1399 files changed, 40218 insertions, 26297 deletions

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 4233b136a8..6e43023365 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+language: ruby
 script: 'ci/travis.rb'
 before_install:
   - travis_retry gem install bundler
@@ -5,20 +6,30 @@ before_install:
 rvm:
   - 1.9.3
   - 2.0.0
-  - 2.1.0
+  - 2.1
+  - ruby-head
   - rbx-2
   - jruby
 env:
-  - "GEM=railties"
-  - "GEM=ap,am,amo,as,av"
-  - "GEM=ar:mysql"
-  - "GEM=ar:mysql2"
-  - "GEM=ar:sqlite3"
-  - "GEM=ar:postgresql"
+  global:
+    - JRUBY_OPTS='-J-XX:+TieredCompilation -J-XX:TieredStopAtLevel=1 -J-Djruby.compile.mode=OFF -J-Djruby.compile.invokedynamic=false -J-Xmx1024M'
+  matrix:
+    - "GEM=railties"
+    - "GEM=ap"
+    - "GEM=am,amo,as,av,aj"
+    - "GEM=ar:mysql"
+    - "GEM=ar:mysql2"
+    - "GEM=ar:sqlite3"
+    - "GEM=ar:postgresql"
 matrix:
   allow_failures:
+    - rvm: 1.9.3
+      env: "GEM=ar:mysql"
+    - rvm: 2.0.0
+      env: "GEM=ar:mysql"
     - rvm: rbx-2
     - rvm: jruby
+    - rvm: ruby-head
   fast_finish: true
 notifications:
   email: false
@@ -35,4 +46,3 @@ notifications:
 bundler_args: --path vendor/bundle --without test
 services:
   - memcached
-
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 19b7b638b6..9ba2e53ef2 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -12,5 +12,6 @@ Ruby on Rails is a volunteer effort. We encourage you to pitch in. [Join the tea
 
 * If you have a change or new feature in mind, please [suggest it on the rubyonrails-core mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core) and start writing code.
 
-Thanks! :heart: :heart: :heart: <br />
+Thanks! :heart: :heart: :heart:
+
 Rails Team
diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile
index 753b1d423a..61711a2339 100644
--- a/Gemfile
+++ b/Gemfile
@@ -8,10 +8,21 @@ gemspec
 gem 'mocha', '~> 0.14', require: false
 
 gem 'rack-cache', '~> 1.2'
-gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.1.2'
-gem 'jquery-rails', '~> 3.1.0'
-gem 'turbolinks'
+# TODO: Release this gem
+gem 'jquery-rails', '~> 4.0.0.beta2'
 gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0'
+# TODO: Release this gem
+gem 'rails-html-sanitizer', github: 'rails/rails-html-sanitizer'
+# TODO: Release this gem
+gem 'rails-deprecated_sanitizer', github: 'rails/rails-deprecated_sanitizer'
+# TODO: Release this gem
+gem 'rails-dom-testing', github: 'rails/rails-dom-testing'
+gem 'turbolinks', '~> 2.2.3'
+
+# require: false so bcrypt is loaded only when has_secure_password is used.
+# This is to avoid ActiveModel (and by extension the entire framework)
+# being dependent on a binary library.
+gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7', require: false
 
 # This needs to be with require false to avoid
 # it being automatically loaded by sprockets
@@ -19,7 +30,7 @@ gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0', require: false
 
 group :doc do
   gem 'sdoc', '~> 0.4.0'
-  gem 'redcarpet', '~> 2.2.2', platforms: :ruby
+  gem 'redcarpet', '~> 3.1.2', platforms: :ruby
   gem 'w3c_validators'
   gem 'kindlerb'
 end
@@ -27,11 +38,29 @@ end
 # AS
 gem 'dalli', '>= 2.2.1'
 
+# ActiveJob
+group :job do
+  gem 'resque', require: false
+  gem 'resque-scheduler', require: false
+  gem 'sidekiq', require: false
+  gem 'sucker_punch', require: false
+  gem 'delayed_job', require: false
+  gem 'queue_classic', require: false, platforms: :ruby
+  gem 'sneakers', '0.1.1.pre', require: false
+  gem 'que', require: false
+  gem 'backburner', require: false
+  gem 'qu-rails', github: "bkeepers/qu", branch: "master", require: false
+  gem 'qu-redis', require: false
+end
+
 # Add your own local bundler stuff
 local_gemfile = File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/.Gemfile"
 instance_eval File.read local_gemfile if File.exist? local_gemfile
 
 group :test do
+  # FIX: Our test suite isn't ready to run in random order yet
+  gem 'minitest', '< 5.3.4'
+
   platforms :mri_19 do
     gem 'ruby-prof', '~> 0.11.2'
   end
@@ -76,10 +105,16 @@ platforms :jruby do
   end
 end
 
+platforms :rbx do
+  # The rubysl-yaml gem doesn't ship with Psych by default
+  # as it needs libyaml that isn't always available.
+  gem 'psych', '~> 2.0'
+end
+
 # gems that are necessary for ActiveRecord tests with Oracle database
 if ENV['ORACLE_ENHANCED']
   platforms :ruby do
-    gem 'ruby-oci8', '>= 2.0.4'
+    gem 'ruby-oci8', '~> 2.1'
   end
   gem 'activerecord-oracle_enhanced-adapter', github: 'rsim/oracle-enhanced', branch: 'master'
 end
diff --git a/RAILS_VERSION b/RAILS_VERSION
index 78dae579e8..e33286503d 100644
--- a/RAILS_VERSION
+++ b/RAILS_VERSION
@@ -1 +1 @@
-4.1.0.beta1
+4.2.0.beta1
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index cf93453d3a..d786914d6d 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Rails is a web-application framework that includes everything needed to
 create database-backed web applications according to the
-[Model-View-Controller (MVC)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller)
+[Model-View-Controller (MVC)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-view-controller)
 pattern.
 
 Understanding the MVC pattern is key to understanding Rails. MVC divides your
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ independently outside Rails.
     * [Getting Started with Rails](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/getting_started.html)
     * [Ruby on Rails Guides](http://guides.rubyonrails.org)
     * [The API Documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org)
-    * [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](http://ruby.railstutorial.org/ruby-on-rails-tutorial-book)
+    * [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](http://www.railstutorial.org/book)
 
 ## Contributing
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ We encourage you to contribute to Ruby on Rails! Please check out the
 
 ## Code Status
 
-* [![Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/rails/rails.png)](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails)
+* [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc b/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc
index 664505f60d..f8c40f0b02 100644
--- a/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc
+++ b/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc
@@ -25,6 +25,18 @@ for Rails.  You can check the status of his tests here:
 
 Do not release with Red AWDwR tests.
 
+=== Are the supported plugins working? If not, make it work.
+
+Some Rails plugins are important and need to be supported until Rails 5.
+As these plugins are outside the Rails repository it is easy to break then without knowing
+after some refactoring or bug fix, so it is important to check if the following plugins
+are working with the versions that will be released:
+
+* https://github.com/rails/protected_attributes
+* https://github.com/rails/activerecord-deprecated_finders
+
+Do not release red plugins tests.
+
 === Do we have any Git dependencies?  If so, contact those authors.
 
 Having Git dependencies indicates that we depend on unreleased code.
@@ -158,7 +170,7 @@ commits should be added to the release branch besides regression fixing commits.
 == Day of release
 
 Many of these steps are the same as for the release candidate, so if you need
-more explanation on a particular step, so the RC steps.
+more explanation on a particular step, see the RC steps.
 
 Today, do this stuff in this order:
 
@@ -203,34 +215,3 @@ There are two simple steps for fixing the CI:
 2. Fix it
 
 Repeat these steps until the CI is green.
-
-=== Manually trigger docs generation
-
-We have a post-receive hook in GitHub that calls the docs server on pushes.
-It triggers generation and publication of edge docs, updates the contrib app,
-and generates and publishes stable docs if a new stable tag is detected.
-
-The hook unfortunately is not invoked by tag pushing, so once the new stable
-tag has been pushed to origin, please run
-
-    rake publish_docs
-
-You should see something like this:
-
-    Rails master hook tasks scheduled:
-
-      * updates the local checkout
-      * updates Rails Contributors
-      * generates and publishes edge docs
-
-    If a new stable tag is detected it also
-
-      * generates and publishes stable docs
-
-    This needs typically a few minutes.
-
-Note you do not need to specify the tag, the docs server figures it out.
-
-Also, don't worry if you call that multiple times or the hook is triggered
-again by some immediate regular push, if the scripts are running new calls
-are just queued (in a queue of size 1).
diff --git a/Rakefile b/Rakefile
index 07d44fc94b..db27105cc3 100644
--- a/Rakefile
+++ b/Rakefile
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ task :build => "all:build"
 desc "Release all gems to rubygems and create a tag"
 task :release => "all:release"
 
-PROJECTS = %w(activesupport activemodel actionpack actionview actionmailer activerecord railties)
+PROJECTS = %w(activesupport activemodel actionpack actionview actionmailer activerecord railties activejob)
 
 desc 'Run all tests by default'
 task :default => %w(test test:isolated)
@@ -45,36 +45,9 @@ else
   Rails::API::StableTask.new('rdoc')
 end
 
-desc 'Bump all versions to match version.rb'
-task :update_versions do
-  require File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/version"
+desc 'Bump all versions to match RAILS_VERSION'
+task :update_versions => "all:update_versions"
 
-  File.open("RAILS_VERSION", "w") do |f|
-    f.puts Rails::VERSION::STRING
-  end
-
-  constants = {
-    "activesupport"   => "ActiveSupport",
-    "activemodel"     => "ActiveModel",
-    "actionpack"      => "ActionPack",
-    "actionview"      => "ActionView",
-    "actionmailer"    => "ActionMailer",
-    "activerecord"    => "ActiveRecord",
-    "railties"        => "Rails"
-  }
-
-  version_file = File.read("version.rb")
-
-  PROJECTS.each do |project|
-    Dir["#{project}/lib/*/version.rb"].each do |file|
-      File.open(file, "w") do |f|
-        f.write version_file.gsub(/Rails/, constants[project])
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-#
 # We have a webhook configured in GitHub that gets invoked after pushes.
 # This hook triggers the following tasks:
 #
@@ -84,11 +57,6 @@ end
 #   * if there's a new stable tag, generates and publishes stable docs
 #
 # Everything is automated and you do NOT need to run this task normally.
-#
-# We publish a new version by tagging, and pushing a tag does not trigger
-# that webhook. Stable docs would be updated by any subsequent regular
-# push, but if you want that to happen right away just run this.
-#
 desc 'Publishes docs, run this AFTER a new stable tag has been pushed'
 task :publish_docs do
   Net::HTTP.new('api.rubyonrails.org', 8080).start do |http|
diff --git a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
index 5a61746700..1ff4db41a3 100644
--- a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,61 +1,44 @@
-*   Support the use of underscored symbols when registering interceptors and
-    observers like we do elsewhere within Rails.
+*   Added #deliver_later, #deliver_now and deprecate #deliver in favour of
+    #deliver_now. #deliver_later will enqueue a job to render and deliver
+    the mail instead of delivering it right at that moment. The job is enqueued
+    using the new Active Job framework in Rails, and will use whatever queue is
+    configured for Rails.
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    *DHH/Abdelkader Boudih/Cristian Bica*
 
-*   Add the ability to intercept emails before previewing in a similar fashion
-    to how emails can be intercepted before delivery.
+*   Make ActionMailer::Previews methods class methods. Previously they were
+    instance methods and ActionMailer tries to render a message when they
+    are called.
 
-    Fixes #13622.
+    *Cristian Bica*
 
-    Example:
+*   Deprecate `*_path` helpers in email views. When used they generate
+    non-working links and are not the intention of most developers. Instead
+    we recommend to use `*_url` helper.
 
-        class CSSInlineStyler
-          def self.previewing_email(message)
-            # inline CSS styles
-          end
-        end
+    *Richard Schneeman*
 
-        ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor CSSInlineStyler
+*   Raise an exception when attachments are added after `mail` was called.
+    This is a safeguard to prevent invalid emails.
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    Fixes #16163.
 
-*   Add mailer previews feature based on 37 Signals mail_view gem.
-
-    *Andrew White*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Calling `mail()` without arguments serves as getter for the current mail
-    message and keeps previously set headers.
+*   Add `config.action_mailer.show_previews` configuration option.
 
-    Fixes #13090.
+    This config option can be used to enable the mail preview in environments
+    other than development (such as staging).
 
-    Example:
+    Defaults to `true` in development and false elsewhere.
 
-        class MailerWithCallback < ActionMailer::Base
-          after_action :a_callback
+    *Leonard Garvey*
 
-          def welcome
-            mail subject: "subject", to: ["joe@example.com"]
-          end
+*   Allow preview interceptors to be registered through
+    `config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors`.
 
-          def a_callback
-            mail # => returns the current mail message
-          end
-        end
+    See #15739.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Instrument the generation of Action Mailer messages. The time it takes to
-    generate a message is written to the log.
-
-    *Daniel Schierbeck*
-
-*   Invoke mailer defaults as procs only if they are procs, do not convert with
-    `to_proc`. That an object is convertible to a proc does not mean it's meant
-    to be always used as a proc.
-
-    Fixes #11533.
-
-    *Alex Tsukernik*
-
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionmailer/README.rdoc b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
index e425282fa8..3b8e3ed749 100644
--- a/actionmailer/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
@@ -65,12 +65,12 @@ In order to send mails, you simply call the method and then call +deliver+ on th
 
 Calling the method returns a Mail Message object:
 
-  message = Notifier.welcome("david@loudthinking.com")  # => Returns a Mail::Message object
-  message.deliver                                       # => delivers the email
+  message = Notifier.welcome("david@loudthinking.com")   # => Returns a Mail::Message object
+  message.deliver_now                                    # => delivers the email
 
 Or you can just chain the methods together like:
 
-  Notifier.welcome("david@loudthinking.com").deliver    # Creates the email and sends it immediately
+  Notifier.welcome("david@loudthinking.com").deliver_now # Creates the email and sends it immediately
 
 == Setting defaults
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Example:
       )
 
       if email.has_attachments?
-        email.attachments.each do |attachment| 
+        email.attachments.each do |attachment|
           page.attachments.create({
             file: attachment, description: email.subject
           })
@@ -156,7 +156,11 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
 
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
index 9b25feaf75..089e12ebf1 100644
--- a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
+++ b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.add_dependency 'actionpack', version
   s.add_dependency 'actionview', version
+  s.add_dependency 'activejob', version
 
-  s.add_dependency 'mail', '~> 2.5.4'
+  s.add_dependency 'mail', ['~> 2.5', '>= 2.5.4']
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-dom-testing', '~> 1.0', '>= 1.0.2'
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
index 83969d4074..b994ef3182 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
@@ -45,4 +45,6 @@ module ActionMailer
   autoload :Previews, 'action_mailer/preview'
   autoload :TestCase
   autoload :TestHelper
+  autoload :MessageDelivery
+  autoload :DeliveryJob
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
index eb8cca9ee4..f539fc53c6 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   #   Hi <%= @account.name %>,
   #   Thanks for joining our service! Please check back often.
   #
-  # You can even use Action Pack helpers in these views. For example:
+  # You can even use Action View helpers in these views. For example:
   #
   #   You got a new note!
   #   <%= truncate(@note.body, length: 25) %>
@@ -138,9 +138,20 @@ module ActionMailer
   # Once a mailer action and template are defined, you can deliver your message or create it and save it
   # for delivery later:
   #
-  #   Notifier.welcome(david).deliver # sends the email
-  #   mail = Notifier.welcome(david)  # => a Mail::Message object
-  #   mail.deliver                    # sends the email
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_now # sends the email
+  #   mail = Notifier.welcome(User.first)      # => an ActionMailer::MessageDelivery object
+  #   mail.deliver_now                    # sends the email
+  #
+  # The <tt>ActionMailer::MessageDelivery</tt> class is a wrapper around a <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object. If
+  # you want direct access to the <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object you can call the <tt>message</tt> method on
+  # the <tt>ActionMailer::MessageDelivery</tt> object.
+  #
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).message     # => a Mail::Message object
+  #
+  # Action Mailer is nicely integrated with Active Job so you can send emails in the background (example: outside
+  # of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it):
+  #
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later # enqueue the email sending to Active Job
   #
   # You never instantiate your mailer class. Rather, you just call the method you defined on the class itself.
   #
@@ -154,7 +165,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # * signup_notification.text.erb
   # * signup_notification.html.erb
   # * signup_notification.xml.builder
-  # * signup_notification.yaml.erb
+  # * signup_notification.yml.erb
   #
   # Each would be rendered and added as a separate part to the message, with the corresponding content
   # type. The content type for the entire message is automatically set to <tt>multipart/alternative</tt>,
@@ -301,12 +312,13 @@ module ActionMailer
   #       end
   #   end
   #
-  # Callbacks in ActionMailer are implemented using AbstractController::Callbacks, so you
-  # can define and configure callbacks in the same manner that you would use callbacks in
-  # classes that inherit from ActionController::Base.
+  # Callbacks in Action Mailer are implemented using
+  # <tt>AbstractController::Callbacks</tt>, so you can define and configure
+  # callbacks in the same manner that you would use callbacks in classes that
+  # inherit from <tt>ActionController::Base</tt>.
   #
   # Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should prefer using before_action
-  # rather than after_action in your ActionMailer classes so that headers are parsed properly.
+  # rather than after_action in your Action Mailer classes so that headers are parsed properly.
   #
   # = Previewing emails
   #
@@ -321,11 +333,11 @@ module ActionMailer
   #   end
   #
   # Methods must return a <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object which can be generated by calling the mailer
-  # method without the additional <tt>deliver</tt>. The location of the mailer previews
-  # directory can be configured using the <tt>preview_path</tt> option which has a default
+  # method without the additional <tt>deliver_now</tt> / <tt>deliver_later</tt>. The location of the
+  # mailer previews directory can be configured using the <tt>preview_path</tt> option which has a default
   # of <tt>test/mailers/previews</tt>:
   #
-  #     config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
+  #   config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
   #
   # An overview of all previews is accessible at <tt>http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers</tt>
   # on a running development server instance.
@@ -339,7 +351,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  #   config.action_mailer.register_preview_interceptor :css_inline_styler
+  #   config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors :css_inline_styler
   #
   # Note that interceptors need to be registered both with <tt>register_interceptor</tt>
   # and <tt>register_preview_interceptor</tt> if they should operate on both sending and
@@ -368,8 +380,8 @@ module ActionMailer
   #     This is a symbol and one of <tt>:plain</tt> (will send the password in the clear), <tt>:login</tt> (will
   #     send password Base64 encoded) or <tt>:cram_md5</tt> (combines a Challenge/Response mechanism to exchange
   #     information and a cryptographic Message Digest 5 algorithm to hash important information)
-  #   * <tt>:enable_starttls_auto</tt> - When set to true, detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server
-  #     and starts to use it.
+  #   * <tt>:enable_starttls_auto</tt> - Detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server and starts
+  #     to use it. Defaults to <tt>true</tt>.
   #   * <tt>:openssl_verify_mode</tt> - When using TLS, you can set how OpenSSL checks the certificate. This is
   #     really useful if you need to validate a self-signed and/or a wildcard certificate. You can use the name
   #     of an OpenSSL verify constant (<tt>'none'</tt>, <tt>'peer'</tt>, <tt>'client_once'</tt>,
@@ -393,7 +405,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   #   implement for a custom delivery agent.
   #
   # * <tt>perform_deliveries</tt> - Determines whether emails are actually sent from Action Mailer when you
-  #   call <tt>.deliver</tt> on an mail message or on an Action Mailer method. This is on by default but can
+  #   call <tt>.deliver</tt> on an email message or on an Action Mailer method. This is on by default but can
   #   be turned off to aid in functional testing.
   #
   # * <tt>deliveries</tt> - Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with
@@ -547,8 +559,8 @@ module ActionMailer
       end
 
       def method_missing(method_name, *args) # :nodoc:
-        if respond_to?(method_name)
-          new(method_name, *args).message
+        if action_methods.include?(method_name.to_s)
+          MessageDelivery.new(self, method_name, *args)
         else
           super
         end
@@ -585,6 +597,10 @@ module ActionMailer
     class NullMail #:nodoc:
       def body; '' end
 
+      def respond_to?(string, include_all=false)
+        true
+      end
+
       def method_missing(*args)
         nil
       end
@@ -648,7 +664,22 @@ module ActionMailer
     #  mail.attachments[0]                # => Mail::Part (first attachment)
     #
     def attachments
-      @_message.attachments
+      if @_mail_was_called
+        LateAttachmentsProxy.new(@_message.attachments)
+      else
+        @_message.attachments
+      end
+    end
+
+    class LateAttachmentsProxy < SimpleDelegator
+      def inline; _raise_error end
+      def []=(_name, _content); _raise_error end
+
+      private
+        def _raise_error
+          raise RuntimeError, "Can't add attachments after `mail` was called.\n" \
+                              "Make sure to use `attachments[]=` before calling `mail`."
+        end
     end
 
     # The main method that creates the message and renders the email templates. There are
@@ -724,11 +755,11 @@ module ActionMailer
     #     format.html
     #   end
     #
-    # You can even render text directly without using a template:
+    # You can even render plain text directly without using a template:
     #
     #   mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format|
-    #     format.text { render text: "Hello Mikel!" }
-    #     format.html { render text: "<h1>Hello Mikel!</h1>" }
+    #     format.text { render plain: "Hello Mikel!" }
+    #     format.html { render html: "<h1>Hello Mikel!</h1>".html_safe }
     #   end
     #
     # Which will render a +multipart/alternative+ email with +text/plain+ and
@@ -881,6 +912,11 @@ module ActionMailer
       container.add_part(part)
     end
 
+    # Emails do not support relative path links.
+    def self.supports_path?
+      false
+    end
+
     ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_mailer, self)
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..622f202695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require 'active_job'
+
+module ActionMailer
+  class DeliveryJob < ActiveJob::Base #:nodoc:
+    queue_as :mailers
+
+    def perform(mailer, mail_method, delivery_method, *args) #:nodoc#
+      mailer.constantize.public_send(mail_method, *args).send(delivery_method)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9162055f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActionMailer
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Action Mailer as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 2
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "beta1"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
index eb6fb11d81..5b57c75ec3 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -6,24 +6,27 @@ module ActionMailer
   class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
     # An email was delivered.
     def deliver(event)
-      return unless logger.info?
-      recipients = Array(event.payload[:to]).join(', ')
-      info("\nSent mail to #{recipients} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)")
-      debug(event.payload[:mail])
+      info do
+        recipients = Array(event.payload[:to]).join(', ')
+        "\nSent mail to #{recipients} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
+      end
+
+      debug { event.payload[:mail] }
     end
 
     # An email was received.
     def receive(event)
-      return unless logger.info?
-      info("\nReceived mail (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)")
-      debug(event.payload[:mail])
+      info { "\nReceived mail (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)" }
+      debug { event.payload[:mail] }
     end
 
     # An email was generated.
     def process(event)
-      mailer = event.payload[:mailer]
-      action = event.payload[:action]
-      debug("\n#{mailer}##{action}: processed outbound mail in #{event.duration.round(1)}ms")
+      debug do
+        mailer = event.payload[:mailer]
+        action = event.payload[:action]
+        "\n#{mailer}##{action}: processed outbound mail in #{event.duration.round(1)}ms"
+      end
     end
 
     # Use the logger configured for ActionMailer::Base
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb
index 54ad9f066f..483277af04 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ module ActionMailer
       }.join("\n\n")
 
       # Make list points stand on their own line
-      formatted.gsub!(/[ ]*([*]+) ([^*]*)/) { |s| "  #{$1} #{$2.strip}\n" }
-      formatted.gsub!(/[ ]*([#]+) ([^#]*)/) { |s| "  #{$1} #{$2.strip}\n" }
+      formatted.gsub!(/[ ]*([*]+) ([^*]*)/) { "  #{$1} #{$2.strip}\n" }
+      formatted.gsub!(/[ ]*([#]+) ([^#]*)/) { "  #{$1} #{$2.strip}\n" }
 
       formatted
     end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7118f9b02c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+require 'delegate'
+
+module ActionMailer
+
+  # The <tt>ActionMailer::MessageDelivery</tt> class is used by
+  # <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt> when creating a new mailer.
+  # <tt>MessageDelivery</tt> is a wrapper (+Delegator+ subclass) around a lazy
+  # created <tt>Mail::Message</tt>. You can get direct access to the
+  # <tt>Mail::Message</tt>, deliver the email or schedule the email to be sent
+  # through Active Job.
+  #
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first)               # an ActionMailer::MessageDelivery object
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_now   # sends the email
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later # enqueue email delivery as a job through Active Job
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).message       # a Mail::Message object
+  class MessageDelivery < Delegator
+    def initialize(mailer, mail_method, *args) #:nodoc:
+      @mailer = mailer
+      @mail_method = mail_method
+      @args = args
+    end
+
+    def __getobj__ #:nodoc:
+      @obj ||= @mailer.send(:new, @mail_method, *@args).message
+    end
+
+    def __setobj__(obj) #:nodoc:
+      @obj = obj
+    end
+
+    # Returns the Mail::Message object
+    def message
+      __getobj__
+    end
+
+    # Enqueues the email to be delivered through Active Job. When the
+    # job runs it will send the email using +deliver_now!+. That means
+    # that the message will be sent bypassing checking +perform_deliveries+
+    # and +raise_delivery_errors+, so use with caution.
+    #
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later!
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later!(wait: 1.hour)
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later!(wait_until: 10.hours.from_now)
+    #
+    # Options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueue the email to be delivered with a delay
+    # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueue the email to be delivered at (after) a specific date / time
+    def deliver_later!(options={})
+      enqueue_delivery :deliver_now!, options
+    end
+
+    # Enqueues the email to be delivered through Active Job. When the
+    # job runs it will send the email using +deliver_now+.
+    #
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later(wait: 1.hour)
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later(wait_until: 10.hours.from_now)
+    #
+    # Options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueue the email to be delivered with a delay
+    # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueue the email to be delivered at (after) a specific date / time
+    def deliver_later(options={})
+      enqueue_delivery :deliver_now, options
+    end
+
+    # Delivers an email without checking +perform_deliveries+ and +raise_delivery_errors+,
+    # so use with caution.
+    #
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_now!
+    #
+    def deliver_now!
+      message.deliver!
+    end
+
+    # Delivers an email:
+    #
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_now
+    #
+    def deliver_now
+      message.deliver
+    end
+
+    def deliver! #:nodoc:
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "#deliver! is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5. " \
+        "Use #deliver_now! to deliver immediately or #deliver_later! to deliver through Active Job."
+      deliver_now!
+    end
+
+    def deliver #:nodoc:
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "#deliver is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5. " \
+        "Use #deliver_now to deliver immediately or #deliver_later to deliver through Active Job."
+      deliver_now
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      def enqueue_delivery(delivery_method, options={})
+        args = @mailer.name, @mail_method.to_s, delivery_method.to_s, *@args
+        ActionMailer::DeliveryJob.set(options).perform_later(*args)
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb
index fde0e86f5b..44cf6665ba 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb
@@ -11,16 +11,26 @@ module ActionMailer
       #
       mattr_accessor :preview_path, instance_writer: false
 
+      # Enable or disable mailer previews through app configuration:
+      #
+      #     config.action_mailer.show_previews = true
+      #
+      # Defaults to true for development environment
+      #
+      mattr_accessor :show_previews, instance_writer: false
+
       # :nodoc:
       mattr_accessor :preview_interceptors, instance_writer: false
       self.preview_interceptors = []
+    end
 
+    module ClassMethods
       # Register one or more Interceptors which will be called before mail is previewed.
       def register_preview_interceptors(*interceptors)
         interceptors.flatten.compact.each { |interceptor| register_preview_interceptor(interceptor) }
       end
 
-      # Register am Interceptor which will be called before mail is previewed.
+      # Register an Interceptor which will be called before mail is previewed.
       # Either a class or a string can be passed in as the Interceptor. If a
       # string is passed in it will be <tt>constantize</tt>d.
       def register_preview_interceptor(interceptor)
@@ -94,6 +104,10 @@ module ActionMailer
           Base.preview_path
         end
 
+        def show_previews #:nodoc:
+          Base.show_previews
+        end
+
         def inform_preview_interceptors(message) #:nodoc:
           Base.preview_interceptors.each do |interceptor|
             interceptor.previewing_email(message)
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
index 8d1e40297b..05a3ac6a21 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_job/railtie'
 require "action_mailer"
 require "rails"
 require "abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers"
@@ -18,8 +19,9 @@ module ActionMailer
       options.assets_dir      ||= paths["public"].first
       options.javascripts_dir ||= paths["public/javascripts"].first
       options.stylesheets_dir ||= paths["public/stylesheets"].first
+      options.show_previews = Rails.env.development? if options.show_previews.nil?
 
