diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'guides')
52 files changed, 1541 insertions, 879 deletions
diff --git a/guides/CHANGELOG.md b/guides/CHANGELOG.md index dd5ca4b395..fd177b4238 100644 --- a/guides/CHANGELOG.md +++ b/guides/CHANGELOG.md @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ +* New section in Configuring: Configuring Active Job + + *Eliot Sykes* + * New section in Active Record Association Basics: Single Table Inheritance *Andrey Nering* diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb index 032e6bfe11..11561c55f9 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb @@ -1,7 +1,16 @@ -# Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against. -gem 'rails', '4.2.0' +begin + require 'bundler/inline' +rescue LoadError => e + $stderr.puts 'Bundler version 1.10 or later is required. Please update your Bundler' + raise e +end + +gemfile(true) do + source 'https://rubygems.org' + # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against. + gem 'rails', '4.2.0' +end -require 'rails' require 'rack/test' require 'action_controller/railtie' diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb index 9be8130884..66887398b9 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb @@ -1,17 +1,16 @@ -unless File.exist?('Gemfile') - File.write('Gemfile', <<-GEMFILE) - source 'https://rubygems.org' - gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails' - gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel' - GEMFILE - - system 'bundle' +begin + require 'bundler/inline' +rescue LoadError => e + $stderr.puts 'Bundler version 1.10 or later is required. Please update your Bundler' + raise e end -require 'bundler' -Bundler.setup(:default) +gemfile(true) do + source 'https://rubygems.org' + gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails' + gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel' +end -require 'rails' require 'action_controller/railtie' class TestApp < Rails::Application diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb index b295d9d21f..09d6e7b331 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb @@ -1,5 +1,17 @@ -# Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against. -gem 'activerecord', '4.2.0' +begin + require 'bundler/inline' +rescue LoadError => e + $stderr.puts 'Bundler version 1.10 or later is required. Please update your Bundler' + raise e +end + +gemfile(true) do + source 'https://rubygems.org' + # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against. + gem 'activerecord', '4.2.0' + gem 'sqlite3' +end + require 'active_record' require 'minitest/autorun' require 'logger' diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb index 9557f0b7c5..270dbe7df7 100644 --- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -unless File.exist?('Gemfile') - File.write('Gemfile', <<-GEMFILE) - source 'https://rubygems.org' - gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails' - gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel' - gem 'sqlite3' - GEMFILE - - system 'bundle' +begin + require 'bundler/inline' +rescue LoadError => e + $stderr.puts 'Bundler version 1.10 or later is required. Please update your Bundler' + raise e end -require 'bundler' -Bundler.setup(:default) +gemfile(true) do + source 'https://rubygems.org' + gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails' + gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel' + gem 'sqlite3' +end require 'active_record' require 'minitest/autorun' diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a4fe51156d --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +begin + require 'bundler/inline' +rescue LoadError => e + $stderr.puts 'Bundler version 1.10 or later is required. Please update your Bundler' + raise e +end + +gemfile(true) do + source 'https://rubygems.org' + # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against. + gem 'activesupport', '4.2.0' +end + +require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank' +require 'minitest/autorun' + +# Ensure backward compatibility with Minitest 4 +Minitest::Test = MiniTest::Unit::TestCase unless defined?(Minitest::Test) + +class BugTest < Minitest::Test + def test_stuff + assert "zomg".present? + refute "".present? + end +end diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b6b4562751 --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +begin + require 'bundler/inline' +rescue LoadError => e + $stderr.puts 'Bundler version 1.10 or later is required. Please update your Bundler' + raise e +end + +gemfile(true) do + source 'https://rubygems.org' + gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails' + gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel' +end + +require 'active_support' +require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank' +require 'minitest/autorun' + +# Ensure backward compatibility with Minitest 4 +Minitest::Test = MiniTest::Unit::TestCase unless defined?(Minitest::Test) + +class BugTest < Minitest::Test + def test_stuff + assert "zomg".present? + refute "".present? + end +end diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb index 36183fd321..049f633258 100644 --- a/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb +++ b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb @@ -14,10 +14,13 @@ module RailsGuides d = (0..m).to_a x = nil - str1.each_char.each_with_index do |char1,i| + # avoid duplicating an enumerable object in the loop + str2_codepoint_enumerable = str2.each_codepoint + + str1.each_codepoint.with_index do |char1, i| e = i+1 - str2.each_char.each_with_index do |char2,j| + str2_codepoint_enumerable.with_index do |char2, j| cost = (char1 == char2) ? 0 : 1 x = [ d[j+1] + 1, # insertion diff --git a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md index 9ad32e8168..696493a3cf 100644 --- a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ $ cd myapp Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](http://github.com/carlhuda/bundler,) which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems. -More information: - [bundler homepage](http://gembundler.com) +More information: - [bundler homepage](http://bundler.io/) ### Living on the Edge diff --git a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md index 537aa5a371..327495704a 100644 --- a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md @@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ $ cd myapp Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](https://github.com/carlhuda/bundler) gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems. -More information: - [bundler homepage](http://gembundler.com) +More information: - [bundler homepage](http://bundler.io/) ### Living on the Edge @@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ Railties * jQuery is the new default JavaScript library. -* jQuery and Prototype are no longer vendored and is provided from now on by the jquery-rails and prototype-rails gems. +* jQuery and Prototype are no longer vendored and is provided from now on by the `jquery-rails` and `prototype-rails` gems. * The application generator accepts an option `-j` which can be an arbitrary string. If passed "foo", the gem "foo-rails" is added to the `Gemfile`, and the application JavaScript manifest requires "foo" and "foo_ujs". Currently only "prototype-rails" and "jquery-rails" exist and provide those files via the asset pipeline. diff --git a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md index 6ddf77d9c0..c52c39b705 100644 --- a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ $ cd myapp Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](https://github.com/carlhuda/bundler) gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems. -More information: [Bundler homepage](http://gembundler.com) +More information: [Bundler homepage](http://bundler.io/) ### Living on the Edge diff --git a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md index bbc0efa3ea..b9444510ea 100644 --- a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ $ cd myapp Rails now uses a `Gemfile` in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This `Gemfile` is processed by the [Bundler](https://github.com/carlhuda/bundler) gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems. -More information: [Bundler homepage](http://gembundler.com) +More information: [Bundler homepage](http://bundler.io) ### Living on the Edge @@ -59,25 +59,25 @@ Major Features ### Upgrade - * **Ruby 1.9.3** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a0380e808d3dbd2462df17f5d3b7fcd8bd812496)) - Ruby 2.0 preferred; 1.9.3+ required - * **[New deprecation policy](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6YgD6tVPQs)** - Deprecated features are warnings in Rails 4.0 and will be removed in Rails 4.1. - * **ActionPack page and action caching** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b0a7068564f0c95e7ef28fc39d0335ed17d93e90)) - Page and action caching are extracted to a separate gem. Page and action caching requires too much manual intervention (manually expiring caches when the underlying model objects are updated). Instead, use Russian doll caching. - * **ActiveRecord observers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ccecab3ba950a288b61a516bf9b6962e384aae0b)) - Observers are extracted to a separate gem. Observers are only needed for page and action caching, and can lead to spaghetti code. - * **ActiveRecord session store** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0ffe19056c8e8b2f9ae9d487b896cad2ce9387ad)) - The ActiveRecord session store is extracted to a separate gem. Storing sessions in SQL is costly. Instead, use cookie sessions, memcache sessions, or a custom session store. - * **ActiveModel mass assignment protection** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f8c9a4d3e88181cee644f91e1342bfe896ca64c6)) - Rails 3 mass assignment protection is deprecated. Instead, use strong parameters. - * **ActiveResource** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1637bf2bb00490203503fbd943b73406e043d1d)) - ActiveResource is extracted to a separate gem. ActiveResource was not widely used. - * **vendor/plugins removed** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/853de2bd9ac572735fa6cf59fcf827e485a231c3)) - Use a Gemfile to manage installed gems. +* **Ruby 1.9.3** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a0380e808d3dbd2462df17f5d3b7fcd8bd812496)) - Ruby 2.0 preferred; 1.9.3+ required +* **[New deprecation policy](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6YgD6tVPQs)** - Deprecated features are warnings in Rails 4.0 and will be removed in Rails 4.1. +* **ActionPack page and action caching** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b0a7068564f0c95e7ef28fc39d0335ed17d93e90)) - Page and action caching are extracted to a separate gem. Page and action caching requires too much manual intervention (manually expiring caches when the underlying model objects are updated). Instead, use Russian doll caching. +* **ActiveRecord observers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ccecab3ba950a288b61a516bf9b6962e384aae0b)) - Observers are extracted to a separate gem. Observers are only needed for page and action caching, and can lead to spaghetti code. +* **ActiveRecord session store** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0ffe19056c8e8b2f9ae9d487b896cad2ce9387ad)) - The ActiveRecord session store is extracted to a separate gem. Storing sessions in SQL is costly. Instead, use cookie sessions, memcache sessions, or a custom session store. +* **ActiveModel mass assignment protection** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f8c9a4d3e88181cee644f91e1342bfe896ca64c6)) - Rails 3 mass assignment protection is deprecated. Instead, use strong parameters. +* **ActiveResource** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1637bf2bb00490203503fbd943b73406e043d1d)) - ActiveResource is extracted to a separate gem. ActiveResource was not widely used. +* **vendor/plugins removed** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/853de2bd9ac572735fa6cf59fcf827e485a231c3)) - Use a Gemfile to manage installed gems. ### ActionPack - * **Strong parameters** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a8f6d5c6450a7fe058348a7f10a908352bb6c7fc)) - Only allow whitelisted parameters to update model objects (`params.permit(:title, :text)`). - * **Routing concerns** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0dd24728a088fcb4ae616bb5d62734aca5276b1b)) - In the routing DSL, factor out common subroutes (`comments` from `/posts/1/comments` and `/videos/1/comments`). - * **ActionController::Live** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/af0a9f9eefaee3a8120cfd8d05cbc431af376da3)) - Stream JSON with `response.stream`. - * **Declarative ETags** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed5c938fa36995f06d4917d9543ba78ed506bb8d)) - Add controller-level etag additions that will be part of the action etag computation. - * **[Russian doll caching](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works)** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4154bf012d2bec2aae79e4a49aa94a70d3e91d49)) - Cache nested fragments of views. Each fragment expires based on a set of dependencies (a cache key). The cache key is usually a template version number and a model object. - * **Turbolinks** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e35d8b18d0649c0ecc58f6b73df6b3c8d0c6bb74)) - Serve only one initial HTML page. When the user navigates to another page, use pushState to update the URL and use AJAX to update the title and body. - * **Decouple ActionView from ActionController** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/78b0934dd1bb84e8f093fb8ef95ca99b297b51cd)) - ActionView was decoupled from ActionPack and will be moved to a separated gem in Rails 4.1. - * **Do not depend on ActiveModel** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/166dbaa7526a96fdf046f093f25b0a134b277a68)) - ActionPack no longer depends on ActiveModel. +* **Strong parameters** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a8f6d5c6450a7fe058348a7f10a908352bb6c7fc)) - Only allow whitelisted parameters to update model objects (`params.permit(:title, :text)`). +* **Routing concerns** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0dd24728a088fcb4ae616bb5d62734aca5276b1b)) - In the routing DSL, factor out common subroutes (`comments` from `/posts/1/comments` and `/videos/1/comments`). +* **ActionController::Live** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/af0a9f9eefaee3a8120cfd8d05cbc431af376da3)) - Stream JSON with `response.stream`. +* **Declarative ETags** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed5c938fa36995f06d4917d9543ba78ed506bb8d)) - Add controller-level etag additions that will be part of the action etag computation. +* **[Russian doll caching](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works)** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4154bf012d2bec2aae79e4a49aa94a70d3e91d49)) - Cache nested fragments of views. Each fragment expires based on a set of dependencies (a cache key). The cache key is usually a template version number and a model object. +* **Turbolinks** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e35d8b18d0649c0ecc58f6b73df6b3c8d0c6bb74)) - Serve only one initial HTML page. When the user navigates to another page, use pushState to update the URL and use AJAX to update the title and body. +* **Decouple ActionView from ActionController** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/78b0934dd1bb84e8f093fb8ef95ca99b297b51cd)) - ActionView was decoupled from ActionPack and will be moved to a separated gem in Rails 4.1. +* **Do not depend on ActiveModel** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/166dbaa7526a96fdf046f093f25b0a134b277a68)) - ActionPack no longer depends on ActiveModel. ### General @@ -95,9 +95,9 @@ NOTE: Check that the gems you are using are threadsafe. ### Security - * **match do not catch all** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/90d2802b71a6e89aedfe40564a37bd35f777e541)) - In the routing DSL, match requires the HTTP verb or verbs to be specified. - * **html entities escaped by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5f189f41258b83d49012ec5a0678d827327e7543)) - Strings rendered in erb are escaped unless wrapped with `raw` or `html_safe` is called. - * **New security headers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6794e92b204572d75a07bd6413bdae6ae22d5a82)) - Rails sends the following headers with every HTTP request: `X-Frame-Options` (prevents clickjacking by forbidding the browser from embedding the page in a frame), `X-XSS-Protection` (asks the browser to halt script injection) and `X-Content-Type-Options` (prevents the browser from opening a jpeg as an exe). +* **match do not catch all** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/90d2802b71a6e89aedfe40564a37bd35f777e541)) - In the routing DSL, match requires the HTTP verb or verbs to be specified. +* **html entities escaped by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5f189f41258b83d49012ec5a0678d827327e7543)) - Strings rendered in erb are escaped unless wrapped with `raw` or `html_safe` is called. +* **New security headers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6794e92b204572d75a07bd6413bdae6ae22d5a82)) - Rails sends the following headers with every HTTP request: `X-Frame-Options` (prevents clickjacking by forbidding the browser from embedding the page in a frame), `X-XSS-Protection` (asks the browser to halt script injection) and `X-Content-Type-Options` (prevents the browser from opening a jpeg as an exe). Extraction of features to gems --------------------------- diff --git a/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md index 366d9d26b4..684bd286bc 100644 --- a/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md @@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ application is using any of these spellings, you will need to update them: * Values in attribute selectors may need to be quoted if they contain non-alphanumeric characters. - ``` + ```ruby # before a[href=/] a[href$=/] @@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ application is using any of these spellings, you will need to update them: For example: - ``` ruby + ```ruby # content: <div><i><p></i></div> # before: @@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ application is using any of these spellings, you will need to update them: used to be raw (e.g. `AT&T`), and now is evaluated (e.g. `AT&T`). - ``` ruby + ```ruby # content: <p>AT&T</p> # before: @@ -302,6 +302,30 @@ application is using any of these spellings, you will need to update them: assert_select('p', 'AT&T') # => false ``` +Furthermore substitutions have changed syntax. + +Now you have to use a `:match` CSS-like selector: + +```ruby +assert_select ":match('id', ?)", 'comment_1' +``` + +Additionally Regexp substitutions look different when the assertion fails. +Notice how `/hello/` here: + +```ruby +assert_select(":match('id', ?)", /hello/) +``` + +becomes `"(?-mix:hello)"`: + +``` +Expected at least 1 element matching "div:match('id', "(?-mix:hello)")", found 0.. +Expected 0 to be >= 1. +``` + +See the [Rails Dom Testing](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing/tree/8798b9349fb9540ad8cb9a0ce6cb88d1384a210b) documentation for more on `assert_select`. + Railties -------- diff --git a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md index 8c1551f4a1..d506722f75 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md +++ b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md @@ -185,7 +185,9 @@ end These options will be used as a starting point when generating URLs, so it's possible they'll be overridden by the options passed to `url_for` calls. -If you define `default_url_options` in `ApplicationController`, as in the example above, it will be used for all URL generation. The method can also be defined in a specific controller, in which case it only affects URLs generated there. +If you define `default_url_options` in `ApplicationController`, as in the example above, these defaults will be used for all URL generation. The method can also be defined in a specific controller, in which case it only affects URLs generated there. + +In a given request, the method is not actually called for every single generated URL; for performance reasons, the returned hash is cached, there is at most one invocation per request. ### Strong Parameters @@ -667,11 +669,11 @@ You may notice in the above code that we're using `render xml: @users`, not `ren Filters ------- -Filters are methods that are run before, after or "around" a controller action. +Filters are methods that are run "before", "after" or "around" a controller action. Filters are inherited, so if you set a filter on `ApplicationController`, it will be run on every controller in your application. -"Before" filters may halt the request cycle. A common "before" filter is one which requires that a user is logged in for an action to be run. You can define the filter method this way: +"before" filters may halt the request cycle. A common "before" filter is one which requires that a user is logged in for an action to be run. You can define the filter method this way: ```ruby class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base @@ -704,9 +706,9 @@ Now, the `LoginsController`'s `new` and `create` actions will work as before wit In addition to "before" filters, you can also run filters after an action has been executed, or both before and after. -"After" filters are similar to "before" filters, but because the action has already been run they have access to the response data that's about to be sent to the client. Obviously, "after" filters cannot stop the action from running. +"after" filters are similar to "before" filters, but because the action has already been run they have access to the response data that's about to be sent to the client. Obviously, "after" filters cannot stop the action from running. -"Around" filters are responsible for running their associated actions by yielding, similar to how Rack middlewares work. +"around" filters are responsible for running their associated actions by yielding, similar to how Rack middlewares work. For example, in a website where changes have an approval workflow an administrator could be able to preview them easily, just apply them within a transaction: @@ -749,7 +751,7 @@ class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base end ``` -Note that the filter in this case uses `send` because the `logged_in?` method is private and the filter is not run in the scope of the controller. This is not the recommended way to implement this particular filter, but in more simple cases it might be useful. +Note that the filter in this case uses `send` because the `logged_in?` method is private and the filter does not run in the scope of the controller. This is not the recommended way to implement this particular filter, but in more simple cases it might be useful. The second way is to use a class (actually, any object that responds to the right methods will do) to handle the filtering. This is useful in cases that are more complex and cannot be implemented in a readable and reusable way using the two other methods. As an example, you could rewrite the login filter again to use a class: diff --git a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md index 73b240ff2c..6f159b2fc4 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md @@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ The same format can be used to set carbon copy (Cc:) and blind carbon copy Sometimes you wish to show the name of the person instead of just their email address when they receive the email. The trick to doing that is to format the -email address in the format `"Full Name <email>"`. +email address in the format `"Full Name" <email>`. ```ruby def welcome_email(user) @@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ You will need to use: By using the full URL, your links will now work in your emails. -#### generating URLs with `url_for` +#### Generating URLs with `url_for` `url_for` generate full URL by default in templates. @@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to action: 'greeting') %> ``` -#### generating URLs with named routes +#### Generating URLs with Named Routes Email clients have no web context and so paths have no base URL to form complete web addresses. Thus, you should always use the "_url" variant of named route @@ -530,6 +530,9 @@ url helper. <%= user_url(@user, host: 'example.com') %> ``` +NOTE: non-`GET` links require [jQuery UJS](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs) +and won't work in mailer templates. They will result in normal `GET` requests. + ### Sending Multipart Emails Action Mailer will automatically send multipart emails if you have different @@ -693,7 +696,7 @@ files (environment.rb, production.rb, etc...) | Configuration | Description | |---------------|-------------| |`logger`|Generates information on the mailing run if available. Can be set to `nil` for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own `Logger` and `Log4r` loggers.| -|`smtp_settings`|Allows detailed configuration for `:smtp` delivery method:<ul><li>`:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default `"localhost"` setting.</li><li>`:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.</li><li>`:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.</li><li>`:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.</li><li>`:password` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.</li><li>`:authentication` - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of `:plain`, `:login`, `:cram_md5`.</li><li>`:enable_starttls_auto` - Set this to `false` if there is a problem with your server certificate that you cannot resolve.</li></ul>| +|`smtp_settings`|Allows detailed configuration for `:smtp` delivery method:<ul><li>`:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default `"localhost"` setting.</li><li>`:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.</li><li>`:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.</li><li>`:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.</li><li>`:password` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.</li><li>`:authentication` - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of `:plain` (will send the password in the clear), `:login` (will send password Base64 encoded) or `:cram_md5` (combines a Challenge/Response mechanism to exchange information and a cryptographic Message Digest 5 algorithm to hash important information)</li><li>`:enable_starttls_auto` - Detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server and starts to use it. Defaults to `true`.</li><li>`:openssl_verify_mode` - When using TLS, you can set how OpenSSL checks the certificate. This is really useful if you need to validate a self-signed and/or a wildcard certificate. You can use the name of an OpenSSL verify constant ('none', 'peer', 'client_once', 'fail_if_no_peer_cert') or directly the constant (`OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE`, `OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER`, ...).</li></ul>| |`sendmail_settings`|Allows you to override options for the `:sendmail` delivery method.<ul><li>`:location` - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to `/usr/sbin/sendmail`.</li><li>`:arguments` - The command line arguments to be passed to sendmail. Defaults to `-i -t`.</li></ul>| |`raise_delivery_errors`|Whether or not errors should be raised if the email fails to be delivered. This only works if the external email server is configured for immediate delivery.| |`delivery_method`|Defines a delivery method. Possible values are:<ul><li>`:smtp` (default), can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.smtp_settings`.</li><li>`:sendmail`, can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings`.</li><li>`:file`: save emails to files; can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.file_settings`.</li><li>`:test`: save emails to `ActionMailer::Base.deliveries` array.</li></ul>See [API docs](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html) for more info.| diff --git a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md index 8f6676dc65..3c1c3c7873 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md +++ b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ One way to use partials is to treat them as the equivalent of subroutines; a way <p>Here are a few of our fine products:</p> <% @products.each do |product| %> - <%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: product} %> + <%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: product } %> <% end %> <%= render "shared/footer" %> @@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ these are the only options you want to pass, you can skip using these options. For example, instead of: ```erb -<%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: @product} %> +<%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: @product } %> ``` You can also do: @@ -214,10 +214,11 @@ By default `ActionView::Partials::PartialRenderer` has its object in a local var <%= render partial: "product" %> ``` -within product we'll get `@product` in the local variable `product`, as if we had written: +within `_product` partial we'll get `@product` in the local variable `product`, +as if we had written: ```erb -<%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: @product} %> +<%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: @product } %> ``` With the `as` option we can specify a different name for the local variable. For example, if we wanted it to be `item` instead of `product` we would do: @@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ The `object` option can be used to directly specify which object is rendered int For example, instead of: ```erb -<%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: @item} %> +<%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: @item } %> ``` we would do: @@ -304,7 +305,7 @@ In the `show` template, we'll render the `_article` partial wrapped in the `box` **articles/show.html.erb** ```erb -<%= render partial: 'article', layout: 'box', locals: {article: @article} %> +<%= render partial: 'article', layout: 'box', locals: { article: @article } %> ``` The `box` layout simply wraps the `_article` partial in a `div`: @@ -317,26 +318,6 @@ The `box` layout simply wraps the `_article` partial in a `div`: </div> ``` -The `_article` partial wraps the article's `body` in a `div` with the `id` of the article using the `div_for` helper: - -**articles/_article.html.erb** - -```html+erb -<%= div_for(article) do %> - <p><%= article.body %></p> -<% end %> -``` - -this would output the following: - -```html -<div class='box'> - <div id='article_1'> - <p>Partial Layouts are cool!</p> - </div> -</div> -``` - Note that the partial layout has access to the local `article` variable that was passed into the `render` call. However, unlike application-wide layouts, partial layouts still have the underscore prefix. You can also render a block of code within a partial layout instead of calling `yield`. For example, if we didn't have the `_article` partial, we could do this instead: @@ -344,10 +325,10 @@ You can also render a block of code within a partial layout instead of calling ` **articles/show.html.erb** ```html+erb -<% render(layout: 'box', locals: {article: @article}) do %> - <%= div_for(article) do %> +<% render(layout: 'box', locals: { article: @article }) do %> + <div> <p><%= article.body %></p> - <% end %> + </div> <% end %> ``` @@ -356,50 +337,51 @@ Supposing we use the same `_box` partial from above, this would produce the same View Paths ---------- -TODO... +When rendering a response, the controller needs to resolve where the different +views are located. By default it only looks inside the `app/views` directory. -Overview of helpers provided by Action View -------------------------------------------- +We can add other locations and give them a certain precedence when resolving +paths using the `prepend_view_path` and `append_view_path` methods. -WIP: Not all the helpers are listed here. For a full list see the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html) +### Prepend view path -The following is only a brief overview summary of the helpers available in Action View. It's recommended that you review the [API Documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html), which covers all of the helpers in more detail, but this should serve as a good starting point. +This can be helpful for example, when we want to put views inside a different +directory for subdomains. -### AssetTagHelper +We can do this by using: -This module provides methods for generating HTML that links views to assets such as images, JavaScript files, stylesheets, and feeds. +```ruby +prepend_view_path "app/views/#{request.subdomain}" +``` -By default, Rails links to these assets on the current host in the public folder, but you can direct Rails to link to assets from a dedicated assets server by setting `config.action_controller.asset_host` in the application configuration, typically in `config/environments/production.rb`. For example, let's say your asset host is `assets.example.com`: +Then Action View will look first in this directory when resolving views. + +### Append view path + +Similarly, we can append paths: ```ruby -config.action_controller.asset_host = "assets.example.com" -image_tag("rails.png") # => <img src="http://assets.example.com/images/rails.png" alt="Rails" /> +append_view_path "app/views/direct" ``` -#### register_javascript_expansion +This will add `app/views/direct` to the end of the lookup paths. -Register one or more JavaScript files to be included when symbol is passed to javascript_include_tag. This method is typically intended to be called from plugin initialization to register JavaScript files that the plugin installed in `vendor/assets/javascripts`. +Overview of helpers provided by Action View +------------------------------------------- -```ruby -ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper.register_javascript_expansion monkey: ["head", "body", "tail"] +WIP: Not all the helpers are listed here. For a full list see the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html) -javascript_include_tag :monkey # => - <script src="/assets/head.js"></script> - <script src="/assets/body.js"></script> - <script src="/assets/tail.js"></script> -``` +The following is only a brief overview summary of the helpers available in Action View. It's recommended that you review the [API Documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html), which covers all of the helpers in more detail, but this should serve as a good starting point. -#### register_stylesheet_expansion +### AssetTagHelper -Register one or more stylesheet files to be included when symbol is passed to `stylesheet_link_tag`. This method is typically intended to be called from plugin initialization to register stylesheet files that the plugin installed in `vendor/assets/stylesheets`. +This module provides methods for generating HTML that links views to assets such as images, JavaScript files, stylesheets, and feeds. -```ruby -ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper.register_stylesheet_expansion monkey: ["head", "body", "tail"] +By default, Rails links to these assets on the current host in the public folder, but you can direct Rails to link to assets from a dedicated assets server by setting `config.action_controller.asset_host` in the application configuration, typically in `config/environments/production.rb`. For example, let's say your asset host is `assets.example.com`: -stylesheet_link_tag :monkey # => - <link href="/assets/head.