diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'guides/source')
37 files changed, 770 insertions, 416 deletions
diff --git a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md index 328656f4a4..0a62f34371 100644 --- a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md @@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ MySQL supports a reconnect flag in its connections - if set to true, then the cl * Lead Contributor: [Dov Murik](http://twitter.com/dubek) * More information: - * [Controlling Automatic Reconnection Behavior](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/auto-reconnect.html) + * [Controlling Automatic Reconnection Behavior](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/auto-reconnect.html) * [MySQL auto-reconnect revisited](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-core/browse_thread/thread/49d2a7e9c96cb9f4) ### Other Active Record Changes diff --git a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md index e187e5f9ab..537aa5a371 100644 --- a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md @@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ Rails Architectural Changes The major change in Rails 3.1 is the Assets Pipeline. It makes CSS and JavaScript first-class code citizens and enables proper organization, including use in plugins and engines. -The assets pipeline is powered by [Sprockets](https://github.com/sstephenson/sprockets) and is covered in the [Asset Pipeline](asset_pipeline.html) guide. +The assets pipeline is powered by [Sprockets](https://github.com/rails/sprockets) and is covered in the [Asset Pipeline](asset_pipeline.html) guide. ### HTTP Streaming diff --git a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md index 67f4a3c02c..9feaff098a 100644 --- a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md @@ -59,25 +59,25 @@ Major Features ### Upgrade - * **Ruby 1.9.3** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a0380e808d3dbd2462df17f5d3b7fcd8bd812496)) - Ruby 2.0 preferred; 1.9.3+ required - * **[New deprecation policy](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6YgD6tVPQs)** - Deprecated features are warnings in Rails 4.0 and will be removed in Rails 4.1. - * **ActionPack page and action caching** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b0a7068564f0c95e7ef28fc39d0335ed17d93e90)) - Page and action caching are extracted to a separate gem. Page and action caching requires too much manual intervention (manually expiring caches when the underlying model objects are updated). Instead, use Russian doll caching. - * **ActiveRecord observers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ccecab3ba950a288b61a516bf9b6962e384aae0b)) - Observers are extracted to a separate gem. Observers are only needed for page and action caching, and can lead to spaghetti code. - * **ActiveRecord session store** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0ffe19056c8e8b2f9ae9d487b896cad2ce9387ad)) - The ActiveRecord session store is extracted to a separate gem. Storing sessions in SQL is costly. Instead, use cookie sessions, memcache sessions, or a custom session store. - * **ActiveModel mass assignment protection** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f8c9a4d3e88181cee644f91e1342bfe896ca64c6)) - Rails 3 mass assignment protection is deprecated. Instead, use strong parameters. - * **ActiveResource** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1637bf2bb00490203503fbd943b73406e043d1d)) - ActiveResource is extracted to a separate gem. ActiveResource was not widely used. - * **vendor/plugins removed** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/853de2bd9ac572735fa6cf59fcf827e485a231c3)) - Use a Gemfile to manage installed gems. +* **Ruby 1.9.3** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a0380e808d3dbd2462df17f5d3b7fcd8bd812496)) - Ruby 2.0 preferred; 1.9.3+ required +* **[New deprecation policy](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6YgD6tVPQs)** - Deprecated features are warnings in Rails 4.0 and will be removed in Rails 4.1. +* **ActionPack page and action caching** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b0a7068564f0c95e7ef28fc39d0335ed17d93e90)) - Page and action caching are extracted to a separate gem. Page and action caching requires too much manual intervention (manually expiring caches when the underlying model objects are updated). Instead, use Russian doll caching. +* **ActiveRecord observers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ccecab3ba950a288b61a516bf9b6962e384aae0b)) - Observers are extracted to a separate gem. Observers are only needed for page and action caching, and can lead to spaghetti code. +* **ActiveRecord session store** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0ffe19056c8e8b2f9ae9d487b896cad2ce9387ad)) - The ActiveRecord session store is extracted to a separate gem. Storing sessions in SQL is costly. Instead, use cookie sessions, memcache sessions, or a custom session store. +* **ActiveModel mass assignment protection** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f8c9a4d3e88181cee644f91e1342bfe896ca64c6)) - Rails 3 mass assignment protection is deprecated. Instead, use strong parameters. +* **ActiveResource** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1637bf2bb00490203503fbd943b73406e043d1d)) - ActiveResource is extracted to a separate gem. ActiveResource was not widely used. +* **vendor/plugins removed** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/853de2bd9ac572735fa6cf59fcf827e485a231c3)) - Use a Gemfile to manage installed gems. ### ActionPack - * **Strong parameters** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a8f6d5c6450a7fe058348a7f10a908352bb6c7fc)) - Only allow whitelisted parameters to update model objects (`params.permit(:title, :text)`). - * **Routing concerns** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0dd24728a088fcb4ae616bb5d62734aca5276b1b)) - In the routing DSL, factor out common subroutes (`comments` from `/posts/1/comments` and `/videos/1/comments`). - * **ActionController::Live** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/af0a9f9eefaee3a8120cfd8d05cbc431af376da3)) - Stream JSON with `response.stream`. - * **Declarative ETags** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed5c938fa36995f06d4917d9543ba78ed506bb8d)) - Add controller-level etag additions that will be part of the action etag computation - * **[Russian doll caching](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works)** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4154bf012d2bec2aae79e4a49aa94a70d3e91d49)) - Cache nested fragments of views. Each fragment expires based on a set of dependencies (a cache key). The cache key is usually a template version number and a model object. - * **Turbolinks** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e35d8b18d0649c0ecc58f6b73df6b3c8d0c6bb74)) - Serve only one initial HTML page. When the user navigates to another page, use pushState to update the URL and use AJAX to update the title and body. - * **Decouple ActionView from ActionController** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/78b0934dd1bb84e8f093fb8ef95ca99b297b51cd)) - ActionView was decoupled from ActionPack and will be moved to a separated gem in Rails 4.1. - * **Do not depend on ActiveModel** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/166dbaa7526a96fdf046f093f25b0a134b277a68)) - ActionPack no longer depends on ActiveModel. +* **Strong parameters** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a8f6d5c6450a7fe058348a7f10a908352bb6c7fc)) - Only allow whitelisted parameters to update model objects (`params.permit(:title, :text)`). +* **Routing concerns** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/0dd24728a088fcb4ae616bb5d62734aca5276b1b)) - In the routing DSL, factor out common subroutes (`comments` from `/posts/1/comments` and `/videos/1/comments`). +* **ActionController::Live** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/af0a9f9eefaee3a8120cfd8d05cbc431af376da3)) - Stream JSON with `response.stream`. +* **Declarative ETags** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed5c938fa36995f06d4917d9543ba78ed506bb8d)) - Add controller-level etag additions that will be part of the action etag computation. +* **[Russian doll caching](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works)** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4154bf012d2bec2aae79e4a49aa94a70d3e91d49)) - Cache nested fragments of views. Each fragment expires based on a set of dependencies (a cache key). The cache key is usually a template version number and a model object. +* **Turbolinks** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e35d8b18d0649c0ecc58f6b73df6b3c8d0c6bb74)) - Serve only one initial HTML page. When the user navigates to another page, use pushState to update the URL and use AJAX to update the title and body. +* **Decouple ActionView from ActionController** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/78b0934dd1bb84e8f093fb8ef95ca99b297b51cd)) - ActionView was decoupled from ActionPack and will be moved to a separated gem in Rails 4.1. +* **Do not depend on ActiveModel** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/166dbaa7526a96fdf046f093f25b0a134b277a68)) - ActionPack no longer depends on ActiveModel. ### General @@ -87,14 +87,17 @@ Major Features * **Support for specifying transaction isolation level** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/392eeecc11a291e406db927a18b75f41b2658253)) - Choose whether repeatable reads or improved performance (less locking) is more important. * **Dalli** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/82663306f428a5bbc90c511458432afb26d2f238)) - Use Dalli memcache client for the memcache store. * **Notifications start & finish** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f08f8750a512f741acb004d0cebe210c5f949f28)) - Active Support instrumentation reports start and finish notifications to subscribers. - * **Thread safe by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5d416b907864d99af55ebaa400fff217e17570cd)) - Rails can run in threaded app servers without additional configuration. Note: Check that the gems you are using are threadsafe. + * **Thread safe by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5d416b907864d99af55ebaa400fff217e17570cd)) - Rails can run in threaded app servers without additional configuration. + +NOTE: Check that the gems you are using are threadsafe. + * **PATCH verb** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/eed9f2539e3ab5a68e798802f464b8e4e95e619e)) - In Rails, PATCH replaces PUT. PATCH is used for partial updates of resources. ### Security - * **match do not catch all** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/90d2802b71a6e89aedfe40564a37bd35f777e541)) - In the routing DSL, match requires the HTTP verb or verbs to be specified. - * **html entities escaped by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5f189f41258b83d49012ec5a0678d827327e7543)) - Strings rendered in erb are escaped unless wrapped with `raw` or `html_safe` is called. - * **New security headers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6794e92b204572d75a07bd6413bdae6ae22d5a82)) - Rails sends the following headers with every HTTP request: `X-Frame-Options` (prevents clickjacking by forbidding the browser from embedding the page in a frame), `X-XSS-Protection` (asks the browser to halt script injection) and `X-Content-Type-Options` (prevents the browser from opening a jpeg as an exe). +* **match do not catch all** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/90d2802b71a6e89aedfe40564a37bd35f777e541)) - In the routing DSL, match requires the HTTP verb or verbs to be specified. +* **html entities escaped by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5f189f41258b83d49012ec5a0678d827327e7543)) - Strings rendered in erb are escaped unless wrapped with `raw` or `html_safe` is called. +* **New security headers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6794e92b204572d75a07bd6413bdae6ae22d5a82)) - Rails sends the following headers with every HTTP request: `X-Frame-Options` (prevents clickjacking by forbidding the browser from embedding the page in a frame), `X-XSS-Protection` (asks the browser to halt script injection) and `X-Content-Type-Options` (prevents the browser from opening a jpeg as an exe). Extraction of features to gems --------------------------- @@ -181,7 +184,7 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/a * `String#to_date` now raises `ArgumentError: invalid date` instead of `NoMethodError: undefined method 'div' for nil:NilClass` when given an invalid date. It is now the same as `Date.parse`, and it accepts more invalid dates than 3.x, such as: - ``` + ```ruby # ActiveSupport 3.x "asdf".to_date # => NoMethodError: undefined method `div' for nil:NilClass "333".to_date # => NoMethodError: undefined method `div' for nil:NilClass diff --git a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md index 8d5557be6e..6bf65757ec 100644 --- a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md @@ -317,15 +317,15 @@ for detailed changes. * Removed deprecated constants from Action Controller: - | Removed | Successor | - |:-----------------------------------|:--------------------------------| - | ActionController::AbstractRequest | ActionDispatch::Request | - | ActionController::Request | ActionDispatch::Request | - | ActionController::AbstractResponse | ActionDispatch::Response | - | ActionController::Response | ActionDispatch::Response | - | ActionController::Routing | ActionDispatch::Routing | - | ActionController::Integration | ActionDispatch::Integration | - | ActionController::IntegrationTest | ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest | +| Removed | Successor | +|:-----------------------------------|:--------------------------------| +| ActionController::AbstractRequest | ActionDispatch::Request | +| ActionController::Request | ActionDispatch::Request | +| ActionController::AbstractResponse | ActionDispatch::Response | +| ActionController::Response | ActionDispatch::Response | +| ActionController::Routing | ActionDispatch::Routing | +| ActionController::Integration | ActionDispatch::Integration | +| ActionController::IntegrationTest | ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest | ### Notable changes diff --git a/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md index 366d9d26b4..684bd286bc 100644 --- a/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md +++ b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md @@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ application is using any of these spellings, you will need to update them: * Values in attribute selectors may need to be quoted if they contain non-alphanumeric characters. - ``` + ```ruby # before a[href=/] a[href$=/] @@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ application is using any of these spellings, you will need to update them: For example: - ``` ruby + ```ruby # content: <div><i><p></i></div> # before: @@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ application is using any of these spellings, you will need to update them: used to be raw (e.g. `AT&T`), and now is evaluated (e.g. `AT&T`). - ``` ruby + ```ruby # content: <p>AT&T</p> # before: @@ -302,6 +302,30 @@ application is using any of these spellings, you will need to update them: assert_select('p', 'AT&T') # => false ``` +Furthermore substitutions have changed syntax. + +Now you have to use a `:match` CSS-like selector: + +```ruby +assert_select ":match('id', ?)", 'comment_1' +``` + +Additionally Regexp substitutions look different when the assertion fails. +Notice how `/hello/` here: + +```ruby +assert_select(":match('id', ?)", /hello/) +``` + +becomes `"(?-mix:hello)"`: + +``` +Expected at least 1 element matching "div:match('id', "(?