diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'actionpack/lib/action_dispatch')
23 files changed, 188 insertions, 101 deletions
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/content_security_policy.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/content_security_policy.rb index a3407c9698..35041fd072 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/content_security_policy.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/content_security_policy.rb @@ -21,13 +21,8 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc: return response if policy_present?(headers) if policy = request.content_security_policy - if policy.directives["script-src"] - if nonce = request.content_security_policy_nonce - policy.directives["script-src"] << "'nonce-#{nonce}'" - end - end - - headers[header_name(request)] = policy.build(request.controller_instance) + nonce = request.content_security_policy_nonce + headers[header_name(request)] = policy.build(request.controller_instance, nonce) end response @@ -113,7 +108,9 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc: blob: "blob:", filesystem: "filesystem:", report_sample: "'report-sample'", - strict_dynamic: "'strict-dynamic'" + strict_dynamic: "'strict-dynamic'", + ws: "ws:", + wss: "wss:" }.freeze DIRECTIVES = { @@ -129,12 +126,15 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc: manifest_src: "manifest-src", media_src: "media-src", object_src: "object-src", + prefetch_src: "prefetch-src", script_src: "script-src", style_src: "style-src", worker_src: "worker-src" }.freeze - private_constant :MAPPINGS, :DIRECTIVES + NONCE_DIRECTIVES = %w[script-src].freeze + + private_constant :MAPPINGS, :DIRECTIVES, :NONCE_DIRECTIVES attr_reader :directives @@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc: end end - def build(context = nil) - build_directives(context).compact.join("; ") + def build(context = nil, nonce = nil) + build_directives(context, nonce).compact.join("; ") end private @@ -227,10 +227,14 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc: end end - def build_directives(context) + def build_directives(context, nonce) @directives.map do |directive, sources| if sources.is_a?(Array) - "#{directive} #{build_directive(sources, context).join(' ')}" + if nonce && nonce_directive?(directive) + "#{directive} #{build_directive(sources, context).join(' ')} 'nonce-#{nonce}'" + else + "#{directive} #{build_directive(sources, context).join(' ')}" + end elsif sources directive else @@ -259,5 +263,9 @@ module ActionDispatch #:nodoc: raise RuntimeError, "Unexpected content security policy source: #{source.inspect}" end end + + def nonce_directive?(directive) + NONCE_DIRECTIVES.include?(directive) + end end end diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb index ec86b8bc47..ec012ad02d 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb @@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ module ActionDispatch # sub-hashes of the params hash to filter. Filtering only certain sub-keys # from a hash is possible by using the dot notation: 'credit_card.number'. # If a block is given, each key and value of the params hash and all - # sub-hashes is passed to it, where the value or the key can be replaced using - # String#replace or similar method. + # sub-hashes are passed to it, where the value or the key can be replaced using + # String#replace or similar methods. # # env["action_dispatch.parameter_filter"] = [:password] # => replaces the value to all keys matching /password/i with "[FILTERED]" diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb index 8efe48d91c..002f6feb97 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb @@ -25,8 +25,6 @@ module ActionDispatch state = tt.eclosure(0) until input.eos? sym = input.scan(%r([/.?]|[^/.?]+)) - - # FIXME: tt.eclosure is not needed for the GTG state = tt.eclosure(tt.move(state, sym)) end diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb index 511306eb0e..33edad8bd9 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb @@ -50,10 +50,18 @@ module ActionDispatch end end - def initialize(app, routes_app = nil, response_format = :default) + cattr_reader :interceptors, instance_accessor: false, default: [] + + def self.register_interceptor(object = nil, &block) + interceptor = object || block + interceptors << interceptor + end + + def initialize(app, routes_app = nil, response_format = :default, interceptors = self.class.interceptors) @app = app @routes_app = routes_app @response_format = response_format + @interceptors = interceptors end def call(env) @@ -67,12 +75,26 @@ module ActionDispatch response rescue Exception => exception + invoke_interceptors(request, exception) raise exception unless request.show_exceptions? render_exception(request, exception) end private + def invoke_interceptors(request, exception) + backtrace_cleaner = request.get_header("action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner") + wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(backtrace_cleaner, exception) + + @interceptors.each do |interceptor| + begin + interceptor.call(request, exception) + rescue Exception + log_error(request, wrapper) + end + end + end + def render_exception(request, exception) backtrace_cleaner = request.get_header("action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner") wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(backtrace_cleaner, exception) diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb index d1b4508378..f05c69137b 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ module ActionDispatch "ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod" => :method_not_allowed, "ActionController::NotImplemented" => :not_implemented, "ActionController::UnknownFormat" => :not_acceptable, + "ActionController::MissingExactTemplate" => :not_acceptable, "ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken" => :unprocessable_entity, "ActionController::InvalidCrossOriginRequest" => :unprocessable_entity, "ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters::ParseError" => :bad_request, @@ -22,11 +23,12 @@ module ActionDispatch ) cattr_accessor :rescue_templates, default: Hash.new("diagnostics").merge!