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" /> - <link href="/assets/body.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" /> - <link href="/assets/tail.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" /> +```ruby +config.action_controller.asset_host = "assets.example.com" +image_tag("rails.png") # => <img src="http://assets.example.com/images/rails.png" alt="Rails" /> ``` #### auto_discovery_link_tag @@ -407,8 +389,8 @@ stylesheet_link_tag :monkey # => Returns a link tag that browsers and feed readers can use to auto-detect an RSS or Atom feed. ```ruby -auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", {title: "RSS Feed"}) # => - <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="http://www.example.com/feed" /> +auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", { title: "RSS Feed" }) # => + <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="http://www.example.com/feed.rss" /> ``` #### image_path @@ -492,7 +474,7 @@ Returns a stylesheet link tag for the sources specified as arguments. If you don stylesheet_link_tag "application" # => <link href="/assets/application.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" /> ``` -You can also include all styles in the stylesheet directory using :all as the source: +You can also include all styles in the stylesheet directory using `:all` as the source: ```ruby stylesheet_link_tag :all @@ -507,7 +489,7 @@ stylesheet_link_tag :all, cache: true #### stylesheet_path -Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the `app/assets/stylesheets` directory. If the source filename has no extension, .css will be appended. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by stylesheet_link_tag to build the stylesheet path. +Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the `app/assets/stylesheets` directory. If the source filename has no extension, `.css` will be appended. Full paths from the document root will be passed through. Used internally by stylesheet_link_tag to build the stylesheet path. ```ruby stylesheet_path "application" # => /assets/application.css @@ -551,7 +533,7 @@ end ```ruby atom_feed do |feed| feed.title("Articles Index") - feed.updated((@articles.first.created_at)) + feed.updated(@articles.first.created_at) @articles.each do |article| feed.entry(article) do |entry| @@ -725,7 +707,7 @@ Returns a select tag with options for each of the minutes 0 through 59 with the ```ruby # Generates a select field for minutes that defaults to the minutes for the time provided. -select_minute(Time.now + 6.hours) +select_minute(Time.now + 10.minutes) ``` #### select_month @@ -743,7 +725,7 @@ Returns a select tag with options for each of the seconds 0 through 59 with the ```ruby # Generates a select field for seconds that defaults to the seconds for the time provided -select_second(Time.now + 16.minutes) +select_second(Time.now + 16.seconds) ``` #### select_time @@ -789,7 +771,7 @@ time_select("order", "submitted") Returns a `pre` tag that has object dumped by YAML. This creates a very readable way to inspect an object. ```ruby -my_hash = {'first' => 1, 'second' => 'two', 'third' => [1,2,3]} +my_hash = { 'first' => 1, 'second' => 'two', 'third' => [1,2,3] } debug(my_hash) ``` @@ -808,13 +790,13 @@ third: Form helpers are designed to make working with models much easier compared to using just standard HTML elements by providing a set of methods for creating forms based on your models. This helper generates the HTML for forms, providing a method for each sort of input (e.g., text, password, select, and so on). When the form is submitted (i.e., when the user hits the submit button or form.submit is called via JavaScript), the form inputs will be bundled into the params object and passed back to the controller. -There are two types of form helpers: those that specifically work with model attributes and those that don't. This helper deals with those that work with model attributes; to see an example of form helpers that don't work with model attributes, check the ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper documentation. +There are two types of form helpers: those that specifically work with model attributes and those that don't. This helper deals with those that work with model attributes; to see an example of form helpers that don't work with model attributes, check the `ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper` documentation. -The core method of this helper, form_for, gives you the ability to create a form for a model instance; for example, let's say that you have a model Person and want to create a new instance of it: +The core method of this helper, `form_for`, gives you the ability to create a form for a model instance; for example, let's say that you have a model Person and want to create a new instance of it: ```html+erb # Note: a @person variable will have been created in the controller (e.g. @person = Person.new) -<%= form_for @person, url: {action: "create"} do |f| %> +<%= form_for @person, url: { action: "create" } do |f| %> <%= f.text_field :first_name %> <%= f.text_field :last_name %> <%= submit_tag 'Create' %> @@ -834,7 +816,7 @@ The HTML generated for this would be: The params object created when this form is submitted would look like: ```ruby -{"action" => "create", "controller" => "people", "person" => {"first_name" => "William", "last_name" => "Smith"}} +{ "action" => "create", "controller" => "people", "person" => { "first_name" => "William", "last_name" => "Smith" } } ``` The params hash has a nested person value, which can therefore be accessed with params[:person] in the controller. @@ -852,10 +834,10 @@ check_box("article", "validated") #### fields_for -Creates a scope around a specific model object like form_for, but doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable for specifying additional model objects in the same form: +Creates a scope around a specific model object like `form_for`, but doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes `fields_for` suitable for specifying additional model objects in the same form: ```html+erb -<%= form_for @person, url: {action: "update"} do |person_form| %> +<%= form_for @person, url: { action: "update" } do |person_form| %> First name: <%= person_form.text_field :first_name %> Last name : <%= person_form.text_field :last_name %> @@ -990,7 +972,7 @@ end Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Article, `@article`): ```ruby -collection_select(:article, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, {prompt: true}) +collection_select(:article, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, { prompt: true }) ``` If `@article.author_id` is 1, this would return: @@ -1146,7 +1128,7 @@ Returns a string of option tags that have been compiled by iterating over the `c # options_from_collection_for_select(collection, value_method, text_method, selected = nil) ``` -For example, imagine a loop iterating over each person in @project.people to generate an input tag: +For example, imagine a loop iterating over each person in `@project.people` to generate an input tag: ```ruby options_from_collection_for_select(@project.people, "id", "name") @@ -1162,7 +1144,7 @@ Create a select tag and a series of contained option tags for the provided objec Example: ```ruby -select("article", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: true}) +select("article", "person_id", Person.all.collect { |p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, { include_blank: true }) ``` If `@article.person_id` is 1, this would become: @@ -1225,7 +1207,7 @@ Creates a field set for grouping HTML form elements. Creates a file upload field. ```html+erb -<%= form_tag({action:"post"}, multipart: true) do %> +<%= form_tag({ action: "post" }, multipart: true) do %> <label for="file">File to Upload</label> <%= file_field_tag "file" %> <%= submit_tag %> <% end %> @@ -1361,22 +1343,6 @@ date_field_tag "dob" Provides functionality for working with JavaScript in your views. -#### button_to_function - -Returns a button that'll trigger a JavaScript function using the onclick handler. Examples: - -```ruby -button_to_function "Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')" -button_to_function "Delete", "if (confirm('Really?')) do_delete()" -button_to_function "Details" do |page| - page[:details].visual_effect :toggle_slide -end -``` - -#### define_javascript_functions - -Includes the Action Pack JavaScript libraries inside a single `script` tag. - #### escape_javascript Escape carrier returns and single and double quotes for JavaScript segments. @@ -1397,15 +1363,6 @@ alert('All is good') </script> ``` -#### link_to_function - -Returns a link that will trigger a JavaScript function using the onclick handler and return false after the fact. - -```ruby -link_to_function "Greeting", "alert('Hello world!')" -# => <a onclick="alert('Hello world!'); return false;" href="#">Greeting</a> -``` - ### NumberHelper Provides methods for converting numbers into formatted strings. Methods are provided for phone numbers, currency, percentage, precision, positional notation, and file size. @@ -1472,7 +1429,7 @@ This sanitize helper will HTML encode all tags and strip all attributes that are sanitize @article.body ``` -If either the :attributes or :tags options are passed, only the mentioned tags and attributes are allowed and nothing else. +If either the `:attributes` or `:tags` options are passed, only the mentioned attributes and tags are allowed and nothing else. ```ruby sanitize @article.body, tags: %w(table tr td), attributes: %w(id class style) diff --git a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md index 953c29719d..22f3c0146a 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md @@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ Active Job Basics ================= This guide provides you with all you need to get started in creating, -enqueueing and executing background jobs. +enqueuing and executing background jobs. After reading this guide, you will know: * How to create jobs. * How to enqueue jobs. * How to run jobs in the background. -* How to send emails from your application async. +* How to send emails from your application asynchronously. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Introduction ------------ Active Job is a framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety -of queueing backends. These jobs can be everything from regularly scheduled +of queuing backends. These jobs can be everything from regularly scheduled clean-ups, to billing charges, to mailings. Anything that can be chopped up into small units of work and run in parallel, really. @@ -28,11 +28,14 @@ into small units of work and run in parallel, really. The Purpose of Active Job ----------------------------- The main point is to ensure that all Rails apps will have a job infrastructure -in place, even if it's in the form of an "immediate runner". We can then have -framework features and other gems build on top of that, without having to -worry about API differences between various job runners such as Delayed Job -and Resque. Picking your queuing backend becomes more of an operational concern, -then. And you'll be able to switch between them without having to rewrite your jobs. +in place. We can then have framework features and other gems build on top of that, +without having to worry about API differences between various job runners such as +Delayed Job and Resque. Picking your queuing backend becomes more of an operational +concern, then. And you'll be able to switch between them without having to rewrite +your jobs. + +NOTE: Rails by default comes with an "immediate runner" queuing implementation. +That means that each job that has been enqueued will run immediately. Creating a Job @@ -78,7 +81,7 @@ end Enqueue a job like so: ```ruby -# Enqueue a job to be performed as soon the queueing system is +# Enqueue a job to be performed as soon the queuing system is # free. MyJob.perform_later record ``` @@ -99,17 +102,20 @@ That's it! Job Execution ------------- -If no adapter is set, the job is immediately executed. +For enqueuing and executing jobs you need to set up a queuing backend, that is to +say you need to decide for a 3rd-party queuing library that Rails should use. +Rails itself does not provide a sophisticated queuing system and just executes the +job immediately if no adapter is set. ### Backends -Active Job has built-in adapters for multiple queueing backends (Sidekiq, +Active Job has built-in adapters for multiple queuing backends (Sidekiq, Resque, Delayed Job and others). To get an up-to-date list of the adapters see the API Documentation for [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html). ### Setting the Backend -You can easily set your queueing backend: +You can easily set your queuing backend: ```ruby # config/application.rb @@ -123,6 +129,10 @@ module YourApp end ``` +NOTE: Since jobs run in parallel to your Rails application, most queuing libraries +require that you start a library-specific queuing service (in addition to +starting your Rails app) for the job processing to work. For information on +how to do that refer to the documentation of your respective library. Queues ------ @@ -212,7 +222,7 @@ end ProcessVideoJob.perform_later(Video.last) ``` -NOTE: Make sure your queueing backend "listens" on your queue name. For some +NOTE: Make sure your queuing backend "listens" on your queue name. For some backends you need to specify the queues to listen to. @@ -319,3 +329,10 @@ class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base end end ``` + + +Job Testing +-------------- + +You can find detailed instructions on how to test your jobs in the +[testing guide](testing.html#testing-jobs). diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md index 6551ba0389..a227b54040 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md @@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ By default, Active Record uses some naming conventions to find out how the mapping between models and database tables should be created. Rails will pluralize your class names to find the respective database table. So, for a class `Book`, you should have a database table called **books**. The Rails -pluralization mechanisms are very powerful, being capable to pluralize (and -singularize) both regular and irregular words. When using class names composed +pluralization mechanisms are very powerful, being capable of pluralizing (and +singularizing) both regular and irregular words. When using class names composed of two or more words, the model class name should follow the Ruby conventions, using the CamelCase form, while the table name must contain the words separated by underscores. Examples: diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md index 0e6c8c4f4a..ad069a112e 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md @@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ will append `ENGINE=BLACKHOLE` to the SQL statement used to create the table ### Creating a Join Table -Migration method `create_join_table` creates a HABTM join table. A typical use +Migration method `create_join_table` creates an HABTM join table. A typical use would be: ```ruby @@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ change_column :products, :part_number, :text This changes the column `part_number` on products table to be a `:text` field. Besides `change_column`, the `change_column_null` and `change_column_default` -methods are used specifically to change the null and default values of a +methods are used specifically to change a not null constraint and default values of a column. ```ruby @@ -475,7 +475,8 @@ column names can not be derived from the table names, you can use the `:column` and `:primary_key` options. Rails will generate a name for every foreign key starting with -`fk_rails_` followed by 10 random characters. +`fk_rails_` followed by 10 character which is deterministically +generated from the `from_table` and `column`. There is a `:name` option to specify a different name if needed. NOTE: Active Record only supports single column foreign keys. `execute` and @@ -501,7 +502,7 @@ If the helpers provided by Active Record aren't enough you can use the `execute` method to execute arbitrary SQL: ```ruby -Product.connection.execute('UPDATE `products` SET `price`=`free` WHERE 1') +Product.connection.execute("UPDATE products SET price = 'free' WHERE 1=1") ``` For more details and examples of individual methods, check the API documentation. @@ -539,6 +540,14 @@ definitions: `change_table` is also reversible, as long as the block does not call `change`, `change_default` or `remove`. +`remove_column` is reversible if you supply the column type as the third +argument. Provide the original column options too, otherwise Rails can't +recreate the column exactly when rolling back: + +```ruby +remove_column :posts, :slug, :string, null: false, default: '', index: true +``` + If you're going to need to use any other methods, you should use `reversible` or write the `up` and `down` methods instead of using the `change` method. @@ -546,7 +555,7 @@ or write the `up` and `down` methods instead of using the `change` method. Complex migrations may require processing that Active Record doesn't know how to reverse. You can use `reversible` to specify what to do when running a -migration what else to do when reverting it. For example: +migration and what else to do when reverting it. For example: ```ruby class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration @@ -598,7 +607,7 @@ schema, and the `down` method of your migration should revert the transformations done by the `up` method. In other words, the database schema should be unchanged if you do an `up` followed by a `down`. For example, if you create a table in the `up` method, you should drop it in the `down` method. It -is wise to reverse the transformations in precisely the reverse order they were +is wise to perform the transformations in precisely the reverse order they were made in the `up` method. The example in the `reversible` section is equivalent to: ```ruby diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md index 4d9c1776f4..fe112a4708 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md @@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ that are supported by the PostgreSQL adapter. ### Bytea -* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-binary.html) -* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-binarystring.html) +* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-binary.html) +* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-binarystring.html) ```ruby # db/migrate/20140207133952_create_documents.rb @@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ Document.create payload: data ### Array -* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/arrays.html) -* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-array.html) +* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/arrays.html) +* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-array.html) ```ruby # db/migrate/20140207133952_create_books.rb @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Book.where("array_length(ratings, 1) >= 3") ### Hstore -* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/hstore.html) +* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/hstore.html) NOTE: you need to enable the `hstore` extension to use hstore. @@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ profile.save! ### JSON -* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-json.html) -* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-json.html) +* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-json.html) +* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-json.html) ```ruby # db/migrate/20131220144913_create_events.rb @@ -138,10 +138,10 @@ Event.where("payload->>'kind' = ?", "user_renamed") ### Range Types -* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/rangetypes.html) -* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-range.html) +* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/rangetypes.html) +* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-range.html) -This type is mapped to Ruby [`Range`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-2.1.1/Range.html) objects. +This type is mapped to Ruby [`Range`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-2.2.2/Range.html) objects. ```ruby # db/migrate/20130923065404_create_events.rb @@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ event.ends_at # => Thu, 13 Feb 2014 ### Composite Types -* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/rowtypes.html) +* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/rowtypes.html) Currently there is no special support for composite types. They are mapped to normal text columns: @@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ contact.save! ### Enumerated Types -* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-enum.html) +* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-enum.html) Currently there is no special support for enumerated types. They are mapped as normal text columns: @@ -242,9 +242,12 @@ article.save! ### UUID -* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-uuid.html) -* [generator functions](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/uuid-ossp.html) +* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-uuid.html) +* [pgcrypto generator function](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/pgcrypto.html#AEN159361) +* [uuid-ossp generator functions](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/uuid-ossp.html) +NOTE: you need to enable the `pgcrypto` (only PostgreSQL >= 9.4) or `uuid-ossp` +extension to use uuid. ```ruby # db/migrate/20131220144913_create_revisions.rb @@ -263,10 +266,35 @@ revision = Revision.first revision.identifier # => "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11" ``` +You can use `uuid` type to define references in migrations: + +```ruby +# db/migrate/20150418012400_create_blog.rb +enable_extension 'pgcrypto' unless extension_enabled?('pgcrypto') +create_table :posts, id: :uuid, default: 'gen_random_uuid()' + +create_table :comments, id: :uuid, default: 'gen_random_uuid()' do |t| + # t.belongs_to :post, type: :uuid + t.references :post, type: :uuid +end + +# app/models/post.rb +class Post < ActiveRecord::Base + has_many :comments +end + +# app/models/comment.rb +class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base + belongs_to :post +end +``` + +See [this section](#uuid-primary-keys) for more details on using UUIDs as primary key. + ### Bit String Types -* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-bit.html) -* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-bitstring.html) +* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-bit.html) +* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-bitstring.html) ```ruby # db/migrate/20131220144913_create_users.rb @@ -289,10 +317,10 @@ user.save! ### Network Address Types -* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-net-types.html) +* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-net-types.html) The types `inet` and `cidr` are mapped to Ruby -[`IPAddr`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.1/libdoc/ipaddr/rdoc/IPAddr.html) +[`IPAddr`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.2.2/libdoc/ipaddr/rdoc/IPAddr.html) objects. The `macaddr` type is mapped to normal text. ```ruby @@ -324,7 +352,7 @@ macbook.address ### Geometric Types -* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-geometric.html) +* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-geometric.html) All geometric types, with the exception of `points` are mapped to normal text. A point is casted to an array containing `x` and `y` coordinates. @@ -333,12 +361,13 @@ A point is casted to an array containing `x` and `y` coordinates. UUID Primary Keys ----------------- -NOTE: you need to enable the `uuid-ossp` extension to generate UUIDs. +NOTE: you need to enable the `pgcrypto` (only PostgreSQL >= 9.4) or `uuid-ossp` +extension to generate random UUIDs. ```ruby # db/migrate/20131220144913_create_devices.rb -enable_extension 'uuid-ossp' unless extension_enabled?('uuid-ossp') -create_table :devices, id: :uuid, default: 'uuid_generate_v4()' do |t| +enable_extension 'pgcrypto' unless extension_enabled?('pgcrypto') +create_table :devices, id: :uuid, default: 'gen_random_uuid()' do |t| t.string :kind end @@ -351,6 +380,9 @@ device = Device.create device.id # => "814865cd-5a1d-4771-9306-4268f188fe9e" ``` +NOTE: `uuid_generate_v4()` (from `uuid-ossp`) is assumed if no `:default` option was +passed to `create_table`. + Full Text Search ---------------- @@ -378,7 +410,7 @@ Document.where("to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body) @@ to_tsquery(?)", Database Views -------------- -* [view creation](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/sql-createview.html) +* [view creation](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createview.html) Imagine you need to work with a legacy database containing the following table: diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md index bef903b751..e3cfabb327 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md @@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ end The `find_each` method accepts most of the options allowed by the regular `find` method, except for `:order` and `:limit`, which are reserved for internal use by `find_each`. -Two additional options, `:batch_size` and `:begin_at`, are available as well. +Three additional options, `:batch_size`, `:begin_at` and `:end_at`, are available as well. **`:batch_size`** @@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ Another example would be if you wanted multiple workers handling the same proces Similar to the `:begin_at` option, `:end_at` allows you to configure the last ID of the sequence whenever the highest ID is not the one you need. This would be useful, for example, if you wanted to run a batch process, using a subset of records based on `:begin_at` and `:end_at` -For example, to send newsletters only to users with the primary key starting from 2000 up to 10000 and to retrieve them in batches of 1000: +For example, to send newsletters only to users with the primary key starting from 2000 up to 10000 and to retrieve them in batches of 5000: ```ruby User.find_each(begin_at: 2000, end_at: 10000, batch_size: 5000) do |user| @@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ Client.order("orders_count ASC, created_at DESC") Client.order("orders_count ASC", "created_at DESC") ``` -If you want to call `order` multiple times e.g. in different context, new order will append previous one +If you want to call `order` multiple times e.g. in different context, new order will append previous one: ```ruby Client.order("orders_count ASC").order("created_at DESC") @@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ GROUP BY status Having ------ -SQL uses the `HAVING` clause to specify conditions on the `GROUP BY` fields. You can add the `HAVING` clause to the SQL fired by the `Model.find` by adding the `:having` option to the find. +SQL uses the `HAVING` clause to specify conditions on the `GROUP BY` fields. You can add the `HAVING` clause to the SQL fired by the `Model.find` by adding the `having` method to the find. For example: @@ -898,7 +898,7 @@ For example: Item.transaction do i = Item.lock.first i.name = 'Jones' - i.save + i.save! end ``` @@ -1343,7 +1343,7 @@ Client.unscoped { Dynamic Finders --------------- -For every field (also known as an attribute) you define in your table, Active Record provides a finder method. If you have a field called `first_name` on your `Client` model for example, you get `find_by_first_name` for free from Active Record. If you have a `locked` field on the `Client` model, you also get `find_by_locked` and methods. +For every field (also known as an attribute) you define in your table, Active Record provides a finder method. If you have a field called `first_name` on your `Client` model for example, you get `find_by_first_name` for free from Active Record. If you have a `locked` field on the `Client` model, you also get `find_by_locked` method. You can specify an exclamation point (`!`) on the end of the dynamic finders to get them to raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` error if they do not return any records, like `Client.find_by_name!("Ryan")` @@ -1787,8 +1787,9 @@ EXPLAIN for: SELECT `users`.* FROM `users` INNER JOIN `articles` ON `articles`.` under MySQL. -Active Record performs a pretty printing that emulates the one of the database -shells. So, the same query running with the PostgreSQL adapter would yield instead +Active Record performs a pretty printing that emulates that of the +corresponding database shell. So, the same query running with the +PostgreSQL adapter would yield instead ``` EXPLAIN for: SELECT "users".* FROM "users" INNER JOIN "articles" ON "articles"."user_id" = "users"."id" WHERE "users"."id" = 1 diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md index f19934fe89..7932853c11 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ built-in helpers for common needs, and allows you to create your own validation methods as well. There are several other ways to validate data before it is saved into your -database, including native database constraints, client-side validations, +database, including native database constraints, client-side validations and controller-level validations. Here's a summary of the pros and cons: * Database constraints and/or stored procedures make the validation mechanisms @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ database only if the object is valid: * `update!` The bang versions (e.g. `save!`) raise an exception if the record is invalid. -The non-bang versions don't, `save` and `update` return `false`, +The non-bang versions don't: `save` and `update` return `false`, and `create` just returns the object. ### Skipping Validations @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ database regardless of its validity. They should be used with caution. * `update_counters` Note that `save` also has the ability to skip validations if passed `validate: -false` as argument. This technique should be used with caution. +false` as an argument. This technique should be used with caution. * `save(validate: false)` @@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ available helpers. This method validates that a checkbox on the user interface was checked when a form was submitted. This is typically used when the user needs to agree to your -application's terms of service, confirm reading some text, or any similar +application's terms of service, confirm that some text is read, or any similar concept. This validation is very specific to web applications and this 'acceptance' does not need to be recorded anywhere in your database (if you don't have a field for it, the helper will just create a virtual attribute). @@ -283,6 +283,7 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base end ``` +This check is performed only if `terms_of_service` is not `nil`. The default error message for this helper is _"must be accepted"_. It can receive an `:accept` option, which determines the value that will be @@ -338,7 +339,7 @@ In your view template you could use something like This check is performed only if `email_confirmation` is not `nil`. To require confirmation, make sure to add a presence check for the confirmation attribute -(we'll take a look at `presence` later on this guide): +(we'll take a look at `presence` later on in this guide): ```ruby class Person < ActiveRecord::Base @@ -499,9 +500,9 @@ constraints to acceptable values: default error message for this option is _"must be equal to %{count}"_. * `:less_than` - Specifies the value must be less than the supplied value. The default error message for this option is _"must be less than %{count}"_. -* `:less_than_or_equal_to` - Specifies the value must be less than or equal the - supplied value. The default error message for this option is _"must be less - than or equal to %{count}"_. +* `:less_than_or_equal_to` - Specifies the value must be less than or equal to + the supplied value. The default error message for this option is _"must be + less than or equal to %{count}"_. * `:odd` - Specifies the value must be an odd number if set to true. The default error message for this option is _"must be odd"_. * `:even` - Specifies the value must be an even number if set to true. The @@ -551,7 +552,6 @@ Since `false.blank?