-mix:hello)")", found 0.. +Expected 0 to be >= 1. +``` + +See the [Rails Dom Testing](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing/tree/8798b9349fb9540ad8cb9a0ce6cb88d1384a210b) documentation for more on `assert_select`. + Railties -------- diff --git a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md index 80000baf66..8c1551f4a1 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md +++ b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: * How to follow the flow of a request through a controller. * How to restrict parameters passed to your controller. -* Why and how to store data in the session or cookies. +* How and why to store data in the session or cookies. * How to work with filters to execute code during request processing. * How to use Action Controller's built-in HTTP authentication. * How to stream data directly to the user's browser. @@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: What Does a Controller Do? -------------------------- -Action Controller is the C in MVC. After routing has determined which controller to use for a request, your controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output. Luckily, Action Controller does most of the groundwork for you and uses smart conventions to make this as straightforward as possible. +Action Controller is the C in MVC. After routing has determined which controller to use for a request, the controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output. Luckily, Action Controller does most of the groundwork for you and uses smart conventions to make this as straightforward as possible. For most conventional [RESTful](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer) applications, the controller will receive the request (this is invisible to you as the developer), fetch or save data from a model and use a view to create HTML output. If your controller needs to do things a little differently, that's not a problem, this is just the most common way for a controller to work. -A controller can thus be thought of as a middle man between models and views. It makes the model data available to the view so it can display that data to the user, and it saves or updates data from the user to the model. +A controller can thus be thought of as a middleman between models and views. It makes the model data available to the view so it can display that data to the user, and it saves or updates user data to the model. NOTE: For more details on the routing process, see [Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html). @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Controller Naming Convention The naming convention of controllers in Rails favors pluralization of the last word in the controller's name, although it is not strictly required (e.g. `ApplicationController`). For example, `ClientsController` is preferable to `ClientController`, `SiteAdminsController` is preferable to `SiteAdminController` or `SitesAdminsController`, and so on. -Following this convention will allow you to use the default route generators (e.g. `resources`, etc) without needing to qualify each `:path` or `:controller`, and keeps URL and path helpers' usage consistent throughout your application. See [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) for more details. +Following this convention will allow you to use the default route generators (e.g. `resources`, etc) without needing to qualify each `:path` or `:controller`, and will keep URL and path helpers' usage consistent throughout your application. See [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) for more details. NOTE: The controller naming convention differs from the naming convention of models, which are expected to be named in singular form. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class ClientsController < ApplicationController end ``` -As an example, if a user goes to `/clients/new` in your application to add a new client, Rails will create an instance of `ClientsController` and run the `new` method. Note that the empty method from the example above would work just fine because Rails will by default render the `new.html.erb` view unless the action says otherwise. The `new` method could make available to the view a `@client` instance variable by creating a new `Client`: +As an example, if a user goes to `/clients/new` in your application to add a new client, Rails will create an instance of `ClientsController` and call its `new` method. Note that the empty method from the example above would work just fine because Rails will by default render the `new.html.erb` view unless the action says otherwise. The `new` method could make available to the view a `@client` instance variable by creating a new `Client`: ```ruby def new @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ The [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) explains this in mor `ApplicationController` inherits from `ActionController::Base`, which defines a number of helpful methods. This guide will cover some of these, but if you're curious to see what's in there, you can see all of them in the API documentation or in the source itself. -Only public methods are callable as actions. It is a best practice to lower the visibility of methods which are not intended to be actions, like auxiliary methods or filters. +Only public methods are callable as actions. It is a best practice to lower the visibility of methods (with `private` or `protected`) which are not intended to be actions, like auxiliary methods or filters. Parameters ---------- @@ -104,13 +104,13 @@ end ### Hash and Array Parameters -The `params` hash is not limited to one-dimensional keys and values. It can contain arrays and (nested) hashes. To send an array of values, append an empty pair of square brackets "[]" to the key name: +The `params` hash is not limited to one-dimensional keys and values. It can contain nested arrays and hashes. To send an array of values, append an empty pair of square brackets "[]" to the key name: ``` GET /clients?ids[]=1&ids[]=2&ids[]=3 ``` -NOTE: The actual URL in this example will be encoded as "/clients?ids%5b%5d=1&ids%5b%5d=2&ids%5b%5d=3" as "[" and "]" are not allowed in URLs. Most of the time you don't have to worry about this because the browser will take care of it for you, and Rails will decode it back when it receives it, but if you ever find yourself having to send those requests to the server manually you have to keep this in mind. +NOTE: The actual URL in this example will be encoded as "/clients?ids%5b%5d=1&ids%5b%5d=2&ids%5b%5d=3" as the "[" and "]" characters are not allowed in URLs. Most of the time you don't have to worry about this because the browser will encode it for you, and Rails will decode it automatically, but if you ever find yourself having to send those requests to the server manually you should keep this in mind. The value of `params[:ids]` will now be `["1", "2", "3"]`. Note that parameter values are always strings; Rails makes no attempt to guess or cast the type. @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ NOTE: Values such as `[nil]` or `[nil, nil, ...]` in `params` are replaced with `[]` for security reasons by default. See [Security Guide](security.html#unsafe-query-generation) for more information. -To send a hash you include the key name inside the brackets: +To send a hash, you include the key name inside the brackets: ```html <form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/clients" method="post"> @@ -131,11 +131,11 @@ To send a hash you include the key name inside the brackets: When this form is submitted, the value of `params[:client]` will be `{ "name" => "Acme", "phone" => "12345", "address" => { "postcode" => "12345", "city" => "Carrot City" } }`. Note the nested hash in `params[:client][:address]`. -Note that the `params` hash is actually an instance of `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`, which acts like a hash but lets you use symbols and strings interchangeably as keys. +The `params` object acts like a Hash, but lets you use symbols and strings interchangeably as keys. ### JSON parameters -If you're writing a web service application, you might find yourself more comfortable accepting parameters in JSON format. If the "Content-Type" header of your request is set to "application/json", Rails will automatically convert your parameters into the `params` hash, which you can access as you would normally. +If you're writing a web service application, you might find yourself more comfortable accepting parameters in JSON format. If the "Content-Type" header of your request is set to "application/json", Rails will automatically load your parameters into the `params` hash, which you can access as you would normally. So for example, if you are sending this JSON content: @@ -143,15 +143,15 @@ So for example, if you are sending this JSON content: { "company": { "name": "acme", "address": "123 Carrot Street" } } ``` -You'll get `params[:company]` as `{ "name" => "acme", "address" => "123 Carrot Street" }`. +Your controller will receive `params[:company]` as `{ "name" => "acme", "address" => "123 Carrot Street" }`. -Also, if you've turned on `config.wrap_parameters` in your initializer or calling `wrap_parameters` in your controller, you can safely omit the root element in the JSON parameter. The parameters will be cloned and wrapped in the key according to your controller's name by default. So the above parameter can be written as: +Also, if you've turned on `config.wrap_parameters` in your initializer or called `wrap_parameters` in your controller, you can safely omit the root element in the JSON parameter. In this case, the parameters will be cloned and wrapped with a key chosen based on your controller's name. So the above JSON POST can be written as: ```json { "name": "acme", "address": "123 Carrot Street" } ``` -And assume that you're sending the data to `CompaniesController`, it would then be wrapped in `:company` key like this: +And, assuming that you're sending the data to `CompaniesController`, it would then be wrapped within the `:company` key like this: ```ruby { name: "acme", address: "123 Carrot Street", company: { name: "acme", address: "123 Carrot Street" } } @@ -159,17 +159,17 @@ And assume that you're sending the data to `CompaniesController`, it would then You can customize the name of the key or specific parameters you want to wrap by consulting the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/ParamsWrapper.html) -NOTE: Support for parsing XML parameters has been extracted into a gem named `actionpack-xml_parser` +NOTE: Support for parsing XML parameters has been extracted into a gem named `actionpack-xml_parser`. ### Routing Parameters -The `params` hash will always contain the `:controller` and `:action` keys, but you should use the methods `controller_name` and `action_name` instead to access these values. Any other parameters defined by the routing, such as `:id` will also be available. As an example, consider a listing of clients where the list can show either active or inactive clients. We can add a route which captures the `:status` parameter in a "pretty" URL: +The `params` hash will always contain the `:controller` and `:action` keys, but you should use the methods `controller_name` and `action_name` instead to access these values. Any other parameters defined by the routing, such as `:id`, will also be available. As an example, consider a listing of clients where the list can show either active or inactive clients. We can add a route which captures the `:status` parameter in a "pretty" URL: ```ruby get '/clients/:status' => 'clients#index', foo: 'bar' ``` -In this case, when a user opens the URL `/clients/active`, `params[:status]` will be set to "active". When this route is used, `params[:foo]` will also be set to "bar" just like it was passed in the query string. In the same way `params[:action]` will contain "index". +In this case, when a user opens the URL `/clients/active`, `params[:status]` will be set to "active". When this route is used, `params[:foo]` will also be set to "bar", as if it were passed in the query string. Your controller will also receive `params[:action]` as "index" and `params[:controller]` as "clients". ### `default_url_options` @@ -183,21 +183,21 @@ class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base end ``` -These options will be used as a starting point when generating URLs, so it's possible they'll be overridden by the options passed in `url_for` calls. +These options will be used as a starting point when generating URLs, so it's possible they'll be overridden by the options passed to `url_for` calls. -If you define `default_url_options` in `ApplicationController`, as in the example above, it would be used for all URL generation. The method can also be defined in one specific controller, in which case it only affects URLs generated there. +If you define `default_url_options` in `ApplicationController`, as in the example above, it will be used for all URL generation. The method can also be defined in a specific controller, in which case it only affects URLs generated there. ### Strong Parameters With strong parameters, Action Controller parameters are forbidden to be used in Active Model mass assignments until they have been -whitelisted. This means you'll have to make a conscious choice about -which attributes to allow for mass updating and thus prevent -accidentally exposing that which shouldn't be exposed. +whitelisted. This means that you'll have to make a conscious decision about +which attributes to allow for mass update. This is a better security +practice to help prevent accidentally allowing users to update sensitive +model attributes. -In addition, parameters can be marked as required and flow through a -predefined raise/rescue flow to end up as a 400 Bad Request with no -effort. +In addition, parameters can be marked as required and will flow through a +predefined raise/rescue flow to end up as a 400 Bad Request. ```ruby class PeopleController < ActionController::Base @@ -239,17 +239,17 @@ params.permit(:id) ``` the key `:id` will pass the whitelisting if it appears in `params` and -it has a permitted scalar value associated. Otherwise the key is going +it has a permitted scalar value associated. Otherwise, the key is going to be filtered out, so arrays, hashes, or any other objects cannot be injected. The permitted scalar types are `String`, `Symbol`, `NilClass`, `Numeric`, `TrueClass`, `FalseClass`, `Date`, `Time`, `DateTime`, -`StringIO`, `IO`, `ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile` and +`StringIO`, `IO`, `ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile`, and `Rack::Test::UploadedFile`. To declare that the value in `params` must be an array of permitted -scalar values map the key to an empty array: +scalar values, map the key to an empty array: ```ruby params.permit(id: []) @@ -262,14 +262,13 @@ used: params.require(:log_entry).permit! ``` -This will mark the `:log_entry` parameters hash and any sub-hash of it -permitted. Extreme care should be taken when using `permit!` as it -will allow all current and future model attributes to be -mass-assigned. +This will mark the `:log_entry` parameters hash and any sub-hash of it as +permitted. Extreme care should be taken when using `permit!`, as it +will allow all current and future model attributes to be mass-assigned. #### Nested Parameters -You can also use permit on nested parameters, like: +You can also use `permit` on nested parameters, like: ```ruby params.permit(:name, { emails: [] }, @@ -277,19 +276,19 @@ params.permit(:name, { emails: [] }, { family: [ :name ], hobbies: [] }]) ``` -This declaration whitelists the `name`, `emails` and `friends` +This declaration whitelists the `name`, `emails`, and `friends` attributes. It is expected that `emails` will be an array of permitted -scalar values and that `friends` will be an array of resources with -specific attributes : they should have a `name` attribute (any +scalar values, and that `friends` will be an array of resources with +specific attributes: they should have a `name` attribute (any permitted scalar values allowed), a `hobbies` attribute as an array of permitted scalar values, and a `family` attribute which is restricted -to having a `name` (any permitted scalar values allowed, too). +to having a `name` (any permitted scalar values allowed here, too). #### More Examples -You want to also use the permitted attributes in the `new` +You may want to also use the permitted attributes in your `new` action. This raises the problem that you can't use `require` on the -root key because normally it does not exist when calling `new`: +root key because, normally, it does not exist when calling `new`: ```ruby # using `fetch` you can supply a default and use @@ -297,8 +296,8 @@ root key because normally it does not exist when calling `new`: params.fetch(:blog, {}).permit(:title, :author) ``` -`accepts_nested_attributes_for` allows you to update and destroy -associated records. This is based on the `id` and `_destroy` +The model class method `accepts_nested_attributes_for` allows you to +update and destroy associated records. This is based on the `id` and `_destroy` parameters: ```ruby @@ -306,7 +305,7 @@ parameters: params.require(:author).permit(:name, books_attributes: [:title, :id, :_destroy]) ``` -Hashes with integer keys are treated differently and you can declare +Hashes with integer keys are treated differently, and you can declare the attributes as if they were direct children. You get these kinds of parameters when you use `accepts_nested_attributes_for` in combination with a `has_many` association: @@ -323,13 +322,13 @@ params.require(:book).permit(:title, chapters_attributes: [:title]) #### Outside the Scope of Strong Parameters The strong parameter API was designed with the most common use cases -in mind. It is not meant as a silver bullet to handle all your -whitelisting problems. However you can easily mix the API with your +in mind. It is not meant as a silver bullet to handle all of your +whitelisting problems. However, you can easily mix the API with your own code to adapt to your situation. Imagine a scenario where you have parameters representing a product name and a hash of arbitrary data associated with that product, and -you want to whitelist the