-      if Rails.env.development?
+      if options.show_previews
         options.preview_path  ||= defined?(Rails.root) ? "#{Rails.root}/test/mailers/previews" : nil
       end
 
@@ -29,13 +31,21 @@ module ActionMailer
 
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_mailer) do
         include AbstractController::UrlFor
-        extend ::AbstractController::Railties::RoutesHelpers.with(app.routes)
+        extend ::AbstractController::Railties::RoutesHelpers.with(app.routes, false)
         include app.routes.mounted_helpers
 
         register_interceptors(options.delete(:interceptors))
+        register_preview_interceptors(options.delete(:preview_interceptors))
         register_observers(options.delete(:observers))
 
         options.each { |k,v| send("#{k}=", v) }
+
+        if options.show_previews
+          app.routes.append do
+            get '/rails/mailers'         => "rails/mailers#index"
+            get '/rails/mailers/*path'   => "rails/mailers#preview"
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb
index 207f949fe2..b53d2b7fa0 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'rails-dom-testing'
 
 module ActionMailer
   class NonInferrableMailerError < ::StandardError
@@ -15,11 +16,13 @@ module ActionMailer
 
       include ActiveSupport::Testing::ConstantLookup
       include TestHelper
+      include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions::SelectorAssertions
 
       included do
         class_attribute :_mailer_class
         setup :initialize_test_deliveries
         setup :set_expected_mail
+        teardown :restore_test_deliveries
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
@@ -54,11 +57,26 @@ module ActionMailer
       protected
 
         def initialize_test_deliveries
-          ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
+          set_delivery_method :test
+          @old_perform_deliveries = ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries
           ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
+        end
+
+        def restore_test_deliveries
+          restore_delivery_method
+          ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = @old_perform_deliveries
           ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
         end
 
+        def set_delivery_method(method)
+          @old_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
+          ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = method
+        end
+
+        def restore_delivery_method
+          ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @old_delivery_method
+        end
+
         def set_expected_mail
           @expected = Mail.new
           @expected.content_type ["text", "plain", { "charset" => charset }]
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb
index 6452bf616c..6ddacf7b79 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 module ActionMailer
+  # Provides helper methods for testing Action Mailer, including #assert_emails
+  # and #assert_no_emails
   module TestHelper
     # Asserts that the number of emails sent matches the given number.
     #
     #   def test_emails
     #     assert_emails 0
-    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     assert_emails 1
-    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     assert_emails 2
     #   end
     #
@@ -15,12 +17,12 @@ module ActionMailer
     #
     #   def test_emails_again
     #     assert_emails 1 do
-    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     end
     #
     #     assert_emails 2 do
-    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
-    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     end
     #   end
     def assert_emails(number)
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ module ActionMailer
     #
     #   def test_emails
     #     assert_no_emails
-    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     assert_emails 1
     #   end
     #
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb
index 46eb763c26..06f80a8fdc 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActionMailer
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionMailer as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Action Mailer as a
+  # <tt>Gem::Version</tt>.
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.1.0.beta1"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActionMailer.version.segments
-    STRING = ActionMailer.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 93d16f491d..ce426cad1e 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -23,46 +23,15 @@ ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 # Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
 I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 
-# Bogus template processors
-ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :haml, lambda { |template| "Look its HAML!".inspect }
-ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :bak, lambda { |template| "Lame backup".inspect }
-
 FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH = File.expand_path('fixtures', File.dirname(__FILE__))
 ActionMailer::Base.view_paths = FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH
 
-class MockSMTP
-  def self.deliveries
-    @@deliveries
-  end
-
-  def initialize
-    @@deliveries = []
-  end
-
-  def sendmail(mail, from, to)
-    @@deliveries << [mail, from, to]
-  end
-
-  def start(*args)
-    yield self
-  end
-end
-
-class Net::SMTP
-  def self.new(*args)
-    MockSMTP.new
+module Rails
+  def self.root
+    File.expand_path('../', File.dirname(__FILE__))
   end
 end
 
-def set_delivery_method(method)
-  @old_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
-  ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = method
-end
-
-def restore_delivery_method
-  ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @old_delivery_method
-end
-
 # Skips the current run on Rubinius using Minitest::Assertions#skip
 def rubinius_skip(message = '')
   skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
@@ -71,3 +40,10 @@ end
 def jruby_skip(message = '')
   skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
+
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
+
+# FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+# remove this method call.
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.my_tests_are_order_dependent!
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/assert_select_email_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/assert_select_email_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cae2e20abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/assert_select_email_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class AssertSelectEmailTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
+  class AssertSelectMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+    def test(html)
+      mail body: html, content_type: "text/html",
+        subject: "Test e-mail", from: "test@test.host", to: "test <test@test.host>"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class AssertMultipartSelectMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+    def test(options)
+      mail subject: "Test e-mail", from: "test@test.host", to: "test <test@test.host>" do |format|
+        format.text { render text: options[:text] }
+        format.html { render text: options[:html] }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Test assert_select_email
+  #
+
+  def test_assert_select_email
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_select_email {}
+    end
+
+    AssertSelectMailer.test("<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>").deliver_now
+    assert_select_email do
+      assert_select "div:root" do
+        assert_select "p:first-child", "foo"
+        assert_select "p:last-child", "bar"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_select_email_multipart
+    AssertMultipartSelectMailer.test(html: "<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>", text: 'foo bar').deliver_now
+    assert_select_email do
+      assert_select "div:root" do
+        assert_select "p:first-child", "foo"
+        assert_select "p:last-child", "bar"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/asset_host_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/asset_host_test.rb
index 00f1348a53..dd3b38544f 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/asset_host_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/asset_host_test.rb
@@ -9,11 +9,8 @@ class AssetHostMailer < ActionMailer::Base
   end
 end
 
-class AssetHostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class AssetHostTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def setup
-    set_delivery_method :test
-    ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
-    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
     AssetHostMailer.configure do |c|
       c.asset_host = "http://www.example.com"
     end
@@ -31,25 +28,10 @@ class AssetHostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_asset_host_as_one_argument_proc
     AssetHostMailer.config.asset_host = Proc.new { |source|
       if source.starts_with?('/images')
-        "http://images.example.com"
-      else
-        "http://assets.example.com"
+        'http://images.example.com'
       end
     }
     mail = AssetHostMailer.email_with_asset
     assert_equal %Q{<img alt="Somelogo" src="http://images.example.com/images/somelogo.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip
   end
-
-  def test_asset_host_as_two_argument_proc
-    ActionController::Base.config.asset_host = Proc.new {|source,request|
-      if request && request.ssl?
-        "https://www.example.com"
-      else
-        "http://www.example.com"
-      end
-    }
-    mail = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { mail = AssetHostMailer.email_with_asset }
-    assert_equal %Q{<img alt="Somelogo" src="http://www.example.com/images/somelogo.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip
-  end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
index 02707d0b5f..d00f5aea47 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
@@ -10,9 +10,18 @@ require 'mailers/proc_mailer'
 require 'mailers/asset_mailer'
 
 class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def teardown
-    ActionMailer::Base.asset_host = nil
-    ActionMailer::Base.assets_dir = nil
+  setup do
+    @original_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
+    @original_asset_host = ActionMailer::Base.asset_host
+    @original_assets_dir = ActionMailer::Base.assets_dir
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActionMailer::Base.asset_host = @original_asset_host
+    ActionMailer::Base.assets_dir = @original_assets_dir
+    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @original_delivery_method
   end
 
   test "method call to mail does not raise error" do
@@ -103,6 +112,7 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "attachment gets content type from filename" do
     email = BaseMailer.attachment_with_content
     assert_equal('invoice.pdf', email.attachments[0].filename)
+    assert_equal('application/pdf', email.attachments[0].mime_type)
   end
 
   test "attachment with hash" do
@@ -200,25 +210,68 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "subject gets default from I18n" do
-    BaseMailer.default subject: nil
-    email = BaseMailer.welcome(subject: nil)
-    assert_equal "Welcome", email.subject
+    with_default BaseMailer, subject: nil do
+      email = BaseMailer.welcome(subject: nil)
+      assert_equal "Welcome", email.subject
 
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', base_mailer: {welcome: {subject: "New Subject!"}})
-    email = BaseMailer.welcome(subject: nil)
-    assert_equal "New Subject!", email.subject
+      with_translation 'en', base_mailer: {welcome: {subject: "New Subject!"}} do
+        email = BaseMailer.welcome(subject: nil)
+        assert_equal "New Subject!", email.subject
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test 'default subject can have interpolations' do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', base_mailer: {with_subject_interpolations: {subject: 'Will the real %{rapper_or_impersonator} please stand up?'}})
-    email = BaseMailer.with_subject_interpolations
-    assert_equal 'Will the real Slim Shady please stand up?', email.subject
+    with_translation 'en', base_mailer: {with_subject_interpolations: {subject: 'Will the real %{rapper_or_impersonator} please stand up?'}} do
+      email = BaseMailer.with_subject_interpolations
+      assert_equal 'Will the real Slim Shady please stand up?', email.subject
+    end
   end
 
   test "translations are scoped properly" do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', base_mailer: {email_with_translations: {greet_user: "Hello %{name}!"}})
-    email = BaseMailer.email_with_translations
-    assert_equal 'Hello lifo!', email.body.encoded
+    with_translation 'en', base_mailer: {email_with_translations: {greet_user: "Hello %{name}!"}} do
+      email = BaseMailer.email_with_translations
+      assert_equal 'Hello lifo!', email.body.encoded
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "adding attachments after mail was called raises exception" do
+    class LateAttachmentMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      def welcome
+        mail body: "yay", from: "welcome@example.com", to: "to@example.com"
+        attachments['invoice.pdf'] = 'This is test File content'
+      end
+    end
+
+    e = assert_raises(RuntimeError) { LateAttachmentMailer.welcome.message }
+    assert_match(/Can't add attachments after `mail` was called./, e.message)
+  end
+
+  test "adding inline attachments after mail was called raises exception" do
+    class LateInlineAttachmentMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      def welcome
+        mail body: "yay", from: "welcome@example.com", to: "to@example.com"
+        attachments.inline['invoice.pdf'] = 'This is test File content'
+      end
+    end
+
+    e = assert_raises(RuntimeError) { LateInlineAttachmentMailer.welcome.message }
+    assert_match(/Can't add attachments after `mail` was called./, e.message)
+  end
+
+  test "accessing attachments works after mail was called" do
+    class LateAttachmentAccessorMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      def welcome
+        attachments['invoice.pdf'] = 'This is test File content'
+        mail body: "yay", from: "welcome@example.com", to: "to@example.com"
+
+        unless attachments.map(&:filename) == ["invoice.pdf"]
+          raise Minitest::Assertion, "Should allow access to attachments"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { LateAttachmentAccessorMailer.welcome }
   end
 
   # Implicit multipart
@@ -406,23 +459,19 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "calling just the action should return the generated mail object" do
-    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
     email = BaseMailer.welcome
     assert_equal(0, BaseMailer.deliveries.length)
     assert_equal('The first email on new API!', email.subject)
   end
 
   test "calling deliver on the action should deliver the mail object" do
-    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
     BaseMailer.expects(:deliver_mail).once
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome.deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     assert_equal 'The first email on new API!', mail.subject
   end
 
   test "calling deliver on the action should increment the deliveries collection if using the test mailer" do
-    BaseMailer.delivery_method = :test
-    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
-    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver
+    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     assert_equal(1, BaseMailer.deliveries.length)
   end
 
@@ -435,36 +484,35 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   # Rendering
   test "you can specify a different template for implicit render" do
-    mail = BaseMailer.implicit_different_template('implicit_multipart').deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.implicit_different_template('implicit_multipart').deliver_now
     assert_equal("HTML Implicit Multipart", mail.html_part.body.decoded)
     assert_equal("TEXT Implicit Multipart", mail.text_part.body.decoded)
   end
 
   test "should raise if missing template in implicit render" do
-    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
     assert_raises ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      BaseMailer.implicit_different_template('missing_template').deliver
+      BaseMailer.implicit_different_template('missing_template').deliver_now
     end
     assert_equal(0, BaseMailer.deliveries.length)
   end
 
   test "you can specify a different template for explicit render" do
-    mail = BaseMailer.explicit_different_template('explicit_multipart_templates').deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.explicit_different_template('explicit_multipart_templates').deliver_now
     assert_equal("HTML Explicit Multipart Templates", mail.html_part.body.decoded)
     assert_equal("TEXT Explicit Multipart Templates", mail.text_part.body.decoded)
   end
 
   test "you can specify a different layout" do
-    mail = BaseMailer.different_layout('different_layout').deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.different_layout('different_layout').deliver_now
     assert_equal("HTML -- HTML", mail.html_part.body.decoded)
     assert_equal("PLAIN -- PLAIN", mail.text_part.body.decoded)
   end
 
   test "you can specify the template path for implicit lookup" do
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome_from_another_path('another.path/base_mailer').deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome_from_another_path('another.path/base_mailer').deliver_now
     assert_equal("Welcome from another path", mail.body.encoded)
 
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome_from_another_path(['unknown/invalid', 'another.path/base_mailer']).deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome_from_another_path(['unknown/invalid', 'another.path/base_mailer']).deliver_now
     assert_equal("Welcome from another path", mail.body.encoded)
   end
 
@@ -478,30 +526,29 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "assets tags should use a Mailer's asset_host settings when available" do
-    begin
-      ActionMailer::Base.config.asset_host = "http://global.com"
-      ActionMailer::Base.config.assets_dir = "global/"
+    ActionMailer::Base.config.asset_host = "http://global.com"
+    ActionMailer::Base.config.assets_dir = "global/"
 
-      AssetMailer.asset_host = "http://local.com"
+    TempAssetMailer = Class.new(AssetMailer) do
+      self.mailer_name = "asset_mailer"
+      self.asset_host = "http://local.com"
+    end
 
-      mail = AssetMailer.welcome
+    mail = TempAssetMailer.welcome
 
-      assert_equal(%{<img alt="Dummy" src="http://local.com/images/dummy.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip)
-    ensure
-      AssetMailer.asset_host = ActionMailer::Base.config.asset_host
-    end
+    assert_equal(%{<img alt="Dummy" src="http://local.com/images/dummy.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip)
   end
 
   test 'the view is not rendered when mail was never called' do
     mail = BaseMailer.without_mail_call
     assert_equal('', mail.body.to_s.strip)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail.deliver_now
   end
 
   test 'the return value of mailer methods is not relevant' do
     mail = BaseMailer.with_nil_as_return_value
     assert_equal('Welcome', mail.body.to_s.strip)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail.deliver_now
   end
 
   # Before and After hooks
@@ -517,32 +564,40 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "you can register an observer to the mail object that gets informed on email delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_observer(MyObserver)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_observer(MyObserver)
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register an observer using its stringified name to the mail object that gets informed on email delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_observer("BaseTest::MyObserver")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_observer("BaseTest::MyObserver")
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register an observer using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets informed on email delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_observer(:"base_test/my_observer")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_observer(:"base_test/my_observer")
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register multiple observers to the mail object that both get informed on email delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_observers("BaseTest::MyObserver", MySecondObserver)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    MySecondObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_observers("BaseTest::MyObserver", MySecondObserver)
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+      MySecondObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   class MyInterceptor
@@ -555,72 +610,41 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     def self.previewing_email(mail); end
   end
 
-  class BaseMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
-    def welcome
-      BaseMailer.welcome
-    end
-  end
-
   test "you can register an interceptor to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(MyInterceptor)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(MyInterceptor)
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register an interceptor using its stringified name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor("BaseTest::MyInterceptor")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor("BaseTest::MyInterceptor")
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register an interceptor using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(:"base_test/my_interceptor")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(:"base_test/my_interceptor")
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register multiple interceptors to the mail object that both get passed the mail object before delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptors("BaseTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    MySecondInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
-  end
-
-  test "you can register a preview interceptor to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor(MyInterceptor)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    BaseMailerPreview.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
-    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
-  end
-
-  test "you can register a preview interceptor using its stringified name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor("BaseTest::MyInterceptor")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    BaseMailerPreview.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
-    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
-  end
-
-  test "you can register an interceptor using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor(:"base_test/my_interceptor")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    BaseMailerPreview.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
-    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
-  end
-
-  test "you can register multiple preview interceptors to the mail object that both get passed the mail object before previewing" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptors("BaseTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    BaseMailerPreview.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
-    MySecondInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
-    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptors("BaseTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+      MySecondInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   test "being able to put proc's into the defaults hash and they get evaluated on mail sending" do
@@ -769,4 +793,77 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ensure
       klass.default_params = old
     end
+
+    # A simple hack to restore the observers and interceptors for Mail, as it
+    # does not have an unregister API yet.
+    def mail_side_effects
+      old_observers = Mail.class_variable_get(:@@delivery_notification_observers)
+      old_delivery_interceptors = Mail.class_variable_get(:@@delivery_interceptors)
+      yield
+    ensure
+      Mail.class_variable_set(:@@delivery_notification_observers, old_observers)
+      Mail.class_variable_set(:@@delivery_interceptors, old_delivery_interceptors)
+    end
+
+    def with_translation(locale, data)
+      I18n.backend.store_translations(locale, data)
+      yield
+    ensure
+      I18n.backend.reload!
+    end
+end
+
+class BasePreviewInterceptorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  teardown do
+    ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors.clear
+  end
+
+  class BaseMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+    def welcome
+      BaseMailer.welcome
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MyInterceptor
+    def self.delivering_email(mail); end
+    def self.previewing_email(mail); end
+  end
+
+  class MySecondInterceptor
+    def self.delivering_email(mail); end
+    def self.previewing_email(mail); end
+  end
+
+  test "you can register a preview interceptor to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor(MyInterceptor)
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    BaseMailerPreview.any_instance.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+  end
+
+  test "you can register a preview interceptor using its stringified name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor("BasePreviewInterceptorsTest::MyInterceptor")
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    BaseMailerPreview.any_instance.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+  end
+
+  test "you can register an interceptor using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor(:"base_preview_interceptors_test/my_interceptor")
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    BaseMailerPreview.any_instance.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+  end
+
+  test "you can register multiple preview interceptors to the mail object that both get passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptors("BasePreviewInterceptorsTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    BaseMailerPreview.any_instance.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    MySecondInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb
index 609903620b..2e4e019bf7 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ class DefaultsDeliveryMethodsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 end
 
 class CustomDeliveryMethodsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
+  setup do
     @old_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
     ActionMailer::Base.add_delivery_method :custom, MyCustomDelivery
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @old_delivery_method
     new = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_methods.dup
     new.delete(:custom)
@@ -93,34 +93,32 @@ class MailDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def setup
-    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :smtp
+  setup do
+    @old_delivery_method = DeliveryMailer.delivery_method
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = :smtp
-    DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = true
-    DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = true
+  teardown do
+    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = @old_delivery_method
+    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
   end
 
   test "ActionMailer should be told when Mail gets delivered" do
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
     DeliveryMailer.expects(:deliver_mail).once
-    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
   end
 
   test "delivery method can be customized per instance" do
-    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    Mail::SMTP.any_instance.expects(:deliver!)
+    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     assert_instance_of Mail::SMTP, email.delivery_method
-    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome(delivery_method: :test).deliver
+    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome(delivery_method: :test).deliver_now
     assert_instance_of Mail::TestMailer, email.delivery_method
   end
 
   test "delivery method can be customized in subclasses not changing the parent" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = :test
     assert_equal :smtp, ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
-    $BREAK = true
-    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     assert_instance_of Mail::TestMailer, email.delivery_method
   end
 
@@ -164,62 +162,76 @@ class MailDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "non registered delivery methods raises errors" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = :unknown
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     end
   end
 
   test "undefined delivery methods raises errors" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = nil
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     end
   end
 
   test "does not perform deliveries if requested" do
-    DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = false
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
-    Mail::Message.any_instance.expects(:deliver!).never
-    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    old_perform_deliveries = DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries
+    begin
+      DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = false
+      Mail::Message.any_instance.expects(:deliver!).never
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+    ensure
+      DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = old_perform_deliveries
+    end
   end
 
   test "does not append the deliveries collection if told not to perform the delivery" do
-    DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = false
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
-    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
-    assert_equal(0, DeliveryMailer.deliveries.length)
+    old_perform_deliveries = DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries
+    begin
+      DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = false
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+      assert_equal [], DeliveryMailer.deliveries
+    ensure
+      DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = old_perform_deliveries
+    end
   end
 
   test "raise errors on bogus deliveries" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     end
   end
 
   test "does not increment the deliveries collection on error" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     end
-    assert_equal(0, DeliveryMailer.deliveries.length)
+    assert_equal [], DeliveryMailer.deliveries
   end
 
   test "does not raise errors on bogus deliveries if set" do
-    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
-    DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    old_raise_delivery_errors = DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors
+    begin
+      DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
+      DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+      end
+    ensure
+      DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = old_raise_delivery_errors
     end
   end
 
   test "does not increment the deliveries collection on bogus deliveries" do
-    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
-    DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
-    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
-    assert_equal(0, DeliveryMailer.deliveries.length)
+    old_raise_delivery_errors = DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors
+    begin
+      DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
+      DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+      assert_equal [], DeliveryMailer.deliveries
+    ensure
+      DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = old_raise_delivery_errors
+    end
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_helper_mailer/welcome b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_helper_mailer/welcome
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61ce70d578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_helper_mailer/welcome
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Welcome!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
index 14a1b11b6d..010e44d045 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
@@ -10,15 +10,15 @@ class I18nTestMailer < ActionMailer::Base
   def mail_with_i18n_subject(recipient)
     @recipient  = recipient
     I18n.locale = :de
-    mail(to: recipient, subject: "#{I18n.t :email_subject} #{recipient}",
+    mail(to: recipient, subject: I18n.t(:email_subject),
       from: "system@loudthinking.com", date: Time.local(2004, 12, 12))
   end
 end
 
 class TestController < ActionController::Base
   def send_mail
-    I18nTestMailer.mail_with_i18n_subject("test@localhost").deliver
-    render text: 'Mail sent'
+    email = I18nTestMailer.mail_with_i18n_subject("test@localhost").deliver_now
+    render text: "Mail sent - Subject: #{email.subject}"
   end
 end
 
@@ -28,20 +28,43 @@ class ActionMailerI18nWithControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
   end
 
-  def app
-    Routes
+  class RoutedRackApp
+    attr_reader :routes
+
+    def initialize(routes, &blk)
+      @routes = routes
+      @stack = ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack.new(&blk).build(@routes)
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      @stack.call(env)
+    end
   end
 
-  def setup
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('de', email_subject: '[Signed up] Welcome')
+  APP = RoutedRackApp.new(Routes)
+
+  def app
+    APP
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    I18n.locale = :en
+  teardown do
+    I18n.locale = I18n.default_locale
   end
 
   def test_send_mail
-    get '/test/send_mail'
-    assert_equal "Mail sent", @response.body
+    Mail::SMTP.any_instance.expects(:deliver!)
+    with_translation 'de', email_subject: '[Anmeldung] Willkommen' do
+      get '/test/send_mail'
+      assert_equal "Mail sent - Subject: [Anmeldung] Willkommen", @response.body
+    end
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  def with_translation(locale, data)
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(locale, data)
+    yield
+  ensure
+    I18n.backend.reload!
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 5f0bee88fd..3871b16840 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-require "abstract_unit"
+require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'mailers/base_mailer'
-require "active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper"
-require "action_mailer/log_subscriber"
+require 'active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper'
+require 'action_mailer/log_subscriber'
 
 class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   include ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_deliver_is_notified
-    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver
+    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     wait
 
     assert_equal(1, @logger.logged(:info).size)
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     assert_equal(2, @logger.logged(:debug).size)
     assert_match(/BaseMailer#welcome: processed outbound mail in [\d.]+ms/, @logger.logged(:debug).first)
     assert_match(/Welcome/, @logger.logged(:debug).second)
+  ensure
+    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
   end
 
   def test_receive_is_notified
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
index 7f959282cb..166dd096d4 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
@@ -44,16 +44,6 @@ class ExplicitLayoutMailer < ActionMailer::Base
 end
 
 class LayoutMailerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    set_delivery_method :test
-    ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
-    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    restore_delivery_method
-  end
-
   def test_should_pickup_default_layout
     mail = AutoLayoutMailer.hello
     assert_equal "Hello from layout Inside", mail.body.to_s.strip
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mailers/delayed_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/test/mailers/delayed_mailer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62d4baa434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mailers/delayed_mailer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+class DelayedMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+
+  def test_message(*)
+    mail(from: 'test-sender@test.com', to: 'test-receiver@test.com', subject: 'Test Subject', body: 'Test Body')
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9abf8b225c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_job'
+require 'minitest/mock'
+require 'mailers/delayed_mailer'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+class MessageDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveJob::TestHelper
+
+  setup do
+    @previous_logger = ActiveJob::Base.logger
+    @previous_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
+    ActiveJob::Base.logger = Logger.new(nil)
+    @mail = DelayedMailer.test_message(1, 2, 3)
+    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_at_jobs = true
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_jobs = true
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActiveJob::Base.logger = @previous_logger
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @previous_delivery_method
+  end
+
+  test 'should have a message' do
+    assert @mail.message
+  end
+
+  test 'its message should be a Mail::Message' do
+    assert_equal Mail::Message , @mail.message.class
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver!' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver!
+  end
+
+  test '.deliver is deprecated' do
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @mail.deliver
+    end
+  end
+  test '.deliver! is deprecated' do
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @mail.deliver!
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver_later' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver_later
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver_later!' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver_later!
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver_now' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver_now
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver_now!' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver_now!
+  end
+
+  def test_should_enqueue_and_run_correctly_in_activejob
+    @mail.deliver_later!
+    assert_equal 1, ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size
+  ensure
+    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
+  end
+
+  test 'should enqueue the email with :deliver_now delivery method' do
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now', 1, 2, 3]) do
+      @mail.deliver_later
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should enqueue the email with :deliver_now! delivery method' do
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now!', 1, 2, 3]) do
+      @mail.deliver_later!
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should enqueue a delivery with a delay' do
+    travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44) do
+      assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, at: Time.current.to_f+600.seconds, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now', 1, 2, 3]) do
+        @mail.deliver_later wait: 600.seconds
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should enqueue a delivery at a specific time' do
+    later_time = Time.now.to_f + 3600
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, at: later_time, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now', 1, 2, 3]) do
+      @mail.deliver_later wait_until: later_time
+    end
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/test_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/test_case_test.rb
index 86fd37bea6..86fd37bea6 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/test_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/test_case_test.rb
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
index 7c7f0b6fdc..96b75ff2e0 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class TestHelperMailer < ActionMailer::Base
@@ -36,10 +37,18 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     assert_equal "UTF-8", charset
   end
 
+  def test_encode
+    assert_equal '=?UTF-8?Q?This_is_=E3=81=82_string?=', encode('This is あ string')
+  end
+
+  def test_read_fixture
+    assert_equal ['Welcome!'], read_fixture('welcome')
+  end
+
   def test_assert_emails
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_emails 1 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
   end
@@ -47,27 +56,27 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def test_repeated_assert_emails_calls
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_emails 1 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_emails 2 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_assert_emails_with_no_block
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       assert_emails 1
     end
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
-      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       assert_emails 3
     end
   end
@@ -83,7 +92,7 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def test_assert_emails_too_few_sent
     error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
       assert_emails 2 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
 
@@ -93,8 +102,8 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def test_assert_emails_too_many_sent
     error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
       assert_emails 1 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
 
@@ -104,7 +113,7 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def test_assert_no_emails_failure
     error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
       assert_no_emails do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb
index 589944fa69..e79b2ca978 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class ActionMailerUrlTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     created.message_id = '<123@456>'
     assert_equal expected.encoded, created.encoded
 
-    assert_nothing_raised { UrlTestMailer.signed_up_with_url(@recipient).deliver }
+    assert_nothing_raised { UrlTestMailer.signed_up_with_url(@recipient).deliver_now }
     assert_not_nil ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.first
     delivered = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.first
 
diff --git a/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md b/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
index 342f670e78..de9722c392 100644
--- a/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,515 +1,376 @@
-*   Add new config option `config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer` for
-    specifying a serializer for the signed and encrypted cookie jars.
+*   Deprecate implicit Array conversion for Response objects. It was added
+    (using `#to_ary`) so we could conveniently use implicit splatting:
 
-    The possible values are:
+        status, headers, body = response
 
-    * `:json` - serialize cookie values with `JSON`
-    * `:marshal` - serialize cookie values with `Marshal`
-    * `:hybrid` - transparently migrate existing `Marshal` cookie values to `JSON`
+    But it also means `response + response` works and `[response].flatten`
+    cascades down to the Rack body. Nonsense behavior. Instead, rely on
+    explicit conversion and splatting with `#to_a`:
 
-    For new apps `:json` option is added by default and `:marshal` is used
-    when no option is specified to maintain backwards compatibility.
+        status, header, body = *response
 
-    *Łukasz Sarnacki*, *Matt Aimonetti*, *Guillermo Iguaran*, *Godfrey Chan*, *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   `FlashHash` now behaves like a `HashWithIndifferentAccess`.
-
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
-
-*   Set the `:shallow_path` scope option as each scope is generated rather than
-    waiting until the `shallow` option is set. Also make the behavior of the
-    `:shallow` resource option consistent with the behavior of the `shallow` method.
-
-    Fixes #12498.
-
-    *Andrew White*, *Aleksi Aalto*
-
-*   Properly require `action_view` in `AbstractController::Rendering` to prevent
-    uninitialized constant error for `ENCODING_FLAG`.
-
-    *Philipe Fatio*
-
-*   Do not discard query parameters that form a hash with the same root key as
-    the `wrapper_key` for a request using `wrap_parameters`.
-
-    *Josh Jordan*
-
-*   Ensure that `request.filtered_parameters` is reset between calls to `process`
-    in `ActionController::TestCase`.
-
-    Fixes #13803.
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Fix `rake routes` error when `Rails::Engine` with empty routes is mounted.
-
-    Fixes #13810.
-
-    *Maurizio De Santis*
-
-*   Log which keys were affected by deep munge.
-
-    Deep munge solves CVE-2013-0155 security vulnerability, but its
-    behaviour is definately confusing, so now at least information
-    about for which keys values were set to nil is visible in logs.
-
-    *Łukasz Sarnacki*
-
-*   Automatically convert dashes to underscores for shorthand routes, e.g:
-
-        get '/our-work/latest'
-
-    When running `rake routes` you will get the following output:
-
-                 Prefix Verb URI Pattern                Controller#Action
-        our_work_latest GET  /our-work/latest(.:format) our_work#latest
-
-    *Mikko Johansson*
-
-*   Automatically convert dashes to underscores for url helpers, e.g:
-
-        get '/contact-us' => 'pages#contact'
-        get '/about-us'   => 'pages#about_us'
+    *Jeremy Kemper*
 
-    When running `rake routes` you will get the following output:
+*   Don't rescue `IPAddr::InvalidAddressError`.
 