` is true, if you want to validate the presence of a boolean field you should use one of the following validations: ```ruby -validates :boolean_field_name, presence: true validates :boolean_field_name, inclusion: { in: [true, false] } validates :boolean_field_name, exclusion: { in: [nil] } ``` @@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ end The validation happens by performing an SQL query into the model's table, searching for an existing record with the same value in that attribute. -There is a `:scope` option that you can use to specify other attributes that +There is a `:scope` option that you can use to specify one or more attributes that are used to limit the uniqueness check: ```ruby @@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ class Holiday < ActiveRecord::Base message: "should happen once per year" } end ``` -Should you wish to create a database constraint to prevent possible violations of a uniqueness validation using the `:scope` option, you must create a unique index on both columns in your database. See [the MySQL manual](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/multiple-column-indexes.html) for more details about multiple column indexes or [the PostgreSQL manual](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/static/ddl-constraints.html) for examples of unique constraints that refer to a group of columns. +Should you wish to create a database constraint to prevent possible violations of a uniqueness validation using the `:scope` option, you must create a unique index on both columns in your database. See [the MySQL manual](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/multiple-column-indexes.html) for more details about multiple column indexes or [the PostgreSQL manual](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-constraints.html) for examples of unique constraints that refer to a group of columns. There is also a `:case_sensitive` option that you can use to define whether the uniqueness constraint will be case sensitive or not. This option defaults to @@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ end Person.new.valid? # => ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed: Name can't be blank ``` -There is also an ability to pass custom exception to `:strict` option. +There is also the ability to pass a custom exception to the `:strict` option. ```ruby class Person < ActiveRecord::Base @@ -877,7 +877,7 @@ end ### Grouping Conditional validations -Sometimes it is useful to have multiple validations use one condition, it can +Sometimes it is useful to have multiple validations use one condition. It can be easily achieved using `with_options`. ```ruby @@ -889,8 +889,8 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base end ``` -All validations inside of `with_options` block will have automatically passed -the condition `if: :is_admin?` +All validations inside of the `with_options` block will have automatically +passed the condition `if: :is_admin?` ### Combining Validation Conditions @@ -1055,7 +1055,9 @@ person.errors[:name] ### `errors.add` -The `add` method lets you manually add messages that are related to particular attributes. You can use the `errors.full_messages` or `errors.to_a` methods to view the messages in the form they might be displayed to a user. Those particular messages get the attribute name prepended (and capitalized). `add` receives the name of the attribute you want to add the message to, and the message itself. +The `add` method lets you add an error message related to a particular attribute. It takes as arguments the attribute and the error message. + +The `errors.full_messages` method (or its equivalent, `errors.to_a`) returns the error messages in a user-friendly format, with the capitalized attribute name prepended to each message, as shown in the examples below. ```ruby class Person < ActiveRecord::Base @@ -1073,12 +1075,12 @@ person.errors.full_messages # => ["Name cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="] ``` -Another way to do this is using `[]=` setter +An equivalent to `errors#add` is to use `<<` to append a message to the `errors.messages` array for an attribute: ```ruby class Person < ActiveRecord::Base def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes - errors.add(:name, "cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+=") + errors.messages[:name] << "cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+=" end end diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md index 66626f41d1..01bf928407 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md +++ b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md @@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ The methods `silence_warnings` and `enable_warnings` change the value of `$VERBO silence_warnings { Object.const_set "RAILS_DEFAULT_LOGGER", logger } ``` -Silencing exceptions is also possible with `suppress`. This method receives an arbitrary number of exception classes. If an exception is raised during the execution of the block and is `kind_of?` any of the arguments, `suppress` captures it and returns silently. Otherwise the exception is reraised: +Silencing exceptions is also possible with `suppress`. This method receives an arbitrary number of exception classes. If an exception is raised during the execution of the block and is `kind_of?` any of the arguments, `suppress` captures it and returns silently. Otherwise the exception is not captured: ```ruby # If the user is locked, the increment is lost, no big deal. @@ -506,6 +506,8 @@ Extensions to `Module` ### `alias_method_chain` +**This method is deprecated in favour of using Module#prepend.** + Using plain Ruby you can wrap methods with other methods, that's called _alias chaining_. For example, let's say you'd like params to be strings in functional tests, as they are in real requests, but still want the convenience of assigning integers and other kind of values. To accomplish that you could wrap `ActionController::TestCase#process` this way in `test/test_helper.rb`: @@ -550,8 +552,6 @@ ActionController::TestCase.class_eval do end ``` -Rails uses `alias_method_chain` all over the code base. For example validations are added to `ActiveRecord::Base#save` by wrapping the method that way in a separate module specialized in validations. - NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb`. ### Attributes @@ -1936,6 +1936,8 @@ as well as adding or subtracting their results from a Time object. For example: (4.months + 5.years).from_now ``` +NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb` + ### Formatting Enables the formatting of numbers in a variety of ways. @@ -2188,7 +2190,17 @@ The method `without` returns a copy of an enumerable with the specified elements removed: ```ruby -people.without("Aaron", "Todd") +["David", "Rafael", "Aaron", "Todd"].without("Aaron", "Todd") # => ["David", "Rafael"] +``` + +NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb`. + +### `pluck` + +The method `pluck` returns an array based on the given key: + +```ruby +[{ name: "David" }, { name: "Rafael" }, { name: "Aaron" }].pluck(:name) # => ["David", "Rafael", "Aaron"] ``` NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb`. @@ -2201,14 +2213,14 @@ Extensions to `Array` Active Support augments the API of arrays to ease certain ways of accessing them. For example, `to` returns the subarray of elements up to the one at the passed index: ```ruby -%w(a b c d).to(2) # => %w(a b c) +%w(a b c d).to(2) # => ["a", "b", "c"] [].to(7) # => [] ``` Similarly, `from` returns the tail from the element at the passed index to the end. If the index is greater than the length of the array, it returns an empty array. ```ruby -%w(a b c d).from(2) # => %w(c d) +%w(a b c d).from(2) # => ["c", "d"] %w(a b c d).from(10) # => [] [].from(0) # => [] ``` @@ -2216,7 +2228,7 @@ Similarly, `from` returns the tail from the element at the passed index to the e The methods `second`, `third`, `fourth`, and `fifth` return the corresponding element (`first` is built-in). Thanks to social wisdom and positive constructiveness all around, `forty_two` is also available. ```ruby -%w(a b c d).third # => c +%w(a b c d).third # => "c" %w(a b c d).fifth # => nil ``` @@ -2229,7 +2241,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb`. This method is an alias of `Array#unshift`. ```ruby -%w(a b c d).prepend('e') # => %w(e a b c d) +%w(a b c d).prepend('e') # => ["e", "a", "b", "c", "d"] [].prepend(10) # => [10] ``` @@ -2240,8 +2252,8 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb`. This method is an alias of `Array#<<`. ```ruby -%w(a b c d).append('e') # => %w(a b c d e) -[].append([1,2]) # => [[1,2]] +%w(a b c d).append('e') # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"] +[].append([1,2]) # => [[1, 2]] ``` NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb`. @@ -2428,7 +2440,7 @@ The method `Array.wrap` wraps its argument in an array unless it is already an a Specifically: -* If the argument is `nil` an empty list is returned. +* If the argument is `nil` an empty array is returned. * Otherwise, if the argument responds to `to_ary` it is invoked, and if the value of `to_ary` is not `nil`, it is returned. * Otherwise, an array with the argument as its single element is returned. @@ -2440,9 +2452,9 @@ Array.wrap(0) # => [0] This method is similar in purpose to `Kernel#Array`, but there are some differences: -* If the argument responds to `to_ary` the method is invoked. `Kernel#Array` moves on to try `to_a` if the returned value is `nil`, but `Array.wrap` returns `nil` right away. +* If the argument responds to `to_ary` the method is invoked. `Kernel#Array` moves on to try `to_a` if the returned value is `nil`, but `Array.wrap` returns an array with the argument as its single element right away. * If the returned value from `to_ary` is neither `nil` nor an `Array` object, `Kernel#Array` raises an exception, while `Array.wrap` does not, it just returns the value. -* It does not call `to_a` on the argument, though special-cases `nil` to return an empty array. +* It does not call `to_a` on the argument, if the argument does not respond to +to_ary+ it returns an array with the argument as its single element. The last point is particularly worth comparing for some enumerables: @@ -2465,7 +2477,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/wrap.rb`. ### Duplicating -The method `Array.deep_dup` duplicates itself and all objects inside +The method `Array#deep_dup` duplicates itself and all objects inside recursively with Active Support method `Object#deep_dup`. It works like `Array#map` with sending `deep_dup` method to each object inside. ```ruby @@ -2687,7 +2699,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb`. ### Deep duplicating -The method `Hash.deep_dup` duplicates itself and all keys and values +The method `Hash#deep_dup` duplicates itself and all keys and values inside recursively with Active Support method `Object#deep_dup`. It works like `Enumerator#each_with_object` with sending `deep_dup` method to each pair inside. ```ruby @@ -2883,7 +2895,7 @@ The method `transform_values` accepts a block and returns a hash that has applie ``` There's also the bang variant `transform_values!` that applies the block operations to values in the very receiver. -NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_text/hash/transform_values.rb`. +NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb`. ### Slicing @@ -3040,53 +3052,6 @@ The method `Range#overlaps?` says whether any two given ranges have non-void int NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/range/overlaps.rb`. -Extensions to `Proc` --------------------- - -### `bind` - -As you surely know Ruby has an `UnboundMethod` class whose instances are methods that belong to the limbo of methods without a self. The method `Module#instance_method` returns an unbound method for example: - -```ruby -Hash.instance_method(:delete) # => #<UnboundMethod: Hash#delete> -``` - -An unbound method is not callable as is, you need to bind it first to an object with `bind`: - -```ruby -clear = Hash.instance_method(:clear) -clear.bind({a: 1}).call # => {} -``` - -Active Support defines `Proc#bind` with an analogous purpose: - -```ruby -Proc.new { size }.bind([]).call # => 0 -``` - -As you see that's callable and bound to the argument, the return value is indeed a `Method`. - -NOTE: To do so `Proc#bind` actually creates a method under the hood. If you ever see a method with a weird name like `__bind_1256598120_237302` in a stack trace you know now where it comes from. - -Action Pack uses this trick in `rescue_from` for example, which accepts the name of a method and also a proc as callbacks for a given rescued exception. It has to call them in either case, so a bound method is returned by `handler_for_rescue`, thus simplifying the code in the caller: - -```ruby -def handler_for_rescue(exception) - _, rescuer = Array(rescue_handlers).reverse.detect do |klass_name, handler| - ... - end - - case rescuer - when Symbol - method(rescuer) - when Proc - rescuer.bind(self) - end -end -``` - -NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/proc.rb`. - Extensions to `Date` -------------------- diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md index 352da43b5f..373dbbb9aa 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md +++ b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: Introduction to instrumentation ------------------------------- -The instrumentation API provided by Active Support allows developers to provide hooks which other developers may hook into. There are several of these within the Rails framework, as described below in (TODO: link to section detailing each hook point). With this API, developers can choose to be notified when certain events occur inside their application or another piece of Ruby code. +The instrumentation API provided by Active Support allows developers to provide hooks which other developers may hook into. There are several of these within the [Rails framework](#rails-framework-hooks). With this API, developers can choose to be notified when certain events occur inside their application or another piece of Ruby code. For example, there is a hook provided within Active Record that is called every time Active Record uses an SQL query on a database. This hook could be **subscribed** to, and used to track the number of queries during a certain action. There's another hook around the processing of an action of a controller. This could be used, for instance, to track how long a specific action has taken. @@ -252,6 +252,20 @@ INFO. The adapters will add their own data as well. | `:name` | Record's class | | `:connection_id` | `self.object_id` | +### instantiation.active_record + +| Key | Value | +| ---------------- | ----------------------------------------- | +| `:record_count` | Number of records that instantiated | +| `:class_name` | Record's class | + +```ruby +{ + record_count: 1, + class_name: "User" +} +``` + Action Mailer ------------- diff --git a/guides/source/api_app.md b/guides/source/api_app.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..29ca872254 --- /dev/null +++ b/guides/source/api_app.md @@ -0,0 +1,408 @@ +**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** + + +Using Rails for API-only Applications +===================================== + +In this guide you will learn: + +* What Rails provides for API-only applications +* How to configure Rails to start without any browser features +* How to decide which middlewares you will want to include +* How to decide which modules to use in your controller + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +What is an API app? +------------------- + +Traditionally, when people said that they used Rails as an "API", they meant +providing a programmatically accessible API alongside their web application. +For example, GitHub provides [an API](http://developer.github.com) that you +can use from your own custom clients. + +With the advent of client-side frameworks, more developers are using Rails to +build a back-end that is shared between their web application and other native +applications. + +For example, Twitter uses its [public API](https://dev.twitter.com) in its web +application, which is built as a static site that consumes JSON resources. + +Instead of using Rails to generate dynamic HTML that will communicate with the +server through forms and links, many developers are treating their web application +as just another client, delivered as static HTML, CSS and JavaScript consuming +a simple JSON API. + +This guide covers building a Rails application that serves JSON resources to an +API client **or** a client-side framework. + +Why use Rails for JSON APIs? +---------------------------- + +The first question a lot of people have when thinking about building a JSON API +using Rails is: "isn't using Rails to spit out some JSON overkill? Shouldn't I +just use something like Sinatra?". + +For very simple APIs, this may be true. However, even in very HTML-heavy +applications, most of an application's logic is actually outside of the view +layer. + +The reason most people use Rails is that it provides a set of defaults that +allows us to get up and running quickly without having to make a lot of trivial +decisions. + +Let's take a look at some of the things that Rails provides out of the box that are +still applicable to API applications. + +Handled at the middleware layer: + +- Reloading: Rails applications support transparent reloading. This works even if + your application gets big and restarting the server for every request becomes + non-viable. +- Development Mode: Rails applications come with smart defaults for development, + making development pleasant without compromising production-time performance. +- Test Mode: Ditto development mode. +- Logging: Rails applications log every request, with a level of verbosity + appropriate for the current mode. Rails logs in development include information + about the request environment, database queries, and basic performance + information. +- Security: Rails detects and thwarts [IP spoofing + attacks](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address_spoofing) and handles + cryptographic signatures in a [timing + attack](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_attack) aware way. Don't know what + an IP spoofing attack or a timing attack is? Exactly. +- Parameter Parsing: Want to specify your parameters as JSON instead of as a + URL-encoded String? No problem. Rails will decode the JSON for you and make + it available in `params`. Want to use nested URL-encoded parameters? That + works too. +- Conditional GETs: Rails handles conditional `GET`, (`ETag` and `Last-Modified`), + processing request headers and returning the correct response headers and status + code. All you need to do is use the + [`stale?`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/ConditionalGet.html#method-i-stale-3F) + check in your controller, and Rails will handle all of the HTTP details for you. +- Caching: If you use `dirty?` with public cache control, Rails will automatically + cache your responses. You can easily configure the cache store. +- HEAD requests: Rails will transparently convert `HEAD` requests into `GET` ones, + and return just the headers on the way out. This makes `HEAD` work reliably in + all Rails APIs. + +While you could obviously build these up in terms of existing Rack middlewares, +this list demonstrates that the default Rails middleware stack provides a lot +of value, even if you're "just generating JSON". + +Handled at the Action Pack layer: + +- Resourceful Routing: If you're building a RESTful JSON API, you want to be + using the Rails router. Clean and conventional mapping from HTTP to controllers + means not having to spend time thinking about how to model your API in terms + of HTTP. +- URL Generation: The flip side of routing is URL generation. A good API based + on HTTP includes URLs (see [the GitHub gist API](http://developer.github.com/v3/gists/) + for an example). +- Header and Redirection Responses: `head :no_content` and + `redirect_to user_url(current_user)` come in handy. Sure, you could manually + add the response headers, but why? +- Caching: Rails provides page, action and fragment caching. Fragment caching + is especially helpful when building up a nested JSON object. +- Basic, Digest and Token Authentication: Rails comes with out-of-the-box support + for three kinds of HTTP authentication. +- Instrumentation: Rails has an instrumentation API that will trigger registered + handlers for a variety of events, such as action processing, sending a file or + data, redirection, and database queries. The payload of each event comes with + relevant information (for the action processing event, the payload includes + the controller, action, parameters, request format, request method and the + request's full path). +- Generators: This may be passé for advanced Rails users, but it can be nice to + generate a resource and get your model, controller, test stubs, and routes + created for you in a single command. +- Plugins: Many third-party libraries come with support for Rails that reduce + or eliminate the cost of setting up and gluing together the library and the + web framework. This includes things like overriding default generators, adding + rake tasks, and honoring Rails choices (like the logger and cache back-end). + +Of course, the Rails boot process also glues together all registered components. +For example, the Rails boot process is what uses your `config/database.yml` file +when configuring Active Record. + +**The short version is**: you may not have thought about which parts of Rails +are still applicable even if you remove the view layer, but the answer turns out +to be "most of it". + +The Basic Configuration +----------------------- + +If you're building a Rails application that will be an API server first and +foremost, you can start with a more limited subset of Rails and add in features +as needed. + +You can generate a new api Rails app: + +```bash +$ rails new my_api --api +``` + +This will do three main things for you: + +- Configure your application to start with a more limited set of middlewares + than normal. Specifically, it will not include any middleware primarily useful + for browser applications (like cookies support) by default. +- Make `ApplicationController` inherit from `ActionController::API` instead of + `ActionController::Base`. As with middlewares, this will leave out any Action + Controller modules that provide functionalities primarily used by browser + applications. +- Configure the generators to skip generating views, helpers and assets when + you generate a new resource. + +If you want to take an existing application and make it an API one, read the +following steps. + +In `config/application.rb` add the following line at the top of the `Application` +class definition: + +```ruby +config.api_only = true +``` + +Finally, inside `app/controllers/application_controller.rb`, instead of: + +```ruby +class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base +end +``` + +do: + +```ruby +class ApplicationController < ActionController::API +end +``` + +Choosing Middlewares +-------------------- + +An API application comes with the following middlewares by default: + +- `Rack::Sendfile` +- `ActionDispatch::Static` +- `Rack::Lock` +- `ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware` +- `ActionDispatch::RequestId` +- `Rails::Rack::Logger` +- `Rack::Runtime` +- `ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions` +- `ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions` +- `ActionDispatch::RemoteIp` +- `ActionDispatch::Reloader` +- `ActionDispatch::Callbacks` +- `ActionDispatch::ParamsParser` +- `Rack::Head` +- `Rack::ConditionalGet` +- `Rack::ETag` + +See the [internal middlewares](rails_on_rack.html#internal-middleware-stack) +section of the Rack guide for further information on them. + +Other plugins, including Active Record, may add additional middlewares. In +general, these middlewares are agnostic to the type of application you are +building, and make sense in an API-only Rails application. + +You can get a list of all middlewares in your application via: + +```bash +$ rake middleware +``` + +### Using the Cache Middleware + +By default, Rails will add a middleware that provides a cache store based on +the configuration of your application (memcache by default). This means that +the built-in HTTP cache will rely on it. + +For instance, using the `stale?` method: + +```ruby +def show + @post = Post.find(params[:id]) + + if stale?(last_modified: @post.updated_at) + render json: @post + end +end +``` + +The call to `stale?` will compare the `If-Modified-Since` header in the request +with `@post.updated_at`. If the header is newer than the last modified, this +action will return a "304 Not Modified" response. Otherwise, it will render the +response and include a `Last-Modified` header in it. + +Normally, this mechanism is used on a per-client basis. The cache middleware +allows us to share this caching mechanism across clients. We can enable +cross-client caching in the call to `stale?`: + +```ruby +def show + @post = Post.find(params[:id]) + + if stale?(last_modified: @post.updated_at, public: true) + render json: @post + end +end +``` + +This means that the cache middleware will store off the `Last-Modified` value +for a URL in the Rails cache, and add an `If-Modified-Since` header to any +subsequent inbound requests for the same URL. + +Think of it as page caching using HTTP semantics. + +NOTE: This middleware is always outside of the `Rack::Lock` mutex, even in +single-threaded applications. + +### Using Rack::Sendfile + +When you use the `send_file` method inside a Rails controller, it sets the +`X-Sendfile` header. `Rack::Sendfile` is responsible for actually sending the +file. + +If your front-end server supports accelerated file sending, `Rack::Sendfile` +will offload the actual file sending work to the front-end server. + +You can configure the name of the header that your front-end server uses for +this purpose using `config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header` in the appropriate +environment's configuration file. + +You can learn more about how to use `Rack::Sendfile` with popular +front-ends in [the Rack::Sendfile +documentation](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Sendfile). + +Here are some values for popular servers, once they are configured, to support +accelerated file sending: + +```ruby +# Apache and lighttpd +config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" + +# Nginx +config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Accel-Redirect" +``` + +Make sure to configure your server to support these options following the +instructions in the `Rack::Sendfile` documentation. + +NOTE: The `Rack::Sendfile` middleware is always outside of the `Rack::Lock` +mutex, even in single-threaded applications. + +### Using ActionDispatch::ParamsParser + +`ActionDispatch::ParamsParser` will take parameters from the client in the JSON +format and make them available in your controller inside `params`. + +To use this, your client will need to make a request with JSON-encoded parameters +and specify the `Content-Type` as `application/json`. + +Here's an example in jQuery: + +```javascript +jQuery.ajax({ + type: 'POST', + url: '/people', + dataType: 'json', + contentType: 'application/json', + data: JSON.stringify({ person: { firstName: "Yehuda", lastName: "Katz" } }), + success: function(json) { } +}); +``` + +`ActionDispatch::ParamsParser` will see the `Content-Type` and your parameters +will be: + +```ruby +{ :person => { :firstName => "Yehuda", :lastName => "Katz" } } +``` + +### Other Middlewares + +Rails ships with a number of other middlewares that you might want to use in an +API application, especially if one of your API clients is the browser: + +- `Rack::MethodOverride` +- `ActionDispatch::Cookies` +- `ActionDispatch::Flash` +- For sessions management + * `ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore` + * `ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore` + * `ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore` + +Any of these middlewares can be added via: + +```ruby +config.middleware.use Rack::MethodOverride +``` + +### Removing Middlewares + +If you don't want to use a middleware that is included by default in the API-only +middleware set, you can remove it with: + +```ruby +config.middleware.delete ::Rack::Sendfile +``` + +Keep in mind that removing these middlewares will remove support for certain +features in Action Controller. + +Choosing Controller Modules +--------------------------- + +An API application (using `ActionController::API`) comes with the following +controller modules by default: + +- `ActionController::UrlFor`: Makes `url_for` and friends available. +- `ActionController::Redirecting`: Support for `redirect_to`. +- `ActionController::Rendering`: Basic support for rendering. +- `ActionController::Renderers::All`: Support for `render :json` and friends. +- `ActionController::ConditionalGet`: Support for `stale?`. +- `ActionController::ForceSSL`: Support for `force_ssl`. +- `ActionController::RackDelegation`: Support for the `request` and `response` + methods returning `ActionDispatch::Request` and `ActionDispatch::Response` + objects. +- `ActionController::DataStreaming`: Support for `send_file` and `send_data`. +- `AbstractController::Callbacks`: Support for `before_filter` and friends. +- `ActionController::Instrumentation`: Support for the instrumentation + hooks defined by Action Controller (see [the instrumentation + guide](active_support_instrumentation.html#action-controller)). +- `ActionController::Rescue`: Support for `rescue_from`. +- `ActionController::BasicImplicitRender`: Makes sure to return an empty response + if there's not an explicit one. +- `ActionController::StrongParameters`: Support for parameters white-listing in + combination with Active Model mass assignment. +- `ActionController::ParamsWrapper`: Wraps the parameters hash into a nested hash + so you don't have to specify root elements sending POST requests for instance. + +Other plugins may add additional modules. You can get a list of all modules +included into `ActionController::API` in the rails console: + +```bash +$ bin/rails c +>> ActionController::API.ancestors - ActionController::Metal.ancestors +``` + +### Adding Other Modules + +All Action Controller modules know about their dependent modules, so you can feel +free to include any modules into your controllers, and all dependencies will be +included and set up as well. + +Some common modules you might want to add: + +- `AbstractController::Translation`: Support for the `l` and `t` localization + and translation methods. +- `ActionController::HTTPAuthentication::Basic` (or `Digest` or `Token`): Support + for basic, digest or token HTTP authentication. +- `AbstractController::Layouts`: Support for layouts when rendering. +- `ActionController::MimeResponds`: Support for `respond_to`. +- `ActionController::Cookies`: Support for `cookies`, which includes + support for signed and encrypted cookies. This requires the cookies middleware. + +The best place to add a module is in your `ApplicationController` but you can +also add modules to individual controllers. diff --git a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md index b385bdbe83..46c9013087 100644 --- a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md +++ b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md @@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ RDoc ---- The [Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org) is generated with -[RDoc](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/). +[RDoc](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/). To generate it, make sure you are +in the rails root directory, run `bundle install` and execute: ```bash bundle exec rake rdoc diff --git a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md index 816bff3784..4a610e8458 100644 --- a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md +++ b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md @@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ above. By default Rails assumes assets have been precompiled and will be served as static assets by your web server. During the precompilation phase an MD5 is generated from the contents of the -compiled files, and inserted into the filenames as they are written to disc. +compiled files, and inserted into the filenames as they are written to disk. These fingerprinted names are used by the Rails helpers in place of the manifest name. @@ -667,8 +667,7 @@ anymore, delete these options from the `javascript_include_tag` and `stylesheet_link_tag`. The fingerprinting behavior is controlled by the `config.assets.digest` -initialization option (which defaults to `true` for production and `false` for -everything else). +initialization option (which defaults to `true` for production and development). NOTE: Under normal circumstances the default `config.assets.digest` option should not be changed. If there are no digests in the filenames, and far-future @@ -791,41 +790,6 @@ location ~ ^/assets/ { } ``` -#### GZip Compression - -When files are precompiled, Sprockets also creates a -[gzipped](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzip) (.gz) version of your assets. Web -servers are typically configured to use a moderate compression ratio as a -compromise, but since precompilation happens once, Sprockets uses the maximum -compression ratio, thus reducing the size of the data transfer to the minimum. -On the other hand, web servers can be configured to serve compressed content -directly from disk, rather than deflating non-compressed files themselves. - -NGINX is able to do this automatically enabling `gzip_static`: - -```nginx -location ~ ^/(assets)/ { - root /path/to/public; - gzip_static on; # to serve pre-gzipped version - expires max; - add_header Cache-Control public; -} -``` - -This directive is available if the core module that provides this feature was -compiled with the web server. Ubuntu/Debian packages, even `nginx-light`, have -the module compiled. Otherwise, you may need to perform a manual compilation: - -```bash -./configure --with-http_gzip_static_module -``` - -If you're compiling NGINX with Phusion Passenger you'll need to pass that option -when prompted. - -A robust configuration for Apache is possible but tricky; please Google around. -(Or help update this Guide if you have a good configuration example for Apache.) - ### Local Precompilation There are several reasons why you might want to precompile your assets locally. diff --git a/guides/source/association_basics.md b/guides/source/association_basics.md index ec6017ff73..5c96a53d09 100644 --- a/guides/source/association_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/association_basics.md @@ -146,6 +146,17 @@ class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration end ``` +Depending on the use case, you might also need to create a unique index and/or +a foreign key constraint on the supplier column for the accounts table. In this +case, the column definition might look like this: + +```ruby +create_table :accounts do |t| + t.belongs_to :supplier, index: true, unique: true, foreign_key: true + # ... +end +``` + ### The `has_many` Association A `has_many` association indicates a one-to-many connection with another model. You'll often find this association on the "other side" of a `belongs_to` association. This association indicates that each instance of the model has zero or more instances of another model. For example, in an application containing customers and orders, the customer model could be declared like this: @@ -424,7 +435,7 @@ end The simplest rule of thumb is that you should set up a `has_many :through` relationship if you need to work with the relationship model as an independent entity. If you don't need to do anything with the relationship model, it may be simpler to set up a `has_and_belongs_to_many` relationship (though you'll need to remember