15 files changed, 52 insertions, 25 deletions
diff --git a/guides/Rakefile b/guides/Rakefile
index f241cf5918..d2591f523c 100644
--- a/guides/Rakefile
+++ b/guides/Rakefile
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ namespace :guides do
 
     desc "Generate .mobi file. The kindlegen executable must be in your PATH. You can get it for free from http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?docId=1000765211"
     task :kindle do
-      require 'kindlerb'
+      require "kindlerb"
       unless Kindlerb.kindlegen_available?
         abort "Please run `setupkindlerb` to install kindlegen"
       end
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
index 486c7243ad..7644f6fe4a 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ end
 gemfile(true) do
   source "https://rubygems.org"
   gem "rails", github: "rails/rails"
+  gem "arel", github: "rails/arel"
 end
 
 require "action_controller/railtie"
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_master.rb
index f61518713f..7591470440 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_master.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_job_master.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ end
 gemfile(true) do
   source "https://rubygems.org"
   gem "rails", github: "rails/rails"
+  gem "arel", github: "rails/arel"
 end
 
 require "active_job"
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
index 7265a671b0..8bbc1ef19e 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ end
 gemfile(true) do
   source "https://rubygems.org"
   gem "rails", github: "rails/rails"
+  gem "arel", github: "rails/arel"
   gem "sqlite3"
 end
 
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_master.rb
index 13a375d1ba..84a4b71909 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_master.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_migrations_master.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ end
 gemfile(true) do
   source "https://rubygems.org"
   gem "rails", github: "rails/rails"
+  gem "arel", github: "rails/arel"
   gem "sqlite3"
 end
 
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/benchmark.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/benchmark.rb
index 54433b34dd..a0b541d012 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/benchmark.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/benchmark.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ end
 gemfile(true) do
   source "https://rubygems.org"
   gem "rails", github: "rails/rails"
+  gem "arel", github: "rails/arel"
   gem "benchmark-ips"
 end
 
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb
index d3a7ae4ac4..ed45726e92 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/generic_master.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ end
 gemfile(true) do
   source "https://rubygems.org"
   gem "rails", github: "rails/rails"
+  gem "arel", github: "rails/arel"
 end
 
 require "active_support"
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb b/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb
index 5ac802c817..9536d0bd3b 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 
-require 'kindlerb'
+require "kindlerb"
 require "nokogiri"
 require "fileutils"
 require "yaml"
diff --git a/guides/source/action_cable_overview.md b/guides/source/action_cable_overview.md
index 3716aa0ecb..319277ef68 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_cable_overview.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_cable_overview.md
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ module ApplicationCable
       self.current_user = find_verified_user
     end
 
-    protected
+    private
       def find_verified_user
         if current_user = User.find_by(id: cookies.signed[:user_id])
           current_user
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
index 2a1c960887..868daf2435 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class User < ApplicationRecord
 
   before_validation :ensure_login_has_a_value
 
-  protected
+  private
     def ensure_login_has_a_value
       if login.nil?
         self.login = email unless email.blank?
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class User < ApplicationRecord
   # :on takes an array as well
   after_validation :set_location, on: [ :create, :update ]
 
-  protected
+  private
     def normalize_name
       self.name = name.downcase.titleize
     end
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class User < ApplicationRecord
 end
 ```
 
-It is considered good practice to declare callback methods as protected or private. If left public, they can be called from outside of the model and violate the principle of object encapsulation.
+It is considered good practice to declare callback methods as private. If left public, they can be called from outside of the model and violate the principle of object encapsulation.
 
 Available Callbacks
 -------------------
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md
index 58af2f82b3..6d07291b07 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ profile.settings = {"color" => "yellow", "resolution" => "1280x1024"}
 profile.save!
 
 Profile.where("settings->'color' = ?", "yellow")
-#=> #<ActiveRecord::Relation [#<Profile id: 1, settings: {"color"=>"yellow", "resolution"=>"1280x1024"}>]>
+# => #<ActiveRecord::Relation [#<Profile id: 1, settings: {"color"=>"yellow", "resolution"=>"1280x1024"}>]>
 ```
 
 ### JSON
diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
index 6bbc79a326..67bed4c8da 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
@@ -135,36 +135,53 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb`.
 