-            Prefix Verb URI Pattern           Controller#Action
-        contact_us GET  /contact-us(.:format) pages#contact
-          about_us GET  /about-us(.:format)   pages#about_us
+    `IPAddr::InvalidAddressError` does not exist in Ruby 1.9.3
+    and fails for JRuby in 1.9 mode.
 
-    *Amr Tamimi*
+    *Peter Suschlik*
 
-*   Fix stream closing when sending file with `ActionController::Live` included.
+*   Fix bug where the router would ignore any constraints added to redirect
+    routes.
 
-    Fixes #12381
+    Fixes #16605.
 
-    *Alessandro Diaferia*
+    *Agis Anastasopoulos*
 
-*   Allow an absolute controller path inside a module scope. Fixes #12777.
+*   Allow `config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies` to accept an IPAddr object.
 
     Example:
 
-        namespace :foo do
-          # will route to BarController without the namespace.
-          get '/special', to: '/bar#index'
-        end
+        # config/environments/production.rb
+        config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies = IPAddr.new('4.8.15.0/16')
 
+    *Sam Aarons*
 
-*   Unique the segment keys array for non-optimized url helpers
+*   Avoid duplicating routes for HEAD requests.
 
-    In Rails 3.2 you only needed pass an argument for dynamic segment once so
-    unique the segment keys array to match the number of args. Since the number
-    of args is less than required parts the non-optimized code path is selected.
-    This means to benefit from optimized url generation the arg needs to be
-    specified as many times as it appears in the path.
+    Instead of duplicating the routes, we will first match the HEAD request to
+    HEAD routes. If no match is found, we will then map the HEAD request to
+    GET routes.
 
-    Fixes #12808.
+    *Guo Xiang Tan*, *Andrew White*
 
-    *Andrew White*
+*   Requests that hit `ActionDispatch::Static` can now take advantage
+    of gzipped assets on disk. By default a gzip asset will be served if
+    the client supports gzip and a compressed file is on disk.
 
-*   Show full route constraints in error message.
+    *Richard Schneeman*
 
-    When an optimized helper fails to generate, show the full route constraints
-    in the error message. Previously it would only show the contraints that were
-    required as part of the path.
+*   `ActionController::Parameters` will stop inheriting from `Hash` and
+    `HashWithIndifferentAccess` in the next major release. If you use any method
+    that is not available on `ActionController::Parameters` you should consider
+    calling `#to_h` to convert it to a `Hash` first before calling that method.
 
-    Fixes #13592.
+    *Prem Sichanugrist*
 
-    *Andrew White*
+*   `ActionController::Parameters#to_h` now returns a `Hash` with unpermitted
+    keys removed. This change is to reflect on a security concern where some
+    method performed on an `ActionController::Parameters` may yield a `Hash`
+    object which does not maintain `permitted?` status. If you would like to
+    get a `Hash` with all the keys intact, duplicate and mark it as permitted
+    before calling `#to_h`.
 
-*   Use a custom route visitor for optimized url generation. Fixes #13349.
+        params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+          name: 'Senjougahara Hitagi',
+          oddity: 'Heavy stone crab'
+        })
+        params.to_h
+        # => {}
 
-    *Andrew White*
+        unsafe_params = params.dup.permit!
+        unsafe_params.to_h
+        # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi", "oddity"=>"Heavy stone crab"}
 
-*   Allow engine root relative redirects using an empty string.
+        safe_params = params.permit(:name)
+        safe_params.to_h
+        # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi"}
 
-    Example:
-
-        # application routes.rb
-        mount BlogEngine => '/blog'
-
-        # engine routes.rb
-        get '/welcome' => redirect('')
+    This change is consider a stopgap as we cannot change the code to stop
+    `ActionController::Parameters` to inherit from `HashWithIndifferentAccess`
+    in the next minor release.
 
-    This now redirects to the path `/blog`, whereas before it would redirect
-    to the application root path. In the case of a path redirect or a custom
-    redirect if the path returned contains a host then the path is treated as
-    absolute. Similarly for option redirects, if the options hash returned
-    contains a `:host` or `:domain` key then the path is treated as absolute.
+    *Prem Sichanugrist*
 
-    Fixes #7977.
-
-    *Andrew White*
+*   Deprecated `TagAssertions`.
 
-*   Fix `Encoding::CompatibilityError` when public path is UTF-8
+    *Kasper Timm Hansen*
 
-    In #5337 we forced the path encoding to ASCII-8BIT to prevent static file handling
-    from blowing up before an application has had chance to deal with possibly invalid
-    urls. However this has a negative side effect of making it an incompatible encoding
-    if the application's public path has UTF-8 characters in it.
-
-    To work around the problem we check to see if the path has a valid encoding once
-    it has been unescaped. If it is not valid then we can return early since it will
-    not match any file anyway.
-
-    Fixes #13518.
-
-    *Andrew White*
+*   Use the Active Support JSON encoder for cookie jars using the `:json` or
+    `:hybrid` serializer. This allows you to serialize custom Ruby objects into
+    cookies by defining the `#as_json` hook on such objects.
 
-*   `ActionController::Parameters#permit!` permits hashes in array values.
+    Fixes #16520.
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-*   Converts hashes in arrays of unfiltered params to unpermitted params.
+*   Add `config.action_dispatch.cookies_digest` option for setting custom
+    digest. The default remains the same - 'SHA1'.
 
-    Fixes #13382.
+    *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
+*   Move `respond_with` (and the class-level `respond_to`) to
+    the `responders` gem.
 
-*   New config option to opt out of params "deep munging" that was used to
-    address security vulnerability CVE-2013-0155. In your app config:
+    *José Valim*
 
-        config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge = false
+*   When your templates change, browser caches bust automatically.
 
-    Take care to understand the security risk involved before disabling this.
-    [Read more.](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/rubyonrails-security/t1WFuuQyavI)
+    New default: the template digest is automatically included in your ETags.
+    When you call `fresh_when @post`, the digest for `posts/show.html.erb`
+    is mixed in so future changes to the HTML will blow HTTP caches for you.
+    This makes it easy to HTTP-cache many more of your actions.
 
-    *Bernard Potocki*
+    If you render a different template, you can now pass the `:template`
+    option to include its digest instead:
 
-*   `rake routes` shows routes defined under assets prefix.
+        fresh_when @post, template: 'widgets/show'
 
-    *Ryunosuke SATO*
+    Pass `template: false` to skip the lookup. To turn this off entirely, set:
 
-*   Extend cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection to GET requests with
-    JavaScript responses, protecting apps from cross-origin `<script>` tags.
+        config.action_controller.etag_with_template_digest = false
 
     *Jeremy Kemper*
 
-*   Fix generating a path for engine inside a resources block.
-
-    Fixes #8533.
-
-    *Piotr Sarnacki*
-
-*   Add `Mime::Type.register "text/vcard", :vcf` to the default list of mime types.
-
-    *DHH*
+*   Remove deprecated `AbstractController::Helpers::ClassMethods::MissingHelperError`
+    in favor of `AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError`.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `ActionController::RecordIdentifier`, use
-    `ActionView::RecordIdentifier` instead.
-
-    *kennyj*
-
-*   Fix regression when using `ActionView::Helpers::TranslationHelper#translate` with
-    `options[:raise]`.
-
-    This regression was introduced at ec16ba75a5493b9da972eea08bae630eba35b62f.
-
-    *Shota Fukumori (sora_h)*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Introducing Variants
+*   Fix `assert_template` not being able to assert that no files were rendered.
 
-    We often want to render different html/json/xml templates for phones,
-    tablets, and desktop browsers. Variants make it easy.
+    *Guo Xiang Tan*
 
-    The request variant is a specialization of the request format, like `:tablet`,
-    `:phone`, or `:desktop`.
+*   Extract source code for the entire exception stack trace for
+    better debugging and diagnosis.
 
-    You can set the variant in a `before_action`:
+    *Ryan Dao*
 
-        request.variant = :tablet if request.user_agent =~ /iPad/
+*   Allows ActionDispatch::Request::LOCALHOST to match any IPv4 127.0.0.0/8
+    loopback address.
 
-    Respond to variants in the action just like you respond to formats:
+    *Earl St Sauver*, *Sven Riedel*
 
-        respond_to do |format|
-          format.html do |html|
-            html.tablet # renders app/views/projects/show.html+tablet.erb
-            html.phone { extra_setup; render ... }
-          end
-        end
+*   Preserve original path in `ShowExceptions` middleware by stashing it as
+    `env["action_dispatch.original_path"]`
 
-    Provide separate templates for each format and variant:
+    `ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions` overwrites `PATH_INFO` with the status code
+    for the exception defined in `ExceptionWrapper`, so the path
+    the user was visiting when an exception occurred was not previously
+    available to any custom exceptions_app. The original `PATH_INFO` is now
+    stashed in `env["action_dispatch.original_path"]`.
 
-        app/views/projects/show.html.erb
-        app/views/projects/show.html+tablet.erb
-        app/views/projects/show.html+phone.erb
+    *Grey Baker*
 
-    You can also simplify the variants definition using the inline syntax:
+*   Use `String#bytesize` instead of `String#size` when checking for cookie
+    overflow.
 
-        respond_to do |format|
-          format.js         { render "trash" }
-          format.html.phone { redirect_to progress_path }
-          format.html.none  { render "trash" }
-        end
+    *Agis Anastasopoulos*
 
-    Variants also support common `any`/`all` block that formats have.
+*   `render nothing: true` or rendering a `nil` body no longer add a single
+    space to the response body.
 
-    It works for both inline:
+    The old behavior was added as a workaround for a bug in an early version of
+    Safari, where the HTTP headers are not returned correctly if the response
+    body has a 0-length. This is been fixed since and the workaround is no
+    longer necessary.
 
-        respond_to do |format|
-          format.html.any   { render text: "any"   }
-          format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
-        end
+    Use `render body: ' '` if the old behavior is desired.
 
-    and block syntax:
+    See #14883 for details.
 
-        respond_to do |format|
-          format.html do |variant|
-            variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "any" }
-            variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
-          end
-        end
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-    *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
+*   Prepend a JS comment to JSONP callbacks. Addresses CVE-2014-4671
+    ("Rosetta Flash").
 
-*   Fix render of localized templates without an explicit format using wrong
-    content header and not passing correct formats to template due to the
-    introduction of the `NullType` for mimes.
+    *Greg Campbell*
 
-    Templates like `hello.it.erb` were subject to this issue.
+*   Because URI paths may contain non US-ASCII characters we need to force
+    the encoding of any unescaped URIs to UTF-8 if they are US-ASCII.
+    This essentially replicates the functionality of the monkey patch to
+    URI.parser.unescape in active_support/core_ext/uri.rb.
 
-    Fixes #13064.
+    Fixes #16104.
 
-    *Angelo Capilleri*, *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+    *Karl Entwistle*
 
-*   Try to escape each part of a url correctly when using a redirect route.
+*   Generate shallow paths for all children of shallow resources.
 
-    Fixes #13110.
+    Fixes #15783.
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    *Seb Jacobs*
 
-*   Better error message for typos in assert_response argument.
+*   JSONP responses are now rendered with the `text/javascript` content type
+    when rendering through a `respond_to` block.
 
-    When the response type argument to `assert_response` is not a known
-    response type, `assert_response` now throws an ArgumentError with a clear
-    message. This is intended to help debug typos in the response type.
+    Fixes #15081.
 
-    *Victor Costan*
+    *Lucas Mazza*
 
-*   Fix formatting for `rake routes` when a section is shorter than a header.
+*   Add `config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters` to configure which
+    parameters are permitted globally. The default value of this configuration is
+    `['controller', 'action']`.
 
-    *Sıtkı Bağdat*
+    *Gary S. Weaver*, *Rafael Chacon*
 
-*   Take a hash with options inside array in `#url_for`.
+*   Fix env['PATH_INFO'] missing leading slash when a rack app mounted at '/'.
 
-    Example:
+    Fixes #15511.
 
-        url_for [:new, :admin, :post, { param: 'value' }]
-        # => http://example.com/admin/posts/new?param=value
+    *Larry Lv*
 
-    *Andrey Ognevsky*
+*   ActionController::Parameters#require now accepts `false` values.
 
-*   Add `session#fetch` method
+    Fixes #15685.
 
-    fetch behaves like [Hash#fetch](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-1.9.3/Hash.html#method-i-fetch).
-    It returns a value from the hash for the given key.
-    If the key can’t be found, there are several options:
+    *Sergio Romano*
 
-      * With no other arguments, it will raise an KeyError exception.
-      * If a default value is given, then that will be returned.
-      * If the optional code block is specified, then that will be run and its result returned.
+*   With authorization header `Authorization: Token token=`, `authenticate` now
+    recognize token as nil, instead of "token".
 
-    *Damien Mathieu*
+    Fixes #14846.
 
-*   Don't let strong parameters mutate the given hash via `fetch`
+    *Larry Lv*
 
-    Create a new instance if the given parameter is a `Hash` instead of
-    passing it to the `convert_hashes_to_parameters` method since it is
-    overriding its default value.
+*   Ensure the controller is always notified as soon as the client disconnects
+    during live streaming, even when the controller is blocked on a write.
 
-    *Brendon Murphy*, *Doug Cole*
+    *Nicholas Jakobsen*, *Matthew Draper*
 
-*   Add `params` option to `button_to` form helper, which renders the given hash
-    as hidden form fields.
+*   Routes specifying 'to:' must be a string that contains a "#" or a rack
+    application.  Use of a symbol should be replaced with `action: symbol`.
+    Use of a string without a "#" should be replaced with `controller: string`.
 
-    *Andy Waite*
+    *Aaron Patterson*
 
-*   Make assets helpers work in the controllers like it works in the views.
+*   Fix URL generation with `:trailing_slash` such that it does not add
+    a trailing slash after `.:format`
 
-    Example:
+    *Dan Langevin*
 
-        # config/application.rb
-        config.asset_host = 'http://mycdn.com'
+*   Build full URI as string when processing path in integration tests for
+    performance reasons.
 
-        ActionController::Base.helpers.asset_path('fallback.png')
-        # => http://mycdn.com/assets/fallback.png
+    *Guo Xiang Tan*
 
-    Fixes #10051.
+*   Fix `'Stack level too deep'` when rendering `head :ok` in an action method
+    called 'status' in a controller.
 
-    *Tima Maslyuchenko*
+    Fixes #13905.
 
-*   Respect `SCRIPT_NAME` when using `redirect` with a relative path
+    *Christiaan Van den Poel*
 
-    Example:
+*   Add MKCALENDAR HTTP method (RFC 4791).
 
-        # application routes.rb
-        mount BlogEngine => '/blog'
+    *Sergey Karpesh*
 
-        # engine routes.rb
-        get '/admin' => redirect('admin/dashboard')
+*   Instrument fragment cache metrics.
 
-    This now redirects to the path `/blog/admin/dashboard`, whereas before it would've
-    generated an invalid url because there would be no slash between the host name and
-    the path. It also allows redirects to work where the application is deployed to a
-    subdirectory of a website.
+    Adds `:controller`: and `:action` keys to the instrumentation payload
+    for the `*_fragment.action_controller` notifications. This allows tracking
+    e.g. the fragment cache hit rates for each controller action.
 
-    Fixes #7977.
+    *Daniel Schierbeck*
 
-    *Andrew White*
+*   Always use the provided port if the protocol is relative.
 
-*   Fixing repond_with working directly on the options hash
-    This fixes an issue where the respond_with worked directly with the given
-    options hash, so that if a user relied on it after calling respond_with,
-    the hash wouldn't be the same.
+    Fixes #15043.
 
-    Fixes #12029.
+    *Guilherme Cavalcanti*, *Andrew White*
 
-    *bluehotdog*
+*   Moved `params[request_forgery_protection_token]` into its own method
+    and improved tests.
 
-*   Fix `ActionDispatch::RemoteIp::GetIp#calculate_ip` to only check for spoofing
-    attacks if both `HTTP_CLIENT_IP` and `HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR` are set.
+    Fixes #11316.
 
-    Fixes #10844.
+    *Tom Kadwill*
 
-    *Tamir Duberstein*
+*   Added verification of route constraints given as a Proc or an object responding
+    to `:matches?`. Previously, when given an non-complying object, it would just
+    silently fail to enforce the constraint. It will now raise an `ArgumentError`
+    when setting up the routes.
 
-*   Strong parameters should permit nested number as key.
+    *Xavier Defrang*
 
-    Fixes #12293.
+*   Properly treat the entire IPv6 User Local Address space as private for
+    purposes of remote IP detection. Also handle uppercase private IPv6
+    addresses.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    Fixes #12638.
 
-*   Fix regex used to detect URI schemes in `redirect_to` to be consistent with
-    RFC 3986.
+    *Caleb Spare*
 
-    *Derek Prior*
+*   Fixed an issue with migrating legacy json cookies.
 
-*   Fix incorrect `assert_redirected_to` failure message for protocol-relative
-    URLs.
+    Previously, the `VerifyAndUpgradeLegacySignedMessage` assumes all incoming
+    cookies are marshal-encoded. This is not the case when `secret_token` is
+    used in conjunction with the `:json` or `:hybrid` serializer.
 
-    *Derek Prior*
+    In those case, when upgrading to use `secret_key_base`, this would cause a
+    `TypeError: incompatible marshal file format` and a 500 error for the user.
 
-*   Fix an issue where router can't recognize downcased url encoding path.
+    Fixes #14774.
 
-    Fixes #12269.
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-    *kennyj*
+*   Make URL escaping more consistent:
 
-*   Fix custom flash type definition. Misusage of the `_flash_types` class variable
-    caused an error when reloading controllers with custom flash types.
+    1. Escape '%' characters in URLs - only unescaped data should be passed to URL helpers
+    2. Add an `escape_segment` helper to `Router::Utils` that escapes '/' characters
+    3. Use `escape_segment` rather than `escape_fragment` in optimized URL generation
+    4. Use `escape_segment` rather than `escape_path` in URL generation
 
-    Fixes #12057.
+    For point 4 there are two exceptions. Firstly, when a route uses wildcard segments
+    (e.g. `*foo`) then we use `escape_path` as the value may contain '/' characters. This
+    means that wildcard routes can't be optimized. Secondly, if a `:controller` segment
+    is used in the path then this uses `escape_path` as the controller may be namespaced.
 
-    *Ricardo de Cillo*
+    Fixes #14629, #14636 and #14070.
 
-*   Do not break params filtering on `nil` values.
+    *Andrew White*, *Edho Arief*
 
-    Fixes #12149.
+*   Add alias `ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile#to_io` to
+    `ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile#tempfile`.
 
-    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
+    *Tim Linquist*
 
-*   Development mode exceptions are rendered in text format in case of XHR request.
+*   Returns null type format when format is not know and controller is using `any`
+    format block.
 
-    *Kir Shatrov*
+    Fixes #14462.
 
-*   Fix an issue where :if and :unless controller action procs were being run
-    before checking for the correct action in the :only and :unless options.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    Fixes #11799.
+*   Improve routing error page with fuzzy matching search.
 
-    *Nicholas Jakobsen*
+    *Winston*
 
-*   Fix an issue where `assert_dom_equal` and `assert_dom_not_equal` were
-    ignoring the passed failure message argument.
+*   Only make deeply nested routes shallow when parent is shallow.
 
-    Fixes #11751.
+    Fixes #14684.
 
-    *Ryan McGeary*
+    *Andrew White*, *James Coglan*
 
-*   Allow REMOTE_ADDR, HTTP_HOST and HTTP_USER_AGENT to be overridden from
-    the environment passed into `ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new`.
+*   Append link to bad code to backtrace when exception is `SyntaxError`.
 
-    Fixes #11590.
+    *Boris Kuznetsov*
 
-    *Andrew White*
+*   Swapped the parameters of assert_equal in `assert_select` so that the
+    proper values were printed correctly.
 
-*   Fix an issue where Journey was failing to clear the named routes hash when the
-    routes were reloaded and since it doesn't overwrite existing routes then if a
-    route changed but wasn't renamed it kept the old definition. This was being
-    masked by the optimised url helpers so it only became apparent when passing an
-    options hash to the url helper.
+    Fixes #14422.
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    *Vishal Lal*
 
-*   Skip routes pointing to a redirect or mounted application when generating urls
-    using an options hash as they aren't relevant and generate incorrect urls.
+*   The method `shallow?` returns false if the parent resource is a singleton so
+    we need to check if we're not inside a nested scope before copying the :path
+    and :as options to their shallow equivalents.
 
-    Fixes #8018.
+    Fixes #14388.
 
     *Andrew White*
 
-*   Move `MissingHelperError` out of the `ClassMethods` module.
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Fix an issue where rails raise exception about missing helper where it
-    should throw `LoadError`. When helper file exists and only loaded file from
-    this helper does not exist rails should throw LoadError instead of
-    `MissingHelperError`.
-
-    *Piotr Niełacny*
-
-*   Fix `ActionDispatch::ParamsParser#parse_formatted_parameters` to rewind body input stream on
-    parsing json params.
-
-    Fixes #11345.
-
-    *Yuri Bol*, *Paul Nikitochkin*
-
-*   Ignore spaces around delimiter in Set-Cookie header.
-
-    *Yamagishi Kazutoshi*
-
-*   Remove deprecated Rails application fallback for integration testing, set
-    `ActionDispatch.test_app` instead.
-
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `page_cache_extension` config.
-
-    *Francesco Rodriguez*
-
-*   Remove deprecated constants from Action Controller:
-
-        ActionController::AbstractRequest  => ActionDispatch::Request
-        ActionController::Request          => ActionDispatch::Request
-        ActionController::AbstractResponse => ActionDispatch::Response
-        ActionController::Response         => ActionDispatch::Response
-        ActionController::Routing          => ActionDispatch::Routing
-        ActionController::Integration      => ActionDispatch::Integration
-        ActionController::IntegrationTest  => ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
-
-*   Fix `Mime::Type.parse` when bad accepts header is looked up. Previously it
-    was setting `request.formats` with an array containing a `nil` value, which
-    raised an error when setting the controller formats.
-
-    Fixes #10965.
-
-    *Becker*
-
-*   Merge `:action` from routing scope and assign endpoint if both `:controller`
-    and `:action` are present. The endpoint assignment only occurs if there is
-    no `:to` present in the options hash so should only affect routes using the
-    shorthand syntax (i.e. endpoint is inferred from the path).
-
-    Fixes #9856.
+*   Make logging of CSRF failures optional (but on by default) with the
+    `log_warning_on_csrf_failure` configuration setting in
+    `ActionController::RequestForgeryProtection`.
 
-    *Yves Senn*, *Andrew White*
+    *John Barton*
 
-*   Action View extracted from Action Pack.
+*   Fix URL generation in controller tests with request-dependent
+    `default_url_options` methods.
 
-    *Piotr Sarnacki*, *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
+    *Tony Wooster*
 
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionpack/README.rdoc b/actionpack/README.rdoc
index 2f6575c3b5..02a24a7412 100644
--- a/actionpack/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionpack/README.rdoc
@@ -48,6 +48,11 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc b/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
index ad1448f61b..f96a9d9da5 100644
--- a/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
+++ b/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ The easiest way to run the unit tests is through Rake. The default task runs
 the entire test suite for all classes. For more information, check out the
 full array of rake tasks with "rake -T".
 
-Rake can be found at http://rake.rubyforge.org.
+Rake can be found at http://docs.seattlerb.org/rake/.
 
 == Running by hand
 
-To run a single test suite
+Run a single test suite:
 
    rake test TEST=path/to/test.rb
 
-which can be further narrowed down to one test:
+Run one test in a test suite:
 
    rake test TEST=path/to/test.rb TESTOPTS="--name=test_something"
diff --git a/actionpack/Rakefile b/actionpack/Rakefile
index 7eab972595..af075f82ad 100644
--- a/actionpack/Rakefile
+++ b/actionpack/Rakefile
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'rake/testtask'
 require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
-test_files = Dir.glob('test/{abstract,controller,dispatch,assertions,journey,routing}/**/*_test.rb')
+test_files = Dir.glob('test/**/*_test.rb')
 
 desc "Default Task"
 task :default => :test
@@ -40,27 +40,9 @@ task :release => :package do
 end
 
 task :lines do
-  lines, codelines, total_lines, total_codelines = 0, 0, 0, 0
-
-  FileList["lib/**/*.rb"].each do |file_name|
-    next if file_name =~ /vendor/
-    File.open(file_name, 'r') do |f|
-      while line = f.gets
-        lines += 1
-        next if line =~ /^\s*$/
-        next if line =~ /^\s*#/
-        codelines += 1
-      end
-    end
-    puts "L: #{sprintf("%4d", lines)}, LOC #{sprintf("%4d", codelines)} | #{file_name}"
-
-    total_lines     += lines
-    total_codelines += codelines
-
-    lines, codelines = 0, 0
-  end
-
-  puts "Total: Lines #{total_lines}, LOC #{total_codelines}"
+  load File.expand_path('..', File.dirname(__FILE__)) + '/tools/line_statistics'
+  files = FileList["lib/**/*.rb"]
+  CodeTools::LineStatistics.new(files).print_loc
 end
 
 rule '.rb' => '.y' do |t|
diff --git a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
index 1d6009bab8..c752388e28 100644
--- a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
+++ b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
@@ -21,8 +21,10 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
 
-  s.add_dependency 'rack',      '~> 1.5.2'
+  s.add_dependency 'rack',      '~> 1.6.0.beta'
   s.add_dependency 'rack-test', '~> 0.6.2'
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-html-sanitizer', '~> 1.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-dom-testing', '~> 1.0', '>= 1.0.2'
   s.add_dependency 'actionview', version
 
   s.add_development_dependency 'activemodel', version
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
index af5de815bb..4026dab2ce 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ module AbstractController
   class Error < StandardError #:nodoc:
   end
 
-  class ActionNotFound < StandardError #:nodoc:
+  # Raised when a non-existing controller action is triggered.
+  class ActionNotFound < StandardError
   end
 
   # <tt>AbstractController::Base</tt> is a low-level API. Nobody should be
@@ -120,14 +121,14 @@ module AbstractController
     #
     # The actual method that is called is determined by calling
     # #method_for_action. If no method can handle the action, then an
-    # ActionNotFound error is raised.
+    # AbstractController::ActionNotFound error is raised.
     #
     # ==== Returns
     # * <tt>self</tt>
     def process(action, *args)
-      @_action_name = action_name = action.to_s
+      @_action_name = action.to_s
 
-      unless action_name = method_for_action(action_name)
+      unless action_name = _find_action_name(@_action_name)
         raise ActionNotFound, "The action '#{action}' could not be found for #{self.class.name}"
       end
 
@@ -160,7 +161,15 @@ module AbstractController
     # ==== Returns
     # * <tt>TrueClass</tt>, <tt>FalseClass</tt>
     def available_action?(action_name)
-      method_for_action(action_name).present?
+      _find_action_name(action_name).present?
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if the given controller is capable of rendering
+    # a path. A subclass of +AbstractController::Base+
+    # may return false. An Email controller for example does not
+    # support paths, only full URLs.
+    def self.supports_path?
+      true
     end
 
     private
@@ -204,6 +213,24 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       # Takes an action name and returns the name of the method that will
+      # handle the action.
+      #
+      # It checks if the action name is valid and returns false otherwise.
+      #
+      # See method_for_action for more information.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # * <tt>action_name</tt> - An action name to find a method name for
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # * <tt>string</tt> - The name of the method that handles the action
+      # * false           - No valid method name could be found.
+      # Raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound.
+      def _find_action_name(action_name)
+        _valid_action_name?(action_name) && method_for_action(action_name)
+      end
+
+      # Takes an action name and returns the name of the method that will
       # handle the action. In normal cases, this method returns the same
       # name as it receives. By default, if #method_for_action receives
       # a name that is not an action, it will look for an #action_missing
@@ -218,14 +245,14 @@ module AbstractController
       # the case.
       #
       # If none of these conditions are true, and method_for_action
-      # returns nil, an ActionNotFound exception will be raised.
+      # returns nil, an AbstractController::ActionNotFound exception will be raised.
       #
       # ==== Parameters
       # * <tt>action_name</tt> - An action name to find a method name for
       #
       # ==== Returns
       # * <tt>string</tt> - The name of the method that handles the action
-      # * <tt>nil</tt>    - No method name could be found. Raise ActionNotFound.
+      # * <tt>nil</tt>    - No method name could be found.
       def method_for_action(action_name)
         if action_method?(action_name)
           action_name
@@ -233,5 +260,10 @@ module AbstractController
           "_handle_action_missing"
         end
       end
+
+      # Checks if the action name is valid and returns false otherwise.
+      def _valid_action_name?(action_name)
+        !action_name.to_s.include? File::SEPARATOR
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
index d6c941832f..ca5c80cd71 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
@@ -42,20 +42,18 @@ module AbstractController
         end
       end
 
-      # Skip before, after, and around action callbacks matching any of the names
-      # Aliased as skip_filter.
+      # Skip before, after, and around action callbacks matching any of the names.
       #
       # ==== Parameters
       # * <tt>names</tt> - A list of valid names that could be used for
       #   callbacks. Note that skipping uses Ruby equality, so it's
       #   impossible to skip a callback defined using an anonymous proc
-      #   using #skip_filter
+      #   using #skip_action_callback
       def skip_action_callback(*names)
         skip_before_action(*names)
         skip_after_action(*names)
         skip_around_action(*names)
       end
-
       alias_method :skip_filter, :skip_action_callback
 
       # Take callback names and an optional callback proc, normalize them,
@@ -85,7 +83,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: before_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback before actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as before_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: prepend_before_action
@@ -93,7 +90,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: prepend_before_action(names, block)
       #
       # Prepend a callback before actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as prepend_before_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: skip_before_action
@@ -101,7 +97,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: skip_before_action(names)
       #
       # Skip a callback before actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as skip_before_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: append_before_action
@@ -109,7 +104,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: append_before_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback before actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as append_before_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: after_action
@@ -117,7 +111,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: after_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback after actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as after_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: prepend_after_action
@@ -125,7 +118,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: prepend_after_action(names, block)
       #
       # Prepend a callback after actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as prepend_after_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: skip_after_action
@@ -133,7 +125,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: skip_after_action(names)
       #
       # Skip a callback after actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as skip_after_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: append_after_action
@@ -141,7 +132,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: append_after_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback after actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as append_after_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: around_action
@@ -149,7 +139,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: around_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback around actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as around_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: prepend_around_action
@@ -157,7 +146,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: prepend_around_action(names, block)
       #
       # Prepend a callback around actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as prepend_around_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: skip_around_action
@@ -165,7 +153,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: skip_around_action(names)
       #
       # Skip a callback around actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as skip_around_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: append_around_action
@@ -173,46 +160,36 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: append_around_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback around actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as append_around_filter.
 
