to change a not null constraint and default values of a column. ```ruby @@ -452,6 +454,8 @@ number of digits after the decimal point. are using a dynamic value (such as a date), the default will only be calculated the first time (i.e. on the date the migration is applied). * `index` Adds an index for the column. +* `required` Adds `required: true` for `belongs_to` associations and +`null: false` to the column in the migration. Some adapters may support additional options; see the adapter specific API docs for further information. @@ -466,7 +470,7 @@ add_foreign_key :articles, :authors ``` This adds a new foreign key to the `author_id` column of the `articles` -table. The key references the `id` column of the `articles` table. If the +table. The key references the `id` column of the `authors` table. If the column names can not be derived from the table names, you can use the `:column` and `:primary_key` options. @@ -475,7 +479,8 @@ Rails will generate a name for every foreign key starting with There is a `:name` option to specify a different name if needed. NOTE: Active Record only supports single column foreign keys. `execute` and -`structure.sql` are required to use composite foreign keys. +`structure.sql` are required to use composite foreign keys. See +[Schema Dumping and You](#schema-dumping-and-you). Removing a foreign key is easy as well: @@ -496,7 +501,7 @@ If the helpers provided by Active Record aren't enough you can use the `execute` method to execute arbitrary SQL: ```ruby -Product.connection.execute('UPDATE `products` SET `price`=`free` WHERE 1') +Product.connection.execute("UPDATE products SET price = 'free' WHERE 1=1") ``` For more details and examples of individual methods, check the API documentation. @@ -534,6 +539,14 @@ definitions: `change_table` is also reversible, as long as the block does not call `change`, `change_default` or `remove`. +`remove_column` is reversible if you supply the column type as the third +argument. Provide the original column options too, otherwise Rails can't +recreate the column exactly when rolling back: + +```ruby +remove_column :posts, :slug, :string, null: false, default: '', index: true +``` + If you're going to need to use any other methods, you should use `reversible` or write the `up` and `down` methods instead of using the `change` method. @@ -691,6 +704,10 @@ of `create_table` and `reversible`, replacing `create_table` by `drop_table`, and finally replacing `up` by `down` and vice-versa. This is all taken care of by `revert`. +NOTE: If you want to add check constraints like in the examples above, +you will have to use `structure.sql` as dump method. See +[Schema Dumping and You](#schema-dumping-and-you). + Running Migrations ------------------ @@ -824,7 +841,7 @@ class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration create_table :products do |t| t.string :name t.text :description - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end end @@ -939,10 +956,10 @@ that Active Record supports. This could be very useful if you were to distribute an application that is able to run against multiple databases. There is however a trade-off: `db/schema.rb` cannot express database specific -items such as triggers, or stored procedures. While in a migration you can -execute custom SQL statements, the schema dumper cannot reconstitute those -statements from the database. If you are using features like this, then you -should set the schema format to `:sql`. +items such as triggers, stored procedures or check constraints. While in a +migration you can execute custom SQL statements, the schema dumper cannot +reconstitute those statements from the database. If you are using features like +this, then you should set the schema format to `:sql`. Instead of using Active Record's schema dumper, the database's structure will be dumped using a tool specific to the database (via the `db:structure:dump` diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md index a5649e3903..4d9c1776f4 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Active Record and PostgreSQL ============================ @@ -83,9 +85,12 @@ Book.where("array_length(ratings, 1) >= 3") * [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/hstore.html) +NOTE: you need to enable the `hstore` extension to use hstore. + ```ruby # db/migrate/20131009135255_create_profiles.rb ActiveRecord::Schema.define do + enable_extension 'hstore' unless extension_enabled?('hstore') create_table :profiles do |t| t.hstore 'settings' end @@ -103,11 +108,6 @@ profile.settings # => {"color"=>"blue", "resolution"=>"800x600"} profile.settings = {"color" => "yellow", "resolution" => "1280x1024"} profile.save! - -## you need to call _will_change! if you are editing the store in place -profile.settings["color"] = "green" -profile.settings_will_change! -profile.save! ``` ### JSON @@ -132,7 +132,8 @@ event = Event.first event.payload # => {"kind"=>"user_renamed", "change"=>["jack", "john"]} ## Query based on JSON document -Event.where("payload->'kind' = ?", "user_renamed") +# The -> operator returns the original JSON type (which might be an object), whereas ->> returns text +Event.where("payload->>'kind' = ?", "user_renamed") ``` ### Range Types @@ -218,7 +219,7 @@ Currently there is no special support for enumerated types. They are mapped as normal text columns: ```ruby -# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_events.rb +# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles.rb execute <<-SQL CREATE TYPE article_status AS ENUM ('draft', 'published'); SQL @@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ end # Usage User.create settings: "01010011" user = User.first -user.settings # => "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)" +user.settings # => "01010011" user.settings = "0xAF" user.settings # => 10101111 user.save! diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md index 486e7b80ff..98fb566222 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Active Record Query Interface ============================= @@ -9,6 +11,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: * How to specify the order, retrieved attributes, grouping, and other properties of the found records. * How to use eager loading to reduce the number of database queries needed for data retrieval. * How to use dynamic finders methods. +* How to use method chaining to use multiple ActiveRecord methods together. * How to check for the existence of particular records. * How to perform various calculations on Active Record models. * How to run EXPLAIN on relations. @@ -87,15 +90,15 @@ The primary operation of `Model.find(options)` can be summarized as: * Convert the supplied options to an equivalent SQL query. * Fire the SQL query and retrieve the corresponding results from the database. * Instantiate the equivalent Ruby object of the appropriate model for every resulting row. -* Run `after_find` callbacks, if any. +* Run `after_find` and then `after_initialize` callbacks, if any. ### Retrieving a Single Object Active Record provides several different ways of retrieving a single object. -#### Using a Primary Key +#### `find` -Using `Model.find(primary_key)`, you can retrieve the object corresponding to the specified _primary key_ that matches any supplied options. For example: +Using the `find` method, you can retrieve the object corresponding to the specified _primary key_ that matches any supplied options. For example: ```ruby # Find the client with primary key (id) 10. @@ -109,119 +112,103 @@ The SQL equivalent of the above is: SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id = 10) LIMIT 1 ``` -`Model.find(primary_key)` will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception if no matching record is found. - -#### `take` +The `find` method will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception if no matching record is found. -`Model.take` retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example: +You can also use this method to query for multiple objects. Call the `find` method and pass in an array of primary keys. The return will be an array containing all of the matching records for the supplied _primary keys_. For example: ```ruby -client = Client.take -# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo"> +# Find the clients with primary keys 1 and 10. +client = Client.find([1, 10]) # Or even Client.find(1, 10) +# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">, #<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">] ``` The SQL equivalent of the above is: ```sql -SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1 +SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id IN (1,10)) ``` -`Model.take` returns `nil` if no record is found and no exception will be raised. - -TIP: The retrieved record may vary depending on the database engine. +WARNING: The `find` method will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception unless a matching record is found for **all** of the supplied primary keys. -#### `first` +#### `take` -`Model.first` finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example: +The `take` method retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example: ```ruby -client = Client.first +client = Client.take # => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo"> ``` The SQL equivalent of the above is: ```sql -SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1 +SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1 ``` -`Model.first` returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised. - -#### `last` +The `take` method returns `nil` if no record is found and no exception will be raised. -`Model.last` finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example: +You can pass in a numerical argument to the `take` method to return up to that number of results. For example ```ruby -client = Client.last -# => #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel"> +client = Client.take(2) +# => [ + #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">, + #<Client id: 220, first_name: "Sara"> +] ``` The SQL equivalent of the above is: ```sql -SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 1 -``` - -`Model.last` returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised. - -#### `find_by` - -`Model.find_by` finds the first record matching some conditions. For example: - -```ruby -Client.find_by first_name: 'Lifo' -# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo"> - -Client.find_by first_name: 'Jon' -# => nil +SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 2 ``` -It is equivalent to writing: +The `take!` method behaves exactly like `take`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. -```ruby -Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take -``` +TIP: The retrieved record may vary depending on the database engine. -#### `take!` +#### `first` -`Model.take!` retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example: +The `first` method finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example: ```ruby -client = Client.take! +client = Client.first # => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo"> ``` The SQL equivalent of the above is: ```sql -SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1 +SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1 ``` -`Model.take!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. - -#### `first!` +The `first` method returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised. -`Model.first!` finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example: +You can pass in a numerical argument to the `first` method to return up to that number of results. For example ```ruby -client = Client.first! -# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo"> +client = Client.first(3) +# => [ + #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">, + #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Fifo">, + #<Client id: 3, first_name: "Filo"> +] ``` The SQL equivalent of the above is: ```sql -SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1 +SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 3 ``` -`Model.first!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. +The `first!` method behaves exactly like `first`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. -#### `last!` +#### `last` -`Model.last!` finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example: +The `last` method finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example: ```ruby -client = Client.last! +client = Client.last # => #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel"> ``` @@ -231,92 +218,62 @@ The SQL equivalent of the above is: SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 1 ``` -`Model.last!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. - -#### `find_by!` - -`Model.find_by!` finds the first record matching some conditions. It raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. For example: - -```ruby -Client.find_by! first_name: 'Lifo' -# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo"> - -Client.find_by! first_name: 'Jon' -# => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound -``` - -It is equivalent to writing: - -```ruby -Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take! -``` - -### Retrieving Multiple Objects - -#### Using Multiple Primary Keys +The `last` method returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised. -`Model.find(array_of_primary_key)` accepts an array of _primary keys_, returning an array containing all of the matching records for the supplied _primary keys_. For example: +You can pass in a numerical argument to the `last` method to return up to that number of results. For example ```ruby -# Find the clients with primary keys 1 and 10. -client = Client.find([1, 10]) # Or even Client.find(1, 10) -# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">, #<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">] +client = Client.last(3) +# => [ + #<Client id: 219, first_name: "James">, + #<Client id: 220, first_name: "Sara">, + #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel"> +] ``` The SQL equivalent of the above is: ```sql -SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id IN (1,10)) +SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 3 ``` -WARNING: `Model.find(array_of_primary_key)` will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception unless a matching record is found for **all** of the supplied primary keys. +The `last!` method behaves exactly like `last`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. -#### take +#### `find_by` -`Model.take(limit)` retrieves the first number of records specified by `limit` without any explicit ordering: +The `find_by` method finds the first record matching some conditions. For example: ```ruby -Client.take(2) -# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">, - #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Raf">] -``` - -The SQL equivalent of the above is: +Client.find_by first_name: 'Lifo' +# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo"> -```sql -SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 2 +Client.find_by first_name: 'Jon' +# => nil ``` -#### first - -`Model.first(limit)` finds the first number of records specified by `limit` ordered by primary key: +It is equivalent to writing: ```ruby -Client.first(2) -# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">, - #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Raf">] +Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take ``` The SQL equivalent of the above is: ```sql -SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2 +SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.first_name = 'Lifo') LIMIT 1 ``` -#### last - -`Model.last(limit)` finds the number of records specified by `limit` ordered by primary key in descending order: +The `find_by!` method behaves exactly like `find_by`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. For example: ```ruby -Client.last(2) -# => [#<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">, - #<Client id: 9, first_name: "John">] +Client.find_by! first_name: 'does not exist' +# => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound ``` -The SQL equivalent of the above is: +This is equivalent to writing: -```sql -SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 2 +```ruby +Client.where(first_name: 'does not exist').take! ``` ### Retrieving Multiple Objects in Batches @@ -328,7 +285,7 @@ This may appear straightforward: ```ruby # This is very inefficient when the users table has thousands of rows. User.all.each do |user| - NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user) + NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now end ``` @@ -344,7 +301,15 @@ The `find_each` method retrieves a batch of records and then yields _each_ recor ```ruby User.find_each do |user| - NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user) + NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now +end +``` + +To add conditions to a `find_each` operation you can chain other Active Record methods such as `where`: + +```ruby +User.where(weekly_subscriber: true).find_each do |user| + NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now end ``` @@ -352,7 +317,7 @@ end The `find_each` method accepts most of the options allowed by the regular `find` method, except for `:order` and `:limit`, which are reserved for internal use by `find_each`. -Two additional options, `:batch_size` and `:start`, are available as well. +Two additional options, `:batch_size` and `:begin_at`, are available as well. **`:batch_size`** @@ -360,23 +325,36 @@ The `:batch_size` option allows you to specify the number of records to be retri ```ruby User.find_each(batch_size: 5000) do |user| - NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user) + NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now end ``` -**`:start`** +**`:begin_at`** -By default, records are fetched in ascending order of the primary key, which must be an integer. The `:start` option allows you to configure the first ID of the sequence whenever the lowest ID is not the one you need. This would be useful, for example, if you wanted to resume an interrupted batch process, provided you saved the last processed ID as a checkpoint. +By default, records are fetched in ascending order of the primary key, which must be an integer. The `:begin_at` option allows you to configure the first ID of the sequence whenever the lowest ID is not the one you need. This would be useful, for example, if you wanted to resume an interrupted batch process, provided you saved the last processed ID as a checkpoint. For example, to send newsletters only to users with the primary key starting from 2000, and to retrieve them in batches of 5000: ```ruby -User.find_each(start: 2000, batch_size: 5000) do |user| - NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user) +User.find_each(begin_at: 2000, batch_size: 5000) do |user| + NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now end ``` -Another example would be if you wanted multiple workers handling the same processing queue. You could have each worker handle 10000 records by setting the appropriate `:start` option on each worker. +Another example would be if you wanted multiple workers handling the same processing queue. You could have each worker handle 10000 records by setting the appropriate `:begin_at` option on each worker. + +**`:end_at`** + +Similar to the `:begin_at` option, `:end_at` allows you to configure the last ID of the sequence whenever the highest ID is not the one you need. +This would be useful, for example, if you wanted to run a batch process, using a subset of records based on `:begin_at` and `:end_at` + +For example, to send newsletters only to users with the primary key starting from 2000 up to 10000 and to retrieve them in batches of 1000: + +```ruby +User.find_each(begin_at: 2000, end_at: 10000, batch_size: 5000) do |user| + NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now +end +``` #### `find_in_batches` @@ -384,16 +362,14 @@ The `find_in_batches` method is similar to `find_each`, since both retrieve batc ```ruby # Give add_invoices an array of 1000 invoices at a time -Invoice.find_in_batches(include: :invoice_lines) do |invoices| +Invoice.find_in_batches do |invoices| export.add_invoices(invoices) end ``` -NOTE: The `:include` option allows you to name associations that should be loaded alongside with the models. - ##### Options for `find_in_batches` -The `find_in_batches` method accepts the same `:batch_size` and `:start` options as `find_each`, as well as most of the options allowed by the regular `find` method, except for `:order` and `:limit`, which are reserved for internal use by `find_in_batches`. +The `find_in_batches` method accepts the same `:batch_size`, `:begin_at` and `:end_at` options as `find_each`. Conditions ---------- @@ -679,7 +655,7 @@ GROUP BY status Having ------ -SQL uses the `HAVING` clause to specify conditions on the `GROUP BY` fields. You can add the `HAVING` clause to the SQL fired by the `Model.find` by adding the `:having` option to the find. +SQL uses the `HAVING` clause to specify conditions on the `GROUP BY` fields. You can add the `HAVING` clause to the SQL fired by the `Model.find` by adding the `having` method to the find. For example: @@ -707,7 +683,7 @@ Overriding Conditions You can specify certain conditions to be removed using the `unscope` method. For example: ```ruby -Article.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id asc').except(:order) +Article.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id asc').unscope(:order) ``` The SQL that would be executed: @@ -720,7 +696,7 @@ SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id asc LIMIT 20 ``` -You can additionally unscope specific where clauses. For example: +You can also unscope specific `where` clauses. For example: ```ruby Article.where(id: 10, trashed: false).unscope(where: :id) @@ -759,8 +735,6 @@ The `reorder` method overrides the default scope order. For example: ```ruby class Article < ActiveRecord::Base - .. - .. has_many :comments, -> { order('posted_at DESC') } end @@ -1173,7 +1147,7 @@ This would generate a query which contains a `LEFT OUTER JOIN` whereas the If there was no `where` condition, this would generate the normal set of two queries. NOTE: Using `where` like this will only work when you pass it a Hash. For -SQL-fragments you need use `references` to force joined tables: +SQL-fragments you need to use `references` to force joined tables: ```ruby Article.includes(:comments).where("comments.visible = true").references(:comments) @@ -1314,7 +1288,7 @@ User.active.where(state: 'finished') # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active' AND "users"."state" = 'finished' ``` -If we do want the `last where clause` to win then `Relation#merge` can +If we do want the last `where` clause to win then `Relation#merge` can be used. ```ruby @@ -1369,20 +1343,73 @@ Client.unscoped { Dynamic Finders --------------- -For every field (also known as an attribute) you define in your table, Active Record provides a finder method. If you have a field called `first_name` on your `Client` model for example, you get `find_by_first_name` for free from Active Record. If you have a `locked` field on the `Client` model, you also get `find_by_locked` and methods. +For every field (also known as an attribute) you define in your table, Active Record provides a finder method. If you have a field called `first_name` on your `Client` model for example, you get `find_by_first_name` for free from Active Record. If you have a `locked` field on the `Client` model, you also get `find_by_locked` method. You can specify an exclamation point (`!`) on the end of the dynamic finders to get them to raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` error if they do not return any records, like `Client.find_by_name!("Ryan")` If you want to find both by name and locked, you can chain these finders together by simply typing "`and`" between the fields. For example, `Client.find_by_first_name_and_locked("Ryan", true)`. +Understanding The Method Chaining +--------------------------------- + +The Active Record pattern implements [Method Chaining](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_chaining), +which allow us to use multiple Active Record methods together in a simple and straightforward way. + +You can chain methods in a statement when the previous method called returns an +`ActiveRecord::Relation`, like `all`, `where`, and `joins`. Methods that return +a single object (see [Retrieving a Single Object Section](#retrieving-a-single-object)) +have to be at the end of the statement. + +There are some examples below. This guide won't cover all the possibilities, just a few as examples. +When an Active Record method is called, the query is not immediately generated and sent to the database, +this just happens when the data is actually needed. So each example below generates a single query. + +### Retrieving filtered data from multiple tables + +```ruby +Person + .select('people.id, people.name, comments.text') + .joins(:comments) + .where('comments.created_at > ?', 1.week.ago) +``` + +The result should be something like this: + +```sql +SELECT people.id, people.name, comments.text +FROM people +INNER JOIN comments + ON comments.person_id = people.id +WHERE comments.created_at = '2015-01-01' +``` + +### Retrieving specific data from multiple tables + +```ruby +Person + .select('people.id, people.name, companies.name') + .joins(:company) + .find_by('people.name' => 'John') # this should be the last +``` + +The above should generate: + +```sql +SELECT people.id, people.name, companies.name +FROM people +INNER JOIN companies + ON companies.person_id = people.id +WHERE people.name = 'John' +LIMIT 1 +``` + +NOTE: Note that if a query matches multiple records, `find_by` will +fetch only the first one and ignore the others (see the `LIMIT 1` +statement above). + Find or Build a New Object -------------------------- -NOTE: Some dynamic finders have been deprecated in Rails 4.0 and will be -removed in Rails 4.1. The best practice is to use Active Record scopes -instead. You can find the deprecation gem at -https://github.com/rails/activerecord-deprecated_finders - It's common that you need to find a record or create it if it doesn't exist. You can do that with the `find_or_create_by` and `find_or_create_by!` methods. ### `find_or_create_by` @@ -1487,6 +1514,11 @@ If you'd like to use your own SQL to find records in a table you can use `find_b Client.find_by_sql("SELECT * FROM clients INNER JOIN orders ON clients.id = orders.client_id ORDER BY clients.created_at desc") +# => [ + #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lucas" >, + #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Jan" >, + # ... +] ``` `find_by_sql` provides you with a simple way of making custom calls to the database and retrieving instantiated objects. @@ -1496,12 +1528,16 @@ Client.find_by_sql("SELECT * FROM clients `find_by_sql` has a close relative called `connection#select_all`. `select_all` will retrieve objects from the database using custom SQL just like `find_by_sql` but will not instantiate them. Instead, you will get an array of hashes where each hash indicates a record. ```ruby -Client.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM clients WHERE id = '1'") +Client.connection.select_all("SELECT first_name, created_at FROM clients WHERE id = '1'") +# => [ + {"first_name"=>"Rafael", "created_at"=>"2012-11-10 23:23:45.281189"}, + {"first_name"=>"Eileen", "created_at"=>"2013-12-09 11:22:35.221282"} +] ``` ### `pluck` -`pluck` can be used to query a single or multiple columns from the underlying table of a model. It accepts a list of column names as argument and returns an array of values of the specified columns with the corresponding data type. +`pluck` can be used to query single or multiple columns from the underlying table of a model. It accepts a list of column names as argument and returns an array of values of the specified columns with the corresponding data type. ```ruby Client.where(active: true).pluck(:id) diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md index cb459626d5..d251c5c0b1 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Active Record Validations ========================= @@ -225,8 +227,26 @@ end ``` We'll cover validation errors in greater depth in the [Working with Validation -Errors](#working-with-validation-errors) section. For now, let's turn to the -built-in validation helpers that Rails provides by default. +Errors](#working-with-validation-errors) section. + +### `errors.details` + +To check which validations failed on an invalid attribute, you can use +`errors.details[:attribute]`. It returns an array of hashes with an `:error` +key to get the symbol of the validator: + +```ruby +class Person < ActiveRecord::Base + validates :name, presence: true +end + +>> person = Person.new +>> person.valid? +>> person.errors.details[:name] #=> [{error: :blank}] +``` + +Using `details` with custom validators is covered in the [Working with +Validation Errors](#working-with-validation-errors) section. Validation Helpers ------------------ @@ -361,6 +381,8 @@ class Product < ActiveRecord::Base end ``` +Alternatively, you can require that the specified attribute does _not_ match the regular expression by using the `:without` option. + The default error message is _"is invalid"_. ### `inclusion` @@ -425,7 +447,7 @@ class Essay < ActiveRecord::Base validates :content, length: { minimum: 300, maximum: 400, - tokenizer: lambda { |str| str.scan(/\w+/) }, + tokenizer: lambda { |str| str.split(/\s+/) }, too_short: "must have at least %{count} words", too_long: "must have at most %{count} words" } @@ -448,7 +470,7 @@ point number. To specify that only integral numbers are allowed set If you set `:only_integer` to `true`, then it will use the ```ruby -/\A[+-]?\d+\Z/ +/\A[+-]?\d+\z/ ``` regular expression to validate the attribute's value. Otherwise, it will try to @@ -485,6 +507,8 @@ constraints to acceptable values: * `:even` - Specifies the value must be an even number if set to true. The default error message for this option is _"must be even"_. +NOTE: By default, `numericality` doesn't allow `nil` values. You can use `allow_nil: true` option to permit it. + The default error message is _"is not a number"_. ### `presence` @@ -524,9 +548,16 @@ If you validate the presence of an object associated via a `has_one` or `marked_for_destruction?`. Since `false.blank?` is true, if you want to validate the presence of a boolean -field you should use `validates :field_name, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }`. +field you should use one of the following validations: + +```ruby +validates :boolean_field_name, presence: true +validates :boolean_field_name, inclusion: { in: [true, false] } +validates :boolean_field_name, exclusion: { in: [nil] } +``` -The default error message is _"can't be blank"_. +By using one of these validations, you will ensure the value will NOT be `nil` +which would result in a `NULL` value in most cases. ### `absence` @@ -575,9 +606,7 @@ This helper validates that the attribute's value is unique right before the object gets saved. It does not create a uniqueness constraint in the database, so it may happen that two different database connections create two records with the same value for a column that you intend to be unique. To avoid that, -you must create a unique index on both columns in your database. See -[the MySQL manual](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/multiple-column-indexes.html) -for more details about multiple column indexes. +you must create a unique index on that column in your database. ```ruby class Account < ActiveRecord::Base @@ -597,6 +626,7 @@ class Holiday < ActiveRecord::Base message: "should happen once per year" } end ``` +Should you wish to create a database constraint to prevent possible violations of a uniqueness validation using the `:scope` option, you must create a unique index on both columns in your database. See [the MySQL manual](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/multiple-column-indexes.html) for more details about multiple column indexes or [the PostgreSQL manual](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/static/ddl-constraints.html) for examples of unique constraints that refer to a group of columns. There is also a `:case_sensitive` option that you can use to define whether the uniqueness constraint will be case sensitive or not. This option defaults to @@ -698,7 +728,7 @@ we don't want names and surnames to begin with lower case. ```ruby class Person < ActiveRecord::Base validates_each :name, :surname do |record, attr, value| - record.errors.add(attr, 'must start with upper case') if value =~ /\A[a-z]/ + record.errors.add(attr, 'must start with upper case') if value =~ /\A[[:lower:]]/ end end ``` @@ -871,7 +901,7 @@ should happen, an `Array` can be used. Moreover, you can apply both `:if` and ```ruby class Computer < ActiveRecord::Base validates :mouse, presence: true, - if: ["market.retail?", :desktop?] + if: ["market.retail?", :desktop?], unless: Proc.new { |c| c.trackpad.present? } end ``` @@ -887,8 +917,8 @@ write your own validators or validation methods as you prefer. ### Custom Validators -Custom validators are classes that extend `ActiveModel::Validator`. These -classes must implement a `validate` method which takes a record as an argument +Custom validators are classes that inherit from `ActiveModel::Validator`. These +classes must implement the `validate` method which takes a record as an argument and performs the validation on it. The custom validator is called using the `validates_with` method. @@ -910,8 +940,8 @@ end The easiest way to add custom validators for validating individual attributes is with the convenient `ActiveModel::EachValidator`. In this case, the custom validator class must implement a `validate_each` method which takes three -arguments: record, attribute and value which correspond to the instance, the -attribute to be validated and the value of the attribute in the passed +arguments: record, attribute, and value. These correspond to the instance, the +attribute to be validated, and the value of the attribute in the passed instance. ```ruby @@ -1025,7 +1055,9 @@ person.errors[:name] ### `errors.add` -The `add` method lets you manually add messages that are related to particular attributes. You can use the `errors.full_messages` or `errors.to_a` methods to view the messages in the form they might be displayed to a user. Those particular messages get the attribute name prepended (and capitalized). `add` receives the name of the attribute you want to add the message to, and the message itself. +The `add` method lets you add an error message related to a particular attribute. It takes as arguments the attribute and the error message. + +The `errors.full_messages` method (or its equivalent, `errors.to_a`) returns the error messages in a user-friendly format, with the capitalized attribute name prepended to each message, as shown in the examples below. ```ruby class Person < ActiveRecord::Base @@ -1043,12 +1075,12 @@ person.errors.full_messages # => ["Name cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="] ``` -Another way to do this is using `[]=` setter +An equivalent to `errors#add` is to use `<<` to append a message to the `errors.messages` array for an attribute: ```ruby class Person < ActiveRecord::Base def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes - errors[:name] = "cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+=" + errors.messages[:name] << "cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+=" end end @@ -1061,6 +1093,43 @@ Another way to do this is using `[]=` setter # => ["Name cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="] ``` +### `errors.details` + +You can specify a validator type to the returned error details hash using the +`errors.add` method. + +```ruby +class Person < ActiveRecord::Base + def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes + errors.add(:name, :invalid_characters) + end +end + +person = Person.create(name: "!@#") + +person.errors.details[:name] +# => [{error: :invalid_characters}] +``` + +To improve the error details to contain the unallowed characters set for instance, +you can pass additional keys to `errors.add`. + +```ruby +class Person < ActiveRecord::Base + def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes + errors.add(:name, :invalid_characters, not_allowed: "!@#%*()_-+=") + end +end + +person = Person.create(name: "!@#") + +person.errors.details[:name] +# => [{error: :invalid_characters, not_allowed: "!@#%*()_-+="}] +``` + +All built in Rails validators populate the details hash with the corresponding +validator type. + ### `errors[:base]` You can add error messages that are related to the object's state as a whole, instead of being related to a specific attribute. You can use this method when you want to say that the object is invalid, no matter the values of its attributes. Since `errors[:base]` is an array, you can simply add a string to it and it will be used as an error message. diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md index 4f37bf971a..ff60f95a2c 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md +++ b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Active Support Core Extensions ============================== @@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ Active Support provides `duplicable?` to programmatically query an object about false.duplicable? # => false ``` -By definition all objects are `duplicable?` except `nil`, `false`, `true`, symbols, numbers, class, and module objects. +By definition all objects are `duplicable?` except `nil`, `false`, `true`, symbols, numbers, class, module, and method objects. WARNING: Any class can disallow duplication by removing `dup` and `clone` or raising exceptions from them. Thus only `rescue` can tell whether a given arbitrary object is duplicable. `duplicable?` depends on the hard-coded list above, but it is much faster than `rescue`. Use it only if you know the hard-coded list is enough in your use case. @@ -347,7 +349,7 @@ end we get: ```ruby -current_user.to_query('user') # => user=357-john-smith +current_user.to_query('user') # => "user=357-john-smith" ``` This method escapes whatever is needed, both for the key and the value: @@ -465,7 +467,7 @@ C.new(0, 1).instance_variable_names # => ["@x", "@y"] NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb`. -### Silencing Warnings, Streams, and Exceptions +### Silencing Warnings and Exceptions The methods `silence_warnings` and `enable_warnings` change the value of `$VERBOSE` accordingly for the duration of their block, and reset it afterwards: @@ -473,26 +475,10 @@ The methods `silence_warnings` and `enable_warnings` change the value of `$VERBO silence_warnings { Object.const_set "RAILS_DEFAULT_LOGGER", logger } ``` -You can silence any stream while a block runs with `silence_stream`: - -```ruby -silence_stream(STDOUT) do - # STDOUT is silent here -end -``` - -The `quietly` method addresses the common use case where you want to silence STDOUT and STDERR, even in subprocesses: - -```ruby -quietly { system 'bundle install' } -``` - -For example, the railties test suite uses that one in a few places to prevent command messages from being echoed intermixed with the progress status. - -Silencing exceptions is also possible with `suppress`. This method receives an arbitrary number of exception classes. If an exception is raised during the execution of the block and is `kind_of?` any of the arguments, `suppress` captures it and returns silently. Otherwise the exception is reraised: +Silencing exceptions is also possible with `suppress`. This method receives an arbitrary number of exception classes. If an exception is raised during the execution of the block and is `kind_of?` any of the arguments, `suppress` captures it and returns silently. Otherwise the exception is not captured: ```ruby -# If the user is locked the increment is lost, no big deal. +# If the user is locked, the increment is lost, no big deal. suppress(ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError) do current_user.increment! :visits end @@ -520,6 +506,8 @@ Extensions to `Module` ### `alias_method_chain` +**This method is deprecated in favour of using Module#prepend.** + Using plain Ruby you can wrap methods with other methods, that's called _alias chaining_. For example, let's say you'd like params to be strings in functional tests, as they are in real requests, but still want the convenience of assigning integers and other kind of values. To accomplish that you could wrap `ActionController::TestCase#process` this way in `test/test_helper.rb`: @@ -564,8 +552,6 @@ ActionController::TestCase.class_eval do end ``` -Rails uses `alias_method_chain` all over the code base. For example validations are added to `ActiveRecord::Base#save` by wrapping the method that way in a separate module specialized in validations. - NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb`. ### Attributes @@ -741,7 +727,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb`. #### Qualified Constant Names -The standard methods `const_defined?`, `const_get` , and `const_set` accept +The standard methods `const_defined?`, `const_get`, and `const_set` accept bare constant names. Active Support extends this API to be able to pass relative qualified constant names. @@ -1011,7 +997,7 @@ self.default_params = { }.freeze ``` -They can be also accessed and overridden at the instance level. +They can also be accessed and overridden at the instance level. ```ruby A.x = 1 @@ -1165,9 +1151,9 @@ Inserting data into HTML templates needs extra care. For example, you can't just #### Safe Strings -Active Support has the concept of <i>(html) safe</i> strings. A safe string is one that is marked as being insertable into HTML as is. It is trusted, no matter whether it has been escaped or not. +Active Support has the concept of _(html) safe_ strings. A safe string is one that is marked as being insertable into HTML as is. It is trusted, no matter whether it has been escaped or not. -Strings are considered to be <i>unsafe</i> by default: +Strings are considered to be _unsafe_ by default: ```ruby "".html_safe? # => false @@ -1251,7 +1237,7 @@ Calling `dup` or `clone` on safe strings yields safe strings. The method `remove` will remove all occurrences of the pattern: ```ruby -"Hello World".remove(/Hello /) => "World" +"Hello World".remove(/Hello /) # => "World" ``` There's also the destructive version `String#remove!`. @@ -1268,7 +1254,7 @@ The method `squish` strips leading and trailing whitespace, and substitutes runs There's also the destructive version `String#squish!`. -Note that it handles both ASCII and Unicode whitespace like mongolian vowel separator (U+180E). +Note that it handles both ASCII and Unicode whitespace. NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`. @@ -1310,6 +1296,38 @@ In above examples "dear" gets cut first, but then `:separator` prevents it. NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`. +### `truncate_words` + +The method `truncate_words` returns a copy of its receiver truncated after a given number of words: + +```ruby +"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(4) +# => "Oh dear! Oh dear!..." +``` + +Ellipsis can be customized with the `:omission` option: + +```ruby +"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(4, omission: '…') +# => "Oh dear! Oh dear!…" +``` + +Pass a `:separator` to truncate the string at a natural break: + +```ruby +"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(3, separator: '!') +# => "Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late..." +``` + +The option `:separator` can be a regexp: + +```ruby +"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(4, separator: /\s/) +# => "Oh dear! Oh dear!..." +``` + +NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`. + ### `inquiry` The `inquiry` method converts a string into a `StringInquirer` object making equality checks prettier. @@ -1415,7 +1433,7 @@ Returns the substring of the string starting at position `position`: "hello".from(0) # => "hello" "hello".from(2) # => "llo" "hello".from(-2) # => "lo" -"hello".from(10) # => "" if < 1.9, nil in 1.9 +"hello".from(10) # => nil ``` NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb`. @@ -1801,16 +1819,14 @@ attribute names: ```ruby def full_messages - full_messages = [] - - each do |attribute, messages| - ... - attr_name = attribute.to_s.gsub('.', '_').humanize - attr_name = @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute, default: attr_name) - ... - end + map { |attribute, message| full_message(attribute, message) } +end - full_messages +def full_message + ... + attr_name = attribute.to_s.tr('.', '_').humanize + attr_name = @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute, default: attr_name) + ... end ``` @@ -1920,24 +1936,6 @@ as well as adding or subtracting their results from a Time object. For example: (4.months + 5.years).from_now ``` -While these methods provide precise calculation when used as in the examples above, care -should be taken to note that this is not true if the result of `months', `years', etc is -converted before use: - -```ruby -# equivalent to 30.days.to_i.from_now -1.month.to_i.from_now - -# equivalent to 365.25.days.to_f.from_now -1.year.to_f.from_now -``` - -In such cases, Ruby's core [Date](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/date/rdoc/Date.html) and -[Time](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/time/rdoc/Time.html) should be used for precision -date and time arithmetic. - -NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb`. - ### Formatting Enables the formatting of numbers in a variety of ways. @@ -2184,6 +2182,17 @@ to_visit << node if visited.exclude?(node) NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb`. +### `without` + +The method `without` returns a copy of an enumerable with the specified elements +removed: + +```ruby +people.without("Aaron", "Todd") +``` + +NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb`. + Extensions to `Array` --------------------- @@ -2862,6 +2871,20 @@ Active Record does not accept unknown options when building associations, for ex NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb`. +### Working with Values + +#### `transform_values` && `transform_values!` + +The method `transform_values` accepts a block and returns a hash that has applied the block operations to each of the values in the receiver. + +```ruby +{ nil => nil, 1 => 1, :x => :a }.transform_values { |value| value.to_s.upcase } +# => {nil=>"", 1=>"1", :x=>"A"} +``` +There's also the bang variant `transform_values!` that applies the block operations to values in the very receiver. + +NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_text/hash/transform_values.rb`. + ### Slicing Ruby has built-in support for taking slices out of strings and arrays. Active Support extends slicing to hashes: @@ -3017,53 +3040,6 @@ The method `Range#overlaps?` says whether any two given ranges have non-void int NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/range/overlaps.rb`. -Extensions to `Proc` --------------------- - -### `bind` - -As you surely know Ruby has an `UnboundMethod` class whose instances are methods that belong to the limbo of methods without a self. The method `Module#instance_method` returns an unbound method for example: - -```ruby -Hash.instance_method(:delete) # => #<UnboundMethod: Hash#delete> -``` - -An unbound method is not callable as is, you need to bind it first to an object with `bind`: - -```ruby -clear = Hash.instance_method(:clear) -clear.bind({a: 1}).call # => {} -``` - -Active Support defines `Proc#bind` with an analogous purpose: - -```ruby -Proc.new { size }.bind([]).call # => 0 -``` - -As you see that's callable and bound to the argument, the return value is indeed a `Method`. - -NOTE: To do so `Proc#bind` actually creates a method under the hood. If you ever see a method with a weird name like `__bind_1256598120_237302` in a stack trace you know now where it comes from. - -Action Pack uses this trick in `rescue_from` for example, which accepts the name of a method and also a proc as callbacks for a given rescued exception. It has to call them in either case, so a bound method is returned by `handler_for_rescue`, thus simplifying the code in the caller: - -```ruby -def handler_for_rescue(exception) - _, rescuer = Array(rescue_handlers).reverse.detect do |klass_name, handler| - ... - end - - case rescuer - when Symbol - method(rescuer) - when Proc - rescuer.bind(self) - end -end -``` - -NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/proc.rb`. - Extensions to `Date` -------------------- @@ -3672,9 +3648,9 @@ t.advance(seconds: 1) #### `Time.current` -Active Support defines `Time.current` to be today in the current time zone. That's like `Time.now`, except that it honors the user time zone, if defined. It also defines `Time.yesterday` and `Time.tomorrow`, and the instance predicates `past?`, `today?`, and `future?`, all of them relative to `Time.current`. +Active Support defines `Time.current` to be today in the current time zone. That's like `Time.now`, except that it honors the user time zone, if defined. It also defines the instance predicates `past?`, `today?`, and `future?