 ### `duplicable?`
 
-A few fundamental objects in Ruby are singletons. For example, in the whole life of a program the integer 1 refers always to the same instance:
+In Ruby 2.4 most objects can be duplicated via `dup` or `clone` except 
+methods and certain numbers. Though Ruby 2.2 and 2.3 can't duplicate `nil`,
+`false`, `true`, and  symbols as well as instances `Float`, `Fixnum`, 
+and `Bignum` instances.
 
 ```ruby
-1.object_id                 # => 3
-Math.cos(0).to_i.object_id  # => 3
+"foo".dup           # => "foo"
+"".dup              # => ""
+1.method(:+).dup    # => TypeError: allocator undefined for Method
+Complex(0).dup      # => TypeError: can't copy Complex
 ```
 
-Hence, there's no way these objects can be duplicated through `dup` or `clone`:
+Active Support provides `duplicable?` to query an object about this:
 
 ```ruby
-true.dup  # => TypeError: can't dup TrueClass
+"foo".duplicable?           # => true
+"".duplicable?              # => true
+Rational(1).duplicable?     # => false
+Complex(1).duplicable?      # => false
+1.method(:+).duplicable?    # => false
 ```
 
-Some numbers which are not singletons are not duplicable either:
+`duplicable?` matches Ruby's `dup` according to the Ruby version.
+
+So in 2.4:
 
 ```ruby
-0.0.clone        # => allocator undefined for Float
-(2**1024).clone  # => allocator undefined for Bignum
+nil.dup                 # => nil
+:my_symbol.dup          # => :my_symbol
+1.dup                   # => 1
+
+nil.duplicable?         # => true
+:my_symbol.duplicable?  # => true
+1.duplicable?           # => true
 ```
 
-Active Support provides `duplicable?` to programmatically query an object about this property:
+Whereas in 2.2 and 2.3:
 
 ```ruby
-"foo".duplicable? # => true
-"".duplicable?    # => true
-0.0.duplicable?   # => false
-false.duplicable? # => false
-```
+nil.dup                 # => TypeError: can't dup NilClass
+:my_symbol.dup          # => TypeError: can't dup Symbol
+1.dup                   # => TypeError: can't dup Fixnum
 
-By definition all objects are `duplicable?` except `nil`, `false`, `true`, symbols, numbers, class, module, and method objects.
+nil.duplicable?         # => false
+:my_symbol.duplicable?  # => false
+1.duplicable?           # => false
+```
 
 WARNING: Any class can disallow duplication by removing `dup` and `clone` or raising exceptions from them. Thus only `rescue` can tell whether a given arbitrary object is duplicable. `duplicable?` depends on the hard-coded list above, but it is much faster than `rescue`. Use it only if you know the hard-coded list is enough in your use case.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/command_line.md b/guides/source/command_line.md
index 9d7ecce947..c8d559745e 100644
--- a/guides/source/command_line.md
+++ b/guides/source/command_line.md
@@ -407,8 +407,8 @@ db:fixtures:load                    Loads fixtures into the ...
 db:migrate                          Migrate the database ...
 db:migrate:status                   Display status of migrations
 db:rollback                         Rolls the schema back to ...
-db:schema:cache:clear               Clears a db/schema_cache.dump file
-db:schema:cache:dump                Creates a db/schema_cache.dump file
+db:schema:cache:clear               Clears a db/schema_cache.yml file
+db:schema:cache:dump                Creates a db/schema_cache.yml file
 db:schema:dump                      Creates a db/schema.rb file ...
 db:schema:load                      Loads a schema.rb file ...
 db:seed                             Loads the seed data ...
diff --git a/guides/source/getting_started.md b/guides/source/getting_started.md
index f434ca3caf..8a451ab793 100644
--- a/guides/source/getting_started.md
+++ b/guides/source/getting_started.md
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ NOTE: A frequent practice is to place the standard CRUD actions in each
 controller in the following order: `index`, `show`, `new`, `edit`, `create`, `update`
 and `destroy`. You may use any order you choose, but keep in mind that these
 are public methods; as mentioned earlier in this guide, they must be placed
-before any private or protected method in the controller in order to work.
+before declaring `private` visibility in the controller.
 
 Given that, let's add the `show` action, as follows:
 
diff --git a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
index dda2b12a3a..8a3b3b84b4 100644
--- a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
@@ -1278,6 +1278,10 @@ Also check your environment settings for `config.action_dispatch.best_standards_
 
 Rails 4.0 removes the `j` alias for `ERB::Util#json_escape` since `j` is already used for `ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper#escape_javascript`.
 
+#### Cache
+
+The caching method changed between Rails 3.x and 4.0. You should [change the cache namespace](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/caching_with_rails.html#activesupport-cache-store) and roll out with a cold cache.
+
 ### Helpers Loading Order
 
 The order in which helpers from more than one directory are loaded has changed in Rails 4.0. Previously, they were gathered and then sorted alphabetically. After upgrading to Rails 4.0, helpers will preserve the order of loaded directories and will be sorted alphabetically only within each directory. Unless you explicitly use the `helpers_path` parameter, this change will only impact the way of loading helpers from engines. If you rely on the ordering, you should check if correct methods are available after upgrade. If you would like to change the order in which engines are loaded, you can use `config.railties_order=` method.