to create the joining table in the database). -You should use `has_many :through` if you need validations, callbacks, or extra attributes on the join model. +You should use `has_many :through` if you need validations, callbacks or extra attributes on the join model. ### Polymorphic Associations @@ -579,7 +590,7 @@ If you create an association some time after you build the underlying model, you If you create a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, you need to explicitly create the joining table. Unless the name of the join table is explicitly specified by using the `:join_table` option, Active Record creates the name by using the lexical order of the class names. So a join between customer and order models will give the default join table name of "customers_orders" because "c" outranks "o" in lexical ordering. -WARNING: The precedence between model names is calculated using the `<` operator for `String`. This means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables "paper_boxes" and "papers" to generate a join table name of "papers_paper_boxes" because of the length of the name "paper_boxes", but it in fact generates a join table name of "paper_boxes_papers" (because the underscore '_' is lexicographically _less_ than 's' in common encodings). +WARNING: The precedence between model names is calculated using the `<=>` operator for `String`. This means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables "paper_boxes" and "papers" to generate a join table name of "papers_paper_boxes" because of the length of the name "paper_boxes", but it in fact generates a join table name of "paper_boxes_papers" (because the underscore '\_' is lexicographically _less_ than 's' in common encodings). Whatever the name, you must manually generate the join table with an appropriate migration. For example, consider these associations: @@ -609,7 +620,7 @@ class CreateAssembliesPartsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration end ``` -We pass `id: false` to `create_table` because that table does not represent a model. That's required for the association to work properly. If you observe any strange behavior in a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association like mangled models IDs, or exceptions about conflicting IDs, chances are you forgot that bit. +We pass `id: false` to `create_table` because that table does not represent a model. That's required for the association to work properly. If you observe any strange behavior in a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association like mangled model IDs, or exceptions about conflicting IDs, chances are you forgot that bit. ### Controlling Association Scope @@ -782,7 +793,7 @@ If the associated object has already been retrieved from the database for this o ##### `association=(associate)` -The `association=` method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from the associate object and setting this object's foreign key to the same value. +The `association=` method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from the associated object and setting this object's foreign key to the same value. ```ruby @order.customer = @customer @@ -829,6 +840,7 @@ The `belongs_to` association supports these options: * `:counter_cache` * `:dependent` * `:foreign_key` +* `:primary_key` * `:inverse_of` * `:polymorphic` * `:touch` @@ -875,18 +887,26 @@ end With this declaration, Rails will keep the cache value up to date, and then return that value in response to the `size` method. -Although the `:counter_cache` option is specified on the model that includes the `belongs_to` declaration, the actual column must be added to the _associated_ model. In the case above, you would need to add a column named `orders_count` to the `Customer` model. You can override the default column name if you need to: +Although the `:counter_cache` option is specified on the model that includes +the `belongs_to` declaration, the actual column must be added to the +_associated_ (`has_many`) model. In the case above, you would need to add a +column named `orders_count` to the `Customer` model. + +You can override the default column name by specifying a custom column name in +the `counter_cache` declaration instead of `true`. For example, to use +`count_of_orders` instead of `orders_count`: ```ruby class Order < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :customer, counter_cache: :count_of_orders end class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base - has_many :orders, counter_cache: :count_of_orders + has_many :orders end ``` -NOTE: You only need to specify the :counter_cache option on the "has_many side" of the association when using a custom name for the counter cache. +NOTE: You only need to specify the :counter_cache option on the `belongs_to` +side of the association. Counter cache columns are added to the containing model's list of read-only attributes through `attr_readonly`. @@ -913,6 +933,26 @@ end TIP: In any case, Rails will not create foreign key columns for you. You need to explicitly define them as part of your migrations. +##### `:primary_key` + +By convention, Rails assumes that the `id` column is used to hold the primary key +of its tables. The `:primary_key` option allows you to specify a different column. + +For example, given we have a `users` table with `guid` as the primary key. If we want a separate `todos` table to hold the foreign key `user_id` in the `guid` column, then we can use `primary_key` to achieve this like so: + +```ruby +class User < ActiveRecord::Base + self.primary_key = 'guid' # primary key is guid and not id +end + +class Todo < ActiveRecord::Base + belongs_to :user, primary_key: 'guid' +end +``` + +When we execute `@user.todos.create` then the `@todo` record will have its +`user_id` value as the `guid` value of `@user`. + ##### `:inverse_of` The `:inverse_of` option specifies the name of the `has_many` or `has_one` association that is the inverse of this association. Does not work in combination with the `:polymorphic` options. @@ -1098,7 +1138,7 @@ If the associated object has already been retrieved from the database for this o ##### `association=(associate)` -The `association=` method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from this object and setting the associate object's foreign key to the same value. +The `association=` method assigns an associated object to this object. Behind the scenes, this means extracting the primary key from this object and setting the associated object's foreign key to the same value. ```ruby @supplier.account = @account @@ -1179,8 +1219,8 @@ Controls what happens to the associated object when its owner is destroyed: It's necessary not to set or leave `:nullify` option for those associations that have `NOT NULL` database constraints. If you don't set `dependent` to destroy such associations you won't be able to change the associated object -because initial associated object foreign key will be set to unallowed `NULL` -value. +because the initial associated object's foreign key will be set to the +unallowed `NULL` value. ##### `:foreign_key` @@ -1427,7 +1467,14 @@ The `collection_singular_ids=` method makes the collection contain only the obje ##### `collection.clear` -The `collection.clear` method removes every object from the collection. This destroys the associated objects if they are associated with `dependent: :destroy`, deletes them directly from the database if `dependent: :delete_all`, and otherwise sets their foreign keys to `NULL`. +The `collection.clear` method removes all objects from the collection according to the strategy specified by the `dependent` option. If no option is given, it follows the default strategy. The default strategy for `has_many :through` associations is `delete_all`, and for `has_many` associations is to set the foreign keys to `NULL`. + +```ruby +@customer.orders.clear +``` + +WARNING: Objects will be deleted if they're associated with `dependent: :destroy`, +just like `dependent: :delete_all`. ##### `collection.empty?` @@ -1466,7 +1513,9 @@ The `collection.where` method finds objects within the collection based on the c ##### `collection.exists?(...)` -The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as `ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`. +The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied +conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as +[`ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-exists-3F). ##### `collection.build(attributes = {}, ...)` @@ -1577,9 +1626,10 @@ end By convention, Rails assumes that the column used to hold the primary key of the association is `id`. You can override this and explicitly specify the primary key with the `:primary_key` option. -Let's say that `users` table has `id` as the primary_key but it also has -`guid` column. And the requirement is that `todos` table should hold -`guid` column value and not `id` value. This can be achieved like this +Let's say the `users` table has `id` as the primary_key but it also +has a `guid` column. The requirement is that the `todos` table should +hold the `guid` column value as the foreign key and not `id` +value. This can be achieved like this: ```ruby class User < ActiveRecord::Base @@ -1587,8 +1637,8 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base end ``` -Now if we execute `@user.todos.create` then `@todo` record will have -`user_id` value as the `guid` value of `@user`. +Now if we execute `@todo = @user.todos.create` then the `@todo` +record's `user_id` value will be the `guid` value of `@user`. ##### `:source` @@ -1628,7 +1678,7 @@ You can use any of the standard [querying methods](active_record_querying.html) * `order` * `readonly` * `select` -* `uniq` +* `distinct` ##### `where` @@ -1964,7 +2014,9 @@ The `collection.where` method finds objects within the collection based on the c ##### `collection.exists?(...)` -The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as `ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`. +The `collection.exists?` method checks whether an object meeting the supplied +conditions exists in the collection. It uses the same syntax and options as +[`ActiveRecord::Base.exists?`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FinderMethods.html#method-i-exists-3F). ##### `collection.build(attributes = {})` @@ -2292,13 +2344,13 @@ associations, public methods, etc. Creating a car will save it in the `vehicles` table with "Car" as the `type` field: ```ruby -Car.create color: 'Red', price: 10000 +Car.create(color: 'Red', price: 10000) ``` will generate the following SQL: ```sql -INSERT INTO "vehicles" ("type", "color", "price") VALUES ("Car", "Red", 10000) +INSERT INTO "vehicles" ("type", "color", "price") VALUES ('Car', 'Red', 10000) ``` Querying car records will just search for vehicles that are cars: diff --git a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md index c6149abcba..2b6d7e4044 100644 --- a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md +++ b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md @@ -466,9 +466,7 @@ by adding this to `config/application.rb`: config.autoload_paths << "#{Rails.root}/lib" ``` -`config.autoload_paths` is accessible from environment-specific configuration -files, but any changes made to it outside `config/application.rb` don't have any -effect. +`config.autoload_paths` is not changeable from environment-specific configuration files. The value of `autoload_paths` can be inspected. In a just generated application it is (edited): diff --git a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md index 716beb9178..b0103c9af4 100644 --- a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ **DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.** -Caching with Rails: An overview +Caching with Rails: An Overview =============================== -This guide will teach you what you need to know about avoiding that expensive round-trip to your database and returning what you need to return to the web clients in the shortest time possible. +This guide is an introduction to speeding up your Rails app with caching. After reading this guide, you will know: -* Page and action caching (moved to separate gems as of Rails 4). -* Fragment caching. +* Page and action caching. +* Fragment and Russian doll caching. * Alternative cache stores. * Conditional GET support. @@ -18,11 +18,14 @@ Basic Caching ------------- This is an introduction to three types of caching techniques: page, action and -fragment caching. Rails provides by default fragment caching. In order to use -page and action caching, you will need to add `actionpack-page_caching` and +fragment caching. By default Rails provides fragment caching. In order to use +page and action caching you will need to add `actionpack-page_caching` and `actionpack-action_caching` to your Gemfile. -To start playing with caching you'll want to ensure that `config.action_controller.perform_caching` is set to `true`, if you're running in development mode. This flag is normally set in the corresponding `config/environments/*.rb` and caching is disabled by default for development and test, and enabled for production. +By default, caching is only enabled in your production environment. To play +around with caching locally you'll want to enable caching in your local +environment by setting `config.action_controller.perform_caching` to `true` in +the relevant `config/environments/*.rb` file: ```ruby config.action_controller.perform_caching = true @@ -30,7 +33,12 @@ config.action_controller.perform_caching = true ### Page Caching -Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or NGINX), without ever having to go through the Rails stack at all. Obviously, this is super-fast. Unfortunately, it can't be applied to every situation (such as pages that need authentication) and since the webserver is literally just serving a file from the filesystem, cache expiration is an issue that needs to be dealt with. +Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page +to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or NGINX) without having to go +through the entire Rails stack. While this is super fast it can't be applied to +every situation (such as pages that need authentication). Also, because the +webserver is serving a file directly from the filesystem you will need to +implement cache expiration. INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching). @@ -42,109 +50,106 @@ INFO: Action Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-action_c ### Fragment Caching -Life would be perfect if we could get away with caching the entire contents of a page or action and serving it out to the world. Unfortunately, dynamic web applications usually build pages with a variety of components not all of which have the same caching characteristics. In order to address such a dynamically created page where different parts of the page need to be cached and expired differently, Rails provides a mechanism called Fragment Caching. +Dynamic web applications usually build pages with a variety of components not +all of which have the same caching characteristics. When different parts of the +page need to be cached and expired separately you can use Fragment Caching. Fragment Caching allows a fragment of view logic to be wrapped in a cache block and served out of the cache store when the next request comes in. -As an example, if you wanted to show all the orders placed on your website in real time and didn't want to cache that part of the page, but did want to cache the part of the page which lists all products available, you could use this piece of code: +For example, if you wanted to cache each product on a page, you could use this +code: ```html+erb -<% Order.find_recent.each do |o| %> - <%= o.buyer.name %> bought <%= o.product.name %> -<% end %> - -<% cache do %> - All available products: - <% Product.all.each do |p| %> - <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %> +<% @products.each do |product| %> + <% cache product do %> + <%= render product %> <% end %> <% end %> ``` -The cache block in our example will bind to the action that called it and is written out to the same place as the Action Cache, which means that if you want to cache multiple fragments per action, you should provide an `action_suffix` to the cache call: +When your application receives its first request to this page, Rails will write +a new cache entry with a unique key. A key looks something like this: -```html+erb -<% cache(action: 'recent', action_suffix: 'all_products') do %> - All available products: +``` +views/products/1-201505056193031061005000/bea67108094918eeba42cd4a6e786901 ``` -and you can expire it using the `expire_fragment` method, like so: +The number in the middle is the `product_id` followed by the timestamp value in +the `updated_at` attribute of the product record. Rails uses the timestamp value +to make sure it is not serving stale data. If the value of `updated_at` has +changed, a new key will be generated. Then Rails will write a new cache to that +key, and the old cache written to the old key will never be used again. This is +called key-based expiration. -```ruby -expire_fragment(controller: 'products', action: 'recent', action_suffix: 'all_products') -``` +Cache fragments will also be expired when the view fragment changes (e.g., the +HTML in the view changes). The string of characters at the end of the key is a +template tree digest. It is an md5 hash computed based on the contents of the +view fragment you are caching. If you change the view fragment, the md5 hash +will change, expiring the existing file. + +TIP: Cache stores like Memcached will automatically delete old cache files. -If you don't want the cache block to bind to the action that called it, you can also use globally keyed fragments by calling the `cache` method with a key: +If you want to cache a fragment under certain conditions, you can use +`cache_if` or `cache_unless`: ```erb -<% cache('all_available_products') do %> - All available products: +<% cache_if admin?, product do %> + <%= render product %> <% end %> ``` -This fragment is then available to all actions in the `ProductsController` using the key and can be expired the same way: +### Russian Doll Caching -```ruby -expire_fragment('all_available_products') -``` -If you want to avoid expiring the fragment manually, whenever an action updates a product, you can define a helper method: +You may want to nest cached fragments inside other cached fragments. This is +called Russian doll caching. -```ruby -module ProductsHelper - def cache_key_for_products - count = Product.count - max_updated_at = Product.maximum(:updated_at).try(:utc).try(:to_s, :number) - "products/all-#{count}-#{max_updated_at}" - end -end -``` +The advantage of Russian doll caching is that if a single product is updated, +all the other inner fragments can be reused when regenerating the outer +fragment. -This method generates a cache key that depends on all products and can be used in the view: +As explained in the previous section, a cached file will expire if the value of +`updated_at` changes for a record on which the cached file directly depends. +However, this will not expire any cache the fragment is nested within. -```erb -<% cache(cache_key_for_products) do %> - All available products: -<% end %> -``` - -If you want to cache a fragment under certain conditions, you can use `cache_if` or `cache_unless` +For example, take the following view: ```erb -<% cache_if (condition, cache_key_for_products) do %> - All available products: +<% cache product do %> + <%= render product.games %> <% end %> ``` -You can also use an Active Record model as the cache key: +Which in turn renders this view: ```erb -<% Product.all.each do |p| %> - <% cache(p) do %> - <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %> - <% end %> +<% cache game %> + <%= render game %> <% end %> ``` -Behind the scenes, a method called `cache_key` will be invoked on the model and it returns a string like `products/23-20130109142513`. The cache key includes the model name, the id and finally the updated_at timestamp. Thus it will automatically generate a new fragment when the product is updated because the key changes. +If any attribute of game is changed, the `updated_at` value will be set to the +current time, thereby expiring the cache. However, because `updated_at` +will not be changed for the product object, that cache will not be expired and +your app will serve stale data. To fix this, we tie the models together with +the `touch` method: -You can also combine the two schemes which is called "Russian Doll Caching": +```ruby +class Product < ActiveRecord::Base + has_many :games +end -```erb -<% cache(cache_key_for_products) do %> - All available products: - <% Product.all.each do |p| %> - <% cache(p) do %> - <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %> - <% end %> - <% end %> -<% end %> +class Game < ActiveRecord::Base + belongs_to :product, touch: true +end ``` -It's called "Russian Doll Caching" because it nests multiple fragments. The advantage is that if a single product is updated, all the other inner fragments can be reused when regenerating the outer fragment. +With `touch` set to true, any action which changes `updated_at` for a game +record will also change it for the associated product, thereby expiring the +cache. ### Low-Level Caching -Sometimes you need to cache a particular value or query result, instead of caching view fragments. Rails caching mechanism works great for storing __any__ kind of information. +Sometimes you need to cache a particular value or query result instead of caching view fragments. Rails' caching mechanism works great for storing __any__ kind of information. The most efficient way to implement low-level caching is using the `Rails.cache.fetch` method. This method does both reading and writing to the cache. When passed only a single argument, the key is fetched and value from the cache is returned. If a block is passed, the result of the block will be cached to the given key and the result is returned. @@ -160,11 +165,14 @@ class Product < ActiveRecord::Base end ``` -NOTE: Notice that in this example we used `cache_key` method, so the resulting cache-key will be something like `products/233-20140225082222765838000/competing_price`. `cache_key` generates a string based on the model’s `id` and `updated_at` attributes. This is a common convention and has the benefit of invalidating the cache whenever the product is updated. In general, when you use low-level caching for instance level information, you need to generate a cache key. +NOTE: Notice that in this example we used the `cache_key` method, so the resulting cache-key will be something like `products/233-20140225082222765838000/competing_price`. `cache_key` generates a string based on the model’s `id` and `updated_at` attributes. This is a common convention and has the benefit of invalidating the cache whenever the product is updated. In general, when you use low-level caching for instance level information, you need to generate a cache key. ### SQL Caching -Query caching is a Rails feature that caches the result set returned by each query so that if Rails encounters the same query again for that request, it will use the cached result set as opposed to running the query against the database again. +Query caching is a Rails feature that caches the result set returned by each +query. If Rails encounters the same query again for that request, it will use +the cached result set as opposed to running the query against the database +again. For example: @@ -186,7 +194,10 @@ end The second time the same query is run against the database, it's not actually going to hit the database. The first time the result is returned from the query it is stored in the query cache (in memory) and the second time it's pulled from memory. -However, it's important to note that query caches are created at the start of an action and destroyed at the end of that action and thus persist only for the duration of the action. If you'd like to store query results in a more persistent fashion, you can in Rails by using low level caching. +However, it's important to note that query caches are created at the start of +an action and destroyed at the end of that action and thus persist only for the +duration of the action. If you'd like to store query results in a more +persistent fashion, you can with low level caching. Cache Stores ------------ @@ -219,7 +230,7 @@ There are some common options used by all cache implementations. These can be pa * `:compress` - This option can be used to indicate that compression should be used in the cache. This can be useful for transferring large cache entries over a slow network. -* `:compress_threshold` - This options is used in conjunction with the `:compress` option to indicate a threshold under which cache entries should not be compressed. This defaults to 16 kilobytes. +* `:compress_threshold` - This option is used in conjunction with the `:compress` option to indicate a threshold under which cache entries should not be compressed. This defaults to 16 kilobytes. * `:expires_in` - This option sets an expiration time in seconds for the cache entry when it will be automatically removed from the cache. @@ -227,13 +238,21 @@ There are some common options used by all cache implementations. These can be pa ### ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore -This cache store keeps entries in memory in the same Ruby process. The cache store has a bounded size specified by the `:size` options to the initializer (default is 32Mb). When the cache exceeds the allotted size, a cleanup will occur and the least recently used entries will be removed. +This cache store keeps entries in memory in the same Ruby process. The cache +store has a bounded size specified by sending the `:size` option to the +initializer (default is 32Mb). When the cache exceeds the allotted size, a +cleanup will occur and the least recently used entries will be removed. ```ruby config.cache_store = :memory_store, { size: 64.megabytes } ``` -If you're running multiple Ruby on Rails server processes (which is the case if you're using mongrel_cluster or Phusion Passenger), then your Rails server process instances won't be able to share cache data with each other. This cache store is not appropriate for large application deployments, but can work well for small, low traffic sites with only a couple of server processes or for development and test environments. +If you're running multiple Ruby on Rails server processes (which is the case +if you're using mongrel_cluster or Phusion Passenger), then your Rails server +process instances won't be able to share cache data with each other. This cache +store is not appropriate for large application deployments. However, it can +work well for small, low traffic sites with only a couple of server processes, +as well as development and test environments. ### ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore @@ -243,9 +262,13 @@ This cache store uses the file system to store entries. The path to the director config.cache_store = :file_store, "/path/to/cache/directory" ``` -With this cache store, multiple server processes on the same host can share a cache. Servers processes running on different hosts could share a cache by using a shared file system, but that set up would not be ideal and is not recommended. The cache store is appropriate for low to medium traffic sites that are served off one or two hosts. +With this cache store, multiple server processes on the same host can share a +cache. The cache store is appropriate for low to medium traffic sites that are +served off one or two hosts. Server processes running on different hosts could +share a cache by using a shared file system, but that setup is not recommended. -Note that the cache will grow until the disk is full unless you periodically clear out old entries. +As the cache will grow until the disk is full, it is recommended to +periodically clear out old entries. This is the default cache store implementation. @@ -253,9 +276,12 @@ This is the default cache store implementation. This cache store uses Danga's `memcached` server to provide a centralized cache for your application. Rails uses the bundled `dalli` gem by default. This is currently the most popular cache store for production websites. It can be used to provide a single, shared cache cluster with very high performance and redundancy. -When initializing the cache, you need to specify the addresses for all memcached servers in your cluster. If none is specified, it will assume memcached is running on the local host on the default port, but this is not an ideal set up for larger sites. +When initializing the cache, you need to specify the addresses for all +memcached servers in your cluster. If none are specified, it will assume +memcached is running on localhost on the default port, but this is not an ideal +setup for larger sites. -The `write` and `fetch` methods on this cache accept two additional options that take advantage of features specific to memcached. You can specify `:raw` to send a value directly to the server with no serialization. The value must be a string or number. You can use memcached direct operation like `increment` and `decrement` only on raw values. You can also specify `:unless_exist` if you don't want memcached to overwrite an existing entry. +The `write` and `fetch` methods on this cache accept two additional options that take advantage of features specific to memcached. You can specify `:raw` to send a value directly to the server with no serialization. The value must be a string or number. You can use memcached direct operations like `increment` and `decrement` only on raw values. You can also specify `:unless_exist` if you don't want memcached to overwrite an existing entry. ```ruby config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store, "cache-1.example.com", "cache-2.example.com" @@ -293,7 +319,7 @@ For more information about Ehcache for JRuby and Rails, see [http://ehcache.org/ ### ActiveSupport::Cache::NullStore -This cache store implementation is meant to be used only in development or test environments and it never stores anything. This can be very useful in development when you have code that interacts directly with `Rails.cache`, but caching may interfere with being able to see the results of code changes. With this cache store, all `fetch` and `read` operations will result in a miss. +This cache store implementation is meant to be used only in development or test environments and it never stores anything. This can be very useful in development when you have code that interacts directly with `Rails.cache` but caching may interfere with being able to see the results of code changes. With this cache store, all `fetch` and `read` operations will result in a miss. ```ruby config.cache_store = :null_store @@ -303,7 +329,7 @@ config.cache_store = :null_store You can create your own custom cache store by simply extending `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store` and implementing the appropriate methods. In this way, you can swap in any number of caching technologies into your Rails application. -To use a custom cache store, simple set the cache store to a new instance of the class. +To use a custom cache store, simply set the cache store to a new instance of the class. ```ruby config.cache_store = MyCacheStore.new @@ -311,7 +337,7 @@ config.cache_store = MyCacheStore.new ### Cache Keys -The keys used in a cache can be any object that responds to either `:cache_key` or to `:to_param`. You can implement the `:cache_key` method on your classes if you need to generate custom keys. Active Record will generate keys based on the class name and record id. +The keys used in a cache can be any object that responds to either `:cache_key` or `:to_param`. You can implement the `:cache_key` method on your classes if you need to generate custom keys. Active Record will generate keys based on the class name and record id. You can use Hashes and Arrays of values as cache keys. @@ -353,7 +379,7 @@ class ProductsController < ApplicationController end ``` -Instead of an options hash, you can also simply pass in a model, Rails will use the `updated_at` and `cache_key` methods for setting `last_modified` and `etag`: +Instead of an options hash, you can also simply pass in a model. Rails will use the `updated_at` and `cache_key` methods for setting `last_modified` and `etag`: ```ruby class ProductsController < ApplicationController @@ -383,3 +409,9 @@ class ProductsController < ApplicationController end end ``` + +References +---------- + +* [DHH's article on key-based expiration](https://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) +* [Ryan Bates' Railscast on cache digests](http://railscasts.com/episodes/387-cache-digests) diff --git a/guides/source/command_line.md b/guides/source/command_line.md index d153e0bfa6..0f5a9e4e39 100644 --- a/guides/source/command_line.md +++ b/guides/source/command_line.md @@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ $ cd commandsapp $ bin/rails server => Booting WEBrick => Rails 5.0.0 application starting in development on http://localhost:3000 -=> Call with -d to detach +=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options => Ctrl-C to shutdown server [2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO WEBrick 1.3.1 -[2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO ruby 2.0.0 (2013-06-27) [x86_64-darwin11.2.0] +[2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO ruby 2.2.2 (2015-06-27) [x86_64-darwin11.2.0] [2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=69680 port=3000 ``` @@ -402,8 +402,8 @@ INFO: You can also use `rake -T` to get the list of tasks. $ bin/rake about About your application's environment Rails version 5.0.0 -Ruby version 2.2.0 (x86_64-linux) -RubyGems version 2.4.5 +Ruby version 2.2.2 (x86_64-linux) +RubyGems version 2.4.6 Rack version 1.6 JavaScript Runtime Node.js (V8) Middleware Rack::Sendfile, ActionDispatch::Static, Rack::Lock, #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x007ffd131a7c88>, Rack::Runtime, Rack::MethodOverride, ActionDispatch::RequestId, Rails::Rack::Logger, ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, ActionDispatch::Reloader, ActionDispatch::Callbacks, ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending, ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement, ActiveRecord::QueryCache, ActionDispatch::Cookies, ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore, ActionDispatch::Flash, ActionDispatch::ParamsParser, Rack::Head, Rack::ConditionalGet, Rack::ETag @@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ If you want to clear `public/assets` completely, you can use `rake assets:clobbe The most common tasks of the `db:` Rake namespace are `migrate` and `create`, and it will pay off to try out all of the migration rake tasks (`up`, `down`, `redo`, `reset`). `rake db:version` is useful when troubleshooting, telling you the current version of the database. -More information about migrations can be found in the [Migrations](migrations.html) guide. +More information about migrations can be found in the [Migrations](active_record_migrations.html) guide. ### `notes` @@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ app/models/article.rb: NOTE. When using specific annotations and custom annotations, the annotation name (FIXME, BUG etc) is not displayed in the output lines. -By default, `rake notes` will look in the `app`, `config`, `lib`, `bin` and `test` directories. If you would like to search other directories, you can provide them as a comma separated list in an environment variable `SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES`. +By default, `rake notes` will look in the `app`, `config`, `db`, `lib` and `test` directories. If you would like to search other directories, you can provide them as a comma separated list in an environment variable `SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES`. ```bash $ export SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='spec,vendor' diff --git a/guides/source/configuring.md b/guides/source/configuring.md index 67285030a9..bb6c395c96 100644 --- a/guides/source/configuring.md +++ b/guides/source/configuring.md @@ -88,8 +88,6 @@ application. Accepts a valid week day symbol (e.g. `:monday`). end ``` -* `config.dependency_loading` is a flag that allows you to disable constant autoloading setting it to false. It only has effect if `config.cache_classes` is true, which it is by default in production mode. - * `config.eager_load` when true, eager loads all registered `config.eager_load_namespaces`. This includes your application, engines, Rails frameworks and any other registered namespace. * `config.eager_load_namespaces` registers namespaces that are eager loaded when `config.eager_load` is true. All namespaces in the list must respond to the `eager_load!