`, all of them relative to `Time.current`. -When making Time comparisons using methods which honor the user time zone, make sure to use `Time.current` and not `Time.now`. There are cases where the user time zone might be in the future compared to the system time zone, which `Time.today` uses by default. This means `Time.now` may equal `Time.yesterday`. +When making Time comparisons using methods which honor the user time zone, make sure to use `Time.current` instead of `Time.now`. There are cases where the user time zone might be in the future compared to the system time zone, which `Time.now` uses by default. This means `Time.now.to_date` may equal `Date.yesterday`. #### `all_day`, `all_week`, `all_month`, `all_quarter` and `all_year` @@ -3785,50 +3761,6 @@ WARNING. If the argument is an `IO` it needs to respond to `rewind` to be able t NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/marshal.rb`. -Extensions to `Logger` ----------------------- - -### `around_[level]` - -Takes two arguments, a `before_message` and `after_message` and calls the current level method on the `Logger` instance, passing in the `before_message`, then the specified message, then the `after_message`: - -```ruby -logger = Logger.new("log/development.log") -logger.around_info("before", "after") { |logger| logger.info("during") } -``` - -### `silence` - -Silences every log level lesser to the specified one for the duration of the given block. Log level orders are: debug, info, error and fatal. - -```ruby -logger = Logger.new("log/development.log") -logger.silence(Logger::INFO) do - logger.debug("In space, no one can hear you scream.") - logger.info("Scream all you want, small mailman!") -end -``` - -### `datetime_format=` - -Modifies the datetime format output by the formatter class associated with this logger. If the formatter class does not have a `datetime_format` method then this is ignored. - -```ruby -class Logger::FormatWithTime < Logger::Formatter - cattr_accessor(:datetime_format) { "%Y%m%d%H%m%S" } - - def self.call(severity, timestamp, progname, msg) - "#{timestamp.strftime(datetime_format)} -- #{String === msg ? msg : msg.inspect}\n" - end -end - -logger = Logger.new("log/development.log") -logger.formatter = Logger::FormatWithTime -logger.info("<- is the current time") -``` - -NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/logger.rb`. - Extensions to `NameError` ------------------------- @@ -3845,7 +3777,7 @@ def default_helper_module! module_name = name.sub(/Controller$/, '') module_path = module_name.underscore helper module_path -rescue MissingSourceFile => e +rescue LoadError => e raise e unless e.is_missing? "helpers/#{module_path}_helper" rescue NameError => e raise e unless e.missing_name? "#{module_name}Helper" @@ -3857,7 +3789,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/name_error.rb`. Extensions to `LoadError` ------------------------- -Active Support adds `is_missing?` to `LoadError`, and also assigns that class to the constant `MissingSourceFile` for backwards compatibility. +Active Support adds `is_missing?` to `LoadError`. Given a path name `is_missing?` tests whether the exception was raised due to that particular file (except perhaps for the ".rb" extension). @@ -3868,7 +3800,7 @@ def default_helper_module! module_name = name.sub(/Controller$/, '') module_path = module_name.underscore helper module_path -rescue MissingSourceFile => e +rescue LoadError => e raise e unless e.is_missing? "helpers/#{module_path}_helper" rescue NameError => e raise e unless e.missing_name? "#{module_name}Helper" diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md index 7033947468..1b14bedfbf 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md +++ b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Active Support Instrumentation ============================== @@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: Introduction to instrumentation ------------------------------- -The instrumentation API provided by Active Support allows developers to provide hooks which other developers may hook into. There are several of these within the Rails framework, as described below in (TODO: link to section detailing each hook point). With this API, developers can choose to be notified when certain events occur inside their application or another piece of Ruby code. +The instrumentation API provided by Active Support allows developers to provide hooks which other developers may hook into. There are several of these within the [Rails framework](#rails-framework-hooks). With this API, developers can choose to be notified when certain events occur inside their application or another piece of Ruby code. For example, there is a hook provided within Active Record that is called every time Active Record uses an SQL query on a database. This hook could be **subscribed** to, and used to track the number of queries during a certain action. There's another hook around the processing of an action of a controller. This could be used, for instance, to track how long a specific action has taken. @@ -135,7 +137,9 @@ Action Controller | `:format` | html/js/json/xml etc | | `:method` | HTTP request verb | | `:path` | Request path | +| `:status` | HTTP status code | | `:view_runtime` | Amount spent in view in ms | +| `:db_runtime` | Amount spent executing database queries in ms | ```ruby { @@ -214,7 +218,7 @@ Action View ```ruby { - identifier: "/Users/adam/projects/notifications/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb", + identifier: "/Users/adam/projects/notifications/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb" } ``` @@ -223,11 +227,11 @@ Active Record ### sql.active_record -| Key | Value | -| ------------ | --------------------- | -| `:sql` | SQL statement | -| `:name` | Name of the operation | -| `:object_id` | `self.object_id` | +| Key | Value | +| ---------------- | --------------------- | +| `:sql` | SQL statement | +| `:name` | Name of the operation | +| `:connection_id` | `self.object_id` | INFO. The adapters will add their own data as well. @@ -303,7 +307,7 @@ Action Mailer } ``` -ActiveResource +Active Resource -------------- ### request.active_resource diff --git a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md index 7e9b288ffd..b385bdbe83 100644 --- a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md +++ b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + API Documentation Guidelines ============================ @@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ used. Instead of: English ------- -Please use American English (<em>color</em>, <em>center</em>, <em>modularize</em>, etc). See [a list of American and British English spelling differences here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences). +Please use American English (*color*, *center*, *modularize*, etc). See [a list of American and British English spelling differences here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences). Example Code ------------ diff --git a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md index 709f9583ec..9da0ef1eb3 100644 --- a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md +++ b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + The Asset Pipeline ================== @@ -124,19 +126,22 @@ with a built-in helper. In the source the generated code looked like this: The query string strategy has several disadvantages: 1. **Not all caches will reliably cache content where the filename only differs by -query parameters**<br> +query parameters** + [Steve Souders recommends](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/), "...avoiding a querystring for cacheable resources". He found that in this case 5-20% of requests will not be cached. Query strings in particular do not work at all with some CDNs for cache invalidation. -2. **The file name can change between nodes in multi-server environments.**<br> +2. **The file name can change between nodes in multi-server environments.** + The default query string in Rails 2.x is based on the modification time of the files. When assets are deployed to a cluster, there is no guarantee that the timestamps will be the same, resulting in different values being used depending on which server handles the request. -3. **Too much cache invalidation**<br> +3. **Too much cache invalidation** + When static assets are deployed with each new release of code, the mtime (time of last modification) of _all_ these files changes, forcing all remote clients to fetch them again, even when the content of those assets has not changed. @@ -144,7 +149,7 @@ clients to fetch them again, even when the content of those assets has not chang Fingerprinting fixes these problems by avoiding query strings, and by ensuring that filenames are consistent based on their content. -Fingerprinting is enabled by default for production and disabled for all other +Fingerprinting is enabled by default for both the development and production environments. You can enable or disable it in your configuration through the `config.assets.digest` option. @@ -163,9 +168,9 @@ pipeline, the preferred location for these assets is now the `app/assets` directory. Files in this directory are served by the Sprockets middleware. Assets can still be placed in the `public` hierarchy. Any assets under `public` -will be served as static files by the application or web server. You should use -`app/assets` for files that must undergo some pre-processing before they are -served. +will be served as static files by the application or web server when +`config.serve_static_files` is set to true. You should use `app/assets` for +files that must undergo some pre-processing before they are served. In production, Rails precompiles these files to `public/assets` by default. The precompiled copies are then served as static assets by the web server. The files @@ -177,12 +182,12 @@ When you generate a scaffold or a controller, Rails also generates a JavaScript file (or CoffeeScript file if the `coffee-rails` gem is in the `Gemfile`) and a Cascading Style Sheet file (or SCSS file if `sass-rails` is in the `Gemfile`) for that controller. Additionally, when generating a scaffold, Rails generates -the file scaffolds.css (or scaffolds.css.scss if `sass-rails` is in the +the file scaffolds.css (or scaffolds.scss if `sass-rails` is in the `Gemfile`.) For example, if you generate a `ProjectsController`, Rails will also add a new -file at `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee` and another at -`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss`. By default these files will be ready +file at `app/assets/javascripts/projects.coffee` and another at +`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.scss`. By default these files will be ready to use by your application immediately using the `require_tree` directive. See [Manifest Files and Directives](#manifest-files-and-directives) for more details on require_tree. @@ -204,9 +209,7 @@ precompiling works. NOTE: You must have an ExecJS supported runtime in order to use CoffeeScript. If you are using Mac OS X or Windows, you have a JavaScript runtime installed in -your operating system. Check -[ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme) documentation to know all -supported JavaScript runtimes. +your operating system. Check [ExecJS](https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme) documentation to know all supported JavaScript runtimes. You can also disable generation of controller specific asset files by adding the following to your `config/application.rb` configuration: @@ -229,7 +232,9 @@ images, JavaScript files or stylesheets. scope of the application or those libraries which are shared across applications. * `vendor/assets` is for assets that are owned by outside entities, such as -code for JavaScript plugins and CSS frameworks. +code for JavaScript plugins and CSS frameworks. Keep in mind that third party +code with references to other files also processed by the asset Pipeline (images, +stylesheets, etc.), will need to be rewritten to use helpers like `asset_path`. WARNING: If you are upgrading from Rails 3, please take into account that assets under `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets` are available for inclusion via the @@ -419,7 +424,7 @@ $('#logo').attr({ src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>" }); This writes the path to the particular asset being referenced. Similarly, you can use the `asset_path` helper in CoffeeScript files with `erb` -extension (e.g., `application.js.coffee.erb`): +extension (e.g., `application.coffee.erb`): ```js $('#logo').attr src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>" @@ -490,8 +495,7 @@ The directives that work in JavaScript files also work in stylesheets one, requiring all stylesheets from the current directory. In this example, `require_self` is used. This puts the CSS contained within the -file (if any) at the precise location of the `require_self` call. If -`require_self` is called more than once, only the last call is respected. +file (if any) at the precise location of the `require_self` call. NOTE. If you want to use multiple Sass files, you should generally use the [Sass `@import` rule](http://sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#import) instead of these Sprockets directives. When using Sprockets directives, Sass files exist within @@ -521,8 +525,8 @@ The file extensions used on an asset determine what preprocessing is applied. When a controller or a scaffold is generated with the default Rails gemset, a CoffeeScript file and a SCSS file are generated in place of a regular JavaScript and CSS file. The example used before was a controller called "projects", which -generated an `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee` and an -`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss` file. +generated an `app/assets/javascripts/projects.coffee` and an +`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.scss` file. In development mode, or if the asset pipeline is disabled, when these files are requested they are processed by the processors provided by the `coffee-script` @@ -534,13 +538,13 @@ web server. Additional layers of preprocessing can be requested by adding other extensions, where each extension is processed in a right-to-left manner. These should be used in the order the processing should be applied. For example, a stylesheet -called `app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss.erb` is first processed as ERB, +called `app/assets/stylesheets/projects.scss.erb` is first processed as ERB, then SCSS, and finally served as CSS. The same applies to a JavaScript file - -`app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee.erb` is processed as ERB, then +`app/assets/javascripts/projects.coffee.erb` is processed as ERB, then CoffeeScript, and served as JavaScript. Keep in mind the order of these preprocessors is important. For example, if -you called your JavaScript file `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.erb.coffee` +you called your JavaScript file `app/assets/javascripts/projects.erb.coffee` then it would be processed with the CoffeeScript interpreter first, which wouldn't understand ERB and therefore you would run into problems. @@ -663,8 +667,7 @@ anymore, delete these options from the `javascript_include_tag` and `stylesheet_link_tag`. The fingerprinting behavior is controlled by the `config.assets.digest` -initialization option (which defaults to `true` for production and `false` for -everything else). +initialization option (which defaults to `true` for production and development). NOTE: Under normal circumstances the default `config.assets.digest` option should not be changed. If there are no digests in the filenames, and far-future @@ -725,27 +728,6 @@ include, you can add them to the `precompile` array in `config/initializers/asse Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += ['admin.js', 'admin.css', 'swfObject.js'] ``` -Or, you can opt to precompile all assets with something like this: - -```ruby -# config/initializers/assets.rb -Rails.application.config.assets.precompile << Proc.new do |path| - if path =~ /\.(css|js)\z/ - full_path = Rails.application.assets.resolve(path).to_path - app_assets_path = Rails.root.join('app', 'assets').to_path - if full_path.starts_with? app_assets_path - puts "including asset: " + full_path - true - else - puts "excluding asset: " + full_path - false - end - else - false - end -end -``` - NOTE. Always specify an expected compiled filename that ends with .js or .css, even if you want to add Sass or CoffeeScript files to the precompile array. @@ -914,24 +896,207 @@ end ### CDNs -If your assets are being served by a CDN, ensure they don't stick around in your -cache forever. This can cause problems. If you use -`config.action_controller.perform_caching = true`, Rack::Cache will use -`Rails.cache` to store assets. This can cause your cache to fill up quickly. +CDN stands for [Content Delivery +Network](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), they are +primarily designed to cache assets all over the world so that when a browser +requests the asset, a cached copy will be geographically close to that browser. +If you are serving assets directly from your Rails server in production, the +best practice is to use a CDN in front of your application. + +A common pattern for using a CDN is to set your production application as the +"origin" server. This means when a browser requests an asset from the CDN and +there is a cache miss, it will grab the file from your server on the fly and +then cache it. For example if you are running a Rails application on +`example.com` and have a CDN configured at `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com`, +then when a request is made to `mycdnsubdomain.fictional- +cdn.com/assets/smile.png`, the CDN will query your server once at +`example.com/assets/smile.png` and cache the request. The next request to the +CDN that comes in to the same URL will hit the cached copy. When the CDN can +serve an asset directly the request never touches your Rails server. Since the +assets from a CDN are geographically closer to the browser, the request is +faster, and since your server doesn't need to spend time serving assets, it can +focus on serving application code as fast as possible. + +#### Set up a CDN to Serve Static Assets + +To set up your CDN you have to have your application running in production on +the internet at a publicly available URL, for example `example.com`. Next +you'll need to sign up for a CDN service from a cloud hosting provider. When you +do this you need to configure the "origin" of the CDN to point back at your +website `example.com`, check your provider for documentation on configuring the +origin server. + +The CDN you provisioned should give you a custom subdomain for your application +such as `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com` (note fictional-cdn.com is not a +valid CDN provider at the time of this writing). Now that you have configured +your CDN server, you need to tell browsers to use your CDN to grab assets +instead of your Rails server directly. You can do this by configuring Rails to +set your CDN as the asset host instead of using a relative path. To set your +asset host in Rails, you need to set `config.action_controller.asset_host` in +`config/production.rb`: + +```ruby +config.action_controller.asset_host = 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com' +``` -Every cache is different, so evaluate how your CDN handles caching and make sure -that it plays nicely with the pipeline. You may find quirks related to your -specific set up, you may not. The defaults NGINX uses, for example, should give -you no problems when used as an HTTP cache. +NOTE: You only need to provide the "host", this is the subdomain and root +domain, you do not need to specify a protocol or "scheme" such as `http://` or +`https://`. When a web page is requested, the protocol in the link to your asset +that is generated will match how the webpage is accessed by default. -If you want to serve only some assets from your CDN, you can use custom -`:host` option of `asset_url` helper, which overwrites value set in +You can also set this value through an [environment +variable](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable) to make running a +staging copy of your site easier: + +``` +config.action_controller.asset_host = ENV['CDN_HOST'] +``` + + + +Note: You would need to set `CDN_HOST` on your server to `mycdnsubdomain +.fictional-cdn.com` for this to work. + +Once you have configured your server and your CDN when you serve a webpage that +has an asset: + +```erb +<%= asset_path('smile.png') %> +``` + +Instead of returning a path such as `/assets/smile.png` (digests are left out +for readability). The URL generated will have the full path to your CDN. + +``` +http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png +``` + +If the CDN has a copy of `smile.png` it will serve it to the browser and your +server doesn't even know it was requested. If the CDN does not have a copy it +will try to find it at the "origin" `example.com/assets/smile.png` and then store +it for future use. + +If you want to serve only some assets from your CDN, you can use custom `:host` +option your asset helper, which overwrites value set in `config.action_controller.asset_host`. -```ruby -asset_url 'image.png', :host => 'http://cdn.example.com' +```erb +<%= asset_path 'image.png', host: 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com' %> +``` + +#### Customize CDN Caching Behavior + +A CDN works by caching content. If the CDN has stale or bad content, then it is +hurting rather than helping your application. The purpose of this section is to +describe general caching behavior of most CDNs, your specific provider may +behave slightly differently. + +##### CDN Request Caching + +While a CDN is described as being good for caching assets, in reality caches the +entire request. This includes the body of the asset as well as any headers. The +most important one being `Cache-Control` which tells the CDN (and web browsers) +how to cache contents. This means that if someone requests an asset that does +not exist `/assets/i-dont-exist.png` and your Rails application returns a 404, +then your CDN will likely cache the 404 page if a valid `Cache-Control` header +is present. + +##### CDN Header Debugging + +One way to check the headers are cached properly in your CDN is by using [curl]( +http://explainshell.com/explain?cmd=curl+-I+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.com). You +can request the headers from both your server and your CDN to verify they are +the same: + +``` +$ curl -I http://www.example/assets/application- +d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css +HTTP/1.1 200 OK +Server: Cowboy +Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:27:50 GMT +Connection: keep-alive +Last-Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT +Content-Type: text/css +Cache-Control: public, max-age=2592000 +Content-Length: 126560 +Via: 1.1 vegur +``` + +Versus the CDN copy. + +``` +$ curl -I http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/application- +d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css +HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Cowboy Last- +Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT Content-Type: text/css +Cache-Control: +public, max-age=2592000 +Via: 1.1 vegur +Content-Length: 126560 +Accept-Ranges: +bytes +Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:28:45 GMT +Via: 1.1 varnish +Age: 885814 +Connection: keep-alive +X-Served-By: cache-dfw1828-DFW +X-Cache: HIT +X-Cache-Hits: +68 +X-Timer: S1408912125.211638212,VS0,VE0 ``` +Check your CDN documentation for any additional information they may provide +such as `X-Cache` or for any additional headers they may add. + +##### CDNs and the Cache-Control Header + +The [cache control +header](http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9) is a W3C +specification that describes how a request can be cached. When no CDN is used, a +browser will use this information to cache contents. This is very helpful for +assets that are not modified so that a browser does not need to re-download a +website's CSS or javascript on every request. Generally we want our Rails server +to tell our CDN (and browser) that the asset is "public", that means any cache +can store the request. Also we commonly want to set `max-age` which is how long +the cache will store the object before invalidating the cache. The `max-age` +value is set to seconds with a maximum possible value of `31536000` which is one +year. You can do this in your rails application by setting + +``` +config.static_cache_control = "public, max-age=31536000" +``` + +Now when your application serves an asset in production, the CDN will store the +asset for up to a year. Since most CDNs also cache headers of the request, this +`Cache-Control` will be passed along to all future browsers seeking this asset, +the browser then knows that it can store this asset for a very long time before +needing to re-request it. + +##### CDNs and URL based Cache Invalidation + +Most CDNs will cache contents of an asset based on the complete URL. This means +that a request to + +``` +http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile-123.png +``` + +Will be a completely different cache from + +``` +http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png +``` + +If you want to set far future `max-age` in your `Cache-Control` (and you do), +then make sure when you change your assets that your cache is invalidated. For +example when changing the smiley face in an image from yellow to blue, you want +all visitors of your site to get the new blue face. When using a CDN with the +Rails asset pipeline `config.assets.digest` is set to true by default so that +each asset will have a different file name when it is changed. This way you +don't have to ever manually invalidate any items in your cache. By using a +different unique asset name instead, your users get the latest asset. + Customizing the Pipeline ------------------------ @@ -971,7 +1136,7 @@ The following line invokes `uglifier` for JavaScript compression. config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier ``` -NOTE: You will need an [ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme) +NOTE: You will need an [ExecJS](https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme) supported runtime in order to use `uglifier`. If you are using Mac OS X or Windows you have a JavaScript runtime installed in your operating system. @@ -1163,8 +1328,8 @@ config.assets.digest = true Rails 4 no longer sets default config values for Sprockets in `test.rb`, so `test.rb` now requires Sprockets configuration. The old defaults in the test -environment are: `config.assets.compile = true`, `config.assets.compress = -false`, `config.assets.debug = false` and `config.assets.digest = false`. +environment are: `config.assets.compile = true`, `config.assets.compress = false`, +`config.assets.debug = false` and `config.assets.digest = false`. The following should also be added to `Gemfile`: diff --git a/guides/source/association_basics.md b/guides/source/association_basics.md index 22f6f5e7d6..ec6017ff73 100644 --- a/guides/source/association_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/association_basics.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Active Record Associations ========================== @@ -101,13 +103,13 @@ class CreateOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration def change create_table :customers do |t| t.string :name - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end create_table :orders do |t| - t.belongs_to :customer + t.belongs_to :customer, index: true t.datetime :order_date - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end end end @@ -132,13 +134,13 @@ class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration def change create_table :suppliers do |t| t.string :name - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end create_table :accounts do |t| - t.belongs_to :supplier + t.belongs_to :supplier, index: true t.string :account_number - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end end end @@ -165,13 +167,13 @@ class CreateCustomers < ActiveRecord::Migration def change create_table :customers do |t| t.string :name - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end create_table :orders do |t| - t.belongs_to :customer + t.belongs_to :customer, index: true t.datetime :order_date - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end end end @@ -207,19 +209,19 @@ class CreateAppointments < ActiveRecord::Migration def change create_table :physicians do |t| t.string :name - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end create_table :patients do |t| t.string :name - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end create_table :appointments do |t| - t.belongs_to :physician - t.belongs_to :patient + t.belongs_to :physician, index: true + t.belongs_to :patient, index: true t.datetime :appointment_date - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end end end @@ -291,19 +293,19 @@ class CreateAccountHistories < ActiveRecord::Migration def change create_table :suppliers do |t| t.string :name - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end create_table :accounts do |t| - t.belongs_to :supplier + t.belongs_to :supplier, index: true t.string :account_number - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end create_table :account_histories do |t| - t.belongs_to :account + t.belongs_to :account, index: true t.integer :credit_rating - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end end end @@ -332,17 +334,17 @@ class CreateAssembliesAndParts < ActiveRecord::Migration def change create_table :assemblies do |t| t.string :name - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end create_table :parts do |t| t.string :part_number - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end create_table :assemblies_parts, id: false do |t| - t.belongs_to :assembly - t.belongs_to :part + t.belongs_to :assembly, index: true + t.belongs_to :part, index: true end end end @@ -371,14 +373,16 @@ class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration def change create_table :suppliers do |t| t.string :name - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end create_table :accounts do |t| t.integer :supplier_id t.string :account_number - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end + + add_index :accounts, :supplier_id end end ``` @@ -453,8 +457,10 @@ class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration t.string :name t.integer :imageable_id t.string :imageable_type - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end + + add_index :pictures, [:imageable_type, :imageable_id] end end ``` @@ -466,8 +472,8 @@ class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration def change create_table :pictures do |t| t.string :name - t.references :imageable, polymorphic: true - t.timestamps + t.references :imageable, polymorphic: true, index: true + t.timestamps null: false end end end @@ -496,8 +502,8 @@ In your migrations/schema, you will add a references column to the model itself. class CreateEmployees < ActiveRecord::Migration def change create_table :employees do |t| - t.references :manager - t.timestamps + t.references :manager, index: true + t.timestamps null: false end end end @@ -561,6 +567,8 @@ class CreateOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration t.string :order_number t.integer :customer_id end + + add_index :orders, :customer_id end end ``` @@ -594,6 +602,9 @@ class CreateAssembliesPartsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration t.integer :assembly_id t.integer :part_id end + + add_index :assemblies_parts, :assembly_id + add_index :assemblies_parts, :part_id end end ``` @@ -680,7 +691,7 @@ c.first_name = 'Manny' c.first_name == o.customer.first_name # => false ``` -This happens because c and o.customer are two different in-memory representations of the same data, and neither one is automatically refreshed from changes to the other. Active Record provides the `:inverse_of` option so that you can inform it of these relations: +This happens because `c` and `o.customer` are two different in-memory representations of the same data, and neither one is automatically refreshed from changes to the other. Active Record provides the `:inverse_of` option so that you can inform it of these relations: ```ruby class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base @@ -715,10 +726,10 @@ Most associations with standard names will be supported. However, associations that contain the following options will not have their inverses set automatically: -* :conditions -* :through -* :polymorphic -* :foreign_key +* `:conditions` +* `:through` +* `:polymorphic` +* `:foreign_key` Detailed Association Reference ------------------------------ @@ -747,7 +758,7 @@ class Order < ActiveRecord::Base end ``` -Each instance of the order model will have these methods: +Each instance of the `Order` model will have these methods: ```ruby customer @@ -822,6 +833,7 @@ The `belongs_to` association supports these options: * `:polymorphic` * `:touch` * `:validate` +* `:optional` ##### `:autosave` @@ -870,10 +882,12 @@ class Order < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :customer, counter_cache: :count_of_orders end class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base - has_many :orders + has_many :orders, counter_cache: :count_of_orders end ``` +NOTE: You only need to specify the :counter_cache option on the "has_many side" of the association when using a custom name for the counter cache. + Counter cache columns are added to the containing model's list of read-only attributes through `attr_readonly`. ##### `:dependent` @@ -919,7 +933,7 @@ Passing `true` to the `:polymorphic` option indicates that this is a polymorphic ##### `:touch` -If you set the `:touch` option to `:true`, then the `updated_at` or `updated_on` timestamp on the associated object will be set to the current time whenever this object is saved or destroyed: +If you set the `:touch` option to `true`, then the `updated_at` or `updated_on` timestamp on the associated object will be set to the current time whenever this object is saved or destroyed: ```ruby class Order < ActiveRecord::Base @@ -943,6 +957,11 @@ end If you set the `:validate` option to `true`, then associated objects will be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is `false`: associated objects will not be validated when this object is saved. +##### `:optional` + +If you set the `:optional` option to `true`, then the presence of the associated +object won't be validated. By default, this option is set to `false`. + #### Scopes for `belongs_to` There may be times when you wish to customize the query used by `belongs_to`. Such customizations can be achieved via a scope block. For example: @@ -1131,7 +1150,7 @@ The `has_one` association supports these options: ##### `:as` -Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations were discussed in detail <a href="#polymorphic-associations">earlier in this guide</a>. +Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations were discussed in detail [earlier in this guide](#polymorphic-associations). ##### `:autosave` @@ -1203,7 +1222,7 @@ The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_one : ##### `:through` -The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_one :through` associations were discussed in detail <a href="#the-has-one-through-association">earlier in this guide</a>. +The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_one :through` associations were discussed in detail [earlier in this guide](#the-has-one-through-association). ##### `:validate` @@ -1312,9 +1331,9 @@ When you declare a `has_many` association, the declaring class automatically gai * `collection<<(object, ...)` * `collection.delete(object, ...)` * `collection.destroy(object, ...)` -* `collection=objects` +* `collection=(objects)` * `collection_singular_ids` -* `collection_singular_ids=ids` +* `collection_singular_ids=(ids)` * `collection.clear` * `collection.empty?` * `collection.size` @@ -1333,16 +1352,16 @@ class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base end ``` -Each instance of the customer model will have these methods: +Each instance of the `Customer` model will have these methods: ```ruby orders(force_reload = false) orders<<(object, ...) orders.delete(object, ...) orders.destroy(object, ...) -orders=objects +orders=(objects) order_ids -order_ids=ids +order_ids=(ids) orders.clear orders.empty? orders.size @@ -1390,7 +1409,7 @@ The `collection.destroy` method removes one or more objects from the collection WARNING: Objects will _always_ be removed from the database, ignoring the `:dependent` option. -##### `collection=objects` +##### `collection=(objects)` The `collection=` method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate. @@ -1402,7 +1421,7 @@ The `collection_singular_ids` method returns an array of the ids of the objects @order_ids = @customer.order_ids ``` -##### `collection_singular_ids=ids` +##### `collection_singular_ids=(ids)` The `collection_singular_ids=` method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate. @@ -1477,7 +1496,7 @@ While Rails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, th ```ruby class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base - has_many :orders, dependent: :delete_all, validate: :false + has_many :orders, dependent: :delete_all, validate: false end ``` @@ -1486,6 +1505,7 @@ The `has_many` association supports these options: * `:as` * `:autosave` * `:class_name` +* `:counter_cache` * `:dependent` * `:foreign_key` * `:inverse_of` @@ -1497,7 +1517,7 @@ The `has_many` association supports these options: ##### `:as` -Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association, as discussed <a href="#polymorphic-associations">earlier in this guide</a>. +Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association, as discussed [earlier in this guide](#polymorphic-associations). ##### `:autosave` @@ -1513,6 +1533,10 @@ class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base end ``` +##### `:counter_cache` + +This option can be used to configure a custom named `:counter_cache`. You only need this option when you customized the name of your `:counter_cache` on the [belongs_to association](#options-for-belongs-to). + ##### `:dependent` Controls what happens to the associated objects when their owner is destroyed: @@ -1523,8 +1547,6 @@ Controls what happens to the associated objects when their owner is destroyed: * `:restrict_with_exception` causes an exception to be raised if there are any associated records * `:restrict_with_error` causes an error to be added to the owner if there are any associated objects -NOTE: This option is ignored when you use the `:through` option on the association. - ##### `:foreign_key` By convention, Rails assumes that the column used to hold the foreign key on the other model is the name of this model with the suffix `_id` added. The `:foreign_key` option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly: @@ -1579,7 +1601,7 @@ The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_many ##### `:through` -The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_many :through` associations provide a way to implement many-to-many relationships, as discussed <a href="#the-has-many-through-association">earlier in this guide</a>. +The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_many :through` associations provide a way to implement many-to-many relationships, as discussed [earlier in this guide](#the-has-many-through-association). ##### `:validate` @@ -1632,7 +1654,7 @@ If you use a hash-style `where` option, then record creation via this associatio ##### `extending` -The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail <a href="#association-extensions">later in this guide</a>. +The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail [later in this guide](#association-extensions). ##### `group` @@ -1801,9 +1823,9 @@ When you declare a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, the declaring class au * `collection<<(object, ...)` * `collection.delete(object, ...)` * `collection.destroy(object, ...)` -* `collection=objects` +* `collection=(objects)` * `collection_singular_ids` -* `collection_singular_ids=ids` +* `collection_singular_ids=(ids)` * `collection.clear` * `collection.empty?` * `collection.size` @@ -1822,16 +1844,16 @@ class Part < ActiveRecord::Base end ``` -Each instance of the part model will have these methods: +Each instance of the `Part` model will have these methods: ```ruby assemblies(force_reload = false) assemblies<<(object, ...) assemblies.delete(object, ...) assemblies.destroy(object, ...) -assemblies=objects +assemblies=(objects) assembly_ids -assembly_ids=ids +assembly_ids=(ids) assemblies.clear assemblies.empty? assemblies.size @@ -1886,7 +1908,7 @@ The `collection.destroy` method removes one or more objects from the collection @part.assemblies.destroy(@assembly1) ``` -##### `collection=objects` +##### `collection=(objects)` The `collection=` method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate. @@ -1898,7 +1920,7 @@ The `collection_singular_ids` method returns an array of the ids of the objects @assembly_ids = @part.assembly_ids ``` -##### `collection_singular_ids=ids` +##### `collection_singular_ids=(ids)` The `collection_singular_ids=` method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate. @@ -1970,8 +1992,8 @@ While Rails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, th ```ruby class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base - has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, autosave: true, - readonly: true + has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, -> { readonly }, + autosave: true end ``` @@ -1983,7 +2005,6 @@ The `has_and_belongs_to_many` association supports these options: * `:foreign_key` * `:join_table` * `:validate` -* `:readonly` ##### `:association_foreign_key` @@ -2082,7 +2103,7 @@ If you use a hash-style `where`, then record creation via this association will ##### `extending` -The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail <a href="#association-extensions">later in this guide</a>. +The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail [later in this guide](#association-extensions). ##### `group` @@ -2227,3 +2248,67 @@ Extensions can refer to the internals of the association proxy using these three * `proxy_association.owner` returns the object that the association is a part of. * `proxy_association.reflection` returns the reflection object that describes the association. * `proxy_association.target` returns the associated object for `belongs_to` or `has_one`, or the collection of associated objects for `has_many` or `has_and_belongs_to_many`. + +Single Table Inheritance +------------------------ + +Sometimes, you may want to share fields and behavior between different models. +Let's say we have Car, Motorcycle and Bicycle models. We will want to share +the `color` and `price` fields and some methods for all of them, but having some +specific behavior for each, and separated controllers too. + +Rails makes this quite easy. First, let's generate the base Vehicle model: + +```bash +$ rails generate model vehicle type:string color:string price:decimal{10.2} +``` + +Did you note we are adding a "type" field? Since all models will be saved in a +single database table, Rails will save in this column the name of the model that +is being saved. In our example, this can be "Car", "Motorcycle" or "Bicycle." +STI won't work without a "type" field in the table. + +Next, we will generate the three models that inherit from Vehicle. For this, +we can use the `--parent=PARENT` option, which will generate a model that +inherits from the specified parent and without equivalent migration (since the +table already exists). + +For example, to generate the Car model: + +```bash +$ rails generate model car --parent=Vehicle +``` + +The generated model will look like this: + +```ruby +class Car < Vehicle +end +``` + +This means that all behavior added to Vehicle is available for Car too, as +associations, public methods, etc. + +Creating a car will save it in the `vehicles` table with "Car" as the `type` field: + +```ruby +Car.create color: 'Red', price: 10000 +``` + +will generate the following SQL: + +```sql +INSERT INTO "vehicles" ("type", "color", "price") VALUES ("Car", "Red", 10000) +``` + +Querying car records will just search for vehicles that are cars: + +```ruby +Car.all +``` + +will run a query like: + +```sql +SELECT "vehicles".