( - "ActionView::MissingTemplate" => "missing_template", - "ActionController::RoutingError" => "routing_error", - "AbstractController::ActionNotFound" => "unknown_action", - "ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid" => "invalid_statement", - "ActionView::Template::Error" => "template_error" + "ActionView::MissingTemplate" => "missing_template", + "ActionController::RoutingError" => "routing_error", + "AbstractController::ActionNotFound" => "unknown_action", + "ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid" => "invalid_statement", + "ActionView::Template::Error" => "template_error", + "ActionController::MissingExactTemplate" => "missing_exact_template", ) attr_reader :backtrace_cleaner, :exception, :line_number, :file diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb index 3e11846778..fd05eec172 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ module ActionDispatch end end - def reset_session # :nodoc + def reset_session # :nodoc: super self.flash = nil end diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb index 6d9f36ad75..240269d1c7 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb @@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ module ActionDispatch # # config.ssl_options = { redirect: { exclude: -> request { request.path =~ /healthcheck/ } } } # + # Cookies will not be flagged as secure for excluded requests. + # # 2. <b>Secure cookies</b>: Sets the +secure+ flag on cookies to tell browsers they # must not be sent along with +http://+ requests. Enabled by default. Set # +config.ssl_options+ with <tt>secure_cookies: false</tt> to disable this feature. @@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ module ActionDispatch if request.ssl? @app.call(env).tap do |status, headers, body| set_hsts_header! headers - flag_cookies_as_secure! headers if @secure_cookies + flag_cookies_as_secure! headers if @secure_cookies && !@exclude.call(request) end else return redirect_to_https request unless @exclude.call(request) diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb index 23492e14eb..8130bfe2e7 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ActionDispatch # does not exist, a 404 "File not Found" response will be returned. class FileHandler def initialize(root, index: "index", headers: {}) - @root = root.chomp("/") + @root = root.chomp("/").b @file_server = ::Rack::File.new(@root, headers) @index = index end @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module ActionDispatch paths = [path, "#{path}#{ext}", "#{path}/#{@index}#{ext}"] if match = paths.detect { |p| - path = File.join(@root, p.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)) + path = File.join(@root, p.b) begin File.file?(path) && File.readable?(path) rescue SystemCallError @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ module ActionDispatch end } - return ::Rack::Utils.escape_path(match) + return ::Rack::Utils.escape_path(match).b end end @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ module ActionDispatch headers["Vary"] = "Accept-Encoding" if gzip_path - return [status, headers, body] + [status, headers, body] ensure request.path_info = path end diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_exact_template.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_exact_template.html.erb new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..76ab1691b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_exact_template.html.erb @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +<header> + <h1>No template for interactive request</h1> +</header> + +<div id="container"> + <h2><%= h @exception.message %></h2> + + <p class="summary"> + <strong>NOTE!</strong><br> + Unless told otherwise, Rails expects an action to render a template with the same name,<br> + contained in a folder named after its controller. + + If this controller is an API responding with 204 (No Content), <br> + which does not require a template, + then this error will occur when trying to access it via browser,<br> + since we expect an HTML template + to be rendered for such requests. If that's the case, carry on. + </p> +</div> diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_exact_template.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_exact_template.text.erb new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fcdbe6069d --- /dev/null +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_exact_template.text.erb @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Missing exact template + +<%= @exception.message %> diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb index 000847e193..bc5e0670e0 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb @@ -93,6 +93,14 @@ module ActionDispatch @delegate[key.to_s] end + # Returns the nested value specified by the sequence of keys, returning + # +nil+ if any intermediate step is +nil+. + def dig(*keys) + load_for_read! + keys = keys.map.with_index { |key, i| i.zero? ? key.to_s : key } + @delegate.dig(*keys) + end + # Returns true if the session has the given key or false. def has_key?