` method. @@ -114,7 +112,7 @@ numbers. New applications filter out passwords by adding the following `config.f defaults to `:debug` for all environments. The available log levels are: `:debug`, `:info`, `:warn`, `:error`, `:fatal`, and `:unknown`. -* `config.log_tags` accepts a list of methods that the `request` object responds to. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id - both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications. +* `config.log_tags` accepts a list of: methods that the `request` object responds to, a `Proc` that accepts the `request` object, or something that responds to `to_s`. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id - both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications. * `config.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`. @@ -163,8 +161,6 @@ pipeline is enabled. It is set to true by default. * `config.assets.cache_store` defines the cache store that Sprockets will use. The default is the Rails file store. -* `config.assets.version` is an option string that is used in MD5 hash generation. This can be changed to force all files to be recompiled. - * `config.assets.compile` is a boolean that can be used to turn on live Sprockets compilation in production. * `config.assets.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to the same configured at `config.logger`. Setting `config.assets.logger` to false will turn off served assets logging. @@ -187,13 +183,15 @@ The full set of methods that can be used in this block are as follows: * `helper` defines whether or not to generate helpers. Defaults to `true`. * `integration_tool` defines which integration tool to use. Defaults to `nil`. * `javascripts` turns on the hook for JavaScript files in generators. Used in Rails for when the `scaffold` generator is run. Defaults to `true`. -* `javascript_engine` configures the engine to be used (for eg. coffee) when generating assets. Defaults to `nil`. +* `javascript_engine` configures the engine to be used (for eg. coffee) when generating assets. Defaults to `:js`. * `orm` defines which orm to use. Defaults to `false` and will use Active Record by default. * `resource_controller` defines which generator to use for generating a controller when using `rails generate resource`. Defaults to `:controller`. +* `resource_route` defines whether a resource route definition should be generated + or not. Defaults to `true`. * `scaffold_controller` different from `resource_controller`, defines which generator to use for generating a _scaffolded_ controller when using `rails generate scaffold`. Defaults to `:scaffold_controller`. * `stylesheets` turns on the hook for stylesheets in generators. Used in Rails for when the `scaffold` generator is run, but this hook can be used in other generates as well. Defaults to `true`. * `stylesheet_engine` configures the stylesheet engine (for eg. sass) to be used when generating assets. Defaults to `:css`. -* `test_framework` defines which test framework to use. Defaults to `false` and will use Test::Unit by default. +* `test_framework` defines which test framework to use. Defaults to `false` and will use Minitest by default. * `template_engine` defines which template engine to use, such as ERB or Haml. Defaults to `:erb`. ### Configuring Middleware @@ -201,7 +199,7 @@ The full set of methods that can be used in this block are as follows: Every Rails application comes with a standard set of middleware which it uses in this order in the development environment: * `ActionDispatch::SSL` forces every request to be under HTTPS protocol. Will be available if `config.force_ssl` is set to `true`. Options passed to this can be configured by using `config.ssl_options`. -* `ActionDispatch::Static` is used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.serve_static_files` is `false`. +* `ActionDispatch::Static` is used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.serve_static_files` is `false`. Set `config.static_index` if you need to serve a static directory index file that is not named `index`. For example, to serve `main.html` instead of `index.html` for directory requests, set `config.static_index` to `"main"`. * `Rack::Lock` wraps the app in mutex so it can only be called by a single thread at a time. Only enabled when `config.cache_classes` is `false`. * `ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache` serves as a basic memory backed cache. This cache is not thread safe and is intended only for serving as a temporary memory cache for a single thread. * `Rack::Runtime` sets an `X-Runtime` header, containing the time (in seconds) taken to execute the request. @@ -309,6 +307,11 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library. * `config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default` is a boolean value and controls whether `belongs_to` association is required by default. +* `config.active_record.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than` allows setting a + warning threshold for query result size. If the number of records returned + by a query exceeds the threshold, a warning is logged. This can be used to + identify queries which might be causing memory bloat. + The MySQL adapter adds one additional configuration option: * `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans` controls whether Active Record will consider all `tinyint(1)` columns in a MySQL database to be booleans and is true by default. @@ -419,13 +422,23 @@ encrypted cookies salt value. Defaults to `'signed encrypted cookie'`. end ``` -* `config.action_view.default_form_builder` tells Rails which form builder to use by default. The default is `ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder`. If you want your form builder class to be loaded after initialization (so it's reloaded on each request in development), you can pass it as a `String` +* `config.action_view.default_form_builder` tells Rails which form builder to + use by default. The default is `ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder`. If you + want your form builder class to be loaded after initialization (so it's + reloaded on each request in development), you can pass it as a `String`. * `config.action_view.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Action View. Set to `nil` to disable logging. * `config.action_view.erb_trim_mode` gives the trim mode to be used by ERB. It defaults to `'-'`, which turns on trimming of tail spaces and newline when using `<%= -%>` or `<%= =%>`. See the [Erubis documentation](http://www.kuwata-lab.com/erubis/users-guide.06.html#topics-trimspaces) for more information. -* `config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms` allows you to set the default behavior for `authenticity_token` in forms with `:remote => true`. By default it's set to false, which means that remote forms will not include `authenticity_token`, which is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms get the authenticity from the `meta` tag, so embedding is unnecessary unless you support browsers without JavaScript. In such case you can either pass `:authenticity_token => true` as a form option or set this config setting to `true` +* `config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms` allows you to + set the default behavior for `authenticity_token` in forms with `remote: + true`. By default it's set to false, which means that remote forms will not + include `authenticity_token`, which is helpful when you're fragment-caching + the form. Remote forms get the authenticity from the `meta` tag, so embedding + is unnecessary unless you support browsers without JavaScript. In such case + you can either pass `authenticity_token: true` as a form option or set this + config setting to `true`. * `config.action_view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace` determines whether or not partials are looked up from a subdirectory in templates rendered from namespaced controllers. For example, consider a controller named `Admin::ArticlesController` which renders this template: @@ -435,7 +448,8 @@ encrypted cookies salt value. Defaults to `'signed encrypted cookie'`. The default setting is `true`, which uses the partial at `/admin/articles/_article.erb`. Setting the value to `false` would render `/articles/_article.erb`, which is the same behavior as rendering from a non-namespaced controller such as `ArticlesController`. -* `config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations` determines whether an error should be raised for missing translations +* `config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations` determines whether an + error should be raised for missing translations. ### Configuring Action Mailer @@ -502,15 +516,18 @@ There are a number of settings available on `config.action_mailer`: config.action_mailer.show_previews = false ``` +* `config.action_mailer.deliver_later_queue_name` specifies the queue name for + mailers. By default this is `mailers`. + ### Configuring Active Support There are a few configuration options available in Active Support: * `config.active_support.bare` enables or disables the loading of `active_support/all` when booting Rails. Defaults to `nil`, which means `active_support/all` is loaded. -* `config.active_support.test_order` sets the order that test cases are executed. Possible values are `:sorted` and `:random`. Currently defaults to `:sorted`. In Rails 5.0, the default will be changed to `:random` instead. +* `config.active_support.test_order` sets the order that test cases are executed. Possible values are `:random` and `:sorted`. This option is set to `:random` in `config/environments/test.rb` in newly-generated applications. If you have an application that does not specify a `test_order`, it will default to `:sorted`, *until* Rails 5.0, when the default will become `:random`. -* `config.active_support.escape_html_entities_in_json` enables or disables the escaping of HTML entities in JSON serialization. Defaults to `false`. +* `config.active_support.escape_html_entities_in_json` enables or disables the escaping of HTML entities in JSON serialization. Defaults to `true`. * `config.active_support.use_standard_json_time_format` enables or disables serializing dates to ISO 8601 format. Defaults to `true`. @@ -528,6 +545,58 @@ There are a few configuration options available in Active Support: * `ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silenced` sets whether or not to display deprecation warnings. +### Configuring Active Job + +`config.active_job` provides the following configuration options: + +* `config.active_job.queue_adapter` sets the adapter for the queueing backend. The default adapter is `:inline` which will perform jobs immediately. For an up-to-date list of built-in adapters see the [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html). + + ```ruby + # Be sure to have the adapter's gem in your Gemfile + # and follow the adapter's specific installation + # and deployment instructions. + config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sidekiq + ``` + +* `config.active_job.default_queue_name` can be used to change the default queue name. By default this is `"default"`. + + ```ruby + config.active_job.default_queue_name = :medium_priority + ``` + +* `config.active_job.queue_name_prefix` allows you to set an optional, non-blank, queue name prefix for all jobs. By default it is blank and not used. + + The following configuration would queue the given job on the `production_high_priority` queue when run in production: + + ```ruby + config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env + ``` + + ```ruby + class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base + queue_as :high_priority + #.... + end + ``` + +* `config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter` has a default value of `'_'`. If `queue_name_prefix` is set, then `queue_name_delimiter` joins the prefix and the non-prefixed queue name. + + The following configuration would queue the provided job on the `video_server.low_priority` queue: + + ```ruby + # prefix must be set for delimiter to be used + config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = 'video_server' + config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter = '.' + ``` + + ```ruby + class EncoderJob < ActiveJob::Base + queue_as :low_priority + #.... + end + ``` + +* `config.active_job.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Active Job. You can retrieve this logger by calling `logger` on either an Active Job class or an Active Job instance. Set to `nil` to disable logging. ### Configuring a Database @@ -826,15 +895,6 @@ server { Be sure to read the [NGINX documentation](http://nginx.org/en/docs/) for the most up-to-date information. -#### Considerations when deploying to a subdirectory - -Deploying to a subdirectory in production has implications on various parts of -Rails. - -* development environment: -* testing environment: -* serving static assets: -* asset pipeline: Rails Environment Settings -------------------------- @@ -964,6 +1024,11 @@ Below is a comprehensive list of all the initializers found in Rails in the orde * `active_record.set_dispatch_hooks` Resets all reloadable connections to the database if `config.cache_classes` is set to `false`. +* `active_job.logger` Sets `ActiveJob::Base.logger` - if it's not already set - + to `Rails.logger`. + +* `active_job.set_configs` Sets up Active Job by using the settings in `config.active_job` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActiveJob::Base` and passing the values through. + * `action_mailer.logger` Sets `ActionMailer::Base.logger` - if it's not already set - to `Rails.logger`. * `action_mailer.set_configs` Sets up Action Mailer by using the settings in `config.action_mailer` by `send`'ing the method names as setters to `ActionMailer::Base` and passing the values through. @@ -1062,7 +1127,7 @@ Search Engines Indexing Sometimes, you may want to prevent some pages of your application to be visible on search sites like Google, Bing, Yahoo or Duck Duck Go. The robots that index -these sites will first analyse the `http://your-site.com/robots.txt` file to +these sites will first analyze the `http://your-site.com/robots.txt` file to know which pages it is allowed to index. Rails creates this file for you inside the `/public` folder. By default, it allows diff --git a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md index 018100c316..3279c99c42 100644 --- a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md @@ -32,15 +32,19 @@ Your issue report should contain a title and a clear description of the issue at Then, don't get your hopes up! Unless you have a "Code Red, Mission Critical, the World is Coming to an End" kind of bug, you're creating this issue report in the hope that others with the same problem will be able to collaborate with you on solving it. Do not expect that the issue report will automatically see any activity or that others will jump to fix it. Creating an issue like this is mostly to help yourself start on the path of fixing the problem and for others to confirm it with an "I'm having this problem too" comment. -### Create a Self-Contained gist for Active Record and Action Controller Issues +### Create an Executable Test Case -If you are filing a bug report, please use -[Active Record template for gems](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb) or -[Action Controller template for gems](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb) -if the bug is found in a published gem, and -[Active Record template for master](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb) or -[Action Controller template for master](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb) -if the bug happens in the master branch. +Having a way to reproduce your issue will be very helpful for others to help confirm, investigate and ultimately fix your issue. You can do this by providing an executable test case. To make this process easier, we have prepared several bug report templates for you to use as a starting point: + +* Template for Active Record (models, database) issues: [gem](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb) / [master](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb) +* Template for Action Pack (controllers, routing) issues: [gem](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb) / [master](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb) +* Generic template for other issues: [gem](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_gem.rb) / [master](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb) + +These templates include the boilerplate code to set up a test case against either a released version of Rails (`*_gem.rb`) or edge Rails (`*_master.rb`). + +Simply copy the content of the appropriate template into a `.rb` file and make the necessary changes to demonstrate the issue. You can execute it by running `ruby the_file.rb` in your terminal. If all goes well, you should see your test case failing. + +You can then share your executable test case as a [gist](https://gist.github.com), or simply paste the content into the issue description. ### Special Treatment for Security Issues @@ -62,7 +66,7 @@ the core team will have to make a judgement call. That said, the distinction generally just affects which release your patch will get in to; we love feature submissions! They just won't get backported to maintenance branches. -If you'd like feedback on an idea for a feature before doing the work for make +If you'd like feedback on an idea for a feature before doing the work to make a patch, please send an email to the [rails-core mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core). You might get no response, which means that everyone is indifferent. You might find @@ -75,17 +79,17 @@ discussions new features require. Helping to Resolve Existing Issues ---------------------------------- -As a next step beyond reporting issues, you can help the core team resolve existing issues. If you check the [Everyone's Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) list in GitHub Issues, you'll find lots of issues already requiring attention. What can you do for these? Quite a bit, actually: +As a next step beyond reporting issues, you can help the core team resolve existing issues. If you check the [issues list](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) in GitHub Issues, you'll find lots of issues already requiring attention. What can you do for these? Quite a bit, actually: ### Verifying Bug Reports For starters, it helps just to verify bug reports. Can you reproduce the reported issue on your own computer? If so, you can add a comment to the issue saying that you're seeing the same thing. -If something is very vague, can you help squash it down into something specific? Maybe you can provide additional information to help reproduce a bug, or help by eliminating needless steps that aren't required to demonstrate the problem. +If an issue is very vague, can you help narrow it down to something more specific? Maybe you can provide additional information to help reproduce a bug, or help by eliminating needless steps that aren't required to demonstrate the problem. If you find a bug report without a test, it's very useful to contribute a failing test. This is also a great way to get started exploring the source code: looking at the existing test files will teach you how to write more tests. New tests are best contributed in the form of a patch, as explained later on in the "Contributing to the Rails Code" section. -Anything you can do to make bug reports more succinct or easier to reproduce is a help to folks trying to write code to fix those bugs - whether you end up writing the code yourself or not. +Anything you can do to make bug reports more succinct or easier to reproduce helps folks trying to write code to fix those bugs - whether you end up writing the code yourself or not. ### Testing Patches @@ -113,7 +117,7 @@ Once you're happy that the pull request contains a good change, comment on the G >I like the way you've restructured that code in generate_finder_sql - much nicer. The tests look good too. -If your comment simply says "+1", then odds are that other reviewers aren't going to take it too seriously. Show that you took the time to review the pull request. +If your comment simply reads "+1", then odds are that other reviewers aren't going to take it too seriously. Show that you took the time to review the pull request. Contributing to the Rails Documentation --------------------------------------- @@ -355,9 +359,9 @@ $ RUBYOPT=-W0 bundle exec rake test The CHANGELOG is an important part of every release. It keeps the list of changes for every Rails version. -You should add an entry to the CHANGELOG of the framework that you modified if you're adding or removing a feature, committing a bug fix or adding deprecation notices. Refactorings and documentation changes generally should not go to the CHANGELOG. +You should add an entry **to the top** of the CHANGELOG of the framework that you modified if you're adding or removing a feature, committing a bug fix or adding deprecation notices. Refactorings and documentation changes generally should not go to the CHANGELOG. -A CHANGELOG entry should summarize what was changed and should end with author's name and it should go on top of a CHANGELOG. You can use multiple lines if you need more space and you can attach code examples indented with 4 spaces. If a change is related to a specific issue, you should attach the issue's number. Here is an example CHANGELOG entry: +A CHANGELOG entry should summarize what was changed and should end with the author's name. You can use multiple lines if you need more space and you can attach code examples indented with 4 spaces. If a change is related to a specific issue, you should attach the issue's number. Here is an example CHANGELOG entry: ``` * Summary of a change that briefly describes what was changed. You can use multiple @@ -374,7 +378,8 @@ A CHANGELOG entry should summarize what was changed and should end with author's *Your Name* ``` -Your name can be added directly after the last word if you don't provide any code examples or don't need multiple paragraphs. Otherwise, it's best to make as a new paragraph. +Your name can be added directly after the last word if there are no code +examples or multiple paragraphs. Otherwise, it's best to make a new paragraph. ### Updating the Gemfile.lock @@ -398,21 +403,27 @@ When you're happy with the code on your computer, you need to commit the changes $ git commit -a ``` -At this point, your editor should be fired up and you can write a message for this commit. Well formatted and descriptive commit messages are extremely helpful for the others, especially when figuring out why given change was made, so please take the time to write it. +This should fire up your editor to write a commit message. When you have +finished, save and close to continue. + +A well-formatted and descriptive commit message is very helpful to others for +understanding why the change was made, so please take the time to write it. -Good commit message should be formatted according to the following example: +A good commit message looks like this: ``` Short summary (ideally 50 characters or less) -More detailed description, if necessary. It should be wrapped to 72 -characters. Try to be as descriptive as you can, even if you think that -the commit content is obvious, it may not be obvious to others. You -should add such description also if it's already present in bug tracker, -it should not be necessary to visit a webpage to check the history. +More detailed description, if necessary. It should be wrapped to +72 characters. Try to be as descriptive as you can. Even if you +think that the commit content is obvious, it may not be obvious +to others. Add any description that is already present in the +relevant issues; it should not be necessary to visit a webpage +to check the history. + +The description section can have multiple paragraphs. -Description can have multiple paragraphs and you can use code examples -inside, just indent it with 4 spaces: +Code examples can be embedded by indenting them with 4 spaces: class ArticlesController def index @@ -422,13 +433,15 @@ inside, just indent it with 4 spaces: You can also add bullet points: -- you can use dashes or asterisks +- make a bullet point by starting a line with either a dash (-) + or an asterisk (*) -- also, try to indent next line of a point for readability, if it's too - long to fit in 72 characters +- wrap lines at 72 characters, and indent any additional lines + with 2 spaces for readability ``` -TIP. Please squash your commits into a single commit when appropriate. This simplifies future cherry picks, and also keeps the git log clean. +TIP. Please squash your commits into a single commit when appropriate. This +simplifies future cherry picks and keeps the git log clean. ### Update Your Branch @@ -519,7 +532,7 @@ pull request". The Rails core team will be notified about your submission. Most pull requests will go through a few iterations before they get merged. Different contributors will sometimes have different opinions, and often -patches will need revised before they can get merged. +patches will need to be revised before they can get merged. Some contributors to Rails have email notifications from GitHub turned on, but others do not. Furthermore, (almost) everyone who works on Rails is a @@ -566,8 +579,7 @@ following: ```bash $ git fetch upstream $ git checkout my_pull_request -$ git rebase upstream/master -$ git rebase -i +$ git rebase -i upstream/master < Choose 'squash' for all of your commits except the first one. > < Edit the commit message to make sense, and describe all your changes. > diff --git a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md index a9715fb837..dc1df8f229 100644 --- a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md +++ b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: View Helpers for Debugging -------------------------- -One common task is to inspect the contents of a variable. In Rails, you can do this with three methods: +One common task is to inspect the contents of a variable. Rails provides three different ways to do this: * `debug` * `to_yaml` @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Title: Rails debugging guide ### `to_yaml` -Displaying an instance variable, or any other object or method, in YAML format can be achieved this way: +Alternatively, calling `to_yaml` on any object converts it to YAML. You can pass this converted object into the `simple_format` helper method to format the output. This is how `debug` does its magic. ```html+erb <%= simple_format @article.to_yaml %> @@ -64,9 +64,7 @@ Displaying an instance variable, or any other object or method, in YAML format c </p> ``` -The `to_yaml` method converts the method to YAML format leaving it more readable, and then the `simple_format` helper is used to render each line as in the console. This is how `debug` method does its magic. - -As a result of this, you will have something like this in your view: +The above code will render something like this: ```yaml --- !ruby/object Article @@ -94,7 +92,7 @@ Another useful method for displaying object values is `inspect`, especially when </p> ``` -Will be rendered as follows: +Will render: ``` [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] @@ -109,9 +107,9 @@ It can also be useful to save information to log files at runtime. Rails maintai ### What is the Logger? -Rails makes use of the `ActiveSupport::Logger` class to write log information. You can also substitute another logger such as `Log4r` if you wish. +Rails makes use of the `ActiveSupport::Logger` class to write log information. Other loggers, such as `Log4r`, may also be substituted. -You can specify an alternative logger in your `environment.rb` or any environment file: +You can specify an alternative logger in `environment.rb` or any other environment file, for example: ```ruby Rails.