product name attribute but also the whole +you want to whitelist the product name attribute and also the whole data hash. The strong parameters API doesn't let you directly whitelist the whole of a nested hash with any keys, but you can use the keys of your nested hash to declare what to whitelist: @@ -737,7 +736,7 @@ You can choose not to yield and build the response yourself, in which case the a While the most common way to use filters is by creating private methods and using *_action to add them, there are two other ways to do the same thing. -The first is to use a block directly with the *_action methods. The block receives the controller as an argument, and the `require_login` filter from above could be rewritten to use a block: +The first is to use a block directly with the *\_action methods. The block receives the controller as an argument, and the `require_login` filter from above could be rewritten to use a block: ```ruby class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base diff --git a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md index e55ff16495..73b240ff2c 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md @@ -442,6 +442,39 @@ end Will render the HTML part using the `my_layout.html.erb` file and the text part with the usual `user_mailer.text.erb` file if it exists. +### Previewing Emails + +Action Mailer previews provide a way to see how emails look by visiting a +special URL that renders them. In the above example, the preview class for +`UserMailer` should be named `UserMailerPreview` and located in +`test/mailers/previews/user_mailer_preview.rb`. To see the preview of +`welcome_email`, implement a method that has the same name and call +`UserMailer.welcome_email`: + +```ruby +class UserMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview + def welcome_email + UserMailer.welcome_email(User.first) + end +end +``` + +Then the preview will be available in <http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/user_mailer/welcome_email>. + +If you change something in `app/views/user_mailer/welcome_email.html.erb` +or the mailer itself, it'll automatically reload and render it so you can +visually see the new style instantly. A list of previews are also available +in <http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers>. + +By default, these preview classes live in `test/mailers/previews`. +This can be configured using the `preview_path` option. For example, if you +want to change it to `lib/mailer_previews`, you can configure it in +`config/application.rb`: + +```ruby +config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews" +``` + ### Generating URLs in Action Mailer Views Unlike controllers, the mailer instance doesn't have any context about the diff --git a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md index 665a2b71ff..71f3f8882c 100644 --- a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md +++ b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ One way to use partials is to treat them as the equivalent of subroutines; a way <p>Here are a few of our fine products:</p> <% @products.each do |product| %> - <%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: product} %> + <%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: product } %> <% end %> <%= render "shared/footer" %> @@ -190,6 +190,22 @@ One way to use partials is to treat them as the equivalent of subroutines; a way Here, the `_ad_banner.html.erb` and `_footer.html.erb` partials could contain content that is shared among many pages in your application. You don't need to see the details of these sections when you're concentrating on a particular page. +#### `render` without `partial` and `locals` options + +In the above example, `render` takes 2 options: `partial` and `locals`. But if +these are the only options you want to pass, you can skip using these options. +For example, instead of: + +```erb +<%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: @product } %> +``` + +You can also do: + +```erb +<%= render "product", product: @product %> +``` + #### The `as` and `object` options By default `ActionView::Partials::PartialRenderer` has its object in a local variable with the same name as the template. So, given: @@ -201,7 +217,7 @@ By default `ActionView::Partials::PartialRenderer` has its object in a local var within product we'll get `@product` in the local variable `product`, as if we had written: ```erb -<%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: @product} %> +<%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: @product } %> ``` With the `as` option we can specify a different name for the local variable. For example, if we wanted it to be `item` instead of `product` we would do: @@ -215,7 +231,7 @@ The `object` option can be used to directly specify which object is rendered int For example, instead of: ```erb -<%= render partial: "product", locals: {product: @item} %> +<%= render partial: "product", locals: { product: @item } %> ``` we would do: @@ -288,7 +304,7 @@ In the `show` template, we'll render the `_article` partial wrapped in the `box` **articles/show.html.erb** ```erb -<%= render partial: 'article', layout: 'box', locals: {article: @article} %> +<%= render partial: 'article', layout: 'box', locals: { article: @article } %> ``` The `box` layout simply wraps the `_article` partial in a `div`: @@ -328,7 +344,7 @@ You can also render a block of code within a partial layout instead of calling ` **articles/show.html.erb** ```html+erb -<% render(layout: 'box', locals: {article: @article}) do %> +<% render(layout: 'box', locals: { article: @article }) do %> <%= div_for(article) do %> <p><%= article.body %></p> <% end %> @@ -349,83 +365,6 @@ WIP: Not all the helpers are listed here. For a full list see the [API documenta The following is only a brief overview summary of the helpers available in Action View. It's recommended that you review the [API Documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers.html), which covers all of the helpers in more detail, but this should serve as a good starting point. -### RecordTagHelper - -This module provides methods for generating container tags, such as `div`, for your record. This is the recommended way of creating a container for render your Active Record object, as it adds an appropriate class and id attributes to that container. You can then refer to those containers easily by following the convention, instead of having to think about which class or id attribute you should use. - -#### content_tag_for - -Renders a container tag that relates to your Active Record Object. - -For example, given `@article` is the object of `Article` class, you can do: - -```html+erb -<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @article) do %> - <td><%= @article.title %></td> -<% end %> -``` - -This will generate this HTML output: - -```html -<tr id="article_1234" class="article"> - <td>Hello World!</td> -</tr> -``` - -You can also supply HTML attributes as an additional option hash. For example: - -```html+erb -<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @article, class: "frontpage") do %> - <td><%= @article.title %></td> -<% end %> -``` - -Will generate this HTML output: - -```html -<tr id="article_1234" class="article frontpage"> - <td>Hello World!</td> -</tr> -``` - -You can pass a collection of Active Record objects. This method will loop through your objects and create a container for each of them. For example, given `@articles` is an array of two `Article` objects: - -```html+erb -<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @articles) do |article| %> - <td><%= article.title %></td> -<% end %> -``` - -Will generate this HTML output: - -```html -<tr id="article_1234" class="article"> - <td>Hello World!</td> -</tr> -<tr id="article_1235" class="article"> - <td>Ruby on Rails Rocks!</td> -</tr> -``` - -#### div_for - -This is actually a convenient method which calls `content_tag_for` internally with `:div` as the tag name. You can pass either an Active Record object or a collection of objects. For example: - -```html+erb -<%= div_for(@article, class: "frontpage") do %> - <td><%= @article.title %></td> -<% end %> -``` - -Will generate this HTML output: - -```html -<div id="article_1234" class="article frontpage"> - <td>Hello World!</td> -</div> -``` - ### AssetTagHelper This module provides methods for generating HTML that links views to assets such as images, JavaScript files, stylesheets, and feeds. @@ -468,7 +407,7 @@ stylesheet_link_tag :monkey # => Returns a link tag that browsers and feed readers can use to auto-detect an RSS or Atom feed. ```ruby -auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", {title: "RSS Feed"}) # => +auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", { title: "RSS Feed" }) # => <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="http://www.example.com/feed" /> ``` @@ -850,7 +789,7 @@ time_select("order", "submitted") Returns a `pre` tag that has object dumped by YAML. This creates a very readable way to inspect an object. ```ruby -my_hash = {'first' => 1, 'second' => 'two', 'third' => [1,2,3]} +my_hash = { 'first' => 1, 'second' => 'two', 'third' => [1,2,3] } debug(my_hash) ``` @@ -875,7 +814,7 @@ The core method of this helper, form_for, gives you the ability to create a form ```html+erb # Note: a @person variable will have been created in the controller (e.g. @person = Person.new) -<%= form_for @person, url: {action: "create"} do |f| %> +<%= form_for @person, url: { action: "create" } do |f| %> <%= f.text_field :first_name %> <%= f.text_field :last_name %> <%= submit_tag 'Create' %> @@ -895,7 +834,7 @@ The HTML generated for this would be: The params object created when this form is submitted would look like: ```ruby -{"action" => "create", "controller" => "people", "person" => {"first_name" => "William", "last_name" => "Smith"}} +{ "action" => "create", "controller" => "people", "person" => { "first_name" => "William", "last_name" => "Smith" } } ``` The params hash has a nested person value, which can therefore be accessed with params[:person] in the controller. @@ -916,7 +855,7 @@ check_box("article", "validated") Creates a scope around a specific model object like form_for, but doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable for specifying additional model objects in the same form: ```html+erb -<%= form_for @person, url: {action: "update"} do |person_form| %> +<%= form_for @person, url: { action: "update" } do |person_form| %> First name: <%= person_form.text_field :first_name %> Last name : <%= person_form.text_field :last_name %> @@ -1051,7 +990,7 @@ end Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Article, `@article`): ```ruby -collection_select(:article, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, {prompt: true}) +collection_select(:article, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, { prompt: true }) ``` If `@article.author_id` is 1, this would return: @@ -1223,7 +1162,7 @@ Create a select tag and a series of contained option tags for the provided objec Example: ```ruby -select("article", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: true}) +select("article", "person_id", Person.all.collect { |p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, { include_blank: true }) ``` If `@article.person_id` is 1, this would become: @@ -1286,7 +1225,7 @@ Creates a field set for grouping HTML form elements. Creates a file upload field. ```html+erb -<%= form_tag({action:"post"}, multipart: true) do %> +<%= form_tag({ action: "post" }, multipart: true) do %> <label for="file">File to Upload</label> <%= file_field_tag "file" %> <%= submit_tag %> <% end %> @@ -1601,7 +1540,7 @@ details can be found in the [Rails Security Guide](security.html#cross-site-requ Localized Views --------------- -Action View has the ability render different templates depending on the current locale. +Action View has the ability to render different templates depending on the current locale. For example, suppose you have a `ArticlesController` with a show action. By default, calling this action will render `app/views/articles/show.html.erb`. But if you set `I18n.locale = :de`, then `app/views/articles/show.de.html.erb` will be rendered instead. If the localized template isn't present, the undecorated version will be used. This means you're not required to provide localized views for all cases, but they will be preferred and used if available. diff --git a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md index 4d1625b28d..953c29719d 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ class ProcessVideoJob < ActiveJob::Base end def perform(video) - # do process video + # Do process video end end @@ -238,13 +238,13 @@ class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base queue_as :default before_enqueue do |job| - # do something with the job instance + # Do something with the job instance end around_perform do |job, block| - # do something before perform + # Do something before perform block.call - # do something after perform + # Do something after perform end def perform @@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base queue_as :default rescue_from(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do |exception| - # do something with the exception + # Do something with the exception end def perform diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md index a5196e481e..6551ba0389 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know: What is Active Record? ---------------------- -Active Record is the M in [MVC](getting_started.html#the-mvc-architecture) - the +Active Record is the M in [MVC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller) - the model - which is the layer of the system responsible for representing business data and logic. Active Record facilitates the creation and use of business objects whose data requires persistent storage to a database. It is an @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ object on how to write to and read from the database. ### Object Relational Mapping -Object-Relational Mapping, commonly referred to as its abbreviation ORM, is +Object Relational Mapping, commonly referred to as its abbreviation ORM, is a technique that connects the rich objects of an application to tables in a relational database management system. Using ORM, the properties and relationships of the objects in an application can be easily stored and @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ to Active Record instances: * `(association_name)_type` - Stores the type for [polymorphic associations](association_basics.html#polymorphic-associations). * `(table_name)_count` - Used to cache the number of belonging objects on - associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in a `Articles` class that + associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in an `Article` class that has many instances of `Comment` will cache the number of existent comments for each article. @@ -173,18 +173,18 @@ name that should be used: ```ruby class Product < ActiveRecord::Base - self.table_name = "PRODUCT" + self.table_name = "my_products" end ``` If you do so, you will have to define manually the class name that is hosting -the fixtures (class_name.yml) using the `set_fixture_class` method in your test +the fixtures (my_products.yml) using the `set_fixture_class` method in your test definition: ```ruby -class FunnyJoke < ActiveSupport::TestCase - set_fixture_class funny_jokes: Joke - fixtures :funny_jokes +class ProductTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase + set_fixture_class my_products: Product + fixtures :my_products ... end ``` diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md index e65ab802c0..13989a3b33 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base protected def normalize_name - self.name = self.name.downcase.titleize + self.name = name.downcase.titleize end def set_location diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md index 97cabc1728..7a994cc5de 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md @@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ generates ```ruby class AddUserRefToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration def change - add_reference :products, :user, index: true + add_reference :products, :user, index: true, foreign_key: true end end ``` @@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ will append `ENGINE=BLACKHOLE` to the SQL statement used to create the table ### Creating a Join Table -Migration method `create_join_table` creates a HABTM join table. A typical use +Migration method `create_join_table` creates an HABTM join table. A typical use would be: ```ruby @@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ change_column :products, :part_number, :text This changes the column `part_number` on products table to be a `:text` field. Besides `change_column`, the `change_column_null` and `change_column_default` -methods are used specifically to change the null and default values of a +methods are used specifically to change a not null constraint and default values of