* FROM "vehicles" WHERE "vehicles"."type" IN ('Car') +``` diff --git a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c6149abcba --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md @@ -0,0 +1,1316 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + +Autoloading and Reloading Constants +=================================== + +This guide documents how constant autoloading and reloading works. + +After reading this guide, you will know: + +* Key aspects of Ruby constants +* What is `autoload_paths` +* How constant autoloading works +* What is `require_dependency` +* How constant reloading works +* Solutions to common autoloading gotchas + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +Introduction +------------ + +Ruby on Rails allows applications to be written as if their code was preloaded. + +In a normal Ruby program classes need to load their dependencies: + +```ruby +require 'application_controller' +require 'post' + +class PostsController < ApplicationController + def index + @posts = Post.all + end +end +``` + +Our Rubyist instinct quickly sees some redundancy in there: If classes were +defined in files matching their name, couldn't their loading be automated +somehow? We could save scanning the file for dependencies, which is brittle. + +Moreover, `Kernel#require` loads files once, but development is much more smooth +if code gets refreshed when it changes without restarting the server. It would +be nice to be able to use `Kernel#load` in development, and `Kernel#require` in +production. + +Indeed, those features are provided by Ruby on Rails, where we just write + +```ruby +class PostsController < ApplicationController + def index + @posts = Post.all + end +end +``` + +This guide documents how that works. + + +Constants Refresher +------------------- + +While constants are trivial in most programming languages, they are a rich +topic in Ruby. + +It is beyond the scope of this guide to document Ruby constants, but we are +nevertheless going to highlight a few key topics. Truly grasping the following +sections is instrumental to understanding constant autoloading and reloading. + +### Nesting + +Class and module definitions can be nested to create namespaces: + +```ruby +module XML + class SAXParser + # (1) + end +end +``` + +The *nesting* at any given place is the collection of enclosing nested class and +module objects outwards. The nesting at any given place can be inspected with +`Module.nesting`. For example, in the previous example, the nesting at +(1) is + +```ruby +[XML::SAXParser, XML] +``` + +It is important to understand that the nesting is composed of class and module +*objects*, it has nothing to do with the constants used to access them, and is +also unrelated to their names. + +For instance, while this definition is similar to the previous one: + +```ruby +class XML::SAXParser + # (2) +end +``` + +the nesting in (2) is different: + +```ruby +[XML::SAXParser] +``` + +`XML` does not belong to it. + +We can see in this example that the name of a class or module that belongs to a +certain nesting does not necessarily correlate with the namespaces at the spot. + +Even more, they are totally independent, take for instance + +```ruby +module X + module Y + end +end + +module A + module B + end +end + +module X::Y + module A::B + # (3) + end +end +``` + +The nesting in (3) consists of two module objects: + +```ruby +[A::B, X::Y] +``` + +So, it not only doesn't end in `A`, which does not even belong to the nesting, +but it also contains `X::Y`, which is independent from `A::B`. + +The nesting is an internal stack maintained by the interpreter, and it gets +modified according to these rules: + +* The class object following a `class` keyword gets pushed when its body is +executed, and popped after it. + +* The module object following a `module` keyword gets pushed when its body is +executed, and popped after it. + +* A singleton class opened with `class << object` gets pushed, and popped later. + +* When `instance_eval` is called using a string argument, +the singleton class of the receiver is pushed to the nesting of the eval'ed +code. When `class_eval` or `module_eval` is called using a string argument, +the receiver is pushed to the nesting of the eval'ed code. + +* The nesting at the top-level of code interpreted by `Kernel#load` is empty +unless the `load` call receives a true value as second argument, in which case +a newly created anonymous module is pushed by Ruby. + +It is interesting to observe that blocks do not modify the stack. In particular +the blocks that may be passed to `Class.new` and `Module.new` do not get the +class or module being defined pushed to their nesting. That's one of the +differences between defining classes and modules in one way or another. + +### Class and Module Definitions are Constant Assignments + +Let's suppose the following snippet creates a class (rather than reopening it): + +```ruby +class C +end +``` + +Ruby creates a constant `C` in `Object` and stores in that constant a class +object. The name of the class instance is "C", a string, named after the +constant. + +That is, + +```ruby +class Project < ActiveRecord::Base +end +``` + +performs a constant assignment equivalent to + +```ruby +Project = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) +``` + +including setting the name of the class as a side-effect: + +```ruby +Project.name # => "Project" +``` + +Constant assignment has a special rule to make that happen: if the object +being assigned is an anonymous class or module, Ruby sets the object's name to +the name of the constant. + +INFO. From then on, what happens to the constant and the instance does not +matter. For example, the constant could be deleted, the class object could be +assigned to a different constant, be stored in no constant anymore, etc. Once +the name is set, it doesn't change. + +Similarly, module creation using the `module` keyword as in + +```ruby +module Admin +end +``` + +performs a constant assignment equivalent to + +```ruby +Admin = Module.new +``` + +including setting the name as a side-effect: + +```ruby +Admin.name # => "Admin" +``` + +WARNING. The execution context of a block passed to `Class.new` or `Module.new` +is not entirely equivalent to the one of the body of the definitions using the +`class` and `module` keywords. But both idioms result in the same constant +assignment. + +Thus, when one informally says "the `String` class", that really means: the +class object stored in the constant called "String" in the class object stored +in the `Object` constant. `String` is otherwise an ordinary Ruby constant and +everything related to constants such as resolution algorithms applies to it. + +Likewise, in the controller + +```ruby +class PostsController < ApplicationController + def index + @posts = Post.all + end +end +``` + +`Post` is not syntax for a class. Rather, `Post` is a regular Ruby constant. If +all is good, the constant is evaluated to an object that responds to `all`. + +That is why we talk about *constant* autoloading, Rails has the ability to +load constants on the fly. + +### Constants are Stored in Modules + +Constants belong to modules in a very literal sense. Classes and modules have +a constant table; think of it as a hash table. + +Let's analyze an example to really understand what that means. While common +abuses of language like "the `String` class" are convenient, the exposition is +going to be precise here for didactic purposes. + +Let's consider the following module definition: + +```ruby +module Colors + RED = '0xff0000' +end +``` + +First, when the `module` keyword is processed, the interpreter creates a new +entry in the constant table of the class object stored in the `Object` constant. +Said entry associates the name "Colors" to a newly created module object. +Furthermore, the interpreter sets the name of the new module object to be the +string "Colors". + +Later, when the body of the module definition is interpreted, a new entry is +created in the constant table of the module object stored in the `Colors` +constant. That entry maps the name "RED" to the string "0xff0000". + +In particular, `Colors::RED` is totally unrelated to any other `RED` constant +that may live in any other class or module object. If there were any, they +would have separate entries in their respective constant tables. + +Pay special attention in the previous paragraphs to the distinction between +class and module objects, constant names, and value objects associated to them +in constant tables. + +### Resolution Algorithms + +#### Resolution Algorithm for Relative Constants + +At any given place in the code, let's define *cref* to be the first element of +the nesting if it is not empty, or `Object` otherwise. + +Without getting too much into the details, the resolution algorithm for relative +constant references goes like this: + +1. If the nesting is not empty the constant is looked up in its elements and in +order. The ancestors of those elements are ignored. + +2. If not found, then the algorithm walks up the ancestor chain of the cref. + +3. If not found and the cref is a module, the constant is looked up in `Object`. + +4. If not found, `const_missing` is invoked on the cref. The default +implementation of `const_missing` raises `NameError`, but it can be overridden. + +Rails autoloading **does not emulate this algorithm**, but its starting point is +the name of the constant to be autoloaded, and the cref. See more in [Relative +References](#autoloading-algorithms-relative-references). + +#### Resolution Algorithm for Qualified Constants + +Qualified constants look like this: + +```ruby +Billing::Invoice +``` + +`Billing::Invoice` is composed of two constants: `Billing` is relative and is +resolved using the algorithm of the previous section. + +INFO. Leading colons would make the first segment absolute rather than +relative: `::Billing::Invoice`. That would force `Billing` to be looked up +only as a top-level constant. + +`Invoice` on the other hand is qualified by `Billing` and we are going to see +its resolution next. Let's define *parent* to be that qualifying class or module +object, that is, `Billing` in the example above. The algorithm for qualified +constants goes like this: + +1. The constant is looked up in the parent and its ancestors. + +2. If the lookup fails, `const_missing` is invoked in the parent. The default +implementation of `const_missing` raises `NameError`, but it can be overridden. + +As you see, this algorithm is simpler than the one for relative constants. In +particular, the nesting plays no role here, and modules are not special-cased, +if neither they nor their ancestors have the constants, `Object` is **not** +checked. + +Rails autoloading **does not emulate this algorithm**, but its starting point is +the name of the constant to be autoloaded, and the parent. See more in +[Qualified References](#autoloading-algorithms-qualified-references). + + +Vocabulary +---------- + +### Parent Namespaces + +Given a string with a constant path we define its *parent namespace* to be the +string that results from removing its rightmost segment. + +For example, the parent namespace of the string "A::B::C" is the string "A::B", +the parent namespace of "A::B" is "A", and the parent namespace of "A" is "". + +The interpretation of a parent namespace when thinking about classes and modules +is tricky though. Let's consider a module M named "A::B": + +* The parent namespace, "A", may not reflect nesting at a given spot. + +* The constant `A` may no longer exist, some code could have removed it from +`Object`. + +* If `A` exists, the class or module that was originally in `A` may not be there +anymore. For example, if after a constant removal there was another constant +assignment there would generally be a different object in there. + +* In such case, it could even happen that the reassigned `A` held a new class or +module called also "A"! + +* In the previous scenarios M would no longer be reachable through `A::B` but +the module object itself could still be alive somewhere and its name would +still be "A::B". + +The idea of a parent namespace is at the core of the autoloading algorithms +and helps explain and understand their motivation intuitively, but as you see +that metaphor leaks easily. Given an edge case to reason about, take always into +account that by "parent namespace" the guide means exactly that specific string +derivation. + +### Loading Mechanism + +Rails autoloads files with `Kernel#load` when `config.cache_classes` is false, +the default in development mode, and with `Kernel#require` otherwise, the +default in production mode. + +`Kernel#load` allows Rails to execute files more than once if [constant +reloading](#constant-reloading) is enabled. + +This guide uses the word "load" freely to mean a given file is interpreted, but +the actual mechanism can be `Kernel#load` or `Kernel#require` depending on that +flag. + + +Autoloading Availability +------------------------ + +Rails is always able to autoload provided its environment is in place. For +example the `runner` command autoloads: + +``` +$ bin/rails runner 'p User.column_names' +["id", "email", "created_at", "updated_at"] +``` + +The console autoloads, the test suite autoloads, and of course the application +autoloads. + +By default, Rails eager loads the application files when it boots in production +mode, so most of the autoloading going on in development does not happen. But +autoloading may still be triggered during eager loading. + +For example, given + +```ruby +class BeachHouse < House +end +``` + +if `House` is still unknown when `app/models/beach_house.rb` is being eager +loaded, Rails autoloads it. + + +autoload_paths +-------------- + +As you probably know, when `require` gets a relative file name: + +```ruby +require 'erb' +``` + +Ruby looks for the file in the directories listed in `$LOAD_PATH`. That is, Ruby +iterates over all its directories and for each one of them checks whether they +have a file called "erb.rb", or "erb.so", or "erb.o", or "erb.dll". If it finds +any of them, the interpreter loads it and ends the search. Otherwise, it tries +again in the next directory of the list. If the list gets exhausted, `LoadError` +is raised. + +We are going to cover how constant autoloading works in more detail later, but +the idea is that when a constant like `Post` is hit and missing, if there's a +`post.rb` file for example in `app/models` Rails is going to find it, evaluate +it, and have `Post` defined as a side-effect. + +Alright, Rails has a collection of directories similar to `$LOAD_PATH` in which +to look up `post.rb`. That collection is called `autoload_paths` and by +default it contains: + +* All subdirectories of `app` in the application and engines. For example, + `app/controllers`. They do not need to be the default ones, any custom + directories like `app/workers` belong automatically to `autoload_paths`. + +* Any existing second level directories called `app/*/concerns` in the + application and engines. + +* The directory `test/mailers/previews`. + +Also, this collection is configurable via `config.autoload_paths`. For example, +`lib` was in the list years ago, but no longer is. An application can opt-in +by adding this to `config/application.rb`: + +```ruby +config.autoload_paths << "#{Rails.root}/lib" +``` + +`config.autoload_paths` is accessible from environment-specific configuration +files, but any changes made to it outside `config/application.rb` don't have any +effect. + +The value of `autoload_paths` can be inspected. In a just generated application +it is (edited): + +``` +$ bin/rails r 'puts ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths' +.../app/assets +.../app/controllers +.../app/helpers +.../app/mailers +.../app/models +.../app/controllers/concerns +.../app/models/concerns +.../test/mailers/previews +``` + +INFO. `autoload_paths` is computed and cached during the initialization process. +The application needs to be restarted to reflect any changes in the directory +structure. + + +Autoloading Algorithms +---------------------- + +### Relative References + +A relative constant reference may appear in several places, for example, in + +```ruby +class PostsController < ApplicationController + def index + @posts = Post.all + end +end +``` + +all three constant references are relative. + +#### Constants after the `class` and `module` Keywords + +Ruby performs a lookup for the constant that follows a `class` or `module` +keyword because it needs to know if the class or module is going to be created +or reopened. + +If the constant is not defined at that point it is not considered to be a +missing constant, autoloading is **not** triggered. + +So, in the previous example, if `PostsController` is not defined when the file +is interpreted Rails autoloading is not going to be triggered, Ruby will just +define the controller. + +#### Top-Level Constants + +On the contrary, if `ApplicationController` is unknown, the constant is +considered missing and an autoload is going to be attempted by Rails. + +In order to load `ApplicationController`, Rails iterates over `autoload_paths`. +First checks if `app/assets/application_controller.rb` exists. If it does not, +which is normally the case, it continues and finds +`app/controllers/application_controller.rb`. + +If the file defines the constant `ApplicationController` all is fine, otherwise +`LoadError` is raised: + +``` +unable to autoload constant ApplicationController, expected +<full path to application_controller.rb> to define it (LoadError) +``` + +INFO. Rails does not require the value of autoloaded constants to be a class or +module object. For example, if the file `app/models/max_clients.rb` defines +`MAX_CLIENTS = 100` autoloading `MAX_CLIENTS` works just fine. + +#### Namespaces + +Autoloading `ApplicationController` looks directly under the directories of +`autoload_paths` because the nesting in that spot is empty. The situation of +`Post` is different, the nesting in that line is `[PostsController]` and support +for namespaces comes into play. + +The basic idea is that given + +```ruby +module Admin + class BaseController < ApplicationController + @@all_roles = Role.all + end +end +``` + +to autoload `Role` we are going to check if it is defined in the current or +parent namespaces, one at a time. So, conceptually we want to try to autoload +any of + +``` +Admin::BaseController::Role +Admin::Role +Role +``` + +in that order. That's the idea. To do so, Rails looks in `autoload_paths` +respectively for file names like these: + +``` +admin/base_controller/role.rb +admin/role.rb +role.rb +``` + +modulus some additional directory lookups we are going to cover soon. + +INFO. `'Constant::Name'.underscore` gives the relative path without extension of +the file name where `Constant::Name` is expected to be defined. + +Let's see how Rails autoloads the `Post` constant in the `PostsController` +above assuming the application has a `Post` model defined in +`app/models/post.rb`. + +First it checks for `posts_controller/post.rb` in `autoload_paths`: + +``` +app/assets/posts_controller/post.rb +app/controllers/posts_controller/post.rb +app/helpers/posts_controller/post.rb +... +test/mailers/previews/posts_controller/post.rb +``` + +Since the lookup is exhausted without success, a similar search for a directory +is performed, we are going to see why in the [next section](#automatic-modules): + +``` +app/assets/posts_controller/post +app/controllers/posts_controller/post +app/helpers/posts_controller/post +... +test/mailers/previews/posts_controller/post +``` + +If all those attempts fail, then Rails starts the lookup again in the parent +namespace. In this case only the top-level remains: + +``` +app/assets/post.rb +app/controllers/post.rb +app/helpers/post.rb +app/mailers/post.rb +app/models/post.rb +``` + +A matching file is found in `app/models/post.rb`. The lookup stops there and the +file is loaded. If the file actually defines `Post` all is fine, otherwise +`LoadError` is raised. + +### Qualified References + +When a qualified constant is missing Rails does not look for it in the parent +namespaces. But there is a caveat: When a constant is missing, Rails is +unable to tell if the trigger was a relative reference or a qualified one. + +For example, consider + +```ruby +module Admin + User +end +``` + +and + +```ruby +Admin::User +``` + +If `User` is missing, in either case all Rails knows is that a constant called +"User" was missing in a module called "Admin". + +If there is a top-level `User` Ruby would resolve it in the former example, but +wouldn't in the latter. In general, Rails does not emulate the Ruby constant +resolution algorithms, but in this case it tries using the following heuristic: + +> If none of the parent namespaces of the class or module has the missing +> constant then Rails assumes the reference is relative. Otherwise qualified. + +For example, if this code triggers autoloading + +```ruby +Admin::User +``` + +and the `User` constant is already present in `Object`, it is not possible that +the situation is + +```ruby +module Admin + User +end +``` + +because otherwise Ruby would have resolved `User` and no autoloading would have +been triggered in the first place. Thus, Rails assumes a qualified reference and +considers the file `admin/user.rb` and directory `admin/user` to be the only +valid options. + +In practice, this works quite well as long as the nesting matches all parent +namespaces respectively and the constants that make the rule apply are known at +that time. + +However, autoloading happens on demand. If by chance the top-level `User` was +not yet loaded, then Rails assumes a relative reference by contract. + +Naming conflicts of this kind are rare in practice, but if one occurs, +`require_dependency` provides a solution by ensuring that the constant needed +to trigger the heuristic is defined in the conflicting place. + +### Automatic Modules + +When a module acts as a namespace, Rails does not require the application to +defines a file for it, a directory matching the namespace is enough. + +Suppose an application has a back office whose controllers are stored in +`app/controllers/admin`. If the `Admin` module is not yet loaded when +`Admin::UsersController` is hit, Rails needs first to autoload the constant +`Admin`. + +If `autoload_paths` has a file called `admin.rb` Rails is going to load that +one, but if there's no such file and a directory called `admin` is found, Rails +creates an empty module and assigns it to the `Admin` constant on the fly. + +### Generic Procedure + +Relative references are reported to be missing in the cref where they were hit, +and qualified references are reported to be missing in their parent (see +[Resolution Algorithm for Relative +Constants](#resolution-algorithm-for-relative-constants) at the beginning of +this guide for the definition of *cref*, and [Resolution Algorithm for Qualified +Constants](#resolution-algorithm-for-qualified-constants) for the definition of +*parent*). + +The procedure to autoload constant `C` in an arbitrary situation is as follows: + +``` +if the class or module in which C is missing is Object + let ns = '' +else + let M = the class or module in which C is missing + + if M is anonymous + let ns = '' + else + let ns = M.name + end +end + +loop do + # Look for a regular file. + for dir in autoload_paths + if the file "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c.rb" exists + load/require "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c.rb" + + if C is now defined + return + else + raise LoadError + end + end + end + + # Look for an automatic module. + for dir in autoload_paths + if the directory "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c" exists + if ns is an empty string + let C = Module.new in Object and return + else + let C = Module.new in ns.constantize and return + end + end + end + + if ns is empty + # We reached the top-level without finding the constant. + raise NameError + else + if C exists in any of the parent namespaces + # Qualified constants heuristic. + raise NameError + else + # Try again in the parent namespace. + let ns = the parent namespace of ns and retry + end + end +end +``` + + +require_dependency +------------------ + +Constant autoloading is triggered on demand and therefore code that uses a +certain constant may have it already defined or may trigger an autoload. That +depends on the execution path and it may vary between runs. + +There are times, however, in which you want to make sure a certain constant is +known when the execution reaches some code. `require_dependency` provides a way +to load a file using the current [loading mechanism](#loading-mechanism), and +keeping track of constants defined in that file as if they were autoloaded to +have them reloaded as needed. + +`require_dependency` is rarely needed, but see a couple of use-cases in +[Autoloading and STI](#autoloading-and-sti) and [When Constants aren't +Triggered](#when-constants-aren-t-missed). + +WARNING. Unlike autoloading, `require_dependency` does not expect the file to +define any particular constant. Exploiting this behavior would be a bad practice +though, file and constant paths should match. + + +Constant Reloading +------------------ + +When `config.cache_classes` is false Rails is able to reload autoloaded +constants. + +For example, in you're in a console session and edit some file behind the +scenes, the code can be reloaded with the `reload!` command: + +``` +> reload! +``` + +When the application runs, code is reloaded when something relevant to this +logic changes. In order to do that, Rails monitors a number of things: + +* `config/routes.rb`. + +* Locales. + +* Ruby files under `autoload_paths`. + +* `db/schema.rb` and `db/structure.sql`. + +If anything in there changes, there is a middleware that detects it and reloads +the code. + +Autoloading keeps track of autoloaded constants. Reloading is implemented by +removing them all from their respective classes and modules using +`Module#remove_const`. That way, when the code goes on, those constants are +going to be unknown again, and files reloaded on demand. + +INFO. This is an all-or-nothing operation, Rails does not attempt to reload only +what changed since dependencies between classes makes that really tricky. +Instead, everything is wiped. + + +Module#autoload isn't Involved +------------------------------ + +`Module#autoload` provides a lazy way to load constants that is fully integrated +with the Ruby constant lookup algorithms, dynamic constant API, etc. It is quite +transparent. + +Rails internals make extensive use of it to defer as much work as possible from +the boot process. But constant autoloading in Rails is **not** implemented with +`Module#autoload`. + +One possible implementation based on `Module#autoload` would be to walk the +application tree and issue `autoload` calls that map existing file names to +their conventional constant name. + +There are a number of reasons that prevent Rails from using that implementation. + +For example, `Module#autoload` is only capable of loading files using `require`, +so reloading would not be possible. Not only that, it uses an internal `require` +which is not `Kernel#require`. + +Then, it provides no way to remove declarations in case a file is deleted. If a +constant gets removed with `Module#remove_const` its `autoload` is not triggered +again. Also, it doesn't support qualified names, so files with namespaces should +be interpreted during the walk tree to install their own `autoload` calls, but +those files could have constant references not yet configured. + +An implementation based on `Module#autoload` would be awesome but, as you see, +at least as of today it is not possible. Constant autoloading in Rails is +implemented with `Module#const_missing`, and that's why it has its own contract, +documented in this guide. + + +Common Gotchas +-------------- + +### Nesting and Qualified Constants + +Let's consider + +```ruby +module Admin + class UsersController < ApplicationController + def index + @users = User.all + end + end +end +``` + +and + +```ruby +class Admin::UsersController < ApplicationController + def index + @users = User.all + end +end +``` + +To resolve `User` Ruby checks `Admin` in the former case, but it does not in +the latter because it does not belong to the nesting (see [Nesting](#nesting) +and [Resolution Algorithms](#resolution-algorithms)). + +Unfortunately Rails autoloading does not know the nesting in the spot where the +constant was missing and so it is not able to act as Ruby would. In particular, +`Admin::User` will get autoloaded in either case. + +Albeit qualified constants with `class` and `module` keywords may technically +work with autoloading in some cases, it is preferable to use relative constants +instead: + +```ruby +module Admin + class UsersController < ApplicationController + def index + @users = User.all + end + end +end +``` + +### Autoloading and STI + +Single Table Inheritance (STI) is a feature of Active Record that enables +storing a hierarchy of models in one single table. The API of such models is +aware of the hierarchy and encapsulates some common needs. For example, given +these classes: + +```ruby +# app/models/polygon.rb +class Polygon < ActiveRecord::Base +end + +# app/models/triangle.rb +class Triangle < Polygon +end + +# app/models/rectangle.rb +class Rectangle < Polygon +end +``` + +`Triangle.create` creates a row that represents a triangle, and +`Rectangle.create` creates a row that represents a rectangle. If `id` is the +ID of an existing record, `Polygon.find(id)` returns an object of the correct +type. + +Methods that operate on collections are also aware of the hierarchy. For +example, `Polygon.all` returns all the records of the table, because all +rectangles and triangles are polygons. Active Record takes care of returning +instances of their corresponding class in the result set. + +Types are autoloaded as needed. For example, if `Polygon.first` is a rectangle +and `Rectangle` has not yet been loaded, Active Record autoloads it and the +record is correctly instantiated. + +All good, but if instead of performing queries based on the root class we need +to work on some subclass, things get interesting. + +While working with `Polygon` you do not need to be aware of all its descendants, +because anything in the table is by definition a polygon, but when working with +subclasses Active Record needs to be able to enumerate the types it is looking +for. Let’s see an example. + +`Rectangle.all` only loads rectangles by adding a type constraint to the query: + +```sql +SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons" +WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle") +``` + +Let’s introduce now a subclass of `Rectangle`: + +```ruby +# app/models/square.rb +class Square < Rectangle +end +``` + +`Rectangle.all` should now return rectangles **and** squares: + +```sql +SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons" +WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle", "Square") +``` + +But there’s a caveat here: How does Active Record know that the class `Square` +exists at all? + +Even if the file `app/models/square.rb` exists and defines the `Square` class, +if no code yet used that class, `Rectangle.all` issues the query + +```sql +SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons" +WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle") +``` + +That is not a bug, the query includes all *known* descendants of `Rectangle`. + +A way to ensure this works correctly regardless of the order of execution is to +load the leaves of the tree by hand at the bottom of the file that defines the +root class: + +```ruby +# app/models/polygon.rb +class Polygon < ActiveRecord::Base +end +require_dependency ‘square’ +``` + +Only the leaves that are **at least grandchildren** need to be loaded this +way. Direct subclasses do not need to be preloaded. If the hierarchy is +deeper, intermediate classes will be autoloaded recursively from the bottom +because their constant will appear in the class definitions as superclass. + +### Autoloading and `require` + +Files defining constants to be autoloaded should never be `require`d: + +```ruby +require 'user' # DO NOT DO THIS + +class UsersController < ApplicationController + ... +end +``` + +There are two possible gotchas here in development mode: + +1. If `User` is autoloaded before reaching the `require`, `app/models/user.rb` +runs again because `load` does not update `$LOADED_FEATURES`. + +2. If the `require` runs first Rails does not mark `User` as an autoloaded +constant and changes to `app/models/user.rb` aren't reloaded. + +Just follow the flow and use constant autoloading always, never mix +autoloading and `require`. As a last resort, if some file absolutely needs to +load a certain file use `require_dependency` to play nice with constant +autoloading. This option is rarely needed in practice, though. + +Of course, using `require` in autoloaded files to load ordinary 3rd party +libraries is fine, and Rails is able to distinguish their constants, they are +not marked as autoloaded. + +### Autoloading and Initializers + +Consider this assignment in `config/initializers/set_auth_service.rb`: + +```ruby +AUTH_SERVICE = if Rails.env.production? + RealAuthService +else + MockedAuthService +end +``` + +The purpose of this setup would be that the application uses the class that +corresponds to the environment via `AUTH_SERVICE`. In development mode +`MockedAuthService` gets autoloaded when the initializer runs. Let’s suppose +we do some requests, change its implementation, and hit the application again. +To our surprise the changes are not reflected. Why? + +As [we saw earlier](#constant-reloading), Rails removes autoloaded constants, +but `AUTH_SERVICE` stores the original class object. Stale, non-reachable +using the original constant, but perfectly functional. + +The following code summarizes the situation: + +```ruby +class C + def quack + 'quack!' + end +end + +X = C +Object.instance_eval { remove_const(:C) } +X.new.quack # => quack! +X.name # => C +C # => uninitialized constant C (NameError) +``` + +Because of that, it is not a good idea to autoload constants on application +initialization. + +In the case above we could implement a dynamic access point: + +```ruby +# app/models/auth_service.rb +class AuthService + if Rails.env.production? + def self.instance + RealAuthService + end + else + def self.instance + MockedAuthService + end + end +end +``` + +and have the application use `AuthService.instance` instead. `AuthService` +would be loaded on demand and be autoload-friendly. + +### `require_dependency` and Initializers + +As we saw before, `require_dependency` loads files in an autoloading-friendly +way. Normally, though, such a call does not make sense in an initializer. + +One could think about doing some [`require_dependency`](#require-dependency) +calls in an initializer to make sure certain constants are loaded upfront, for +example as an attempt to address the [gotcha with STIs](#autoloading-and-sti). + +Problem is, in development mode [autoloaded constants are wiped](#constant-reloading) +if there is any relevant change in the file system. If that happens then +we are in the very same situation the initializer wanted to avoid! + +Calls to `require_dependency` have to be strategically written in autoloaded +spots. + +### When Constants aren't Missed + +#### Relative References + +Let's consider a flight simulator. The application has a default flight model + +```ruby +# app/models/flight_model.rb +class FlightModel +end +``` + +that can be overridden by each airplane, for instance + +```ruby +# app/models/bell_x1/flight_model.rb +module BellX1 + class FlightModel < FlightModel + end +end + +# app/models/bell_x1/aircraft.rb +module BellX1 + class Aircraft + def initialize + @flight_model = FlightModel.new + end + end +end +``` + +The initializer wants to create a `BellX1::FlightModel` and nesting has +`BellX1`, that looks good. But if the default flight model is loaded and the +one for the Bell-X1 is not, the interpreter is able to resolve the top-level +`FlightModel` and autoloading is thus not triggered for `BellX1::FlightModel`. + +That code depends on the execution path. + +These kind of ambiguities can often be resolved using qualified constants: + +```ruby +module BellX1 + class Plane + def flight_model + @flight_model ||= BellX1::FlightModel.new + end + end +end +``` + +Also, `require_dependency` is a solution: + +```ruby +require_dependency 'bell_x1/flight_model' + +module BellX1 + class Plane + def flight_model + @flight_model ||= FlightModel.new + end + end +end +``` + +#### Qualified References + +Given + +```ruby +# app/models/hotel.rb +class Hotel +end + +# app/models/image.rb +class Image +end + +# app/models/hotel/image.rb +class Hotel + class Image < Image + end +end +``` + +the expression `Hotel::Image` is ambiguous because it depends on the execution +path. + +As [we saw before](#resolution-algorithm-for-qualified-constants), Ruby looks +up the constant in `Hotel` and its ancestors. If `app/models/image.rb` has +been loaded but `app/models/hotel/image.rb` hasn't, Ruby does not find `Image` +in `Hotel`, but it does in `Object`: + +``` +$ bin/rails r 'Image; p Hotel::Image' 2>/dev/null +Image # NOT Hotel::Image! +``` + +The code evaluating `Hotel::Image` needs to make sure +`app/models/hotel/image.rb` has been loaded, possibly with +`require_dependency`. + +In these cases the interpreter issues a warning though: + +``` +warning: toplevel constant Image referenced by Hotel::Image +``` + +This surprising constant resolution can be observed with any qualifying class: + +``` +2.1.5 :001 > String::Array +(irb):1: warning: toplevel constant Array referenced by String::Array + => Array +``` + +WARNING. To find this gotcha the qualifying namespace has to be a class, +`Object` is not an ancestor of modules. + +### Autoloading within Singleton Classes + +Let's suppose we have these class definitions: + +```ruby +# app/models/hotel/services.rb +module Hotel + class Services + end +end + +# app/models/hotel/geo_location.rb +module Hotel + class GeoLocation + class << self + Services + end + end +end +``` + +If `Hotel::Services` is known by the time `app/models/hotel/geo_location.rb` +is being loaded, `Services` is resolved by Ruby because `Hotel` belongs to the +nesting when the singleton class of `Hotel::GeoLocation` is opened. + +But if `Hotel::Services` is not known, Rails is not able to autoload it, the +application raises `NameError`. + +The reason is that autoloading is triggered for the singleton class, which is +anonymous, and as [we saw before](#generic-procedure), Rails only checks the +top-level namespace in that edge case. + +An easy solution to this caveat is to qualify the constant: + +```ruby +module Hotel + class GeoLocation + class << self + Hotel::Services + end + end +end +``` + +### Autoloading in `BasicObject` + +Direct descendants of `BasicObject` do not have `Object` among their ancestors +and cannot resolve top-level constants: + +```ruby +class C < BasicObject + String # NameError: uninitialized constant C::String +end +``` + +When autoloading is involved that plot has a twist. Let's consider: + +```ruby +class C < BasicObject + def user + User # WRONG + end +end +``` + +Since Rails checks the top-level namespace `User` gets autoloaded just fine the +first time the `user` method is invoked. You only get the exception if the +`User` constant is known at that point, in particular in a *second* call to +`user`: + +```ruby +c = C.new +c.user # surprisingly fine, User +c.user # NameError: uninitialized constant C::User +``` + +because it detects that a parent namespace already has the constant (see [Qualified +References](#autoloading-algorithms-qualified-references)). + +As with pure Ruby, within the body of a direct descendant of `BasicObject` use +always absolute constant paths: + +```ruby +class C < BasicObject + ::String # RIGHT + + def user + ::User # RIGHT + end +end +``` diff --git a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md index 3e39ecdad2..716beb9178 100644 --- a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Caching with Rails: An overview =============================== @@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ config.action_controller.perform_caching = true Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or NGINX), without ever having to go through the Rails stack at all. Obviously, this is super-fast. Unfortunately, it can't be applied to every situation (such as pages that need authentication) and since the webserver is literally just serving a file from the filesystem, cache expiration is an issue that needs to be dealt with. -INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method. +INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching). ### Action Caching @@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ This method generates a cache key that depends on all products and can be used i <% end %> ``` -If you want to cache a fragment under certain condition you can use `cache_if` or `cache_unless` +If you want to cache a fragment under certain conditions, you can use `cache_if` or `cache_unless` ```erb <% cache_if (condition, cache_key_for_products) do %> @@ -182,10 +184,14 @@ class ProductsController < ApplicationController end ``` +The second time the same query is run against the database, it's not actually going to hit the database. The first time the result is returned from the query it is stored in the query cache (in memory) and the second time it's pulled from memory. + +However, it's important to note that query caches are created at the start of an action and destroyed at the end of that action and thus persist only for the duration of the action. If you'd like to store query results in a more persistent fashion, you can in Rails by using low level caching. + Cache Stores ------------ -Rails provides different stores for the cached data created by <b>action</b> and <b>fragment</b> caches. +Rails provides different stores for the cached data created by **action** and **fragment** caches. TIP: Page caches are always stored on disk. @@ -353,12 +359,17 @@ Instead of an options hash, you can also simply pass in a model, Rails will use class ProductsController < ApplicationController def show @product = Product.find(params[:id]) - respond_with(@product) if stale?(@product) + + if stale?(@product) + respond_to do |wants| + # ... normal response processing + end + end end end ``` -If you don't have any special response processing and are using the default rendering mechanism (i.e. you're not using respond_to or calling render yourself) then you've got an easy helper in fresh_when: +If you don't have any special response processing and are using the default rendering mechanism (i.e. you're not using `respond_to` or calling render yourself) then you've got an easy helper in `fresh_when`: ```ruby class ProductsController < ApplicationController diff --git a/guides/source/command_line.md b/guides/source/command_line.md index e283bcd0ef..3bd84b1ce6 100644 --- a/guides/source/command_line.md +++ b/guides/source/command_line.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + The Rails Command Line ====================== @@ -7,7 +9,6 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: * How to generate models, controllers, database migrations, and unit tests. * How to start a development server. * How to experiment with objects through an interactive shell. -* How to profile and benchmark your new creation. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ There are a few commands that are absolutely critical to your everyday usage of * `rails dbconsole` * `rails new app_name` -All commands can run with ```-h or --help``` to list more information. +All commands can run with `-h` or `--help` to list more information. Let's create a simple Rails application to step through each of these commands in context. @@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ With no further work, `rails server` will run our new shiny Rails app: $ cd commandsapp $ bin/rails server => Booting WEBrick -=> Rails 4.0.0 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000 +=> Rails 5.0.0 application starting in development on http://localhost:3000 => Call with -d to detach => Ctrl-C to shutdown server [2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO WEBrick 1.3.1 @@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ The server can be run on a different port using the `-p` option. The default dev $ bin/rails server -e production -p 4000 ``` -The `-b` option binds Rails to the specified IP, by default it is 0.0.0.0. You can run a server as a daemon by passing a `-d` option. +The `-b` option binds Rails to the specified IP, by default it is localhost. You can run a server as a daemon by passing a `-d` option. ### `rails generate` @@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ Example: `rails generate controller CreditCards open debit credit close` Credit card controller with URLs like /credit_cards/debit. - Controller: app/controllers/credit_card_controller.rb + Controller: app/controllers/credit_cards_controller.rb Test: test/controllers/credit_cards_controller_test.rb Views: app/views/credit_cards/debit.html.erb [...] Helper: app/helpers/credit_cards_helper.rb @@ -150,13 +151,11 @@ $ bin/rails generate controller Greetings hello create test/controllers/greetings_controller_test.rb invoke helper create app/helpers/greetings_helper.rb - invoke test_unit - create test/helpers/greetings_helper_test.rb invoke assets invoke coffee - create app/assets/javascripts/greetings.js.coffee + create app/assets/javascripts/greetings.coffee invoke scss - create app/assets/stylesheets/greetings.css.scss + create app/assets/stylesheets/greetings.scss ``` What all did this generate? It made sure a bunch of directories were in our application, and created a controller file, a view file, a functional test file, a helper for the view, a JavaScript file and a stylesheet file. @@ -237,18 +236,16 @@ $ bin/rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer create test/controllers/high_scores_controller_test.rb invoke helper create app/helpers/high_scores_helper.rb - invoke test_unit - create test/helpers/high_scores_helper_test.rb invoke jbuilder create app/views/high_scores/index.json.jbuilder create app/views/high_scores/show.json.jbuilder invoke assets invoke coffee - create app/assets/javascripts/high_scores.js.coffee + create app/assets/javascripts/high_scores.coffee invoke scss - create app/assets/stylesheets/high_scores.css.scss + create app/assets/stylesheets/high_scores.scss invoke scss - identical app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss + identical app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.scss ``` The generator checks that there exist the directories for models, controllers, helpers, layouts, functional and unit tests, stylesheets, creates the views, controller, model and database migration for HighScore (creating the `high_scores` table and fields), takes care of the route for the **resource**, and new tests for everything. @@ -289,7 +286,7 @@ If you wish to test out some code without changing any data, you can do that by ```bash $ bin/rails console --sandbox -Loading development environment in sandbox (Rails 4.0.0) +Loading development environment in sandbox (Rails 5.0.0) Any modifications you make will be rolled back on exit irb(main):001:0> ``` @@ -341,6 +338,12 @@ You can specify the environment in which the `runner` command should operate usi $ bin/rails runner -e staging "Model.long_running_method" ``` +You can even execute ruby code written in a file with runner. + +```bash +$ bin/rails runner lib/code_to_be_run.rb +``` + ### `rails destroy` Think of `destroy` as the opposite of `generate`. It'll figure out what generate did, and undo it. @@ -373,8 +376,7 @@ Rake is Ruby Make, a standalone Ruby utility that replaces the Unix utility 'mak You can get a list of Rake tasks available to you, which will often depend on your current directory, by typing `rake --tasks`. Each task has a description, and should help you find the thing you need. -To get the full backtrace for running rake task you can pass the option -```--trace``` to command line, for example ```rake db:create --trace```. +To get the full backtrace for running rake task you can pass the option `--trace` to command line, for example `rake db:create --trace`. ```bash $ bin/rake --tasks @@ -387,10 +389,10 @@ rake db:create # Create the database from config/database.yml for the c rake log:clear # Truncates all *.log files in log/ to zero bytes (specify which logs with LOGS=test,development) rake middleware # Prints out your Rack middleware stack ... -rake tmp:clear # Clear session, cache, and socket files from tmp/ (narrow w/ tmp:sessions:clear, tmp:cache:clear, tmp:sockets:clear) -rake tmp:create # Creates tmp directories for sessions, cache, sockets, and pids +rake tmp:clear # Clear cache and socket files from tmp/ (narrow w/ tmp:cache:clear, tmp:sockets:clear) +rake tmp:create # Creates tmp directories for cache, sockets, and pids ``` -INFO: You can also use ```rake -T``` to get the list of tasks. +INFO: You can also use `rake -T` to get the list of tasks. ### `about` @@ -399,16 +401,11 @@ INFO: You can also use ```rake -T``` to get the list of tasks. ```bash $ bin/rake about About your application's environment -Ruby version 1.9.3 (x86_64-linux) -RubyGems version 1.3.6 -Rack version 1.3 -Rails version 4.1.1 +Rails version 5.0.0 +Ruby version 2.2.1 (x86_64-linux) +RubyGems version 2.4.5 +Rack version 1.6 JavaScript Runtime Node.js (V8) -Active Record version 4.1.1 -Action Pack version 4.1.1 -Action View version 4.1.1 -Action Mailer version 4.1.1 -Active Support version 4.1.1 Middleware Rack::Sendfile, ActionDispatch::Static, Rack::Lock, #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x007ffd131a7c88>, Rack::Runtime, Rack::MethodOverride, ActionDispatch::RequestId, Rails::Rack::Logger, ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, ActionDispatch::Reloader, ActionDispatch::Callbacks, ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending, ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement, ActiveRecord::QueryCache, ActionDispatch::Cookies, ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore, ActionDispatch::Flash, ActionDispatch::ParamsParser, Rack::Head, Rack::ConditionalGet, Rack::ETag Application root /home/foobar/commandsapp Environment development @@ -418,10 +415,7 @@ Database schema version 20110805173523 ### `assets` -You can precompile the assets in `app/assets` using `rake assets:precompile`, -and remove older compiled assets using `rake assets:clean`. The `assets:clean` -task allows for rolling deploys that may still be linking to an old asset while -the new assets are being built. +You can precompile the assets in `app/assets` using `rake assets:precompile`, and remove older compiled assets using `rake assets:clean`. The `assets:clean` task allows for rolling deploys that may still be linking to an old asset while the new assets are being built. If you want to clear `public/assets` completely, you can use `rake assets:clobber`. @@ -431,14 +425,6 @@ The most common tasks of the `db:` Rake namespace are `migrate` and `create`, an More information about migrations can be found in the [Migrations](migrations.html) guide. -### `doc` - -The `doc:` namespace has the tools to generate documentation for your app, API documentation, guides. Documentation can also be stripped which is mainly useful for slimming your codebase, like if you're writing a Rails application for an embedded platform. - -* `rake doc:app` generates documentation for your application in `doc/app`. -* `rake doc:guides` generates Rails guides in `doc/guides`. -* `rake doc:rails` generates API documentation for Rails in `doc/api`. - ### `notes` `rake notes` will search through your code for comments beginning with FIXME, OPTIMIZE or TODO. The search is done in files with extension `.builder`, `.rb`, `.rake`, `.yml`, `.yaml`, `.ruby`, `.css`, `.js` and `.erb` for both default and custom annotations. @@ -484,7 +470,7 @@ app/models/article.rb: NOTE. When using specific annotations and custom annotations, the annotation name (FIXME, BUG etc) is not displayed in the output lines. -By default, `rake notes` will look in the `app`, `config`, `lib`, `bin` and `test` directories. If you would like to search other directories, you can provide them as a comma separated list in an environment variable `SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES`. +By default, `rake notes` will look in the `app`, `config`, `db`, `lib` and `test` directories. If you would like to search other directories, you can provide them as a comma separated list in an environment variable `SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES`. ```bash $ export SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='spec,vendor' @@ -508,15 +494,14 @@ Rails comes with a test suite called Minitest. Rails owes its stability to the u ### `tmp` -The `Rails.root/tmp` directory is, like the *nix /tmp directory, the holding place for temporary files like sessions (if you're using a file store for files), process id files, and cached actions. +The `Rails.root/tmp` directory is, like the *nix /tmp directory, the holding place for temporary files like process id files and cached actions. The `tmp:` namespaced tasks will help you clear and create the `Rails.root/tmp` directory: * `rake tmp:cache:clear` clears `tmp/cache`. -* `rake tmp:sessions:clear` clears `tmp/sessions`. * `rake tmp:sockets:clear` clears `tmp/sockets`. -* `rake tmp:clear` clears all the three: cache, sessions and sockets. -* `rake tmp:create` creates tmp directories for sessions, cache, sockets, and pids. +* `rake tmp:clear` clears all cache and sockets files. +* `rake tmp:create` creates tmp directories for cache, sockets and pids. ### Miscellaneous @@ -541,8 +526,8 @@ end To pass arguments to your custom rake task: ```ruby -task :task_name, [:arg_1] => [:pre_1, :pre_2] do |t, args| - # You can use args from here +task :task_name, [:arg_1] => [:prerequisite_1, :prerequisite_2] do |task, args| + argument_1 = args.arg_1 end ``` diff --git a/guides/source/configuring.md b/guides/source/configuring.md index f74fbaa7c3..c6f6ef6dd5 100644 --- a/guides/source/configuring.md +++ b/guides/source/configuring.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Configuring Rails Applications ============================== @@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ These configuration methods are to be called on a `Rails::Railtie` object, such * `config.autoload_paths` accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants. Default is all directories under `app`. -* `config.cache_classes` controls whether or not application classes and modules should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to false in development mode, and true in test and production modes. Can also be enabled with `threadsafe!`. +* `config.cache_classes` controls whether or not application classes and modules should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to false in development mode, and true in test and production modes. * `config.action_view.cache_template_loading` controls whether or not templates should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to whatever is set for `config.cache_classes`. @@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ application. Accepts a valid week day symbol (e.g. `:monday`). end ``` -* `config.dependency_loading` is a flag that allows you to disable constant autoloading setting it to false. It only has effect if `config.cache_classes` is true, which it is by default in production mode. This flag is set to false by `config.threadsafe!