       # set up before_action, prepend_before_action, skip_before_action, etc.
       # for each of before, after, and around.
       [:before, :after, :around].each do |callback|
-        class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          # Append a before, after or around callback. See _insert_callbacks
-          # for details on the allowed parameters.
-          def #{callback}_action(*names, &blk)                                                    # def before_action(*names, &blk)
-            _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|                                      #   _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
-              set_callback(:process_action, :#{callback}, name, options)                          #     set_callback(:process_action, :before, name, options)
-            end                                                                                   #   end
-          end                                                                                     # end
-
-          alias_method :#{callback}_filter, :#{callback}_action
-
-          # Prepend a before, after or around callback. See _insert_callbacks
-          # for details on the allowed parameters.
-          def prepend_#{callback}_action(*names, &blk)                                            # def prepend_before_action(*names, &blk)
-            _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|                                      #   _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
-              set_callback(:process_action, :#{callback}, name, options.merge(:prepend => true))  #     set_callback(:process_action, :before, name, options.merge(:prepend => true))
-            end                                                                                   #   end
-          end                                                                                     # end
-
-          alias_method :prepend_#{callback}_filter, :prepend_#{callback}_action
-
-          # Skip a before, after or around callback. See _insert_callbacks
-          # for details on the allowed parameters.
-          def skip_#{callback}_action(*names)                                                     # def skip_before_action(*names)
-            _insert_callbacks(names) do |name, options|                                           #   _insert_callbacks(names) do |name, options|
-              skip_callback(:process_action, :#{callback}, name, options)                         #     skip_callback(:process_action, :before, name, options)
-            end                                                                                   #   end
-          end                                                                                     # end
-
-          alias_method :skip_#{callback}_filter, :skip_#{callback}_action
-
-          # *_action is the same as append_*_action
-          alias_method :append_#{callback}_action, :#{callback}_action  # alias_method :append_before_action, :before_action
-          alias_method :append_#{callback}_filter, :#{callback}_action  # alias_method :append_before_filter, :before_action
-        RUBY_EVAL
+        define_method "#{callback}_action" do |*names, &blk|
+          _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
+            set_callback(:process_action, callback, name, options)
+          end
+        end
+        alias_method :"#{callback}_filter", :"#{callback}_action"
+
+        define_method "prepend_#{callback}_action" do |*names, &blk|
+          _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
+            set_callback(:process_action, callback, name, options.merge(:prepend => true))
+          end
+        end
+        alias_method :"prepend_#{callback}_filter", :"prepend_#{callback}_action"
+
+        # Skip a before, after or around callback. See _insert_callbacks
+        # for details on the allowed parameters.
+        define_method "skip_#{callback}_action" do |*names|
+          _insert_callbacks(names) do |name, options|
+            skip_callback(:process_action, callback, name, options)
+          end
+        end
+        alias_method :"skip_#{callback}_filter", :"skip_#{callback}_action"
+
+        # *_action is the same as append_*_action
+        alias_method :"append_#{callback}_action", :"#{callback}_action"
+        alias_method :"append_#{callback}_filter", :"#{callback}_action"
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
index e77e4e01e9..95c67d482b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
@@ -27,9 +27,6 @@ module AbstractController
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      MissingHelperError = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new('AbstractController::Helpers::ClassMethods::MissingHelperError',
-                                                                                   'AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError')
-
       # When a class is inherited, wrap its helper module in a new module.
       # This ensures that the parent class's module can be changed
       # independently of the child class's.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers.rb
index 6684f46f64..568c47e43a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 module AbstractController
   module Railties
     module RoutesHelpers
-      def self.with(routes)
+      def self.with(routes, include_path_helpers = true)
         Module.new do
           define_method(:inherited) do |klass|
             super(klass)
             if namespace = klass.parents.detect { |m| m.respond_to?(:railtie_routes_url_helpers) }
-              klass.send(:include, namespace.railtie_routes_url_helpers)
+              klass.send(:include, namespace.railtie_routes_url_helpers(include_path_helpers))
             else
-              klass.send(:include, routes.url_helpers)
+              klass.send(:include, routes.url_helpers(include_path_helpers))
             end
           end
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
index f24b03ad16..9d10140ed2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module AbstractController
     def render(*args, &block)
       options = _normalize_render(*args, &block)
       self.response_body = render_to_body(options)
-      _process_format(rendered_format) if rendered_format
+      _process_format(rendered_format, options) if rendered_format
       self.response_body
     end
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ module AbstractController
 
     # Process the rendered format.
     # :api: private
-    def _process_format(format)
+    def _process_format(format, options = {})
     end
 
     # Normalize args and options.
@@ -106,7 +106,9 @@ module AbstractController
     def _normalize_render(*args, &block)
       options = _normalize_args(*args, &block)
       #TODO: remove defined? when we restore AP <=> AV dependency
-      options[:variant] = request.variant if defined?(request) && request.variant.present?
+      if defined?(request) && request && request.variant.present?
+        options[:variant] = request.variant
+      end
       _normalize_options(options)
       options
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb
index 4a95e1f276..72d07b0927 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module AbstractController
 
     def _routes
       raise "In order to use #url_for, you must include routing helpers explicitly. " \
-            "For instance, `include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers"
+            "For instance, `include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers`."
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
index 50bc26a80f..7f1aeafe8b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ module ActionController
     autoload :ConditionalGet
     autoload :Cookies
     autoload :DataStreaming
+    autoload :EtagWithTemplateDigest
     autoload :Flash
     autoload :ForceSSL
     autoload :Head
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
index c0f10da23a..7bbf938987 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ module ActionController
   #
   #   def server_ip
   #     location = request.env["SERVER_ADDR"]
-  #     render text: "This server hosted at #{location}"
+  #     render plain: "This server hosted at #{location}"
   #   end
   #
   # == Parameters
@@ -213,6 +213,7 @@ module ActionController
       Rendering,
       Renderers::All,
       ConditionalGet,
+      EtagWithTemplateDigest,
       RackDelegation,
       Caching,
       MimeResponds,
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
index 12d798d0c1..de85e0c1a7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ActionController
   # All the caching stores from ActiveSupport::Cache are available to be used as backends
   # for Action Controller caching.
   #
-  # Configuration examples (MemoryStore is the default):
+  # Configuration examples (FileStore is the default):
   #
   #   config.action_controller.cache_store = :memory_store
   #   config.action_controller.cache_store = :file_store, '/path/to/cache/directory'
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
index 879d5fdd94..2694d4c12f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
@@ -90,7 +90,13 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def instrument_fragment_cache(name, key) # :nodoc:
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("#{name}.action_controller", :key => key){ yield }
+        payload = {
+          controller: controller_name,
+          action: action_name,
+          key: key
+        }
+
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("#{name}.action_controller", payload) { yield }
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
index 823a1050b5..89fa75f025 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -16,50 +16,51 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def process_action(event)
-      return unless logger.info?
-
-      payload   = event.payload
-      additions = ActionController::Base.log_process_action(payload)
-
-      status = payload[:status]
-      if status.nil? && payload[:exception].present?
-        exception_class_name = payload[:exception].first
-        status = ActionDispatch::ExceptionWrapper.status_code_for_exception(exception_class_name)
+      info do
+        payload   = event.payload
+        additions = ActionController::Base.log_process_action(payload)
+
+        status = payload[:status]
+        if status.nil? && payload[:exception].present?
+          exception_class_name = payload[:exception].first
+          status = ActionDispatch::ExceptionWrapper.status_code_for_exception(exception_class_name)
+        end
+        message = "Completed #{status} #{Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES[status]} in #{event.duration.round}ms"
+        message << " (#{additions.join(" | ")})" unless additions.blank?
+        message
       end
-      message = "Completed #{status} #{Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES[status]} in #{event.duration.round}ms"
-      message << " (#{additions.join(" | ")})" unless additions.blank?
-
-      info(message)
     end
 
     def halted_callback(event)
-      info("Filter chain halted as #{event.payload[:filter].inspect} rendered or redirected")
+      info { "Filter chain halted as #{event.payload[:filter].inspect} rendered or redirected" }
     end
 
     def send_file(event)
-      info("Sent file #{event.payload[:path]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)")
+      info { "Sent file #{event.payload[:path]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)" }
     end
 
     def redirect_to(event)
-      info("Redirected to #{event.payload[:location]}")
+      info { "Redirected to #{event.payload[:location]}" }
     end
 
     def send_data(event)
-      info("Sent data #{event.payload[:filename]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)")
+      info { "Sent data #{event.payload[:filename]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)" }
     end
 
     def unpermitted_parameters(event)
-      unpermitted_keys = event.payload[:keys]
-      debug("Unpermitted parameters: #{unpermitted_keys.join(", ")}")
+      debug do
+        unpermitted_keys = event.payload[:keys]
+        "Unpermitted parameter#{'s' if unpermitted_keys.size > 1}: #{unpermitted_keys.join(", ")}"
+      end
     end
 
     def deep_munge(event)
-      message = "Value for params[:#{event.payload[:keys].join('][:')}] was set"\
-                "to nil, because it was one of [], [null] or [null, null, ...]."\
-                "Go to http://guides.rubyonrails.org/security.html#unsafe-query-generation"\
-                "for more information."\
-
-      debug(message)
+      debug do
+        "Value for params[:#{event.payload[:keys].join('][:')}] was set "\
+        "to nil, because it was one of [], [null] or [null, null, ...]. "\
+        "Go to http://guides.rubyonrails.org/security.html#unsafe-query-generation "\
+        "for more information."\
+      end
     end
 
     %w(write_fragment read_fragment exist_fragment?
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
index b84c9e78c3..bfbc15a901 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
@@ -30,10 +30,8 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
-    def build(action, app=nil, &block)
-      app  ||= block
+    def build(action, app = Proc.new)
       action = action.to_s
-      raise "MiddlewareStack#build requires an app" unless app
 
       middlewares.reverse.inject(app) do |a, middleware|
         middleware.valid?(action) ? middleware.build(a) : a
@@ -70,7 +68,8 @@ module ActionController
   # can do the following:
   #
   #   class HelloController < ActionController::Metal
-  #     include ActionController::Rendering
+  #     include AbstractController::Rendering
+  #     include ActionView::Layouts
   #     append_view_path "#{Rails.root}/app/views"
   #
   #     def index
@@ -183,7 +182,8 @@ module ActionController
       body = [body] unless body.nil? || body.respond_to?(:each)
       super
     end
-
+    
+    # Tests if render or redirect has already happened.
     def performed?
       response_body || (response && response.committed?)
     end
@@ -222,14 +222,23 @@ module ActionController
     # Makes the controller a Rack endpoint that runs the action in the given
     # +env+'s +action_dispatch.request.path_parameters+ key.
     def self.call(env)
-      action(env['action_dispatch.request.path_parameters'][:action]).call(env)
+      req = ActionDispatch::Request.new env
+      action(req.path_parameters[:action]).call(env)
     end
 
     # Returns a Rack endpoint for the given action name.
     def self.action(name, klass = ActionDispatch::Request)
-      middleware_stack.build(name.to_s) do |env|
-        new.dispatch(name, klass.new(env))
+      if middleware_stack.any?
+        middleware_stack.build(name) do |env|
+          new.dispatch(name, klass.new(env))
+        end
+      else
+        lambda { |env| new.dispatch(name, klass.new(env)) }
       end
     end
+
+    def _status_code
+      @_status
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
index 6e0cd51d8b..a93727df90 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@ module ActionController
     # * <tt>:last_modified</tt>.
     # * <tt>:public</tt> By default the Cache-Control header is private, set this to
     #   +true+ if you want your application to be cachable by other devices (proxy caches).
+    # * <tt>:template</tt> By default, the template digest for the current
+    #   controller/action is included in ETags. If the action renders a
+    #   different template, you can include its digest instead. If the action
+    #   doesn't render a template at all, you can pass <tt>template: false</tt>
+    #   to skip any attempt to check for a template digest.
     #
     # === Example:
     #
@@ -66,18 +71,24 @@ module ActionController
     #     @article = Article.find(params[:id])
     #     fresh_when(@article, public: true)
     #   end
+    #
+    # When rendering a different template than the default controller/action
+    # style, you can indicate which digest to include in the ETag:
+    #
+    #   before_action { fresh_when @article, template: 'widgets/show' }
+    #
     def fresh_when(record_or_options, additional_options = {})
       if record_or_options.is_a? Hash
         options = record_or_options
-        options.assert_valid_keys(:etag, :last_modified, :public)
+        options.assert_valid_keys(:etag, :last_modified, :public, :template)
       else
         record  = record_or_options
         options = { etag: record, last_modified: record.try(:updated_at) }.merge!(additional_options)
       end
 
-      response.etag          = combine_etags(options[:etag]) if options[:etag]
-      response.last_modified = options[:last_modified]       if options[:last_modified]
-      response.cache_control[:public] = true                 if options[:public]
+      response.etag          = combine_etags(options)   if options[:etag] || options[:template]
+      response.last_modified = options[:last_modified]  if options[:last_modified]
+      response.cache_control[:public] = true            if options[:public]
 
       head :not_modified if request.fresh?(response)
     end
@@ -93,6 +104,11 @@ module ActionController
     # * <tt>:last_modified</tt>.
     # * <tt>:public</tt> By default the Cache-Control header is private, set this to
     #   +true+ if you want your application to be cachable by other devices (proxy caches).
+    # * <tt>:template</tt> By default, the template digest for the current
+    #   controller/action is included in ETags. If the action renders a
+    #   different template, you can include its digest instead. If the action
+    #   doesn't render a template at all, you can pass <tt>template: false</tt>
+    #   to skip any attempt to check for a template digest.
     #
     # === Example:
     #
@@ -133,6 +149,14 @@ module ActionController
     #       end
     #     end
     #   end
+    #
+    # When rendering a different template than the default controller/action
+    # style, you can indicate which digest to include in the ETag:
+    #
+    #   def show
+    #     super if stale? @article, template: 'widgets/show'
+    #   end
+    #
     def stale?(record_or_options, additional_options = {})
       fresh_when(record_or_options, additional_options)
       !request.fresh?(response)
@@ -168,8 +192,9 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     private
-      def combine_etags(etag)
-        [ etag, *etaggers.map { |etagger| instance_exec(&etagger) }.compact ]
+      def combine_etags(options)
+        etags = etaggers.map { |etagger| instance_exec(options, &etagger) }.compact
+        etags.unshift options[:etag]
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
index 75c4d3ef99..1abd8d3a33 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
 
       # Sends the given binary data to the browser. This method is similar to
-      # <tt>render text: data</tt>, but also allows you to specify whether
+      # <tt>render plain: data</tt>, but also allows you to specify whether
       # the browser should display the response as a file attachment (i.e. in a
       # download dialog) or as inline data. You may also set the content type,
       # the apparent file name, and other things.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ca0c6837a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+module ActionController
+  # When our views change, they should bubble up into HTTP cache freshness
+  # and bust browser caches. So the template digest for the current action
+  # is automatically included in the ETag.
+  #
+  # Enabled by default for apps that use Action View. Disable by setting
+  #
+  #   config.action_controller.etag_with_template_digest = false
+  #
+  # Override the template to digest by passing `:template` to `fresh_when`
+  # and `stale?` calls. For example:
+  #
+  #   # We're going to render widgets/show, not posts/show
+  #   fresh_when @post, template: 'widgets/show'
+  #
+  #   # We're not going to render a template, so omit it from the ETag.
+  #   fresh_when @post, template: false
+  #
+  module EtagWithTemplateDigest
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    include ActionController::ConditionalGet
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :etag_with_template_digest
+      self.etag_with_template_digest = true
+
+      ActiveSupport.on_load :action_view, yield: true do |action_view_base|
+        etag do |options|
+          determine_template_etag(options) if etag_with_template_digest
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+    def determine_template_etag(options)
+      if template = pick_template_for_etag(options)
+        lookup_and_digest_template(template)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def pick_template_for_etag(options)
+      options.fetch(:template) { "#{controller_name}/#{action_name}" }
+    end
+
+    def lookup_and_digest_template(template)
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest name: template, finder: lookup_context
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
index a2cb6d1e66..d920668184 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ module ActionController
         if host_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
           options.merge!(host_or_options)
         elsif host_or_options
-          options.merge!(:host => host_or_options)
+          options[:host] = host_or_options
         end
 
         secure_url = ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options.slice(*URL_OPTIONS))
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
index 43407f5b78..3d2badf9c2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ module ActionController
     #   return head(:method_not_allowed) unless request.post?
     #   return head(:bad_request) unless valid_request?
     #   render
+    #
+    # See Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE for a full list of valid +status+ symbols.
     def head(status, options = {})
       options, status = status, nil if status.is_a?(Hash)
       status ||= options.delete(:status) || :ok
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ module ActionController
       self.status = status
       self.location = url_for(location) if location
 
-      if include_content?(self.status)
+      if include_content?(self._status_code)
         self.content_type = content_type || (Mime[formats.first] if formats)
         self.response.charset = false if self.response
         self.response_body = " "
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
index 158d552ec7..25c123edf7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ module ActionController
     #     http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", except: :index
     #
     #     def index
-    #       render text: "Everyone can see me!"
+    #       render plain: "Everyone can see me!"
     #     end
     #
     #     def edit
-    #       render text: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
+    #       render plain: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
     #     end
     #  end
     #
@@ -90,17 +90,29 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def authenticate(request, &login_procedure)
-        unless request.authorization.blank?
+        if has_basic_credentials?(request)
           login_procedure.call(*user_name_and_password(request))
         end
       end
 
+      def has_basic_credentials?(request)
+        request.authorization.present? && (auth_scheme(request) == 'Basic')
+      end
+
       def user_name_and_password(request)
-        decode_credentials(request).split(/:/, 2)
+        decode_credentials(request).split(':', 2)
       end
 
       def decode_credentials(request)
-        ::Base64.decode64(request.authorization.split(' ', 2).last || '')
+        ::Base64.decode64(auth_param(request) || '')
+      end
+
+      def auth_scheme(request)
+        request.authorization.split(' ', 2).first
+      end
+
+      def auth_param(request)
+        request.authorization.split(' ', 2).second
       end
 
       def encode_credentials(user_name, password)
@@ -109,8 +121,8 @@ module ActionController
 
       def authentication_request(controller, realm)
         controller.headers["WWW-Authenticate"] = %(Basic realm="#{realm.gsub(/"/, "")}")
-        controller.response_body = "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n"
         controller.status = 401
+        controller.response_body = "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n"
       end
     end
 
@@ -127,11 +139,11 @@ module ActionController
     #     before_action :authenticate, except: [:index]
     #
     #     def index
-    #       render text: "Everyone can see me!"
+    #       render plain: "Everyone can see me!"
     #     end
     #
     #     def edit
-    #       render text: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
+    #       render plain: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
     #     end
     #
     #     private
@@ -244,8 +256,8 @@ module ActionController
       def authentication_request(controller, realm, message = nil)
         message ||= "HTTP Digest: Access denied.\n"
         authentication_header(controller, realm)
-        controller.response_body = message
         controller.status = 401
+        controller.response_body = message
       end
 
       def secret_token(request)
@@ -321,11 +333,11 @@ module ActionController
     #     before_action :authenticate, except: [ :index ]
     #
     #     def index
-    #       render text: "Everyone can see me!"
+    #       render plain: "Everyone can see me!"
     #     end
     #
     #     def edit
-    #       render text: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
+    #       render plain: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
     #     end
     #
     #     private
@@ -437,7 +449,7 @@ module ActionController
         authorization_request = request.authorization.to_s
         if authorization_request[TOKEN_REGEX]
           params = token_params_from authorization_request
-          [params.shift.last, Hash[params].with_indifferent_access]
+          [params.shift[1], Hash[params].with_indifferent_access]
         end
       end
 
@@ -452,14 +464,14 @@ module ActionController
 
       # This removes the `"` characters wrapping the value.
       def rewrite_param_values(array_params)
-        array_params.each { |param| param.last.gsub! %r/^"|"$/, '' }
+        array_params.each { |param| (param[1] || "").gsub! %r/^"|"$/, '' }
       end
 
       # This method takes an authorization body and splits up the key-value
       # pairs by the standardized `:`, `;`, or `\t` delimiters defined in
       # `AUTHN_PAIR_DELIMITERS`.
       def raw_params(auth)
-        auth.sub(TOKEN_REGEX, '').split(/"\s*#{AUTHN_PAIR_DELIMITERS}\s*/)
+        auth.sub(TOKEN_REGEX, '').split(/\s*#{AUTHN_PAIR_DELIMITERS}\s*/)
       end
 
       # Encodes the given token and options into an Authorization header value.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
index 33014b97ca..c9ef3a3dad 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
@@ -102,13 +102,30 @@ module ActionController
             end
           end
 
-          @stream.write "data: #{json}\n\n"
+          message = json.gsub("\n", "\ndata: ")
+          @stream.write "data: #{message}\n\n"
         end
     end
 
+    class ClientDisconnected < RuntimeError
+    end
+
     class Buffer < ActionDispatch::Response::Buffer #:nodoc:
+      include MonitorMixin
+
+      # Ignore that the client has disconnected.
+      #
+      # If this value is `true`, calling `write` after the client
+      # disconnects will result in the written content being silently
+      # discarded. If this value is `false` (the default), a
+      # ClientDisconnected exception will be raised.
+      attr_accessor :ignore_disconnect
+
       def initialize(response)
-        @error_callback = nil
+        @error_callback = lambda { true }
+        @cv = new_cond
+        @aborted = false
+        @ignore_disconnect = false
         super(response, SizedQueue.new(10))
       end
 
@@ -119,17 +136,63 @@ module ActionController
         end
 
         super
+
+        unless connected?
+          @buf.clear
+
+          unless @ignore_disconnect
+            # Raise ClientDisconnected, which is a RuntimeError (not an
+            # IOError), because that's more appropriate for something beyond
+            # the developer's control.
+            raise ClientDisconnected, "client disconnected"
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def each
+        @response.sending!
         while str = @buf.pop
           yield str
         end
+        @response.sent!
       end
 
+      # Write a 'close' event to the buffer; the producer/writing thread
+      # uses this to notify us that it's finished supplying content.
+      #
+      # See also #abort.
       def close
-        super
-        @buf.push nil
+        synchronize do
+          super
+          @buf.push nil
+          @cv.broadcast
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Inform the producer/writing thread that the client has
+      # disconnected; the reading thread is no longer interested in
+      # anything that's being written.
+      #
+      # See also #close.
+      def abort
+        synchronize do
+          @aborted = true
+          @buf.clear
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Is the client still connected and waiting for content?
+      #
+      # The result of calling `write` when this is `false` is determined
+      # by `ignore_disconnect`.
+      def connected?
+        !@aborted
+      end
+
+      def await_close
+        synchronize do
+          @cv.wait_until { @closed }
+        end
       end
 
       def on_error(&block)
@@ -142,7 +205,7 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     class Response < ActionDispatch::Response #:nodoc: all
-      class Header < DelegateClass(Hash)
+      class Header < DelegateClass(Hash) # :nodoc:
         def initialize(response, header)
           @response = response
           super(header)
@@ -165,12 +228,20 @@ module ActionController
         end
       end
 
-      def commit!
-        headers.freeze
+      private
+
+      def before_committed
         super
+        jar = request.cookie_jar
+        # The response can be committed multiple times
+        jar.write self unless committed?
       end
 
-      private
+      def before_sending
+        super
+        request.cookie_jar.commit!
+        headers.freeze
+      end
 
       def build_buffer(response, body)
         buf = Live::Buffer.new response
@@ -191,6 +262,7 @@ module ActionController
       t1 = Thread.current
       locals = t1.keys.map { |key| [key, t1[key]] }
 
+      error = nil
       # This processes the action in a child thread. It lets us return the
       # response code and headers back up the rack stack, and still process
       # the body in parallel with sending data to the client
@@ -205,14 +277,18 @@ module ActionController
         begin
           super(name)
         rescue => e
-          begin
-            @_response.stream.write(ActionView::Base.streaming_completion_on_exception) if request.format == :html
-            @_response.stream.call_on_error
-          rescue => exception
-            log_error(exception)
-          ensure
-            log_error(e)
-            @_response.stream.close
+          if @_response.committed?
+            begin
+              @_response.stream.write(ActionView::Base.streaming_completion_on_exception) if request.format == :html
+              @_response.stream.call_on_error
+            rescue => exception
+              log_error(exception)
+            ensure
+              log_error(e)
+              @_response.stream.close
+            end
+          else
+            error = e
           end
         ensure
           @_response.commit!
@@ -220,16 +296,19 @@ module ActionController
       }
 
       @_response.await_commit
+      raise error if error
     end
 
     def log_error(exception)
       logger = ActionController::Base.logger
       return unless logger
 
-      message = "\n#{exception.class} (#{exception.message}):\n"
-      message << exception.annoted_source_code.to_s if exception.respond_to?(:annoted_source_code)
-      message << "  " << exception.backtrace.join("\n  ")
-      logger.fatal("#{message}\n\n")
+      logger.fatal do
+        message = "\n#{exception.class} (#{exception.message}):\n"
+        message << exception.annoted_source_code.to_s if exception.respond_to?(:annoted_source_code)
+        message << "  " << exception.backtrace.join("\n  ")
+        "#{message}\n\n"
+      end
     end
 
     def response_body=(body)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
index 1974bbf529..dc572f13d2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
@@ -5,56 +5,22 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   module MimeResponds
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    included do
-      class_attribute :responder, :mimes_for_respond_to
-      self.responder = ActionController::Responder
-      clear_respond_to
-    end
-
     module ClassMethods
-      # Defines mime types that are rendered by default when invoking
-      # <tt>respond_with</tt>.
-      #
-      #   respond_to :html, :xml, :json
-      #
-      # Specifies that all actions in the controller respond to requests
-      # for <tt>:html</tt>, <tt>:xml</tt> and <tt>:json</tt>.
-      #
-      # To specify on per-action basis, use <tt>:only</tt> and
-      # <tt>:except</tt> with an array of actions or a single action:
-      #
-      #   respond_to :html
-      #   respond_to :xml, :json, except: [ :edit ]
-      #
-      # This specifies that all actions respond to <tt>:html</tt>
-      # and all actions except <tt>:edit</tt> respond to <tt>:xml</tt> and
-      # <tt>:json</tt>.
-      #
-      #   respond_to :json, only: :create
-      #
-      # This specifies that the <tt>:create</tt> action and no other responds
-      # to <tt>:json</tt>.
-      def respond_to(*mimes)
-        options = mimes.extract_options!
-
-        only_actions   = Array(options.delete(:only)).map(&:to_s)
-        except_actions = Array(options.delete(:except)).map(&:to_s)
-
-        new = mimes_for_respond_to.dup
-        mimes.each do |mime|
-          mime = mime.to_sym
-          new[mime]          = {}
-          new[mime][:only]   = only_actions   unless only_actions.empty?
-          new[mime][:except] = except_actions unless except_actions.empty?
-        end
-        self.mimes_for_respond_to = new.freeze
+      def respond_to(*)
+        raise NoMethodError, "The controller-level `respond_to' feature has " \
+          "been extracted to the `responders` gem. Add it to your Gemfile to " \
+          "continue using this feature:\n" \
+          "  gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'\n" \
+          "Consult the Rails upgrade guide for details."
       end
+    end
 
-      # Clear all mime types in <tt>respond_to</tt>.
-      #
-      def clear_respond_to
-        self.mimes_for_respond_to = Hash.new.freeze
-      end
+    def respond_with(*)
+      raise NoMethodError, "The `respond_with' feature has been extracted " \
+        "to the `responders` gem. Add it to your Gemfile to continue using " \
+        "this feature:\n" \
+        "  gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'\n" \
+        "Consult the Rails upgrade guide for details."
     end
 
     # Without web-service support, an action which collects the data for displaying a list of people
@@ -217,7 +183,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     #     format.html.phone { redirect_to progress_path }
     #     format.html.none  { render "trash" }
     #   end
-    # 
+    #
     # Variants also support common `any`/`all` block that formats have.
     #
     # It works for both inline:
@@ -253,189 +219,13 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     def respond_to(*mimes, &block)
       raise ArgumentError, "respond_to takes either types or a block, never both" if mimes.any? && block_given?
 