(key) load_for_read! diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb index 776058d98e..5cde677051 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb @@ -243,9 +243,9 @@ module ActionDispatch # # rails routes # - # Target specific controllers by prefixing the command with <tt>-c</tt> option. Use - # <tt>--expanded</tt> to turn on the expanded table formatting mode. - # + # Target a specific controller with <tt>-c</tt>, or grep routes + # using <tt>-g</tt>. Useful in conjunction with <tt>--expanded</tt> + # which displays routes vertically. module Routing extend ActiveSupport::Autoload diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb index 24dced1efd..28bb20d688 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb @@ -3,12 +3,15 @@ module ActionDispatch module Routing class Endpoint # :nodoc: - def dispatcher?; false; end - def redirect?; false; end - def engine?; rack_app.respond_to?(:routes); end - def matches?(req); true; end - def app; self; end - def rack_app; app; end + def dispatcher?; false; end + def redirect?; false; end + def matches?(req); true; end + def app; self; end + def rack_app; app; end + + def engine? + rack_app.is_a?(Class) && rack_app < Rails::Engine + end end end end diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb index 8c0cf74667..bae50f6a43 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ # frozen_string_literal: true require "delegate" +require "io/console/size" module ActionDispatch module Routing @@ -60,11 +61,11 @@ module ActionDispatch @routes = routes end - def format(formatter, filter = nil) + def format(formatter, filter = {}) routes_to_display = filter_routes(normalize_filter(filter)) routes = collect_routes(routes_to_display) if routes.none? - formatter.no_routes(collect_routes(@routes)) + formatter.no_routes(collect_routes(@routes), filter) return formatter.result end @@ -80,12 +81,12 @@ module ActionDispatch end private - def normalize_filter(filter) - if filter.is_a?(Hash) && filter[:controller] + if filter[:controller] { controller: /#{filter[:controller].downcase.sub(/_?controller\z/, '').sub('::', '/')}/ } - elsif filter - { controller: /#{filter}/, action: /#{filter}/, verb: /#{filter}/, name: /#{filter}/, path: /#{filter}/ } + elsif filter[:grep] + { controller: /#{filter[:grep]}/, action: /#{filter[:grep]}/, + verb: /#{filter[:grep]}/, name: /#{filter[:grep]}/, path: /#{filter[:grep]}/ } end end @@ -125,8 +126,8 @@ module ActionDispatch end end - class ConsoleFormatter - class Sheet + module ConsoleFormatter + class Base def initialize @buffer = [] end @@ -136,30 +137,44 @@ module ActionDispatch end def section_title(title) - @buffer << "\n#{title}:" end def section(routes) - @buffer << draw_section(routes) end def header(routes) - @buffer << draw_header(routes) end - def no_routes(routes) + def no_routes(routes, filter) @buffer << - if routes.none? - <<~MESSAGE - You don't have any routes defined! + if routes.none? + <<~MESSAGE + You don't have any routes defined! + + Please add some routes in config/routes.rb. + MESSAGE + elsif filter.key?(:controller) + "No routes were found for this controller." + elsif filter.key?(:grep) + "No routes were found for this grep pattern." + end - Please add some routes in config/routes.rb. - MESSAGE - else - "No routes were found for this controller" - end @buffer << "For more information about routes, see the Rails guide: http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html." end + end + + class Sheet < Base + def section_title(title) + @buffer << "\n#{title}:" + end + + def section(routes) + @buffer << draw_section(routes) + end + + def header(routes) + @buffer << draw_header(routes) + end private @@ -185,54 +200,36 @@ module ActionDispatch end end - class Expanded < ConsoleFormatter - def initialize - @buffer = [] - end - - def result - @buffer.join("") - end - + class Expanded < Base def section_title(title) - @buffer << "\n#{"[ #{title} ]"}\n" + @buffer << "\n#{"[ #{title} ]"}" end def section(routes) @buffer << draw_expanded_section(routes) end - def header(routes) - @buffer - end - - def no_routes(routes) - @buffer << - if routes.none? - <<~MESSAGE - You don't have any routes defined! - - Please add some routes in config/routes.rb.\n - MESSAGE - else - "No routes were found for this controller\n" - end - @buffer << "For more information about routes, see the Rails guide: http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html." - end - private def draw_expanded_section(routes) routes.map.each_with_index do |r, i| - <<~MESSAGE - --[ Route #{i + 1} ]#{'-' * 60} - Prefix | #{r[:name]} - Verb | #{r[:verb]} - URI | #{r[:path]} - Controller#Action | #{r[:reqs]} + <<~MESSAGE.chomp + #{route_header(index: i + 1)} + Prefix | #{r[:name]} + Verb | #{r[:verb]} + URI | #{r[:path]} + Controller#Action | #{r[:reqs]} MESSAGE end end + + def route_header(index:) + console_width = IO.console_size.second + header_prefix = "--[ Route #{index} ]" + dash_remainder = [console_width - header_prefix.size, 0].max + + "#{header_prefix}#{'-' * dash_remainder}" + end end end @@ -264,7 +261,7 @@ module ActionDispatch <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html">Rails Routing from the Outside