`. +* `config.dependency_loading` is a flag that allows you to disable constant autoloading setting it to false. It only has effect if `config.cache_classes` is true, which it is by default in production mode. * `config.eager_load` when true, eager loads all registered `config.eager_load_namespaces`. This includes your application, engines, Rails frameworks and any other registered namespace. @@ -108,11 +110,13 @@ numbers. New applications filter out passwords by adding the following `config.f * `config.log_formatter` defines the formatter of the Rails logger. This option defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger::SimpleFormatter` for all modes except production, where it defaults to `Logger::Formatter`. -* `config.log_level` defines the verbosity of the Rails logger. This option defaults to `:debug` for all modes except production, where it defaults to `:info`. +* `config.log_level` defines the verbosity of the Rails logger. This option +defaults to `:debug` for all environments. The available log levels are: `:debug`, +`:info`, `:warn`, `:error`, `:fatal`, and `:unknown`. * `config.log_tags` accepts a list of methods that the `request` object responds to. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id - both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications. -* `config.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`, with auto flushing off in production mode. +* `config.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`. * `config.middleware` allows you to configure the application's middleware. This is covered in depth in the [Configuring Middleware](#configuring-middleware) section below. @@ -120,7 +124,7 @@ numbers. New applications filter out passwords by adding the following `config.f * `secrets.secret_key_base` is used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `secrets.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key present in `config/secrets.yml`. -* `config.serve_static_assets` configures Rails itself to serve static assets. Defaults to true, but in the production environment is turned off as the server software (e.g. NGINX or Apache) used to run the application should serve static assets instead. Unlike the default setting set this to true when running (absolutely not recommended!) or testing your app in production mode using WEBrick. Otherwise you won't be able use page caching and requests for files that exist regularly under the public directory will anyway hit your Rails app. +* `config.serve_static_files` configures Rails to serve static files. This option defaults to true, but in the production environment it is set to false because the server software (e.g. NGINX or Apache) used to run the application should serve static files instead. If you are running or testing your app in production mode using WEBrick (it is not recommended to use WEBrick in production) set the option to true. Otherwise, you won't be able to use page caching and request for files that exist under the public directory. * `config.session_store` is usually set up in `config/initializers/session_store.rb` and specifies what class to use to store the session. Possible values are `:cookie_store` which is the default, `:mem_cache_store`, and `:disabled`. The last one tells Rails not to deal with sessions. Custom session stores can also be specified: @@ -137,7 +141,7 @@ numbers. New applications filter out passwords by adding the following `config.f * `config.assets.enabled` a flag that controls whether the asset pipeline is enabled. It is set to true by default. -*`config.assets.raise_runtime_errors`* Set this flag to `true` to enable additional runtime error checking. Recommended in `config/environments/development.rb` to minimize unexpected behavior when deploying to `production`. +* `config.assets.raise_runtime_errors` Set this flag to `true` to enable additional runtime error checking. Recommended in `config/environments/development.rb` to minimize unexpected behavior when deploying to `production`. * `config.assets.compress` a flag that enables the compression of compiled assets. It is explicitly set to true in `config/environments/production.rb`. @@ -151,7 +155,9 @@ pipeline is enabled. It is set to true by default. * `config.assets.prefix` defines the prefix where assets are served from. Defaults to `/assets`. -* `config.assets.digest` enables the use of MD5 fingerprints in asset names. Set to `true` by default in `production.rb`. +* `config.assets.manifest` defines the full path to be used for the asset precompiler's manifest file. Defaults to a file named `manifest-<random>.json` in the `config.assets.prefix` directory within the public folder. + +* `config.assets.digest` enables the use of MD5 fingerprints in asset names. Set to `true` by default in `production.rb` and `development.rb`. * `config.assets.debug` disables the concatenation and compression of assets. Set to `true` by default in `development.rb`. @@ -195,7 +201,7 @@ The full set of methods that can be used in this block are as follows: Every Rails application comes with a standard set of middleware which it uses in this order in the development environment: * `ActionDispatch::SSL` forces every request to be under HTTPS protocol. Will be available if `config.force_ssl` is set to `true`. Options passed to this can be configured by using `config.ssl_options`. -* `ActionDispatch::Static` is used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.serve_static_assets` is `false`. +* `ActionDispatch::Static` is used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.serve_static_files` is `false`. * `Rack::Lock` wraps the app in mutex so it can only be called by a single thread at a time. Only enabled when `config.cache_classes` is `false`. * `ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache` serves as a basic memory backed cache. This cache is not thread safe and is intended only for serving as a temporary memory cache for a single thread. * `Rack::Runtime` sets an `X-Runtime` header, containing the time (in seconds) taken to execute the request. @@ -212,7 +218,7 @@ Every Rails application comes with a standard set of middleware which it uses in * `ActionDispatch::Flash` sets up the `flash` keys. Only available if `config.action_controller.session_store` is set to a value. * `ActionDispatch::ParamsParser` parses out parameters from the request into `params`. * `Rack::MethodOverride` allows the method to be overridden if `params[:_method]` is set. This is the middleware which supports the PATCH, PUT, and DELETE HTTP method types. -* `ActionDispatch::Head` converts HEAD requests to GET requests and serves them as so. +* `Rack::Head` converts HEAD requests to GET requests and serves them as so. Besides these usual middleware, you can add your own by using the `config.middleware.use` method: @@ -223,13 +229,13 @@ config.middleware.use Magical::Unicorns This will put the `Magical::Unicorns` middleware on the end of the stack. You can use `insert_before` if you wish to add a middleware before another. ```ruby -config.middleware.insert_before ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns +config.middleware.insert_before Rack::Head, Magical::Unicorns ``` There's also `insert_after` which will insert a middleware after another: ```ruby -config.middleware.insert_after ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns +config.middleware.insert_after Rack::Head, Magical::Unicorns ``` Middlewares can also be completely swapped out and replaced with others: @@ -282,14 +288,12 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library. * `config.active_record.lock_optimistically` controls whether Active Record will use optimistic locking and is true by default. -* `config.active_record.cache_timestamp_format` controls the format of the timestamp value in the cache key. Default is `:number`. +* `config.active_record.cache_timestamp_format` controls the format of the timestamp value in the cache key. Default is `:nsec`. * `config.active_record.record_timestamps` is a boolean value which controls whether or not timestamping of `create` and `update` operations on a model occur. The default value is `true`. * `config.active_record.partial_writes` is a boolean value and controls whether or not partial writes are used (i.e. whether updates only set attributes that are dirty). Note that when using partial writes, you should also use optimistic locking `config.active_record.lock_optimistically` since concurrent updates may write attributes based on a possibly stale read state. The default value is `true`. -* `config.active_record.attribute_types_cached_by_default` sets the attribute types that `ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods` will cache by default on reads. The default is `[:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date]`. - * `config.active_record.maintain_test_schema` is a boolean value which controls whether Active Record should try to keep your test database schema up-to-date with `db/schema.rb` (or `db/structure.sql`) when you run your tests. The default is true. * `config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration` is a flag which @@ -298,6 +302,18 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library. `config/environments/production.rb` which is generated by Rails. The default value is true if this configuration is not set. +* `config.active_record.dump_schemas` controls which database schemas will be dumped when calling db:structure:dump. + The options are `:schema_search_path` (the default) which dumps any schemas listed in schema_search_path, + `:all` which always dumps all schemas regardless of the schema_search_path, + or a string of comma separated schemas. + +* `config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default` is a boolean value and controls whether `belongs_to` association is required by default. + +* `config.active_record.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than` allows setting a + warning threshold for query result size. If the number of records returned + by a query exceeds the threshold, a warning is logged. This can be used to + identify queries which might be causing memory bloat. + The MySQL adapter adds one additional configuration option: * `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans` controls whether Active Record will consider all `tinyint(1)` columns in a MySQL database to be booleans and is true by default. @@ -318,6 +334,8 @@ The schema dumper adds one additional configuration option: * `config.action_controller.default_charset` specifies the default character set for all renders. The default is "utf-8". +* `config.action_controller.include_all_helpers` configures whether all view helpers are available everywhere or are scoped to the corresponding controller. If set to `false`, `UsersHelper` methods are only available for views rendered as part of `UsersController`. If `true`, `UsersHelper` methods are available everywhere. The default is `true`. + * `config.action_controller.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Action Controller. Set to `nil` to disable logging. * `config.action_controller.request_forgery_protection_token` sets the token parameter name for RequestForgery. Calling `protect_from_forgery` sets it to `:authenticity_token` by default. @@ -364,6 +382,30 @@ encrypted cookies salt value. Defaults to `'signed encrypted cookie'`. method should be performed on the parameters. See [Security Guide](security.html#unsafe-query-generation) for more information. It defaults to true. +* `config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses` configures what exceptions are assigned to an HTTP status. It accepts a hash and you can specify pairs of exception/status. By default, this is defined as: + + ```ruby + config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses = { + 'ActionController::RoutingError' => :not_found, + 'AbstractController::ActionNotFound' => :not_found, + 'ActionController::MethodNotAllowed' => :method_not_allowed, + 'ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod' => :method_not_allowed, + 'ActionController::NotImplemented' => :not_implemented, + 'ActionController::UnknownFormat' => :not_acceptable, + 'ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken' => :unprocessable_entity, + 'ActionController::InvalidCrossOriginRequest' => :unprocessable_entity, + 'ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError' => :bad_request, + 'ActionController::BadRequest' => :bad_request, + 'ActionController::ParameterMissing' => :bad_request, + 'ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound' => :not_found, + 'ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError' => :conflict, + 'ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid' => :unprocessable_entity, + 'ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved' => :unprocessable_entity + } + ``` + + Any exceptions that are not configured will be mapped to 500 Internal Server Error. + * `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before` takes a block of code to run before the request. * `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.to_prepare` takes a block to run after `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before`, but before the request. Runs for every request in `development` mode, but only once for `production` or environments with `cache_classes` set to `true`. @@ -453,18 +495,34 @@ There are a number of settings available on `config.action_mailer`: config.action_mailer.interceptors = ["MailInterceptor"] ``` +* `config.action_mailer.preview_path` specifies the location of mailer previews. + + ```ruby + config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews" + ``` + +* `config.action_mailer.show_previews` enable or disable mailer previews. By default this is `true` in development. + + ```ruby + config.action_mailer.show_previews = false + ``` + ### Configuring Active Support There are a few configuration options available in Active Support: * `config.active_support.bare` enables or disables the loading of `active_support/all` when booting Rails. Defaults to `nil`, which means `active_support/all` is loaded. +* `config.active_support.test_order` sets the order that test cases are executed. Possible values are `:sorted` and `:random`. Currently defaults to `:sorted`. In Rails 5.0, the default will be changed to `:random` instead. + * `config.active_support.escape_html_entities_in_json` enables or disables the escaping of HTML entities in JSON serialization. Defaults to `false`. * `config.active_support.use_standard_json_time_format` enables or disables serializing dates to ISO 8601 format. Defaults to `true`. * `config.active_support.time_precision` sets the precision of JSON encoded time values. Defaults to `3`. +* `config.active_support.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false` specifies whether ActiveRecord, ActiveModel and ActiveModel::Validations callback chains can be halted by returning `false` in a 'before' callback. Defaults to `true`. + * `ActiveSupport::Logger.silencer` is set to `false` to disable the ability to silence logging in a block. The default is `true`. * `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store.logger` specifies the logger to use within cache store operations. @@ -648,7 +706,7 @@ development: pool: 5 ``` -Prepared Statements are enabled by default on PostgreSQL. You can be disable prepared statements by setting `prepared_statements` to `false`: +Prepared Statements are enabled by default on PostgreSQL. You can disable prepared statements by setting `prepared_statements` to `false`: ```yaml production: @@ -773,15 +831,6 @@ server { Be sure to read the [NGINX documentation](http://nginx.org/en/docs/) for the most up-to-date information. -#### Considerations when deploying to a subdirectory - -Deploying to a subdirectory in production has implications on various parts of -Rails. - -* development environment: -* testing environment: -* serving static assets: -* asset pipeline: Rails Environment Settings -------------------------- @@ -929,8 +978,6 @@ Below is a comprehensive list of all the initializers found in Rails in the orde * `load_environment_config` Loads the `config/environments` file for the current environment. -* `append_asset_paths` Finds asset paths for the application and all attached railties and keeps a track of the available directories in `config.static_asset_paths`. - * `prepend_helpers_path` Adds the directory `app/helpers` from the application, railties and engines to the lookup path for helpers for the application. * `load_config_initializers` Loads all Ruby files from `config/initializers` in the application, railties and engines. The files in this directory can be used to hold configuration settings that should be made after all of the frameworks are loaded. @@ -984,3 +1031,44 @@ If you get the above error, you might want to increase the size of connection pool by incrementing the `pool` option in `database.yml` NOTE. If you are running in a multi-threaded environment, there could be a chance that several threads may be accessing multiple connections simultaneously. So depending on your current request load, you could very well have multiple threads contending for a limited amount of connections. + + +Custom configuration +-------------------- + +You can configure your own code through the Rails configuration object with custom configuration. It works like this: + + ```ruby + config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily + config.x.payment_processing.retries = 3 + config.x.super_debugger = true + ``` + +These configuration points are then available through the configuration object: + + ```ruby + Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.schedule # => :daily + Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.retries # => 3 + Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger # => true + Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger.not_set # => nil + ``` + +Search Engines Indexing +----------------------- + +Sometimes, you may want to prevent some pages of your application to be visible +on search sites like Google, Bing, Yahoo or Duck Duck Go. The robots that index +these sites will first analyse the `http://your-site.com/robots.txt` file to +know which pages it is allowed to index. + +Rails creates this file for you inside the `/public` folder. By default, it allows +search engines to index all pages of your application. If you want to block +indexing on all pages of you application, use this: + +``` +User-agent: * +Disallow: / +``` + +To block just specific pages, it's necessary to use a more complex syntax. Learn +it on the [official documentation](http://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html). diff --git a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md index 133ef58fd6..018100c316 100644 --- a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Contributing to Ruby on Rails ============================= @@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ NOTE: Bugs in the most recent released version of Ruby on Rails are likely to ge ### Creating a Bug Report -If you've found a problem in Ruby on Rails which is not a security risk, do a search in GitHub under [Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) in case it has already been reported. If you do not find any issue addressing it you may proceed to [open a new one](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/new). (See the next section for reporting security issues.) +If you've found a problem in Ruby on Rails which is not a security risk, do a search on GitHub under [Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) in case it has already been reported. If you are unable to find any open GitHub issues addressing the problem you found, your next step will be to [open a new one](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/new). (See the next section for reporting security issues.) Your issue report should contain a title and a clear description of the issue at the bare minimum. You should include as much relevant information as possible and should at least post a code sample that demonstrates the issue. It would be even better if you could include a unit test that shows how the expected behavior is not occurring. Your goal should be to make it easy for yourself - and others - to replicate the bug and figure out a fix. @@ -109,9 +111,7 @@ After applying their branch, test it out! Here are some things to think about: Once you're happy that the pull request contains a good change, comment on the GitHub issue indicating your approval. Your comment should indicate that you like the change and what you like about it. Something like: -<blockquote> -I like the way you've restructured that code in generate_finder_sql - much nicer. The tests look good too. -</blockquote> +>I like the way you've restructured that code in generate_finder_sql - much nicer. The tests look good too. If your comment simply says "+1", then odds are that other reviewers aren't going to take it too seriously. Show that you took the time to review the pull request. @@ -173,6 +173,14 @@ $ git checkout -b my_new_branch It doesn't matter much what name you use, because this branch will only exist on your local computer and your personal repository on GitHub. It won't be part of the Rails Git repository. +### Bundle install + +Install the required gems. + +```bash +$ bundle install +``` + ### Running an Application Against Your Local Branch In case you need a dummy Rails app to test changes, the `--dev` flag of `rails new` generates an application that uses your local branch: @@ -195,7 +203,7 @@ Now get busy and add/edit code. You're on your branch now, so you can write what * Update the (surrounding) documentation, examples elsewhere, and the guides: whatever is affected by your contribution. -TIP: Changes that are cosmetic in nature and do not add anything substantial to the stability, functionality, or testability of Rails will generally not be accepted. +TIP: Changes that are cosmetic in nature and do not add anything substantial to the stability, functionality, or testability of Rails will generally not be accepted (read more about [our rationales behind this decision](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13771#issuecomment-32746700)). #### Follow the Coding Conventions @@ -207,7 +215,7 @@ Rails follows a simple set of coding style conventions: * Use Ruby >= 1.9 syntax for hashes. Prefer `{ a: :b }` over `{ :a => :b }`. * Prefer `&&`/`||` over `and`/`or`. * Prefer class << self over self.method for class methods. -* Use `MyClass.my_method(my_arg)` not `my_method( my_arg )` or `my_method my_arg`. +* Use `my_method(my_arg)` not `my_method( my_arg )` or `my_method my_arg`. * Use `a = b` and not `a=b`. * Use assert_not methods instead of refute. * Prefer `method { do_stuff }` instead of `method{do_stuff}` for single-line blocks. @@ -236,11 +244,11 @@ This will generate a report with the following information: ``` Calculating ------------------------------------- - addition 69114 i/100ms - addition with send 64062 i/100ms + addition 132.013k i/100ms + addition with send 125.413k i/100ms ------------------------------------------------- - addition 5307644.4 (±3.5%) i/s - 26539776 in 5.007219s - addition with send 3702897.9 (±3.5%) i/s - 18513918 in 5.006723s + addition 9.677M (± 1.7%) i/s - 48.449M + addition with send 6.794M (± 1.1%) i/s - 33.987M ``` Please see the benchmark/ips [README](https://github.com/evanphx/benchmark-ips/blob/master/README.md) for more information. @@ -289,7 +297,12 @@ $ ruby -w -Itest test/mail_layout_test.rb -n test_explicit_class_layout The `-n` option allows you to run a single method instead of the whole file. -##### Testing Active Record +#### Testing Active Record + +First, create the databases you'll need. For MySQL and PostgreSQL, +running the SQL statements `create database activerecord_unittest` and +`create database activerecord_unittest2` is sufficient. This is not +necessary for SQLite3. This is how you run the Active Record test suite only for SQLite3: @@ -320,6 +333,12 @@ You can also run any single test separately: $ ARCONN=sqlite3 ruby -Itest test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb ``` +To run a single test against all adapters, use: + +```bash +$ bundle exec rake TEST=test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb +``` + You can invoke `test_jdbcmysql`, `test_jdbcsqlite3` or `test_jdbcpostgresql` also. See the file `activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc` for information on running more targeted database tests, or the file `ci/travis.rb` for the test suite run by the continuous integration server. ### Warnings @@ -357,6 +376,10 @@ A CHANGELOG entry should summarize what was changed and should end with author's Your name can be added directly after the last word if you don't provide any code examples or don't need multiple paragraphs. Otherwise, it's best to make as a new paragraph. +### Updating the Gemfile.lock + +Some changes require the dependencies to be upgraded. In these cases make sure you run `bundle update` to get the right version of the dependency and commit the `Gemfile.lock` file within your changes. + ### Sanity Check You should not be the only person who looks at the code before you submit it. @@ -393,7 +416,7 @@ inside, just indent it with 4 spaces: class ArticlesController def index - respond_with Article.limit(10) + render json: Article.limit(10) end end @@ -555,6 +578,23 @@ $ git push origin my_pull_request -f You should be able to refresh the pull request on GitHub and see that it has been updated. +#### Updating pull request + +Sometimes you will be asked to make some changes to the code you have +already committed. This can include amending existing commits. In this +case Git will not allow you to push the changes as the pushed branch +and local branch do not match. Instead of opening a new pull request, +you can force push to your branch on GitHub as described earlier in +squashing commits section: + +```bash +$ git push origin my_pull_request -f +``` + +This will update the branch and pull request on GitHub with your new code. Do +note that using force push may result in commits being lost on the remote branch; use it with care. + + ### Older Versions of Ruby on Rails If you want to add a fix to older versions of Ruby on Rails, you'll need to set up and switch to your own local tracking branch. Here is an example to switch to the 4-0-stable branch: diff --git a/guides/source/credits.html.erb b/guides/source/credits.html.erb index 8767fbecce..61ea0b44ef 100644 --- a/guides/source/credits.html.erb +++ b/guides/source/credits.html.erb @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Oscar Del Ben is a software engineer at <a href="http://www.wildfireapp.com/">Wi <% end %> <%= author('Tore Darell', 'toretore') do %> - Tore Darell is an independent developer based in Menton, France who specialises in cruft-free web applications using Ruby, Rails and unobtrusive JavaScript. His home on the Internet is his blog <a href="http://tore.darell.no">Sneaky Abstractions</a>. + Tore Darell is an independent developer based in Menton, France who specialises in cruft-free web applications using Ruby, Rails and unobtrusive JavaScript. You can follow him on <a href="http://twitter.com/toretore">Twitter</a>. <% end %> <%= author('Jeff Dean', 'zilkey') do %> diff --git a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md index c1f26c2a5e..a9715fb837 100644 --- a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md +++ b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Debugging Rails Applications ============================ @@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ Rails.logger.level = 0 # at any time This is useful when you want to log under development or staging, but you don't want to flood your production log with unnecessary information. -TIP: The default Rails log level is `info` in production mode and `debug` in development and test mode. +TIP: The default Rails log level is `debug` in all environments. ### Sending Messages @@ -211,7 +213,7 @@ logger.tagged("BCX") { logger.tagged("Jason") { logger.info "Stuff" } } # Logs " ### Impact of Logs on Performance Logging will always have a small impact on performance of your rails app, - particularly when logging to disk.However, there are a few subtleties: + particularly when logging to disk. However, there are a few subtleties: Using the `:debug` level will have a greater performance penalty than `:fatal`, as a far greater number of strings are being evaluated and written to the @@ -309,7 +311,7 @@ For example: ```bash => Booting WEBrick -=> Rails 4.1.1 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000 +=> Rails 5.0.0 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000 => Run `rails server -h` for more startup options => Notice: server is listening on all interfaces (0.0.0.0). Consider using 127.0.0.1 (--binding option) => Ctrl-C to shutdown server @@ -422,11 +424,11 @@ then `backtrace` will supply the answer. --> #0 ArticlesController.index at /PathTo/project/test_app/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb:8 #1 ActionController::ImplicitRender.send_action(method#String, *args#Array) - at /PathToGems/actionpack-4.1.1/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb:4 + at /PathToGems/actionpack-5.0.0/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb:4 #2 AbstractController::Base.process_action(action#NilClass, *args#Array) - at /PathToGems/actionpack-4.1.1/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb:189 + at /PathToGems/actionpack-5.0.0/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb:189 #3 ActionController::Rendering.process_action(action#NilClass, *args#NilClass) - at /PathToGems/actionpack-4.1.1/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb:10 + at /PathToGems/actionpack-5.0.0/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb:10 ... ``` @@ -438,7 +440,7 @@ context. ``` (byebug) frame 2 -[184, 193] in /PathToGems/actionpack-4.1.1/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb +[184, 193] in /PathToGems/actionpack-5.0.0/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb 184: # is the intended way to override action dispatching. 185: # 186: # Notice that the first argument is the method to be dispatched @@ -542,7 +544,7 @@ This way an irb session will be started within the context you invoked it. But be warned: this is an experimental feature. The `var` method is the most convenient way to show variables and their values. -Let's let `byebug` to help us with it. +Let's let `byebug` help us with it. ``` (byebug) help var @@ -655,7 +657,7 @@ instruction to be executed. In this case, the activesupport's `week` method. ``` (byebug) step -[50, 59] in /PathToGems/activesupport-4.1.1/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb +[50, 59] in /PathToGems/activesupport-5.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb 50: ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 24.hours, [[:days, self]]) 51: end 52: alias :day :days @@ -780,10 +782,10 @@ will be stopped and you will have to start it again. `byebug` has a few available options to tweak its behaviour: -* `set autoreload`: Reload source code when changed (default: true). -* `set autolist`: Execute `list` command on every breakpoint (default: true). +* `set autoreload`: Reload source code when changed (defaults: true). +* `set autolist`: Execute `list` command on every breakpoint (defaults: true). * `set listsize _n_`: Set number of source lines to list by default to _n_ -(default: 10) +(defaults: 10) * `set forcestep`: Make sure the `next` and `step` commands always move to a new line. @@ -798,6 +800,63 @@ set forcestep set listsize 25 ``` +Debugging with the `web-console` gem +------------------------------------ + +Web Console is a bit like `byebug`, but it runs in the browser. In any page you +are developing, you can request a console in the context of a view or a +controller. The console would be rendered next to your HTML content. + +### Console + +Inside any controller action or view, you can then invoke the console by +calling the `console` method. + +For example, in a controller: + +```ruby +class PostsController < ApplicationController + def new + console + @post = Post.new + end +end +``` + +Or in a view: + +```html+erb +<% console %> + +<h2>New Post</h2> +``` + +This will render a console inside your view. You don't need to care about the +location of the `console` call; it won't be rendered on the spot of its +invocation but next to your HTML content. + +The console executes pure Ruby code. You can define and instantiate +custom classes, create new models and inspect variables. + +NOTE: Only one console can be rendered per request. Otherwise `web-console` +will raise an error on the second `console` invocation. + +### Inspecting Variables + +You can invoke `instance_variables` to list all the instance variables +available in your context. If you want to list all the local variables, you can +do that with `local_variables`. + +### Settings + +* `config.web_console.whitelisted_ips`: Authorized list of IPv4 or IPv6 +addresses and networks (defaults: `127.0.0.1/8, ::1`). +* `config.web_console.whiny_requests`: Log a message when a console rendering +is prevented (defaults: `true`). + +Since `web-console` evaluates plain Ruby code remotely on the server, don't try +to use it in production. + Debugging Memory Leaks ---------------------- @@ -830,7 +889,7 @@ application. Here is a list of useful plugins for debugging: * [Footnotes](https://github.com/josevalim/rails-footnotes) Every Rails page has footnotes that give request information and link back to your source via TextMate. -* [Query Trace](https://github.com/ntalbott/query_trace/tree/master) Adds query +* [Query Trace](https://github.com/ruckus/active-record-query-trace/tree/master) Adds query origin tracing to your logs. * [Query Reviewer](https://github.com/nesquena/query_reviewer) This rails plugin not only runs "EXPLAIN" before each of your select queries in development, but @@ -854,6 +913,7 @@ References * [ruby-debug Homepage](http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/ruby-debug/home-page.html) * [debugger Homepage](https://github.com/cldwalker/debugger) * [byebug Homepage](https://github.com/deivid-rodriguez/byebug) +* [web-console Homepage](https://github.com/rails/web-console) * [Article: Debugging a Rails application with ruby-debug](http://www.sitepoint.com/debug-rails-app-ruby-debug/) * [Ryan Bates' debugging ruby (revised) screencast](http://railscasts.com/episodes/54-debugging-ruby-revised) * [Ryan Bates' stack trace screencast](http://railscasts.com/episodes/24-the-stack-trace) diff --git a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md index b134c9d2d0..989b29956c 100644 --- a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md +++ b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Development Dependencies Install ================================ @@ -45,36 +47,14 @@ $ cd rails The test suite must pass with any submitted code. No matter whether you are writing a new patch, or evaluating someone else's, you need to be able to run the tests. -Install first libxml2 and libxslt together with their development files for Nokogiri. In Ubuntu that's - -```bash -$ sudo apt-get install libxml2 libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev -``` - -If you are on Fedora or CentOS, you can run +Install first SQLite3 and its development files for the `sqlite3` gem. Mac OS X +users are done with: ```bash -$ sudo yum install libxml2 libxml2-devel libxslt libxslt-devel +$ brew install sqlite3 ``` -If you are running Arch Linux, you're done with: - -```bash -$ sudo pacman -S libxml2 libxslt -``` - -On FreeBSD, you just have to run: - -```bash -# pkg_add -r libxml2 libxslt -``` - -Alternatively, you can install the `textproc/libxml2` and `textproc/libxslt` -ports. - -If you have any problems with these libraries, you can install them manually by compiling the source code. Just follow the instructions at the [Red Hat/CentOS section of the Nokogiri tutorials](http://nokogiri.org/tutorials/installing_nokogiri.html#red_hat__centos) . - -Also, SQLite3 and its development files for the `sqlite3-ruby` gem - in Ubuntu you're done with just +In Ubuntu you're done with just: ```bash $ sudo apt-get install sqlite3 libsqlite3-dev @@ -95,12 +75,12 @@ $ sudo pacman -S sqlite For FreeBSD users, you're done with: ```bash -# pkg_add -r sqlite3 +# pkg install sqlite3 ``` Or compile the `databases/sqlite3` port. -Get a recent version of [Bundler](http://gembundler.com/) +Get a recent version of [Bundler](http://bundler.io/) ```bash $ gem install bundler @@ -117,7 +97,7 @@ This command will install all dependencies except the MySQL and PostgreSQL Ruby NOTE: If you would like to run the tests that use memcached, you need to ensure that you have it installed and running. -You can use [Homebrew](http://brew.sh/) to install memcached on OSX: +You can use [Homebrew](http://brew.sh/) to install memcached on OS X: ```bash $ brew install memcached @@ -135,6 +115,20 @@ Or use yum on Fedora or CentOS: $ sudo yum install memcached ``` +If you are running on Arch Linux: + +```bash +$ sudo pacman -S memcached +``` + +For FreeBSD users, you're done with: + +```bash +# pkg install memcached +``` + +Alternatively, you can compile the `databases/memcached` port. + With the dependencies now installed, you can run the test suite with: ```bash @@ -181,7 +175,19 @@ The Active Record test suite requires a custom config file: `activerecord/test/c #### MySQL and PostgreSQL -To be able to run the suite for MySQL and PostgreSQL we need their gems. Install first the servers, their client libraries, and their development files. In Ubuntu just run +To be able to run the suite for MySQL and PostgreSQL we need their gems. Install +first the servers, their client libraries, and their development files. + +On OS X, you can run: + +```bash +$ brew install mysql +$ brew install postgresql +``` + +Follow the instructions given by Homebrew to start these. + +In Ubuntu just run: ```bash $ sudo apt-get install mysql-server libmysqlclient15-dev @@ -206,17 +212,9 @@ $ sudo pacman -S postgresql postgresql-libs FreeBSD users will have to run the following: ```bash -# pkg_add -r mysql56-client mysql56-server -# pkg_add -r postgresql92-client postgresql92-server -``` - -You can use [Homebrew](http://brew.sh/) to install MySQL and PostgreSQL on OSX: - -```bash -$ brew install mysql -$ brew install postgresql +# pkg install mysql56-client mysql56-server +# pkg install postgresql93-client postgresql93-server ``` -Follow instructions given by [Homebrew](http://brew.sh/) to start these. Or install them through ports (they are located under the `databases` folder). If you run into troubles during the installation of MySQL, please see @@ -252,18 +250,20 @@ $ cd activerecord $ bundle exec rake db:mysql:build ``` -PostgreSQL's authentication works differently. A simple way to set up the development environment for example is to run with your development account -This is not needed when installed via [Homebrew](http://brew.sh). +PostgreSQL's authentication works differently. To setup the development environment +with your development account, on Linux or BSD, you just have to run: ```bash $ sudo -u postgres createuser --superuser $USER ``` -And for OS X (when installed via [Homebrew](http://brew.sh)) + +and for OS X: + ```bash $ createuser --superuser $USER ``` -and then create the test databases with +Then you need to create the test databases with ```bash $ cd activerecord diff --git a/guides/source/documents.yaml b/guides/source/documents.yaml index 82e248ee38..7ae3640937 100644 --- a/guides/source/documents.yaml +++ b/guides/source/documents.yaml @@ -32,6 +32,11 @@ name: Active Record Query Interface url: active_record_querying.html description: This guide covers the database query interface provided by Active Record. + - + name: Active Model Basics + url: active_model_basics.html + description: This guide covers the use of model classes without Active Record. + work_in_progress: true - name: Views documents: @@ -75,10 +80,14 @@ url: action_mailer_basics.html description: This guide describes how to use Action Mailer to send and receive emails. - + name: Active Job Basics + url: active_job_basics.html + description: This guide provides you with all you need to get started in creating, enqueueing and executing background jobs. + - name: Testing Rails Applications - url: testing.html work_in_progress: true - description: This is a rather comprehensive guide to doing both unit and functional tests in Rails. It covers everything from 'What is a test?' to the testing APIs. Enjoy. + url: testing.html + description: This is a rather comprehensive guide to the various testing facilities in Rails. It covers everything from 'What is a test?' to the testing APIs. Enjoy. - name: Securing Rails Applications url: security.html @@ -104,15 +113,25 @@ url: working_with_javascript_in_rails.html description: This guide covers the built-in Ajax/JavaScript functionality of Rails. - - name: Getting Started with Engines - url: engines.html - description: This guide explains how to write a mountable engine. - work_in_progress: true - - name: The Rails Initialization Process work_in_progress: true url: initialization.html description: This guide explains the internals of the Rails initialization process as of Rails 4 + - + name: Autoloading and Reloading Constants + url: autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html + description: This guide documents how autoloading and reloading constants work. + - + name: Active Support Instrumentation + work_in_progress: true + url: active_support_instrumentation.html + description: This guide explains how to use the instrumentation API inside of Active Support to measure events inside of Rails and other Ruby code. + - + name: Profiling Rails Applications + work_in_progress: true + url: profiling.html + description: This guide explains how to profile your Rails applications to improve performance. + - name: Extending Rails documents: @@ -129,6 +148,11 @@ name: Creating and Customizing Rails Generators url: generators.html description: This guide covers the process of adding a brand new generator to your extension or providing an alternative to an element of a built-in Rails generator (such as providing alternative test stubs for the scaffold generator). + - + name: Getting Started with Engines + url: engines.html + description: This guide explains how to write a mountable engine. + work_in_progress: true - name: Contributing to Ruby on Rails documents: @@ -159,6 +183,10 @@ url: upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html description: This guide helps in upgrading applications to latest Ruby on Rails versions. - + name: Ruby on Rails 4.2 Release Notes + url: 4_2_release_notes.html + description: Release notes for Rails 4.2. + - name: Ruby on Rails 4.1 Release Notes url: 4_1_release_notes.html description: Release notes for Rails 4.1. diff --git a/guides/source/engines.md b/guides/source/engines.md index e630e3d93b..84017d5e13 100644 --- a/guides/source/engines.md +++ b/guides/source/engines.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Getting Started with Engines ============================ @@ -31,10 +33,12 @@ Engines are also closely related to plugins. The two share a common `lib` directory structure, and are both generated using the `rails plugin new` generator. The difference is that an engine is considered a "full plugin" by Rails (as indicated by the `--full` option that's passed to the generator -command). This guide will refer to them simply as "engines" throughout. An -engine **can** be a plugin, and a plugin **can** be an engine. +command). We'll actually be using the `--mountable` option here, which includes +all the features of `--full`, and then some. This guide will refer to these +"full plugins" simply as "engines" throughout. An engine **can** be a plugin, +and a plugin **can** be an engine. -The engine that will be created in this guide will be called "blorgh". The +The engine that will be created in this guide will be called "blorgh". This engine will provide blogging functionality to its host applications, allowing for new articles and comments to be created. At the beginning of this guide, you will be working solely within the engine itself, but in later sections you'll @@ -49,9 +53,8 @@ guide. It's important to keep in mind at all times that the application should **always** take precedence over its engines. An application is the object that -has final say in what goes on in the universe (with the universe being the -application's environment) where the engine should only be enhancing it, rather -than changing it drastically. +has final say in what goes on in its environment. The engine should +only be enhancing it, rather than changing it drastically. To see demonstrations of other engines, check out [Devise](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise), an engine that provides @@ -73,13 +76,13 @@ options as appropriate to the need. For the "blorgh" example, you will need to create a "mountable" engine, running this command in a terminal: ```bash -$ bin/rails plugin new blorgh --mountable +$ rails plugin new blorgh --mountable ``` The full list of options for the plugin generator may be seen by typing: ```bash -$ bin/rails plugin --help +$ rails plugin --help ``` The `--mountable` option tells the generator that you want to create a @@ -135,7 +138,7 @@ following to the dummy application's routes file at `test/dummy/config/routes.rb`: ```ruby -mount Blorgh::Engine, at: "blorgh" +mount Blorgh::Engine => "/blorgh" ``` ### Inside an Engine @@ -172,7 +175,7 @@ Within `lib/blorgh/engine.rb` is the base class for the engine: ```ruby module Blorgh - class Engine < Rails::Engine + class Engine < ::Rails::Engine isolate_namespace Blorgh end end @@ -321,8 +324,6 @@ invoke test_unit create test/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller_test.rb invoke helper create app/helpers/blorgh/articles_helper.rb -invoke test_unit -create test/helpers/blorgh/articles_helper_test.rb invoke assets invoke js create app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/articles.js @@ -559,8 +560,6 @@ invoke test_unit create test/controllers/blorgh/comments_controller_test.rb invoke helper create app/helpers/blorgh/comments_helper.rb -invoke test_unit -create test/helpers/blorgh/comments_helper_test.rb invoke assets invoke js create app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/comments.js @@ -745,8 +744,9 @@ reason, the engine should not hardcode associations specifically for a `User` class. To keep it simple in this case, the application will have a class called `User` -that represents the users of the application. It can be generated using this -command inside the application: +that represents the users of the application (we'll get into making this +configurable further on). It can be generated using this command inside the +application: ```bash rails g model user name:string @@ -890,7 +890,9 @@ engine this would be done by changing `app/controllers/blorgh/application_controller.rb` to look like: ```ruby -class Blorgh::ApplicationController < ApplicationController +module Blorgh + class ApplicationController < ::ApplicationController + end end ``` @@ -1038,31 +1040,42 @@ functionality, especially controllers. This means that if you were to make a typical `GET` to a controller in a controller's functional test like this: ```ruby -get :index +module Blorgh + class FooControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase + def test_index + get :index + ... + end + end +end ``` It may not function correctly. This is because the application doesn't know how to route these requests to the engine unless you explicitly tell it **how**. To -do this, you must also pass the `:use_route` option as a parameter on these -requests: +do this, you must set the `@routes` instance variable to the engine's route set +in your setup code: ```ruby -get :index, use_route: :blorgh +module Blorgh + class FooControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase + setup do + @routes = Engine.routes + end + + def test_index + get :index + ... + end + end +end ``` This tells the application that you still want to perform a `GET` request to the `index` action of this controller, but you want to use the engine's route to get there, rather than the application's one. -Another way to do this is to assign the `@routes` instance variable to `Engine.routes` in your test setup: - -```ruby -setup do - @routes = Engine.routes -end -``` - -This will also ensure url helpers for the engine will work as expected in your tests. +This also ensures that the engine's URL helpers will work as expected in your +tests. Improving engine functionality ------------------------------ @@ -1157,7 +1170,7 @@ end Using `Class#class_eval` is great for simple adjustments, but for more complex class modifications, you might want to consider using [`ActiveSupport::Concern`] -(http://edgeapi.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html). +(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html). ActiveSupport::Concern manages load order of interlinked dependent modules and classes at run time allowing you to significantly modularize your code. diff --git a/guides/source/form_helpers.md b/guides/source/form_helpers.md index 048eb9a6e3..853227e2a1 100644 --- a/guides/source/form_helpers.md +++ b/guides/source/form_helpers.