-      if collector = retrieve_collector_from_mimes(mimes, &block)
-        response = collector.response
-        response ? response.call : render({})
-      end
-    end
-
-    # For a given controller action, respond_with generates an appropriate
-    # response based on the mime-type requested by the client.
-    #
-    # If the method is called with just a resource, as in this example -
-    #
-    #   class PeopleController < ApplicationController
-    #     respond_to :html, :xml, :json
-    #
-    #     def index
-    #       @people = Person.all
-    #       respond_with @people
-    #     end
-    #   end
-    #
-    # then the mime-type of the response is typically selected based on the
-    # request's Accept header and the set of available formats declared
-    # by previous calls to the controller's class method +respond_to+. Alternatively
-    # the mime-type can be selected by explicitly setting <tt>request.format</tt> in
-    # the controller.
-    #
-    # If an acceptable format is not identified, the application returns a
-    # '406 - not acceptable' status. Otherwise, the default response is to render
-    # a template named after the current action and the selected format,
-    # e.g. <tt>index.html.erb</tt>. If no template is available, the behavior
-    # depends on the selected format:
-    #
-    # * for an html response - if the request method is +get+, an exception
-    #   is raised but for other requests such as +post+ the response
-    #   depends on whether the resource has any validation errors (i.e.
-    #   assuming that an attempt has been made to save the resource,
-    #   e.g. by a +create+ action) -
-    #   1. If there are no errors, i.e. the resource
-    #      was saved successfully, the response +redirect+'s to the resource
-    #      i.e. its +show+ action.
-    #   2. If there are validation errors, the response
-    #      renders a default action, which is <tt>:new</tt> for a
-    #      +post+ request or <tt>:edit</tt> for +patch+ or +put+.
-    #   Thus an example like this -
-    #
-    #     respond_to :html, :xml
-    #
-    #     def create
-    #       @user = User.new(params[:user])
-    #       flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.' if @user.save
-    #       respond_with(@user)
-    #     end
-    #
-    #   is equivalent, in the absence of <tt>create.html.erb</tt>, to -
-    #
-    #     def create
-    #       @user = User.new(params[:user])
-    #       respond_to do |format|
-    #         if @user.save
-    #           flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.'
-    #           format.html { redirect_to(@user) }
-    #           format.xml { render xml: @user }
-    #         else
-    #           format.html { render action: "new" }
-    #           format.xml { render xml: @user }
-    #         end
-    #       end
-    #     end
-    #
-    # * for a javascript request - if the template isn't found, an exception is
-    #   raised.
-    # * for other requests - i.e. data formats such as xml, json, csv etc, if
-    #   the resource passed to +respond_with+ responds to <code>to_<format></code>,
-    #   the method attempts to render the resource in the requested format
-    #   directly, e.g. for an xml request, the response is equivalent to calling
-    #   <code>render xml: resource</code>.
-    #
-    # === Nested resources
-    #
-    # As outlined above, the +resources+ argument passed to +respond_with+
-    # can play two roles. It can be used to generate the redirect url
-    # for successful html requests (e.g. for +create+ actions when
-    # no template exists), while for formats other than html and javascript
-    # it is the object that gets rendered, by being converted directly to the
-    # required format (again assuming no template exists).
-    #
-    # For redirecting successful html requests, +respond_with+ also supports
-    # the use of nested resources, which are supplied in the same way as
-    # in <code>form_for</code> and <code>polymorphic_url</code>. For example -
-    #
-    #   def create
-    #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-    #     @task = @project.comments.build(params[:task])
-    #     flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.' if @task.save
-    #     respond_with(@project, @task)
-    #   end
-    #
-    # This would cause +respond_with+ to redirect to <code>project_task_url</code>
-    # instead of <code>task_url</code>. For request formats other than html or
-    # javascript, if multiple resources are passed in this way, it is the last
-    # one specified that is rendered.
-    #
-    # === Customizing response behavior
-    #
-    # Like +respond_to+, +respond_with+ may also be called with a block that
-    # can be used to overwrite any of the default responses, e.g. -
-    #
-    #   def create
-    #     @user = User.new(params[:user])
-    #     flash[:notice] = "User was successfully created." if @user.save
-    #
-    #     respond_with(@user) do |format|
-    #       format.html { render }
-    #     end
-    #   end
-    #
-    # The argument passed to the block is an ActionController::MimeResponds::Collector
-    # object which stores the responses for the formats defined within the
-    # block. Note that formats with responses defined explicitly in this way
-    # do not have to first be declared using the class method +respond_to+.
-    #
-    # Also, a hash passed to +respond_with+ immediately after the specified
-    # resource(s) is interpreted as a set of options relevant to all
-    # formats. Any option accepted by +render+ can be used, e.g.
-    #   respond_with @people, status: 200
-    # However, note that these options are ignored after an unsuccessful attempt
-    # to save a resource, e.g. when automatically rendering <tt>:new</tt>
-    # after a post request.
-    #
-    # Two additional options are relevant specifically to +respond_with+ -
-    # 1. <tt>:location</tt> - overwrites the default redirect location used after
-    #    a successful html +post+ request.
-    # 2. <tt>:action</tt> - overwrites the default render action used after an
-    #    unsuccessful html +post+ request.
-    def respond_with(*resources, &block)
-      if self.class.mimes_for_respond_to.empty?
-        raise "In order to use respond_with, first you need to declare the " \
-          "formats your controller responds to in the class level."
-      end
-
-      if collector = retrieve_collector_from_mimes(&block)
-        options = resources.size == 1 ? {} : resources.extract_options!
-        options = options.clone
-        options[:default_response] = collector.response
-        (options.delete(:responder) || self.class.responder).call(self, resources, options)
-      end
-    end
-
-  protected
-
-    # Collect mimes declared in the class method respond_to valid for the
-    # current action.
-    def collect_mimes_from_class_level #:nodoc:
-      action = action_name.to_s
-
-      self.class.mimes_for_respond_to.keys.select do |mime|
-        config = self.class.mimes_for_respond_to[mime]
-
-        if config[:except]
-          !config[:except].include?(action)
-        elsif config[:only]
-          config[:only].include?(action)
-        else
-          true
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns a Collector object containing the appropriate mime-type response
-    # for the current request, based on the available responses defined by a block.
-    # In typical usage this is the block passed to +respond_with+ or +respond_to+.
-    #
-    # Sends :not_acceptable to the client and returns nil if no suitable format
-    # is available.
-    def retrieve_collector_from_mimes(mimes=nil, &block) #:nodoc:
-      mimes ||= collect_mimes_from_class_level
       collector = Collector.new(mimes, request.variant)
       block.call(collector) if block_given?
-      format = collector.negotiate_format(request)
 
-      if format
+      if format = collector.negotiate_format(request)
         _process_format(format)
-        collector
+        response = collector.response
+        response ? response.call : render({})
       else
         raise ActionController::UnknownFormat
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
index bdf6e88699..6921834044 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActionController
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     delegate :headers, :status=, :location=, :content_type=,
-             :status, :location, :content_type, :to => "@_response"
+             :status, :location, :content_type, :_status_code, :to => "@_response"
 
     def dispatch(action, request)
       set_response!(request)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
index 2812038938..acaa8227c9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module ActionController
     include ActionController::RackDelegation
     include ActionController::UrlFor
 
-    # Redirects the browser to the target specified in +options+. This parameter can take one of three forms:
+    # Redirects the browser to the target specified in +options+. This parameter can be any one of:
     #
     # * <tt>Hash</tt> - The URL will be generated by calling url_for with the +options+.
     # * <tt>Record</tt> - The URL will be generated by calling url_for with the +options+, which will reference a named URL for that record.
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ module ActionController
     # * <tt>:back</tt> - Back to the page that issued the request. Useful for forms that are triggered from multiple places.
     #   Short-hand for <tt>redirect_to(request.env["HTTP_REFERER"])</tt>
     #
+    # === Examples:
+    #
     #   redirect_to action: "show", id: 5
     #   redirect_to post
     #   redirect_to "http://www.rubyonrails.org"
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ module ActionController
     #   redirect_to :back
     #   redirect_to proc { edit_post_url(@post) }
     #
-    # The redirection happens as a "302 Found" header unless otherwise specified.
+    # The redirection happens as a "302 Found" header unless otherwise specified using the <tt>:status</tt> option:
     #
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), status: :found
     #   redirect_to action: 'atom', status: :moved_permanently
@@ -60,18 +62,21 @@ module ActionController
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), status: 301, flash: { updated_post_id: @post.id }
     #   redirect_to({ action: 'atom' }, alert: "Something serious happened")
     #
-    # When using <tt>redirect_to :back</tt>, if there is no referrer, ActionController::RedirectBackError will be raised. You may specify some fallback
-    # behavior for this case by rescuing ActionController::RedirectBackError.
+    # When using <tt>redirect_to :back</tt>, if there is no referrer,
+    # <tt>ActionController::RedirectBackError</tt> will be raised. You
+    # may specify some fallback behavior for this case by rescuing
+    # <tt>ActionController::RedirectBackError</tt>.
     def redirect_to(options = {}, response_status = {}) #:doc:
       raise ActionControllerError.new("Cannot redirect to nil!") unless options
+      raise ActionControllerError.new("Cannot redirect to a parameter hash!") if options.is_a?(ActionController::Parameters)
       raise AbstractController::DoubleRenderError if response_body
 
       self.status        = _extract_redirect_to_status(options, response_status)
-      self.location      = _compute_redirect_to_location(options)
-      self.response_body = "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"#{ERB::Util.h(location)}\">redirected</a>.</body></html>"
+      self.location      = _compute_redirect_to_location(request, options)
+      self.response_body = "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"#{ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(location)}\">redirected</a>.</body></html>"
     end
 
-    def _compute_redirect_to_location(options) #:nodoc:
+    def _compute_redirect_to_location(request, options) #:nodoc:
       case options
       # The scheme name consist of a letter followed by any combination of
       # letters, digits, and the plus ("+"), period ("."), or hyphen ("-")
@@ -85,11 +90,13 @@ module ActionController
       when :back
         request.headers["Referer"] or raise RedirectBackError
       when Proc
-        _compute_redirect_to_location options.call
+        _compute_redirect_to_location request, options.call
       else
         url_for(options)
       end.delete("\0\r\n")
     end
+    module_function :_compute_redirect_to_location
+    public :_compute_redirect_to_location
 
     private
       def _extract_redirect_to_status(options, response_status)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
index 6c7b4652d4..bc94536c8c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,11 @@ module ActionController
     Renderers.add(key, &block)
   end
 
+  # See <tt>Renderers.remove</tt>
+  def self.remove_renderer(key)
+    Renderers.remove(key)
+  end
+
   class MissingRenderer < LoadError
     def initialize(format)
       super "No renderer defined for format: #{format}"
@@ -29,23 +34,28 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def render_to_body(options)
-      _handle_render_options(options) || super
+      _render_to_body_with_renderer(options) || super
     end
 
-    def _handle_render_options(options)
+    def _render_to_body_with_renderer(options)
       _renderers.each do |name|
         if options.key?(name)
           _process_options(options)
-          return send("_render_option_#{name}", options.delete(name), options)
+          method_name = Renderers._render_with_renderer_method_name(name)
+          return send(method_name, options.delete(name), options)
         end
       end
       nil
     end
 
-    # Hash of available renderers, mapping a renderer name to its proc.
-    # Default keys are <tt>:json</tt>, <tt>:js</tt>, <tt>:xml</tt>.
+    # A Set containing renderer names that correspond to available renderer procs.
+    # Default values are <tt>:json</tt>, <tt>:js</tt>, <tt>:xml</tt>.
     RENDERERS = Set.new
 
+    def self._render_with_renderer_method_name(key)
+      "_render_with_renderer_#{key}"
+    end
+
     # Adds a new renderer to call within controller actions.
     # A renderer is invoked by passing its name as an option to
     # <tt>AbstractController::Rendering#render</tt>. To create a renderer
@@ -73,16 +83,27 @@ module ActionController
     #     respond_to do |format|
     #       format.html
     #       format.csv { render csv: @csvable, filename: @csvable.name }
-    #     }
+    #     end
     #   end
     # To use renderers and their mime types in more concise ways, see
     # <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds::ClassMethods.respond_to</tt> and
     # <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds#respond_with</tt>
     def self.add(key, &block)
-      define_method("_render_option_#{key}", &block)
+      define_method(_render_with_renderer_method_name(key), &block)
       RENDERERS << key.to_sym
     end
 
+    # This method is the opposite of add method.
+    #
+    # Usage:
+    #
+    #   ActionController::Renderers.remove(:csv)
+    def self.remove(key)
+      RENDERERS.delete(key.to_sym)
+      method_name = _render_with_renderer_method_name(key)
+      remove_method(method_name) if method_defined?(method_name)
+    end
+
     module All
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       include Renderers
@@ -96,8 +117,11 @@ module ActionController
       json = json.to_json(options) unless json.kind_of?(String)
 
       if options[:callback].present?
-        self.content_type ||= Mime::JS
-        "#{options[:callback]}(#{json})"
+        if content_type.nil? || content_type == Mime::JSON
+          self.content_type = Mime::JS
+        end
+
+        "/**/#{options[:callback]}(#{json})"
       else
         self.content_type ||= Mime::JSON
         json
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
index 5c48b4ab98..7bbff0450a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ module ActionController
   module Rendering
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
+    RENDER_FORMATS_IN_PRIORITY = [:body, :text, :plain, :html]
+
     # Before processing, set the request formats in current controller formats.
     def process_action(*) #:nodoc:
       self.formats = request.formats.map(&:ref).compact
@@ -27,14 +29,27 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def render_to_body(options = {})
-      super || options[:text].presence || ' '
+      super || _render_in_priorities(options) || ' '
     end
 
     private
 
-    def _process_format(format)
+    def _render_in_priorities(options)
+      RENDER_FORMATS_IN_PRIORITY.each do |format|
+        return options[format] if options.key?(format)
+      end
+
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def _process_format(format, options = {})
       super
-      self.content_type ||= format.to_s
+
+      if options[:plain]
+        self.content_type = Mime::TEXT
+      else
+        self.content_type ||= format.to_s
+      end
     end
 
     # Normalize arguments by catching blocks and setting them on :update.
@@ -46,12 +61,14 @@ module ActionController
 
     # Normalize both text and status options.
     def _normalize_options(options) #:nodoc:
-      if options.key?(:text) && options[:text].respond_to?(:to_text)
-        options[:text] = options[:text].to_text
+      _normalize_text(options)
+
+      if options[:html]
+        options[:html] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:html])
       end
 
-      if options.delete(:nothing) || (options.key?(:text) && options[:text].nil?)
-        options[:text] = " "
+      if options.delete(:nothing)
+        options[:body] = nil
       end
 
       if options[:status]
@@ -61,6 +78,14 @@ module ActionController
       super
     end
 
+    def _normalize_text(options)
+      RENDER_FORMATS_IN_PRIORITY.each do |format|
+        if options.key?(format) && options[format].respond_to?(:to_text)
+          options[format] = options[format].to_text
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     # Process controller specific options, as status, content-type and location.
     def _process_options(options) #:nodoc:
       status, content_type, location = options.values_at(:status, :content_type, :location)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
index c88074d4c6..a4f376816f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   end
 
   # Controller actions are protected from Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks
-  # by including a token in the rendered html for your application. This token is
+  # by including a token in the rendered HTML for your application. This token is
   # stored as a random string in the session, to which an attacker does not have
   # access. When a request reaches your application, \Rails verifies the received
   # token with the token in the session. Only HTML and JavaScript requests are checked,
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   #
   # The token parameter is named <tt>authenticity_token</tt> by default. The name and
   # value of this token must be added to every layout that renders forms by including
-  # <tt>csrf_meta_tags</tt> in the html +head+.
+  # <tt>csrf_meta_tags</tt> in the HTML +head+.
   #
   # Learn more about CSRF attacks and securing your application in the
   # {Ruby on Rails Security Guide}[http://guides.rubyonrails.org/security.html].
@@ -68,12 +68,16 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       config_accessor :allow_forgery_protection
       self.allow_forgery_protection = true if allow_forgery_protection.nil?
 
+      # Controls whether a CSRF failure logs a warning. On by default.
+      config_accessor :log_warning_on_csrf_failure
+      self.log_warning_on_csrf_failure = true
+
       helper_method :form_authenticity_token
       helper_method :protect_against_forgery?
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      # Turn on request forgery protection. Bear in mind that only non-GET, HTML/JavaScript requests are checked.
+      # Turn on request forgery protection. Bear in mind that GET and HEAD requests are not checked.
       #
       #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
       #     protect_from_forgery
@@ -193,7 +197,9 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         mark_for_same_origin_verification!
 
         if !verified_request?
-          logger.warn "Can't verify CSRF token authenticity" if logger
+          if logger && log_warning_on_csrf_failure
+            logger.warn "Can't verify CSRF token authenticity"
+          end
           handle_unverified_request
         end
       end
@@ -234,6 +240,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
         content_type =~ %r(\Atext/javascript) && !request.xhr?
       end
 
+      AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH = 32
+
       # Returns true or false if a request is verified. Checks:
       #
       # * is it a GET or HEAD request?  Gets should be safe and idempotent
@@ -241,13 +249,73 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       # * Does the X-CSRF-Token header match the form_authenticity_token
       def verified_request?
         !protect_against_forgery? || request.get? || request.head? ||
-          form_authenticity_token == params[request_forgery_protection_token] ||
-          form_authenticity_token == request.headers['X-CSRF-Token']
+          valid_authenticity_token?(session, form_authenticity_param) ||
+          valid_authenticity_token?(session, request.headers['X-CSRF-Token'])
       end
 
       # Sets the token value for the current session.
       def form_authenticity_token
-        session[:_csrf_token] ||= SecureRandom.base64(32)
+        masked_authenticity_token(session)
+      end
+
+      # Creates a masked version of the authenticity token that varies
+      # on each request. The masking is used to mitigate SSL attacks
+      # like BREACH.
+      def masked_authenticity_token(session)
+        one_time_pad = SecureRandom.random_bytes(AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH)
+        encrypted_csrf_token = xor_byte_strings(one_time_pad, real_csrf_token(session))
+        masked_token = one_time_pad + encrypted_csrf_token
+        Base64.strict_encode64(masked_token)
+      end
+
+      # Checks the client's masked token to see if it matches the
+      # session token. Essentially the inverse of
+      # +masked_authenticity_token+.
+      def valid_authenticity_token?(session, encoded_masked_token)
+        return false if encoded_masked_token.nil? || encoded_masked_token.empty?
+
+        begin
+          masked_token = Base64.strict_decode64(encoded_masked_token)
+        rescue ArgumentError # encoded_masked_token is invalid Base64
+          return false
+        end
+
+        # See if it's actually a masked token or not. In order to
+        # deploy this code, we should be able to handle any unmasked
+        # tokens that we've issued without error.
+
+        if masked_token.length == AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH
+          # This is actually an unmasked token. This is expected if
+          # you have just upgraded to masked tokens, but should stop
+          # happening shortly after installing this gem
+          compare_with_real_token masked_token, session
+
+        elsif masked_token.length == AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH * 2
+          # Split the token into the one-time pad and the encrypted
+          # value and decrypt it
+          one_time_pad = masked_token[0...AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH]
+          encrypted_csrf_token = masked_token[AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH..-1]
+          csrf_token = xor_byte_strings(one_time_pad, encrypted_csrf_token)
+
+          compare_with_real_token csrf_token, session
+
+        else
+          false # Token is malformed
+        end
+      end
+
+      def compare_with_real_token(token, session)
+        # Borrow a constant-time comparison from Rack
+        Rack::Utils.secure_compare(token, real_csrf_token(session))
+      end
+
+      def real_csrf_token(session)
+        session[:_csrf_token] ||= SecureRandom.base64(AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH)
+        Base64.strict_decode64(session[:_csrf_token])
+      end
+
+      def xor_byte_strings(s1, s2)
+        s1.bytes.zip(s2.bytes).map { |(c1,c2)| c1 ^ c2 }.pack('c*')
       end
 
       # The form's authenticity parameter. Override to provide your own.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e24b56fa91..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,297 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/json'
-
-module ActionController #:nodoc:
-  # Responsible for exposing a resource to different mime requests,
-  # usually depending on the HTTP verb. The responder is triggered when
-  # <code>respond_with</code> is called. The simplest case to study is a GET request:
-  #
-  #   class PeopleController < ApplicationController
-  #     respond_to :html, :xml, :json
-  #
-  #     def index
-  #       @people = Person.all
-  #       respond_with(@people)
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # When a request comes in, for example for an XML response, three steps happen:
-  #
-  #   1) the responder searches for a template at people/index.xml;
-  #
-  #   2) if the template is not available, it will invoke <code>#to_xml</code> on the given resource;
-  #
-  #   3) if the responder does not <code>respond_to :to_xml</code>, call <code>#to_format</code> on it.
-  #
-  # === Builtin HTTP verb semantics
-  #
-  # The default \Rails responder holds semantics for each HTTP verb. Depending on the
-  # content type, verb and the resource status, it will behave differently.
-  #
-  # Using \Rails default responder, a POST request for creating an object could
-  # be written as:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @user = User.new(params[:user])
-  #     flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.' if @user.save
-  #     respond_with(@user)
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Which is exactly the same as:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @user = User.new(params[:user])
-  #
-  #     respond_to do |format|
-  #       if @user.save
-  #         flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.'
-  #         format.html { redirect_to(@user) }
-  #         format.xml { render xml: @user, status: :created, location: @user }
-  #       else
-  #         format.html { render action: "new" }
-  #         format.xml { render xml: @user.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
-  #       end
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # The same happens for PATCH/PUT and DELETE requests.
-  #
-  # === Nested resources
-  #
-  # You can supply nested resources as you do in <code>form_for</code> and <code>polymorphic_url</code>.
-  # Consider the project has many tasks example. The create action for
-  # TasksController would be like:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-  #     @task = @project.tasks.build(params[:task])
-  #     flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.' if @task.save
-  #     respond_with(@project, @task)
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Giving several resources ensures that the responder will redirect to
-  # <code>project_task_url</code> instead of <code>task_url</code>.
-  #
-  # Namespaced and singleton resources require a symbol to be given, as in
-  # polymorphic urls. If a project has one manager which has many tasks, it
-  # should be invoked as:
-  #
-  #   respond_with(@project, :manager, @task)
-  #
-  # Note that if you give an array, it will be treated as a collection,
-  # so the following is not equivalent:
-  #
-  #   respond_with [@project, :manager, @task]
-  #
-  # === Custom options
-  #
-  # <code>respond_with</code> also allows you to pass options that are forwarded
-  # to the underlying render call. Those options are only applied for success
-  # scenarios. For instance, you can do the following in the create method above:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-  #     @task = @project.tasks.build(params[:task])
-  #     flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.' if @task.save
-  #     respond_with(@project, @task, status: 201)
-  #   end
-  #
-  # This will return status 201 if the task was saved successfully. If not,
-  # it will simply ignore the given options and return status 422 and the
-  # resource errors. You can also override the location to redirect to:
-  #
-  #   respond_with(@project, location: root_path)
-  #
-  # To customize the failure scenario, you can pass a block to
-  # <code>respond_with</code>:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-  #     @task = @project.tasks.build(params[:task])
-  #     respond_with(@project, @task, status: 201) do |format|
-  #       if @task.save
-  #         flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.'
-  #       else
-  #         format.html { render "some_special_template" }
-  #       end
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Using <code>respond_with</code> with a block follows the same syntax as <code>respond_to</code>.
-  class Responder
-    attr_reader :controller, :request, :format, :resource, :resources, :options
-
-    DEFAULT_ACTIONS_FOR_VERBS = {
-      :post => :new,
-      :patch => :edit,
-      :put => :edit
-    }
-
-    def initialize(controller, resources, options={})
-      @controller = controller
-      @request = @controller.request
-      @format = @controller.formats.first
-      @resource = resources.last
-      @resources = resources
-      @options = options
-      @action = options.delete(:action)
-      @default_response = options.delete(:default_response)
-    end
-
-    delegate :head, :render, :redirect_to,   :to => :controller
-    delegate :get?, :post?, :patch?, :put?, :delete?, :to => :request
-
-    # Undefine :to_json and :to_yaml since it's defined on Object
-    undef_method(:to_json) if method_defined?(:to_json)
-    undef_method(:to_yaml) if method_defined?(:to_yaml)
-
-    # Initializes a new responder and invokes the proper format. If the format is
-    # not defined, call to_format.
-    #
-    def self.call(*args)
-      new(*args).respond
-    end
-
-    # Main entry point for responder responsible to dispatch to the proper format.
-    #
-    def respond
-      method = "to_#{format}"
-      respond_to?(method) ? send(method) : to_format
-    end
-
-    # HTML format does not render the resource, it always attempt to render a
-    # template.
-    #
-    def to_html
-      default_render
-    rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate => e
-      navigation_behavior(e)
-    end
-
-    # to_js simply tries to render a template. If no template is found, raises the error.
-    def to_js
-      default_render
-    end
-
-    # All other formats follow the procedure below. First we try to render a
-    # template, if the template is not available, we verify if the resource
-    # responds to :to_format and display it.
-    #
-    def to_format
-      if get? || !has_errors? || response_overridden?
-        default_render
-      else
-        display_errors
-      end
-    rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate => e
-      api_behavior(e)
-    end
-
-  protected
-
-    # This is the common behavior for formats associated with browsing, like :html, :iphone and so forth.
-    def navigation_behavior(error)
-      if get?
-        raise error
-      elsif has_errors? && default_action
-        render :action => default_action
-      else
-        redirect_to navigation_location
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This is the common behavior for formats associated with APIs, such as :xml and :json.
-    def api_behavior(error)
-      raise error unless resourceful?
-      raise MissingRenderer.new(format) unless has_renderer?
-
-      if get?
-        display resource
-      elsif post?
-        display resource, :status => :created, :location => api_location
-      else
-        head :no_content
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Checks whether the resource responds to the current format or not.
-    #
-    def resourceful?
-      resource.respond_to?("to_#{format}")
-    end
-
-    # Returns the resource location by retrieving it from the options or
-    # returning the resources array.
-    #
-    def resource_location
-      options[:location] || resources
-    end
-    alias :navigation_location :resource_location
-    alias :api_location :resource_location
-
-    # If a response block was given, use it, otherwise call render on
-    # controller.
-    #
-    def default_render
-      if @default_response
-        @default_response.call(options)
-      else
-        controller.default_render(options)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Display is just a shortcut to render a resource with the current format.
-    #
-    #   display @user, status: :ok
-    #
-    # For XML requests it's equivalent to:
-    #
-    #   render xml: @user, status: :ok
-    #
-    # Options sent by the user are also used:
-    #
-    #   respond_with(@user, status: :created)
-    #   display(@user, status: :ok)
-    #
-    # Results in:
-    #
-    #   render xml: @user, status: :created
-    #
-    def display(resource, given_options={})
-      controller.render given_options.merge!(options).merge!(format => resource)
-    end
-
-    def display_errors
-      controller.render format => resource_errors, :status => :unprocessable_entity
-    end
-
-    # Check whether the resource has errors.
-    #
-    def has_errors?
-      resource.respond_to?(:errors) && !resource.errors.empty?
-    end
-
-    # Check whether the necessary Renderer is available
-    def has_renderer?
-      Renderers::RENDERERS.include?(format)
-    end
-
-    # By default, render the <code>:edit</code> action for HTML requests with errors, unless
-    # the verb was POST.
-    #
-    def default_action
-      @action ||= DEFAULT_ACTIONS_FOR_VERBS[request.request_method_symbol]
-    end
-
-    def resource_errors
-      respond_to?("#{format}_resource_errors", true) ? send("#{format}_resource_errors") : resource.errors
-    end
-
-    def json_resource_errors
-      {:errors => resource.errors}
-    end
-
-    def response_overridden?
-      @default_response.present?
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
index 62d5931b45..04401cad7b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   # You may also want to configure other parameters like <tt>:tcp_nodelay</tt>.
   # Please check its documentation for more information: http://unicorn.bogomips.org/Unicorn/Configurator.html#method-i-listen
   #
-  # If you are using Unicorn with Nginx, you may need to tweak Nginx.
+  # If you are using Unicorn with NGINX, you may need to tweak NGINX.
   # Streaming should work out of the box on Rainbows.
   #
   # ==== Passenger
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
index 48a916f2b1..7038f0997f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 require 'active_support/rescuable'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/upload'
 require 'stringio'
@@ -32,14 +33,14 @@ module ActionController
 
     def initialize(params) # :nodoc:
       @params = params
-      super("found unpermitted parameters: #{params.join(", ")}")
+      super("found unpermitted parameter#{'s' if params.size > 1 }: #{params.join(", ")}")
     end
   end
 