In</a>. </li> </ul> - MESSAGE + MESSAGE end def result diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb index f3970d5445..d9dd24935b 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb @@ -664,6 +664,7 @@ module ActionDispatch def define_generate_prefix(app, name) _route = @set.named_routes.get name _routes = @set + _url_helpers = @set.url_helpers script_namer = ->(options) do prefix_options = options.slice(*_route.segment_keys) @@ -675,7 +676,7 @@ module ActionDispatch # We must actually delete prefix segment keys to avoid passing them to next url_for. _route.segment_keys.each { |k| options.delete(k) } - _routes.url_helpers.send("#{name}_path", prefix_options) + _url_helpers.send("#{name}_path", prefix_options) end app.routes.define_mounted_helper(name, script_namer) diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb index 6da869c0c2..e17ccaf986 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb @@ -120,8 +120,7 @@ module ActionDispatch opts end - # Returns the path component of a URL for the given record. It uses - # <tt>polymorphic_url</tt> with <tt>routing_type: :path</tt>. + # Returns the path component of a URL for the given record. def polymorphic_path(record_or_hash_or_array, options = {}) if Hash === record_or_hash_or_array options = record_or_hash_or_array.merge(options) diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb index a29a5a04ef..1134279a7f 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module ActionDispatch if @raise_on_name_error raise else - return [404, { "X-Cascade" => "pass" }, []] + [404, { "X-Cascade" => "pass" }, []] end end diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb index fa345dccdf..1a31c7dbb8 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb @@ -191,7 +191,25 @@ module ActionDispatch end end - def route_for(name, *args) # :nodoc: + # Allows calling direct or regular named route. + # + # resources :buckets + # + # direct :recordable do |recording| + # route_for(:bucket, recording.bucket) + # end + # + # direct :threadable do |threadable| + # route_for(:recordable, threadable.parent) + # end + # + # This maintains the context of the original caller on + # whether to return a path or full URL, e.g: + # + # threadable_path(threadable) # => "/buckets/1" + # threadable_url(threadable) # => "http://example.com/buckets/1" + # + def route_for(name, *args) public_send(:"#{name}_url", *args) end diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_test_case.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_test_case.rb index f85f816bb9..c74c0ccced 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_test_case.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_test_case.rb @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # frozen_string_literal: true -gem "capybara", "~> 2.15" +gem "capybara", ">= 2.15" require "capybara/dsl" require "capybara/minitest" diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/browser.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/browser.rb index 10e6888ab3..1b0bce6b9e 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/browser.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/browser.rb @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ module ActionDispatch def headless_chrome_browser_options options = Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Options.new options.args << "--headless" - options.args << "--disable-gpu" + options.args << "--disable-gpu" if Gem.win_platform? options end diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/screenshot_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/screenshot_helper.rb index 2c8cee3a9b..d2685e0452 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/screenshot_helper.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/screenshot_helper.rb @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ module ActionDispatch end def inline_base64(path) - Base64.encode64(path).gsub("\n", "") + Base64.strict_encode64(path) end def failed? diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/setup_and_teardown.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/setup_and_teardown.rb index ffa85f4e14..e47d5020f4 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/setup_and_teardown.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/system_testing/test_helpers/setup_and_teardown.rb @@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ module ActionDispatch def after_teardown take_failed_screenshot Capybara.reset_sessions! + ensure super end end diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb index 7171b6942c..f0398dc7b1 100644 --- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb +++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb @@ -189,6 +189,12 @@ module ActionDispatch # merged into the Rack env hash. # - +env+: Additional env to pass, as a Hash. The headers will be # merged into the Rack env hash. + # - +xhr+: Set to `true` if you want to make and Ajax request. + # Adds request headers characteristic of XMLHttpRequest e.g. HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH. + # The headers will be merged into the Rack env hash. + # - +as+: Used for encoding the request with different content type. + # Supports `:json` by default and will set the approriate request headers. + # The headers will be merged into the Rack env hash. # # This method is rarely used directly. Use +#get+, +#post+, or other standard # HTTP methods in integration tests. +#process+ is only required when using a |