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Form Helpers ============ @@ -96,7 +98,15 @@ form_tag({controller: "people", action: "search"}, method: "get", class: "nifty_ ### Helpers for Generating Form Elements -Rails provides a series of helpers for generating form elements such as checkboxes, text fields, and radio buttons. These basic helpers, with names ending in "_tag" (such as `text_field_tag` and `check_box_tag`), generate just a single `<input>` element. The first parameter to these is always the name of the input. When the form is submitted, the name will be passed along with the form data, and will make its way to the `params` hash in the controller with the value entered by the user for that field. For example, if the form contains `<%= text_field_tag(:query) %>`, then you would be able to get the value of this field in the controller with `params[:query]`. +Rails provides a series of helpers for generating form elements such as +checkboxes, text fields, and radio buttons. These basic helpers, with names +ending in `_tag` (such as `text_field_tag` and `check_box_tag`), generate just a +single `<input>` element. The first parameter to these is always the name of the +input. When the form is submitted, the name will be passed along with the form +data, and will make its way to the `params` hash in the controller with the +value entered by the user for that field. For example, if the form contains `<%= +text_field_tag(:query) %>`, then you would be able to get the value of this +field in the controller with `params[:query]`. When naming inputs, Rails uses certain conventions that make it possible to submit parameters with non-scalar values such as arrays or hashes, which will also be accessible in `params`. You can read more about them in [chapter 7 of this guide](#understanding-parameter-naming-conventions). For details on the precise usage of these helpers, please refer to the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormTagHelper.html). @@ -231,7 +241,7 @@ Upon form submission the value entered by the user will be stored in `params[:pe WARNING: You must pass the name of an instance variable, i.e. `:person` or `"person"`, not an actual instance of your model object. -Rails provides helpers for displaying the validation errors associated with a model object. These are covered in detail by the [Active Record Validations](./active_record_validations.html#displaying-validation-errors-in-views) guide. +Rails provides helpers for displaying the validation errors associated with a model object. These are covered in detail by the [Active Record Validations](active_record_validations.html#displaying-validation-errors-in-views) guide. ### Binding a Form to an Object @@ -265,18 +275,18 @@ There are a few things to note here: The resulting HTML is: ```html -<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles/create" method="post" class="nifty_form"> +<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" method="post" class="nifty_form"> <input id="article_title" name="article[title]" type="text" /> <textarea id="article_body" name="article[body]" cols="60" rows="12"></textarea> <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Create" /> </form> ``` -The name passed to `form_for` controls the key used in `params` to access the form's values. Here the name is `article` and so all the inputs have names of the form `article[attribute_name]`. Accordingly, in the `create` action `params[:article]` will be a hash with keys `:title` and `:body`. You can read more about the significance of input names in the parameter_names section. +The name passed to `form_for` controls the key used in `params` to access the form's values. Here the name is `article` and so all the inputs have names of the form `article[attribute_name]`. Accordingly, in the `create` action `params[:article]` will be a hash with keys `:title` and `:body`. You can read more about the significance of input names in the [parameter_names section](#understanding-parameter-naming-conventions). The helper methods called on the form builder are identical to the model object helpers except that it is not necessary to specify which object is being edited since this is already managed by the form builder. -You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with the `fields_for` helper. This is useful for editing additional model objects with the same form. For example if you had a `Person` model with an associated `ContactDetail` model you could create a form for creating both like so: +You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with the `fields_for` helper. This is useful for editing additional model objects with the same form. For example, if you had a `Person` model with an associated `ContactDetail` model, you could create a form for creating both like so: ```erb <%= form_for @person, url: {action: "create"} do |person_form| %> @@ -290,7 +300,7 @@ You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with th which produces the following output: ```html -<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people/create" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post"> +<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post"> <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" /> <input id="contact_detail_phone_number" name="contact_detail[phone_number]" type="text" /> </form> @@ -506,6 +516,12 @@ As the name implies, this only generates option tags. To generate a working sele <%= collection_select(:person, :city_id, City.all, :id, :name) %> ``` +As with other helpers, if you were to use the `collection_select` helper on a form builder scoped to the `@person` object, the syntax would be: + +```erb +<%= f.collection_select(:city_id, City.all, :id, :name) %> +``` + To recap, `options_from_collection_for_select` is to `collection_select` what `options_for_select` is to `select`. NOTE: Pairs passed to `options_for_select` should have the name first and the id second, however with `options_from_collection_for_select` the first argument is the value method and the second the text method. @@ -534,7 +550,7 @@ Both of these families of helpers will create a series of select boxes for the d ### Barebones Helpers -The `select_*` family of helpers take as their first argument an instance of `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime` that is used as the currently selected value. You may omit this parameter, in which case the current date is used. For example +The `select_*` family of helpers take as their first argument an instance of `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime` that is used as the currently selected value. You may omit this parameter, in which case the current date is used. For example: ```erb <%= select_date Date.today, prefix: :start_date %> @@ -548,7 +564,7 @@ outputs (with actual option values omitted for brevity) <select id="start_date_day" name="start_date[day]"> ... </select> ``` -The above inputs would result in `params[:start_date]` being a hash with keys `:year`, `:month`, `:day`. To get an actual `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime` object you would have to extract these values and pass them to the appropriate constructor, for example +The above inputs would result in `params[:start_date]` being a hash with keys `:year`, `:month`, `:day`. To get an actual `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime` object you would have to extract these values and pass them to the appropriate constructor, for example: ```ruby Date.civil(params[:start_date][:year].to_i, params[:start_date][:month].to_i, params[:start_date][:day].to_i) @@ -591,9 +607,9 @@ NOTE: In many cases the built-in date pickers are clumsy as they do not aid the ### Individual Components -Occasionally you need to display just a single date component such as a year or a month. Rails provides a series of helpers for this, one for each component `select_year`, `select_month`, `select_day`, `select_hour`, `select_minute`, `select_second`. These helpers are fairly straightforward. By default they will generate an input field named after the time component (for example "year" for `select_year`, "month" for `select_month` etc.) although this can be overridden with the `:field_name` option. The `:prefix` option works in the same way that it does for `select_date` and `select_time` and has the same default value. +Occasionally you need to display just a single date component such as a year or a month. Rails provides a series of helpers for this, one for each component `select_year`, `select_month`, `select_day`, `select_hour`, `select_minute`, `select_second`. These helpers are fairly straightforward. By default they will generate an input field named after the time component (for example, "year" for `select_year`, "month" for `select_month` etc.) although this can be overridden with the `:field_name` option. The `:prefix` option works in the same way that it does for `select_date` and `select_time` and has the same default value. -The first parameter specifies which value should be selected and can either be an instance of a `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime`, in which case the relevant component will be extracted, or a numerical value. For example +The first parameter specifies which value should be selected and can either be an instance of a `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime`, in which case the relevant component will be extracted, or a numerical value. For example: ```erb <%= select_year(2009) %> @@ -623,7 +639,7 @@ Rails provides the usual pair of helpers: the barebones `file_field_tag` and the ### What Gets Uploaded -The object in the `params` hash is an instance of a subclass of `IO`. Depending on the size of the uploaded file it may in fact be a StringIO or an instance of `File` backed by a temporary file. In both cases the object will have an `original_filename` attribute containing the name the file had on the user's computer and a `content_type` attribute containing the MIME type of the uploaded file. The following snippet saves the uploaded content in `#{Rails.root}/public/uploads` under the same name as the original file (assuming the form was the one in the previous example). +The object in the `params` hash is an instance of a subclass of `IO`. Depending on the size of the uploaded file it may in fact be a `StringIO` or an instance of `File` backed by a temporary file. In both cases the object will have an `original_filename` attribute containing the name the file had on the user's computer and a `content_type` attribute containing the MIME type of the uploaded file. The following snippet saves the uploaded content in `#{Rails.root}/public/uploads` under the same name as the original file (assuming the form was the one in the previous example). ```ruby def upload @@ -645,7 +661,7 @@ Unlike other forms making an asynchronous file upload form is not as simple as p Customizing Form Builders ------------------------- -As mentioned previously the object yielded by `form_for` and `fields_for` is an instance of `FormBuilder` (or a subclass thereof). Form builders encapsulate the notion of displaying form elements for a single object. While you can of course write helpers for your forms in the usual way, you can also subclass `FormBuilder` and add the helpers there. For example +As mentioned previously the object yielded by `form_for` and `fields_for` is an instance of `FormBuilder` (or a subclass thereof). Form builders encapsulate the notion of displaying form elements for a single object. While you can of course write helpers for your forms in the usual way, you can also subclass `FormBuilder` and add the helpers there. For example: ```erb <%= form_for @person do |f| %> @@ -671,7 +687,14 @@ class LabellingFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder end ``` -If you reuse this frequently you could define a `labeled_form_for` helper that automatically applies the `builder: LabellingFormBuilder` option. +If you reuse this frequently you could define a `labeled_form_for` helper that automatically applies the `builder: LabellingFormBuilder` option: + +```ruby +def labeled_form_for(record, options = {}, &block) + options.merge! builder: LabellingFormBuilder + form_for record, options, &block +end +``` The form builder used also determines what happens when you do @@ -684,12 +707,12 @@ If `f` is an instance of `FormBuilder` then this will render the `form` partial, Understanding Parameter Naming Conventions ------------------------------------------ -As you've seen in the previous sections, values from forms can be at the top level of the `params` hash or nested in another hash. For example in a standard `create` +As you've seen in the previous sections, values from forms can be at the top level of the `params` hash or nested in another hash. For example, in a standard `create` action for a Person model, `params[:person]` would usually be a hash of all the attributes for the person to create. The `params` hash can also contain arrays, arrays of hashes and so on. Fundamentally HTML forms don't know about any sort of structured data, all they generate is name-value pairs, where pairs are just plain strings. The arrays and hashes you see in your application are the result of some parameter naming conventions that Rails uses. -TIP: You may find you can try out examples in this section faster by using the console to directly invoke Racks' parameter parser. For example, +TIP: You may find you can try out examples in this section faster by using the console to directly invoke Rack's parameter parser. For example, ```ruby Rack::Utils.parse_query "name=fred&phone=0123456789" @@ -698,7 +721,7 @@ Rack::Utils.parse_query "name=fred&phone=0123456789" ### Basic Structures -The two basic structures are arrays and hashes. Hashes mirror the syntax used for accessing the value in `params`. For example if a form contains +The two basic structures are arrays and hashes. Hashes mirror the syntax used for accessing the value in `params`. For example, if a form contains: ```html <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" value="Henry"/> @@ -706,13 +729,13 @@ The two basic structures are arrays and hashes. Hashes mirror the syntax used fo the `params` hash will contain -```erb +```ruby {'person' => {'name' => 'Henry'}} ``` and `params[:person][:name]` will retrieve the submitted value in the controller. -Hashes can be nested as many levels as required, for example +Hashes can be nested as many levels as required, for example: ```html <input id="person_address_city" name="person[address][city]" type="text" value="New York"/> @@ -724,7 +747,7 @@ will result in the `params` hash being {'person' => {'address' => {'city' => 'New York'}}} ``` -Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains an empty set of square brackets [] then they will be accumulated in an array. If you wanted people to be able to input multiple phone numbers, you could place this in the form: +Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains an empty set of square brackets `[]` then they will be accumulated in an array. If you wanted users to be able to input multiple phone numbers, you could place this in the form: ```html <input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/> @@ -732,11 +755,11 @@ Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains <input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/> ``` -This would result in `params[:person][:phone_number]` being an array. +This would result in `params[:person][:phone_number]` being an array containing the inputted phone numbers. ### Combining Them -We can mix and match these two concepts. For example, one element of a hash might be an array as in the previous example, or you can have an array of hashes. For example a form might let you create any number of addresses by repeating the following form fragment +We can mix and match these two concepts. One element of a hash might be an array as in the previous example, or you can have an array of hashes. For example, a form might let you create any number of addresses by repeating the following form fragment ```html <input name="addresses[][line1]" type="text"/> @@ -746,7 +769,7 @@ We can mix and match these two concepts. For example, one element of a hash migh This would result in `params[:addresses]` being an array of hashes with keys `line1`, `line2` and `city`. Rails decides to start accumulating values in a new hash whenever it encounters an input name that already exists in the current hash. -There's a restriction, however, while hashes can be nested arbitrarily, only one level of "arrayness" is allowed. Arrays can be usually replaced by hashes, for example instead of having an array of model objects one can have a hash of model objects keyed by their id, an array index or some other parameter. +There's a restriction, however, while hashes can be nested arbitrarily, only one level of "arrayness" is allowed. Arrays can usually be replaced by hashes; for example, instead of having an array of model objects, one can have a hash of model objects keyed by their id, an array index or some other parameter. WARNING: Array parameters do not play well with the `check_box` helper. According to the HTML specification unchecked checkboxes submit no value. However it is often convenient for a checkbox to always submit a value. The `check_box` helper fakes this by creating an auxiliary hidden input with the same name. If the checkbox is unchecked only the hidden input is submitted and if it is checked then both are submitted but the value submitted by the checkbox takes precedence. When working with array parameters this duplicate submission will confuse Rails since duplicate input names are how it decides when to start a new array element. It is preferable to either use `check_box_tag` or to use hashes instead of arrays. @@ -856,7 +879,7 @@ Or if you don't want to render an `authenticity_token` field: Building Complex Forms ---------------------- -Many apps grow beyond simple forms editing a single object. For example when creating a `Person` you might want to allow the user to (on the same form) create multiple address records (home, work, etc.). When later editing that person the user should be able to add, remove or amend addresses as necessary. +Many apps grow beyond simple forms editing a single object. For example, when creating a `Person` you might want to allow the user to (on the same form) create multiple address records (home, work, etc.). When later editing that person the user should be able to add, remove or amend addresses as necessary. ### Configuring the Model @@ -908,7 +931,7 @@ end ``` The `fields_for` yields a form builder. The parameters' name will be what -`accepts_nested_attributes_for` expects. For example when creating a user with +`accepts_nested_attributes_for` expects. For example, when creating a user with 2 addresses, the submitted parameters would look like: ```ruby diff --git a/guides/source/generators.md b/guides/source/generators.md index 25c67de993..14f451cbc9 100644 --- a/guides/source/generators.md +++ b/guides/source/generators.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Creating and Customizing Rails Generators & Templates ===================================================== @@ -8,6 +10,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: * How to see which generators are available in your application. * How to create a generator using templates. * How Rails searches for generators before invoking them. +* How Rails internally generates Rails code from the templates. * How to customize your scaffold by creating new generators. * How to customize your scaffold by changing generator templates. * How to use fallbacks to avoid overwriting a huge set of generators. @@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ $ bin/rails generate helper --help Creating Your First Generator ----------------------------- -Since Rails 3.0, generators are built on top of [Thor](https://github.com/erikhuda/thor). Thor provides powerful options parsing and a great API for manipulating files. For instance, let's build a generator that creates an initializer file named `initializer.rb` inside `config/initializers`. +Since Rails 3.0, generators are built on top of [Thor](https://github.com/erikhuda/thor). Thor provides powerful options for parsing and a great API for manipulating files. For instance, let's build a generator that creates an initializer file named `initializer.rb` inside `config/initializers`. The first step is to create a file at `lib/generators/initializer_generator.rb` with the following content: @@ -191,23 +194,21 @@ $ bin/rails generate scaffold User name:string create test/controllers/users_controller_test.rb invoke helper create app/helpers/users_helper.rb - invoke test_unit - create test/helpers/users_helper_test.rb invoke jbuilder create app/views/users/index.json.jbuilder create app/views/users/show.json.jbuilder invoke assets invoke coffee - create app/assets/javascripts/users.js.coffee + create app/assets/javascripts/users.coffee invoke scss - create app/assets/stylesheets/users.css.scss + create app/assets/stylesheets/users.scss invoke scss - create app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss + create app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.scss ``` Looking at this output, it's easy to understand how generators work in Rails 3.0 and above. The scaffold generator doesn't actually generate anything, it just invokes others to do the work. This allows us to add/replace/remove any of those invocations. For instance, the scaffold generator invokes the scaffold_controller generator, which invokes erb, test_unit and helper generators. Since each generator has a single responsibility, they are easy to reuse, avoiding code duplication. -Our first customization on the workflow will be to stop generating stylesheets, javascripts and test fixtures for scaffolds. We can achieve that by changing our configuration to the following: +Our first customization on the workflow will be to stop generating stylesheet, JavaScript and test fixture files for scaffolds. We can achieve that by changing our configuration to the following: ```ruby config.generators do |g| @@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ config.generators do |g| end ``` -If we generate another resource with the scaffold generator, we can see that stylesheets, javascripts and fixtures are not created anymore. If you want to customize it further, for example to use DataMapper and RSpec instead of Active Record and TestUnit, it's just a matter of adding their gems to your application and configuring your generators. +If we generate another resource with the scaffold generator, we can see that stylesheet, JavaScript and fixture files are not created anymore. If you want to customize it further, for example to use DataMapper and RSpec instead of Active Record and TestUnit, it's just a matter of adding their gems to your application and configuring your generators. To demonstrate this, we are going to create a new helper generator that simply adds some instance variable readers. First, we create a generator within the rails namespace, as this is where rails searches for generators used as hooks: @@ -342,6 +343,22 @@ end If you generate another resource, you can see that we get exactly the same result! This is useful if you want to customize your scaffold templates and/or layout by just creating `edit.html.erb`, `index.html.erb` and so on inside `lib/templates/erb/scaffold`. +Scaffold templates in Rails frequently use ERB tags; these tags need to be +escaped so that the generated output is valid ERB code. + +For example, the following escaped ERB tag would be needed in the template +(note the extra `%`)... + +```ruby +<%%= stylesheet_include_tag :application %> +``` + +...to generate the following output: + +```ruby +<%= stylesheet_include_tag :application %> +``` + Adding Generators Fallbacks --------------------------- @@ -387,14 +404,12 @@ $ bin/rails generate scaffold Comment body:text create test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb invoke my_helper create app/helpers/comments_helper.rb - invoke shoulda - create test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb invoke jbuilder create app/views/comments/index.json.jbuilder create app/views/comments/show.json.jbuilder invoke assets invoke coffee - create app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee + create app/assets/javascripts/comments.coffee invoke scss ``` diff --git a/guides/source/getting_started.md b/guides/source/getting_started.md index 4728e59bc8..db4e81e32e 100644 --- a/guides/source/getting_started.md +++ b/guides/source/getting_started.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Getting Started with Rails ========================== @@ -21,10 +23,10 @@ application from scratch. It does not assume that you have any prior experience with Rails. However, to get the most out of it, you need to have some prerequisites installed: -* The [Ruby](http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads) language version 1.9.3 or newer. -* The [RubyGems](http://rubygems.org) packaging system, which is installed with Ruby +* The [Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads) language version 1.9.3 or newer. +* The [RubyGems](https://rubygems.org) packaging system, which is installed with Ruby versions 1.9 and later. To learn more about RubyGems, please read the [RubyGems Guides](http://guides.rubygems.org). -* A working installation of the [SQLite3 Database](http://www.sqlite.org). +* A working installation of the [SQLite3 Database](https://www.sqlite.org). Rails is a web application framework running on the Ruby programming language. If you have no prior experience with Ruby, you will find a very steep learning @@ -90,18 +92,18 @@ current version of Ruby installed: TIP: A number of tools exist to help you quickly install Ruby and Ruby on Rails on your system. Windows users can use [Rails Installer](http://railsinstaller.org), while Mac OS X users can use [Tokaido](https://github.com/tokaido/tokaidoapp). +For more installation methods for most Operating Systems take a look at +[ruby-lang.org](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/installation/). ```bash $ ruby -v ruby 2.0.0p353 ``` -If you don't have Ruby installed have a look at -[ruby-lang.org](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/installation/) for possible ways to -install Ruby on your platform. - -Many popular UNIX-like OSes ship with an acceptable version of SQLite3. Windows -users and others can find installation instructions at [the SQLite3 website](http://www.sqlite.org). +Many popular UNIX-like OSes ship with an acceptable version of SQLite3. +On Windows, if you installed Rails through Rails Installer, you +already have SQLite installed. Others can find installation instructions +at the [SQLite3 website](https://www.sqlite.org). Verify that it is correctly installed and in your PATH: ```bash @@ -120,10 +122,10 @@ To verify that you have everything installed correctly, you should be able to run the following: ```bash -$ bin/rails --version +$ rails --version ``` -If it says something like "Rails 4.1.1", you are ready to continue. +If it says something like "Rails 5.0.0", you are ready to continue. ### Creating the Blog Application @@ -165,14 +167,14 @@ of the files and folders that Rails created by default: |config/|Configure your application's routes, database, and more. This is covered in more detail in [Configuring Rails Applications](configuring.html).| |config.ru|Rack configuration for Rack based servers used to start the application.| |db/|Contains your current database schema, as well as the database migrations.| -|Gemfile<br>Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see [the Bundler website](http://bundler.io).| +|Gemfile<br>Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see the [Bundler website](http://bundler.io).| |lib/|Extended modules for your application.| |log/|Application log files.| |public/|The only folder seen by the world as-is. Contains static files and compiled assets.| |Rakefile|This file locates and loads tasks that can be run from the command line. The task definitions are defined throughout the components of Rails. Rather than changing Rakefile, you should add your own tasks by adding files to the lib/tasks directory of your application.| |README.rdoc|This is a brief instruction manual for your application. You should edit this file to tell others what your application does, how to set it up, and so on.| |test/|Unit tests, fixtures, and other test apparatus. These are covered in [Testing Rails Applications](testing.html).| -|tmp/|Temporary files (like cache, pid, and session files).| +|tmp/|Temporary files (like cache and pid files).| |vendor/|A place for all third-party code. In a typical Rails application this includes vendored gems.| Hello, Rails! @@ -191,14 +193,18 @@ following in the `blog` directory: $ bin/rails server ``` -TIP: Compiling CoffeeScript to JavaScript requires a JavaScript runtime and the -absence of a runtime will give you an `execjs` error. Usually Mac OS X and -Windows come with a JavaScript runtime installed. Rails adds the `therubyracer` -gem to the generated `Gemfile` in a commented line for new apps and you can -uncomment if you need it. `therubyrhino` is the recommended runtime for JRuby -users and is added by default to the `Gemfile` in apps generated under JRuby. -You can investigate about all the supported runtimes at -[ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme). +TIP: If you are using Windows, you have to pass the scripts under the `bin` +folder directly to the Ruby interpreter e.g. `ruby bin\rails server`. + +TIP: Compiling CoffeeScript and JavaScript asset compression requires you +have a JavaScript runtime available on your system, in the absence +of a runtime you will see an `execjs` error during asset compilation. +Usually Mac OS X and Windows come with a JavaScript runtime installed. +Rails adds the `therubyracer` gem to the generated `Gemfile` in a +commented line for new apps and you can uncomment if you need it. +`therubyrhino` is the recommended runtime for JRuby users and is added by +default to the `Gemfile` in apps generated under JRuby. You can investigate +all the supported runtimes at [ExecJS](https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme). This will fire up WEBrick, a web server distributed with Ruby by default. To see your application in action, open a browser window and navigate to @@ -256,13 +262,11 @@ invoke test_unit create test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb invoke helper create app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb -invoke test_unit -create test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb invoke assets invoke coffee -create app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee +create app/assets/javascripts/welcome.coffee invoke scss -create app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss +create app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.scss ``` Most important of these are of course the controller, located at @@ -301,8 +305,9 @@ Rails.application.routes.draw do # ... ``` -This is your application's _routing file_ which holds entries in a special DSL -(domain-specific language) that tells Rails how to connect incoming requests to +This is your application's _routing file_ which holds entries in a special +[DSL (domain-specific language)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language) +that tells Rails how to connect incoming requests to controllers and actions. This file contains many sample routes on commented lines, and one of them actually shows you how to connect the root of your site to a specific controller and action. Find the line beginning with `root` and @@ -316,9 +321,9 @@ root 'welcome#index' application to the welcome controller's index action and `get 'welcome/index'` tells Rails to map requests to <http://localhost:3000/welcome/index> to the welcome controller's index action. This was created earlier when you ran the -controller generator (`rails generate controller welcome index`). +controller generator (`bin/rails generate controller welcome index`). -Launch the web server again if you stopped it to generate the controller (`rails +Launch the web server again if you stopped it to generate the controller (`bin/rails server`) and navigate to <http://localhost:3000> in your browser. You'll see the "Hello, Rails!" message you put into `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`, indicating that this new route is indeed going to `WelcomeController`'s `index` @@ -339,8 +344,8 @@ You can create, read, update and destroy items for a resource and these operations are referred to as _CRUD_ operations. Rails provides a `resources` method which can be used to declare a standard REST -resource. Here's what `config/routes.rb` should look like after the -_article resource_ is declared. +resource. You need to add the _article resource_ to the +`config/routes.rb` as follows: ```ruby Rails.application.routes.draw do @@ -351,7 +356,7 @@ Rails.application.routes.draw do end ``` -If you run `rake routes`, you'll see that it has defined routes for all the +If you run `bin/rake routes`, you'll see that it has defined routes for all the standard RESTful actions. The meaning of the prefix column (and other columns) will be seen later, but for now notice that Rails has inferred the singular form `article` and makes meaningful use of the distinction. @@ -423,12 +428,12 @@ If you refresh <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> now, you'll get a new error: This error indicates that Rails cannot find the `new` action inside the `ArticlesController` that you just generated. This is because when controllers are generated in Rails they are empty by default, unless you tell it -your wanted actions during the generation process. +your desired actions during the generation process. To manually define an action inside a controller, all you need to do is to define a new method inside the controller. Open `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and inside the `ArticlesController` -class, define a `new` method so that the controller now looks like this: +class, define the `new` method so that your controller now looks like this: ```ruby class ArticlesController < ApplicationController @@ -445,25 +450,23 @@ With the `new` method defined in `ArticlesController`, if you refresh You're getting this error now because Rails expects plain actions like this one to have views associated with them to display their information. With no view -available, Rails errors out. +available, Rails will raise an exception. In the above image, the bottom line has been truncated. Let's see what the full -thing looks like: +error message looks like: -<blockquote> -Missing template articles/new, application/new with {locale:[:en], formats:[:html], handlers:[:erb, :builder, :coffee]}. Searched in: * "/path/to/blog/app/views" -</blockquote> +>Missing template articles/new, application/new with {locale:[:en], formats:[:html], handlers:[:erb, :builder, :coffee]}. Searched in: * "/path/to/blog/app/views" That's quite a lot of text! Let's quickly go through and understand what each -part of it does. +part of it means. -The first part identifies what template is missing. In this case, it's the +The first part identifies which template is missing. In this case, it's the `articles/new` template. Rails will first look for this template. If not found, then it will attempt to load a template called `application/new`. It looks for one here because the `ArticlesController` inherits from `ApplicationController`. The next part of the message contains a hash. The `:locale` key in this hash -simply indicates what spoken language template should be retrieved. By default, +simply indicates which spoken language template should be retrieved. By default, this is the English - or "en" - template. The next key, `:formats` specifies the format of template to be served in response. The default format is `:html`, and so Rails is looking for an HTML template. The final key, `:handlers`, is telling @@ -476,14 +479,16 @@ Templates within a basic Rails application like this are kept in a single location, but in more complex applications it could be many different paths. The simplest template that would work in this case would be one located at -`app/views/articles/new.html.erb`. The extension of this file name is key: the -first extension is the _format_ of the template, and the second extension is the -_handler_ that will be used. Rails is attempting to find a template called -`articles/new` within `app/views` for the application. The format for this -template can only be `html` and the handler must be one of `erb`, `builder` or -`coffee`. Because you want to create a new HTML form, you will be using the `ERB` -language. Therefore the file should be called `articles/new.html.erb` and needs -to be located inside the `app/views` directory of the application. +`app/views/articles/new.html.erb`. The extension of this file name is important: +the first extension is the _format_ of the template, and the second extension +is the _handler_ that will be used. Rails is attempting to find a template +called `articles/new` within `app/views` for the application. The format for +this template can only be `html` and the handler must be one of `erb`, +`builder` or `coffee`. Because you want to create a new HTML form, you will be +using the `ERB` language which is designed to embed Ruby in HTML. + +Therefore the file should be called `articles/new.html.erb` and needs to be +located inside the `app/views` directory of the application. Go ahead now and create a new file at `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` and write this content in it: @@ -498,8 +503,8 @@ harmoniously! It's time to create the form for a new article. ### The first form -To create a form within this template, you will use a <em>form -builder</em>. The primary form builder for Rails is provided by a helper +To create a form within this template, you will use a *form +builder*. The primary form builder for Rails is provided by a helper method called `form_for`. To use this method, add this code into `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`: @@ -551,7 +556,7 @@ this: In this example, the `articles_path` helper is passed to the `:url` option. To see what Rails will do with this, we look back at the output of -`rake routes`: +`bin/rake routes`: ```bash $ bin/rake routes @@ -661,15 +666,15 @@ models, as that will be done automatically by Active Record. ### Running a Migration -As we've just seen, `rails generate model` created a _database migration_ file +As we've just seen, `bin/rails generate model` created a _database migration_ file inside the `db/migrate` directory. Migrations are Ruby classes that are designed to make it simple to create and modify database tables. Rails uses rake commands to run migrations, and it's possible to undo a migration after it's been applied to your database. Migration filenames include a timestamp to ensure that they're processed in the order that they were created. -If you look in the `db/migrate/20140120191729_create_articles.rb` file (remember, -yours will have a slightly different name), here's what you'll find: +If you look in the `db/migrate/YYYYMMDDHHMMSS_create_articles.rb` file +(remember, yours will have a slightly different name), here's what you'll find: ```ruby class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration @@ -678,7 +683,7 @@ class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration t.string :title t.text :text - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end end end @@ -714,7 +719,7 @@ NOTE. Because you're working in the development environment by default, this command will apply to the database defined in the `development` section of your `config/database.yml` file. If you would like to execute migrations in another environment, for instance in production, you must explicitly pass it when -invoking the command: `rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production`. +invoking the command: `bin/rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production`. ### Saving data in the controller @@ -739,7 +744,7 @@ database columns. In the first line we do just that (remember that `@article.save` is responsible for saving the model in the database. Finally, we redirect the user to the `show` action, which we'll define later. -TIP: You might be wondering why the `A` in `Article.new` is capitalized above, whereas most other references to articles in this guide have used lowercase. In this context, we are referring to the class named `Article` that is defined in `\models\article.rb`. Class names in Ruby must begin with a capital letter. +TIP: You might be wondering why the `A` in `Article.new` is capitalized above, whereas most other references to articles in this guide have used lowercase. In this context, we are referring to the class named `Article` that is defined in `app/models/article.rb`. Class names in Ruby must begin with a capital letter. TIP: As we'll see later, `@article.save` returns a boolean indicating whether the article was saved or not. @@ -751,8 +756,7 @@ to create an article. Try it! You should get an error that looks like this: (images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png) Rails has several security features that help you write secure applications, -and you're running into one of them now. This one is called `[strong_parameters] -(http://guides.rubyonrails.org/action_controller_overview.html#strong-parameters)`, +and you're running into one of them now. This one is called [strong parameters](action_controller_overview.html#strong-parameters), which requires us to tell Rails exactly which parameters are allowed into our controller actions. @@ -802,7 +806,7 @@ If you submit the form again now, Rails will complain about not finding the `show` action. That's not very useful though, so let's add the `show` action before proceeding. -As we have seen in the output of `rake routes`, the route for `show` action is +As we have seen in the output of `bin/rake routes`, the route for `show` action is as follows: ``` @@ -837,7 +841,7 @@ class ArticlesController < ApplicationController A couple of things to note. We use `Article.find` to find the article we're interested in, passing in `params[:id]` to get the `:id` parameter from the -request. We also use an instance variable (prefixed by `@`) to hold a +request. We also use an instance variable (prefixed with `@`) to hold a reference to the article object. We do this because Rails will pass all instance variables to the view. @@ -864,7 +868,7 @@ Visit <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> and give it a try! ### Listing all articles We still need a way to list all our articles, so let's do that. -The route for this as per output of `rake routes` is: +The route for this as per output of `bin/rake routes` is: ``` articles GET /articles(.:format) articles#index @@ -907,12 +911,13 @@ And then finally, add the view for this action, located at <tr> <td><%= article.title %></td> <td><%= article.text %></td> + <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td> </tr> <% end %> </table> ``` -Now if you go to `http://localhost:3000/articles` you will see a list of all the +Now if you go to <http://localhost:3000/articles> you will see a list of all the articles that you have created. ### Adding links @@ -1108,7 +1113,7 @@ standout. Now you'll get a nice error message when saving an article without title when you attempt to do just that on the new article form -[(http://localhost:3000/articles/new)](http://localhost:3000/articles/new). +<http://localhost:3000/articles/new>:  @@ -1270,8 +1275,8 @@ bottom of the template: ```html+erb ... -<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %> | -<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> +<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> | +<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %> ``` And here's how our app looks so far: @@ -1283,7 +1288,7 @@ And here's how our app looks so far: Our `edit` page looks very similar to the `new` page; in fact, they both share the same code for displaying the form. Let's remove this duplication by using a view partial. By convention, partial files are -prefixed by an underscore. +prefixed with an underscore. TIP: You can read more about partials in the [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide. @@ -1358,7 +1363,7 @@ Then do the same for the `app/views/articles/edit.html.erb` view: We're now ready to cover the "D" part of CRUD, deleting articles from the database. Following the REST convention, the route for -deleting articles as per output of `rake routes` is: +deleting articles as per output of `bin/rake routes` is: ```ruby DELETE /articles/:id(.:format) articles#destroy @@ -1474,16 +1479,20 @@ Finally, add a 'Destroy' link to your `index` action template ``` Here we're using `link_to` in a different way. We pass the named route as the -second argument, and then the options as another argument. The `:method` and -`:'data-confirm'` options are used as HTML5 attributes so that when the link is -clicked, Rails will first show a confirm dialog to the user, and then submit the -link with method `delete`. This is done via the JavaScript file `jquery_ujs` -which is automatically included into your application's layout -(`app/views/layouts/application.html.erb`) when you generated the application. -Without this file, the confirmation dialog box wouldn't appear. +second argument, and then the options as another argument. The `method: :delete` +and `data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' }` options are used as HTML5 attributes so +that when the link is clicked, Rails will first show a confirm dialog to the +user, and then submit the link with method `delete`. This is done via the +JavaScript file `jquery_ujs` which is automatically included in your +application's layout (`app/views/layouts/application.html.erb`) when you +generated the application. Without this file, the confirmation dialog box won't +appear.  +TIP: Learn more about jQuery Unobtrusive Adapter (jQuery UJS) on +[Working With Javascript in Rails](working_with_javascript_in_rails.html) guide. + Congratulations, you can now create, show, list, update and destroy articles. @@ -1501,7 +1510,7 @@ comments on articles. We're going to see the same generator that we used before when creating the `Article` model. This time we'll create a `Comment` model to hold -reference of article comments. Run this command in your terminal: +reference to an article. Run this command in your terminal: ```bash $ bin/rails generate model Comment commenter:string body:text article:references @@ -1513,7 +1522,7 @@ This command will generate four files: | -------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | db/migrate/20140120201010_create_comments.rb | Migration to create the comments table in your database (your name will include a different timestamp) | | app/models/comment.rb | The Comment model | -| test/models/comment_test.rb | Testing harness for the comments model | +| test/models/comment_test.rb | Testing harness for the comment model | | test/fixtures/comments.yml | Sample comments for use in testing | First, take a look at `app/models/comment.rb`: @@ -1541,8 +1550,9 @@ class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration # this line adds an integer column called `article_id`. t.references :article, index: true - t.timestamps + t.timestamps null: false end + add_foreign_key :comments, :articles end end ``` @@ -1562,6 +1572,8 @@ run against the current database, so in this case you will just see: == CreateComments: migrating ================================================= -- create_table(:comments) -> 0.0115s +-- add_foreign_key(:comments, :articles) + -> 0.0000s == CreateComments: migrated (0.0119s) ======================================== ``` @@ -1631,7 +1643,7 @@ controller. Again, we'll use the same generator we used before: $ bin/rails generate controller Comments ``` -This creates six files and one empty directory: +This creates five files and one empty directory: | File/Directory | Purpose | | -------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- | @@ -1639,9 +1651,8 @@ This creates six files and one empty directory: | app/views/comments/ | Views of the controller are stored here | | test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb | The test for the controller | | app/helpers/comments_helper.rb | A view helper file | -| test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb | The test for the helper | -| app/assets/javascripts/comment.js.coffee | CoffeeScript for the controller | -| app/assets/stylesheets/comment.css.scss | Cascading style sheet for the controller | +| app/assets/javascripts/comment.coffee | CoffeeScript for the controller | +| app/assets/stylesheets/comment.scss | Cascading style sheet for the controller | Like with any blog, our readers will create their comments directly after reading the article, and once they have added their comment, will be sent back @@ -1678,8 +1689,8 @@ So first, we'll wire up the Article show template </p> <% end %> -<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %> | -<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> +<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> | +<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %> ``` This adds a form on the `Article` show page that creates a new comment by @@ -1759,8 +1770,8 @@ add that to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb`. </p> <% end %> -<%= link_to 'Edit Article', edit_article_path(@article) %> | -<%= link_to 'Back to Articles', articles_path %> +<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> | +<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %> ``` Now you can add articles and comments to your blog and have them show up in the @@ -1825,8 +1836,8 @@ following: </p> <% end %> -<%= link_to 'Edit Article', edit_article_path(@article) %> | -<%= link_to 'Back to Articles', articles_path %> +<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> | +<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %> ``` This will now render the partial in `app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb` once @@ -1875,8 +1886,8 @@ Then you make the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` look like the following: <h2>Add a comment:</h2> <%= render 'comments/form' %> -<%= link_to 'Edit Article', edit_article_path(@article) %> | -<%= link_to 'Back to Articles', articles_path %> +<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> | +<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %> ``` The second render just defines the partial template we want to render, @@ -2034,28 +2045,17 @@ What's Next? ------------ Now that you've seen your first Rails application, you should feel free to -update it and experiment on your own. But you don't have to do everything -without help. As you need assistance getting up and running with Rails, feel -free to consult these support resources: +update it and experiment on your own. + +Remember you don't have to do everything without help. As you need assistance +getting up and running with Rails, feel free to consult these support +resources: * The [Ruby on Rails Guides](index.html) * The [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](http://railstutorial.org/book) * The [Ruby on Rails mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk) * The [#rubyonrails](irc://irc.freenode.net/#rubyonrails) channel on irc.freenode.net -Rails also comes with built-in help that you can generate using the rake -command-line utility: - -* Running `rake doc:guides` will put a full copy of the Rails Guides in the - `doc/guides` folder of your application. Open `doc/guides/index.html` in your - web browser to explore the Guides. -* Running `rake doc:rails` will put a full copy of the API documentation for - Rails in the `doc/api` folder of your application. Open `doc/api/index.html` - in your web browser to explore the API documentation. - -TIP: To be able to generate the Rails Guides locally with the `doc:guides` rake -task you need to install the RedCloth gem. Add it to your `Gemfile` and run -`bundle install` and you're ready to go. Configuration Gotchas --------------------- diff --git a/guides/source/i18n.md b/guides/source/i18n.md index 8340d6807f..27f11ebbee 100644 --- a/guides/source/i18n.md +++ b/guides/source/i18n.