a column. ```ruby @@ -479,7 +479,8 @@ Rails will generate a name for every foreign key starting with There is a `:name` option to specify a different name if needed. NOTE: Active Record only supports single column foreign keys. `execute` and -`structure.sql` are required to use composite foreign keys. +`structure.sql` are required to use composite foreign keys. See +[Schema Dumping and You](#schema-dumping-and-you). Removing a foreign key is easy as well: @@ -500,7 +501,7 @@ If the helpers provided by Active Record aren't enough you can use the `execute` method to execute arbitrary SQL: ```ruby -Product.connection.execute('UPDATE `products` SET `price`=`free` WHERE 1') +Product.connection.execute("UPDATE products SET price = 'free' WHERE 1=1") ``` For more details and examples of individual methods, check the API documentation. @@ -538,6 +539,14 @@ definitions: `change_table` is also reversible, as long as the block does not call `change`, `change_default` or `remove`. +`remove_column` is reversible if you supply the column type as the third +argument. Provide the original column options too, otherwise Rails can't +recreate the column exactly when rolling back: + +```ruby +remove_column :posts, :slug, :string, null: false, default: '', index: true +``` + If you're going to need to use any other methods, you should use `reversible` or write the `up` and `down` methods instead of using the `change` method. @@ -695,6 +704,10 @@ of `create_table` and `reversible`, replacing `create_table` by `drop_table`, and finally replacing `up` by `down` and vice-versa. This is all taken care of by `revert`. +NOTE: If you want to add check constraints like in the examples above, +you will have to use `structure.sql` as dump method. See +[Schema Dumping and You](#schema-dumping-and-you). + Running Migrations ------------------ @@ -943,10 +956,10 @@ that Active Record supports. This could be very useful if you were to distribute an application that is able to run against multiple databases. There is however a trade-off: `db/schema.rb` cannot express database specific -items such as triggers, or stored procedures. While in a migration you can -execute custom SQL statements, the schema dumper cannot reconstitute those -statements from the database. If you are using features like this, then you -should set the schema format to `:sql`. +items such as triggers, stored procedures or check constraints. While in a +migration you can execute custom SQL statements, the schema dumper cannot +reconstitute those statements from the database. If you are using features like +this, then you should set the schema format to `:sql`. Instead of using Active Record's schema dumper, the database's structure will be dumped using a tool specific to the database (via the `db:structure:dump` diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md index 373a98bb85..98fb566222 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md @@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ end The `find_each` method accepts most of the options allowed by the regular `find` method, except for `:order` and `:limit`, which are reserved for internal use by `find_each`. -Two additional options, `:batch_size` and `:start`, are available as well. +Two additional options, `:batch_size` and `:begin_at`, are available as well. **`:batch_size`** @@ -329,19 +329,32 @@ User.find_each(batch_size: 5000) do |user| end ``` -**`:start`** +**`:begin_at`** -By default, records are fetched in ascending order of the primary key, which must be an integer. The `:start` option allows you to configure the first ID of the sequence whenever the lowest ID is not the one you need. This would be useful, for example, if you wanted to resume an interrupted batch process, provided you saved the last processed ID as a checkpoint. +By default, records are fetched in ascending order of the primary key, which must be an integer. The `:begin_at` option allows you to configure the first ID of the sequence whenever the lowest ID is not the one you need. This would be useful, for example, if you wanted to resume an interrupted batch process, provided you saved the last processed ID as a checkpoint. For example, to send newsletters only to users with the primary key starting from 2000, and to retrieve them in batches of 5000: ```ruby -User.find_each(start: 2000, batch_size: 5000) do |user| +User.find_each(begin_at: 2000, batch_size: 5000) do |user| NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now end ``` -Another example would be if you wanted multiple workers handling the same processing queue. You could have each worker handle 10000 records by setting the appropriate `:start` option on each worker. +Another example would be if you wanted multiple workers handling the same processing queue. You could have each worker handle 10000 records by setting the appropriate `:begin_at` option on each worker. + +**`:end_at`** + +Similar to the `:begin_at` option, `:end_at` allows you to configure the last ID of the sequence whenever the highest ID is not the one you need. +This would be useful, for example, if you wanted to run a batch process, using a subset of records based on `:begin_at` and `:end_at` + +For example, to send newsletters only to users with the primary key starting from 2000 up to 10000 and to retrieve them in batches of 1000: + +```ruby +User.find_each(begin_at: 2000, end_at: 10000, batch_size: 5000) do |user| + NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now +end +``` #### `find_in_batches` @@ -356,7 +369,7 @@ end ##### Options for `find_in_batches` -The `find_in_batches` method accepts the same `:batch_size` and `:start` options as `find_each`. +The `find_in_batches` method accepts the same `:batch_size`, `:begin_at` and `:end_at` options as `find_each`. Conditions ---------- @@ -642,7 +655,7 @@ GROUP BY status Having ------ -SQL uses the `HAVING` clause to specify conditions on the `GROUP BY` fields. You can add the `HAVING` clause to the SQL fired by the `Model.find` by adding the `:having` option to the find. +SQL uses the `HAVING` clause to specify conditions on the `GROUP BY` fields. You can add the `HAVING` clause to the SQL fired by the `Model.find` by adding the `having` method to the find. For example: @@ -1330,7 +1343,7 @@ Client.unscoped { Dynamic Finders --------------- -For every field (also known as an attribute) you define in your table, Active Record provides a finder method. If you have a field called `first_name` on your `Client` model for example, you get `find_by_first_name` for free from Active Record. If you have a `locked` field on the `Client` model, you also get `find_by_locked` and methods. +For every field (also known as an attribute) you define in your table, Active Record provides a finder method. If you have a field called `first_name` on your `Client` model for example, you get `find_by_first_name` for free from Active Record. If you have a `locked` field on the `Client` model, you also get `find_by_locked` method. You can specify an exclamation point (`!`) on the end of the dynamic finders to get them to raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` error if they do not return any records, like `Client.find_by_name!("Ryan")` @@ -1390,8 +1403,9 @@ WHERE people.name = 'John' LIMIT 1 ``` -NOTE: Remember that, if `find_by` returns more than one registry, it will take -just the first and ignore the others. Note the `LIMIT 1` statement above. +NOTE: Note that if a query matches multiple records, `find_by` will +fetch only the first one and ignore the others (see the `LIMIT 1` +statement above). Find or Build a New Object -------------------------- diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md index 67cc6a4db3..d251c5c0b1 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md +++ b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md @@ -231,9 +231,9 @@ Errors](#working-with-validation-errors) section. ### `errors.details` -To check what validator type was used on invalid attribute, you can use -`errors.details[:attribute]`. It returns array of hashes where under `:error` - key you will find symbol of used validator. +To check which validations failed on an invalid attribute, you can use +`errors.details[:attribute]`. It returns an array of hashes with an `:error` +key to get the symbol of the validator: ```ruby class Person < ActiveRecord::Base @@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ end >> person.errors.details[:name] #=> [{error: :blank}] ``` -Using `details` with custom validators are covered in the [Working with +Using `details` with custom validators is covered in the [Working with Validation Errors](#working-with-validation-errors) section. Validation Helpers @@ -606,9 +606,7 @@ This helper validates that the attribute's value is unique right before the object gets saved. It does not create a uniqueness constraint in the database, so it may happen that two different database connections create two records with the same value for a column that you intend to be unique. To avoid that, -you must create a unique index on both columns in your database. See -[the MySQL manual](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/multiple-column-indexes.html) -for more details about multiple column indexes. +you must create a unique index on that column in your database. ```ruby class Account < ActiveRecord::Base @@ -628,6 +626,7 @@ class Holiday < ActiveRecord::Base message: "should happen once per year" } end ``` +Should you wish to create a database constraint to prevent possible violations of a uniqueness validation using the `:scope` option, you must create a unique index on both columns in your database. See [the MySQL manual](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/multiple-column-indexes.html) for more details about multiple column indexes or [the PostgreSQL manual](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/static/ddl-constraints.html) for examples of unique constraints that refer to a group of columns. There is also a `:case_sensitive` option that you can use to define whether the uniqueness constraint will be case sensitive or not. This option defaults to @@ -918,8 +917,8 @@ write your own validators or validation methods as you prefer. ### Custom Validators -Custom validators are classes that extend `ActiveModel::Validator`. These -classes must implement a `validate` method which takes a record as an argument +Custom validators are classes that inherit from `ActiveModel::Validator`. These +classes must implement the `validate` method which takes a record as an argument and performs the validation on it. The custom validator is called using the `validates_with` method. @@ -1056,7 +1055,9 @@ person.errors[:name] ### `errors.add` -The `add` method lets you manually add messages that are related to particular attributes. You can use the `errors.full_messages` or `errors.to_a` methods to view the messages in the form they might be displayed to a user. Those particular messages get the attribute name prepended (and capitalized). `add` receives the name of the attribute you want to add the message to, and the message itself. +The `add` method lets you add an error message related to a particular attribute. It takes as arguments the attribute and the error message. + +The `errors.full_messages` method (or its equivalent, `errors.to_a`) returns the error messages in a user-friendly format, with the capitalized attribute name prepended to each message, as shown in the examples below. ```ruby class Person < ActiveRecord::Base @@ -1074,12 +1075,12 @@ person.errors.full_messages # => ["Name cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="] ``` -Another way to do this is using `[]=` setter +An equivalent to `errors#add` is to use `<<` to append a message to the `errors.messages` array for an attribute: ```ruby class Person < ActiveRecord::Base def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes - errors[:name] = "cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+=" + errors.messages[:name] << "cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+=" end end @@ -1094,39 +1095,40 @@ Another way to do this is using `[]=` setter ### `errors.details` -You can add validator type to details hash when using `errors.add` method. +You can specify a validator type to the returned error details hash using the +`errors.add` method. ```ruby - class Person < ActiveRecord::Base - def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes - errors.add(:name, :invalid_characters) - end +class Person < ActiveRecord::Base + def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes + errors.add(:name, :invalid_characters) end +end - person = Person.create(name: "!@#") +person = Person.create(name: "!@#") - person.errors.details[:name] - # => [{error: :invalid_characters}] +person.errors.details[:name] +# => [{error: :invalid_characters}] ``` -To improve error details to contain not allowed characters set, you can -pass additional options to `errors.add` method. +To improve the error details to contain the unallowed characters set for instance, +you can pass additional keys to `errors.add`. ```ruby - class Person < ActiveRecord::Base - def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes - errors.add(:name, :invalid_characters, not_allowed: "!@#%*()_-+=") - end +class Person < ActiveRecord::Base + def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes + errors.add(:name, :invalid_characters, not_allowed: "!@#%*()_-+=") end +end - person = Person.create(name: "!@#") +person = Person.create(name: "!@#") - person.errors.details[:name] - # => [{error: :invalid_characters, not_allowed: "!@#%*()_-+="}] +person.errors.details[:name] +# => [{error: :invalid_characters, not_allowed: "!@#%*()_-+="}] ``` -All built in Rails validators populate details hash with corresponding -validator types. +All built in Rails validators populate the details hash with the corresponding +validator type. ### `errors[:base]` diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md index 0fbd6ed7e1..5fb577e256 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md +++ b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md @@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ end we get: ```ruby -current_user.to_query('user') # => user=357-john-smith +current_user.to_query('user') # => "user=357-john-smith" ``` This method escapes whatever is needed, both for the key and the value: @@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ The methods `silence_warnings` and `enable_warnings` change the value of `$VERBO silence_warnings { Object.const_set "RAILS_DEFAULT_LOGGER", logger } ``` -Silencing exceptions is also possible with `suppress`. This method receives an arbitrary number of exception classes. If an exception is raised during the execution of the block and is `kind_of?` any of the arguments, `suppress` captures it and returns silently. Otherwise the exception is reraised: +Silencing exceptions is also possible with `suppress`. This method receives an arbitrary number of exception classes. If an exception is raised during the execution of the block and is `kind_of?` any of the arguments, `suppress` captures it and returns silently. Otherwise the exception is not captured: ```ruby # If the user is locked, the increment is lost, no big deal. @@ -506,6 +506,8 @@ Extensions to `Module` ### `alias_method_chain` +**This method is deprecated in favour of using Module#prepend.** + Using plain Ruby you can wrap methods with other methods, that's called _alias chaining_. For example, let's say you'd like params to be strings in functional tests, as they are in real requests, but still want the convenience of assigning integers and other kind of values. To accomplish that you could wrap `ActionController::TestCase#process` this way in `test/test_helper.rb`: @@ -550,8 +552,6 @@ ActionController::TestCase.class_eval do end ``` -Rails uses `alias_method_chain` all over the code base. For example validations are added to `ActiveRecord::Base#save` by wrapping the method that way in a separate module specialized in validations. - NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb`. ### Attributes @@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb`. #### Qualified Constant Names -The standard methods `const_defined?`, `const_get` , and `const_set` accept +The standard methods `const_defined?`, `const_get`, and `const_set` accept bare constant names. Active Support extends this API to be able to pass relative qualified constant names. @@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@ Calling `dup` or `clone` on safe strings yields safe strings. The method `remove` will remove all occurrences of the pattern: ```ruby -"Hello World".remove(/Hello /) => "World" +"Hello World".remove(/Hello /) # => "World" ``` There's also the destructive version `String#remove!`. @@ -2182,6 +2182,17 @@ to_visit << node if visited.exclude?