   # == Action Controller \Parameters
   #
   # Allows to choose which attributes should be whitelisted for mass updating
-  # and thus prevent accidentally exposing that which shouldn’t be exposed.
+  # and thus prevent accidentally exposing that which shouldn't be exposed.
   # Provides two methods for this purpose: #require and #permit. The former is
   # used to mark parameters as required. The latter is used to set the parameter
   # as permitted and limit which attributes should be allowed for mass updating.
@@ -101,9 +102,23 @@ module ActionController
     cattr_accessor :permit_all_parameters, instance_accessor: false
     cattr_accessor :action_on_unpermitted_parameters, instance_accessor: false
 
-    # Never raise an UnpermittedParameters exception because of these params
-    # are present. They are added by Rails and it's of no concern.
-    NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS = %w( controller action )
+    # By default, never raise an UnpermittedParameters exception if these
+    # params are present. The default includes both 'controller' and 'action'
+    # because they are added by Rails and should be of no concern. One way
+    # to change these is to specify `always_permitted_parameters` in your
+    # config. For instance:
+    #
+    #    config.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
+    cattr_accessor :always_permitted_parameters
+    self.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action )
+
+    def self.const_missing(const_name)
+      super unless const_name == :NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "`ActionController::Parameters::NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS`"\
+                                      " has been deprecated. Use "\
+                                      "`ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters` instead."
+      self.always_permitted_parameters
+    end
 
     # Returns a new instance of <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt>.
     # Also, sets the +permitted+ attribute to the default value of
@@ -126,9 +141,44 @@ module ActionController
       @permitted = self.class.permit_all_parameters
     end
 
+    # Returns a safe +Hash+ representation of this parameter with all
+    # unpermitted keys removed.
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #     name: 'Senjougahara Hitagi',
+    #     oddity: 'Heavy stone crab'
+    #   })
+    #   params.to_h # => {}
+    #
+    #   safe_params = params.permit(:name)
+    #   safe_params.to_h # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi"}
+    def to_h
+      if permitted?
+        to_hash
+      else
+        slice(*self.class.always_permitted_parameters).permit!.to_h
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Convert all hashes in values into parameters, then yield each pair like
+    # the same way as <tt>Hash#each_pair</tt>
+    def each_pair(&block)
+      super do |key, value|
+        convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
+      end
+
+      super
+    end
+
+    alias_method :each, :each_pair
+
     # Attribute that keeps track of converted arrays, if any, to avoid double
     # looping in the common use case permit + mass-assignment. Defined in a
     # method to instantiate it only if needed.
+    #
+    # Testing membership still loops, but it's going to be faster than our own
+    # loop that converts values. Also, we are not going to build a new array
+    # object per fetch.
     def converted_arrays
       @converted_arrays ||= Set.new
     end
@@ -157,9 +207,8 @@ module ActionController
     #   Person.new(params) # => #<Person id: nil, name: "Francesco">
     def permit!
       each_pair do |key, value|
-        value = convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
-        Array.wrap(value).each do |_|
-          _.permit! if _.respond_to? :permit!
+        Array.wrap(value).each do |v|
+          v.permit! if v.respond_to? :permit!
         end
       end
 
@@ -180,7 +229,12 @@ module ActionController
     #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {}).require(:person)
     #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: person
     def require(key)
-      self[key].presence || raise(ParameterMissing.new(key))
+      value = self[key]
+      if value.present? || value == false
+        value
+      else
+        raise ParameterMissing.new(key)
+      end
     end
 
     # Alias of #require.
@@ -307,11 +361,56 @@ module ActionController
     #   params.slice(:a, :b) # => {"a"=>1, "b"=>2}
     #   params.slice(:d)     # => {}
     def slice(*keys)
-      self.class.new(super).tap do |new_instance|
-        new_instance.permitted = @permitted
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
+    end
+
+    # Removes and returns the key/value pairs matching the given keys.
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+    #   params.extract!(:a, :b) # => {"a"=>1, "b"=>2}
+    #   params                  # => {"c"=>3}
+    def extract!(*keys)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> with the results of
+    # running +block+ once for every value. The keys are unchanged.
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+    #   params.transform_values { |x| x * 2 }
+    #   # => {"a"=>2, "b"=>4, "c"=>6}
+    def transform_values
+      if block_given?
+        new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This method is here only to make sure that the returned object has the
+    # correct +permitted+ status. It should not matter since the parent of
+    # this object is +HashWithIndifferentAccess+
+    def transform_keys # :nodoc:
+      if block_given?
+        new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
+      else
+        super
       end
     end
 
+    # Deletes and returns a key-value pair from +Parameters+ whose key is equal
+    # to key. If the key is not found, returns the default value. If the
+    # optional code block is given and the key is not found, pass in the key
+    # and return the result of block.
+    def delete(key, &block)
+      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super, false)
+    end
+
+    # Equivalent to Hash#keep_if, but returns nil if no changes were made.
+    def select!(&block)
+      convert_value_to_parameters(super)
+    end
+
     # Returns an exact copy of the <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt>
     # instance. +permitted+ state is kept on the duped object.
     #
@@ -332,6 +431,12 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
     private
+      def new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(hash)
+        self.class.new(hash).tap do |new_instance|
+          new_instance.permitted = @permitted
+        end
+      end
+
       def convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value, assign_if_converted=true)
         converted = convert_value_to_parameters(value)
         self[key] = converted if assign_if_converted && !converted.equal?(value)
@@ -380,7 +485,7 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def unpermitted_keys(params)
-        self.keys - params.keys - NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS
+        self.keys - params.keys - self.always_permitted_parameters
       end
 
       #
@@ -502,7 +607,7 @@ module ActionController
   #       end
   #   end
   #
-  # In order to use <tt>accepts_nested_attribute_for</tt> with Strong \Parameters, you
+  # In order to use <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> with Strong \Parameters, you
   # will need to specify which nested attributes should be whitelisted.
   #
   #   class Person
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
index 0377b8c4cf..dd8da4b5dc 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ module ActionController
 
       def recycle!
         @_url_options = nil
-        self.response_body = nil
         self.formats = nil
         self.params = nil
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
index 754249cbc8..0f2fa5fb08 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
@@ -23,25 +23,24 @@ module ActionController
     include AbstractController::UrlFor
 
     def url_options
-      @_url_options ||= super.reverse_merge(
+      @_url_options ||= {
         :host => request.host,
         :port => request.optional_port,
         :protocol => request.protocol,
-        :_recall => request.symbolized_path_parameters
-      ).freeze
+        :_recall => request.path_parameters
+      }.merge!(super).freeze
 
-      if (same_origin = _routes.equal?(env["action_dispatch.routes"])) ||
+      if (same_origin = _routes.equal?(env["action_dispatch.routes".freeze])) ||
          (script_name = env["ROUTES_#{_routes.object_id}_SCRIPT_NAME"]) ||
-         (original_script_name = env['ORIGINAL_SCRIPT_NAME'])
+         (original_script_name = env['ORIGINAL_SCRIPT_NAME'.freeze])
 
-        @_url_options.dup.tap do |options|
-          if original_script_name
-            options[:original_script_name] = original_script_name
-          else
-            options[:script_name] = same_origin ? request.script_name.dup : script_name
-          end
-          options.freeze
+        options = @_url_options.dup
+        if original_script_name
+          options[:original_script_name] = original_script_name
+        else
+          options[:script_name] = same_origin ? request.script_name.dup : script_name
         end
+        options.freeze
       else
         @_url_options
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb
index 785221dc3d..2b33f67263 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class)
-      (record_or_class.is_a?(Class) ? record_or_class : convert_to_model(record_or_class).class).model_name
+      convert_to_model(record_or_class).model_name
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
index a2fc814221..28b20052b5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ module ActionController
       options = app.config.action_controller
 
       ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = options.delete(:permit_all_parameters) { false }
+      if app.config.action_controller[:always_permitted_parameters]
+        ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters =
+          app.config.action_controller.delete(:always_permitted_parameters)
+      end
       ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = options.delete(:action_on_unpermitted_parameters) do
         (Rails.env.test? || Rails.env.development?) ? :log : false
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
index cf11ce1a9b..8c10c3e7b0 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_query'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 
+require 'rails-dom-testing'
+
 module ActionController
   module TemplateAssertions
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
@@ -12,13 +14,16 @@ module ActionController
       teardown :teardown_subscriptions
     end
 
+    RENDER_TEMPLATE_INSTANCE_VARIABLES = %w{partials templates layouts files}.freeze
+
     def setup_subscriptions
-      @_partials = Hash.new(0)
-      @_templates = Hash.new(0)
-      @_layouts = Hash.new(0)
-      @_files = Hash.new(0)
+      RENDER_TEMPLATE_INSTANCE_VARIABLES.each do |instance_variable|
+        instance_variable_set("@_#{instance_variable}", Hash.new(0))
+      end
 
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("render_template.action_view") do |_name, _start, _finish, _id, payload|
+      @_subscribers = []
+
+      @_subscribers << ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("render_template.action_view") do |_name, _start, _finish, _id, payload|
         path = payload[:layout]
         if path
           @_layouts[path] += 1
@@ -28,42 +33,43 @@ module ActionController
         end
       end
 
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("!render_template.action_view") do |_name, _start, _finish, _id, payload|
-        path = payload[:virtual_path]
-        next unless path
-        partial = path =~ /^.*\/_[^\/]*$/
+      @_subscribers << ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("!render_template.action_view") do |_name, _start, _finish, _id, payload|
+        if virtual_path = payload[:virtual_path]
+          partial = virtual_path =~ /^.*\/_[^\/]*$/
 
-        if partial
-          @_partials[path] += 1
-          @_partials[path.split("/").last] += 1
-        end
-
-        @_templates[path] += 1
-      end
-
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("!render_template.action_view") do |_name, _start, _finish, _id, payload|
-        next if payload[:virtual_path] # files don't have virtual path
+          if partial
+            @_partials[virtual_path] += 1
+            @_partials[virtual_path.split("/").last] += 1
+          end
 
-        path = payload[:identifier]
-        if path
-          @_files[path] += 1
-          @_files[path.split("/").last] += 1
+          @_templates[virtual_path] += 1
+        else
+          path = payload[:identifier]
+          if path
+            @_files[path] += 1
+            @_files[path.split("/").last] += 1
+          end
         end
       end
     end
 
     def teardown_subscriptions
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe("render_template.action_view")
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe("!render_template.action_view")
+      @_subscribers.each do |subscriber|
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscriber)
+      end
     end
 
     def process(*args)
-      @_partials = Hash.new(0)
-      @_templates = Hash.new(0)
-      @_layouts = Hash.new(0)
+      reset_template_assertion
       super
     end
 
+    def reset_template_assertion
+      RENDER_TEMPLATE_INSTANCE_VARIABLES.each do |instance_variable|
+        instance_variable_get("@_#{instance_variable}").clear
+      end
+    end
+
     # Asserts that the request was rendered with the appropriate template file or partials.
     #
     #   # assert that the "new" view template was rendered
@@ -87,6 +93,13 @@ module ActionController
     #   # assert that no partials were rendered
     #   assert_template partial: false
     #
+    #   # assert that a file was rendered
+    #   assert_template file: "README.rdoc"
+    #
+    #   # assert that no file was rendered
+    #   assert_template file: nil
+    #   assert_template file: false
+    #
     # In a view test case, you can also assert that specific locals are passed
     # to partials:
     #
@@ -136,6 +149,8 @@ module ActionController
 
         if options[:file]
           assert_includes @_files.keys, options[:file]
+        elsif options.key?(:file)
+          assert @_files.blank?, "expected no files but #{@_files.keys} was rendered"
         end
 
         if expected_partial = options[:partial]
@@ -197,7 +212,7 @@ module ActionController
           value = value.dup
         end
 
-        if extra_keys.include?(key.to_sym)
+        if extra_keys.include?(key)
           non_path_parameters[key] = value
         else
           if value.is_a?(Array)
@@ -206,7 +221,7 @@ module ActionController
             value = value.to_param
           end
 
-          path_parameters[key.to_s] = value
+          path_parameters[key] = value
         end
       end
 
@@ -231,7 +246,6 @@ module ActionController
       @formats = nil
       @env.delete_if { |k, v| k =~ /^(action_dispatch|rack)\.request/ }
       @env.delete_if { |k, v| k =~ /^action_dispatch\.rescue/ }
-      @symbolized_path_params = nil
       @method = @request_method = nil
       @fullpath = @ip = @remote_ip = @protocol = nil
       @env['action_dispatch.request.query_parameters'] = {}
@@ -258,6 +272,29 @@ module ActionController
     end
   end
 
+  class LiveTestResponse < Live::Response
+    def recycle!
+      @body = nil
+      initialize
+    end
+
+    def body
+      @body ||= super
+    end
+
+    # Was the response successful?
+    alias_method :success?, :successful?
+
+    # Was the URL not found?
+    alias_method :missing?, :not_found?
+
+    # Were we redirected?
+    alias_method :redirect?, :redirection?
+
+    # Was there a server-side error?
+    alias_method :error?, :server_error?
+  end
+
   # Methods #destroy and #load! are overridden to avoid calling methods on the
   # @store object, which does not exist for the TestSession class.
   class TestSession < Rack::Session::Abstract::SessionHash #:nodoc:
@@ -407,6 +444,7 @@ module ActionController
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       include ActionDispatch::TestProcess
       include ActiveSupport::Testing::ConstantLookup
+      include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions
 
       attr_reader :response, :request
 
@@ -430,7 +468,6 @@ module ActionController
         end
 
         def controller_class=(new_class)
-          prepare_controller_class(new_class) if new_class
           self._controller_class = new_class
         end
 
@@ -447,11 +484,6 @@ module ActionController
             Class === constant && constant < ActionController::Metal
           end
         end
-
-        def prepare_controller_class(new_class)
-          new_class.send :include, ActionController::TestCase::RaiseActionExceptions
-        end
-
       end
 
       # Simulate a GET request with the given parameters.
@@ -463,8 +495,8 @@ module ActionController
       # - +session+: A hash of parameters to store in the session. This may be +nil+.
       # - +flash+: A hash of parameters to store in the flash. This may be +nil+.
       #
-      # You can also simulate POST, PATCH, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, and OPTIONS requests with
-      # +post+, +patch+, +put+, +delete+, +head+, and +options+.
+      # You can also simulate POST, PATCH, PUT, DELETE, and HEAD requests with
+      # +post+, +patch+, +put+, +delete+, and +head+.
       #
       # Note that the request method is not verified. The different methods are
       # available to make the tests more expressive.
@@ -525,6 +557,31 @@ module ActionController
         end
       end
 
+      # Simulate a HTTP request to +action+ by specifying request method,
+      # parameters and set/volley the response.
+      #
+      # - +action+: The controller action to call.
+      # - +http_method+: Request method used to send the http request. Possible values
+      #   are +GET+, +POST+, +PATCH+, +PUT+, +DELETE+, +HEAD+. Defaults to +GET+.
+      # - +parameters+: The HTTP parameters. This may be +nil+, a hash, or a
+      #   string that is appropriately encoded (+application/x-www-form-urlencoded+
+      #   or +multipart/form-data+).
+      # - +session+: A hash of parameters to store in the session. This may be +nil+.
+      # - +flash+: A hash of parameters to store in the flash. This may be +nil+.
+      #
+      # Example calling +create+ action and sending two params:
+      #
+      #   process :create, 'POST', user: { name: 'Gaurish Sharma', email: 'user@example.com' }
+      #
+      # Example sending parameters, +nil+ session and setting a flash message:
+      #
+      #   process :view, 'GET', { id: 7 }, nil, { notice: 'This is flash message' }
+      #
+      # To simulate +GET+, +POST+, +PATCH+, +PUT+, +DELETE+ and +HEAD+ requests
+      # prefer using #get, #post, #patch, #put, #delete and #head methods
+      # respectively which will make tests more expressive.
+      #
+      # Note that the request method is not verified.
       def process(action, http_method = 'GET', *args)
         check_required_ivars
 
@@ -533,6 +590,7 @@ module ActionController
         end
 
         parameters, session, flash = args
+        parameters ||= {}
 
         # Ensure that numbers and symbols passed as params are converted to
         # proper params, as is the case when engaging rack.
@@ -542,7 +600,6 @@ module ActionController
 
         unless @controller.respond_to?(:recycle!)
           @controller.extend(Testing::Functional)
-          @controller.class.class_eval { include Testing }
         end
 
         @request.recycle!
@@ -551,7 +608,6 @@ module ActionController
 
         @request.env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = http_method
 
-        parameters ||= {}
         controller_class_name = @controller.class.anonymous? ?
           "anonymous" :
           @controller.class.controller_path
@@ -568,27 +624,34 @@ module ActionController
 
         name = @request.parameters[:action]
 
+        @controller.recycle!
         @controller.process(name)
 
         if cookies = @request.env['action_dispatch.cookies']
-          cookies.write(@response)
+          unless @response.committed?
+            cookies.write(@response)
+          end
         end
         @response.prepare!
 
         @assigns = @controller.respond_to?(:view_assigns) ? @controller.view_assigns : {}
-        @request.session['flash'] = @request.flash.to_session_value
-        @request.session.delete('flash') if @request.session['flash'].blank?
+
+        if flash_value = @request.flash.to_session_value
+          @request.session['flash'] = flash_value
+        end
+
         @response
       end
 
       def setup_controller_request_and_response
-        @request          = build_request
-        @response         = build_response
-        @response.request = @request
-
         @controller = nil unless defined? @controller
 
+        response_klass = TestResponse
+
         if klass = self.class.controller_class
+          if klass < ActionController::Live
+            response_klass = LiveTestResponse
+          end
           unless @controller
             begin
               @controller = klass.new
@@ -598,6 +661,10 @@ module ActionController
           end
         end
 
+        @request          = build_request
+        @response         = build_response response_klass
+        @response.request = @request
+
         if @controller
           @controller.request = @request
           @controller.params = {}
@@ -608,8 +675,8 @@ module ActionController
         TestRequest.new
       end
 
-      def build_response
-        TestResponse.new
+      def build_response(klass)
+        klass.new
       end
 
       included do
@@ -620,6 +687,11 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       private
+
+      def document_root_element
+        html_document.root
+      end
+
       def check_required_ivars
         # Sanity check for required instance variables so we can give an
         # understandable error message.
@@ -634,12 +706,11 @@ module ActionController
         unless @request.env["PATH_INFO"]
           options = @controller.respond_to?(:url_options) ? @controller.__send__(:url_options).merge(parameters) : parameters
           options.update(
-            :only_path => true,
             :action => action,
             :relative_url_root => nil,
-            :_recall => @request.symbolized_path_parameters)
+            :_recall => @request.path_parameters)
 
-          url, query_string = @routes.url_for(options).split("?", 2)
+          url, query_string = @routes.path_for(options).split("?", 2)
 
           @request.env["SCRIPT_NAME"] = @controller.config.relative_url_root
           @request.env["PATH_INFO"] = url
@@ -648,39 +719,11 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def html_format?(parameters)
-        return true unless parameters.is_a?(Hash)
+        return true unless parameters.key?(:format)
         Mime.fetch(parameters[:format]) { Mime['html'] }.html?
       end
     end
 
-    # When the request.remote_addr remains the default for testing, which is 0.0.0.0, the exception is simply raised inline
-    # (skipping the regular exception handling from rescue_action). If the request.remote_addr is anything else, the regular
-    # rescue_action process takes place. This means you can test your rescue_action code by setting remote_addr to something else
-    # than 0.0.0.0.
-    #
-    # The exception is stored in the exception accessor for further inspection.
-    module RaiseActionExceptions
-      def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
-        unless base.method_defined?(:exception) && base.method_defined?(:exception=)
-          base.class_eval do
-            attr_accessor :exception
-            protected :exception, :exception=
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      protected
-        def rescue_action_without_handler(e)
-          self.exception = e
-
-          if request.remote_addr == "0.0.0.0"
-            raise(e)
-          else
-            super(e)
-          end
-        end
-    end
-
     include Behavior
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
index 3dd2e2a45c..11b5e6be33 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     autoload :DebugExceptions
     autoload :ExceptionWrapper
     autoload :Flash
-    autoload :Head
     autoload :ParamsParser
     autoload :PublicExceptions
     autoload :Reloader
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
index f9b278349e..63a3cbc90b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         LAST_MODIFIED = "Last-Modified".freeze
         ETAG          = "ETag".freeze
         CACHE_CONTROL = "Cache-Control".freeze
-        SPECIAL_KEYS  = %w[extras no-cache max-age public must-revalidate]
+        SPECIAL_KEYS  = Set.new(%w[extras no-cache max-age public must-revalidate])
 
         def cache_control_segments
           if cache_control = self[CACHE_CONTROL]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
index 289e204ac8..2b851cc28d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
   module Http
     # Allows you to specify sensitive parameters which will be replaced from
     # the request log by looking in the query string of the request and all
-    # subhashes of the params hash to filter. If a block is given, each key and
-    # value of the params hash and all subhashes is passed to it, the value
+    # sub-hashes of the params hash to filter. If a block is given, each key and
+    # value of the params hash and all sub-hashes is passed to it, the value
     # or key can be replaced using String#replace or similar method.
     #
     #   env["action_dispatch.parameter_filter"] = [:password]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
index 2666cd4b0a..bc5410dc38 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
@@ -1,34 +1,63 @@
 module ActionDispatch
   module Http
+    # Provides access to the request's HTTP headers from the environment.
+    #
+    #   env     = { "CONTENT_TYPE" => "text/plain" }
+    #   headers = ActionDispatch::Http::Headers.new(env)
+    #   headers["Content-Type"] # => "text/plain"
     class Headers
-      CGI_VARIABLES = %w(
-        CONTENT_TYPE CONTENT_LENGTH
-        HTTPS AUTH_TYPE GATEWAY_INTERFACE
-        PATH_INFO PATH_TRANSLATED QUERY_STRING
-        REMOTE_ADDR REMOTE_HOST REMOTE_IDENT REMOTE_USER
-        REQUEST_METHOD SCRIPT_NAME
-        SERVER_NAME SERVER_PORT SERVER_PROTOCOL SERVER_SOFTWARE
-      )
+      CGI_VARIABLES = Set.new(%W[
+        AUTH_TYPE
+        CONTENT_LENGTH
+        CONTENT_TYPE
+        GATEWAY_INTERFACE
+        HTTPS
+        PATH_INFO
+        PATH_TRANSLATED
+        QUERY_STRING
+        REMOTE_ADDR
+        REMOTE_HOST
+        REMOTE_IDENT
+        REMOTE_USER
+        REQUEST_METHOD
+        SCRIPT_NAME
+        SERVER_NAME
+        SERVER_PORT
+        SERVER_PROTOCOL
+        SERVER_SOFTWARE
+      ]).freeze
+
       HTTP_HEADER = /\A[A-Za-z0-9-]+\z/
 
       include Enumerable
       attr_reader :env
 
-      def initialize(env = {})
+      def initialize(env = {}) # :nodoc:
         @env = env
       end
 
+      # Returns the value for the given key mapped to @env.
       def [](key)
         @env[env_name(key)]
       end
 
+      # Sets the given value for the key mapped to @env.
       def []=(key, value)
         @env[env_name(key)] = value
       end
 
-      def key?(key); @env.key? key; end
+      def key?(key)
+        @env.key? env_name(key)
+      end
       alias :include? :key?
 