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Rails Internationalization (I18n) API ===================================== @@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -NOTE: The Ruby I18n framework provides you with all necessary means for internationalization/localization of your Rails application. You may, however, use any of various plugins and extensions available, which add additional functionality or features. See the Ruby [I18n Wiki](http://ruby-i18n.org/wiki) for more information. +NOTE: The Ruby I18n framework provides you with all necessary means for internationalization/localization of your Rails application. You may, also use various gems available to add additional functionality or features. See the [rails-i18n gem](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n) for more information. How I18n in Ruby on Rails Works ------------------------------- @@ -101,13 +103,13 @@ This means, that in the `:en` locale, the key _hello_ will map to the _Hello wor The I18n library will use **English** as a **default locale**, i.e. if you don't set a different locale, `:en` will be used for looking up translations. -NOTE: The i18n library takes a **pragmatic approach** to locale keys (after [some discussion](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n/browse_thread/thread/14dede2c7dbe9470/80eec34395f64f3c?hl=en)), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like `:en`, `:pl`, not the _region_ part, like `:en-US` or `:en-GB`, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such as `:cs`, `:th` or `:es` (for Czech, Thai and Spanish). However, there are also regional differences within different language groups that may be important. For instance, in the `:en-US` locale you would have $ as a currency symbol, while in `:en-GB`, you would have £. Nothing stops you from separating regional and other settings in this way: you just have to provide full "English - United Kingdom" locale in a `:en-GB` dictionary. Various [Rails I18n plugins](http://rails-i18n.org/wiki) such as [Globalize3](https://github.com/globalize/globalize) may help you implement it. +NOTE: The i18n library takes a **pragmatic approach** to locale keys (after [some discussion](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n/browse_thread/thread/14dede2c7dbe9470/80eec34395f64f3c?hl=en)), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like `:en`, `:pl`, not the _region_ part, like `:en-US` or `:en-GB`, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such as `:cs`, `:th` or `:es` (for Czech, Thai and Spanish). However, there are also regional differences within different language groups that may be important. For instance, in the `:en-US` locale you would have $ as a currency symbol, while in `:en-GB`, you would have £. Nothing stops you from separating regional and other settings in this way: you just have to provide full "English - United Kingdom" locale in a `:en-GB` dictionary. Few gems such as [Globalize3](https://github.com/globalize/globalize) may help you implement it. The **translations load path** (`I18n.load_path`) is just a Ruby Array of paths to your translation files that will be loaded automatically and available in your application. You can pick whatever directory and translation file naming scheme makes sense for you. NOTE: The backend will lazy-load these translations when a translation is looked up for the first time. This makes it possible to just swap the backend with something else even after translations have already been announced. -The default `application.rb` files has instructions on how to add locales from another directory and how to set a different default locale. Just uncomment and edit the specific lines. +The default `application.rb` file has instructions on how to add locales from another directory and how to set a different default locale. Just uncomment and edit the specific lines. ```ruby # The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded. @@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ If you want to translate your Rails application to a **single language other tha However, you would probably like to **provide support for more locales** in your application. In such case, you need to set and pass the locale between requests. -WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a <em>cookie</em>. However, **do not do this**. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being [<em>RESTful</em>](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). Read more about the RESTful approach in [Stefan Tilkov's articles](http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction). Sometimes there are exceptions to this rule and those are discussed below. +WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a *cookie*. However, **do not do this**. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being [*RESTful*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). Read more about the RESTful approach in [Stefan Tilkov's articles](http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction). Sometimes there are exceptions to this rule and those are discussed below. The _setting part_ is easy. You can set the locale in a `before_action` in the `ApplicationController` like this: @@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ end If your application includes a locale switching menu, you would then have something like this in it: ```ruby -link_to("Deutsch", "#{APP_CONFIG[:deutsch_website_url]}#{request.env['REQUEST_URI']}") +link_to("Deutsch", "#{APP_CONFIG[:deutsch_website_url]}#{request.env['PATH_INFO']}") ``` assuming you would set `APP_CONFIG[:deutsch_website_url]` to some value like `http://www.application.de`. @@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ get '/:locale' => 'dashboard#index' Do take special care about the **order of your routes**, so this route declaration does not "eat" other ones. (You may want to add it directly before the `root :to` declaration.) -NOTE: Have a look at two plugins which simplify work with routes in this way: Sven Fuchs's [routing_filter](https://github.com/svenfuchs/routing-filter/tree/master) and Raul Murciano's [translate_routes](https://github.com/raul/translate_routes/tree/master). +NOTE: Have a look at various gems which simplify working with routes: [routing_filter](https://github.com/svenfuchs/routing-filter/tree/master), [rails-translate-routes](https://github.com/francesc/rails-translate-routes), [route_translator](https://github.com/enriclluelles/route_translator). ### Setting the Locale from the Client Supplied Information @@ -288,7 +290,7 @@ private end ``` -Of course, in a production environment you would need much more robust code, and could use a plugin such as Iain Hecker's [http_accept_language](https://github.com/iain/http_accept_language/tree/master) or even Rack middleware such as Ryan Tomayko's [locale](https://github.com/rack/rack-contrib/blob/master/lib/rack/contrib/locale.rb). +Of course, in a production environment you would need much more robust code, and could use a gem such as Iain Hecker's [http_accept_language](https://github.com/iain/http_accept_language/tree/master) or even Rack middleware such as Ryan Tomayko's [locale](https://github.com/rack/rack-contrib/blob/master/lib/rack/contrib/locale.rb). #### Using GeoIP (or Similar) Database @@ -437,11 +439,11 @@ TIP: Right now you might need to add some more date/time formats in order to mak ### Inflection Rules For Other Locales -Rails 4.0 allows you to define inflection rules (such as rules for singularization and pluralization) for locales other than English. In `config/initializers/inflections.rb`, you can define these rules for multiple locales. The initializer contains a default example for specifying additional rules for English; follow that format for other locales as you see fit. +Rails allows you to define inflection rules (such as rules for singularization and pluralization) for locales other than English. In `config/initializers/inflections.rb`, you can define these rules for multiple locales. The initializer contains a default example for specifying additional rules for English; follow that format for other locales as you see fit. ### Localized Views -Rails 2.3 introduces another convenient localization feature: localized views (templates). Let's say you have a _BooksController_ in your application. Your _index_ action renders content in `app/views/books/index.html.erb` template. When you put a _localized variant_ of this template: `index.es.html.erb` in the same directory, Rails will render content in this template, when the locale is set to `:es`. When the locale is set to the default locale, the generic `index.html.erb` view will be used. (Future Rails versions may well bring this _automagic_ localization to assets in `public`, etc.) +Let's say you have a _BooksController_ in your application. Your _index_ action renders content in `app/views/books/index.html.erb` template. When you put a _localized variant_ of this template: `index.es.html.erb` in the same directory, Rails will render content in this template, when the locale is set to `:es`. When the locale is set to the default locale, the generic `index.html.erb` view will be used. (Future Rails versions may well bring this _automagic_ localization to assets in `public`, etc.) You can make use of this feature, e.g. when working with a large amount of static content, which would be clumsy to put inside YAML or Ruby dictionaries. Bear in mind, though, that any change you would like to do later to the template must be propagated to all of them. @@ -484,8 +486,6 @@ NOTE: The default locale loading mechanism in Rails does not load locale files i ``` -Do check the [Rails i18n Wiki](http://rails-i18n.org/wiki) for list of tools available for managing translations. - Overview of the I18n API Features --------------------------------- @@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ Thus the following calls are equivalent: ```ruby I18n.t 'activerecord.errors.messages.record_invalid' -I18n.t 'errors.messages.record_invalid', scope: :active_record +I18n.t 'errors.messages.record_invalid', scope: :activerecord I18n.t :record_invalid, scope: 'activerecord.errors.messages' I18n.t :record_invalid, scope: [:activerecord, :errors, :messages] ``` @@ -588,6 +588,26 @@ you can look up the `books.index.title` value **inside** `app/views/books/index. NOTE: Automatic translation scoping by partial is only available from the `translate` view helper method. +"Lazy" lookup can also be used in controllers: + +```yaml +en: + books: + create: + success: Book created! +``` + +This is useful for setting flash messages for instance: + +```ruby +class BooksController < ApplicationController + def create + # ... + redirect_to books_url, notice: t('.success') + end +end +``` + ### Interpolation In many cases you want to abstract your translations so that **variables can be interpolated into the translation**. For this reason the I18n API provides an interpolation feature. @@ -628,7 +648,7 @@ entry[count == 1 ? 0 : 1] I.e. the translation denoted as `:one` is regarded as singular, the other is used as plural (including the count being zero). -If the lookup for the key does not return a Hash suitable for pluralization, an `18n::InvalidPluralizationData` exception is raised. +If the lookup for the key does not return a Hash suitable for pluralization, an `I18n::InvalidPluralizationData` exception is raised. ### Setting and Passing a Locale @@ -676,6 +696,22 @@ en: <div><%= t('title.html') %></div> ``` +Interpolation escapes as needed though. For example, given: + +```yaml +en: + welcome_html: "<b>Welcome %{username}!</b>" +``` + +you can safely pass the username as set by the user: + +```erb +<%# This is safe, it is going to be escaped if needed. %> +<%= t('welcome_html', username: @current_user.username) %> +``` + +Safe strings on the other hand are interpolated verbatim. + NOTE: Automatic conversion to HTML safe translate text is only available from the `translate` view helper method.  @@ -793,7 +829,7 @@ So, for example, instead of the default error message `"cannot be blank"` you co | validation | with option | message | interpolation | | ------------ | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------- | -| confirmation | - | :confirmation | - | +| confirmation | - | :confirmation | attribute | | acceptance | - | :accepted | - | | presence | - | :blank | - | | absence | - | :present | - | @@ -813,6 +849,7 @@ So, for example, instead of the default error message `"cannot be blank"` you co | numericality | :equal_to | :equal_to | count | | numericality | :less_than | :less_than | count | | numericality | :less_than_or_equal_to | :less_than_or_equal_to | count | +| numericality | :other_than | :other_than | count | | numericality | :only_integer | :not_an_integer | - | | numericality | :odd | :odd | - | | numericality | :even | :even | - | @@ -993,7 +1030,7 @@ In other contexts you might want to change this behavior, though. E.g. the defau module I18n class JustRaiseExceptionHandler < ExceptionHandler def call(exception, locale, key, options) - if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslation) + if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslationData) raise exception.to_exception else super @@ -1010,7 +1047,7 @@ This would re-raise only the `MissingTranslationData` exception, passing all oth However, if you are using `I18n::Backend::Pluralization` this handler will also raise `I18n::MissingTranslationData: translation missing: en.i18n.plural.rule` exception that should normally be ignored to fall back to the default pluralization rule for English locale. To avoid this you may use additional check for translation key: ```ruby -if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslation) && key.to_s != 'i18n.plural.rule' +if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslationData) && key.to_s != 'i18n.plural.rule' raise exception.to_exception else super @@ -1036,9 +1073,9 @@ If you find anything missing or wrong in this guide, please file a ticket on our Contributing to Rails I18n -------------------------- -I18n support in Ruby on Rails was introduced in the release 2.2 and is still evolving. The project follows the good Ruby on Rails development tradition of evolving solutions in plugins and real applications first, and only then cherry-picking the best-of-breed of most widely useful features for inclusion in the core. +I18n support in Ruby on Rails was introduced in the release 2.2 and is still evolving. The project follows the good Ruby on Rails development tradition of evolving solutions in gems and real applications first, and only then cherry-picking the best-of-breed of most widely useful features for inclusion in the core. -Thus we encourage everybody to experiment with new ideas and features in plugins or other libraries and make them available to the community. (Don't forget to announce your work on our [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n!)) +Thus we encourage everybody to experiment with new ideas and features in gems or other libraries and make them available to the community. (Don't forget to announce your work on our [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n!)) If you find your own locale (language) missing from our [example translations data](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master/rails/locale) repository for Ruby on Rails, please [_fork_](https://github.com/guides/fork-a-project-and-submit-your-modifications) the repository, add your data and send a [pull request](https://github.com/guides/pull-requests). @@ -1046,7 +1083,6 @@ If you find your own locale (language) missing from our [example translations da Resources --------- -* [rails-i18n.org](http://rails-i18n.org) - Homepage of the rails-i18n project. You can find lots of useful resources on the [wiki](http://rails-i18n.org/wiki). * [Google group: rails-i18n](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n) - The project's mailing list. * [GitHub: rails-i18n](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master) - Code repository for the rails-i18n project. Most importantly you can find lots of [example translations](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master/rails/locale) for Rails that should work for your application in most cases. * [GitHub: i18n](https://github.com/svenfuchs/i18n/tree/master) - Code repository for the i18n gem. @@ -1057,11 +1093,8 @@ Resources Authors ------- -* [Sven Fuchs](http://www.workingwithrails.com/person/9963-sven-fuchs) (initial author) -* [Karel MinaÅ™Ãk](http://www.workingwithrails.com/person/7476-karel-mina-k) - -If you found this guide useful, please consider recommending its authors on [workingwithrails](http://www.workingwithrails.com). - +* [Sven Fuchs](http://svenfuchs.com) (initial author) +* [Karel MinaÅ™Ãk](http://www.karmi.cz) Footnotes --------- diff --git a/guides/source/initialization.md b/guides/source/initialization.md index b81b048c35..c0c8b7d4b6 100644 --- a/guides/source/initialization.md +++ b/guides/source/initialization.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + The Rails Initialization Process ================================ @@ -111,7 +113,6 @@ A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically: * i18n * mail * mime-types -* polyglot * rack * rack-cache * rack-mount @@ -121,7 +122,6 @@ A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically: * rake * sqlite3 * thor -* treetop * tzinfo ### `rails/commands.rb` @@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ throwing an error message. If the command is valid, a method of the same name is called. ```ruby -COMMAND_WHITELIST = %(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help) +COMMAND_WHITELIST = %w(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help) def run_command!(command) command = parse_command(command) @@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ private end def create_tmp_directories - %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make| + %w(cache pids sockets).each do |dir_to_make| FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Rails.root, 'tmp', dir_to_make)) end end @@ -375,13 +375,12 @@ private end ``` -This is where the first output of the Rails initialization happens. This -method creates a trap for `INT` signals, so if you `CTRL-C` the server, -it will exit the process. As we can see from the code here, it will -create the `tmp/cache`, `tmp/pids`, `tmp/sessions` and `tmp/sockets` -directories. It then calls `wrapped_app` which is responsible for -creating the Rack app, before creating and assigning an -instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`. +This is where the first output of the Rails initialization happens. This method +creates a trap for `INT` signals, so if you `CTRL-C` the server, it will exit the +process. As we can see from the code here, it will create the `tmp/cache`, +`tmp/pids`, and `tmp/sockets` directories. It then calls `wrapped_app` which is +responsible for creating the Rack app, before creating and assigning an instance +of `ActiveSupport::Logger`. The `super` method will call `Rack::Server.start` which begins its definition like this: diff --git a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md index f00f7bca1b..c57fa358d6 100644 --- a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md +++ b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Layouts and Rendering in Rails ============================== @@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ render file: "/u/apps/warehouse_app/current/app/views/products/show" The `:file` option takes an absolute file-system path. Of course, you need to have rights to the view that you're using to render the content. -NOTE: By default, the file is rendered without using the current layout. If you want Rails to put the file into the current layout, you need to add the `layout: true` option. +NOTE: By default, the file is rendered using the current layout. TIP: If you're running Rails on Microsoft Windows, you should use the `:file` option to render a file, because Windows filenames do not have the same format as Unix filenames. @@ -248,11 +250,12 @@ service requests that are expecting something other than proper HTML. NOTE: By default, if you use the `:plain` option, the text is rendered without using the current layout. If you want Rails to put the text into the current -layout, you need to add the `layout: true` option. +layout, you need to add the `layout: true` option and use the `.txt.erb` +extension for the layout file. #### Rendering HTML -You can send a HTML string back to the browser by using the `:html` option to +You can send an HTML string back to the browser by using the `:html` option to `render`: ```ruby @@ -263,7 +266,7 @@ TIP: This is useful when you're rendering a small snippet of HTML code. However, you might want to consider moving it to a template file if the markup is complex. -NOTE: This option will escape HTML entities if the string is not html safe. +NOTE: This option will escape HTML entities if the string is not HTML safe. #### Rendering JSON @@ -313,12 +316,13 @@ NOTE: Unless overridden, your response returned from this render option will be #### Options for `render` -Calls to the `render` method generally accept four options: +Calls to the `render` method generally accept five options: * `:content_type` * `:layout` * `:location` * `:status` +* `:formats` ##### The `:content_type` Option @@ -424,6 +428,19 @@ Rails understands both numeric status codes and the corresponding symbols shown | | 510 | :not_extended | | | 511 | :network_authentication_required | +NOTE: If you try to render content along with a non-content status code +(100-199, 204, 205 or 304), it will be dropped from the response. + +##### The `:formats` Option + +Rails uses the format specified in the request (or `:html` by default). You can +change this passing the `:formats` option with a symbol or an array: + +```ruby +render formats: :xml +render formats: [:json, :xml] +``` + #### Finding Layouts To find the current layout, Rails first looks for a file in `app/views/layouts` with the same base name as the controller. For example, rendering actions from the `PhotosController` class will use `app/views/layouts/photos.html.erb` (or `app/views/layouts/photos.builder`). If there is no such controller-specific layout, Rails will use `app/views/layouts/application.html.erb` or `app/views/layouts/application.builder`. If there is no `.erb` layout, Rails will use a `.builder` layout if one exists. Rails also provides several ways to more precisely assign specific layouts to individual controllers and actions. @@ -547,6 +564,42 @@ In this application: * `OldArticlesController#show` will use no layout at all * `OldArticlesController#index` will use the `old` layout +##### Template Inheritance + +Similar to the Layout Inheritance logic, if a template or partial is not found in the conventional path, the controller will look for a template or partial to render in its inheritance chain. For example: + +```ruby +# in app/controllers/application_controller +class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base +end + +# in app/controllers/admin_controller +class AdminController < ApplicationController +end + +# in app/controllers/admin/products_controller +class Admin::ProductsController < AdminController + def index + end +end +``` + +The lookup order for a `admin/products#index` action will be: + +* `app/views/admin/products/` +* `app/views/admin/` +* `app/views/application/` + +This makes `app/views/application/` a great place for your shared partials, which can then be rendered in your ERB as such: + +```erb +<%# app/views/admin/products/index.html.erb %> +<%= render @products || "empty_list" %> + +<%# app/views/application/_empty_list.html.erb %> +There are no items in this list <em>yet</em>. +``` + #### Avoiding Double Render Errors Sooner or later, most Rails developers will see the error message "Can only render or redirect once per action". While this is annoying, it's relatively easy to fix. Usually it happens because of a fundamental misunderstanding of the way that `render` works. @@ -903,7 +956,10 @@ You can also specify multiple videos to play by passing an array of videos to th This will produce: ```erb -<video><source src="trailer.ogg" /><source src="movie.ogg" /></video> +<video> + <source src="/videos/trailer.ogg"> + <source src="/videos/movie.ogg"> +</video> ``` #### Linking to Audio Files with the `audio_tag` @@ -1021,6 +1077,42 @@ One way to use partials is to treat them as the equivalent of subroutines: as a Here, the `_ad_banner.html.erb` and `_footer.html.erb` partials could contain content that is shared among many pages in your application. You don't need to see the details of these sections when you're concentrating on a particular page. +As you already could see from the previous sections of this guide, `yield` is a very powerful tool for cleaning up your layouts. Keep in mind that it's pure ruby, so you can use it almost everywhere. For example, we can use it to DRY form layout definition for several similar resources: + +* `users/index.html.erb` + + ```html+erb + <%= render "shared/search_filters", search: @q do |f| %> + <p> + Name contains: <%= f.text_field :name_contains %> + </p> + <% end %> + ``` + +* `roles/index.html.erb` + + ```html+erb + <%= render "shared/search_filters", search: @q do |f| %> + <p> + Title contains: <%= f.text_field :title_contains %> + </p> + <% end %> + ``` + +* `shared/_search_filters.html.erb` + + ```html+erb + <%= form_for(@q) do |f| %> + <h1>Search form:</h1> + <fieldset> + <%= yield f %> + </fieldset> + <p> + <%= f.submit "Search" %> + </p> + <% end %> + ``` + TIP: For content that is shared among all pages in your application, you can use partials directly from layouts. #### Partial Layouts @@ -1069,6 +1161,36 @@ You can also pass local variables into partials, making them even more powerful Although the same partial will be rendered into both views, Action View's submit helper will return "Create Zone" for the new action and "Update Zone" for the edit action. +To pass a local variable to a partial in only specific cases use the `local_assigns`. + +* `index.html.erb` + + ```erb + <%= render user.articles %> + ``` + +* `show.html.erb` + + ```erb + <%= render article, full: true %> + ``` + +* `_articles.html.erb` + + ```erb + <%= content_tag_for :article, article do |article| %> + <h2><%= article.title %></h2> + + <% if local_assigns[:full] %> + <%= simple_format article.body %> + <% else %> + <%= truncate article.body %> + <% end %> + <% end %> + ``` + +This way it is possible to use the partial without the need to declare all local variables. + Every partial also has a local variable with the same name as the partial (minus the underscore). You can pass an object in to this local variable via the `:object` option: ```erb diff --git a/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md b/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md index 6f8584b3b7..50308f505a 100644 --- a/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md +++ b/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Maintenance Policy for Ruby on Rails ==================================== @@ -39,7 +41,10 @@ Only the latest release series will receive bug fixes. When enough bugs are fixed and its deemed worthy to release a new gem, this is the branch it happens from. -**Currently included series:** `4.1.Z`, `4.0.Z`. +In special situations, where someone from the Core Team agrees to support more series, +they are included in the list of supported series. + +**Currently included series:** `4.2.Z`, `4.1.Z` (Supported by Rafael França). Security Issues --------------- @@ -54,7 +59,7 @@ be built from 1.2.2, and then added to the end of 1-2-stable. This means that security releases are easy to upgrade to if you're running the latest version of Rails. -**Currently included series:** `4.1.Z`, `4.0.Z`. +**Currently included series:** `4.2.Z`, `4.1.Z`. Severe Security Issues ---------------------- @@ -63,7 +68,7 @@ For severe security issues we will provide new versions as above, and also the last major release series will receive patches and new versions. The classification of the security issue is judged by the core team. -**Currently included series:** `4.1.Z`, `4.0.Z`, `3.2.Z`. +**Currently included series:** `4.2.Z`, `4.1.Z`, `3.2.Z`. Unsupported Release Series -------------------------- diff --git a/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md index 4f0634d955..1937369776 100644 --- a/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md +++ b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md @@ -1,4 +1,6 @@ -Rails nested model forms +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + +Rails Nested Model Forms ======================== Creating a form for a model _and_ its associations can become quite tedious. Therefore Rails provides helpers to assist in dealing with the complexities of generating these forms _and_ the required CRUD operations to create, update, and destroy associations. @@ -54,6 +56,9 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base end ``` +NOTE: For greater detail on associations see [Active Record Associations](association_basics.html). +For a complete reference on associations please visit the API documentation for [ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Associations/ClassMethods.html). + ### Custom model As you might have inflected from this explanation, you _don't_ necessarily need an ActiveRecord::Base model to use this functionality. The following examples are sufficient to enable the nested model form behavior: diff --git a/guides/source/plugins.md b/guides/source/plugins.md index a35648d341..4e630a39f3 100644 --- a/guides/source/plugins.md +++ b/guides/source/plugins.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + The Basics of Creating Rails Plugins ==================================== @@ -39,13 +41,13 @@ to run integration tests using a dummy Rails application. Create your plugin with the command: ```bash -$ bin/rails plugin new yaffle +$ rails plugin new yaffle ``` See usage and options by asking for help: ```bash -$ bin/rails plugin --help +$ rails plugin new --help ``` Testing Your Newly Generated Plugin @@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ You can navigate to the directory that contains the plugin, run the `bundle inst You should see: ```bash - 2 tests, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips + 1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips ``` This will tell you that everything got generated properly and you are ready to start adding functionality. @@ -85,9 +87,9 @@ Run `rake` to run the test. This test should fail because we haven't implemented ```bash 1) Error: - test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk(CoreExtTest): - NoMethodError: undefined method `to_squawk' for [Hello World](String) - test/core_ext_test.rb:5:in `test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk' + CoreExtTest#test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk: + NoMethodError: undefined method `to_squawk' for "Hello World":String + /path/to/yaffle/test/core_ext_test.rb:5:in `test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk' ``` Great - now you are ready to start development. @@ -118,7 +120,7 @@ end To test that your method does what it says it does, run the unit tests with `rake` from your plugin directory. ```bash - 3 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips + 2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips ``` To see this in action, change to the test/dummy directory, fire up a console and start squawking: @@ -196,16 +198,16 @@ When you run `rake`, you should see the following: ``` 1) Error: - test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk(ActsAsYaffleTest): + ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk: NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Hickwall - test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk' + /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk' 2) Error: - test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet(ActsAsYaffleTest): + ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet: NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Wickwall - test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet' + /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet' - 5 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips + 4 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips ``` This tells us that we don't have the necessary models (Hickwall and Wickwall) that we are trying to test. @@ -263,25 +265,25 @@ module Yaffle end end -ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle +ActiveRecord::Base.include(Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle) ``` You can then return to the root directory (`cd ../..`) of your plugin and rerun the tests using `rake`. ``` 1) Error: - test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk(ActsAsYaffleTest): - NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x000001016661b8> - /Users/xxx/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136@xxx/gems/activerecord-3.0.3/lib/active_record/base.rb:1008:in `method_missing' - test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:5:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk' + ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk: + NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x007fd105e3b218> + activerecord (4.1.5) lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb:26:in `method_missing' + /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk' 2) Error: - test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet(ActsAsYaffleTest): - NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x00000101653748> - Users/xxx/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136@xxx/gems/activerecord-3.0.3/lib/active_record/base.rb:1008:in `method_missing' - test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:9:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet' + ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet: + NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x007fd105e409c0> + activerecord (4.1.5) lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb:26:in `method_missing' + /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet' - 5 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips + 4 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips ``` @@ -306,13 +308,13 @@ module Yaffle end end -ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle +ActiveRecord::Base.include(Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle) ``` When you run `rake`, you should see the tests all pass: ```bash - 5 tests, 5 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips + 4 runs, 4 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips ``` ### Add an Instance Method @@ -380,13 +382,13 @@ module Yaffle end end -ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle +ActiveRecord::Base.include(Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle) ``` Run `rake` one final time and you should see: ``` - 7 tests, 7 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips + 6 runs, 6 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips ``` NOTE: The use of `write_attribute` to write to the field in model is just one example of how a plugin can interact with the model, and will not always be the right method to use. For example, you could also use: @@ -433,12 +435,12 @@ Once your README is solid, go through and add rdoc comments to all of the method Once your comments are good to go, navigate to your plugin directory and run: ```bash -$ bin/rake rdoc +$ bundle exec rake rdoc ``` ### References * [Developing a RubyGem using Bundler](https://github.com/radar/guides/blob/master/gem-development.md) * [Using .gemspecs as Intended](http://yehudakatz.com/2010/04/02/using-gemspecs-as-intended/) -* [Gemspec Reference](http://docs.rubygems.org/read/chapter/20) +* [Gemspec Reference](http://guides.rubygems.org/specification-reference/) * [GemPlugins: A Brief Introduction to the Future of Rails Plugins](http://www.intridea.com/blog/2008/6/11/gemplugins-a-brief-introduction-to-the-future-of-rails-plugins) diff --git a/guides/source/profiling.md b/guides/source/profiling.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ce093f78ba --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/source/profiling.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +*DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + +A Guide to Profiling Rails Applications +======================================= + +This guide covers built-in mechanisms in Rails for profiling your application. + +After reading this guide, you will know: + +* Rails profiling terminology. +* How to write benchmark tests for your application. +* Other benchmarking approaches and plugins. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + diff --git a/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md index 0bd608c007..b3e1874048 100644 --- a/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md +++ b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Rails Application Templates =========================== @@ -38,9 +40,11 @@ generate(:scaffold, "person name:string") route "root to: 'people#index'" rake("db:migrate") -git :init -git add: "." -git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' } +after_bundle do + git :init + git add: "." + git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' } +end ``` The following sections outline the primary methods provided by the API: @@ -228,6 +232,22 @@ git add: "." git commit: "-a -m 'Initial commit'" ``` +### after_bundle(&block) + +Registers a callback to be executed after the gems are bundled and binstubs +are generated. Useful for all generated files to version control: + +```ruby +after_bundle do + git :init + git add: '.' + git commit: "-a -m 'Initial commit'" +end +``` + +The callbacks gets executed even if `--skip-bundle` and/or `--skip-spring` has +been passed. + Advanced Usage -------------- diff --git a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md index 01941fa338..993cd5ac44 100644 --- a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md +++ b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Rails on Rack ============= @@ -61,7 +63,6 @@ Here's how it loads the middlewares: ```ruby def middleware middlewares = [] - middlewares << [Rails::Rack::Debugger] if options[:debugger] middlewares << [::Rack::ContentLength] Hash.new(middlewares) end @@ -99,6 +100,10 @@ To find out more about different `rackup` options: $ rackup --help ``` +### Development and auto-reloading + +Middlewares are loaded once and are not monitored for changes. You will have to restart the server for changes to be reflected in the running application. + Action Dispatcher Middleware Stack ---------------------------------- @@ -229,7 +234,7 @@ Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The fol **`ActionDispatch::Static`** -* Used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.serve_static_assets` is `false`. +* Used to serve static files. Disabled if `config.serve_static_files` is `false`. **`Rack::Lock`** @@ -249,7 +254,7 @@ Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The fol **`ActionDispatch::RequestId`** -* Makes a unique `X-Request-Id` header available to the response and enables the `ActionDispatch::Request#uuid` method. +* Makes a unique `X-Request-Id` header available to the response and enables the `ActionDispatch::Request#request_id` method. **`Rails::Rack::Logger`** @@ -273,7 +278,7 @@ Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The fol **`ActionDispatch::Callbacks`** -* Runs the prepare callbacks before serving the request. +* Provides callbacks to be executed before and after dispatching the request. **`ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending`** @@ -303,7 +308,7 @@ Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The fol * Parses out parameters from the request into `params`. -**`ActionDispatch::Head`** +**`Rack::Head`** * Converts HEAD requests to `GET` requests and serves them as so. diff --git a/guides/source/routing.md b/guides/source/routing.md index c8f8ba3044..4ccc50a4d9 100644 --- a/guides/source/routing.md +++ b/guides/source/routing.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Rails Routing from the Outside In ================================= @@ -227,7 +229,7 @@ or, for a single case: resources :articles, path: '/admin/articles' ``` -In each of these cases, the named routes remain the same as if you did not use `scope`. In the last case, the following paths map to `PostsController`: +In each of these cases, the named routes remain the same as if you did not use `scope`. In the last case, the following paths map to `ArticlesController`: | HTTP Verb | Path | Controller#Action | Named Helper | | --------- | ------------------------ | -------------------- | ---------------------- | @@ -645,6 +647,8 @@ match 'photos', to: 'photos#show', via: :all NOTE: Routing both `GET` and `POST` requests to a single action has security implications. In general, you should avoid routing all verbs to an action unless you have a good reason to. +NOTE: 'GET' in Rails won't check for CSRF token. You should never write to the database from 'GET' requests, for more information see the [security guide](security.html#csrf-countermeasures) on CSRF countermeasures. + ### Segment Constraints You can use the `:constraints` option to enforce a format for a dynamic segment: @@ -681,7 +685,7 @@ You can also constrain a route based on any method on the [Request object](actio You specify a request-based constraint the same way that you specify a segment constraint: ```ruby -get 'photos', constraints: { subdomain: 'admin' } +get 'photos', to: 'photos#index', constraints: { subdomain: 'admin' } ``` You can also specify constraints in a block form: @@ -754,7 +758,7 @@ get '*a/foo/*b', to: 'test#index' would match `zoo/woo/foo/bar/baz` with `params[:a]` equals `'zoo/woo'`, and `params[:b]` equals `'bar/baz'`. -NOTE: By requesting `'/foo/bar.json'`, your `params[:pages]` will be equals to `'foo/bar'` with the request format of JSON. If you want the old 3.0.x behavior back, you could supply `format: false` like this: +NOTE: By requesting `'/foo/bar.json'`, your `params[:pages]` will be equal to `'foo/bar'` with the request format of JSON. If you want the old 3.0.x behavior back, you could supply `format: false` like this: ```ruby get '*pages', to: 'pages#show', format: false @@ -803,6 +807,18 @@ As long as `Sprockets` responds to `call` and returns a `[status, headers, body] NOTE: For the curious, `'articles#index'` actually expands out to `ArticlesController.action(:index)`, which returns a valid Rack application. +If you specify a rack application as the endpoint for a matcher remember that the route will be unchanged in the receiving application. With the following route your rack application should expect the route to be '/admin': + +```ruby +match '/admin', to: AdminApp, via: :all +``` + +If you would prefer to have your rack application receive requests at the root path instead use mount: + +```ruby +mount AdminApp, at: '/admin' +``` + ### Using `root` You can specify what Rails should route `'/'` to with the `root` method: @@ -905,7 +921,7 @@ The `:as` option lets you override the normal naming for the named route helpers resources :photos, as: 'images' ``` -will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` and route the requests to `PhotosController`, but use the value of the :as option to name the helpers. +will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` and route the requests to `PhotosController`, but use the value of the `:as` option to name the helpers. | HTTP Verb | Path | Controller#Action | Named Helper | | --------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------- | @@ -1002,7 +1018,7 @@ TIP: If your application has many RESTful routes, using `:only` and `:except` to ### Translated Paths -Using `scope`, we can alter path names generated by resources: +Using `scope`, we can alter path names generated by `resources`: ```ruby scope(path_names: { new: 'neu', edit: 'bearbeiten' }) do diff --git a/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md index f0230b428b..1323742488 100644 --- a/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md +++ b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines =============================== @@ -13,17 +15,17 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: Markdown ------- -Guides are written in [GitHub Flavored Markdown](https://help.github.com/articles/github-flavored-markdown). There is comprehensive [documentation for Markdown](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax), a [cheatsheet](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/basics). +Guides are written in [GitHub Flavored Markdown](https://help.github.com/articles/github-flavored-markdown). There is comprehensive [documentation for Markdown](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax), as well as a [cheatsheet](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/basics). Prologue -------- -Each guide should start with motivational text at the top (that's the little introduction in the blue area). The prologue should tell the reader what the guide is about, and what they will learn. See for example the [Routing Guide](routing.html). +Each guide should start with motivational text at the top (that's the little introduction in the blue area). The prologue should tell the reader what the guide is about, and what they will learn. As an example, see the [Routing Guide](routing.html). -Titles +Headings ------ -The title of every guide uses `h1`; guide sections use `h2`; subsections `h3`; etc. However, the generated HTML output will have the heading tag starting from `<h2>`. +The title of every guide uses an `h1` heading; guide sections use `h2` headings; subsections use `h3` headings; etc. Note that the generated HTML output will use heading tags starting with `<h2>`. ``` Guide Title @@ -35,14 +37,14 @@ Section ### Sub Section ``` -Capitalize all words except for internal articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and forms of the verb to be: +When writing headings, capitalize all words except for prepositions, conjunctions, internal articles, and forms of the verb "to be": ``` #### Middleware Stack is an Array #### When are Objects Saved? ``` -Use the same typography as in regular text: +Use the same inline formatting as regular text: ``` ##### The `:content_type` Option @@ -51,25 +53,24 @@ Use the same typography as in regular text: API Documentation Guidelines ---------------------------- -The guides and the API should be coherent and consistent where appropriate. Please have a look at these particular sections of the [API Documentation Guidelines](api_documentation_guidelines.html): +The guides and the API should be coherent and consistent where appropriate. In particular, these sections of the [API Documentation Guidelines](api_documentation_guidelines.html) also apply to the guides: * [Wording](api_documentation_guidelines.html#wording) +* [English](api_documentation_guidelines.html#english) * [Example Code](api_documentation_guidelines.html#example-code) -* [Filenames](api_documentation_guidelines.html#filenames) +* [Filenames](api_documentation_guidelines.html#file-names) * [Fonts](api_documentation_guidelines.html#fonts) -Those guidelines apply also to guides. - HTML Guides ----------- Before generating the guides, make sure that you have the latest version of Bundler installed on your system. As of this writing, you must install Bundler 1.3.5 on your device. -To install the latest version of Bundler, simply run the `gem install bundler` command +To install the latest version of Bundler, run `gem install bundler`. ### Generation -To generate all the guides, just `cd` into the `guides` directory, run `bundle install` and execute: +To generate all the guides, just `cd` into the `guides` directory, run `bundle install`, and execute: ``` bundle exec rake guides:generate diff --git a/guides/source/security.md b/guides/source/security.md index 7e39986f8b..184af98d65 100644 --- a/guides/source/security.md +++ b/guides/source/security.