(node) NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb`. +### `without` + +The method `without` returns a copy of an enumerable with the specified elements +removed: + +```ruby +people.without("Aaron", "Todd") +``` + +NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb`. + Extensions to `Array` --------------------- diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md index 9d9f40e956..352da43b5f 100644 --- a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md +++ b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md @@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ Action View ```ruby { - identifier: "/Users/adam/projects/notifications/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb", + identifier: "/Users/adam/projects/notifications/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb" } ``` @@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ Action Mailer } ``` -ActiveResource +Active Resource -------------- ### request.active_resource diff --git a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md index 52ea605a72..9da0ef1eb3 100644 --- a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md +++ b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ clients to fetch them again, even when the content of those assets has not chang Fingerprinting fixes these problems by avoiding query strings, and by ensuring that filenames are consistent based on their content. -Fingerprinting is enabled by default for both the development and production +Fingerprinting is enabled by default for both the development and production environments. You can enable or disable it in your configuration through the `config.assets.digest` option. @@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ precompiling works. NOTE: You must have an ExecJS supported runtime in order to use CoffeeScript. If you are using Mac OS X or Windows, you have a JavaScript runtime installed in -your operating system. Check [ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme) documentation to know all supported JavaScript runtimes. +your operating system. Check [ExecJS](https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme) documentation to know all supported JavaScript runtimes. You can also disable generation of controller specific asset files by adding the following to your `config/application.rb` configuration: @@ -667,8 +667,7 @@ anymore, delete these options from the `javascript_include_tag` and `stylesheet_link_tag`. The fingerprinting behavior is controlled by the `config.assets.digest` -initialization option (which defaults to `true` for production and `false` for -everything else). +initialization option (which defaults to `true` for production and development). NOTE: Under normal circumstances the default `config.assets.digest` option should not be changed. If there are no digests in the filenames, and far-future @@ -729,27 +728,6 @@ include, you can add them to the `precompile` array in `config/initializers/asse Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += ['admin.js', 'admin.css', 'swfObject.js'] ``` -Or, you can opt to precompile all assets with something like this: - -```ruby -# config/initializers/assets.rb -Rails.application.config.assets.precompile << Proc.new do |path| - if path =~ /\.(css|js)\z/ - full_path = Rails.application.assets.resolve(path).to_path - app_assets_path = Rails.root.join('app', 'assets').to_path - if full_path.starts_with? app_assets_path - logger.info "including asset: " + full_path - true - else - logger.info "excluding asset: " + full_path - false - end - else - false - end -end -``` - NOTE. Always specify an expected compiled filename that ends with .js or .css, even if you want to add Sass or CoffeeScript files to the precompile array. @@ -942,7 +920,7 @@ focus on serving application code as fast as possible. #### Set up a CDN to Serve Static Assets To set up your CDN you have to have your application running in production on -the internet at a publically available URL, for example `example.com`. Next +the internet at a publicly available URL, for example `example.com`. Next you'll need to sign up for a CDN service from a cloud hosting provider. When you do this you need to configure the "origin" of the CDN to point back at your website `example.com`, check your provider for documentation on configuring the @@ -995,7 +973,7 @@ http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png If the CDN has a copy of `smile.png` it will serve it to the browser and your server doesn't even know it was requested. If the CDN does not have a copy it -will try to find it a the "origin" `example.com/assets/smile.png` and then store +will try to find it at the "origin" `example.com/assets/smile.png` and then store it for future use. If you want to serve only some assets from your CDN, you can use custom `:host` @@ -1158,7 +1136,7 @@ The following line invokes `uglifier` for JavaScript compression. config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier ``` -NOTE: You will need an [ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme) +NOTE: You will need an [ExecJS](https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme) supported runtime in order to use `uglifier`. If you are using Mac OS X or Windows you have a JavaScript runtime installed in your operating system. diff --git a/guides/source/association_basics.md b/guides/source/association_basics.md index dab885a8fb..ec6017ff73 100644 --- a/guides/source/association_basics.md +++ b/guides/source/association_basics.md @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class CreateCustomers < ActiveRecord::Migration end create_table :orders do |t| - t.belongs_to :customer, index:true + t.belongs_to :customer, index: true t.datetime :order_date t.timestamps null: false end @@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration t.timestamps null: false end - add_index :pictures, :imageable_id + add_index :pictures, [:imageable_type, :imageable_id] end end ``` @@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ c.first_name = 'Manny' c.first_name == o.customer.first_name # => false ``` -This happens because c and o.customer are two different in-memory representations of the same data, and neither one is automatically refreshed from changes to the other. Active Record provides the `:inverse_of` option so that you can inform it of these relations: +This happens because `c` and `o.customer` are two different in-memory representations of the same data, and neither one is automatically refreshed from changes to the other. Active Record provides the `:inverse_of` option so that you can inform it of these relations: ```ruby class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base @@ -726,10 +726,10 @@ Most associations with standard names will be supported. However, associations that contain the following options will not have their inverses set automatically: -* :conditions -* :through -* :polymorphic -* :foreign_key +* `:conditions` +* `:through` +* `:polymorphic` +* `:foreign_key` Detailed Association Reference ------------------------------ @@ -833,6 +833,7 @@ The `belongs_to` association supports these options: * `:polymorphic` * `:touch` * `:validate` +* `:optional` ##### `:autosave` @@ -932,7 +933,7 @@ Passing `true` to the `:polymorphic` option indicates that this is a polymorphic ##### `:touch` -If you set the `:touch` option to `:true`, then the `updated_at` or `updated_on` timestamp on the associated object will be set to the current time whenever this object is saved or destroyed: +If you set the `:touch` option to `true`, then the `updated_at` or `updated_on` timestamp on the associated object will be set to the current time whenever this object is saved or destroyed: ```ruby class Order < ActiveRecord::Base @@ -956,6 +957,11 @@ end If you set the `:validate` option to `true`, then associated objects will be validated whenever you save this object. By default, this is `false`: associated objects will not be validated when this object is saved. +##### `:optional` + +If you set the `:optional` option to `true`, then the presence of the associated +object won't be validated. By default, this option is set to `false`. + #### Scopes for `belongs_to` There may be times when you wish to customize the query used by `belongs_to`. Such customizations can be achieved via a scope block. For example: @@ -1490,7 +1496,7 @@ While Rails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, th ```ruby class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base - has_many :orders, dependent: :delete_all, validate: :false + has_many :orders, dependent: :delete_all, validate: false end ``` @@ -1986,8 +1992,8 @@ While Rails uses intelligent defaults that will work well in most situations, th ```ruby class Parts < ActiveRecord::Base - has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, autosave: true, - readonly: true + has_and_belongs_to_many :assemblies, -> { readonly }, + autosave: true end ``` @@ -1999,7 +2005,6 @@ The `has_and_belongs_to_many` association supports these options: * `:foreign_key` * `:join_table` * `:validate` -* `:readonly` ##### `:association_foreign_key` @@ -2243,3 +2248,67 @@ Extensions can refer to the internals of the association proxy using these three * `proxy_association.owner` returns the object that the association is a part of. * `proxy_association.reflection` returns the reflection object that describes the association. * `proxy_association.target` returns the associated object for `belongs_to` or `has_one`, or the collection of associated objects for `has_many` or `has_and_belongs_to_many`. + +Single Table Inheritance +------------------------ + +Sometimes, you may want to share fields and behavior between different models. +Let's say we have Car, Motorcycle and Bicycle models. We will want to share +the `color` and `price` fields and some methods for all of them, but having some +specific behavior for each, and separated controllers too. + +Rails makes this quite easy. First, let's generate the base Vehicle model: + +```bash +$ rails generate model vehicle type:string color:string price:decimal{10.2} +``` + +Did you note we are adding a "type" field? Since all models will be saved in a +single database table, Rails will save in this column the name of the model that +is being saved. In our example, this can be "Car", "Motorcycle" or "Bicycle." +STI won't work without a "type" field in the table. + +Next, we will generate the three models that inherit from Vehicle. For this, +we can use the `--parent=PARENT` option, which will generate a model that +inherits from the specified parent and without equivalent migration (since the +table already exists). + +For example, to generate the Car model: + +```bash +$ rails generate model car --parent=Vehicle +``` + +The generated model will look like this: + +```ruby +class Car < Vehicle +end +``` + +This means that all behavior added to Vehicle is available for Car too, as +associations, public methods, etc. + +Creating a car will save it in the `vehicles` table with "Car" as the `type` field: + +```ruby +Car.create color: 'Red', price: 10000 +``` + +will generate the following SQL: + +```sql +INSERT INTO "vehicles" ("type", "color", "price") VALUES ("Car", "Red", 10000) +``` + +Querying car records will just search for vehicles that are cars: + +```ruby +Car.all +``` + +will run a query like: + +```sql +SELECT "vehicles".* FROM "vehicles" WHERE "vehicles"."type" IN ('Car') +``` diff --git a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md index 51c46d707c..c6149abcba 100644 --- a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md +++ b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md @@ -301,7 +301,9 @@ order. The ancestors of those elements are ignored. 2. If not found, then the algorithm walks up the ancestor chain of the cref. -3. If not found, `const_missing` is invoked on the cref. The default +3. If not found and the cref is a module, the constant is looked up in `Object`. + +4. If not found, `const_missing` is invoked on the cref. The default implementation of `const_missing` raises `NameError`, but it can be overridden. Rails autoloading **does not emulate this algorithm**, but its starting point is @@ -324,7 +326,7 @@ relative: `::Billing::Invoice`. That would force `Billing` to be looked up only as a top-level constant. `Invoice` on the other hand is qualified by `Billing` and we are going to see -its resolution next. Let's call *parent* to that qualifying class or module +its resolution next. Let's define *parent* to be that qualifying class or module object, that is, `Billing` in the example above. The algorithm for qualified constants goes like this: @@ -461,9 +463,13 @@ Also, this collection is configurable via `config.autoload_paths`. For example, by adding this to `config/application.rb`: ```ruby -config.autoload_paths += "#{Rails.root}/lib" +config.autoload_paths << "#{Rails.root}/lib" ``` +`config.autoload_paths` is accessible from environment-specific configuration +files, but any changes made to it outside `config/application.rb` don't have any +effect. + The value of `autoload_paths` can be inspected. In a just generated application it is (edited): diff --git a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md index 0fa20f7ccf..716beb9178 100644 --- a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ config.action_controller.perform_caching = true Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or NGINX), without ever having to go through the Rails stack at all. Obviously, this is super-fast. Unfortunately, it can't be applied to every situation (such as pages that need authentication) and since the webserver is literally just serving a file from the filesystem, cache expiration is an issue that needs to be dealt with. -INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method. +INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching). ### Action Caching diff --git a/guides/source/command_line.md b/guides/source/command_line.md index 78f26ccefa..b409f20122 100644 --- a/guides/source/command_line.md +++ b/guides/source/command_line.md @@ -338,6 +338,12 @@ You can specify the environment in which the `runner` command should operate usi $ bin/rails runner -e staging "Model.long_running_method" ``` +You can even execute ruby code written in a file with runner. + +```bash +$ bin/rails runner lib/code_to_be_run.rb +``` + ### `rails destroy` Think of `destroy` as the opposite of `generate`. It'll figure out what generate did, and undo it. @@ -396,7 +402,7 @@ INFO: You can also use `rake -T` to get the list of tasks. $ bin/rake about About your application's environment Rails version 5.0.0 -Ruby version 2.2.0 (x86_64-linux) +Ruby version 2.2.1 (x86_64-linux) RubyGems version 2.4.5 Rack version 1.6 JavaScript Runtime Node.js (V8) @@ -419,14 +425,6 @@ The most common tasks of the `db:` Rake namespace are `migrate` and `create`, an More information about migrations can be found in the [Migrations](migrations.html) guide. -### `doc` - -The `doc:` namespace has the tools to generate documentation for your app, API documentation, guides. Documentation can also be stripped which is mainly useful for slimming your codebase, like if you're writing a Rails application for an embedded platform. - -* `rake doc:app` generates documentation for your application in `doc/app`. -* `rake doc:guides` generates Rails guides in `doc/guides`. -* `rake doc:rails` generates API documentation for Rails in `doc/api`. - ### `notes` `rake notes` will search through your code for comments beginning with FIXME, OPTIMIZE or TODO. The search is done in files with extension `.builder`, `.rb`, `.rake`, `.yml`, `.yaml`, `.ruby`, `.css`, `.js` and `.erb` for both default and custom annotations. @@ -528,8 +526,8 @@ end To pass arguments to your custom rake task: ```ruby -task :task_name, [:arg_1] => [:pre_1, :pre_2] do |t, args| - # You can use args from here +task :task_name, [:arg_1] => [:prerequisite_1, :prerequisite_2] do |task, args| + argument_1 = args.arg_1 end ``` diff --git a/guides/source/configuring.md b/guides/source/configuring.md index 9c0f2ddc8a..c6f6ef6dd5 100644 --- a/guides/source/configuring.md +++ b/guides/source/configuring.md @@ -110,7 +110,9 @@ numbers. New applications filter out passwords by adding the following `config.f * `config.log_formatter` defines the formatter of the Rails logger. This option defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger::SimpleFormatter` for all modes except production, where it defaults to `Logger::Formatter`. -* `config.log_level` defines the verbosity of the Rails logger. This option defaults to `:debug` for all environments. The available log levels are: :debug, :info, :warn, :error, :fatal, and :unknown. +* `config.log_level` defines the verbosity of the Rails logger. This option +defaults to `:debug` for all environments. The available log levels are: `:debug`, +`:info`, `:warn`, `:error`, `:fatal`, and `:unknown`. * `config.log_tags` accepts a list of methods that the `request` object responds to. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id - both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications. @@ -286,7 +288,7 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library. * `config.active_record.lock_optimistically` controls whether Active Record will use optimistic locking and is true by default. -* `config.active_record.cache_timestamp_format` controls the format of the timestamp value in the cache key. Default is `:number`. +* `config.active_record.cache_timestamp_format` controls the format of the timestamp value in the cache key. Default is `:nsec`. * `config.active_record.record_timestamps` is a boolean value which controls whether or not timestamping of `create` and `update` operations on a model occur. The default value is `true`. @@ -300,6 +302,18 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library. `config/environments/production.rb` which is generated by Rails. The default value is true if this configuration is not set. +* `config.active_record.dump_schemas` controls which database schemas will be dumped when calling db:structure:dump. + The options are `:schema_search_path` (the default) which dumps any schemas listed in schema_search_path, + `:all` which always dumps all schemas regardless of the schema_search_path, + or a string of comma separated schemas. + +* `config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default` is a boolean value and controls whether `belongs_to` association is required by default. + +* `config.active_record.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than` allows setting a + warning threshold for query result size. If the number of records returned + by a query exceeds the threshold, a warning is logged. This can be used to + identify queries which might be causing memory bloat. + The MySQL adapter adds one additional configuration option: * `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans` controls whether Active Record will consider all `tinyint(1)` columns in a MySQL database to be booleans and is true by default. @@ -817,15 +831,6 @@ server { Be sure to read the [NGINX documentation](http://nginx.org/en/docs/) for the most up-to-date information. -#### Considerations when deploying to a subdirectory - -Deploying to a subdirectory in production has implications on various parts of -Rails. - -* development environment: -* testing environment: -* serving static assets: -* asset pipeline: Rails Environment Settings -------------------------- @@ -973,8 +978,6 @@ Below is a comprehensive list of all the initializers found in Rails in the orde * `load_environment_config` Loads the `config/environments` file for the current environment. -* `append_asset_paths` Finds asset paths for the application and all attached railties and keeps a track of the available directories in `config.static_asset_paths`. - * `prepend_helpers_path` Adds the directory `app/helpers` from the application, railties and engines to the lookup path for helpers for the application. * `load_config_initializers` Loads all Ruby files from `config/initializers` in the application, railties and engines. The files in this directory can be used to hold configuration settings that should be made after all of the frameworks are loaded. @@ -1049,3 +1052,23 @@ These configuration points are then available through the configuration object: Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger # => true Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger.not_set # => nil ``` + +Search Engines Indexing +----------------------- + +Sometimes, you may want to prevent some pages of your application to be visible +on search sites like Google, Bing, Yahoo or Duck Duck Go. The robots that index +these sites will first analyse the `http://your-site.com/robots.txt` file to +know which pages it is allowed to index. + +Rails creates this file for you inside the `/public` folder. By default, it allows +search engines to index all pages of your application. If you want to block +indexing on all pages of you application, use this: + +``` +User-agent: * +Disallow: / +``` + +To block just specific pages, it's necessary to use a more complex syntax. Learn +it on the [official documentation](http://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html). diff --git a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md index 7381521658..018100c316 100644 --- a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md @@ -173,6 +173,14 @@ $ git checkout -b my_new_branch It doesn't matter much what name you use, because this branch will only exist on your local computer and your personal repository on GitHub. It won't be part of the Rails Git repository. +### Bundle install + +Install the required gems. + +```bash +$ bundle install +``` + ### Running an Application Against Your Local Branch In case you need a dummy Rails app to test changes, the `--dev` flag of `rails new` generates an application that uses your local branch: @@ -236,11 +244,11 @@ This will generate a report with the following information: ``` Calculating ------------------------------------- - addition 69114 i/100ms - addition with send 64062 i/100ms + addition 132.013k i/100ms + addition with send 125.413k i/100ms ------------------------------------------------- - addition 5307644.4 (±3.5%) i/s - 26539776 in 5.007219s - addition with send 3702897.9 (±3.5%) i/s - 18513918 in 5.006723s + addition 9.677M (± 1.7%) i/s - 48.449M + addition with send 6.794M (± 1.1%) i/s - 33.987M ``` Please see the benchmark/ips [README](https://github.com/evanphx/benchmark-ips/blob/master/README.md) for more information. @@ -368,6 +376,10 @@ A CHANGELOG entry should summarize what was changed and should end with author's Your name can be added directly after the last word if you don't provide any code examples or don't need multiple paragraphs. Otherwise, it's best to make as a new paragraph. +### Updating the Gemfile.lock + +Some changes require the dependencies to be upgraded. In these cases make sure you run `bundle update` to get the right version of the dependency and commit the `Gemfile.lock` file within your changes. + ### Sanity Check You should not be the only person who looks at the code before you submit it. diff --git a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md index a788dd48ad..a9715fb837 100644 --- a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md +++ b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md @@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ This way an irb session will be started within the context you invoked it. But be warned: this is an experimental feature. The `var` method is the most convenient way to show variables and their values. -Let's let `byebug` to help us with it. +Let's let `byebug` help us with it. ``` (byebug) help var @@ -782,10 +782,10 @@ will be stopped and you will have to start it again. `byebug` has a few available options to tweak its behaviour: -* `set autoreload`: Reload source code when changed (default: true). -* `set autolist`: Execute `list` command on every breakpoint (default: true). +* `set autoreload`: Reload source code when changed (defaults: true). +* `set autolist`: Execute `list` command on every breakpoint (defaults: true). * `set listsize _n_`: Set number of source lines to list by default to _n_ -(default: 10) +(defaults: 10) * `set forcestep`: Make sure the `next` and `step` commands always move to a new line. @@ -800,6 +800,63 @@ set forcestep set listsize 25 ``` +Debugging with the `web-console` gem +------------------------------------ + +Web Console is a bit like `byebug`, but it runs in the browser. In any page you +are developing, you can request a console in the context of a view or a +controller. The console would be rendered next to your HTML content. + +### Console + +Inside any controller action or view, you can then invoke the console by +calling the `console` method. + +For example, in a controller: + +```ruby +class PostsController < ApplicationController + def new + console + @post = Post.new + end +end +``` + +Or in a view: + +```html+erb +<% console %> + +<h2>New Post</h2> +``` + +This will render a console inside your view. You don't need to care about the +location of the `console` call; it won't be rendered on the spot of its +invocation but next to your HTML content. + +The console executes pure Ruby code. You can define and instantiate +custom classes, create new models and inspect variables. + +NOTE: Only one console can be rendered per request. Otherwise `web-console` +will raise an error on the second `console` invocation. + +### Inspecting Variables + +You can invoke `instance_variables` to list all the instance variables +available in your context. If you want to list all the local variables, you can +do that with `local_variables`. + +### Settings + +* `config.web_console.whitelisted_ips`: Authorized list of IPv4 or IPv6 +addresses and networks (defaults: `127.0.0.1/8, ::1`). +* `config.web_console.whiny_requests`: Log a message when a console rendering +is prevented (defaults: `true`). + +Since `web-console` evaluates plain Ruby code remotely on the server, don't try +to use it in production. + Debugging Memory Leaks ---------------------- @@ -832,7 +889,7 @@ application. Here is a list of useful plugins for debugging: * [Footnotes](https://github.com/josevalim/rails-footnotes) Every Rails page has footnotes that give request information and link back to your source via TextMate. -* [Query Trace](https://github.com/ntalbott/query_trace/tree/master) Adds query +* [Query Trace](https://github.com/ruckus/active-record-query-trace/tree/master) Adds query origin tracing to your logs. * [Query Reviewer](https://github.com/nesquena/query_reviewer) This rails plugin not only runs "EXPLAIN" before each of your select queries in development, but @@ -856,6 +913,7 @@ References * [ruby-debug Homepage](http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/ruby-debug/home-page.html) * [debugger Homepage](https://github.com/cldwalker/debugger) * [byebug Homepage](https://github.com/deivid-rodriguez/byebug) +* [web-console Homepage](https://github.com/rails/web-console) * [Article: Debugging a Rails application with ruby-debug](http://www.sitepoint.com/debug-rails-app-ruby-debug/) * [Ryan Bates' debugging ruby (revised) screencast](http://railscasts.com/episodes/54-debugging-ruby-revised) * [Ryan Bates' stack trace screencast](http://railscasts.com/episodes/24-the-stack-trace) diff --git a/guides/source/documents.yaml b/guides/source/documents.yaml index 67032a31f5..7ae3640937 100644 --- a/guides/source/documents.yaml +++ b/guides/source/documents.yaml @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ url: active_record_querying.html description: This guide covers the database query interface provided by Active Record. - - name: Active Model basics + name: Active Model Basics url: active_model_basics.html description: This guide covers the use of model classes without Active Record. work_in_progress: true diff --git a/guides/source/engines.md b/guides/source/engines.md index 6eb558885f..84017d5e13 100644 --- a/guides/source/engines.md +++ b/guides/source/engines.md @@ -890,7 +890,9 @@ engine this would be done by changing `app/controllers/blorgh/application_controller.rb` to look like: ```ruby -class Blorgh::ApplicationController < ApplicationController +module Blorgh + class ApplicationController < ::ApplicationController + end end ``` diff --git a/guides/source/form_helpers.md b/guides/source/form_helpers.md index 4c02c99cc7..853227e2a1 100644 --- a/guides/source/form_helpers.md +++ b/guides/source/form_helpers.md @@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ Upon form submission the value entered by the user will be stored in `params[:pe WARNING: You must pass the name of an instance variable, i.e. `:person` or `"person"`, not an actual instance of your model object. -Rails provides helpers for displaying the validation errors associated with a model object. These are covered in detail by the [Active Record Validations](./active_record_validations.html#displaying-validation-errors-in-views) guide. +Rails provides helpers for displaying the validation errors associated with a model object. These are covered in detail by the [Active Record Validations](active_record_validations.html#displaying-validation-errors-in-views) guide. ### Binding a Form to an Object @@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ The resulting HTML is: </form> ``` -The name passed to `form_for` controls the key used in `params` to access the form's values. Here the name is `article` and so all the inputs have names of the form `article[attribute_name]`. Accordingly, in the `create` action `params[:article]` will be a hash with keys `:title` and `:body`. You can read more about the significance of input names in the parameter_names section. +The name passed to `form_for` controls the key used in `params` to access the form's values. Here the name is `article` and so all the inputs have names of the form `article[attribute_name]`. Accordingly, in the `create` action `params[:article]` will be a hash with keys `:title` and `:body`. You can read more about the significance of input names in the [parameter_names section](#understanding-parameter-naming-conventions). The helper methods called on the form builder are identical to the model object helpers except that it is not necessary to specify which object is being edited since this is already managed by the form builder. @@ -687,7 +687,14 @@ class LabellingFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder end ``` -If you reuse this frequently you could define a `labeled_form_for` helper that automatically applies the `builder: LabellingFormBuilder` option. +If you reuse this frequently you could define a `labeled_form_for` helper that automatically applies the `builder: LabellingFormBuilder` option: + +```ruby +def labeled_form_for(record, options = {}, &block) + options.merge! builder: LabellingFormBuilder + form_for record, options, &block +end +``` The form builder used also determines what happens when you do @@ -722,7 +729,7 @@ The two basic structures are arrays and hashes. Hashes mirror the syntax used fo the `params` hash will contain -```erb +```ruby {'person' => {'name' => 'Henry'}} ``` diff --git a/guides/source/getting_started.md b/guides/source/getting_started.md index 31f2d2ed2f..db4e81e32e 100644 --- a/guides/source/getting_started.md +++ b/guides/source/getting_started.md @@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ Rails adds the `therubyracer` gem to the generated `Gemfile` in a commented line for new apps and you can uncomment if you need it. `therubyrhino` is the recommended runtime for JRuby users and is added by default to the `Gemfile` in apps generated under JRuby. You can investigate -all the supported runtimes at [ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme). +all the supported runtimes at [ExecJS](https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme). This will fire up WEBrick, a web server distributed with Ruby by default. To see your application in action, open a browser window and navigate to @@ -321,9 +321,9 @@ root 'welcome#index' application to the welcome controller's index action and `get 'welcome/index'` tells Rails to map requests to <http://localhost:3000/welcome/index> to the welcome controller's index action. This was created earlier when you ran the -controller generator (`rails generate controller welcome index`). +controller generator (`bin/rails generate controller welcome index`). -Launch the web server again if you stopped it to generate the controller (`rails +Launch the web server again if you stopped it to generate the controller (`bin/rails server`) and navigate to <http://localhost:3000> in your browser. You'll see the "Hello, Rails!" message you put into `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`, indicating that this new route is indeed going to `WelcomeController`'s `index` @@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ Rails.application.routes.draw do end ``` -If you run `rake routes`, you'll see that it has defined routes for all the +If you run `bin/rake routes`, you'll see that it has defined routes for all the standard RESTful actions. The meaning of the prefix column (and other columns) will be seen later, but for now notice that Rails has inferred the singular form `article` and makes meaningful use of the distinction. @@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ this: In this example, the `articles_path` helper is passed to the `:url` option. To see what Rails will do with this, we look back at the output of -`rake routes`: +`bin/rake routes`: ```bash $ bin/rake routes @@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ models, as that will be done automatically by Active Record. ### Running a Migration -As we've just seen, `rails generate model` created a _database migration_ file +As we've just seen, `bin/rails generate model` created a _database migration_ file inside the `db/migrate` directory. Migrations are Ruby classes that are designed to make it simple to create and modify database tables. Rails uses rake commands to run migrations, and it's possible to undo a migration after @@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ NOTE. Because you're working in the development environment by default, this command will