+      # Returns the value for the given key mapped to @env.
+      #
+      # If the key is not found and an optional code block is not provided,
+      # raises a <tt>KeyError</tt> exception.
+      #
+      # If the code block is provided, then it will be run and
+      # its result returned.
       def fetch(key, *args, &block)
         @env.fetch env_name(key), *args, &block
       end
@@ -37,12 +66,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @env.each(&block)
       end
 
+      # Returns a new Http::Headers instance containing the contents of
+      # <tt>headers_or_env</tt> and the original instance.
       def merge(headers_or_env)
         headers = Http::Headers.new(env.dup)
         headers.merge!(headers_or_env)
         headers
       end
 
+      # Adds the contents of <tt>headers_or_env</tt> to original instance
+      # entries; duplicate keys are overwritten with the values from
+      # <tt>headers_or_env</tt>.
       def merge!(headers_or_env)
         headers_or_env.each do |key, value|
           self[env_name(key)] = value
@@ -50,6 +84,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
+      # Converts a HTTP header name to an environment variable name if it is
+      # not contained within the headers hash.
       def env_name(key)
         key = key.to_s
         if key =~ HTTP_HEADER
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
index b803ce8b6f..9c8f65deac 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
@@ -54,8 +54,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def formats
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] ||=
-          if parameters[:format]
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] ||= begin
+          params_readable = begin
+                              parameters[:format]
+                            rescue ActionController::BadRequest
+                              false
+                            end
+
+          if params_readable
             Array(Mime[parameters[:format]])
           elsif use_accept_header && valid_accept_header
             accepts
@@ -64,8 +70,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           else
             [Mime::HTML]
           end
+        end
       end
-
       # Sets the \variant for template.
       def variant=(variant)
         if variant.is_a?(Symbol)
@@ -129,7 +135,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
         end
 
-        order.include?(Mime::ALL) ? formats.first : nil
+        order.include?(Mime::ALL) ? format : nil
       end
 
       protected
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
index 3d2dd2d632..9450be838c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ module Mime
       end
 
       def parse(accept_header)
-        if accept_header !~ /,/
+        if !accept_header.include?(',')
           accept_header = accept_header.split(PARAMETER_SEPARATOR_REGEXP).first
           parse_trailing_star(accept_header) || [Mime::Type.lookup(accept_header)].compact
         else
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
index dcb299ed03..20ae48d458 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Http
     module Parameters
-      def initialize(env)
-        super
-        @symbolized_path_params = nil
-      end
+      PARAMETERS_KEY = 'action_dispatch.request.path_parameters'
 
       # Returns both GET and POST \parameters in a single hash.
       def parameters
@@ -18,55 +16,42 @@ module ActionDispatch
             query_parameters.dup
           end
           params.merge!(path_parameters)
-          params.with_indifferent_access
         end
       end
       alias :params :parameters
 
       def path_parameters=(parameters) #:nodoc:
-        @symbolized_path_params = nil
-        @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] = parameters
+        @env.delete('action_dispatch.request.parameters')
+        @env[PARAMETERS_KEY] = parameters
       end
 
-      # The same as <tt>path_parameters</tt> with explicitly symbolized keys.
       def symbolized_path_parameters
-        @symbolized_path_params ||= path_parameters.symbolize_keys
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+          "`symbolized_path_parameters` is deprecated. Please use `path_parameters`"
+        )
+        path_parameters
       end
 
       # Returns a hash with the \parameters used to form the \path of the request.
       # Returned hash keys are strings:
       #
       #   {'action' => 'my_action', 'controller' => 'my_controller'}
-      #
-      # See <tt>symbolized_path_parameters</tt> for symbolized keys.
       def path_parameters
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] ||= {}
-      end
-
-      def reset_parameters #:nodoc:
-        @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
+        @env[PARAMETERS_KEY] ||= {}
       end
 
     private
 
-      # Convert nested Hash to HashWithIndifferentAccess
-      # and UTF-8 encode both keys and values in nested Hash.
+      # Convert nested Hash to HashWithIndifferentAccess.
       #
-      # TODO: Validate that the characters are UTF-8. If they aren't,
-      # you'll get a weird error down the road, but our form handling
-      # should really prevent that from happening
       def normalize_encode_params(params)
         case params
-        when String
-          params.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode!
         when Hash
           if params.has_key?(:tempfile)
             UploadedFile.new(params)
           else
             params.each_with_object({}) do |(key, val), new_hash|
-              new_key = key.is_a?(String) ? key.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode! : key
-              new_hash[new_key] = if val.is_a?(Array)
+              new_hash[key] = if val.is_a?(Array)
                 val.map! { |el| normalize_encode_params(el) }
               else
                 normalize_encode_params(val)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
index 1318c62fbe..c441f7f95b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     autoload :Session, 'action_dispatch/request/session'
     autoload :Utils,   'action_dispatch/request/utils'
 
-    LOCALHOST   = Regexp.union [/^127\.0\.0\.\d{1,3}$/, /^::1$/, /^0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1(%.*)?$/]
+    LOCALHOST   = Regexp.union [/^127\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/, /^::1$/, /^0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1(%.*)?$/]
 
     ENV_METHODS = %w[ AUTH_TYPE GATEWAY_INTERFACE
         PATH_TRANSLATED REMOTE_HOST
@@ -53,6 +53,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
       @uuid              = nil
     end
 
+    def check_path_parameters!
+      # If any of the path parameters has an invalid encoding then
+      # raise since it's likely to trigger errors further on.
+      path_parameters.each do |key, value|
+        next unless value.respond_to?(:valid_encoding?)
+        unless value.valid_encoding?
+          raise ActionController::BadRequest, "Invalid parameter: #{key} => #{value}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     def key?(key)
       @env.key?(key)
     end
@@ -64,6 +75,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # Ordered Collections Protocol (WebDAV) (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3648.txt)
     # Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) Access Control Protocol (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3744.txt)
     # Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) SEARCH (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5323.txt)
+    # Calendar Extensions to WebDAV (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4791.txt)
     # PATCH Method for HTTP (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5789.txt)
     RFC2616 = %w(OPTIONS GET HEAD POST PUT DELETE TRACE CONNECT)
     RFC2518 = %w(PROPFIND PROPPATCH MKCOL COPY MOVE LOCK UNLOCK)
@@ -71,9 +83,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
     RFC3648 = %w(ORDERPATCH)
     RFC3744 = %w(ACL)
     RFC5323 = %w(SEARCH)
+    RFC4791 = %w(MKCALENDAR)
     RFC5789 = %w(PATCH)
 
-    HTTP_METHODS = RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC5789
+    HTTP_METHODS = RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC4791 + RFC5789
 
     HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP = {}
 
@@ -92,6 +105,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       @request_method ||= check_method(env["REQUEST_METHOD"])
     end
 
+    def request_method=(request_method) #:nodoc:
+      if check_method(request_method)
+        @request_method = env["REQUEST_METHOD"] = request_method
+      end
+    end
+
     # Returns a symbol form of the #request_method
     def request_method_symbol
       HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[request_method]
@@ -152,6 +171,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       Http::Headers.new(@env)
     end
 
+    # Returns a +String+ with the last requested path including their params.
+    #
+    #    # get '/foo'
+    #    request.original_fullpath # => '/foo'
+    #
+    #    # get '/foo?bar'
+    #    request.original_fullpath # => '/foo?bar'
     def original_fullpath
       @original_fullpath ||= (env["ORIGINAL_FULLPATH"] || fullpath)
     end
@@ -189,8 +215,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     # Returns true if the "X-Requested-With" header contains "XMLHttpRequest"
-    # (case-insensitive). All major JavaScript libraries send this header with
-    # every Ajax request.
+    # (case-insensitive), which may need to be manually added depending on the
+    # choice of JavaScript libraries and frameworks.
     def xml_http_request?
       @env['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] =~ /XMLHttpRequest/i
     end
@@ -205,7 +231,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       @remote_ip ||= (@env["action_dispatch.remote_ip"] || ip).to_s
     end
 
-    # Returns the unique request id, which is based off either the X-Request-Id header that can
+    # Returns the unique request id, which is based on either the X-Request-Id header that can
     # be generated by a firewall, load balancer, or web server or by the RequestId middleware
     # (which sets the action_dispatch.request_id environment variable).
     #
@@ -271,16 +297,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     # Override Rack's GET method to support indifferent access
     def GET
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.query_parameters"] ||= Utils.deep_munge((normalize_encode_params(super) || {}))
-    rescue TypeError => e
+      @env["action_dispatch.request.query_parameters"] ||= Utils.deep_munge(normalize_encode_params(super || {}))
+    rescue TypeError, Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError => e
       raise ActionController::BadRequest.new(:query, e)
     end
     alias :query_parameters :GET
 
     # Override Rack's POST method to support indifferent access
     def POST
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] ||= Utils.deep_munge((normalize_encode_params(super) || {}))
-    rescue TypeError => e
+      @env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] ||= Utils.deep_munge(normalize_encode_params(super || {}))
+    rescue TypeError, Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError => e
       raise ActionController::BadRequest.new(:request, e)
     end
     alias :request_parameters :POST
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
index 2c6bcf7b7b..c5e18048da 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect'
 require 'monitor'
 
@@ -91,7 +92,13 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       end
 
       def each(&block)
-        @buf.each(&block)
+        @response.sending!
+        x = @buf.each(&block)
+        @response.sent!
+        x
+      end
+
+      def abort
       end
 
       def close
@@ -118,6 +125,8 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       @blank        = false
       @cv           = new_cond
       @committed    = false
+      @sending      = false
+      @sent         = false
       @content_type = nil
       @charset      = nil
 
@@ -138,17 +147,37 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       end
     end
 
+    def await_sent
+      synchronize { @cv.wait_until { @sent } }
+    end
+
     def commit!
       synchronize do
+        before_committed
         @committed = true
         @cv.broadcast
       end
     end
 
-    def committed?
-      @committed
+    def sending!
+      synchronize do
+        before_sending
+        @sending = true
+        @cv.broadcast
+      end
     end
 
+    def sent!
+      synchronize do
+        @sent = true
+        @cv.broadcast
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sending?;   synchronize { @sending };   end
+    def committed?; synchronize { @committed }; end
+    def sent?;      synchronize { @sent };      end
+
     # Sets the HTTP status code.
     def status=(status)
       @status = Rack::Utils.status_code(status)
@@ -182,18 +211,6 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     end
     alias_method :status_message, :message
 
-    def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
-      if method.to_s == 'to_path'
-        stream.respond_to?(method)
-      else
-        super
-      end
-    end
-
-    def to_path
-      stream.to_path
-    end
-
     # Returns the content of the response as a string. This contains the contents
     # of any calls to <tt>render</tt>.
     def body
@@ -246,13 +263,34 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       stream.close if stream.respond_to?(:close)
     end
 
+    def abort
+      if stream.respond_to?(:abort)
+        stream.abort
+      elsif stream.respond_to?(:close)
+        # `stream.close` should really be reserved for a close from the
+        # other direction, but we must fall back to it for
+        # compatibility.
+        stream.close
+      end
+    end
+
     # Turns the Response into a Rack-compatible array of the status, headers,
-    # and body.
+    # and body. Allows explict splatting:
+    #
+    #   status, headers, body = *response
     def to_a
       rack_response @status, @header.to_hash
     end
     alias prepare! to_a
-    alias to_ary   to_a
+
+    # Be super clear that a response object is not an Array. Defining this
+    # would make implicit splatting work, but it also makes adding responses
+    # as arrays work, and "flattening" responses, cascading to the rack body!
+    # Not sensible behavior.
+    def to_ary
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'ActionDispatch::Response#to_ary no longer performs implicit conversion to an Array. Please use response.to_a instead, or a splat like `status, headers, body = *response`'
+      to_a
+    end
 
     # Returns the response cookies, converted to a Hash of (name => value) pairs
     #
@@ -271,8 +309,17 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       cookies
     end
 
+    def _status_code
+      @status
+    end
   private
 
+    def before_committed
+    end
+
+    def before_sending
+    end
+
     def merge_default_headers(original, default)
       return original unless default.respond_to?(:merge)
 
@@ -303,6 +350,42 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       !@sending_file && @charset != false
     end
 
+    class RackBody
+      def initialize(response)
+        @response = response
+      end
+
+      def each(*args, &block)
+        @response.each(*args, &block)
+      end
+
+      def close
+        # Rack "close" maps to Response#abort, and *not* Response#close
+        # (which is used when the controller's finished writing)
+        @response.abort
+      end
+
+      def body
+        @response.body
+      end
+
+      def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
+        if method.to_s == 'to_path'
+          @response.stream.respond_to?(method)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def to_path
+        @response.stream.to_path
+      end
+
+      def to_ary
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+
     def rack_response(status, header)
       assign_default_content_type_and_charset!(header)
       handle_conditional_get!
@@ -313,7 +396,7 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
         header.delete CONTENT_TYPE
         [status, header, []]
       else
-        [status, header, Rack::BodyProxy.new(self){}]
+        [status, header, RackBody.new(self)]
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
index a8d2dc3950..540e11a4a0 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # A +Tempfile+ object with the actual uploaded file. Note that some of
       # its interface is available directly.
       attr_accessor :tempfile
+      alias :to_io :tempfile
 
       # A string with the headers of the multipart request.
       attr_accessor :headers
@@ -26,7 +27,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @tempfile          = hash[:tempfile]
         raise(ArgumentError, ':tempfile is required') unless @tempfile
 
-        @original_filename = encode_filename(hash[:filename])
+        @original_filename = hash[:filename]
+        @original_filename &&= @original_filename.encode "UTF-8"
         @content_type      = hash[:type]
         @headers           = hash[:head]
       end
@@ -65,13 +67,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def eof?
         @tempfile.eof?
       end
-
-      private
-
-      def encode_filename(filename)
-        # Encode the filename in the utf8 encoding, unless it is nil
-        filename.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode! if filename
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
index 6f5a52c568..6b8dcaf497 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
@@ -5,99 +5,121 @@ module ActionDispatch
   module Http
     module URL
       IP_HOST_REGEXP  = /\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/
-      HOST_REGEXP     = /(^.*:\/\/)?([^:]+)(?::(\d+$))?/
+      HOST_REGEXP     = /(^[^:]+:\/\/)?([^:]+)(?::(\d+$))?/
       PROTOCOL_REGEXP = /^([^:]+)(:)?(\/\/)?$/
 
       mattr_accessor :tld_length
       self.tld_length = 1
 
       class << self
-        def extract_domain(host, tld_length = @@tld_length)
-          host.split('.').last(1 + tld_length).join('.') if named_host?(host)
+        def extract_domain(host, tld_length)
+          extract_domain_from(host, tld_length) if named_host?(host)
         end
 
-        def extract_subdomains(host, tld_length = @@tld_length)
+        def extract_subdomains(host, tld_length)
           if named_host?(host)
-            parts = host.split('.')
-            parts[0..-(tld_length + 2)]
+            extract_subdomains_from(host, tld_length)
           else
             []
           end
         end
 
-        def extract_subdomain(host, tld_length = @@tld_length)
+        def extract_subdomain(host, tld_length)
           extract_subdomains(host, tld_length).join('.')
         end
 
-        def url_for(options = {})
-          options = options.dup
-          path  = options.delete(:script_name).to_s.chomp("/")
-          path << options.delete(:path).to_s
-
-          params = options[:params].is_a?(Hash) ? options[:params] : options.slice(:params)
-          params.reject! { |_,v| v.to_param.nil? }
-
-          result = build_host_url(options)
-          if options[:trailing_slash]
-            if path.include?('?')
-              result << path.sub(/\?/, '/\&')
-            else
-              result << path.sub(/[^\/]\z|\A\z/, '\&/')
-            end
+        def url_for(options)
+          if options[:only_path]
+            path_for options
           else
-            result << path
+            full_url_for options
           end
-          result << "?#{params.to_query}" unless params.empty?
-          result << "##{Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(options[:anchor].to_param.to_s)}" if options[:anchor]
-          result
         end
 
-        private
+        def full_url_for(options)
+          host     = options[:host]
+          protocol = options[:protocol]
+          port     = options[:port]
 
-        def build_host_url(options)
-          if options[:host].blank? && options[:only_path].blank?
+          unless host
             raise ArgumentError, 'Missing host to link to! Please provide the :host parameter, set default_url_options[:host], or set :only_path to true'
           end
 
-          result = ""
+          build_host_url(host, port, protocol, options, path_for(options))
+        end
 
-          unless options[:only_path]
-            if match = options[:host].match(HOST_REGEXP)
-              options[:protocol] ||= match[1] unless options[:protocol] == false
-              options[:host]       = match[2]
-              options[:port]       = match[3] unless options.key?(:port)
-            end
+        def path_for(options)
+          path  = options[:script_name].to_s.chomp("/")
+          path << options[:path] if options.key?(:path)
 
-            options[:protocol] = normalize_protocol(options)
-            options[:host]     = normalize_host(options)
-            options[:port]     = normalize_port(options)
+          add_trailing_slash(path) if options[:trailing_slash]
+          add_params(path, options[:params]) if options.key?(:params)
+          add_anchor(path, options[:anchor]) if options.key?(:anchor)
 
-            result << options[:protocol]
-            result << rewrite_authentication(options)
-            result << options[:host]
-            result << ":#{options[:port]}" if options[:port]
-          end
-          result
+          path
         end
 
-        def named_host?(host)
-          host && IP_HOST_REGEXP !~ host
+        private
+
+        def add_params(path, params)
+          params = { params: params } unless params.is_a?(Hash)
+          params.reject! { |_,v| v.to_param.nil? }
+          path << "?#{params.to_query}" unless params.empty?
+        end
+
+        def add_anchor(path, anchor)
+          path << "##{Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(anchor.to_param.to_s)}"
+        end
+
+        def extract_domain_from(host, tld_length)
+          host.split('.').last(1 + tld_length).join('.')
         end
 
-        def same_host?(options)
-          (options[:subdomain] == true || !options.key?(:subdomain)) && options[:domain].nil?
+        def extract_subdomains_from(host, tld_length)
+          parts = host.split('.')
+          parts[0..-(tld_length + 2)]
         end
 
-        def rewrite_authentication(options)
+        def add_trailing_slash(path)
+          # includes querysting
+          if path.include?('?')
+            path.sub!(/\?/, '/\&')
+          # does not have a .format
+          elsif !path.include?(".")
+            path.sub!(/[^\/]\z|\A\z/, '\&/')
+          end
+        end
+
+        def build_host_url(host, port, protocol, options, path)
+          if match = host.match(HOST_REGEXP)
+            protocol ||= match[1] unless protocol == false
+            host       = match[2]
+            port       = match[3] unless options.key? :port
+          end
+
+          protocol = normalize_protocol protocol
+          host     = normalize_host(host, options)
+
+          result = protocol.dup
+
           if options[:user] && options[:password]
-            "#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:user])}:#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:password])}@"
-          else
-            ""
+            result << "#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:user])}:#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:password])}@"
           end
+
+          result << host
+          normalize_port(port, protocol) { |normalized_port|
+            result << ":#{normalized_port}"
+          }
+
+          result.concat path
         end
 
-        def normalize_protocol(options)
-          case options[:protocol]
+        def named_host?(host)
+          IP_HOST_REGEXP !~ host
+        end
+
+        def normalize_protocol(protocol)
+          case protocol
           when nil
             "http://"
           when false, "//"
@@ -105,36 +127,39 @@ module ActionDispatch
           when PROTOCOL_REGEXP
             "#{$1}://"
           else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Invalid :protocol option: #{options[:protocol].inspect}"
+            raise ArgumentError, "Invalid :protocol option: #{protocol.inspect}"
           end
         end
 
-        def normalize_host(options)
-          return options[:host] if !named_host?(options[:host]) || same_host?(options)
+        def normalize_host(_host, options)
+          return _host unless named_host?(_host)
 
           tld_length = options[:tld_length] || @@tld_length
+          subdomain  = options.fetch :subdomain, true
+          domain     = options[:domain]
 
           host = ""
-          if options[:subdomain] == true || !options.key?(:subdomain)
-            host << extract_subdomain(options[:host], tld_length).to_param
-          elsif options[:subdomain].present?
-            host << options[:subdomain].to_param
+          if subdomain == true
+            return _host if domain.nil?
+
+            host << extract_subdomains_from(_host, tld_length).join('.')
+          elsif subdomain
+            host << subdomain.to_param
           end
           host << "." unless host.empty?
-          host << (options[:domain] || extract_domain(options[:host], tld_length))
+          host << (domain || extract_domain_from(_host, tld_length))
           host
         end
 
-        def normalize_port(options)
-          return nil if options[:port].nil? || options[:port] == false
+        def normalize_port(port, protocol)
+          return unless port
 
-          case options[:protocol]
-          when "//"
-            nil
+          case protocol
+          when "//" then yield port
           when "https://"
-            options[:port].to_i == 443 ? nil : options[:port]
+            yield port unless port.to_i == 443
           else
-            options[:port].to_i == 80 ? nil : options[:port]
+            yield port unless port.to_i == 80
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
index 4410c1b5d5..59b353b1b7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @cache  = nil
       end
 
-      def generate(type, name, options, recall = {}, parameterize = nil)
-        constraints = recall.merge(options)
+      def generate(name, options, path_parameters, parameterize = nil)
+        constraints = path_parameters.merge(options)
         missing_keys = []
 
         match_route(name, constraints) do |route|
-          parameterized_parts = extract_parameterized_parts(route, options, recall, parameterize)
+          parameterized_parts = extract_parameterized_parts(route, options, path_parameters, parameterize)
 
           # Skip this route unless a name has been provided or it is a
           # standard Rails route since we can't determine whether an options
@@ -30,6 +30,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
             parameterized_parts.key?(key) || route.defaults.key?(key)
           end
 
+          defaults       = route.defaults
+          required_parts = route.required_parts
+          parameterized_parts.delete_if do |key, value|
+            value.to_s == defaults[key].to_s && !required_parts.include?(key)
+          end
+
           return [route.format(parameterized_parts), params]
         end
 
@@ -74,12 +80,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
           if named_routes.key?(name)
             yield named_routes[name]
           else
-            routes = non_recursive(cache, options.to_a)
+            routes = non_recursive(cache, options)
 
             hash = routes.group_by { |_, r| r.score(options) }
 
             hash.keys.sort.reverse_each do |score|
-              next if score < 0
+              break if score < 0
 
               hash[score].sort_by { |i, _| i }.each do |_, route|
                 yield route
@@ -90,14 +96,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def non_recursive(cache, options)
           routes = []
-          stack  = [cache]
+          queue  = [cache]
 
-          while stack.any?
-            c = stack.shift
+          while queue.any?
+            c = queue.shift
             routes.concat(c[:___routes]) if c.key?(:___routes)
 
             options.each do |pair|
-              stack << c[pair] if c.key?(pair)
+              queue << c[pair] if c.key?(pair)
             end
           end
 
@@ -121,14 +127,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def possibles(cache, options, depth = 0)
           cache.fetch(:___routes) { [] } + options.find_all { |pair|
             cache.key?(pair)
-          }.map { |pair|
+          }.flat_map { |pair|
             possibles(cache[pair], options, depth + 1)
-          }.flatten(1)
-        end
-
-        # Returns +true+ if no missing keys are present, otherwise +false+.
-        def verify_required_parts!(route, parts)
-          missing_keys(route, parts).empty?
+          }
         end
 
         def build_cache
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb
index 7d2791714b..450588cda6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             marked[s] = true # mark s
 
             s.group_by { |state| symbol(state) }.each do |sym, ps|
-              u = ps.map { |l| followpos(l) }.flatten
+              u = ps.flat_map { |l| followpos(l) }
               next if u.empty?
 
               if u.uniq == [DUMMY]
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
               firstpos(node.left)
             end
           when Nodes::Or
-            node.children.map { |c| firstpos(c) }.flatten.uniq
+            node.children.flat_map { |c| firstpos(c) }.uniq
           when Nodes::Unary
             firstpos(node.left)
           when Nodes::Terminal
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           when Nodes::Star
             firstpos(node.left)
           when Nodes::Or
-            node.children.map { |c| lastpos(c) }.flatten.uniq
+            node.children.flat_map { |c| lastpos(c) }.uniq
           when Nodes::Cat
             if nullable?(node.right)
               lastpos(node.left) | lastpos(node.right)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/simulator.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/simulator.rb
index 58ad803841..94b0a24344 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/simulator.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/simulator.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def simulate(string)
+          ms = memos(string) { return }
+          MatchData.new(ms)
+        end
+
+        alias :=~    :simulate
+        alias :match :simulate
+
+        def memos(string)
           input = StringScanner.new(string)
           state = [0]
           while sym = input.scan(%r([/.?]|[^/.?]+))
@@ -29,15 +37,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
             tt.accepting? s
           }
 
-          return if acceptance_states.empty?
+          return yield if acceptance_states.empty?
 
-          memos = acceptance_states.map { |x| tt.memo(x) }.flatten.compact
-
-          MatchData.new(memos)
+          acceptance_states.flat_map { |x| tt.memo(x) }.compact
         end
-
-        alias :=~    :simulate
-        alias :match :simulate
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
index 5a79059ed6..990d2127ee 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def move(t, a)
-          move_string(t, a).concat(move_regexp(t, a))
+          return [] if t.empty?
+
+          regexps = []
+
+          t.map { |s|
+            if states = @regexp_states[s]
+              regexps.concat states.map { |re, v| re === a ? v : nil }
+            end
+
+            if states = @string_states[s]
+              states[a]
+            end
+          }.compact.concat regexps
         end
 
         def as_json(options = nil)
@@ -114,17 +126,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def states
-          ss = @string_states.keys + @string_states.values.map(&:values).flatten
-          rs = @regexp_states.keys + @regexp_states.values.map(&:values).flatten
+          ss = @string_states.keys + @string_states.values.flat_map(&:values)
+          rs = @regexp_states.keys + @regexp_states.values.flat_map(&:values)
           (ss + rs).uniq
         end
 
         def transitions
-          @string_states.map { |from, hash|
+          @string_states.flat_map { |from, hash|
             hash.map { |s, to| [from, s, to] }
-          }.flatten(1) + @regexp_states.map { |from, hash|
+          } + @regexp_states.flat_map { |from, hash|
             hash.map { |s, to| [from, s, to] }
-          }.flatten(1)
+          }
         end
 
         private
@@ -139,26 +151,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
               raise ArgumentError, 'unknown symbol: %s' % sym.class
             end
           end
-
-          def move_regexp(t, a)
-            return [] if t.empty?
-
-            t.map { |s|
-              if states = @regexp_states[s]
-                states.map { |re, v| re === a ? v : nil }
-              end
-            }.flatten.compact.uniq
-          end
-
-          def move_string(t, a)
-            return [] if t.empty?
-
-            t.map do |s|
-              if states = @string_states[s]
-                states[a]
-              end
-            end.compact
-          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/dot.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/dot.rb
index 5c33a872e5..47bf76bdbf 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/dot.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/dot.rb
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
           #  end
           #  "  #{n.object_id} [label=\"#{label}\", shape=box];"
           #}
-          #memo_edges = memos.map { |k, memos|
+          #memo_edges = memos.flat_map { |k, memos|
           #  (memos || []).map { |v| "  #{k} -> #{v.object_id};" }
-          #}.flatten.uniq
+          #}.uniq
 
         <<-eodot
 digraph nfa {
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb
index 5b40da6569..b23270db3c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           return if acceptance_states.empty?
 
-          memos = acceptance_states.map { |x| tt.memo(x) }.flatten.compact
+          memos = acceptance_states.flat_map { |x| tt.memo(x) }.compact
 
           MatchData.new(memos)
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb
index a3017aeea1..66e414213a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def states
-          (@table.keys + @table.values.map(&:keys).flatten).uniq
+          (@table.keys + @table.values.flat_map(&:keys)).uniq
         end
 
         # Returns a generalized transition graph with reduced states. The states
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # Returns set of NFA states to which there is a transition on ast symbol
         # +a+ from some state +s+ in +t+.
         def following_states(t, a)
-          Array(t).map { |s| inverted[s][a] }.flatten.uniq
+          Array(t).flat_map { |s| inverted[s][a] }.uniq
         end
 
         # Returns set of NFA states to which there is a transition on ast symbol
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def alphabet
-          inverted.values.map(&:keys).flatten.compact.uniq.sort_by { |x| x.to_s }
+          inverted.values.flat_map(&:keys).compact.uniq.sort_by { |x| x.to_s }
         end
 
         # Returns a set of NFA states reachable from some NFA state +s+ in set
@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def transitions
-          @table.map { |to, hash|
+          @table.flat_map { |to, hash|
             hash.map { |from, sym| [from, sym, to] }
-          }.flatten(1)
+          }
         end
 
         private
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb
index 935442ef66..bb01c087bc 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb
@@ -93,6 +93,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       class Star < Unary # :nodoc:
         def type; :STAR; end
+
+        def name
+          left.name.tr '*:', ''
+        end
       end
 
       class Binary < Node # :nodoc:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb
index 430812fafe..9012297400 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #
 # DO NOT MODIFY!!!!
-# This file is automatically generated by Racc 1.4.9
-# from Racc grammar file "".
+# This file is automatically generated by Racc 1.4.11
+# from Racc grammer file "".
 #
 
 require 'racc/parser.rb'
@@ -9,42 +9,38 @@ require 'racc/parser.rb'
 
 require 'action_dispatch/journey/parser_extras'
 module ActionDispatch
-  module Journey # :nodoc:
-    class Parser < Racc::Parser # :nodoc:
+  module Journey
+    class Parser < Racc::Parser
 ##### State transition tables begin ###
 
 racc_action_table = [
-    17,    21,    13,    15,    14,     7,   nil,    16,     8,    19,
-    13,    15,    14,     7,    23,    16,     8,    19,    13,    15,
-    14,     7,   nil,    16,     8,    13,    15,    14,     7,   nil,
-    16,     8,    13,    15,    14,     7,   nil,    16,     8 ]
+    13,    15,    14,     7,    21,    16,     8,    19,    13,    15,
+    14,     7,    17,    16,     8,    13,    15,    14,     7,    24,
+    16,     8,    13,    15,    14,     7,    19,    16,     8 ]
 
 racc_action_check = [
-     1,    17,     1,     1,     1,     1,   nil,     1,     1,     1,
-    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,     7,     7,
-     7,     7,   nil,     7,     7,    19,    19,    19,    19,   nil,
-    19,    19,     0,     0,     0,     0,   nil,     0,     0 ]
+     2,     2,     2,     2,    17,     2,     2,     2,     0,     0,
+     0,     0,     1,     0,     0,    19,    19,    19,    19,    20,
+    19,    19,     7,     7,     7,     7,    22,     7,     7 ]
 
 racc_action_pointer = [
-    30,     0,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    16,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,     1,   nil,    23,
-     8,   nil,   nil,   nil ]
+     6,    12,    -2,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    20,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,     4,   nil,    13,
+    13,   nil,    17,   nil,   nil ]
 
 racc_action_default = [
-   -18,   -18,    -2,    -3,    -4,    -5,    -6,   -18,    -9,   -10,
-   -11,   -12,   -13,   -14,   -15,   -16,   -17,   -18,    -1,   -18,
-   -18,    24,    -8,    -7 ]
+   -19,   -19,    -2,    -3,    -4,    -5,    -6,   -19,   -10,   -11,
+   -12,   -13,   -14,   -15,   -16,   -17,   -18,   -19,    -1,   -19,
+   -19,    25,    -8,    -9,    -7 ]
 
 racc_goto_table = [
-    18,     1,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    20,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    22,    18 ]
+     1,    22,    18,    23,   nil,   nil,   nil,    20 ]
 
 racc_goto_check = [
-     2,     1,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,     1,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,     2,     2 ]
+     1,     2,     1,     3,   nil,   nil,   nil,     1 ]
 
 racc_goto_pointer = [
-   nil,     1,    -1,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,     0,   -18,   -16,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
    nil ]
 
 racc_goto_default = [
@@ -61,19 +57,20 @@ racc_reduce_table = [
   1, 12, :_reduce_none,
   3, 15, :_reduce_7,
   3, 13, :_reduce_8,
-  1, 16, :_reduce_9,
+  3, 13, :_reduce_9,
+  1, 16, :_reduce_10,
   1, 14, :_reduce_none,
   1, 14, :_reduce_none,
   1, 14, :_reduce_none,
   1, 14, :_reduce_none,
-  1, 19, :_reduce_14,
-  1, 17, :_reduce_15,
-  1, 18, :_reduce_16,
-  1, 20, :_reduce_17 ]
+  1, 19, :_reduce_15,
+  1, 17, :_reduce_16,
+  1, 18, :_reduce_17,
+  1, 20, :_reduce_18 ]
 
-racc_reduce_n = 18
+racc_reduce_n = 19
 
-racc_shift_n = 24
+racc_shift_n = 25
 
 racc_token_table = {
   false => 0,
@@ -89,7 +86,7 @@ racc_token_table = {
 
 racc_nt_base = 10
 
-racc_use_result_var = true
+racc_use_result_var = false
 
 Racc_arg = [
   racc_action_table,
@@ -136,14 +133,12 @@ Racc_debug_parser = false
 
 # reduce 0 omitted
 
-def _reduce_1(val, _values, result)
- result = Cat.new(val.first, val.last)
-    result
+def _reduce_1(val, _values)
+ Cat.new(val.first, val.last)
 end
 