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Ruby on Rails Security Guide ============================ @@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ The Gartner Group however estimates that 75% of attacks are at the web applicati The threats against web applications include user account hijacking, bypass of access control, reading or modifying sensitive data, or presenting fraudulent content. Or an attacker might be able to install a Trojan horse program or unsolicited e-mail sending software, aim at financial enrichment or cause brand name damage by modifying company resources. In order to prevent attacks, minimize their impact and remove points of attack, first of all, you have to fully understand the attack methods in order to find the correct countermeasures. That is what this guide aims at. -In order to develop secure web applications you have to keep up to date on all layers and know your enemies. To keep up to date subscribe to security mailing lists, read security blogs and make updating and security checks a habit (check the <a href="#additional-resources">Additional Resources</a> chapter). It is done manually because that's how you find the nasty logical security problems. +In order to develop secure web applications you have to keep up to date on all layers and know your enemies. To keep up to date subscribe to security mailing lists, read security blogs and make updating and security checks a habit (check the [Additional Resources](#additional-resources) chapter). It is done manually because that's how you find the nasty logical security problems. Sessions -------- @@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ Hence, the cookie serves as temporary authentication for the web application. An * Most people don't clear out the cookies after working at a public terminal. So if the last user didn't log out of a web application, you would be able to use it as this user. Provide the user with a _log-out button_ in the web application, and _make it prominent_. -* Many cross-site scripting (XSS) exploits aim at obtaining the user's cookie. You'll read <a href="#cross-site-scripting-xss">more about XSS</a> later. +* Many cross-site scripting (XSS) exploits aim at obtaining the user's cookie. You'll read [more about XSS](#cross-site-scripting-xss) later. * Instead of stealing a cookie unknown to the attacker, they fix a user's session identifier (in the cookie) known to them. Read more about this so-called session fixation later. @@ -118,9 +120,9 @@ It works like this: * A user receives credits, the amount is stored in a session (which is a bad idea anyway, but we'll do this for demonstration purposes). * The user buys something. -* Their new, lower credit will be stored in the session. -* The dark side of the user forces them to take the cookie from the first step (which they copied) and replace the current cookie in the browser. -* The user has their credit back. +* The new adjusted credit value is stored in the session. +* The user takes the cookie from the first step (which they previously copied) and replaces the current cookie in the browser. +* The user has their original credit back. Including a nonce (a random value) in the session solves replay attacks. A nonce is valid only once, and the server has to keep track of all the valid nonces. It gets even more complicated if you have several application servers (mongrels). Storing nonces in a database table would defeat the entire purpose of CookieStore (avoiding accessing the database). @@ -187,7 +189,7 @@ This attack method works by including malicious code or a link in a page that ac  -In the <a href="#sessions">session chapter</a> you have learned that most Rails applications use cookie-based sessions. Either they store the session id in the cookie and have a server-side session hash, or the entire session hash is on the client-side. In either case the browser will automatically send along the cookie on every request to a domain, if it can find a cookie for that domain. The controversial point is, that it will also send the cookie, if the request comes from a site of a different domain. Let's start with an example: +In the [session chapter](#sessions) you have learned that most Rails applications use cookie-based sessions. Either they store the session id in the cookie and have a server-side session hash, or the entire session hash is on the client-side. In either case the browser will automatically send along the cookie on every request to a domain, if it can find a cookie for that domain. The controversial point is, that it will also send the cookie, if the request comes from a site of a different domain. Let's start with an example: * Bob browses a message board and views a post from a hacker where there is a crafted HTML image element. The element references a command in Bob's project management application, rather than an image file. * `<img src="http://www.webapp.com/project/1/destroy">` @@ -237,7 +239,7 @@ Or the attacker places the code into the onmouseover event handler of an image: <img src="http://www.harmless.com/img" width="400" height="400" onmouseover="..." /> ``` -There are many other possibilities, like using a `<script>` tag to make a cross-site request to a URL with a JSONP or JavaScript response. The response is executable code that the attacker can find a way to run, possibly extracting sensitive data. To protect against this data leakage, we disallow cross-site `<script>` tags. Only Ajax requests may have JavaScript responses since XmlHttpRequest is subject to the browser Same-Origin policy - meaning only your site can initiate the request. +There are many other possibilities, like using a `<script>` tag to make a cross-site request to a URL with a JSONP or JavaScript response. The response is executable code that the attacker can find a way to run, possibly extracting sensitive data. To protect against this data leakage, we disallow cross-site `<script>` tags. Only Ajax requests may have JavaScript responses since `XMLHttpRequest` is subject to the browser Same-Origin policy - meaning only your site can initiate the request. To protect against all other forged requests, we introduce a _required security token_ that our site knows but other sites don't know. We include the security token in requests and verify it on the server. This is a one-liner in your application controller, and is the default for newly created rails applications: @@ -247,6 +249,15 @@ protect_from_forgery with: :exception This will automatically include a security token in all forms and Ajax requests generated by Rails. If the security token doesn't match what was expected, an exception will be thrown. +NOTE: By default, Rails includes jQuery and an [unobtrusive scripting adapter for +jQuery](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs), which adds a header called +`X-CSRF-Token` on every non-GET Ajax call made by jQuery with the security token. +Without this header, non-GET Ajax requests won't be accepted by Rails. When using +another library to make Ajax calls, it is necessary to add the security token as +a default header for Ajax calls in your library. To get the token, have a look at +`<meta name='csrf-token' content='THE-TOKEN'>` tag printed by +`<%= csrf_meta_tags %>` in your application view. + It is common to use persistent cookies to store user information, with `cookies.permanent` for example. In this case, the cookies will not be cleared and the out of the box CSRF protection will not be effective. If you are using a different cookie store than the session for this information, you must handle what to do with it yourself: ```ruby @@ -257,7 +268,7 @@ end The above method can be placed in the `ApplicationController` and will be called when a CSRF token is not present or is incorrect on a non-GET request. -Note that _cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities bypass all CSRF protections_. XSS gives the attacker access to all elements on a page, so they can read the CSRF security token from a form or directly submit the form. Read <a href="#cross-site-scripting-xss">more about XSS</a> later. +Note that _cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities bypass all CSRF protections_. XSS gives the attacker access to all elements on a page, so they can read the CSRF security token from a form or directly submit the form. Read [more about XSS](#cross-site-scripting-xss) later. Redirection and Files --------------------- @@ -362,7 +373,7 @@ Refer to the Injection section for countermeasures against XSS. It is _recommend **CSRF** Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), also known as Cross-Site Reference Forgery (XSRF), is a gigantic attack method, it allows the attacker to do everything the administrator or Intranet user may do. As you have already seen above how CSRF works, here are a few examples of what attackers can do in the Intranet or admin interface. -A real-world example is a [router reconfiguration by CSRF](http://www.h-online.com/security/Symantec-reports-first-active-attack-on-a-DSL-router--/news/102352). The attackers sent a malicious e-mail, with CSRF in it, to Mexican users. The e-mail claimed there was an e-card waiting for them, but it also contained an image tag that resulted in a HTTP-GET request to reconfigure the user's router (which is a popular model in Mexico). The request changed the DNS-settings so that requests to a Mexico-based banking site would be mapped to the attacker's site. Everyone who accessed the banking site through that router saw the attacker's fake web site and had their credentials stolen. +A real-world example is a [router reconfiguration by CSRF](http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Symantec-reports-first-active-attack-on-a-DSL-router-735883.html). The attackers sent a malicious e-mail, with CSRF in it, to Mexican users. The e-mail claimed there was an e-card waiting for them, but it also contained an image tag that resulted in a HTTP-GET request to reconfigure the user's router (which is a popular model in Mexico). The request changed the DNS-settings so that requests to a Mexico-based banking site would be mapped to the attacker's site. Everyone who accessed the banking site through that router saw the attacker's fake web site and had their credentials stolen. Another example changed Google Adsense's e-mail address and password by. If the victim was logged into Google Adsense, the administration interface for Google advertisements campaigns, an attacker could change their credentials.
 @@ -477,7 +488,7 @@ config.filter_parameters << :password INFO: _Do you find it hard to remember all your passwords? Don't write them down, but use the initial letters of each word in an easy to remember sentence._ -Bruce Schneier, a security technologist, [has analyzed](http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html) 34,000 real-world user names and passwords from the MySpace phishing attack mentioned <a href="#examples-from-the-underground">below</a>. It turns out that most of the passwords are quite easy to crack. The 20 most common passwords are: +Bruce Schneier, a security technologist, [has analyzed](http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html) 34,000 real-world user names and passwords from the MySpace phishing attack mentioned [below](#examples-from-the-underground). It turns out that most of the passwords are quite easy to crack. The 20 most common passwords are: password1, abc123, myspace1, password, blink182, qwerty1, ****you, 123abc, baseball1, football1, 123456, soccer, monkey1, liverpool1, princess1, jordan23, slipknot1, superman1, iloveyou1, and monkey. @@ -630,7 +641,7 @@ Also, the second query renames some columns with the AS statement so that the we #### Countermeasures -Ruby on Rails has a built-in filter for special SQL characters, which will escape ' , " , NULL character and line breaks. <em class="highlight">Using `Model.find(id)` or `Model.find_by_some thing(something)` automatically applies this countermeasure</em>. But in SQL fragments, especially <em class="highlight">in conditions fragments (`where("...")`), the `connection.execute()` or `Model.find_by_sql()` methods, it has to be applied manually</em>. +Ruby on Rails has a built-in filter for special SQL characters, which will escape ' , " , NULL character and line breaks. *Using `Model.find(id)` or `Model.find_by_some thing(something)` automatically applies this countermeasure*. But in SQL fragments, especially *in conditions fragments (`where("...")`), the `connection.execute()` or `Model.find_by_sql()` methods, it has to be applied manually*. Instead of passing a string to the conditions option, you can pass an array to sanitize tainted strings like this: @@ -699,7 +710,7 @@ The log files on www.attacker.com will read like this: GET http://www.attacker.com/_app_session=836c1c25278e5b321d6bea4f19cb57e2 ``` -You can mitigate these attacks (in the obvious way) by adding the [httpOnly](http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/8895) flag to cookies, so that document.cookie may not be read by JavaScript. Http only cookies can be used from IE v6.SP1, Firefox v2.0.0.5 and Opera 9.5. Safari is still considering, it ignores the option. But other, older browsers (such as WebTV and IE 5.5 on Mac) can actually cause the page to fail to load. Be warned that cookies [will still be visible using Ajax](http://ha.ckers.org/blog/20070719/firefox-implements-httponly-and-is-vulnerable-to-xmlhttprequest/), though. +You can mitigate these attacks (in the obvious way) by adding the **httpOnly** flag to cookies, so that document.cookie may not be read by JavaScript. Http only cookies can be used from IE v6.SP1, Firefox v2.0.0.5 and Opera 9.5. Safari is still considering, it ignores the option. But other, older browsers (such as WebTV and IE 5.5 on Mac) can actually cause the page to fail to load. Be warned that cookies [will still be visible using Ajax](http://ha.ckers.org/blog/20070719/firefox-implements-httponly-and-is-vulnerable-to-xmlhttprequest/), though. ##### Defacement @@ -847,7 +858,7 @@ It is recommended to _use RedCloth in combination with a whitelist input filter_ NOTE: _The same security precautions have to be taken for Ajax actions as for "normal" ones. There is at least one exception, however: The output has to be escaped in the controller already, if the action doesn't render a view._ -If you use the [in_place_editor plugin](http://dev.rubyonrails.org/browser/plugins/in_place_editing), or actions that return a string, rather than rendering a view, _you have to escape the return value in the action_. Otherwise, if the return value contains a XSS string, the malicious code will be executed upon return to the browser. Escape any input value using the h() method. +If you use the [in_place_editor plugin](https://rubygems.org/gems/in_place_editing), or actions that return a string, rather than rendering a view, _you have to escape the return value in the action_. Otherwise, if the return value contains a XSS string, the malicious code will be executed upon return to the browser. Escape any input value using the h() method. ### Command Line Injection @@ -942,7 +953,7 @@ unless params[:token].nil? end ``` -When `params[:token]` is one of: `[]`, `[nil]`, `[nil, nil, ...]` or +When `params[:token]` is one of: `[nil]`, `[nil, nil, ...]` or `['foo', nil]` it will bypass the test for `nil`, but `IS NULL` or `IN ('foo', NULL)` where clauses still will be added to the SQL query. @@ -953,9 +964,9 @@ request: | JSON | Parameters | |-----------------------------------|--------------------------| | `{ "person": null }` | `{ :person => nil }` | -| `{ "person": [] }` | `{ :person => nil }` | -| `{ "person": [null] }` | `{ :person => nil }` | -| `{ "person": [null, null, ...] }` | `{ :person => nil }` | +| `{ "person": [] }` | `{ :person => [] }` | +| `{ "person": [null] }` | `{ :person => [] }` | +| `{ "person": [null, null, ...] }` | `{ :person => [] }` | | `{ "person": ["foo", null] }` | `{ :person => ["foo"] }` | It is possible to return to old behaviour and disable `deep_munge` configuring @@ -1018,7 +1029,6 @@ Additional Resources The security landscape shifts and it is important to keep up to date, because missing a new vulnerability can be catastrophic. You can find additional resources about (Rails) security here: -* The Ruby on Rails security project posts security news regularly: [http://www.rorsecurity.info](http://www.rorsecurity.info) * Subscribe to the Rails security [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-security) * [Keep up to date on the other application layers](http://secunia.com/) (they have a weekly newsletter, too) * A [good security blog](http://ha.ckers.org/blog/) including the [Cross-Site scripting Cheat Sheet](http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html) diff --git a/guides/source/testing.md b/guides/source/testing.md index a55466341a..752ef48b16 100644 --- a/guides/source/testing.md +++ b/guides/source/testing.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + A Guide to Testing Rails Applications ===================================== @@ -29,11 +31,13 @@ Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn't an By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production. The database for each one of them is configured in `config/database.yml`. -A dedicated test database allows you to set up and interact with test data in isolation. Tests can mangle test data with confidence, that won't touch the data in the development or production databases. +A dedicated test database allows you to set up and interact with test data in isolation. This way your tests can mangle test data with confidence, without worrying about the data in the development or production databases. + +Also, each environment's configuration can be modified similarly. In this case, we can modify our test environment by changing the options found in `config/environments/test.rb`. ### Rails Sets up for Testing from the Word Go -Rails creates a `test` folder for you as soon as you create a Rails project using `rails new` _application_name_. If you list the contents of this folder then you shall see: +Rails creates a `test` directory for you as soon as you create a Rails project using `rails new` _application_name_. If you list the contents of this directory then you shall see: ```bash $ ls -F test @@ -41,9 +45,9 @@ controllers/ helpers/ mailers/ test_helper.rb fixtures/ integration/ models/ ``` -The `models` directory is meant to hold tests for your models, the `controllers` directory is meant to hold tests for your controllers and the `integration` directory is meant to hold tests that involve any number of controllers interacting. +The `models` directory is meant to hold tests for your models, the `controllers` directory is meant to hold tests for your controllers and the `integration` directory is meant to hold tests that involve any number of controllers interacting. There is also a directory for testing your mailers and one for testing view helpers. -Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the `fixtures` folder. +Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the `fixtures` directory. The `test_helper.rb` file holds the default configuration for your tests. @@ -51,17 +55,17 @@ The `test_helper.rb` file holds the default configuration for your tests. For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data. In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures. -You can find comprehensive documentation in the [fixture api documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html). +You can find comprehensive documentation in the [Fixtures API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html). #### What Are Fixtures? -_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent written in YAML. There is one file per model. +_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent and written in YAML. There is one file per model. -You'll find fixtures under your `test/fixtures` directory. When you run `rails generate model` to create a new model fixture stubs will be automatically created and placed in this directory. +You'll find fixtures under your `test/fixtures` directory. When you run `rails generate model` to create a new model, Rails automatically creates fixture stubs in this directory. #### YAML -YAML-formatted fixtures are a very human-friendly way to describe your sample data. These types of fixtures have the **.yml** file extension (as in `users.yml`). +YAML-formatted fixtures are a human-friendly way to describe your sample data. These types of fixtures have the **.yml** file extension (as in `users.yml`). Here's a sample YAML fixture file: @@ -78,11 +82,11 @@ steve: profession: guy with keyboard ``` -Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank space. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column. Keys which resemble YAML keywords such as 'yes' and 'no' are quoted so that the YAML Parser correctly interprets them. +Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank line. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column. If you are working with [associations](/association_basics.html), you can simply define a reference node between two different fixtures. Here's an example with -a belongs_to/has_many association: +a `belongs_to`/`has_many` association: ```yaml # In fixtures/categories.yml @@ -96,11 +100,9 @@ one: category: about ``` -Note: For associations to reference one another by name, you cannot specify the `id:` - attribute on the fixtures. Rails will auto assign a primary key to be consistent between - runs. If you manually specify an `id:` attribute, this behavior will not work. For more - information on this assocation behavior please read the - [fixture api documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html). +Notice the `category` key of the `one` article found in `fixtures/articles.yml` has a value of `about`. This tells Rails to load the category `about` found in `fixtures/categories.yml`. + +NOTE: For associations to reference one another by name, you cannot specify the `id:` attribute on the associated fixtures. Rails will auto assign a primary key to be consistent between runs. For more information on this association behavior please read the [Fixtures API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html). #### ERB'in It Up @@ -116,15 +118,17 @@ user_<%= n %>: #### Fixtures in Action -Rails by default automatically loads all fixtures from the `test/fixtures` folder for your models and controllers test. Loading involves three steps: +Rails by default automatically loads all fixtures from the `test/fixtures` directory for your models and controllers test. Loading involves three steps: -* Remove any existing data from the table corresponding to the fixture -* Load the fixture data into the table -* Dump the fixture data into a variable in case you want to access it directly +1. Remove any existing data from the table corresponding to the fixture +2. Load the fixture data into the table +3. Dump the fixture data into a method in case you want to access it directly + +TIP: In order to remove existing data from the database, Rails tries to disable referential integrity triggers (like foreign keys and check constraints). If you are getting annoying permission errors on running tests, make sure the database user has privilege to disable these triggers in testing environment. (In PostgreSQL, only superusers can disable all triggers. Read more about PostgreSQL permissions [here](http://blog.endpoint.com/2012/10/postgres-system-triggers-error.html)) #### Fixtures are Active Record objects -Fixtures are instances of Active Record. As mentioned in point #3 above, you can access the object directly because it is automatically setup as a local variable of the test case. For example: +Fixtures are instances of Active Record. As mentioned in point #3 above, you can access the object directly because it is automatically available as a method whose scope is local of the test case. For example: ```ruby # this will return the User object for the fixture named david @@ -134,19 +138,38 @@ users(:david) users(:david).id # one can also access methods available on the User class -email(david.girlfriend.email, david.location_tonight) +email(david.partner.email, david.location_tonight) ``` -Unit Testing your Models ------------------------- +### Rake Tasks for Running your Tests -In Rails, models tests are what you write to test your models. +Rails comes with a number of built-in rake tasks to help with testing. The +table below lists the commands included in the default Rakefile when a Rails +project is created. -For this guide we will be using Rails _scaffolding_. It will create the model, a migration, controller and views for the new resource in a single operation. It will also create a full test suite following Rails best practices. We will be using examples from this generated code and will be supplementing it with additional examples where necessary. +| Tasks | Description | +| ----------------------- | ----------- | +| `rake test` | Runs all tests in the `test` directory. You can also run `rake` and Rails will run all tests by default | +| `rake test:controllers` | Runs all the controller tests from `test/controllers` | +| `rake test:functionals` | Runs all the functional tests from `test/controllers`, `test/mailers`, and `test/functional` | +| `rake test:helpers` | Runs all the helper tests from `test/helpers` | +| `rake test:integration` | Runs all the integration tests from `test/integration` | +| `rake test:jobs` | Runs all the job tests from `test/jobs` | +| `rake test:mailers` | Runs all the mailer tests from `test/mailers` | +| `rake test:models` | Runs all the model tests from `test/models` | +| `rake test:units` | Runs all the unit tests from `test/models`, `test/helpers`, and `test/unit` | +| `rake test:db` | Runs all tests in the `test` directory and resets the db | + +We will cover each of types Rails tests listed above in this guide. + +Model Testing +------------------------ + +In Rails, unit tests are what you write to test your models. -NOTE: For more information on Rails <i>scaffolding</i>, refer to [Getting Started with Rails](getting_started.html) +For this guide we will be using the application we built in the [Getting Started with Rails](getting_started.html) guide. -When you use `rails generate scaffold`, for a resource among other things it creates a test stub in the `test/models` folder: +If you remember when you used the `rails generate scaffold` command from earlier. We created our first resource among other things it created a test stub in the `test/models` directory: ```bash $ bin/rails generate scaffold article title:string body:text @@ -175,18 +198,18 @@ A line by line examination of this file will help get you oriented to Rails test require 'test_helper' ``` -As you know by now, `test_helper.rb` specifies the default configuration to run our tests. This is included with all the tests, so any methods added to this file are available to all your tests. +By requiring this file, `test_helper.rb` the default configuration to run our tests is loaded. We will include this with all the tests we write, so any methods added to this file are available to all your tests. ```ruby class ArticleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase ``` -The `ArticleTest` class defines a _test case_ because it inherits from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. `ArticleTest` thus has all the methods available from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. You'll see those methods a little later in this guide. +The `ArticleTest` class defines a _test case_ because it inherits from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. `ArticleTest` thus has all the methods available from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. Later in this guide, you'll see some of the methods it gives you. Any method defined within a class inherited from `Minitest::Test` -(which is the superclass of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`) that begins with `test_` (case sensitive) is simply called a test. So, `test_password` and `test_valid_password` are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run. +(which is the superclass of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`) that begins with `test_` (case sensitive) is simply called a test. So, methods defined as `test_password` and `test_valid_password` are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run. -Rails adds a `test` method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal `Minitest::Unit` test with method names prefixed with `test_`. So, +Rails also adds a `test` method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal `Minitest::Unit` test with method names prefixed with `test_`. So you don't have to worry about naming the methods, and you can write something like: ```ruby test "the truth" do @@ -194,7 +217,7 @@ test "the truth" do end ``` -acts as if you had written +Which is approximately the same as writing this: ```ruby def test_the_truth @@ -202,26 +225,37 @@ def test_the_truth end ``` -only the `test` macro allows a more readable test name. You can still use regular method definitions though. +However only the `test` macro allows a more readable test name. You can still use regular method definitions though. + +NOTE: The method name is generated by replacing spaces with underscores. The result does not need to be a valid Ruby identifier though, the name may contain punctuation characters etc. That's because in Ruby technically any string may be a method name. This may require use of `define_method` and `send` calls to function properly, but formally there's little restriction on the name. -NOTE: The method name is generated by replacing spaces with underscores. The result does not need to be a valid Ruby identifier though, the name may contain punctuation characters etc. That's because in Ruby technically any string may be a method name. Odd ones need `define_method` and `send` calls, but formally there's no restriction. +Next, let's look at our first assertion: ```ruby assert true ``` -This line of code is called an _assertion_. An assertion is a line of code that evaluates an object (or expression) for expected results. For example, an assertion can check: +An assertion is a line of code that evaluates an object (or expression) for expected results. For example, an assertion can check: * does this value = that value? * is this object nil? * does this line of code throw an exception? * is the user's password greater than 5 characters? -Every test contains one or more assertions. Only when all the assertions are successful will the test pass. +Every test must contain at least one assertion, with no restriction as to how many assertions are allowed. Only when all the assertions are successful will the test pass. ### Maintaining the test database schema -In order to run your tests, your test database will need to have the current structure. The test helper checks whether your test database has any pending migrations. If so, it will try to load your `db/schema.rb` or `db/structure.sql` into the test database. If migrations are still pending, an error will be raised. +In order to run your tests, your test database will need to have the current +structure. The test helper checks whether your test database has any pending +migrations. If so, it will try to load your `db/schema.rb` or `db/structure.sql` +into the test database. If migrations are still pending, an error will be +raised. Usually this indicates that your schema is not fully migrated. Running +the migrations against the development database (`bin/rake db:migrate`) will +bring the schema up to date. + +NOTE: If existing migrations required modifications, the test database needs to +be rebuilt. This can be done by executing `bin/rake db:test:prepare`. ### Running Tests @@ -236,6 +270,8 @@ Finished tests in 0.009262s, 107.9680 tests/s, 107.9680 assertions/s. 1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips ``` +This will run all test methods from the test case. + You can also run a particular test method from the test case by running the test and providing the `test method name`. ```bash @@ -247,10 +283,10 @@ Finished tests in 0.009064s, 110.3266 tests/s, 110.3266 assertions/s. 1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips ``` -This will run all test methods from the test case. Note that `test_helper.rb` is in the `test` directory, hence this directory needs to be added to the load path using the `-I` switch. - The `.` (dot) above indicates a passing test. When a test fails you see an `F`; when a test throws an error you see an `E` in its place. The last line of the output is the summary. +#### Your first failing test + To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the `article_test.rb` test case. ```ruby @@ -311,9 +347,13 @@ Finished tests in 0.047721s, 20.9551 tests/s, 20.9551 assertions/s. 1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips ``` -Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desired functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is referred to as _Test-Driven Development_ (TDD). +Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desired +functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally +we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is +referred to as +[_Test-Driven Development_ (TDD)](http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?TestDrivenDevelopment). -TIP: Many Rails developers practice _Test-Driven Development_ (TDD). This is an excellent way to build up a test suite that exercises every part of your application. TDD is beyond the scope of this guide, but one place to start is with [15 TDD steps to create a Rails application](http://andrzejonsoftware.blogspot.com/2007/05/15-tdd-steps-to-create-rails.html). +#### What an error looks like To see how an error gets reported, here's a test containing an error: @@ -343,7 +383,11 @@ NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<Ar Notice the 'E' in the output. It denotes a test with error. -NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next method. All test methods are executed in alphabetical order. +NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an +assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next +method. All test methods are executed in random order. The +[`config.active_support.test_order` option](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-active-support) +can be used to configure test order. When a test fails you are presented with the corresponding backtrace. By default Rails filters that backtrace and will only print lines relevant to your @@ -356,44 +400,26 @@ behavior: $ BACKTRACE=1 bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb ``` -### What to Include in Your Unit Tests +If we want this test to pass we can modify it to use `assert_raises` like so: + +```ruby +test "should report error" do + # some_undefined_variable is not defined elsewhere in the test case + assert_raises(NameError) do + some_undefined_variable + end +end +``` -Ideally, you would like to include a test for everything which could possibly break. It's a good practice to have at least one test for each of your validations and at least one test for every method in your model. +This test should now pass. ### Available Assertions By now you've caught a glimpse of some of the assertions that are available. Assertions are the worker bees of testing. They are the ones that actually perform the checks to ensure that things are going as planned. -There are a bunch of different types of assertions you can use. -Here's an extract of the assertions you can use with `minitest`, the default testing library used by Rails. The `[msg]` parameter is an optional string message you can specify to make your test failure messages clearer. It's not required. - -| Assertion | Purpose | -| ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- | -| `assert( test, [msg] )` | Ensures that `test` is true.| -| `assert_not( test, [msg] )` | Ensures that `test` is false.| -| `assert_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )` | Ensures that `expected == actual` is true.| -| `assert_not_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )` | Ensures that `expected != actual` is true.| -| `assert_same( expected, actual, [msg] )` | Ensures that `expected.equal?(actual)` is true.| -| `assert_not_same( expected, actual, [msg] )` | Ensures that `expected.equal?(actual)` is false.| -| `assert_nil( obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is true.| -| `assert_not_nil( obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is false.| -| `assert_match( regexp, string, [msg] )` | Ensures that a string matches the regular expression.| -| `assert_no_match( regexp, string, [msg] )` | Ensures that a string doesn't match the regular expression.| -| `assert_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )` | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are within `delta` of each other.| -| `assert_not_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )` | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are not within `delta` of each other.| -| `assert_throws( symbol, [msg] ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block throws the symbol.| -| `assert_raises( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block raises one of the given exceptions.| -| `assert_nothing_raised( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block doesn't raise one of the given exceptions.| -| `assert_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is an instance of `class`.| -| `assert_not_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is not an instance of `class`.| -| `assert_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is or descends from `class`.| -| `assert_not_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is not an instance of `class` and is not descending from it.| -| `assert_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` responds to `symbol`.| -| `assert_not_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` does not respond to `symbol`.| -| `assert_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is true.| -| `assert_not_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is false.| -| `assert_send( array, [msg] )` | Ensures that executing the method listed in `array[1]` on the object in `array[0]` with the parameters of `array[2 and up]` is true. This one is weird eh?| -| `flunk( [msg] )` | Ensures failure. This is useful to explicitly mark a test that isn't finished yet.| +There are a bunch of different types of assertions you can use that come with [`Minitest`](https://github.com/seattlerb/minitest), the default testing library used by Rails. + +For a list of all available assertions please check the [Minitest API documentation](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/), specifically [`Minitest::Assertions`](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/Minitest/Assertions.html) Because of the modular nature of the testing framework, it is possible to create your own assertions. In fact, that's exactly what Rails does. It includes some specialized assertions to make your life easier. @@ -415,10 +441,25 @@ Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the `minitest` framework: You'll see the usage of some of these assertions in the next chapter. +### A Brief Note About Minitest + +All the basic assertions such as `assert_equal` defined in `Minitest::Assertions` are also available in the classes we use in our own test cases. In fact, Rails provides the following classes for you to inherit from: + +* `ActiveSupport::TestCase` +* `ActionController::TestCase` +* `ActionMailer::TestCase` +* `ActionView::TestCase` +* `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` +* `ActiveJob::TestCase` + +Each of these classes include `Minitest::Assertions`, allowing us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests. + +NOTE: For more information on `Minitest`, refer to [Minitest](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.0/libdoc/minitest/rdoc/MiniTest.html) + Functional Tests for Your Controllers ------------------------------------- -In Rails, testing the various actions of a single controller is called writing functional tests for that controller. Controllers handle the incoming web requests to your application and eventually respond with a rendered view. +In Rails, testing the various actions of a controller is a form of writing functional tests. Remember your controllers handle the incoming web requests to your application and eventually respond with a rendered view. When writing functional tests, you're testing how your actions handle the requests and the expected result, or response in some cases an HTML view. ### What to Include in your Functional Tests @@ -448,21 +489,28 @@ In the `test_should_get_index` test, Rails simulates a request on the action cal The `get` method kicks off the web request and populates the results into the response. It accepts 4 arguments: -* The action of the controller you are requesting. This can be in the form of a string or a symbol. -* An optional hash of request parameters to pass into the action (eg. query string parameters or article variables). -* An optional hash of session variables to pass along with the request. -* An optional hash of flash values. +* The action of the controller you are requesting. + This can be in the form of a string or a symbol. + +* `params`: option with a hash of request parameters to pass into the action + (e.g. query string parameters or article variables). + +* `session`: option with a hash of session variables to pass along with the request. + +* `flash`: option with a hash of flash values. + +All the keyword arguments are optional. Example: Calling the `:show` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params` and setting a `user_id` of 5 in the session: ```ruby -get(:show, {'id' => "12"}, {'user_id' => 5}) +get(:show, params: { 'id' => "12" }, session: { 'user_id' => 5 }) ``` Another example: Calling the `:view` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params`, this time with no session, but with a flash message. ```ruby -get(:view, {'id' => '12'}, nil, {'message' => 'booya!'}) +get(:view, params: { 'id' => '12' }, flash: { 'message' => 'booya!' }) ``` NOTE: If you try running `test_should_create_article` test from `articles_controller_test.rb` it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so. @@ -472,7 +520,7 @@ Let us modify `test_should_create_article` test in `articles_controller_test.rb` ```ruby test "should create article" do assert_difference('Article.count') do - post :create, article: {title: 'Some title'} + post :create, params: { article: { title: 'Some title' } } end assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article)) @@ -492,13 +540,27 @@ If you're familiar with the HTTP protocol, you'll know that `get` is a type of r * `head` * `delete` -All of request types are methods that you can use, however, you'll probably end up using the first two more often than the others. +All of request types have equivalent methods that you can use. In a typical C.R.U.D. application you'll be using `get`, `post`, `put` and `delete` more often. -NOTE: Functional tests do not verify whether the specified request type should be accepted by the action. Request types in this context exist to make your tests more descriptive. +NOTE: Functional tests do not verify whether the specified request type is accepted by the action, we're more concerned with the result. Request tests exist for this use case to make your tests more purposeful. + +### Testing XHR (AJAX) requests + +To test AJAX requests, you can specify the `xhr: true` option to `get`, `post`, +`patch`, `put`, and `delete` methods: + +```ruby +test "ajax request responds with no layout" do + get :show, params: { id: articles(:first).id }, xhr: true + + assert_template :index + assert_template layout: nil +end +``` ### The Four Hashes of the Apocalypse -After a request has been made using one of the 6 methods (`get`, `post`, etc.) and processed, you will have 4 Hash objects ready for use: +After a request has been made and processed, you will have 4 Hash objects ready for use: * `assigns` - Any objects that are stored as instance variables in actions for use in views. * `cookies` - Any cookies that are set. @@ -521,8 +583,8 @@ assigns["something"] assigns(:something) You also have access to three instance variables in your functional tests: * `@controller` - The controller processing the request -* `@request` - The request -* `@response` - The response +* `@request` - The request object +* `@response` - The response object ### Setting Headers and CGI variables @@ -543,6 +605,10 @@ post :create # simulate the request with custom env variable ### Testing Templates and Layouts +Eventually, you may want to test whether a specific layout is rendered in the view of a response. + +#### Asserting Templates + If you want to make sure that the response rendered the correct template and layout, you can use the `assert_template` method: @@ -551,24 +617,22 @@ test "index should render correct template and layout" do get :index assert_template :index assert_template layout: "layouts/application" + + # You can also pass a regular expression. + assert_template layout: /layouts\/application/ end ``` -Note that you cannot test for template and layout at the same time, with one call to `assert_template` method. -Also, for the `layout` test, you can give a regular expression instead of a string, but using the string, makes -things clearer. On the other hand, you have to include the "layouts" directory name even if you save your layout -file in this standard layout directory. Hence, +NOTE: You cannot test for template and layout at the same time, with a single call to `assert_template`. -```ruby -assert_template layout: "application" -``` +WARNING: You must include the "layouts" directory name even if you save your layout file in this standard layout directory. Hence, `assert_template layout: "application"` will not work. -will not work. +#### Asserting Partials -If your view renders any partial, when asserting for the layout, you have to assert for the partial at the same time. +If your view renders any partial, when asserting for the layout, you can to assert for the partial at the same time. Otherwise, assertion will fail. -Hence: +Remember, we added the "_form" partial to our new Article view? Let's write an assertion for that in the `:new` action now: ```ruby test "new should render correct layout" do @@ -577,33 +641,240 @@ test "new should render correct layout" do end ``` -is the correct way to assert for the layout when the view renders a partial with name `_form`. Omitting the `:partial` key in your `assert_template` call will complain. +This is the correct way to assert for when the view renders a partial with a given name. As identified by the `:partial` key passed to the `assert_template` call. + +### Testing `flash` notices + +If you remember from earlier one of the Four Hashes of the Apocalypse was `flash`. -### A Fuller Functional Test Example +We want to add a `flash` message to our blog application whenever someone +successfully creates a new Article. -Here's another example that uses `flash`, `assert_redirected_to`, and `assert_difference`: +Let's start by adding this assertion to our `test_should_create_article` test: ```ruby test "should create article" do assert_difference('Article.count') do - post :create, article: {title: 'Hi', body: 'This is my first article.'