apply to the database defined in the `development` section of your `config/database.yml` file. If you would like to execute migrations in another environment, for instance in production, you must explicitly pass it when -invoking the command: `rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production`. +invoking the command: `bin/rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production`. ### Saving data in the controller @@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ If you submit the form again now, Rails will complain about not finding the `show` action. That's not very useful though, so let's add the `show` action before proceeding. -As we have seen in the output of `rake routes`, the route for `show` action is +As we have seen in the output of `bin/rake routes`, the route for `show` action is as follows: ``` @@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ Visit <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> and give it a try! ### Listing all articles We still need a way to list all our articles, so let's do that. -The route for this as per output of `rake routes` is: +The route for this as per output of `bin/rake routes` is: ``` articles GET /articles(.:format) articles#index @@ -911,6 +911,7 @@ And then finally, add the view for this action, located at <tr> <td><%= article.title %></td> <td><%= article.text %></td> + <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td> </tr> <% end %> </table> @@ -1362,7 +1363,7 @@ Then do the same for the `app/views/articles/edit.html.erb` view: We're now ready to cover the "D" part of CRUD, deleting articles from the database. Following the REST convention, the route for -deleting articles as per output of `rake routes` is: +deleting articles as per output of `bin/rake routes` is: ```ruby DELETE /articles/:id(.:format) articles#destroy @@ -1478,13 +1479,14 @@ Finally, add a 'Destroy' link to your `index` action template ``` Here we're using `link_to` in a different way. We pass the named route as the -second argument, and then the options as another argument. The `:method` and -`:'data-confirm'` options are used as HTML5 attributes so that when the link is -clicked, Rails will first show a confirm dialog to the user, and then submit the -link with method `delete`. This is done via the JavaScript file `jquery_ujs` -which is automatically included into your application's layout -(`app/views/layouts/application.html.erb`) when you generated the application. -Without this file, the confirmation dialog box wouldn't appear. +second argument, and then the options as another argument. The `method: :delete` +and `data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' }` options are used as HTML5 attributes so +that when the link is clicked, Rails will first show a confirm dialog to the +user, and then submit the link with method `delete`. This is done via the +JavaScript file `jquery_ujs` which is automatically included in your +application's layout (`app/views/layouts/application.html.erb`) when you +generated the application. Without this file, the confirmation dialog box won't +appear.  @@ -1508,7 +1510,7 @@ comments on articles. We're going to see the same generator that we used before when creating the `Article` model. This time we'll create a `Comment` model to hold -reference of article comments. Run this command in your terminal: +reference to an article. Run this command in your terminal: ```bash $ bin/rails generate model Comment commenter:string body:text article:references @@ -1520,7 +1522,7 @@ This command will generate four files: | -------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | db/migrate/20140120201010_create_comments.rb | Migration to create the comments table in your database (your name will include a different timestamp) | | app/models/comment.rb | The Comment model | -| test/models/comment_test.rb | Testing harness for the comments model | +| test/models/comment_test.rb | Testing harness for the comment model | | test/fixtures/comments.yml | Sample comments for use in testing | First, take a look at `app/models/comment.rb`: @@ -2054,19 +2056,6 @@ resources: * The [Ruby on Rails mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk) * The [#rubyonrails](irc://irc.freenode.net/#rubyonrails) channel on irc.freenode.net -Rails also comes with built-in help that you can generate using the rake -command-line utility: - -* Running `rake doc:guides` will put a full copy of the Rails Guides in the - `doc/guides` folder of your application. Open `doc/guides/index.html` in your - web browser to explore the Guides. -* Running `rake doc:rails` will put a full copy of the API documentation for - Rails in the `doc/api` folder of your application. Open `doc/api/index.html` - in your web browser to explore the API documentation. - -TIP: To be able to generate the Rails Guides locally with the `doc:guides` rake -task you need to install the Redcarpet and Nokogiri gems. Add it to your `Gemfile` and run -`bundle install` and you're ready to go. Configuration Gotchas --------------------- diff --git a/guides/source/i18n.md b/guides/source/i18n.md index fbee267975..e8d0a83dd0 100644 --- a/guides/source/i18n.md +++ b/guides/source/i18n.md @@ -588,6 +588,26 @@ you can look up the `books.index.title` value **inside** `app/views/books/index. NOTE: Automatic translation scoping by partial is only available from the `translate` view helper method. +"Lazy" lookup can also be used in controllers: + +```yaml +en: + books: + create: + success: Book created! +``` + +This is useful for setting flash messages for instance: + +```ruby +class BooksController < ApplicationController + def create + # ... + redirect_to books_url, notice: t('.success') + end +end +``` + ### Interpolation In many cases you want to abstract your translations so that **variables can be interpolated into the translation**. For this reason the I18n API provides an interpolation feature. @@ -687,7 +707,7 @@ you can safely pass the username as set by the user: ```erb <%# This is safe, it is going to be escaped if needed. %> -<%= t('welcome_html', username: @current_user.username %> +<%= t('welcome_html', username: @current_user.username) %> ``` Safe strings on the other hand are interpolated verbatim. @@ -1010,7 +1030,7 @@ In other contexts you might want to change this behavior, though. E.g. the defau module I18n class JustRaiseExceptionHandler < ExceptionHandler def call(exception, locale, key, options) - if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslation) + if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslationData) raise exception.to_exception else super @@ -1027,7 +1047,7 @@ This would re-raise only the `MissingTranslationData` exception, passing all oth However, if you are using `I18n::Backend::Pluralization` this handler will also raise `I18n::MissingTranslationData: translation missing: en.i18n.plural.rule` exception that should normally be ignored to fall back to the default pluralization rule for English locale. To avoid this you may use additional check for translation key: ```ruby -if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslation) && key.to_s != 'i18n.plural.rule' +if exception.is_a?(MissingTranslationData) && key.to_s != 'i18n.plural.rule' raise exception.to_exception else super @@ -1073,11 +1093,8 @@ Resources Authors ------- -* [Sven Fuchs](http://www.workingwithrails.com/person/9963-sven-fuchs) (initial author) -* [Karel Minařík](http://www.workingwithrails.com/person/7476-karel-mina-k) - -If you found this guide useful, please consider recommending its authors on [workingwithrails](http://www.workingwithrails.com). - +* [Sven Fuchs](http://svenfuchs.com) (initial author) +* [Karel Minařík](http://www.karmi.cz) Footnotes --------- diff --git a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md index 69d3f6e86c..c57fa358d6 100644 --- a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md +++ b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md @@ -428,12 +428,13 @@ Rails understands both numeric status codes and the corresponding symbols shown | | 510 | :not_extended | | | 511 | :network_authentication_required | -NOTE: If you try to render content along with a non-content status code +NOTE: If you try to render content along with a non-content status code (100-199, 204, 205 or 304), it will be dropped from the response. ##### The `:formats` Option -Rails uses the format specified in request (or `:html` by default). You can change this adding the `:formats` option with a symbol or an array: +Rails uses the format specified in the request (or `:html` by default). You can +change this passing the `:formats` option with a symbol or an array: ```ruby render formats: :xml @@ -563,6 +564,42 @@ In this application: * `OldArticlesController#show` will use no layout at all * `OldArticlesController#index` will use the `old` layout +##### Template Inheritance + +Similar to the Layout Inheritance logic, if a template or partial is not found in the conventional path, the controller will look for a template or partial to render in its inheritance chain. For example: + +```ruby +# in app/controllers/application_controller +class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base +end + +# in app/controllers/admin_controller +class AdminController < ApplicationController +end + +# in app/controllers/admin/products_controller +class Admin::ProductsController < AdminController + def index + end +end +``` + +The lookup order for a `admin/products#index` action will be: + +* `app/views/admin/products/` +* `app/views/admin/` +* `app/views/application/` + +This makes `app/views/application/` a great place for your shared partials, which can then be rendered in your ERB as such: + +```erb +<%# app/views/admin/products/index.html.erb %> +<%= render @products || "empty_list" %> + +<%# app/views/application/_empty_list.html.erb %> +There are no items in this list <em>yet</em>. +``` + #### Avoiding Double Render Errors Sooner or later, most Rails developers will see the error message "Can only render or redirect once per action". While this is annoying, it's relatively easy to fix. Usually it happens because of a fundamental misunderstanding of the way that `render` works. @@ -1049,7 +1086,7 @@ As you already could see from the previous sections of this guide, `yield` is a <p> Name contains: <%= f.text_field :name_contains %> </p> - <%= end %> + <% end %> ``` * `roles/index.html.erb` @@ -1059,7 +1096,7 @@ As you already could see from the previous sections of this guide, `yield` is a <p> Title contains: <%= f.text_field :title_contains %> </p> - <%= end %> + <% end %> ``` * `shared/_search_filters.html.erb` @@ -1124,6 +1161,36 @@ You can also pass local variables into partials, making them even more powerful Although the same partial will be rendered into both views, Action View's submit helper will return "Create Zone" for the new action and "Update Zone" for the edit action. +To pass a local variable to a partial in only specific cases use the `local_assigns`. + +* `index.html.erb` + + ```erb + <%= render user.articles %> + ``` + +* `show.html.erb` + + ```erb + <%= render article, full: true %> + ``` + +* `_articles.html.erb` + + ```erb + <%= content_tag_for :article, article do |article| %> + <h2><%= article.title %></h2> + + <% if local_assigns[:full] %> + <%= simple_format article.body %> + <% else %> + <%= truncate article.body %> + <% end %> + <% end %> + ``` + +This way it is possible to use the partial without the need to declare all local variables. + Every partial also has a local variable with the same name as the partial (minus the underscore). You can pass an object in to this local variable via the `:object` option: ```erb diff --git a/guides/source/plugins.md b/guides/source/plugins.md index 10738320ef..4e630a39f3 100644 --- a/guides/source/plugins.md +++ b/guides/source/plugins.md @@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ module Yaffle end end -ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle +ActiveRecord::Base.include(Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle) ``` You can then return to the root directory (`cd ../..`) of your plugin and rerun the tests using `rake`. @@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ module Yaffle end end -ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle +ActiveRecord::Base.include(Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle) ``` When you run `rake`, you should see the tests all pass: @@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ module Yaffle end end -ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle +ActiveRecord::Base.include(Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle) ``` Run `rake` one final time and you should see: diff --git a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md index 21be74beba..993cd5ac44 100644 --- a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md +++ b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md @@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The fol **`ActionDispatch::RequestId`** -* Makes a unique `X-Request-Id` header available to the response and enables the `ActionDispatch::Request#uuid` method. +* Makes a unique `X-Request-Id` header available to the response and enables the `ActionDispatch::Request#request_id` method. **`Rails::Rack::Logger`** diff --git a/guides/source/routing.md b/guides/source/routing.md index a689e131ff..4ccc50a4d9 100644 --- a/guides/source/routing.md +++ b/guides/source/routing.md @@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ or, for a single case: resources :articles, path: '/admin/articles' ``` -In each of these cases, the named routes remain the same as if you did not use `scope`. In the last case, the following paths map to `PostsController`: +In each of these cases, the named routes remain the same as if you did not use `scope`. In the last case, the following paths map to `ArticlesController`: | HTTP Verb | Path | Controller#Action | Named Helper | | --------- | ------------------------ | -------------------- | ---------------------- | @@ -807,6 +807,18 @@ As long as `Sprockets` responds to `call` and returns a `[status, headers, body] NOTE: For the curious, `'articles#index'` actually expands out to `ArticlesController.action(:index)`, which returns a valid Rack application. +If you specify a rack application as the endpoint for a matcher remember that the route will be unchanged in the receiving application. With the following route your rack application should expect the route to be '/admin': + +```ruby +match '/admin', to: AdminApp, via: :all +``` + +If you would prefer to have your rack application receive requests at the root path instead use mount: + +```ruby +mount AdminApp, at: '/admin' +``` + ### Using `root` You can specify what Rails should route `'/'` to with the `root` method: @@ -909,7 +921,7 @@ The `:as` option lets you override the normal naming for the named route helpers resources :photos, as: 'images' ``` -will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` and route the requests to `PhotosController`, but use the value of the :as option to name the helpers. +will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` and route the requests to `PhotosController`, but use the value of the `:as` option to name the helpers. | HTTP Verb | Path | Controller#Action | Named Helper | | --------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------- | @@ -1006,7 +1018,7 @@ TIP: If your application has many RESTful routes, using `:only` and `:except` to ### Translated Paths -Using `scope`, we can alter path names generated by resources: +Using `scope`, we can alter path names generated by `resources`: ```ruby scope(path_names: { new: 'neu', edit: 'bearbeiten' }) do diff --git a/guides/source/security.md b/guides/source/security.md index e486edde31..184af98d65 100644 --- a/guides/source/security.md +++ b/guides/source/security.md @@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ The log files on www.attacker.com will read like this: GET http://www.attacker.com/_app_session=836c1c25278e5b321d6bea4f19cb57e2 ``` -You can mitigate these attacks (in the obvious way) by adding the [httpOnly](http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/8895) flag to cookies, so that document.cookie may not be read by JavaScript. Http only cookies can be used from IE v6.SP1, Firefox v2.0.0.5 and Opera 9.5. Safari is still considering, it ignores the option. But other, older browsers (such as WebTV and IE 5.5 on Mac) can actually cause the page to fail to load. Be warned that cookies [will still be visible using Ajax](http://ha.ckers.org/blog/20070719/firefox-implements-httponly-and-is-vulnerable-to-xmlhttprequest/), though. +You can mitigate these attacks (in the obvious way) by adding the **httpOnly** flag to cookies, so that document.cookie may not be read by JavaScript. Http only cookies can be used from IE v6.SP1, Firefox v2.0.0.5 and Opera 9.5. Safari is still considering, it ignores the option. But other, older browsers (such as WebTV and IE 5.5 on Mac) can actually cause the page to fail to load. Be warned that cookies [will still be visible using Ajax](http://ha.ckers.org/blog/20070719/firefox-implements-httponly-and-is-vulnerable-to-xmlhttprequest/), though. ##### Defacement diff --git a/guides/source/testing.md b/guides/source/testing.md index fa55c09c64..752ef48b16 100644 --- a/guides/source/testing.md +++ b/guides/source/testing.md @@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ You can find comprehensive documentation in the [Fixtures API documentation](htt #### What Are Fixtures? -_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent written in YAML. There is one file per model. +_Fixtures_ is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent and written in YAML. There is one file per model. -You'll find fixtures under your `test/fixtures` directory. When you run `rails generate model` to create a new model fixture stubs will be automatically created and placed in this directory. +You'll find fixtures under your `test/fixtures` directory. When you run `rails generate model` to create a new model, Rails automatically creates fixture stubs in this directory. #### YAML @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ steve: profession: guy with keyboard ``` -Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank space. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column. +Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank line. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column. If you are working with [associations](/association_basics.html), you can simply define a reference node between two different fixtures. Here's an example with @@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ user_<%= n %>: Rails by default automatically loads all fixtures from the `test/fixtures` directory for your models and controllers test. Loading involves three steps: -* Remove any existing data from the table corresponding to the fixture -* Load the fixture data into the table -* Dump the fixture data into a method in case you want to access it directly +1. Remove any existing data from the table corresponding to the fixture +2. Load the fixture data into the table +3. Dump the fixture data into a method in case you want to access it directly TIP: In order to remove existing data from the database, Rails tries to disable referential integrity triggers (like foreign keys and check constraints). If you are getting annoying permission errors on running tests, make sure the database user has privilege to disable these triggers in testing environment. (In PostgreSQL, only superusers can disable all triggers. Read more about PostgreSQL permissions [here](http://blog.endpoint.com/2012/10/postgres-system-triggers-error.html)) @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ users(:david) users(:david).id # one can also access methods available on the User class -email(david.girlfriend.email, david.location_tonight) +email(david.partner.email, david.location_tonight) ``` ### Rake Tasks for Running your Tests @@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ project is created. We will cover each of types Rails tests listed above in this guide. -Unit Testing your Models +Model Testing ------------------------ In Rails, unit tests are what you write to test your models. @@ -270,6 +270,8 @@ Finished tests in 0.009262s, 107.9680 tests/s, 107.9680 assertions/s. 1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips ``` +This will run all test methods from the test case. + You can also run a particular test method from the test case by running the test and providing the `test method name`. ```bash @@ -281,8 +283,6 @@ Finished tests in 0.009064s, 110.3266 tests/s, 110.3266 assertions/s. 1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips ``` -This will run all test methods from the test case. - The `.` (dot) above indicates a passing test. When a test fails you see an `F`; when a test throws an error you see an `E` in its place. The last line of the output is the summary. #### Your first failing test @@ -347,7 +347,11 @@ Finished tests in 0.047721s, 20.9551 tests/s, 20.9551 assertions/s. 1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips ``` -Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desired functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is referred to as _Test-Driven Development_ (TDD). +Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desired +functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally +we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is +referred to as +[_Test-Driven Development_ (TDD)](http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?TestDrivenDevelopment). #### What an error looks like @@ -379,7 +383,11 @@ NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<Ar Notice the 'E' in the output. It denotes a test with error. -NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next method. All test methods are executed in alphabetical order. +NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an +assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next +method. All test methods are executed in random order. The +[`config.active_support.test_order` option](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-active-support) +can be used to configure test order. When a test fails you are presented with the corresponding backtrace. By default Rails filters that backtrace and will only print lines relevant to your @@ -442,6 +450,7 @@ All the basic assertions such as `assert_equal` defined in `Minitest::Assertions * `ActionMailer::TestCase` * `ActionView::TestCase` * `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` +* `ActiveJob::TestCase` Each of these classes include `Minitest::Assertions`, allowing us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests. @@ -480,21 +489,28 @@ In the `test_should_get_index` test, Rails simulates a request on the action cal The `get` method kicks off the web request and populates the results into the response. It accepts 4 arguments: -* The action of the controller you are requesting. This can be in the form of a string or a symbol. -* An optional hash of request parameters to pass into the action (eg. query string parameters or article variables). -* An optional hash of session variables to pass along with the request. -* An optional hash of flash values. +* The action of the controller you are requesting. + This can be in the form of a string or a symbol. + +* `params`: option with a hash of request parameters to pass into the action + (e.g. query string parameters or article variables). + +* `session`: option with a hash of session variables to pass along with the request. + +* `flash`: option with a hash of flash values. + +All the keyword arguments are optional. Example: Calling the `:show` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params` and setting a `user_id` of 5 in the session: ```ruby -get(:show, {'id' => "12"}, {'user_id' => 5}) +get(:show, params: { 'id' => "12" }, session: { 'user_id' => 5 }) ``` Another example: Calling the `:view` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params`, this time with no session, but with a flash message. ```ruby -get(:view, {'id' => '12'}, nil, {'message' => 'booya!'}) +get(:view, params: { 'id' => '12' }, flash: { 'message' => 'booya!' }) ``` NOTE: If you try running `test_should_create_article` test from `articles_controller_test.rb` it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so. @@ -504,7 +520,7 @@ Let us modify `test_should_create_article` test in `articles_controller_test.rb` ```ruby test "should create article" do assert_difference('Article.count') do - post :create, article: {title: 'Some title'} + post :create, params: { article: { title: 'Some title' } } end assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article)) @@ -530,11 +546,12 @@ NOTE: Functional tests do not verify whether the specified request type is accep ### Testing XHR (AJAX) requests -`xhr` accepts method (listed in the section above), action name and parameters: +To test AJAX requests, you can specify the `xhr: true` option to `get`, `post`, +`patch`, `put`, and `delete` methods: ```ruby test "ajax request responds with no layout" do - xhr :get, :show, id: articles(:first).id + get :show, params: { id: articles(:first).id }, xhr: true assert_template :index assert_template layout: nil @@ -615,7 +632,7 @@ WARNING: You must include the "layouts" directory name even if you save your lay If your view renders any partial, when asserting for the layout, you can to assert for the partial at the same time. Otherwise, assertion will fail. -Remember, we added the "_form" partial to our creating Articles view? Let's write an assertion for that in the `:new` action now: +Remember, we added the "_form" partial to our new Article view? Let's write an assertion for that in the `:new` action now: ```ruby test "new should render correct layout" do @@ -638,7 +655,7 @@ Let's start by adding this assertion to our `test_should_create_article` test: ```ruby test "should create article" do assert_difference('Article.count') do - post :create, article: {title: 'Some title'} + post :create, params: { article: { title: 'Some title' } } end assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article)) @@ -708,7 +725,7 @@ Let's write a test for the `:show` action: ```ruby test "should show article" do article = articles(:one) - get :show, id: article.id + get :show, params: { id: article.id } assert_response :success end ``` @@ -721,7 +738,7 @@ How about deleting an existing Article? test "should destroy article" do article = articles(:one) assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do - delete :destroy, id: article.id + delete :destroy, params: { id: article.id } end assert_redirected_to articles_path @@ -733,7 +750,7 @@ We can also add a test for updating an existing Article. ```ruby test "should update article" do article = articles(:one) - patch :update, id: article.id, article: {title: "updated"} + patch :update, params: { id: article.id, article: { title: "updated" } } assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article)) end ``` @@ -759,20 +776,20 @@ class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase test "should show article" do # Reuse the @article instance variable from setup - get :show, id: @article.id + get :show, params: { id: @article.id } assert_response :success end test "should destroy article" do assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do - delete :destroy, id: @article.id + delete :destroy, params: { id: @article.id } end assert_redirected_to articles_path end test "should update article" do - patch :update, id: @article.id, article: {title: "updated"} + patch :update, params: { id: @article.id, article: { title: "updated" } } assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article)) end end @@ -912,7 +929,7 @@ assert_select_email do end ``` -Testing helpers +Testing Helpers --------------- In order to test helpers, all you need to do is check that the output of the @@ -1026,7 +1043,8 @@ test "can create an article" do assert_response :success assert_template "articles/new", partial: "articles/_form" - post "/articles", article: {title: "can create", body: "article successfully."} + post "/articles", + params: { article: { title: "can create", body: "article successfully." } } assert_response :redirect follow_redirect! assert_response :success @@ -1042,7 +1060,8 @@ We start by calling the `:new` action on our Articles controller. This response After this we make a post request to the `:create` action of our Articles controller: ```ruby -post "/articles", article: {title: "can create", body: "article successfully."} +post "/articles", + params: { article: { title: "can create", body: "article successfully." } } assert_response :redirect follow_redirect! ``` @@ -1064,7 +1083,7 @@ Testing mailer classes requires some specific tools to do a thorough job. ### Keeping the Postman in Check -Your mailer classes - like every other part of your Rails application - should be tested to ensure that it is working as expected. +Your mailer classes - like every other part of your Rails application - should be tested to ensure that they are working as expected. The goals of testing your mailer classes are to ensure that: @@ -1147,7 +1166,7 @@ require 'test_helper' class UserControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase test "invite friend" do assert_difference 'ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size', +1 do - post :invite_friend, email: 'friend@example.com' + post :invite_friend, params: { email: 'friend@example.com' } end invite_email = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.last diff --git a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md index d7fbe575c2..5a6f267360 100644 --- a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ The best way to be sure that your application still works after upgrading is to Rails generally stays close to the latest released Ruby version when it's released: -* Rails 5 requires Ruby 2.2 or newer. +* Rails 5 requires Ruby 2.2.1 or newer. * Rails 4 prefers Ruby 2.0 and requires 1.9.3 or newer. * Rails 3.2.x is the last branch to support Ruby 1.8.7. * Rails 3 and above require Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially. You should upgrade as early as possible. @@ -75,6 +75,21 @@ warning by adding the following configuration to your `config/application.rb`: See [#17227](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17227) for more details. +### ActiveJob jobs now inherent from ApplicationJob by default + +In Rails 4.2 an ActiveJob inherents from `ActiveJob::Base`. In Rails 5.0 this +behaviour has changed to now inherent from `ApplicationJob`. + +When upgrading from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0 you need to create a file +`application_job.rb` in `app/jobs/` and add the following content: + +``` +class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base +end +``` + +See [#19034](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/19034) for more details + Upgrading from Rails 4.1 to Rails 4.2 ------------------------------------- @@ -276,6 +291,22 @@ class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base end ``` +### Foreign Key Support + +The migration DSL has been expanded to support foreign key definitions. If +you've been using the Foreigner gem, you might want to consider removing it. +Note that the foreign key support of Rails is a subset of Foreigner. This means +that not every Foreigner definition can be fully replaced by it's Rails +migration DSL counterpart. + +The migration procedure is as follows: + +1. remove `gem "foreigner"` from the Gemfile. +2. run `bundle install`. +3. run `bin/rake db:schema:dump`. +4. make sure that `db/schema.rb` contains every foreign key definition with +the necessary options. + Upgrading from Rails 4.0 to Rails 4.1 ------------------------------------- @@ -534,7 +565,7 @@ module FixtureFileHelpers Digest::SHA2.hexdigest(File.read(Rails.root.join('test/fixtures', path))) end end -ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.send :include, FixtureFileHelpers +ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.include FixtureFileHelpers ``` ### I18n enforcing available locales diff --git a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md index 367abddcfa..e3856a285a 100644 --- a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md +++ b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md @@ -191,6 +191,34 @@ $(document).ready -> Obviously, you'll want to be a bit more sophisticated than that, but it's a start. You can see more about the events [in the jquery-ujs wiki](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki/ajax). +Another possibility is returning javascript directly from the server side on +remote calls: + +```ruby +# articles_controller +def create + respond_to do |format| + if @article.save + format.html { ... } + format.js do + render js: <<-endjs + alert('Article saved successfully!'); + window.location = '#{article_path(@article)}'; + endjs + end + else + format.html { ... } + format.js do + render js: "alert('There are empty fields in the form!');" + end + end + end +end +``` + +NOTE: If javascript is disabled in the user browser, `format.html { ... }` +block should be executed as fallback. + ### form_tag [`form_tag`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormTagHelper.html#method-i-form_tag) @@ -357,7 +385,7 @@ This gem uses Ajax to speed up page rendering in most applications. Turbolinks attaches a click handler to all `<a>` on the page. If your browser supports -[PushState](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/Manipulating_the_browser_history#The_pushState(\).C2.A0method), +[PushState](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/API/DOM/Manipulating_the_browser_history#The_pushState()_method), Turbolinks will make an Ajax request for the page, parse the response, and replace the entire `<body>` of the page with the `<body>` of the response. It will then use PushState to change the URL to the correct one, preserving |