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT) @@ -129,16 +127,21 @@ TIP: By default, each log is created under `Rails.root/log/` and the log file is ### Log Levels -When something is logged it's printed into the corresponding log if the log level of the message is equal or higher than the configured log level. If you want to know the current log level you can call the `Rails.logger.level` method. +When something is logged, it's printed into the corresponding log if the log +level of the message is equal to or higher than the configured log level. If you +want to know the current log level, you can call the `Rails.logger.level` +method. -The available log levels are: `:debug`, `:info`, `:warn`, `:error`, `:fatal`, and `:unknown`, corresponding to the log level numbers from 0 up to 5 respectively. To change the default log level, use +The available log levels are: `:debug`, `:info`, `:warn`, `:error`, `:fatal`, +and `:unknown`, corresponding to the log level numbers from 0 up to 5, +respectively. To change the default log level, use ```ruby config.log_level = :warn # In any environment initializer, or Rails.logger.level = 0 # at any time ``` -This is useful when you want to log under development or staging, but you don't want to flood your production log with unnecessary information. +This is useful when you want to log under development or staging without flooding your production log with unnecessary information. TIP: The default Rails log level is `debug` in all environments. @@ -202,7 +205,7 @@ Adding extra logging like this makes it easy to search for unexpected or unusual When running multi-user, multi-account applications, it's often useful to be able to filter the logs using some custom rules. `TaggedLogging` -in Active Support helps in doing exactly that by stamping log lines with subdomains, request ids, and anything else to aid debugging such applications. +in Active Support helps you do exactly that by stamping log lines with subdomains, request ids, and anything else to aid debugging such applications. ```ruby logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(Logger.new(STDOUT)) @@ -212,34 +215,33 @@ logger.tagged("BCX") { logger.tagged("Jason") { logger.info "Stuff" } } # Logs " ``` ### Impact of Logs on Performance -Logging will always have a small impact on performance of your rails app, - particularly when logging to disk. However, there are a few subtleties: +Logging will always have a small impact on the performance of your Rails app, + particularly when logging to disk. Additionally, there are a few subtleties: Using the `:debug` level will have a greater performance penalty than `:fatal`, as a far greater number of strings are being evaluated and written to the log output (e.g. disk). -Another potential pitfall is that if you have many calls to `Logger` like this - in your code: +Another potential pitfall is too many calls to `Logger` in your code: ```ruby logger.debug "Person attributes hash: #{@person.attributes.inspect}" ``` -In the above example, There will be a performance impact even if the allowed +In the above example, there will be a performance impact even if the allowed output level doesn't include debug. The reason is that Ruby has to evaluate these strings, which includes instantiating the somewhat heavy `String` object -and interpolating the variables, and which takes time. +and interpolating the variables. Therefore, it's recommended to pass blocks to the logger methods, as these are -only evaluated if the output level is the same or included in the allowed level +only evaluated if the output level is the same as — or included in — the allowed level (i.e. lazy loading). The same code rewritten would be: ```ruby logger.debug {"Person attributes hash: #{@person.attributes.inspect}"} ``` -The contents of the block, and therefore the string interpolation, is only -evaluated if debug is enabled. This performance savings is only really +The contents of the block, and therefore the string interpolation, are only +evaluated if debug is enabled. This performance savings are only really noticeable with large amounts of logging, but it's a good practice to employ. Debugging with the `byebug` gem @@ -253,8 +255,7 @@ is your best companion. The debugger can also help you if you want to learn about the Rails source code but don't know where to start. Just debug any request to your application and -use this guide to learn how to move from the code you have written deeper into -Rails code. +use this guide to learn how to move from the code you have written into the underlying Rails code. ### Setup @@ -285,7 +286,7 @@ As soon as your application calls the `byebug` method, the debugger will be started in a debugger shell inside the terminal window where you launched your application server, and you will be placed at the debugger's prompt `(byebug)`. Before the prompt, the code around the line that is about to be run will be -displayed and the current line will be marked by '=>'. Like this: +displayed and the current line will be marked by '=>', like this: ``` [1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb @@ -316,7 +317,7 @@ For example: => Notice: server is listening on all interfaces (0.0.0.0). Consider using 127.0.0.1 (--binding option) => Ctrl-C to shutdown server [2014-04-11 13:11:47] INFO WEBrick 1.3.1 -[2014-04-11 13:11:47] INFO ruby 2.1.1 (2014-02-24) [i686-linux] +[2014-04-11 13:11:47] INFO ruby 2.2.2 (2015-04-13) [i686-linux] [2014-04-11 13:11:47] INFO WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=6370 port=3000 @@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ Processing by ArticlesController#index as HTML (byebug) ``` -Now it's time to explore and dig into your application. A good place to start is +Now it's time to explore your application. A good place to start is by asking the debugger for help. Type: `help` ``` @@ -360,9 +361,9 @@ continue edit frame kill pp reload skip undisplay TIP: To view the help menu for any command use `help <command-name>` at the debugger prompt. For example: _`help list`_. You can abbreviate any debugging command by supplying just enough letters to distinguish them from other -commands, so you can also use `l` for the `list` command, for example. +commands. For example, you can use `l` for the `list` command. -To see the previous ten lines you should type `list-` (or `l-`) +To see the previous ten lines you should type `list-` (or `l-`). ``` (byebug) l- @@ -381,7 +382,7 @@ To see the previous ten lines you should type `list-` (or `l-`) ``` -This way you can move inside the file, being able to see the code above and over +This way you can move inside the file and see the code above the line where you added the `byebug` call. Finally, to see where you are in the code again you can type `list=` @@ -411,8 +412,7 @@ contexts as you go through the different parts of the stack. The debugger creates a context when a stopping point or an event is reached. The context has information about the suspended program which enables the debugger to inspect the frame stack, evaluate variables from the perspective of the -debugged program, and contains information about the place where the debugged -program is stopped. +debugged program, and know the place where the debugged program is stopped. At any time you can call the `backtrace` command (or its alias `where`) to print the backtrace of the application. This can be very helpful to know how you got @@ -476,9 +476,8 @@ character and the number indicates the current thread of execution. * `thread resume _n_` resumes thread _n_. * `thread switch _n_` switches the current thread context to _n_. -This command is very helpful, among other occasions, when you are debugging -concurrent threads and need to verify that there are no race conditions in your -code. +This command is very helpful when you are debugging concurrent threads and need +to verify that there are no race conditions in your code. ### Inspecting Variables @@ -532,19 +531,22 @@ command later in this guide). And then ask again for the instance_variables: ``` -(byebug) instance_variables.include? "@articles" -true +(byebug) instance_variables +[:@_action_has_layout, :@_routes, :@_headers, :@_status, :@_request, + :@_response, :@_env, :@_prefixes, :@_lookup_context, :@_action_name, + :@_response_body, :@marked_for_same_origin_verification, :@_config, + :@articles] ``` Now `@articles` is included in the instance variables, because the line defining it was executed. TIP: You can also step into **irb** mode with the command `irb` (of course!). -This way an irb session will be started within the context you invoked it. But +This will start an irb session within the context you invoked it. But be warned: this is an experimental feature. The `var` method is the most convenient way to show variables and their values. -Let's let `byebug` help us with it. +Let's have `byebug` help us with it. ``` (byebug) help var @@ -556,7 +558,7 @@ v[ar] l[ocal] show local variables ``` This is a great way to inspect the values of the current context variables. For -example, to check that we have no local variables currently defined. +example, to check that we have no local variables currently defined: ``` (byebug) var local @@ -587,14 +589,14 @@ tracking the values of a variable while the execution goes on. 1: @articles = nil ``` -The variables inside the displaying list will be printed with their values after +The variables inside the displayed list will be printed with their values after you move in the stack. To stop displaying a variable use `undisplay _n_` where _n_ is the variable number (1 in the last example). ### Step by Step Now you should know where you are in the running trace and be able to print the -available variables. But lets continue and move on with the application +available variables. But let's continue and move on with the application execution. Use `step` (abbreviated `s`) to continue running your program until the next @@ -651,8 +653,8 @@ Next went up a frame because previous frame finished (byebug) ``` -If we use `step` in the same situation, we will literally go the next ruby -instruction to be executed. In this case, the activesupport's `week` method. +If we use `step` in the same situation, we will literally go to the next Ruby +instruction to be executed. In this case, Active Support's `week` method. ``` (byebug) step @@ -672,8 +674,7 @@ instruction to be executed. In this case, the activesupport's `week` method. (byebug) ``` -This is one of the best ways to find bugs in your code, or perhaps in Ruby on -Rails. +This is one of the best ways to find bugs in your code. ### Breakpoints @@ -780,7 +781,7 @@ will be stopped and you will have to start it again. ### Settings -`byebug` has a few available options to tweak its behaviour: +`byebug` has a few available options to tweak its behavior: * `set autoreload`: Reload source code when changed (defaults: true). * `set autolist`: Execute `list` command on every breakpoint (defaults: true). @@ -809,7 +810,7 @@ controller. The console would be rendered next to your HTML content. ### Console -Inside any controller action or view, you can then invoke the console by +Inside any controller action or view, you can invoke the console by calling the `console` method. For example, in a controller: @@ -835,7 +836,7 @@ This will render a console inside your view. You don't need to care about the location of the `console` call; it won't be rendered on the spot of its invocation but next to your HTML content. -The console executes pure Ruby code. You can define and instantiate +The console executes pure Ruby code: You can define and instantiate custom classes, create new models and inspect variables. NOTE: Only one console can be rendered per request. Otherwise `web-console` @@ -860,7 +861,7 @@ to use it in production. Debugging Memory Leaks ---------------------- -A Ruby application (on Rails or not), can leak memory - either in the Ruby code +A Ruby application (on Rails or not), can leak memory — either in the Ruby code or at the C code level. In this section, you will learn how to find and fix such leaks by using tool @@ -891,7 +892,7 @@ footnotes that give request information and link back to your source via TextMate. * [Query Trace](https://github.com/ruckus/active-record-query-trace/tree/master) Adds query origin tracing to your logs. -* [Query Reviewer](https://github.com/nesquena/query_reviewer) This rails plugin +* [Query Reviewer](https://github.com/nesquena/query_reviewer) This Rails plugin not only runs "EXPLAIN" before each of your select queries in development, but provides a small DIV in the rendered output of each page with the summary of warnings for each query that it analyzed. @@ -903,7 +904,7 @@ standard Rails error page with a new one containing more contextual information, like source code and variable inspection. * [RailsPanel](https://github.com/dejan/rails_panel) Chrome extension for Rails development that will end your tailing of development.log. Have all information -about your Rails app requests in the browser - in the Developer Tools panel. +about your Rails app requests in the browser — in the Developer Tools panel. Provides insight to db/rendering/total times, parameter list, rendered views and more. diff --git a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md index 989b29956c..3c670a1221 100644 --- a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md +++ b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: * How to set up your machine for Rails development * How to run specific groups of unit tests from the Rails test suite -* How the ActiveRecord portion of the Rails test suite operates +* How the Active Record portion of the Rails test suite operates -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ The easiest and recommended way to get a development environment ready to hack i The Hard Way ------------ -In case you can't use the Rails development box, see section above, these are the steps to manually build a development box for Ruby on Rails core development. +In case you can't use the Rails development box, see section below, these are the steps to manually build a development box for Ruby on Rails core development. ### Install Git Ruby on Rails uses Git for source code control. The [Git homepage](http://git-scm.com/) has installation instructions. There are a variety of resources on the net that will help you get familiar with Git: * [Try Git course](http://try.github.io/) is an interactive course that will teach you the basics. -* The [official Documentation](http://git-scm.com/documentation) is pretty comprehensive and also contains some videos with the basics of Git +* The [official Documentation](http://git-scm.com/documentation) is pretty comprehensive and also contains some videos with the basics of Git. * [Everyday Git](http://schacon.github.io/git/everyday.html) will teach you just enough about Git to get by. * The [PeepCode screencast](https://peepcode.com/products/git) on Git is easier to follow. * [GitHub](http://help.github.com) offers links to a variety of Git resources. @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ In Ubuntu you're done with just: $ sudo apt-get install sqlite3 libsqlite3-dev ``` -And if you are on Fedora or CentOS, you're done with +If you are on Fedora or CentOS, you're done with ```bash $ sudo yum install sqlite3 sqlite3-devel @@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ FreeBSD users will have to run the following: ```bash # pkg install mysql56-client mysql56-server -# pkg install postgresql93-client postgresql93-server +# pkg install postgresql94-client postgresql94-server ``` Or install them through ports (they are located under the `databases` folder). diff --git a/guides/source/documents.yaml b/guides/source/documents.yaml index 7ae3640937..9145aee009 100644 --- a/guides/source/documents.yaml +++ b/guides/source/documents.yaml @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ - name: Active Record Basics url: active_record_basics.html - description: This guide will get you started with models, persistence to database and the Active Record pattern and library. + description: This guide will get you started with models, persistence to database, and the Active Record pattern and library. - name: Active Record Migrations url: active_record_migrations.html @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - name: Active Record Validations url: active_record_validations.html - description: This guide covers how you can use Active Record validations + description: This guide covers how you can use Active Record validations. - name: Active Record Callbacks url: active_record_callbacks.html @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ - name: Rails Internationalization API url: i18n.html - description: This guide covers how to add internationalization to your applications. Your application will be able to translate content to different languages, change pluralization rules, use correct date formats for each country and so on. + description: This guide covers how to add internationalization to your applications. Your application will be able to translate content to different languages, change pluralization rules, use correct date formats for each country, and so on. - name: Action Mailer Basics url: action_mailer_basics.html @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ - name: Active Job Basics url: active_job_basics.html - description: This guide provides you with all you need to get started in creating, enqueueing and executing background jobs. + description: This guide provides you with all you need to get started creating, enqueuing, and executing background jobs. - name: Testing Rails Applications work_in_progress: true @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ name: The Rails Initialization Process work_in_progress: true url: initialization.html - description: This guide explains the internals of the Rails initialization process as of Rails 4 + description: This guide explains the internals of the Rails initialization process as of Rails 4. - name: Autoloading and Reloading Constants url: autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html diff --git a/guides/source/engines.md b/guides/source/engines.md index 84017d5e13..3b1588b75a 100644 --- a/guides/source/engines.md +++ b/guides/source/engines.md @@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ called `Blorgh::ArticlesController` (at `app/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller.rb`) and its related views at `app/views/blorgh/articles`. This generator also generates a test for the controller (`test/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller_test.rb`) and a helper -(`app/helpers/blorgh/articles_controller.rb`). +(`app/helpers/blorgh/articles_helper.rb`). Everything this generator has created is neatly namespaced. The controller's class is defined within the `Blorgh` module: @@ -402,15 +402,6 @@ Finally, the assets for this resource are generated in two files: `app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/articles.css`. You'll see how to use these a little later. -By default, the scaffold styling is not applied to the engine because the -engine's layout file, `app/views/layouts/blorgh/application.html.erb`, doesn't -load it. To make the scaffold styling apply, insert this line into the `<head>` -tag of this layout: - -```erb -<%= stylesheet_link_tag "scaffold" %> -``` - You can see what the engine has so far by running `rake db:migrate` at the root of our engine to run the migration generated by the scaffold generator, and then running `rails server` in `test/dummy`. When you open @@ -591,7 +582,7 @@ the comments, however, is not quite right yet. If you were to create a comment right now, you would see this error: ``` -Missing partial blorgh/comments/comment with {:handlers=>[:erb, :builder], +Missing partial blorgh/comments/_comment with {:handlers=>[:erb, :builder], :formats=>[:html], :locale=>[:en, :en]}. Searched in: * "/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/test/dummy/app/views" * "/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/app/views" @@ -600,7 +591,7 @@ Missing partial blorgh/comments/comment with {:handlers=>[:erb, :builder], The engine is unable to find the partial required for rendering the comments. Rails looks first in the application's (`test/dummy`) `app/views` directory and then in the engine's `app/views` directory. When it can't find it, it will throw -this error. The engine knows to look for `blorgh/comments/comment` because the +this error. The engine knows to look for `blorgh/comments/_comment` because the model object it is receiving is from the `Blorgh::Comment` class. This partial will be responsible for rendering just the comment text, for now. @@ -698,8 +689,8 @@ haven't been copied over already. The first run for this command will output something such as this: ```bash -Copied migration [timestamp_1]_create_blorgh_articles.rb from blorgh -Copied migration [timestamp_2]_create_blorgh_comments.rb from blorgh +Copied migration [timestamp_1]_create_blorgh_articles.blorgh.rb from blorgh +Copied migration [timestamp_2]_create_blorgh_comments.blorgh.rb from blorgh ``` The first timestamp (`[timestamp_1]`) will be the current time, and the second @@ -831,11 +822,9 @@ Notice that only _one_ migration was copied over here. This is because the first two migrations were copied over the first time this command was run. ``` -NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_articles.rb from blorgh has been -skipped. Migration with the same name already exists. NOTE Migration -[timestamp]_create_blorgh_comments.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration -with the same name already exists. Copied migration -[timestamp]_add_author_id_to_blorgh_articles.rb from blorgh +NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_articles.blorgh.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration with the same name already exists. +NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_comments.blorgh.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration with the same name already exists. +Copied migration [timestamp]_add_author_id_to_blorgh_articles.blorgh.rb from blorgh ``` Run the migration using: @@ -1201,7 +1190,7 @@ end ``` ```ruby -# Blorgh/lib/concerns/models/article +# Blorgh/lib/concerns/models/article.rb module Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Article extend ActiveSupport::Concern diff --git a/guides/source/form_helpers.md b/guides/source/form_helpers.md index c21a2ba613..8f7d97844e 100644 --- a/guides/source/form_helpers.md +++ b/guides/source/form_helpers.md @@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ Upon form submission the value entered by the user will be stored in `params[:pe WARNING: You must pass the name of an instance variable, i.e. `:person` or `"person"`, not an actual instance of your model object. -Rails provides helpers for displaying the validation errors associated with a model object. These are covered in detail by the [Active Record Validations](./active_record_validations.html#displaying-validation-errors-in-views) guide. +Rails provides helpers for displaying the validation errors associated with a model object. These are covered in detail by the [Active Record Validations](active_record_validations.html#displaying-validation-errors-in-views) guide. ### Binding a Form to an Object @@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ The resulting HTML is: </form> ``` -The name passed to `form_for` controls the key used in `params` to access the form's values. Here the name is `article` and so all the inputs have names of the form `article[attribute_name]`. Accordingly, in the `create` action `params[:article]` will be a hash with keys `:title` and `:body`. You can read more about the significance of input names in the parameter_names section. +The name passed to `form_for` controls the key used in `params` to access the form's values. Here the name is `article` and so all the inputs have names of the form `article[attribute_name]`. Accordingly, in the `create` action `params[:article]` will be a hash with keys `:title` and `:body`. You can read more about the significance of input names in the [parameter_names section](#understanding-parameter-naming-conventions). The helper methods called on the form builder are identical to the model object helpers except that it is not necessary to specify which object is being edited since this is already managed by the form builder. @@ -291,8 +291,8 @@ You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with th ```erb <%= form_for @person, url: {action: "create"} do |person_form| %> <%= person_form.text_field :name %> - <%= fields_for @person.contact_detail do |contact_details_form| %> - <%= contact_details_form.text_field :phone_number %> + <%= fields_for @person.contact_detail do |contact_detail_form| %> + <%= contact_detail_form.text_field :phone_number %> <% end %> <% end %> ``` @@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ Whenever Rails sees that the internal value of an option being generated matches TIP: The second argument to `options_for_select` must be exactly equal to the desired internal value. In particular if the value is the integer `2` you cannot pass `"2"` to `options_for_select` - you must pass `2`. Be aware of values extracted from the `params` hash as they are all strings. -WARNING: when `:include_blank` or `:prompt` are not present, `:include_blank` is forced true if the select attribute `required` is true, display `size` is one and `multiple` is not true. +WARNING: When `:include_blank` or `:prompt` are not present, `:include_blank` is forced true if the select attribute `required` is true, display `size` is one and `multiple` is not true. You can add arbitrary attributes to the options using hashes: diff --git a/guides/source/getting_started.md b/guides/source/getting_started.md index fe01088b2e..79d4393f32 100644 --- a/guides/source/getting_started.md +++ b/guides/source/getting_started.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ application from scratch. It does not assume that you have any prior experience with Rails. However, to get the most out of it, you need to have some prerequisites installed: -* The [Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads) language version 1.9.3 or newer. +* The [Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads) language version 2.2.2 or newer. * The [RubyGems](https://rubygems.org) packaging system, which is installed with Ruby versions 1.9 and later. To learn more about RubyGems, please read the [RubyGems Guides](http://guides.rubygems.org). * A working installation of the [SQLite3 Database](https://www.sqlite.org). @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ code while accomplishing more than many other languages and frameworks. Experienced Rails developers also report that it makes web application development more fun. -Rails is opinionated software. It makes the assumption that there is the "best" +Rails is opinionated software. It makes the assumption that there is a "best" way to do things, and it's designed to encourage that way - and in some cases to discourage alternatives. If you learn "The Rails Way" you'll probably discover a tremendous increase in productivity. If you persist in bringing old habits from @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ For more installation methods for most Operating Systems take a look at ```bash $ ruby -v -ruby 2.0.0p353 +ruby 2.2.2p95 ``` Many popular UNIX-like OSes ship with an acceptable version of SQLite3. @@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ edit_article GET /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit In the next section, you will add the ability to create new articles in your application and be able to view them. This is the "C" and the "R" from CRUD: -creation and reading. The form for doing this will look like this: +create and read. The form for doing this will look like this:  @@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ a controller called `ArticlesController`. You can do this by running this command: ```bash -$ bin/rails g controller articles +$ bin/rails generate controller articles ``` If you open up the newly generated `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` @@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ class ArticlesController < ApplicationController def new end - # snipped for brevity + # snippet for brevity ``` A couple of things to note. We use `Article.find` to find the article we're @@ -892,7 +892,7 @@ class ArticlesController < ApplicationController def new end - # snipped for brevity + # snippet for brevity ``` And then finally, add the view for this action, located at @@ -1240,10 +1240,9 @@ article we want to show the form back to the user. We reuse the `article_params` method that we defined earlier for the create action. -TIP: You don't need to pass all attributes to `update`. For -example, if you'd call `@article.update(title: 'A new title')` -Rails would only update the `title` attribute, leaving all other -attributes untouched. +TIP: It is not necessary to pass all the attributes to `update`. For example, +if `@article.update(title: 'A new title')` was called, Rails would only update +the `title` attribute, leaving all other attributes untouched. Finally, we want to show a link to the `edit` action in the list of all the articles, so let's add that now to `app/views/articles/index.html.erb` to make @@ -1491,7 +1490,7 @@ appear.  TIP: Learn more about jQuery Unobtrusive Adapter (jQuery UJS) on -[Working With Javascript in Rails](working_with_javascript_in_rails.html) guide. +[Working With JavaScript in Rails](working_with_javascript_in_rails.html) guide. Congratulations, you can now create, show, list, update and destroy articles. @@ -1510,7 +1509,7 @@ comments on articles. We're going to see the same generator that we used before when creating the `Article` model. This time we'll create a `Comment` model to hold -reference of article comments. Run this command in your terminal: +reference to an article. Run this command in your terminal: ```bash $ bin/rails generate model Comment commenter:string body:text article:references @@ -1522,7 +1521,7 @@ This command will generate four files: | -------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | db/migrate/20140120201010_create_comments.rb | Migration to create the comments table in your database (your name will include a different timestamp) | | app/models/comment.rb | The Comment model | -| test/models/comment_test.rb | Testing harness for the comments model | +| test/models/comment_test.rb | Testing harness for the comment model | | test/fixtures/comments.yml | Sample comments for use in testing | First, take a look at `app/models/comment.rb`: @@ -1548,11 +1547,10 @@ class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration t.text :body # this line adds an integer column called `article_id`. - t.references :article, index: true + t.references :article, index: true, foreign_key: true t.timestamps null: false end - add_foreign_key :comments, :articles end end ``` @@ -1572,8 +1570,6 @@ run against the current database, so in this case you will just see: == CreateComments: migrating ================================================= -- create_table(:comments) -> 0.0115s --- add_foreign_key(:comments, :articles) - -> 0.0000s == CreateComments: migrated (0.0119s) ======================================== ``` @@ -2003,7 +1999,7 @@ class ArticlesController < ApplicationController @articles = Article.all end - # snipped for brevity + # snippet for brevity ``` We also want to allow only authenticated users to delete comments, so in the @@ -2019,7 +2015,7 @@ class CommentsController < ApplicationController # ... end - # snipped for brevity + # snippet for brevity ``` Now if you try to create a new article, you will be greeted with a basic HTTP diff --git a/guides/source/i18n.md b/guides/source/i18n.md index e8d0a83dd0..31682464ee 100644 --- a/guides/source/i18n.md +++ b/guides/source/i18n.md @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Internationalization is a complex problem. Natural languages differ in so many w * providing support for English and similar languages out of the box * making it easy to customize and extend everything for other languages -As part of this solution, **every static string in the Rails framework** - e.g. Active Record validation messages, time and date formats - **has been internationalized**, so _localization_ of a Rails application means "over-riding" these defaults. +As part of this solution, **every static string in the Rails framework** - e.g. Active Record validation messages, time and date formats - **has been internationalized**. _Localization_ of a Rails application means defining translated values for these strings in desired languages. ### The Overall Architecture of the Library @@ -84,13 +84,13 @@ So, let's internationalize a simple Rails application from the ground up in the Setup the Rails Application for Internationalization ---------------------------------------------------- -There are just a few simple steps to get up and running with I18n support for your application. +There are a few steps to get up and running with I18n support for a Rails application. ### Configure the I18n Module -Following the _convention over configuration_ philosophy, Rails will set up your application with reasonable defaults. If you need different settings, you can overwrite them easily. +Following the _convention over configuration_ philosophy, Rails I18n provides reasonable default translation strings. When different translation strings are needed, they can be overridden. -Rails adds all `.rb` and `.yml` files from the `config/locales` directory to your **translations load path**, automatically. +Rails adds all `.rb` and `.yml` files from the `config/locales` directory to the **translations load path**, automatically. The default `en.yml` locale in this directory contains a sample pair of translation strings: @@ -101,15 +101,15 @@ en: This means, that in the `:en` locale, the key _hello_ will map to the _Hello world_ string. Every string inside Rails is internationalized in this way, see for instance Active Model validation messages in the [`activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml`](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml) file or time and date formats in the [`activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml`](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml) file. You can use YAML or standard Ruby Hashes to store translations in the default (Simple) backend. -The I18n library will use **English** as a **default locale**, i.e. if you don't set a different locale, `:en` will be used for looking up translations. +The I18n library will use **English** as a **default locale**, i.e. if a different locale is not set, `:en` will be used for looking up translations. NOTE: The i18n library takes a **pragmatic approach** to locale keys (after [some discussion](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n/browse_thread/thread/14dede2c7dbe9470/80eec34395f64f3c?hl=en)), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like `:en`, `:pl`, not the _region_ part, like `:en-US` or `:en-GB`, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such as `:cs`, `:th` or `:es` (for Czech, Thai and Spanish). However, there are also regional differences within different language groups that may be important. For instance, in the `:en-US` locale you would have $ as a currency symbol, while in `:en-GB`, you would have £. Nothing stops you from separating regional and other settings in this way: you just have to provide full "English - United Kingdom" locale in a `:en-GB` dictionary. Few gems such as [Globalize3](https://github.com/globalize/globalize) may help you implement it. -The **translations load path** (`I18n.load_path`) is just a Ruby Array of paths to your translation files that will be loaded automatically and available in your application. You can pick whatever directory and translation file naming scheme makes sense for you. +The **translations load path** (`I18n.load_path`) is an array of paths to files that will be loaded automatically. Configuring this path allows for customization of translations directory structure and file naming scheme. -NOTE: The backend will lazy-load these translations when a translation is looked up for the first time. This makes it possible to just swap the backend with something else even after translations have already been announced. +NOTE: The backend lazy-loads these translations when a translation is looked up for the first time. This backend can be swapped with something else even after translations have already been announced. -The default `application.rb` file has instructions on how to add locales from another directory and how to set a different default locale. Just uncomment and edit the specific lines. +The default `application.rb` file has instructions on how to add locales from another directory and how to set a different default locale. ```ruby # The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded. @@ -117,31 +117,25 @@ The default `application.rb` file has instructions on how to add locales from an # config.i18n.default_locale = :de ``` -### Optional: Custom I18n Configuration Setup - -For the sake of completeness, let's mention that if you do not want to use the `application.rb` file for some reason, you can always wire up things manually, too. - -To tell the I18n library where it can find your custom translation files you can specify the load path anywhere in your application - just make sure it gets run before any translations are actually looked up. You might also want to change the default locale. The simplest thing possible is to put the following into an initializer: +The load path must be specified before any translations are looked up. To change the default locale from an initializer instead of `application.rb`: ```ruby -# in config/initializers/locale.rb +# config/initializers/locale.rb -# tell the I18n library where to find your translations +# Where the I18n library should search for translation files I18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('lib', 'locale', '*.{rb,yml}')] -# set default locale to something other than :en +# Set default locale to something other than :en I18n.default_locale = :pt ``` -### Setting and Passing the Locale - -If you want to translate your Rails application to a **single language other than English** (the default locale), you can set I18n.default_locale to your locale in `application.rb` or an initializer as shown above, and it will persist through the requests. +### Managing the Locale across Requests -However, you would probably like to **provide support for more locales** in your application. In such case, you need to set and pass the locale between requests. +The default locale is used for all translations unless `I18n.locale` is explicitly set. -WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a *cookie*. However, **do not do this**. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being [*RESTful*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). Read more about the RESTful approach in [Stefan Tilkov's articles](http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction). Sometimes there are exceptions to this rule and those are discussed below. +A localized application will likely need to provide support for multiple locales. To accomplish this, the locale should be set at the beginning of each request so that all strings are translated using the desired locale during the lifetime of that request. -The _setting part_ is easy. You can set the locale in a `before_action` in the `ApplicationController` like this: +The locale can be set in a `before_action` in the `ApplicationController`: ```ruby before_action :set_locale @@ -151,11 +145,11 @@ def set_locale end ``` -This requires you to pass the locale as a URL query parameter as in `http://example.com/books?locale=pt`. (This is, for example, Google's approach.) So `http://localhost:3000?locale=pt` will load the Portuguese localization, whereas `http://localhost:3000?locale=de` would load the German localization, and so on. You may skip the next section and head over to the **Internationalize your application** section, if you want to try things out by manually placing the locale in the URL and reloading the page. +This example illustrates this using a URL query parameter to set the locale (e.g. `http://example.com/books?locale=pt`). With this approach, `http://localhost:3000?locale=pt` renders the Portuguese localization, while `http://localhost:3000?locale=de` loads a German localization. -Of course, you probably don't want to manually include the locale in every URL all over your application, or want the URLs look differently, e.g. the usual `http://example.com/pt/books` versus `http://example.com/en/books`. Let's discuss the different options you have. +The locale can be set using one of many different approaches. -### Setting the Locale from the Domain Name +#### Setting the Locale from the Domain Name One option you have is to set the locale from the domain name where your application runs. For example, we want `www.example.com` to load the English (or default) locale, and `www.example.es` to load the Spanish locale. Thus the _top-level domain name_ is used for locale setting. This has several advantages: @@ -201,14 +195,14 @@ end If your application includes a locale switching menu, you would then have something like this in it: ```ruby -link_to("Deutsch", "#{APP_CONFIG[:deutsch_website_url]}#{request.env['REQUEST_URI']}") +link_to("Deutsch", "#{APP_CONFIG[:deutsch_website_url]}#{request.env['PATH_INFO']}") ``` assuming you would set `APP_CONFIG[:deutsch_website_url]` to some value like `http://www.application.de`. This solution has aforementioned advantages, however, you may not be able or may not want to provide different localizations ("language versions") on different domains. The most obvious solution would be to include locale code in the URL params (or request path). -### Setting the Locale from the URL Params +#### Setting the Locale from URL Params The most usual way of setting (and passing) the locale would be to include it in URL params, as we did in the `I18n.locale = params[:locale]` _before_action_ in the first example. We would like to have URLs like `www.example.com/books?locale=ja` or `www.example.com/ja/books` in this case. @@ -222,8 +216,8 @@ We can include something like this in our `ApplicationController` then: ```ruby # app/controllers/application_controller.rb -def default_url_options(options = {}) - { locale: I18n.locale }.merge options +def default_url_options + { locale: I18n.locale } end ``` @@ -231,7 +225,7 @@ Every helper method dependent on `url_for` (e.g. helpers for named routes like ` You may be satisfied with this. It does impact the readability of URLs, though, when the locale "hangs" at the end of every URL in your application. Moreover, from the architectural standpoint, locale is usually hierarchically above the other parts of the application domain: and URLs should reflect this. -You probably want URLs to look like this: `www.example.com/en/books` (which loads the English locale) and `www.example.com/nl/books` (which loads the Dutch locale). This is achievable with the "over-riding `default_url_options`" strategy from above: you just have to set up your routes with [`scoping`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/Mapper/Scoping.html) option in this way: +You probably want URLs to look like this: `http://www.example.com/en/books` (which loads the English locale) and `http://www.example.com/nl/books` (which loads the Dutch locale). This is achievable with the "over-riding `default_url_options`" strategy from above: you just have to set up your routes with [`scope`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/Mapper/Scoping.html): ```ruby # config/routes.rb @@ -240,7 +234,9 @@ scope "/:locale" do end ``` -Now, when you call the `books_path` method you should get `"/en/books"` (for the default locale). An URL like `http://localhost:3001/nl/books` should load the Dutch locale, then, and following calls to `books_path` should return `"/nl/books"` (because the locale changed). +Now, when you call the `books_path` method you should get `"/en/books"` (for the default locale). A URL like `http://localhost:3001/nl/books` should load the Dutch locale, then, and following calls to `books_path` should return `"/nl/books"` (because the locale changed). + +WARNING. Since the return value of `default_url_options` is cached per request, the URLs in a locale selector cannot be generated invoking helpers in a loop that sets the corresponding `I18n.locale` in each iteration. Instead, leave `I18n.locale` untouched, and pass an explicit `:locale` option to the helper, or edit `request.original_fullpath`. If you don't want to force the use of a locale in your routes you can use an optional path scope (denoted by the parentheses) like so: @@ -266,14 +262,23 @@ Do take special care about the **order of your routes**, so this route declarati NOTE: Have a look at various gems which simplify working with routes: [routing_filter](https://github.com/svenfuchs/routing-filter/tree/master), [rails-translate-routes](https://github.com/francesc/rails-translate-routes), [route_translator](https://github.com/enriclluelles/route_translator). -### Setting the Locale from the Client Supplied Information +#### Setting the Locale from User Preferences + +An application with authenticated users may allow users to set a locale preference through the application's interface. With this approach, a user's selected locale preference is persisted in the database and used to set the locale for authenticated requests by that user. + +```ruby +def set_locale + I18n.locale = current_user.try(:locale) || I18n.default_locale +end +``` -In specific cases, it would make sense to set the locale from client-supplied information, i.e. not from the URL. This information may come for example from the users' preferred language (set in their browser), can be based on the users' geographical location inferred from their IP, or users can provide it simply by choosing the locale in your application interface and saving it to their profile. This approach is more suitable for web-based applications or services, not for websites - see the box about _sessions_, _cookies_ and RESTful architecture above. +#### Choosing an Implied Locale +When an explicit locale has not been set for a request (e.g. via one of the above methods), an application should attempt to infer the desired locale. -#### Using `Accept-Language` +##### Inferring Locale from the Language Header -One source of client supplied information would be an `Accept-Language` HTTP header. People may [set this in their browser](http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-lang-priorities) or other clients (such as _curl_). +The `Accept-Language` HTTP header indicates the preferred language for request's response. Browsers [set this header value based on the user's language preference settings](http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-lang-priorities), making it a good first choice when inferring a locale. A trivial implementation of using an `Accept-Language` header would be: @@ -290,24 +295,27 @@ private end ``` -Of course, in a production environment you would need much more robust code, and could use a gem such as Iain Hecker's [http_accept_language](https://github.com/iain/http_accept_language/tree/master) or even Rack middleware such as Ryan Tomayko's [locale](https://github.com/rack/rack-contrib/blob/master/lib/rack/contrib/locale.rb). -#### Using GeoIP (or Similar) Database +In practice, more robust code is necessary to do this reliably. Iain Hecker's [http_accept_language](https://github.com/iain/http_accept_language/tree/master) library or Ryan Tomayko's [locale](https://github.com/rack/rack-contrib/blob/master/lib/rack/contrib/locale.rb) Rack middleware provide solutions to this problem. -Another way of choosing the locale from client information would be to use a database for mapping the client IP to the region, such as [GeoIP Lite Country](http://www.maxmind.com/app/geolitecountry). The mechanics of the code would be very similar to the code above - you would need to query the database for the user's IP, and look up your preferred locale for the country/region/city returned. +##### Inferring the Locale from IP Geolocation -#### User Profile +The IP address of the client making the request can be used to infer the client's region and thus their locale. Services such as [GeoIP Lite Country](http://www.maxmind.com/app/geolitecountry) or gems like [geocoder](https://github.com/alexreisner/geocoder) can be used to implement this approach. -You can also provide users of your application with means to set (and possibly over-ride) the locale in your application interface, as well. Again, mechanics for this approach would be very similar to the code above - you'd probably let users choose a locale from a dropdown list and save it to their profile in the database. Then you'd set the locale to this value. +In general, this approach is far less reliable than using the language header and is not recommended for most web applications. -Internationalizing your Application +#### Storing the Locale from the Session or Cookies + +WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a *cookie*. However, **do not do this**. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being [*RESTful*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). Read more about the RESTful approach in [Stefan Tilkov's articles](http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction). Sometimes there are exceptions to this rule and those are discussed below. + +Internationalization and Localization ----------------------------------- -OK! Now you've initialized I18n support for your Ruby on Rails application and told it which locale to use and how to preserve it between requests. With that in place, you're now ready for the really interesting stuff. +OK! Now you've initialized I18n support for your Ruby on Rails application and told it which locale to use and how to preserve it between requests. -Let's _internationalize_ our application, i.e. abstract every locale-specific parts, and then _localize_ it, i.e. provide necessary translations for these abstracts. +Next we need to _internationalize_ our application by abstracting every locale-specific element. Finally, we need to _localize_ it by providing necessary translations for these abstracts. -You most probably have something like this in one of your applications: +Given the following example: ```ruby # config/routes.rb @@ -344,9 +352,9 @@ end  -### Adding Translations +### Abstracting Localized Code -Obviously there are **two strings that are localized to English**. In order to internationalize this code, **replace these strings** with calls to Rails' `#t` helper with a key that makes sense for the translation: +There are two strings in our code that are in English and that users will be rendered in our response ("Hello Flash" and "Hello World"). In order to internationalize this code, these strings need to be replaced by calls to Rails' `#t` helper with an appropriate key for each string: ```ruby # app/controllers/home_controller.rb @@ -363,13 +371,15 @@ end <p><%= flash[:notice] %></p> ``` -When you now render this view, it will show an error message which tells you that the translations for the keys `:hello_world` and `:hello_flash` are missing. +Now, when this view is rendered, it will show an error message which tells you that the translations for the keys `:hello_world` and `:hello_flash` are missing.  NOTE: Rails adds a `t` (`translate`) helper method to your views so that you do not need to spell out `I18n.t` all the time. Additionally this helper will catch missing translations and wrap the resulting error message into a `<span class="translation_missing">`. -So let's add the missing translations into the dictionary files (i.e. do the "localization" part): +### Providing Translations for Internationalized Strings + +Add the missing translations into the translation dictionary files: ```yaml # config/locales/en.yml @@ -383,11 +393,11 @@ pirate: hello_flash: Ahoy Flash ``` -There you go. Because you haven't changed the default_locale, I18n will use English. Your application now shows: +Because the `default_locale` hasn't changed, translations use the `:en` locale and the response renders the english strings:  -And when you change the URL to pass the pirate locale (`http://localhost:3000?locale=pirate`), you'll get: +If the locale is set via the URL to the pirate locale (`http://localhost:3000?locale=pirate`), the response renders the pirate strings:  @@ -395,21 +405,64 @@ NOTE: You need to restart the server when you add new locale files. You may use YAML (`.yml`) or plain Ruby (`.rb`) files for storing your translations in SimpleStore. YAML is the preferred option among Rails developers. However, it has one big disadvantage. YAML is very sensitive to whitespace and special characters, so the application may not load your dictionary properly. Ruby files will crash your application on first request, so you may easily find what's wrong. (If you encounter any "weird issues" with YAML dictionaries, try putting the relevant portion of your dictionary into a Ruby file.) -### Passing variables to translations +### Passing Variables to Translations + +One key consideration for successfully internationalizing an application is to +avoid making incorrect assumptions about grammar rules when abstracting localized +code. Grammar rules that seem fundamental in one locale may not hold true in +another one. -You can use variables in the translation messages and pass their values from the view. +Improper abstraction is shown in the following example, where assumptions are +made about the ordering of the different parts of the translation. Note that Rails +provides a `number_to_currency` helper to handle the following case. ```erb -# app/views/home/index.html.erb -<%=t 'greet_username', user: "Bill", message: "Goodbye" %> +# app/views/products/show.html.erb +<%= "#{t('currency')}#{@product.price}" %> ``` ```yaml # config/locales/en.yml en: - greet_username: "%{message}, %{user}!" + currency: "$" + +# config/locales/es.yml +es: + currency: "€" ``` +If the product's price is 10 then the proper translation for Spanish is "10 €" +instead of "€10" but the abstraction cannot give it. + +To create proper abstraction, the I18n gem ships with a feature called variable +interpolation that allows you to use variables in translation definitions and +pass the values for these variables to the translation method. + +Proper abstraction is shown in the following example: + +```erb +# app/views/products/show.html.erb +<%= t('product_price', price: @product.price) %> +``` + +```yaml +# config/locales/en.yml +en: + product_price: "$%{price}" + +# config/locales/es.yml +es: + product_price: "%{price} €" +``` + +All grammatical and punctuation decisions are made in the definition itself, so +the abstraction can give a proper translation. + +NOTE: The `default` and `scope` keywords are reserved and can't be used as +variable names. If used, an `I18n::ReservedInterpolationKey` exception is raised. +If a translation expects an interpolation variable, but this has not been passed +to `#translate`, an `I18n::MissingInterpolationArgument` exception is raised. + ### Adding Date/Time Formats OK! Now let's add a timestamp to the view, so we can demo the **date/time localization** feature as well. To localize the time format you pass the Time object to `I18n.l` or (preferably) use Rails' `#l` helper. You can pick a format by passing the `:format` option - by default the `:default` format is used. @@ -449,7 +502,10 @@ You can make use of this feature, e.g. when working with a large amount of stati ### Organization of Locale Files -When you are using the default SimpleStore shipped with the i18n library, dictionaries are stored in plain-text files on the disc. Putting translations for all parts of your application in one file per locale could be hard to manage. You can store these files in a hierarchy which makes sense to you. +When you are using the default SimpleStore shipped with the i18n library, +dictionaries are stored in plain-text files on the disk. Putting translations +for all parts of your application in one file per locale could be hard to +manage. You can store these files in a hierarchy which makes sense to you. For example, your `config/locales` directory could look like this: @@ -489,7 +545,9 @@ NOTE: The default locale loading mechanism in Rails does not load locale files i Overview of the I18n API Features --------------------------------- -You should have good understanding of using the i18n library now, knowing all necessary aspects of internationalizing a basic Rails application. In the following chapters, we'll cover it's features in more depth. +You should have a good understanding of using the i18n library now and know how +to internationalize a basic Rails application. In the following chapters, we'll +cover its features in more depth. These chapters will show examples using both the `I18n.translate` method as well as the [`translate` view helper method](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/TranslationHelper.html#method-i-translate) (noting the additional feature provide by the view helper method). @@ -608,20 +666,6 @@ class BooksController < ApplicationController end ``` -### Interpolation - -In many cases you want to abstract your translations so that **variables can be interpolated into the translation**. For this reason the I18n API provides an interpolation feature. - -All options besides `:default` and `:scope` that are passed to `#translate` will be interpolated to the translation: - -```ruby -I18n.backend.store_translations :en, thanks: 'Thanks %{name}!' -I18n.translate :thanks, name: 'Jeremy' -# => 'Thanks Jeremy!' -``` - -If a translation uses `:default` or `:scope` as an interpolation variable, an `I18n::ReservedInterpolationKey` exception is raised. If a translation expects an interpolation variable, but this has not been passed to `#translate`, an `I18n::MissingInterpolationArgument` exception is raised. - ### Pluralization In English there are only one singular and one plural form for a given string, e.g. "1 message" and "2 messages". Other languages ([Arabic](http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ar), [Japanese](http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ja), [Russian](http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html#ru) and many more) have different grammars that have additional or fewer [plural forms](http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html). Thus, the I18n API provides a flexible pluralization feature. diff --git a/guides/source/initialization.md b/guides/source/initialization.md index 8fbb234698..43083ebb86 100644 --- a/guides/source/initialization.md +++ b/guides/source/initialization.md @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Launch! Let's start to boot and initialize the app. A Rails application is usually started by running `rails console` or `rails server`. -### `railties/bin/rails` +### `railties/exe/rails` The `rails` in the command `rails server` is a ruby executable in your load path. This executable contains the following lines: @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ load Gem.bin_path('railties', 'rails', version) ``` If you try out this command in a Rails console, you would see that this loads -`railties/bin/rails`. A part of the file `railties/bin/rails.rb` has the +`railties/exe/rails`. A part of the file `railties/exe/rails.rb` has the following code: ```ruby @@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ require "rails/cli" ``` The file `railties/lib/rails/cli` in turn calls -`Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails`. +`Rails::AppLoader.exec_app`. -### `railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb` +### `railties/lib/rails/app_loader.rb` -The primary goal of the function `exec_app_rails` is to execute your app's +The primary goal of the function `exec_app` is to execute your app's `bin/rails`. If the current directory does not have a `bin/rails`, it will navigate upwards until it finds a `bin/rails` executable. Thus one can invoke a `rails` command from anywhere inside a rails application. @@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically: * activemodel * activerecord * activesupport +* activejob * arel * builder * bundler @@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ throwing an error message. If the command is valid, a method of the same name is called. ```ruby -COMMAND_WHITELIST = %(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help) +COMMAND_WHITELIST = %w(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help) def run_command!(command) command = parse_command(command) @@ -532,6 +533,7 @@ require "rails" action_controller action_view action_mailer + active_job rails/test_unit sprockets ).each do |framework| @@ -555,9 +557,8 @@ I18n and Rails configuration are all being defined here. The rest of `config/application.rb` defines the configuration for the `Rails::Application` which will be used once the application is fully initialized. When `config/application.rb` has finished loading Rails and defined -the application namespace, we go back to `config/environment.rb`, -where the application is initialized. For example, if the application was called -`Blog`, here we would find `Rails.application.initialize!`, which is +the application namespace, we go back to `config/environment.rb`. Here, the +application is initialized with `Rails.application.initialize!`, which is defined in `rails/application.rb`. ### `railties/lib/rails/application.rb` diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb b/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb index 610a71570f..ef3397f58f 100644 --- a/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb +++ b/guides/source/kindle/welcome.html.erb @@ -2,4 +2,6 @@ <h3>Kindle Edition</h3> -The Kindle Edition of the Rails Guides should be considered a work in progress. Feedback is really welcome. Please see the "Feedback" section at the end of each guide for instructions. +<div> + The Kindle Edition of the Rails Guides should be considered a work in progress. Feedback is really welcome. Please see the "Feedback" section at the end of each guide for instructions. +</div> diff --git a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md index c57fa358d6..94cd7297e2 100644 --- a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md +++ b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md @@ -103,34 +103,6 @@ In most cases, the `ActionController::Base#render` method does the heavy lifting TIP: If you want to see the exact results of a call to `render` without needing to inspect it in a browser, you can call `render_to_string`. This method takes exactly the same options as `render`, but it returns a string instead of sending a response back to the browser. -#### Rendering Nothing - -Perhaps the simplest thing you can do with `render` is to render nothing at all: - -```ruby -render nothing: true -``` - -If you look at the response for this using cURL, you will see the following: - -```bash -$ curl -i 127.0.0.1:3000/books -HTTP/1.1 200 OK -Connection: close -Date: Sun, 24 Jan 2010 09:25:18 GMT -Transfer-Encoding: chunked -Content-Type: */*; charset=utf-8 -X-Runtime: 0.014297 -Set-Cookie: _blog_session=...snip...; path=/; HttpOnly -Cache-Control: no-cache - -$ -``` - -We see there is an empty response (no data after the `Cache-Control` line), but the request was successful because Rails has set the response to 200 OK. You can set the `:status` option on render to change this response. Rendering nothing can be useful for Ajax requests where all you want to send back to the browser is an acknowledgment that the request was completed. - -TIP: You should probably be using the `head` method, discussed later in this guide, instead of `render :nothing`. This provides additional flexibility and makes it explicit that you're only generating HTTP headers. - #### Rendering an Action's View If you want to render the view that corresponds to a different template within the same controller, you can use `render` with the name of the view: @@ -1075,9 +1047,14 @@ One way to use partials is to treat them as the equivalent of subroutines: as a <%= render "shared/footer" %> ``` -Here, the `_ad_banner.html.erb` and `_footer.html.erb` partials could contain content that is shared among many pages in your application. You don't need to see the details of these sections when you're concentrating on a particular page. +Here, the `_ad_banner.html.erb` and `_footer.html.erb` partials could contain +content that is shared by many pages in your application. You don't need to see +the details of these sections when you're concentrating on a particular page. -As you already could see from the previous sections of this guide, `yield` is a very powerful tool for cleaning up your layouts. Keep in mind that it's pure ruby, so you can use it almost everywhere. For example, we can use it to DRY form layout definition for several similar resources: +As seen in the previous sections of this guide, `yield` is a very powerful tool +for cleaning up your layouts. Keep in mind that it's pure Ruby, so you can use +it almost everywhere. For example, we can use it to DRY up form layout +definitions for several similar resources: * `users/index.html.erb` diff --git a/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md index 1937369776..121cf2b185 100644 --- a/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md +++ b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ Consider the following typical RESTful controller which will prepare a new Perso class PeopleController < ApplicationController def new @person = Person.new - @person.built_address + @person.build_address 2.times { @person.projects.build } end diff --git a/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md index b3e1874048..b7364536c3 100644 --- a/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md +++ b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md @@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ CODE ### yes?(question) or no?(question) -These methods let you ask questions from templates and decide the flow based on the user's answer. Let's say you want to freeze rails only if the user wants to: +These methods let you ask questions from templates and decide the flow based on the user's answer. Let's say you want to Freeze Rails only if the user wants to: ```ruby rake("rails:freeze:gems") if yes?("Freeze rails gems?") diff --git a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md index 993cd5ac44..99ab47d1db 100644 --- a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md +++ b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md @@ -68,11 +68,10 @@ def middleware end ``` -`Rails::Rack::Debugger` is primarily useful only in the development environment. The following table explains the usage of the loaded middlewares: +The following table explains the usage of the loaded middlewares: | Middleware | Purpose | | ----------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| `Rails::Rack::Debugger` | Starts Debugger | | `Rack::ContentLength` | Counts the number of bytes in the response and set the HTTP Content-Length header | ### `rackup` @@ -83,7 +82,6 @@ To use `rackup` instead of Rails' `rails server`, you can put the following insi # Rails.root/config.ru require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__) -use Rails::Rack::Debugger use Rack::ContentLength run Rails.application ``` @@ -329,8 +327,6 @@ Resources * [Official Rack Website](http://rack.github.io) * [Introducing Rack](http://chneukirchen.org/blog/archive/2007/02/introducing-rack.html) -* [Ruby on Rack #1 - Hello Rack!](http://m.onkey.org/ruby-on-rack-1-hello-rack) -* [Ruby on Rack #2 - The Builder](http://m.onkey.org/ruby-on-rack-2-the-builder) ### Understanding Middlewares diff --git a/guides/source/routing.md b/guides/source/routing.md index 1a614fe42b..52f11f92bd 100644 --- a/guides/source/routing.md +++ b/guides/source/routing.md @@ -177,6 +177,8 @@ WARNING: A [long-standing bug](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/1769) preve ```ruby form_for @geocoder, url: geocoder_path do |f| + +# snippet for brevity ``` ### Controller Namespaces and Routing @@ -807,6 +809,21 @@ As long as `Sprockets` responds to `call` and returns a `[status, headers, body] NOTE: For the curious, `'articles#index'` actually expands out to `ArticlesController.action(:index)`, which returns a valid Rack application. +If you specify a Rack application as the endpoint for a matcher, remember that +the route will be unchanged in the receiving application. With the following +route your Rack application should expect the route to be '/admin': + +```ruby +match '/admin', to: AdminApp, via: :all +``` + +If you would prefer to have your Rack application receive requests at the root +path instead, use mount: + +```ruby +mount AdminApp, at: '/admin' +``` + ### Using `root` You can specify what Rails should route `'/'` to with the `root` method: @@ -909,7 +926,7 @@ The `:as` option lets you override the normal naming for the named route helpers resources :photos, as: 'images' ``` -will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` and route the requests to `PhotosController`, but use the value of the :as option to name the helpers. +will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` and route the requests to `PhotosController`, but use the value of the `:as` option to name the helpers. | HTTP Verb | Path | Controller#Action | Named Helper | | --------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------- | diff --git a/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md index 1323742488..50866350f8 100644 --- a/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md +++ b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md @@ -64,7 +64,9 @@ The guides and the API should be coherent and consistent where appropriate. In p HTML Guides ----------- -Before generating the guides, make sure that you have the latest version of Bundler installed on your system. As of this writing, you must install Bundler 1.3.5 on your device. +Before generating the guides, make sure that you have the latest version of +Bundler installed on your system. As of this writing, you must install Bundler +1.3.5 or later on your device. To install the latest version of Bundler, run `gem install bundler`. @@ -82,6 +84,8 @@ or bundle exec rake guides:generate:html ``` +Resulting HTML files can be found in the `./output` directory. + To process `my_guide.md` and nothing else use the `ONLY` environment variable: ``` diff --git a/guides/source/security.md b/guides/source/security.md index e486edde31..93580d4d4e 100644 --- a/guides/source/security.md +++ b/guides/source/security.md @@ -449,14 +449,16 @@ Depending on your web application, there may be more ways to hijack the user's a ### CAPTCHAs -INFO: _A CAPTCHA is a challenge-response test to determine that the response is not generated by a computer. It is often used to protect comment forms from automatic spam bots by asking the user to type the letters of a distorted image. The idea of a negative CAPTCHA is not for a user to prove that they are human, but reveal that a robot is a robot._ +INFO: _A CAPTCHA is a challenge-response test to determine that the response is not generated by a computer. It is often used to protect registration forms from attackers and comment forms from automatic spam bots by asking the user to type the letters of a distorted image. This is the positive CAPTCHA, but there is also the negative CAPTCHA. The idea of a negative CAPTCHA is not for a user to prove that they are human, but reveal that a robot is a robot._ -But not only spam robots (bots) are a problem, but also automatic login bots. A popular CAPTCHA API is [reCAPTCHA](http://recaptcha.net/) which displays two distorted images of words from old books. It also adds an angled line, rather than a distorted background and high levels of warping on the text as earlier CAPTCHAs did, because the latter were broken. As a bonus, using reCAPTCHA helps to digitize old books. [ReCAPTCHA](https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha/) is also a Rails plug-in with the same name as the API. +A popular positive CAPTCHA API is [reCAPTCHA](http://recaptcha.net/) which displays two distorted images of words from old books. It also adds an angled line, rather than a distorted background and high levels of warping on the text as earlier CAPTCHAs did, because the latter were broken. As a bonus, using reCAPTCHA helps to digitize old books. [ReCAPTCHA](https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha/) is also a Rails plug-in with the same name as the API. You will get two keys from the API, a public and a private key, which you have to put into your Rails environment. After that you can use the recaptcha_tags method in the view, and the verify_recaptcha method in the controller. Verify_recaptcha will return false if the validation fails. -The problem with CAPTCHAs is, they are annoying. Additionally, some visually impaired users have found certain kinds of distorted CAPTCHAs difficult to read. The idea of negative CAPTCHAs is not to ask a user to proof that they are human, but reveal that a spam robot is a bot. +The problem with CAPTCHAs is that they have a negative impact on the user experience. Additionally, some visually impaired users have found certain kinds of distorted CAPTCHAs difficult to read. Still, positive CAPTCHAs are one of the best methods to prevent all kinds of bots from submitting forms. -Most bots are really dumb, they crawl the web and put their spam into every form's field they can find. Negative CAPTCHAs take advantage of that and include a "honeypot" field in the form which will be hidden from the human user by CSS or JavaScript. +Most bots are really dumb. They crawl the web and put their spam into every form's field they can find. Negative CAPTCHAs take advantage of that and include a "honeypot" field in the form which will be hidden from the human user by CSS or JavaScript. + +Note that negative CAPTCHAs are only effective against dumb bots and won't suffice to protect critical applications from targeted bots. Still, the negative and positive CAPTCHAs can be combined to increase the performance, e.g., if the "honeypot" field is not empty (bot detected), you won't need to verify the positive CAPTCHA, which would require a HTTPS request to Google ReCaptcha before computing the response. Here are some ideas how to hide honeypot fields by JavaScript and/or CSS: @@ -570,7 +572,7 @@ NOTE: _When sanitizing, protecting or verifying something, prefer whitelists ove A blacklist can be a list of bad e-mail addresses, non-public actions or bad HTML tags. This is opposed to a whitelist which lists the good e-mail addresses, public actions, good HTML tags and so on. Although sometimes it is not possible to create a whitelist (in a SPAM filter, for example), _prefer to use whitelist approaches_: -* Use before_action only: [...] instead of except: [...]