} + post :create, params: { article: { title: 'Some title' } } end + assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article)) assert_equal 'Article was successfully created.', flash[:notice] end ``` -### Testing Views +If we run our test now, we should see a failure: + +```bash +$ bin/rake test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb test_should_create_article +Run options: -n test_should_create_article --seed 32266 + +# Running: + +F + +Finished in 0.114870s, 8.7055 runs/s, 34.8220 assertions/s. + + 1) Failure: +ArticlesControllerTest#test_should_create_article [/Users/zzak/code/bench/sharedapp/test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb:16]: +--- expected ++++ actual +@@ -1 +1 @@ +-"Article was successfully created." ++nil + +1 runs, 4 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips +``` + +Let's implement the flash message now in our controller. Our `:create` action should now look like this: + +```ruby +def create + @article = Article.new(article_params) + + if @article.save + flash[:notice] = 'Article was successfully created.' + redirect_to @article + else + render 'new' + end +end +``` + +Now if we run our tests, we should see it pass: + +```bash +$ bin/rake test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb test_should_create_article +Run options: -n test_should_create_article --seed 18981 + +# Running: + +. + +Finished in 0.081972s, 12.1993 runs/s, 48.7972 assertions/s. + +1 runs, 4 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips +``` + +### Putting it together + +At this point our Articles controller tests the `:index` as well as `:new` and `:create` actions. What about dealing with existing data? + +Let's write a test for the `:show` action: + +```ruby +test "should show article" do + article = articles(:one) + get :show, params: { id: article.id } + assert_response :success +end +``` + +Remember from our discussion earlier on fixtures the `articles()` method will give us access to our Articles fixtures. + +How about deleting an existing Article? + +```ruby +test "should destroy article" do + article = articles(:one) + assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do + delete :destroy, params: { id: article.id } + end + + assert_redirected_to articles_path +end +``` + +We can also add a test for updating an existing Article. + +```ruby +test "should update article" do + article = articles(:one) + patch :update, params: { id: article.id, article: { title: "updated" } } + assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article)) +end +``` + +Notice we're starting to see some duplication in these three tests, they both access the same Article fixture data. We can D.R.Y. this up by using the `setup` and `teardown` methods provided by `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`. + +Our test should now look something like this, disregard the other tests we're leaving them out for brevity. + +```ruby +require 'test_helper' + +class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase + # called before every single test + def setup + @article = articles(:one) + end + + # called after every single test + def teardown + # when controller is using cache it may be a good idea to reset it afterwards + Rails.cache.clear + end + + test "should show article" do + # Reuse the @article instance variable from setup + get :show, params: { id: @article.id } + assert_response :success + end + + test "should destroy article" do + assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do + delete :destroy, params: { id: @article.id } + end + + assert_redirected_to articles_path + end + + test "should update article" do + patch :update, params: { id: @article.id, article: { title: "updated" } } + assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article)) + end +end +``` + +Similar to other callbacks in Rails, the `setup` and `teardown` methods can also be used by passing a block, lambda, or method name as a symbol to call. + +### Test helpers + +To avoid code duplication, you can add your own test helpers. +Sign in helper can be a good example: + +```ruby +test/test_helper.rb + +module SignInHelper + def sign_in(user) + session[:user_id] = user.id + end +end + +class ActionController::TestCase + include SignInHelper +end +``` + +```ruby +require 'test_helper' + +class ProfileControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase + + test "should show profile" do + # helper is now reusable from any controller test case + sign_in users(:david) + + get :show + assert_response :success + assert_equal users(:david), assigns(:user) + end +end +``` + +Testing Routes +-------------- + +Like everything else in your Rails application, it is recommended that you test your routes. Below are example tests for the routes of default `show` and `create` action of `Articles` controller above and it should look like: + +```ruby +class ArticleRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase + test "should route to article" do + assert_routing '/articles/1', { controller: "articles", action: "show", id: "1" } + end + + test "should route to create article" do + assert_routing({ method: 'post', path: '/articles' }, { controller: "articles", action: "create" }) + end +end +``` + +I've added this file here `test/controllers/articles_routes_test.rb` and if we run the test we should see: -Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a useful way to test the views of your application. The `assert_select` assertion allows you to do this by using a simple yet powerful syntax. +```bash +$ bin/rake test test/controllers/articles_routes_test.rb + +# Running: + +.. -NOTE: You may find references to `assert_tag` in other documentation, but this is now deprecated in favor of `assert_select`. +Finished in 0.069381s, 28.8263 runs/s, 86.4790 assertions/s. + +2 runs, 6 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips +``` + +For more information on routing assertions available in Rails, see the API documentation for [`ActionDispatch::Assertions::RoutingAssertions`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/RoutingAssertions.html). + +Testing Views +------------- + +Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a common way to test the views of your application. The `assert_select` method allows you to query HTML elements of the response by using a simple yet powerful syntax. There are two forms of `assert_select`: -`assert_select(selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression with substitution values, or an `HTML::Selector` object. +`assert_select(selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String) or an expression with substitution values. -`assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the _element_ (instance of `HTML::Node`) and its descendants. +`assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the _element_ (instance of `Nokogiri::XML::Node` or `Nokogiri::XML::NodeSet`) and its descendants. For example, you could verify the contents on the title element in your response with: @@ -611,7 +882,10 @@ For example, you could verify the contents on the title element in your response assert_select 'title', "Welcome to Rails Testing Guide" ``` -You can also use nested `assert_select` blocks. In this case the inner `assert_select` runs the assertion on the complete collection of elements selected by the outer `assert_select` block: +You can also use nested `assert_select` blocks for deeper investigation. + +In the following example, the inner `assert_select` for `li.menu_item` runs +within the collection of elements selected by the outer block: ```ruby assert_select 'ul.navigation' do @@ -619,7 +893,9 @@ assert_select 'ul.navigation' do end ``` -Alternatively the collection of elements selected by the outer `assert_select` may be iterated through so that `assert_select` may be called separately for each element. Suppose for example that the response contains two ordered lists, each with four list elements then the following tests will both pass. +A collection of selected elements may be iterated through so that `assert_select` may be called separately for each element. + +For example if the response contains two ordered lists, each with four nested list elements then the following tests will both pass. ```ruby assert_select "ol" do |elements| @@ -633,7 +909,7 @@ assert_select "ol" do end ``` -The `assert_select` assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its [documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/SelectorAssertions.html). +This assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its [documentation](http://www.rubydoc.info/github/rails/rails-dom-testing). #### Additional View-Based Assertions @@ -653,12 +929,45 @@ assert_select_email do end ``` +Testing Helpers +--------------- + +In order to test helpers, all you need to do is check that the output of the +helper method matches what you'd expect. Tests related to the helpers are +located under the `test/helpers` directory. + +A helper test looks like so: + +```ruby +require 'test_helper' + +class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase +end +``` + +A helper is just a simple module where you can define methods which are +available into your views. To test the output of the helper's methods, you just +have to use a mixin like this: + +```ruby +class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase + include UserHelper + + test "should return the user name" do + # ... + end +end +``` + +Moreover, since the test class extends from `ActionView::TestCase`, you have +access to Rails' helper methods such as `link_to` or `pluralize`. + Integration Testing ------------------- -Integration tests are used to test the interaction among any number of controllers. They are generally used to test important work flows within your application. +Integration tests are used to test how various parts of your application interact. They are generally used to test important work flows within your application. -Unlike Unit and Functional tests, integration tests have to be explicitly created under the 'test/integration' folder within your application. Rails provides a generator to create an integration test skeleton for you. +For creating Rails integration tests, we use the 'test/integration' directory for your application. Rails provides a generator to create an integration test skeleton for you. ```bash $ bin/rails generate integration_test user_flows @@ -678,228 +987,94 @@ class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest end ``` -Integration tests inherit from `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`. This makes available some additional helpers to use in your integration tests. Also you need to explicitly include the fixtures to be made available to the test. +Inheriting from `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` comes with some advantages. This makes available some additional helpers to use in your integration tests. ### Helpers Available for Integration Tests -In addition to the standard testing helpers, there are some additional helpers available to integration tests: +In addition to the standard testing helpers, inheriting `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` comes with some additional helpers available when writing integration tests. Let's briefly introduce you to the three categories of helpers you get to choose from. -| Helper | Purpose | -| ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------- | -| `https?` | Returns `true` if the session is mimicking a secure HTTPS request.| -| `https!` | Allows you to mimic a secure HTTPS request.| -| `host!` | Allows you to set the host name to use in the next request.| -| `redirect?` | Returns `true` if the last request was a redirect.| -| `follow_redirect!` | Follows a single redirect response.| -| `request_via_redirect(http_method, path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP request and follow any subsequent redirects.| -| `post_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP POST request and follow any subsequent redirects.| -| `get_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP GET request and follow any subsequent redirects.| -| `patch_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP PATCH request and follow any subsequent redirects.| -| `put_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP PUT request and follow any subsequent redirects.| -| `delete_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP DELETE request and follow any subsequent redirects.| -| `open_session` | Opens a new session instance.| +For dealing with the integration test runner, see [`ActionDispatch::Integration::Runner`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/Runner.html). -### Integration Testing Examples +When performing requests, you will have [`ActionDispatch::Integration::RequestHelpers`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/RequestHelpers.html) available for your use. -A simple integration test that exercises multiple controllers: +If you'd like to modify the session, or state of your integration test you should look for [`ActionDispatch::Integration::Session`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/Session.html) to help. -```ruby -require 'test_helper' +### Implementing an integration test -class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest - test "login and browse site" do - # login via https - https! - get "/login" - assert_response :success +Let's add an integration test to our blog application. We'll start with a basic workflow of creating a new blog article, to verify that everything is working properly. - post_via_redirect "/login", username: users(:david).username, password: users(:david).password - assert_equal '/welcome', path - assert_equal 'Welcome david!', flash[:notice] +We'll start by generating our integration test skeleton: - https!(false) - get "/articles/all" - assert_response :success - assert assigns(:products) - end -end +```bash +$ bin/rails generate integration_test blog_flow ``` -As you can see the integration test involves multiple controllers and exercises the entire stack from database to dispatcher. In addition you can have multiple session instances open simultaneously in a test and extend those instances with assertion methods to create a very powerful testing DSL (domain-specific language) just for your application. +It should have created a test file placeholder for us, with the output of the previous command you should see: + +```bash + invoke test_unit + create test/integration/blog_flow_test.rb +``` -Here's an example of multiple sessions and custom DSL in an integration test +Now let's open that file and write our first assertion: ```ruby require 'test_helper' -class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest - test "login and browse site" do - # User david logs in - david = login(:david) - # User guest logs in - guest = login(:guest) - - # Both are now available in different sessions - assert_equal 'Welcome david!', david.flash[:notice] - assert_equal 'Welcome guest!', guest.flash[:notice] - - # User david can browse site - david.browses_site - # User guest can browse site as well - guest.browses_site - - # Continue with other assertions +class BlogFlowTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest + test "can see the welcome page" do + get "/" + assert_select "h1", "Welcome#index" end - - private - - module CustomDsl - def browses_site - get "/products/all" - assert_response :success - assert assigns(:products) - end - end - - def login(user) - open_session do |sess| - sess.extend(CustomDsl) - u = users(user) - sess.https! - sess.post "/login", username: u.username, password: u.password - assert_equal '/welcome', sess.path - sess.https!(false) - end - end end ``` -Rake Tasks for Running your Tests ---------------------------------- - -You don't need to set up and run your tests by hand on a test-by-test basis. -Rails comes with a number of commands to help in testing. -The table below lists all commands that come along in the default Rakefile -when you initiate a Rails project. - -| Tasks | Description | -| ----------------------- | ----------- | -| `rake test` | Runs all unit, functional and integration tests. You can also simply run `rake` as Rails will run all the tests by default | -| `rake test:controllers` | Runs all the controller tests from `test/controllers` | -| `rake test:functionals` | Runs all the functional tests from `test/controllers`, `test/mailers`, and `test/functional` | -| `rake test:helpers` | Runs all the helper tests from `test/helpers` | -| `rake test:integration` | Runs all the integration tests from `test/integration` | -| `rake test:mailers` | Runs all the mailer tests from `test/mailers` | -| `rake test:models` | Runs all the model tests from `test/models` | -| `rake test:units` | Runs all the unit tests from `test/models`, `test/helpers`, and `test/unit` | -| `rake test:all` | Runs all tests quickly by merging all types and not resetting db | -| `rake test:all:db` | Runs all tests quickly by merging all types and resetting db | - +If you remember from earlier in the "Testing Views" section we covered `assert_select` to query the resulting HTML of a request. -Brief Note About `Minitest` ------------------------------ +When visit our root path, we should see `welcome/index.html.erb` rendered for the view. So this assertion should pass. -Ruby ships with a vast Standard Library for all common use-cases including testing. Since version 1.9, Ruby provides `Minitest`, a framework for testing. All the basic assertions such as `assert_equal` discussed above are actually defined in `Minitest::Assertions`. The classes `ActiveSupport::TestCase`, `ActionController::TestCase`, `ActionMailer::TestCase`, `ActionView::TestCase` and `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` - which we have been inheriting in our test classes - include `Minitest::Assertions`, allowing us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests. +#### Creating articles integration -NOTE: For more information on `Minitest`, refer to [Minitest](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.0/libdoc/minitest/rdoc/MiniTest.html) - -Setup and Teardown ------------------- - -If you would like to run a block of code before the start of each test and another block of code after the end of each test you have two special callbacks for your rescue. Let's take note of this by looking at an example for our functional test in `Articles` controller: +How about testing our ability to create a new article in our blog and see the resulting article. ```ruby -require 'test_helper' - -class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase - - # called before every single test - def setup - @article = articles(:one) - end - - # called after every single test - def teardown - # as we are re-initializing @article before every test - # setting it to nil here is not essential but I hope - # you understand how you can use the teardown method - @article = nil - end - - test "should show article" do - get :show, id: @article.id - assert_response :success - end - - test "should destroy article" do - assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do - delete :destroy, id: @article.id - end - - assert_redirected_to articles_path - end - +test "can create an article" do + get "/articles/new" + assert_response :success + assert_template "articles/new", partial: "articles/_form" + + post "/articles", + params: { article: { title: "can create", body: "article successfully." } } + assert_response :redirect + follow_redirect! + assert_response :success + assert_template "articles/show" + assert_select "p", "Title:\n can create" end ``` -Above, the `setup` method is called before each test and so `@article` is available for each of the tests. Rails implements `setup` and `teardown` as `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`. Which essentially means you need not only use `setup` and `teardown` as methods in your tests. You could specify them by using: +Let's break this test down so we can understand it. -* a block -* a method (like in the earlier example) -* a method name as a symbol -* a lambda +We start by calling the `:new` action on our Articles controller. This response should be successful, and we can verify the correct template is rendered including the form partial. -Let's see the earlier example by specifying `setup` callback by specifying a method name as a symbol: +After this we make a post request to the `:create` action of our Articles controller: ```ruby -require 'test_helper' - -class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase - - # called before every single test - setup :initialize_article - - # called after every single test - def teardown - @article = nil - end - - test "should show article" do - get :show, id: @article.id - assert_response :success - end - - test "should update article" do - patch :update, id: @article.id, article: {} - assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article)) - end - - test "should destroy article" do - assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do - delete :destroy, id: @article.id - end - - assert_redirected_to articles_path - end +post "/articles", + params: { article: { title: "can create", body: "article successfully." } } +assert_response :redirect +follow_redirect! +``` - private +The two lines following the request are to handle the redirect we setup when creating a new article. - def initialize_article - @article = articles(:one) - end -end -``` +NOTE: Don't forget to call `follow_redirect!` if you plan to make subsequent requests after a redirect is made. -Testing Routes --------------- +Finally we can assert that our response was successful, template was rendered, and our new article is readable on the page. -Like everything else in your Rails application, it is recommended that you test your routes. An example test for a route in the default `show` action of `Articles` controller above should look like: +#### Taking it further -```ruby -test "should route to article" do - assert_routing '/articles/1', {controller: "articles", action: "show", id: "1"} -end -``` +We were able to successfully test a very small workflow for visiting our blog and creating a new article. If we wanted to take this further we could add tests for commenting, removing articles, or editting comments. Integration tests are a great place to experiment with all kinds of use-cases for our applications. Testing Your Mailers -------------------- @@ -908,7 +1083,7 @@ Testing mailer classes requires some specific tools to do a thorough job. ### Keeping the Postman in Check -Your mailer classes - like every other part of your Rails application - should be tested to ensure that it is working as expected. +Your mailer classes - like every other part of your Rails application - should be tested to ensure that they are working as expected. The goals of testing your mailer classes are to ensure that: @@ -940,9 +1115,10 @@ require 'test_helper' class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase test "invite" do # Send the email, then test that it got queued - email = UserMailer.create_invite('me@example.com', - 'friend@example.com', Time.now).deliver - assert_not ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.empty? + assert_emails 1 do + email = UserMailer.create_invite('me@example.com', + 'friend@example.com', Time.now).deliver_now + end # Test the body of the sent email contains what we expect it to assert_equal ['me@example.com'], email.from @@ -990,58 +1166,69 @@ require 'test_helper' class UserControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase test "invite friend" do assert_difference 'ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size', +1 do - post :invite_friend, email: 'friend@example.com' + post :invite_friend, params: { email: 'friend@example.com' } end invite_email = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.last assert_equal "You have been invited by me@example.com", invite_email.subject assert_equal 'friend@example.com', invite_email.to[0] - assert_match(/Hi friend@example.com/, invite_email.body) + assert_match(/Hi friend@example.com/, invite_email.body.to_s) end end ``` -Testing helpers ---------------- +Testing Jobs +------------ -In order to test helpers, all you need to do is check that the output of the -helper method matches what you'd expect. Tests related to the helpers are -located under the `test/helpers` directory. Rails provides a generator which -generates both the helper and the test file: +Since your custom jobs can be queued at different levels inside your application, +you'll need to test both jobs themselves (their behavior when they get enqueued) +and that other entities correctly enqueue them. -```bash -$ bin/rails generate helper User - create app/helpers/user_helper.rb - invoke test_unit - create test/helpers/user_helper_test.rb -``` +### A Basic Test Case -The generated test file contains the following code: +By default, when you generate a job, an associated test will be generated as well +under the `test/jobs` directory. Here's an example test with a billing job: ```ruby require 'test_helper' -class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase +class BillingJobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase + test 'that account is charged' do + BillingJob.perform_now(account, product) + assert account.reload.charged_for?(product) + end end ``` -A helper is just a simple module where you can define methods which are -available into your views. To test the output of the helper's methods, you just -have to use a mixin like this: +This test is pretty simple and only asserts that the job get the work done +as expected. + +By default, `ActiveJob::TestCase` will set the queue adapter to `:test` so that +your jobs are performed inline. It will also ensure that all previously performed +and enqueued jobs are cleared before any test run so you can safely assume that +no jobs have already been executed in the scope of each test. + +### Custom Assertions And Testing Jobs Inside Other Components + +Active Job ships with a bunch of custom assertions that can be used to lessen the verbosity of tests. For a full list of available assertions, see the API documentation for [`ActiveJob::TestHelper`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/TestHelper.html). + +It's a good practice to ensure that your jobs correctly get enqueued or performed +wherever you invoke them (e.g. inside your controllers). This is precisely where +the custom assertions provided by Active Job are pretty useful. For instance, +within a model: ```ruby -class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase - include UserHelper +require 'test_helper' - test "should return the user name" do - # ... +class ProductTest < ActiveJob::TestCase + test 'billing job scheduling' do + assert_enqueued_with(job: BillingJob) do + product.charge(account) + end end end ``` -Moreover, since the test class extends from `ActionView::TestCase`, you have -access to Rails' helper methods such as `link_to` or `pluralize`. - Other Testing Approaches ------------------------ @@ -1049,8 +1236,8 @@ The built-in `minitest` based testing is not the only way to test Rails applicat * [NullDB](http://avdi.org/projects/nulldb/), a way to speed up testing by avoiding database use. * [Factory Girl](https://github.com/thoughtbot/factory_girl/tree/master), a replacement for fixtures. -* [Machinist](https://github.com/notahat/machinist/tree/master), another replacement for fixtures. * [Fixture Builder](https://github.com/rdy/fixture_builder), a tool that compiles Ruby factories into fixtures before a test run. * [MiniTest::Spec Rails](https://github.com/metaskills/minitest-spec-rails), use the MiniTest::Spec DSL within your rails tests. * [Shoulda](http://www.thoughtbot.com/projects/shoulda), an extension to `test/unit` with additional helpers, macros, and assertions. * [RSpec](http://relishapp.com/rspec), a behavior-driven development framework +* [Capybara](http://jnicklas.github.com/capybara/), Acceptance test framework for web applications diff --git a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md index d1d24eac66..7666601bd7 100644 --- a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md @@ -1,12 +1,16 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + A Guide for Upgrading Ruby on Rails =================================== This guide provides steps to be followed when you upgrade your applications to a newer version of Ruby on Rails. These steps are also available in individual release guides. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + General Advice -------------- -Before attempting to upgrade an existing application, you should be sure you have a good reason to upgrade. You need to balance out several factors: the need for new features, the increasing difficulty of finding support for old code, and your available time and skills, to name a few. +Before attempting to upgrade an existing application, you should be sure you have a good reason to upgrade. You need to balance several factors: the need for new features, the increasing difficulty of finding support for old code, and your available time and skills, to name a few. ### Test Coverage @@ -16,9 +20,10 @@ The best way to be sure that your application still works after upgrading is to Rails generally stays close to the latest released Ruby version when it's released: -* Rails 3 and above require Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially. You should upgrade as early as possible. -* Rails 3.2.x is the last branch to support Ruby 1.8.7. +* Rails 5 requires Ruby 2.2.1 or newer. * Rails 4 prefers Ruby 2.0 and requires 1.9.3 or newer. +* Rails 3.2.x is the last branch to support Ruby 1.8.7. +* Rails 3 and above require Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially. You should upgrade as early as possible. TIP: Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshaling bugs that crash Rails. Ruby Enterprise Edition has these fixed since the release of 1.8.7-2010.02. On the 1.9 front, Ruby 1.9.1 is not usable because it outright segfaults, so if you want to use 1.9.x, jump straight to 1.9.3 for smooth sailing. @@ -26,7 +31,7 @@ TIP: Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshaling bugs that crash Rails. Ruby Enterp Rails provides the `rails:update` rake task. After updating the Rails version in the Gemfile, run this rake task. -This will help you with the creation of new files and changes of old files in a +This will help you with the creation of new files and changes of old files in an interactive session. ```bash @@ -45,11 +50,264 @@ Overwrite /myapp/config/application.rb? (enter "h" for help) [Ynaqdh] Don't forget to review the difference, to see if there were any unexpected changes. +Upgrading from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0 +------------------------------------- + +### Halting callback chains by returning `false` + +In Rails 4.2, when a 'before' callback returns `false` in ActiveRecord, +ActiveModel and ActiveModel::Validations, then the entire callback chain +is halted. In other words, successive 'before' callbacks are not executed, +and neither is the action wrapped in callbacks. + +In Rails 5.0, returning `false` in a callback will not have this side effect +of halting the callback chain. Instead, callback chains must be explicitly +halted by calling `throw(:abort)`. + +When you upgrade from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0, returning `false` in a callback +will still halt the callback chain, but you will receive a deprecation warning +about this upcoming change. + +When you are ready, you can opt into the new behavior and remove the deprecation +warning by adding the following configuration to your `config/application.rb`: + + config.active_support.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false = false + +See [#17227](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17227) for more details. + +### ActiveJob jobs now inherent from ApplicationJob by default + +In Rails 4.2 an ActiveJob inherits from `ActiveJob::Base`. In Rails 5.0 this +behavior has changed to now inherit from `ApplicationJob`. + +When upgrading from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0 you need to create an +`application_job.rb` file in `app/jobs/` and add the following content: + +``` +class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base +end +``` + +Then make sure that all your job classes inherit from it. + +See [#19034](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/19034) for more details. + Upgrading from Rails 4.1 to Rails 4.2 ------------------------------------- -NOTE: This section is a work in progress. +### Web Console + +First, add `gem 'web-console', '~> 2.0'` to the `:development` group in your Gemfile and run `bundle install` (it won't have been included when you upgraded Rails). Once it's been installed, you can simply drop a reference to the console helper (i.e., `<%= console %>`) into any view you want to enable it for. A console will also be provided on any error page you view in your development environment. + +### Responders + +`respond_with` and the class-level `respond_to` methods have been extracted to the `responders` gem. To use them, simply add `gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` to your Gemfile. Calls to `respond_with` and `respond_to` (again, at the class level) will no longer work without having included the `responders` gem in your dependencies: + +```ruby +# app/controllers/users_controller.rb + +class UsersController < ApplicationController + respond_to :html, :json + + def show + @user = User.find(params[:id]) + respond_with @user + end +end +``` + +Instance-level `respond_to` is unaffected and does not require the additional gem: + +```ruby +# app/controllers/users_controller.rb + +class UsersController < ApplicationController + def show + @user = User.find(params[:id]) + respond_to do |format| + format.html + format.json { render json: @user } + end + end +end +``` + +See [#16526](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16526) for more details. + +### Error handling in transaction callbacks + +Currently, Active Record suppresses errors raised +within `after_rollback` or `after_commit` callbacks and only prints them to +the logs. In the next version, these errors will no longer be suppressed. +Instead, the errors will propagate normally just like in other Active +Record callbacks. + +When you define a `after_rollback` or `after_commit` callback, you +will receive a deprecation warning about this upcoming change. When +you are ready, you can opt into the new behavior and remove the +deprecation warning by adding following configuration to your +`config/application.rb`: + + config.active_record.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = true + +See [#14488](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14488) and +[#16537](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16537) for more details. + +### Ordering of test cases + +In Rails 5.0, test cases will be executed in random order by default. In +anticipation of this change, Rails 4.2 introduced a new configuration option +`active_support.test_order` for explicitly specifying the test ordering. This +allows you to either lock down the current behavior by setting the option to +`:sorted`, or opt into the future behavior by setting the option to `:random`. + +If you do not specify a value for this option, a deprecation warning will be +emitted. To avoid this, add the following line to your test environment: + +```ruby +# config/environments/test.rb +Rails.application.configure do + config.active_support.test_order = :sorted # or `:random` if you prefer +end +``` + +### Serialized attributes + +When using a custom coder (e.g. `serialize :metadata, JSON`), +assigning `nil` to a serialized attribute will save it to the database +as `NULL` instead of passing the `nil` value through the coder (e.g. `"null"` +when using the `JSON` coder). + +### Production log level +In Rails 5, the default log level for the production environment will be changed +to `:debug` (from `:info`). To preserve the current default, add the following +line to your `production.rb`: + +```ruby +# Set to `:info` to match the current default, or set to `:debug` to opt-into +# the future default. +config.log_level = :info +``` + +### `after_bundle` in Rails templates + +If you have a Rails template that adds all the files in version control, it +fails to add the generated binstubs because it gets executed before Bundler: + +```ruby +# template.rb +generate(:scaffold, "person name:string") +route "root to: 'people#index'" +rake("db:migrate") + +git :init +git add: "." +git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' } +``` + +You can now wrap the `git` calls in an `after_bundle` block. It will be run +after the binstubs have been generated. + +```ruby +# template.rb +generate(:scaffold, "person name:string") +route "root to: 'people#index'" +rake("db:migrate") + +after_bundle do + git :init + git add: "." + git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' } +end +``` + +### Rails HTML Sanitizer + +There's a new choice for sanitizing HTML fragments in your applications. The +venerable html-scanner approach is now officially being deprecated in favor of +[`Rails HTML Sanitizer`](https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer). + +This means the methods `sanitize`, `sanitize_css`, `strip_tags` and +`strip_links` are backed by a new implementation. + +This new sanitizer uses [Loofah](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah) internally. Loofah in turn uses Nokogiri, which +wraps XML parsers written in both C and Java, so sanitization should be faster +no matter which Ruby version you run. + +The new version updates `sanitize`, so it can take a `Loofah::Scrubber` for +powerful scrubbing. +[See some examples of scrubbers here](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah#loofahscrubber). + +Two new scrubbers have also been added: `PermitScrubber` and `TargetScrubber`. +Read the [gem's readme](https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer) for more information. + +The documentation for `PermitScrubber` and `TargetScrubber` explains how you +can gain complete control over when and how elements should be stripped. + +If your application needs to use the old sanitizer implementation, include `rails-deprecated_sanitizer` in your Gemfile: + +```ruby +gem 'rails-deprecated_sanitizer' +``` + +### Rails DOM Testing + +The [`TagAssertions` module](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/TagAssertions.html) (containing methods such as `assert_tag`), [has been deprecated](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6061472b8c310158a2a2e8e9a6b81a1aef6b60fe/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb) in favor of the `assert_select` methods from the `SelectorAssertions` module, which has been extracted into the [rails-dom-testing gem](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing). + + +### Masked Authenticity Tokens + +In order to mitigate SSL attacks, `form_authenticity_token` is now masked so that it varies with each request. Thus, tokens are validated by unmasking and then decrypting. As a result, any strategies for verifying requests from non-rails forms that relied on a static session CSRF token have to take this into account. + +### Action Mailer + +Previously, calling a mailer method on a mailer class will result in the +corresponding instance method being executed directly. With the introduction of +Active Job and `#deliver_later`, this is no longer true. In Rails 4.2, the +invocation of the instance methods are deferred until either `deliver_now` or +`deliver_later` is called. For example: + +```ruby +class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base + def notify(user, ...) + puts "Called" + mail(to: user.email, ...) + end +end + +mail = Notifier.notify(user, ...) # Notifier#notify is not yet called at this point +mail = mail.deliver_now # Prints "Called" +``` + +This should not result in any noticeable differences for most applications. +However, if you need some non-mailer methods to be executed synchronously, and +you were previously relying on the synchronous proxying behavior, you should +define them as class methods on the mailer class directly: + +```ruby +class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base + def self.broadcast_notifications(users, ...) + users.each { |user| Notifier.notify(user, ...) } + end +end +``` + +### Foreign Key Support + +The migration DSL has been expanded to support foreign key definitions. If +you've been using the Foreigner gem, you might want to consider removing it. +Note that the foreign key support of Rails is a subset of Foreigner. This means +that not every Foreigner definition can be fully replaced by it's Rails +migration DSL counterpart. + +The migration procedure is as follows: + +1. remove `gem "foreigner"` from the Gemfile. +2. run `bundle install`. +3. run `bin/rake db:schema:dump`. +4. make sure that `db/schema.rb` contains every foreign key definition with +the necessary options. Upgrading from Rails 4.0 to Rails 4.1 ------------------------------------- @@ -59,7 +317,7 @@ Upgrading from Rails 4.0 to Rails 4.1 Or, "whaaat my tests are failing!!!?" Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection now covers GET requests with -JavaScript responses, too. That prevents a third-party site from referencing +JavaScript responses, too. This prevents a third-party site from referencing your JavaScript URL and attempting to run it to extract sensitive data. This means that your functional and integration tests that use @@ -74,7 +332,7 @@ will now trigger CSRF protection. Switch to xhr :get, :index, format: :js ``` -to explicitly test an XmlHttpRequest. +to explicitly test an `XmlHttpRequest`. If you really mean to load JavaScript from remote `<script>` tags, skip CSRF protection on that action. @@ -110,8 +368,8 @@ secrets, you need to: ``` 2. Use your existing `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to - set the SECRET_KEY_BASE environment variable for whichever users run the Rails - app in production mode. Alternately, you can simply copy the existing + set the SECRET_KEY_BASE environment variable for whichever users running the + Rails application in production mode. Alternatively, you can simply copy the existing `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to `secrets.yml` under the `production` section, replacing '<%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>'. @@ -125,7 +383,7 @@ secrets, you need to: If your test helper contains a call to `ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!` this can be removed. The check -is now done automatically when you `require 'test_help'`, although +is now done automatically when you `require 'rails/test_help'`, although leaving this line in your helper is not harmful in any way. ### Cookies serializer @@ -239,6 +497,16 @@ If your application depends on one of these features, you can get them back by adding the [`activesupport-json_encoder`](https://github.com/rails/activesupport-json_encoder) gem to your Gemfile. +#### JSON representation of Time objects + +`#as_json` for objects with time component (`Time`, `DateTime`, `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone`) +now returns millisecond precision by default. If you need to keep old behavior with no millisecond +precision, set the following in an initializer: + +``` +ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0 +``` + ### Usage of `return` within inline callback blocks Previously, Rails allowed inline callback blocks to use `return` this way: @@ -249,7 +517,7 @@ class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base end ``` -This behaviour was never intentionally supported. Due to a change in the internals +This behavior was never intentionally supported. Due to a change in the internals of `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`, this is no longer allowed in Rails 4.1. Using a `return` statement in an inline callback block causes a `LocalJumpError` to be raised when the callback is executed. @@ -294,18 +562,18 @@ included in the newly introduced `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class`, in `test_helper.rb`. ```ruby -class FixtureFileHelpers +module FixtureFileHelpers def file_sha(path) Digest::SHA2.hexdigest(File.read(Rails.root.join('test/fixtures', path))) end end -ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.send :include, FixtureFileHelpers +ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.include FixtureFileHelpers ``` ### I18n enforcing available locales -Rails 4.1 now defaults the I18n option `enforce_available_locales` to `true`, -meaning that it will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in +Rails 4.1 now defaults the I18n option `enforce_available_locales` to `true`. This +means that it will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in the `available_locales` list. To disable it (and allow I18n to accept *any* locale option) add the following @@ -315,9 +583,10 @@ configuration to your application: config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = false ``` -Note that this option was added as a security measure, to ensure user input could -not be used as locale information unless previously known, so it's recommended not -to disable this option unless you have a strong reason for doing so. +Note that this option was added as a security measure, to ensure user input +cannot be used as locale information unless it is previously known. Therefore, +it's recommended not to disable this option unless you have a strong reason for +doing so. ### Mutator methods called on Relation @@ -418,18 +687,32 @@ response body, you should be using `render :plain` as most browsers will escape unsafe content in the response for you. We will be deprecating the use of `render :text` in a future version. So please -start using the more precise `:plain:`, `:html`, and `:body` options instead. +start using the more precise `:plain`, `:html`, and `:body` options instead. Using `render :text` may pose a security risk, as the content is sent as `text/html`. ### PostgreSQL json and hstore datatypes Rails 4.1 will map `json` and `hstore` columns to a string-keyed Ruby `Hash`. -In earlier versions a `HashWithIndifferentAccess` was used. This means that +In earlier versions, a `HashWithIndifferentAccess` was used. This means that symbol access is no longer supported. This is also the case for `store_accessors` based on top of `json` or `hstore` columns. Make sure to use string keys consistently. +### Explicit block use for `ActiveSupport::Callbacks` + +Rails 4.1 now expects an explicit block to be passed when calling +`ActiveSupport::Callbacks.set_callback`. This change stems from +`ActiveSupport::Callbacks` being largely rewritten for the 4.1 release. + +```ruby +# Previously in Rails 4.0 +set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, &block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff } + +# Now in Rails 4.1 +set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff } +``` + Upgrading from Rails 3.2 to Rails 4.0 ------------------------------------- @@ -501,7 +784,7 @@ being used, you can update your form to use the `PUT` method instead: <%= form_for [ :update_name, @user ], method: :put do |f| %> ``` -For more on PATCH and why this change was made, see [this post](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/2/25/edge-rails-patch-is-the-new-primary-http-method-for-updates/) +For more on PATCH and why this change was made, see [this post](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/2/26/edge-rails-patch-is-the-new-primary-http-method-for-updates/) on the Rails blog. #### A note about media types @@ -544,7 +827,7 @@ file (in `config/application.rb`): ```ruby # Require the gems listed in Gemfile, including any gems # you've limited to :test, :development, or :production. -Bundler.require(:default, Rails.env) +Bundler.require(*Rails.groups) ``` ### vendor/plugins @@ -561,6 +844,9 @@ Rails 4.0 no longer supports loading plugins from `vendor/plugins`. You must rep * Rails 4.0 has changed `serialized_attributes` and `attr_readonly` to class methods only. You shouldn't use instance methods since it's now deprecated. You should change them to use class methods, e.g. `self.serialized_attributes` to `self.class.serialized_attributes`. +* When using the default coder, assigning `nil` to a serialized attribute will save it +to the database as `NULL` instead of passing the `nil` value through YAML (`"--- \n...\n"`). + * Rails 4.0 has removed `attr_accessible` and `attr_protected` feature in favor of Strong Parameters. You can use the [Protected Attributes gem](https://github.com/rails/protected_attributes) for a smooth upgrade path. * If you are not using Protected Attributes, you can remove any options related to @@ -580,7 +866,7 @@ this gem such as `whitelist_attributes` or `mass_assignment_sanitizer` options. * Rails 4.0 has deprecated `ActiveRecord::TestCase` in favor of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. * Rails 4.0 has deprecated the old-style hash based finder API. This means that - methods which previously accepted "finder options" no longer do. + methods which previously accepted "finder options" no longer do. For example, `Book.find(:all, conditions: { name: '1984' })` has been deprecated in favor of `Book.where(name: '1984')` * All dynamic methods except for `find_by_...` and `find_by_...!` are deprecated. Here's how you can handle the changes: @@ -605,7 +891,7 @@ Rails 4.0 extracted Active Resource to its own gem. If you still need the featur * Rails 4.0 has changed how errors attach with the `ActiveModel::Validations::ConfirmationValidator`. Now when confirmation validations fail, the error will be attached to `:#{attribute}_confirmation` instead of `attribute`. -* Rails 4.0 has changed `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON.include_root_in_json` default value to `false`. Now, Active Model Serializers and Active Record objects have the same default behaviour. This means that you can comment or remove the following option in the `config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb` file: +* Rails 4.0 has changed `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON.include_root_in_json` default value to `false`. Now, Active Model Serializers and Active Record objects have the same default behavior. This means that you can comment or remove the following option in the `config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb` file: ```ruby # Disable root element in JSON by default. @@ -731,7 +1017,7 @@ The order in which helpers from more than one directory are loaded has changed i ### Active Record Observer and Action Controller Sweeper -Active Record Observer and Action Controller Sweeper have been extracted to the `rails-observers` gem. You will need to add the `rails-observers` gem if you require these features. +`ActiveRecord::Observer` and `ActionController::Caching::Sweeper` have been extracted to the `rails-observers` gem. You will need to add the `rails-observers` gem if you require these features. ### sprockets-rails @@ -760,7 +1046,7 @@ The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to the latest Make the following changes to your `Gemfile`. ```ruby -gem 'rails', '3.2.18' +gem 'rails', '3.2.21' group :assets do gem 'sass-rails', '~> 3.2.6' @@ -885,7 +1171,7 @@ You can help test performance with these additions to your test environment: ```ruby # Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance -config.serve_static_assets = true +config.serve_static_files = true config.static_cache_control = 'public, max-age=3600' ``` diff --git a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md index 7c3fd9f69d..e3856a285a 100644 --- a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + Working with JavaScript in Rails ================================ @@ -189,6 +191,34 @@ $(document).ready -> Obviously, you'll want to be a bit more sophisticated than that, but it's a start. You can see more about the events [in the jquery-ujs wiki](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki/ajax). +Another possibility is returning javascript directly from the server side on +remote calls: + +```ruby +# articles_controller +def create + respond_to do |format| + if @article.save + format.html { ... } + format.js do + render js: <<-endjs + alert('Article saved successfully!'); + window.location = '#{article_path(@article)}'; + endjs + end + else + format.html { ... } + format.js do + render js: "alert('There are empty fields in the form!');" + end + end + end +end +``` + +NOTE: If javascript is disabled in the user browser, `format.html { ... }` +block should be executed as fallback. + ### form_tag [`form_tag`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormTagHelper.html#method-i-form_tag) @@ -355,7 +385,7 @@ This gem uses Ajax to speed up page rendering in most applications. Turbolinks attaches a click handler to all `<a>` on the page. If your browser supports -[PushState](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/Manipulating_the_browser_history#The_pushState(\).C2.A0method), +[PushState](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/API/DOM/Manipulating_the_browser_history#The_pushState()_method), Turbolinks will make an Ajax request for the page, parse the response, and replace the entire `<body>` of the page with the `<body>` of the response. It will then use PushState to change the URL to the correct one, preserving |