. This way you don't forget to turn it off for newly added actions. +* Use before_action except: [...] instead of only: [...] for security-related actions. This way you don't forget to enable security checks for newly added actions. * Allow <strong> instead of removing <script> against Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). See below for details. * Don't try to correct user input by blacklists: * This will make the attack work: "<sc<script>ript>".gsub("<script>", "") @@ -710,7 +712,7 @@ The log files on www.attacker.com will read like this: GET http://www.attacker.com/_app_session=836c1c25278e5b321d6bea4f19cb57e2 ``` -You can mitigate these attacks (in the obvious way) by adding the [httpOnly](http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/8895) flag to cookies, so that document.cookie may not be read by JavaScript. Http only cookies can be used from IE v6.SP1, Firefox v2.0.0.5 and Opera 9.5. Safari is still considering, it ignores the option. But other, older browsers (such as WebTV and IE 5.5 on Mac) can actually cause the page to fail to load. Be warned that cookies [will still be visible using Ajax](http://ha.ckers.org/blog/20070719/firefox-implements-httponly-and-is-vulnerable-to-xmlhttprequest/), though. +You can mitigate these attacks (in the obvious way) by adding the **httpOnly** flag to cookies, so that document.cookie may not be read by JavaScript. Http only cookies can be used from IE v6.SP1, Firefox v2.0.0.5 and Opera 9.5. Safari is still considering, it ignores the option. But other, older browsers (such as WebTV and IE 5.5 on Mac) can actually cause the page to fail to load. Be warned that cookies [will still be visible using Ajax](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/HTTPOnly#Browsers_Supporting_HttpOnly), though. ##### Defacement @@ -923,7 +925,7 @@ HTTP/1.1 200 OK [Second New response created by attacker begins] Content-Type: text/html -<html><font color=red>hey</font></html> [Arbitary malicious input is +<html><font color=red>hey</font></html> [Arbitrary malicious input is Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100 shown as the redirected page] Connection: Keep-Alive Transfer-Encoding: chunked @@ -969,7 +971,7 @@ request: | `{ "person": [null, null, ...] }` | `{ :person => [] }` | | `{ "person": ["foo", null] }` | `{ :person => ["foo"] }` | -It is possible to return to old behaviour and disable `deep_munge` configuring +It is possible to return to old behavior and disable `deep_munge` configuring your application if you are aware of the risk and know how to handle it: ```ruby @@ -1031,4 +1033,5 @@ The security landscape shifts and it is important to keep up to date, because mi * Subscribe to the Rails security [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-security) * [Keep up to date on the other application layers](http://secunia.com/) (they have a weekly newsletter, too) -* A [good security blog](http://ha.ckers.org/blog/) including the [Cross-Site scripting Cheat Sheet](http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html) +* A [good security blog](https://www.owasp.org) including the [Cross-Site scripting Cheat Sheet](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/DOM_based_XSS_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet) + diff --git a/guides/source/testing.md b/guides/source/testing.md index 84f1f25df9..2fd54a48fc 100644 --- a/guides/source/testing.md +++ b/guides/source/testing.md @@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ You can find comprehensive documentation in the [Fixtures API documentation](htt #### What Are Fixtures? -_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent written in YAML. There is one file per model. +_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent and written in YAML. There is one file per model. -You'll find fixtures under your `test/fixtures` directory. When you run `rails generate model` to create a new model fixture stubs will be automatically created and placed in this directory. +You'll find fixtures under your `test/fixtures` directory. When you run `rails generate model` to create a new model, Rails automatically creates fixture stubs in this directory. #### YAML @@ -138,35 +138,33 @@ users(:david) users(:david).id # one can also access methods available on the User class -email(david.girlfriend.email, david.location_tonight) +email(david.partner.email, david.location_tonight) ``` -### Rake Tasks for Running your Tests +To get multiple fixtures at once, you can pass in a list of fixture names. For example: -Rails comes with a number of built-in rake tasks to help with testing. The -table below lists the commands included in the default Rakefile when a Rails -project is created. +```ruby +# this will return an array containing the fixtures david and steve +users(:david, :steve) +``` -| Tasks | Description | -| ----------------------- | ----------- | -| `rake test` | Runs all tests in the `test` directory. You can also run `rake` and Rails will run all tests by default | -| `rake test:controllers` | Runs all the controller tests from `test/controllers` | -| `rake test:functionals` | Runs all the functional tests from `test/controllers`, `test/mailers`, and `test/functional` | -| `rake test:helpers` | Runs all the helper tests from `test/helpers` | -| `rake test:integration` | Runs all the integration tests from `test/integration` | -| `rake test:jobs` | Runs all the job tests from `test/jobs` | -| `rake test:mailers` | Runs all the mailer tests from `test/mailers` | -| `rake test:models` | Runs all the model tests from `test/models` | -| `rake test:units` | Runs all the unit tests from `test/models`, `test/helpers`, and `test/unit` | -| `rake test:db` | Runs all tests in the `test` directory and resets the db | +### Console Tasks for Running your Tests + +Rails comes with a CLI command to run tests. +Here are some examples of how to use it: + +```bash +$ bin/rails test # run all tests in the `test` directory +$ bin/rails test test/controllers # run all tests from specific directory +$ bin/rails test test/models/post_test.rb # run specific test +$ bin/rails test test/models/post_test.rb:44 # run specific test and line +``` We will cover each of types Rails tests listed above in this guide. -Unit Testing your Models +Model Testing ------------------------ -In Rails, unit tests are what you write to test your models. - For this guide we will be using the application we built in the [Getting Started with Rails](getting_started.html) guide. If you remember when you used the `rails generate scaffold` command from earlier. We created our first resource among other things it created a test stub in the `test/models` directory: @@ -259,10 +257,10 @@ be rebuilt. This can be done by executing `bin/rake db:test:prepare`. ### Running Tests -Running a test is as simple as invoking the file containing the test cases through `rake test` command. +Running a test is as simple as invoking the file containing the test cases through `rails test` command. ```bash -$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb +$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb . Finished tests in 0.009262s, 107.9680 tests/s, 107.9680 assertions/s. @@ -275,7 +273,7 @@ This will run all test methods from the test case. You can also run a particular test method from the test case by running the test and providing the `test method name`. ```bash -$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_the_truth +$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb test_the_truth . Finished tests in 0.009064s, 110.3266 tests/s, 110.3266 assertions/s. @@ -296,10 +294,10 @@ test "should not save article without title" do end ``` -Let us run this newly added test. +Let us run this newly added test (where `6` is the number of line where the test is defined). ```bash -$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_should_not_save_article_without_title +$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:6 F Finished tests in 0.044632s, 22.4054 tests/s, 22.4054 assertions/s. @@ -339,7 +337,7 @@ end Now the test should pass. Let us verify by running the test again: ```bash -$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_should_not_save_article_without_title +$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb:6 . Finished tests in 0.047721s, 20.9551 tests/s, 20.9551 assertions/s. @@ -368,7 +366,7 @@ end Now you can see even more output in the console from running the tests: ```bash -$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_should_report_error +$ bin/rails test test/models/article_test.rb E Finished tests in 0.030974s, 32.2851 tests/s, 0.0000 assertions/s. @@ -386,18 +384,17 @@ Notice the 'E' in the output. It denotes a test with error. NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next method. All test methods are executed in random order. The -[`config.active_support.test_order` option](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-active-support) +[`config.active_support.test_order` option](configuring.html#configuring-active-support) can be used to configure test order. When a test fails you are presented with the corresponding backtrace. By default Rails filters that backtrace and will only print lines relevant to your application. This eliminates the framework noise and helps to focus on your code. However there are situations when you want to see the full -backtrace. simply set the `BACKTRACE` environment variable to enable this -behavior: +backtrace. Simply set the `-b` (or `--backtrace`) argument to enable this behavior: ```bash -$ BACKTRACE=1 bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb +$ bin/rails test -b test/models/article_test.rb ``` If we want this test to pass we can modify it to use `assert_raises` like so: @@ -417,9 +414,49 @@ This test should now pass. By now you've caught a glimpse of some of the assertions that are available. Assertions are the worker bees of testing. They are the ones that actually perform the checks to ensure that things are going as planned. -There are a bunch of different types of assertions you can use that come with [`Minitest`](https://github.com/seattlerb/minitest), the default testing library used by Rails. - -For a list of all available assertions please check the [Minitest API documentation](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/), specifically [`Minitest::Assertions`](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/Minitest/Assertions.html) +Here's an extract of the assertions you can use with +[`Minitest`](https://github.com/seattlerb/minitest), the default testing library +used by Rails. The `[msg]` parameter is an optional string message you can +specify to make your test failure messages clearer. It's not required. + +| Assertion | Purpose | +| ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- | +| `assert( test, [msg] )` | Ensures that `test` is true.| +| `assert_not( test, [msg] )` | Ensures that `test` is false.| +| `assert_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )` | Ensures that `expected == actual` is true.| +| `assert_not_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )` | Ensures that `expected != actual` is true.| +| `assert_same( expected, actual, [msg] )` | Ensures that `expected.equal?(actual)` is true.| +| `assert_not_same( expected, actual, [msg] )` | Ensures that `expected.equal?(actual)` is false.| +| `assert_nil( obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is true.| +| `assert_not_nil( obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is false.| +| `assert_empty( obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is `empty?`.| +| `assert_not_empty( obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is not `empty?`.| +| `assert_match( regexp, string, [msg] )` | Ensures that a string matches the regular expression.| +| `assert_no_match( regexp, string, [msg] )` | Ensures that a string doesn't match the regular expression.| +| `assert_includes( collection, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is in `collection`.| +| `assert_not_includes( collection, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is not in `collection`.| +| `assert_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )` | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are within `delta` of each other.| +| `assert_not_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )` | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are not within `delta` of each other.| +| `assert_throws( symbol, [msg] ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block throws the symbol.| +| `assert_raises( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block raises one of the given exceptions.| +| `assert_nothing_raised( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block doesn't raise one of the given exceptions.| +| `assert_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is an instance of `class`.| +| `assert_not_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is not an instance of `class`.| +| `assert_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is an instance of `class` or is descending from it.| +| `assert_not_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` is not an instance of `class` and is not descending from it.| +| `assert_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` responds to `symbol`.| +| `assert_not_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj` does not respond to `symbol`.| +| `assert_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is true.| +| `assert_not_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is false.| +| `assert_predicate ( obj, predicate, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj.predicate` is true, e.g. `assert_predicate str, :empty?`| +| `assert_not_predicate ( obj, predicate, [msg] )` | Ensures that `obj.predicate` is false, e.g. `assert_not_predicate str, :empty?`| +| `assert_send( array, [msg] )` | Ensures that executing the method listed in `array[1]` on the object in `array[0]` with the parameters of `array[2 and up]` is true. This one is weird eh?| +| `flunk( [msg] )` | Ensures failure. This is useful to explicitly mark a test that isn't finished yet.| + +The above are a subset of assertions that minitest supports. For an exhaustive & +more up-to-date list, please check +[Minitest API documentation](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/), specifically +[`Minitest::Assertions`](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/Minitest/Assertions.html) Because of the modular nature of the testing framework, it is possible to create your own assertions. In fact, that's exactly what Rails does. It includes some specialized assertions to make your life easier. @@ -432,12 +469,11 @@ Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the `minitest` framework: | Assertion | Purpose | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- | | `assert_difference(expressions, difference = 1, message = nil) {...}` | Test numeric difference between the return value of an expression as a result of what is evaluated in the yielded block.| -| `assert_no_difference(expressions, message = nil, &block)` | Asserts that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after invoking the passed in block.| +| `assert_no_difference(expressions, message = nil, &block)` | Asserts that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after invoking the passed in block.| | `assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, message=nil)` | Asserts that the routing of the given path was handled correctly and that the parsed options (given in the expected_options hash) match path. Basically, it asserts that Rails recognizes the route given by expected_options.| | `assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)` | Asserts that the provided options can be used to generate the provided path. This is the inverse of assert_recognizes. The extras parameter is used to tell the request the names and values of additional request parameters that would be in a query string. The message parameter allows you to specify a custom error message for assertion failures.| | `assert_response(type, message = nil)` | Asserts that the response comes with a specific status code. You can specify `:success` to indicate 200-299, `:redirect` to indicate 300-399, `:missing` to indicate 404, or `:error` to match the 500-599 range. You can also pass an explicit status number or its symbolic equivalent. For more information, see [full list of status codes](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Utils#HTTP_STATUS_CODES-constant) and how their [mapping](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Utils#SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE-constant) works.| | `assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)` | Assert that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action. This match can be partial, such that `assert_redirected_to(controller: "weblog")` will also match the redirection of `redirect_to(controller: "weblog", action: "show")` and so on. You can also pass named routes such as `assert_redirected_to root_path` and Active Record objects such as `assert_redirected_to @article`.| -| `assert_template(expected = nil, message=nil)` | Asserts that the request was rendered with the appropriate template file.| You'll see the usage of some of these assertions in the next chapter. @@ -454,7 +490,7 @@ All the basic assertions such as `assert_equal` defined in `Minitest::Assertions Each of these classes include `Minitest::Assertions`, allowing us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests. -NOTE: For more information on `Minitest`, refer to [Minitest](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.0/libdoc/minitest/rdoc/MiniTest.html) +NOTE: For more information on `Minitest`, refer to [Minitest](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest) Functional Tests for Your Controllers ------------------------------------- @@ -476,16 +512,18 @@ Now that we have used Rails scaffold generator for our `Article` resource, it ha Let me take you through one such test, `test_should_get_index` from the file `articles_controller_test.rb`. ```ruby +# articles_controller_test.rb class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase test "should get index" do get :index assert_response :success - assert_not_nil assigns(:articles) + assert_includes @response.body, 'Articles' end end ``` -In the `test_should_get_index` test, Rails simulates a request on the action called `index`, making sure the request was successful and also ensuring that it assigns a valid `articles` instance variable. +In the `test_should_get_index` test, Rails simulates a request on the action called `index`, making sure the request was successful +and also ensuring that the right response body has been generated. The `get` method kicks off the web request and populates the results into the response. It accepts 4 arguments: @@ -504,13 +542,13 @@ All the keyword arguments are optional. Example: Calling the `:show` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params` and setting a `user_id` of 5 in the session: ```ruby -get(:show, params: { 'id' => "12" }, session: { 'user_id' => 5 }) +get(:show, params: { id: 12 }, session: { user_id: 5 }) ``` Another example: Calling the `:view` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params`, this time with no session, but with a flash message. ```ruby -get(:view, params: { 'id' => '12' }, flash: { 'message' => 'booya!' }) +get(:view, params: { id: 12 }, flash: { message: 'booya!' }) ``` NOTE: If you try running `test_should_create_article` test from `articles_controller_test.rb` it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so. @@ -523,7 +561,7 @@ test "should create article" do post :create, params: { article: { title: 'Some title' } } end - assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article)) + assert_redirected_to article_path(Article.last) end ``` @@ -550,11 +588,11 @@ To test AJAX requests, you can specify the `xhr: true` option to `get`, `post`, `patch`, `put`, and `delete` methods: ```ruby -test "ajax request responds with no layout" do +test "ajax request" do get :show, params: { id: articles(:first).id }, xhr: true - assert_template :index - assert_template layout: nil + assert_equal 'hello world', @response.body + assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type end ``` @@ -562,20 +600,16 @@ end After a request has been made and processed, you will have 4 Hash objects ready for use: -* `assigns` - Any objects that are stored as instance variables in actions for use in views. * `cookies` - Any cookies that are set. * `flash` - Any objects living in the flash. * `session` - Any object living in session variables. -As is the case with normal Hash objects, you can access the values by referencing the keys by string. You can also reference them by symbol name, except for `assigns`. For example: +As is the case with normal Hash objects, you can access the values by referencing the keys by string. You can also reference them by symbol name. For example: ```ruby flash["gordon"] flash[:gordon] session["shmession"] session[:shmession] cookies["are_good_for_u"] cookies[:are_good_for_u] - -# Because you can't use assigns[:something] for historical reasons: -assigns["something"] assigns(:something) ``` ### Instance Variables Available @@ -603,46 +637,6 @@ get :index # simulate the request with custom header post :create # simulate the request with custom env variable ``` -### Testing Templates and Layouts - -Eventually, you may want to test whether a specific layout is rendered in the view of a response. - -#### Asserting Templates - -If you want to make sure that the response rendered the correct template and layout, you can use the `assert_template` -method: - -```ruby -test "index should render correct template and layout" do - get :index - assert_template :index - assert_template layout: "layouts/application" - - # You can also pass a regular expression. - assert_template layout: /layouts\/application/ -end -``` - -NOTE: You cannot test for template and layout at the same time, with a single call to `assert_template`. - -WARNING: You must include the "layouts" directory name even if you save your layout file in this standard layout directory. Hence, `assert_template layout: "application"` will not work. - -#### Asserting Partials - -If your view renders any partial, when asserting for the layout, you can to assert for the partial at the same time. -Otherwise, assertion will fail. - -Remember, we added the "_form" partial to our new Article view? Let's write an assertion for that in the `:new` action now: - -```ruby -test "new should render correct layout" do - get :new - assert_template layout: "layouts/application", partial: "_form" -end -``` - -This is the correct way to assert for when the view renders a partial with a given name. As identified by the `:partial` key passed to the `assert_template` call. - ### Testing `flash` notices If you remember from earlier one of the Four Hashes of the Apocalypse was `flash`. @@ -658,7 +652,7 @@ test "should create article" do post :create, params: { article: { title: 'Some title' } } end - assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article)) + assert_redirected_to article_path(Article.last) assert_equal 'Article was successfully created.', flash[:notice] end ``` @@ -666,7 +660,7 @@ end If we run our test now, we should see a failure: ```bash -$ bin/rake test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb test_should_create_article +$ bin/rails test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb test_should_create_article Run options: -n test_should_create_article --seed 32266 # Running: @@ -704,7 +698,7 @@ end Now if we run our tests, we should see it pass: ```bash -$ bin/rake test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb test_should_create_article +$ bin/rails test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb test_should_create_article Run options: -n test_should_create_article --seed 18981 # Running: @@ -751,7 +745,7 @@ We can also add a test for updating an existing Article. test "should update article" do article = articles(:one) patch :update, params: { id: article.id, article: { title: "updated" } } - assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article)) + assert_redirected_to article_path(article) end ``` @@ -790,7 +784,7 @@ class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase test "should update article" do patch :update, params: { id: @article.id, article: { title: "updated" } } - assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article)) + assert_redirected_to article_path(@article) end end ``` @@ -827,7 +821,6 @@ class ProfileControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase get :show assert_response :success - assert_equal users(:david), assigns(:user) end end ``` @@ -852,7 +845,7 @@ end I've added this file here `test/controllers/articles_routes_test.rb` and if we run the test we should see: ```bash -$ bin/rake test test/controllers/articles_routes_test.rb +$ bin/rails test test/controllers/articles_routes_test.rb # Running: @@ -868,7 +861,7 @@ For more information on routing assertions available in Rails, see the API docum Testing Views ------------- -Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a common way to test the views of your application. The `assert_select` method allows you to query HTML elements of the response by using a simple yet powerful syntax. +Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a common way to test the views of your application. Like route tests, view tests reside in `test/controllers/` or are part of controller tests. The `assert_select` method allows you to query HTML elements of the response by using a simple yet powerful syntax. There are two forms of `assert_select`: @@ -929,7 +922,7 @@ assert_select_email do end ``` -Testing helpers +Testing Helpers --------------- In order to test helpers, all you need to do is check that the output of the @@ -1041,14 +1034,12 @@ How about testing our ability to create a new article in our blog and see the re test "can create an article" do get "/articles/new" assert_response :success - assert_template "articles/new", partial: "articles/_form" post "/articles", params: { article: { title: "can create", body: "article successfully." } } assert_response :redirect follow_redirect! assert_response :success - assert_template "articles/show" assert_select "p", "Title:\n can create" end ``` diff --git a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md index 05c46a9e76..17309d4b47 100644 --- a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ The best way to be sure that your application still works after upgrading is to Rails generally stays close to the latest released Ruby version when it's released: -* Rails 5 requires Ruby 2.2.1 or newer. +* Rails 5 requires Ruby 2.2.2 or newer. * Rails 4 prefers Ruby 2.0 and requires 1.9.3 or newer. * Rails 3.2.x is the last branch to support Ruby 1.8.7. * Rails 3 and above require Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially. You should upgrade as early as possible. @@ -75,6 +75,23 @@ warning by adding the following configuration to your `config/application.rb`: See [#17227](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17227) for more details. +### ActiveJob jobs now inherent from ApplicationJob by default + +In Rails 4.2 an ActiveJob inherits from `ActiveJob::Base`. In Rails 5.0 this +behavior has changed to now inherit from `ApplicationJob`. + +When upgrading from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0 you need to create an +`application_job.rb` file in `app/jobs/` and add the following content: + +``` +class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base +end +``` + +Then make sure that all your job classes inherit from it. + +See [#19034](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/19034) for more details. + Upgrading from Rails 4.1 to Rails 4.2 ------------------------------------- @@ -281,7 +298,7 @@ end The migration DSL has been expanded to support foreign key definitions. If you've been using the Foreigner gem, you might want to consider removing it. Note that the foreign key support of Rails is a subset of Foreigner. This means -that not every Foreigner definition can be fully replaced by it's Rails +that not every Foreigner definition can be fully replaced by its Rails migration DSL counterpart. The migration procedure is as follows: @@ -443,7 +460,7 @@ If your application currently depend on MultiJSON directly, you have a few optio WARNING: Do not simply replace `MultiJson.dump` and `MultiJson.load` with `JSON.dump` and `JSON.load`. These JSON gem APIs are meant for serializing and -deserializing arbitrary Ruby objects and are generally [unsafe](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.0.0/libdoc/json/rdoc/JSON.html#method-i-load). +deserializing arbitrary Ruby objects and are generally [unsafe](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.2.2/libdoc/json/rdoc/JSON.html#method-i-load). #### JSON gem compatibility @@ -866,6 +883,20 @@ this gem such as `whitelist_attributes` or `mass_assignment_sanitizer` options. * To re-enable the old finders, you can use the [activerecord-deprecated_finders gem](https://github.com/rails/activerecord-deprecated_finders). +* Rails 4.0 has changed to default join table for `has_and_belongs_to_many` relations to strip the common prefix off the second table name. Any existing `has_and_belongs_to_many` relationship between models with a common prefix must be specified with the `join_table` option. For example: + +```ruby +CatalogCategory < ActiveRecord::Base + has_and_belongs_to_many :catalog_products, join_table: 'catalog_categories_catalog_products' +end + +CatalogProduct < ActiveRecord::Base + has_and_belongs_to_many :catalog_categories, join_table: 'catalog_categories_catalog_products' +end +``` + +* Note that the the prefix takes scopes into account as well, so relations between `Catalog::Category` and `Catalog::Product` or `Catalog::Category` and `CatalogProduct` need to be updated similarly. + ### Active Resource Rails 4.0 extracted Active Resource to its own gem. If you still need the feature you can add the [Active Resource gem](https://github.com/rails/activeresource) in your Gemfile. @@ -895,7 +926,7 @@ Rails 4.0 extracted Active Resource to its own gem. If you still need the featur Please note that you should wait to set `secret_key_base` until you have 100% of your userbase on Rails 4.x and are reasonably sure you will not need to rollback to Rails 3.x. This is because cookies signed based on the new `secret_key_base` in Rails 4.x are not backwards compatible with Rails 3.x. You are free to leave your existing `secret_token` in place, not set the new `secret_key_base`, and ignore the deprecation warnings until you are reasonably sure that your upgrade is otherwise complete. -If you are relying on the ability for external applications or Javascript to be able to read your Rails app's signed session cookies (or signed cookies in general) you should not set `secret_key_base` until you have decoupled these concerns. +If you are relying on the ability for external applications or JavaScript to be able to read your Rails app's signed session cookies (or signed cookies in general) you should not set `secret_key_base` until you have decoupled these concerns. * Rails 4.0 encrypts the contents of cookie-based sessions if `secret_key_base` has been set. Rails 3.x signed, but did not encrypt, the contents of cookie-based session. Signed cookies are "secure" in that they are verified to have been generated by your app and are tamper-proof. However, the contents can be viewed by end users, and encrypting the contents eliminates this caveat/concern without a significant performance penalty. @@ -909,6 +940,8 @@ Please read [Pull Request #9978](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/9978) for d * Rails 4.0 has removed the XML parameters parser. You will need to add the `actionpack-xml_parser` gem if you require this feature. +* Rails 4.0 changes the default `layout` lookup set using symbols or procs that return nil. To get the "no layout" behavior, return false instead of nil. + * Rails 4.0 changes the default memcached client from `memcache-client` to `dalli`. To upgrade, simply add `gem 'dalli'` to your `Gemfile`. * Rails 4.0 deprecates the `dom_id` and `dom_class` methods in controllers (they are fine in views). You will need to include the `ActionView::RecordIdentifier` module in controllers requiring this feature. diff --git a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md index e3856a285a..f3d3a83afc 100644 --- a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md @@ -191,34 +191,6 @@ $(document).ready -> Obviously, you'll want to be a bit more sophisticated than that, but it's a start. You can see more about the events [in the jquery-ujs wiki](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki/ajax). -Another possibility is returning javascript directly from the server side on -remote calls: - -```ruby -# articles_controller -def create - respond_to do |format| - if @article.save - format.html { ... } - format.js do - render js: <<-endjs - alert('Article saved successfully!'); - window.location = '#{article_path(@article)}'; - endjs - end - else - format.html { ... } - format.js do - render js: "alert('There are empty fields in the form!');" - end - end - end -end -``` - -NOTE: If javascript is disabled in the user browser, `format.html { ... }` -block should be executed as fallback. - ### form_tag [`form_tag`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormTagHelper.html#method-i-form_tag) |