-def _reduce_2(val, _values, result)
- result = val.first
-    result
+def _reduce_2(val, _values)
+ val.first
 end
 
 # reduce 3 omitted
@@ -154,22 +149,21 @@ end
 
 # reduce 6 omitted
 
-def _reduce_7(val, _values, result)
- result = Group.new(val[1])
-    result
+def _reduce_7(val, _values)
+ Group.new(val[1])
 end
 
-def _reduce_8(val, _values, result)
- result = Or.new([val.first, val.last])
-    result
+def _reduce_8(val, _values)
+ Or.new([val.first, val.last])
 end
 
-def _reduce_9(val, _values, result)
- result = Star.new(Symbol.new(val.last))
-    result
+def _reduce_9(val, _values)
+ Or.new([val.first, val.last])
 end
 
-# reduce 10 omitted
+def _reduce_10(val, _values)
+ Star.new(Symbol.new(val.last))
+end
 
 # reduce 11 omitted
 
@@ -177,27 +171,25 @@ end
 
 # reduce 13 omitted
 
-def _reduce_14(val, _values, result)
- result = Slash.new('/')
-    result
+# reduce 14 omitted
+
+def _reduce_15(val, _values)
+ Slash.new('/')
 end
 
-def _reduce_15(val, _values, result)
- result = Symbol.new(val.first)
-    result
+def _reduce_16(val, _values)
+ Symbol.new(val.first)
 end
 
-def _reduce_16(val, _values, result)
- result = Literal.new(val.first)
-    result
+def _reduce_17(val, _values)
+ Literal.new(val.first)
 end
 
-def _reduce_17(val, _values, result)
- result = Dot.new(val.first)
-    result
+def _reduce_18(val, _values)
+ Dot.new(val.first)
 end
 
-def _reduce_none(val, _values, result)
+def _reduce_none(val, _values)
   val[0]
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y
index 040f8d5922..d3f7c4d765 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 class ActionDispatch::Journey::Parser
-
+  options no_result_var
 token SLASH LITERAL SYMBOL LPAREN RPAREN DOT STAR OR
 
 rule
   expressions
-    : expressions expression  { result = Cat.new(val.first, val.last) }
-    | expression              { result = val.first }
+    : expression expressions  { Cat.new(val.first, val.last) }
+    | expression              { val.first }
     | or
     ;
   expression
@@ -14,13 +14,14 @@ rule
     | star
     ;
   group
-    : LPAREN expressions RPAREN { result = Group.new(val[1]) }
+    : LPAREN expressions RPAREN { Group.new(val[1]) }
     ;
   or
-    : expressions OR expression { result = Or.new([val.first, val.last]) }
+    : expression OR expression { Or.new([val.first, val.last]) }
+    | expression OR or { Or.new([val.first, val.last]) }
     ;
   star
-    : STAR       { result = Star.new(Symbol.new(val.last)) }
+    : STAR       { Star.new(Symbol.new(val.last)) }
     ;
   terminal
     : symbol
@@ -29,16 +30,16 @@ rule
     | dot
     ;
   slash
-    : SLASH              { result = Slash.new('/') }
+    : SLASH              { Slash.new('/') }
     ;
   symbol
-    : SYMBOL             { result = Symbol.new(val.first) }
+    : SYMBOL             { Symbol.new(val.first) }
     ;
   literal
-    : LITERAL            { result = Literal.new(val.first) }
+    : LITERAL            { Literal.new(val.first) }
     ;
   dot
-    : DOT                { result = Dot.new(val.first) }
+    : DOT                { Dot.new(val.first) }
     ;
 
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb
index d37aa1fbe5..3af940a02f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,20 @@
+require 'action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey # :nodoc:
     module Path # :nodoc:
       class Pattern # :nodoc:
         attr_reader :spec, :requirements, :anchored
 
-        def initialize(strexp)
-          parser = Journey::Parser.new
-
-          @anchored = true
+        def self.from_string string
+          new Journey::Router::Strexp.build(string, {}, ["/.?"], true)
+        end
 
-          case strexp
-          when String
-            @spec         = parser.parse(strexp)
-            @requirements = {}
-            @separators   = "/.?"
-          when Router::Strexp
-            @spec         = parser.parse(strexp.path)
-            @requirements = strexp.requirements
-            @separators   = strexp.separators.join
-            @anchored     = strexp.anchor
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Bad expression: #{strexp}"
-          end
+        def initialize(strexp)
+          @spec         = strexp.ast
+          @requirements = strexp.requirements
+          @separators   = strexp.separators.join
+          @anchored     = strexp.anchor
 
           @names          = nil
           @optional_names = nil
@@ -30,6 +23,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @offsets        = nil
         end
 
+        def build_formatter
+          Visitors::FormatBuilder.new.accept(spec)
+        end
+
         def ast
           @spec.grep(Nodes::Symbol).each do |node|
             re = @requirements[node.to_sym]
@@ -53,9 +50,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def optional_names
-          @optional_names ||= spec.grep(Nodes::Group).map { |group|
+          @optional_names ||= spec.grep(Nodes::Group).flat_map { |group|
             group.grep(Nodes::Symbol)
-          }.flatten.map { |n| n.name }.uniq
+          }.map { |n| n.name }.uniq
         end
 
         class RegexpOffsets < Journey::Visitors::Visitor # :nodoc:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
index c8eb0f6f2d..9f0a3af902 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
@@ -16,14 +16,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @app         = app
         @path        = path
 
-        # Unwrap any constraints so we can see what's inside for route generation.
-        # This allows the formatter to skip over any mounted applications or redirects
-        # that shouldn't be matched when using a url_for without a route name.
-        while app.is_a?(Routing::Mapper::Constraints) do
-          app = app.app
-        end
-        @dispatcher  = app.is_a?(Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher)
-
         @constraints = constraints
         @defaults    = defaults
         @required_defaults = nil
@@ -31,6 +23,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @parts             = nil
         @decorated_ast     = nil
         @precedence        = 0
+        @path_formatter    = @path.build_formatter
       end
 
       def ast
@@ -72,15 +65,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       alias :segment_keys :parts
 
       def format(path_options)
-        path_options.delete_if do |key, value|
-          value.to_s == defaults[key].to_s && !required_parts.include?(key)
-        end
-
-        Visitors::Formatter.new(path_options).accept(path.spec)
-      end
-
-      def optimized_path
-        Visitors::OptimizedPath.new.accept(path.spec)
+        @path_formatter.evaluate path_options
       end
 
       def optional_parts
@@ -101,8 +86,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
+      def glob?
+        !path.spec.grep(Nodes::Star).empty?
+      end
+
       def dispatcher?
-        @dispatcher
+        @app.dispatcher?
       end
 
       def matches?(request)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb
index 419e665d12..9131b65380 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb
@@ -20,60 +20,32 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # :nodoc:
       VERSION = '2.0.0'
 
-      class NullReq # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :env
-        def initialize(env)
-          @env = env
-        end
-
-        def request_method
-          env['REQUEST_METHOD']
-        end
-
-        def path_info
-          env['PATH_INFO']
-        end
-
-        def ip
-          env['REMOTE_ADDR']
-        end
-
-        def [](k)
-          env[k]
-        end
-      end
-
-      attr_reader :request_class, :formatter
       attr_accessor :routes
 
-      def initialize(routes, options)
-        @options       = options
-        @params_key    = options[:parameters_key]
-        @request_class = options[:request_class] || NullReq
-        @routes        = routes
+      def initialize(routes)
+        @routes = routes
       end
 
-      def call(env)
-        env['PATH_INFO'] = Utils.normalize_path(env['PATH_INFO'])
-
-        find_routes(env).each do |match, parameters, route|
-          script_name, path_info, set_params = env.values_at('SCRIPT_NAME',
-                                                             'PATH_INFO',
-                                                             @params_key)
+      def serve(req)
+        find_routes(req).each do |match, parameters, route|
+          set_params  = req.path_parameters
+          path_info   = req.path_info
+          script_name = req.script_name
 
           unless route.path.anchored
-            env['SCRIPT_NAME'] = (script_name.to_s + match.to_s).chomp('/')
-            env['PATH_INFO']   = match.post_match
+            req.script_name = (script_name.to_s + match.to_s).chomp('/')
+            req.path_info = match.post_match
+            req.path_info = "/" + req.path_info unless req.path_info.start_with? "/"
           end
 
-          env[@params_key] = (set_params || {}).merge parameters
+          req.path_parameters = set_params.merge parameters
 
-          status, headers, body = route.app.call(env)
+          status, headers, body = route.app.serve(req)
 
           if 'pass' == headers['X-Cascade']
-            env['SCRIPT_NAME'] = script_name
-            env['PATH_INFO']   = path_info
-            env[@params_key]   = set_params
+            req.script_name     = script_name
+            req.path_info       = path_info
+            req.path_parameters = set_params
             next
           end
 
@@ -83,14 +55,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         return [404, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, ['Not Found']]
       end
 
-      def recognize(req)
-        find_routes(req.env).each do |match, parameters, route|
+      def recognize(rails_req)
+        find_routes(rails_req).each do |match, parameters, route|
           unless route.path.anchored
-            req.env['SCRIPT_NAME'] = match.to_s
-            req.env['PATH_INFO']   = match.post_match.sub(/^([^\/])/, '/\1')
+            rails_req.script_name = match.to_s
+            rails_req.path_info   = match.post_match.sub(/^([^\/])/, '/\1')
           end
 
-          yield(route, nil, parameters)
+          yield(route, parameters)
         end
       end
 
@@ -121,45 +93,50 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def filter_routes(path)
           return [] unless ast
-          data = simulator.match(path)
-          data ? data.memos : []
+          simulator.memos(path) { [] }
         end
 
-        def find_routes env
-          req = request_class.new(env)
-
+        def find_routes req
           routes = filter_routes(req.path_info).concat custom_routes.find_all { |r|
             r.path.match(req.path_info)
           }
-          routes.concat get_routes_as_head(routes)
 
-          routes.sort_by!(&:precedence).select! { |r| r.matches?(req) }
+          routes =
+            if req.request_method == "HEAD"
+              match_head_routes(routes, req)
+            else
+              match_routes(routes, req)
+            end
+
+          routes.sort_by!(&:precedence)
 
           routes.map! { |r|
             match_data  = r.path.match(req.path_info)
-            match_names = match_data.names.map { |n| n.to_sym }
-            match_values = match_data.captures.map { |v| v && Utils.unescape_uri(v) }
-            info = Hash[match_names.zip(match_values).find_all { |_, y| y }]
-
-            [match_data, r.defaults.merge(info), r]
+            path_parameters = r.defaults.dup
+            match_data.names.zip(match_data.captures) { |name,val|
+              path_parameters[name.to_sym] = Utils.unescape_uri(val) if val
+            }
+            [match_data, path_parameters, r]
           }
         end
 
-        def get_routes_as_head(routes)
-          precedence = (routes.map(&:precedence).max || 0) + 1
-          routes = routes.select { |r|
-            r.verb === "GET" && !(r.verb === "HEAD")
-          }.map! { |r|
-            Route.new(r.name,
-                      r.app,
-                      r.path,
-                      r.conditions.merge(request_method: "HEAD"),
-                      r.defaults).tap do |route|
-                        route.precedence = r.precedence + precedence
-                      end
-          }
-          routes.flatten!
-          routes
+        def match_head_routes(routes, req)
+          head_routes = match_routes(routes, req)
+
+          if head_routes.empty?
+            begin
+              req.request_method = "GET"
+              match_routes(routes, req)
+            ensure
+              req.request_method = "HEAD"
+            end
+          else
+            head_routes
+          end
+        end
+
+        def match_routes(routes, req)
+          routes.select { |r| r.matches?(req) }
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp.rb
index f97f1a223e..4b7738f335 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp.rb
@@ -6,18 +6,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
           alias :compile :new
         end
 
-        attr_reader :path, :requirements, :separators, :anchor
+        attr_reader :path, :requirements, :separators, :anchor, :ast
 
-        def initialize(path, requirements, separators, anchor = true)
+        def self.build(path, requirements, separators, anchor = true)
+          parser = Journey::Parser.new
+          ast = parser.parse path
+          new ast, path, requirements, separators, anchor
+        end
+
+        def initialize(ast, path, requirements, separators, anchor = true)
+          @ast          = ast
           @path         = path
           @requirements = requirements
           @separators   = separators
           @anchor       = anchor
         end
-
-        def names
-          @path.scan(/:\w+/).map { |s| s.tr(':', '') }
-        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb
index d1a004af50..2b0a6575d4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'uri'
-
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey # :nodoc:
     class Router # :nodoc:
@@ -25,31 +23,69 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         # URI path and fragment escaping
         # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986
-        module UriEscape # :nodoc:
-          # Symbol captures can generate multiple path segments, so include /.
-          reserved_segment  = '/'
-          reserved_fragment = '/?'
-          reserved_pchar    = ':@&=+$,;%'
-
-          safe_pchar    = "#{URI::REGEXP::PATTERN::UNRESERVED}#{reserved_pchar}"
-          safe_segment  = "#{safe_pchar}#{reserved_segment}"
-          safe_fragment = "#{safe_pchar}#{reserved_fragment}"
-          UNSAFE_SEGMENT  = Regexp.new("[^#{safe_segment}]", false).freeze
-          UNSAFE_FRAGMENT = Regexp.new("[^#{safe_fragment}]", false).freeze
+        class UriEncoder # :nodoc:
+          ENCODE   = "%%%02X".freeze
+          US_ASCII = Encoding::US_ASCII
+          UTF_8    = Encoding::UTF_8
+          EMPTY    = "".force_encoding(US_ASCII).freeze
+          DEC2HEX  = (0..255).to_a.map{ |i| ENCODE % i }.map{ |s| s.force_encoding(US_ASCII) }
+
+          ALPHA = "a-zA-Z".freeze
+          DIGIT = "0-9".freeze
+          UNRESERVED = "#{ALPHA}#{DIGIT}\\-\\._~".freeze
+          SUB_DELIMS = "!\\$&'\\(\\)\\*\\+,;=".freeze
+
+          ESCAPED  = /%[a-zA-Z0-9]{2}/.freeze
+
+          FRAGMENT = /[^#{UNRESERVED}#{SUB_DELIMS}:@\/\?]/.freeze
+          SEGMENT  = /[^#{UNRESERVED}#{SUB_DELIMS}:@]/.freeze
+          PATH     = /[^#{UNRESERVED}#{SUB_DELIMS}:@\/]/.freeze
+
+          def escape_fragment(fragment)
+            escape(fragment, FRAGMENT)
+          end
+
+          def escape_path(path)
+            escape(path, PATH)
+          end
+
+          def escape_segment(segment)
+            escape(segment, SEGMENT)
+          end
+
+          def unescape_uri(uri)
+            encoding = uri.encoding == US_ASCII ? UTF_8 : uri.encoding
+            uri.gsub(ESCAPED) { [$&[1, 2].hex].pack('C') }.force_encoding(encoding)
+          end
+
+          protected
+            def escape(component, pattern)
+              component.gsub(pattern){ |unsafe| percent_encode(unsafe) }.force_encoding(US_ASCII)
+            end
+
+            def percent_encode(unsafe)
+              safe = EMPTY.dup
+              unsafe.each_byte { |b| safe << DEC2HEX[b] }
+              safe
+            end
         end
 
-        Parser = URI::Parser.new
+        ENCODER = UriEncoder.new
 
         def self.escape_path(path)
-          Parser.escape(path.to_s, UriEscape::UNSAFE_SEGMENT)
+          ENCODER.escape_path(path.to_s)
+        end
+
+        def self.escape_segment(segment)
+          ENCODER.escape_segment(segment.to_s)
         end
 
         def self.escape_fragment(fragment)
-          Parser.escape(fragment.to_s, UriEscape::UNSAFE_FRAGMENT)
+          ENCODER.escape_fragment(fragment.to_s)
         end
 
         def self.unescape_uri(uri)
-          Parser.unescape(uri)
+          ENCODER.unescape_uri(uri)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
index daade5bb74..52b4c8b489 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,57 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 
-require 'thread_safe'
-
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey # :nodoc:
+    class Format
+      ESCAPE_PATH    = ->(value) { Router::Utils.escape_path(value) }
+      ESCAPE_SEGMENT = ->(value) { Router::Utils.escape_segment(value) }
+
+      class Parameter < Struct.new(:name, :escaper)
+        def escape(value); escaper.call value; end
+      end
+
+      def self.required_path(symbol)
+        Parameter.new symbol, ESCAPE_PATH
+      end
+
+      def self.required_segment(symbol)
+        Parameter.new symbol, ESCAPE_SEGMENT
+      end
+
+      def initialize(parts)
+        @parts      = parts
+        @children   = []
+        @parameters = []
+
+        parts.each_with_index do |object,i|
+          case object
+          when Journey::Format
+            @children << i
+          when Parameter
+            @parameters << i
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def evaluate(hash)
+        parts = @parts.dup
+
+        @parameters.each do |index|
+          param = parts[index]
+          value = hash[param.name]
+          return ''.freeze unless value
+          parts[index] = param.escape value
+        end
+
+        @children.each { |index| parts[index] = parts[index].evaluate(hash) }
+
+        parts.join
+      end
+    end
+
     module Visitors # :nodoc:
       class Visitor # :nodoc:
-        DISPATCH_CACHE = ThreadSafe::Cache.new { |h,k|
-          h[k] = :"visit_#{k}"
-        }
+        DISPATCH_CACHE = {}
 
         def accept(node)
           visit(node)
@@ -38,11 +81,41 @@ module ActionDispatch
           def visit_STAR(n); unary(n); end
 
           def terminal(node); end
-          %w{ LITERAL SYMBOL SLASH DOT }.each do |t|
-            class_eval %{ def visit_#{t}(n); terminal(n); end }, __FILE__, __LINE__
+          def visit_LITERAL(n); terminal(n); end
+          def visit_SYMBOL(n);  terminal(n); end
+          def visit_SLASH(n);   terminal(n); end
+          def visit_DOT(n);     terminal(n); end
+
+          private_instance_methods(false).each do |pim|
+            next unless pim =~ /^visit_(.*)$/
+            DISPATCH_CACHE[$1.to_sym] = pim
           end
       end
 
+      class FormatBuilder < Visitor # :nodoc:
+        def accept(node); Journey::Format.new(super); end
+        def terminal(node); [node.left]; end
+
+        def binary(node)
+          visit(node.left) + visit(node.right)
+        end
+
+        def visit_GROUP(n); [Journey::Format.new(unary(n))]; end
+
+        def visit_STAR(n)
+          [Journey::Format.required_path(n.left.to_sym)]
+        end
+
+        def visit_SYMBOL(n)
+          symbol = n.to_sym
+          if symbol == :controller
+            [Journey::Format.required_path(symbol)]
+          else
+            [Journey::Format.required_segment(symbol)]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       # Loop through the requirements AST
       class Each < Visitor # :nodoc:
         attr_reader :block
@@ -52,8 +125,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def visit(node)
-          super
           block.call(node)
+          super
         end
       end
 
@@ -77,77 +150,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
-      class OptimizedPath < Visitor # :nodoc:
-        def accept(node)
-          Array(visit(node))
-        end
-
-        private
-
-          def visit_CAT(node)
-            [visit(node.left), visit(node.right)].flatten
-          end
-
-          def visit_SYMBOL(node)
-            node.left[1..-1].to_sym
-          end
-
-          def visit_STAR(node)
-            visit(node.left)
-          end
-
-          def visit_GROUP(node)
-            []
-          end
-
-          %w{ LITERAL SLASH DOT }.each do |t|
-            class_eval %{ def visit_#{t}(n); n.left; end }, __FILE__, __LINE__
-          end
-      end
-
-      # Used for formatting urls (url_for)
-      class Formatter < Visitor # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :options
-
-        def initialize(options)
-          @options  = options
-        end
-
-        private
-
-          def visit(node, optional = false)
-            case node.type
-            when :LITERAL, :SLASH, :DOT
-              node.left
-            when :STAR
-              visit(node.left)
-            when :GROUP
-              visit(node.left, true)
-            when :CAT
-              visit_CAT(node, optional)
-            when :SYMBOL
-              visit_SYMBOL(node)
-            end
-          end
-
-          def visit_CAT(node, optional)
-            left = visit(node.left, optional)
-            right = visit(node.right, optional)
-
-            if optional && !(right && left)
-              ""
-            else
-              [left, right].join
-            end
-          end
-
-          def visit_SYMBOL(node)
-            if value = options[node.to_sym]
-              Router::Utils.escape_path(value)
-            end
-          end
-      end
-
       class Dot < Visitor # :nodoc:
         def initialize
           @nodes = []
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/index.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/index.html.erb
index 6aff10956a..9b28a65200 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/index.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/index.html.erb
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 <html>
   <head>
     <title><%= title %></title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://raw.github.com/gist/1706081/af944401f75ea20515a02ddb3fb43d23ecb8c662/reset.css" type="text/css">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/meyer-reset/2.0/reset.css" type="text/css">
     <style>
       <% stylesheets.each do |style| %>
         <%= style %>
       <% end %>
     </style>
-    <script src="https://raw.github.com/gist/1706081/df464722a05c3c2bec450b7b5c8240d9c31fa52d/d3.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
+    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/d3/3.4.8/d3.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
     <div id="wrapper">
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
index 18e64704f6..83ac62a83d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/key_generator'
 require 'active_support/message_verifier'
+require 'active_support/json'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   class Request < Rack::Request
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #
   #     domain: nil  # Does not sets cookie domain. (default)
   #     domain: :all # Allow the cookie for the top most level
-  #                       domain and subdomains.
+  #                  # domain and subdomains.
   #
   # * <tt>:expires</tt> - The time at which this cookie expires, as a \Time object.
   # * <tt>:secure</tt> - Whether this cookie is only transmitted to HTTPS servers.
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     SECRET_TOKEN = "action_dispatch.secret_token".freeze
     SECRET_KEY_BASE = "action_dispatch.secret_key_base".freeze
     COOKIES_SERIALIZER = "action_dispatch.cookies_serializer".freeze
+    COOKIES_DIGEST = "action_dispatch.cookies_digest".freeze
 
     # Cookies can typically store 4096 bytes.
     MAX_COOKIE_SIZE = 4096
@@ -173,14 +175,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
     end
 
+    # Passing the ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer downstream
+    # to the Message{Encryptor,Verifier} allows us to handle the
+    # (de)serialization step within the cookie jar, which gives us the
+    # opportunity to detect and migrate legacy cookies.
     module VerifyAndUpgradeLegacySignedMessage
       def initialize(*args)
         super
-        @legacy_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(@options[:secret_token])
+        @legacy_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(@options[:secret_token], serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer)
       end
 
       def verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, signed_message)
-        @legacy_verifier.verify(signed_message).tap do |value|
+        deserialize(name, @legacy_verifier.verify(signed_message)).tap do |value|
           self[name] = { value: value }
         end
       rescue ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
@@ -212,7 +218,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           secret_token: env[SECRET_TOKEN],
           secret_key_base: env[SECRET_KEY_BASE],
           upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies: env[SECRET_TOKEN].present? && env[SECRET_KEY_BASE].present?,
-          serializer: env[COOKIES_SERIALIZER]
+          serializer: env[COOKIES_SERIALIZER],
+          digest: env[COOKIES_DIGEST]
         }
       end
 
@@ -237,6 +244,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @secure = secure
         @options = options
         @cookies = {}
+        @committed = false
+      end
+
+      def committed?; @committed; end
+
+      def commit!
+        @committed = true
+        @set_cookies.freeze
+        @delete_cookies.freeze
       end
 
       def each(&block)
@@ -280,8 +296,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
-      # Sets the cookie named +name+. The second argument may be the very cookie
-      # value, or a hash of options as documented above.
+      # Sets the cookie named +name+. The second argument may be the cookie's
+      # value or a hash of options as documented above.
       def []=(name, options)
         if options.is_a?(Hash)
           options.symbolize_keys!
@@ -336,8 +352,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def recycle! #:nodoc:
-        @set_cookies.clear
-        @delete_cookies.clear
+        @set_cookies = {}
+        @delete_cookies = {}
       end
 
       mattr_accessor :always_write_cookie
@@ -376,24 +392,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     class JsonSerializer
       def self.load(value)
-        JSON.parse(value, quirks_mode: true)
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(value)
       end
 
       def self.dump(value)
-        JSON.generate(value, quirks_mode: true)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Passing the NullSerializer downstream to the Message{Encryptor,Verifier}
-    # allows us to handle the (de)serialization step within the cookie jar,
-    # which gives us the opportunity to detect and migrate legacy cookies.
-    class NullSerializer
-      def self.load(value)
-        value
-      end
-
-      def self.dump(value)
-        value
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(value)
       end
     end
 
@@ -432,6 +435,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
             serializer
           end
         end
+
+        def digest
+          @options[:digest] || 'SHA1'
+        end
     end
 
     class SignedCookieJar #:nodoc:
@@ -442,7 +449,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @parent_jar = parent_jar
         @options = options
         secret = key_generator.generate_key(@options[:signed_cookie_salt])
-        @verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: NullSerializer)
+        @verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, digest: digest, serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer)
       end
 
       def [](name)
@@ -459,7 +466,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           options = { :value => @verifier.generate(serialize(name, options)) }
         end
 
-        raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].size > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
+        raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].bytesize > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
         @parent_jar[name] = options
       end
 
@@ -499,7 +506,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @options = options
         secret = key_generator.generate_key(@options[:encrypted_cookie_salt])
         sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@options[:encrypted_signed_cookie_salt])
-        @encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: NullSerializer)
+        @encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, digest: digest, serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer)
       end
 
       def [](name)
@@ -517,7 +524,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         options[:value] = @encryptor.encrypt_and_sign(serialize(name, options[:value]))
 
-        raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].size > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
+        raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].bytesize > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
         @parent_jar[name] = options
       end
 
@@ -551,9 +558,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
       status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
 
       if cookie_jar = env['action_dispatch.cookies']
-        cookie_jar.write(headers)
-        if headers[HTTP_HEADER].respond_to?(:join)
-          headers[HTTP_HEADER] = headers[HTTP_HEADER].join("\n")
+        unless cookie_jar.committed?
+          cookie_jar.write(headers)
+          if headers[HTTP_HEADER].respond_to?(:join)
+            headers[HTTP_HEADER] = headers[HTTP_HEADER].join("\n")
+          end
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
index 0ca1a87645..274f6f2f22 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
@@ -38,9 +38,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         template = ActionView::Base.new([RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH],
           request: request,
           exception: wrapper.exception,
-          application_trace: wrapper.application_trace,
-          framework_trace: wrapper.framework_trace,
-          full_trace: wrapper.full_trace,
+          traces: traces_from_wrapper(wrapper),
           routes_inspector: routes_inspector(exception),
           source_extract: wrapper.source_extract,
           line_number: wrapper.line_number,
@@ -95,5 +93,36 @@ module ActionDispatch
         ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesInspector.new(@routes_app.routes.routes)
       end
     end
+
+    # Augment the exception traces by providing ids for all unique stack frame
+    def traces_from_wrapper(wrapper)
+      application_trace = wrapper.application_trace
+      framework_trace = wrapper.framework_trace
+      full_trace = wrapper.full_trace
+
+      if application_trace && framework_trace
+        id_counter = 0
+
+        application_trace = application_trace.map do |trace|
+          prev = id_counter
+          id_counter += 1
+          { id: prev, trace: trace }
+        end
+
+        framework_trace = framework_trace.map do |trace|
+          prev = id_counter
+          id_counter += 1
+          { id: prev, trace: trace }
+        end
+
+        full_trace = application_trace + framework_trace
+      end
+
+      {
+        "Application Trace" => application_trace,
+        "Framework Trace" => framework_trace,
+        "Full Trace" => full_trace
+      }
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
index 377f05c982..b98b553c38 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def initialize(env, exception)
       @env = env
       @exception = original_exception(exception)
+
+      expand_backtrace if exception.is_a?(SyntaxError) || exception.try(:original_exception).try(:is_a?, SyntaxError)
     end
 
     def rescue_template
@@ -59,12 +61,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def source_extract
-      if application_trace && trace = application_trace.first
-        file, line, _ = trace.split(":")
-        @file = file
-        @line_number = line.to_i
-        source_fragment(@file, @line_number)
-      end
+      exception.backtrace.map do |trace|
+        file, line = trace.split(":")
+        line_number = line.to_i
+        {
+          code: source_fragment(file, line_number),
+          file: file,
+          line_number: line_number
+        }
+      end if exception.backtrace
     end
 
     private
@@ -104,5 +109,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
     end
+
+    def expand_backtrace
+      @exception.backtrace.unshift(
+        @exception.to_s.split("\n")
+      ).flatten!
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
index 4821d2a899..e90f8b9ce6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
   end
 
-  # The flash provides a way to pass temporary objects between actions. Anything you place in the flash will be exposed
+  # The flash provides a way to pass temporary primitive-types (String, Array, Hash) between actions. Anything you place in the flash will be exposed
   # to the very next action and then cleared out. This is a great way of doing notices and alerts, such as a create
   # action that sets <tt>flash[:notice] = "Post successfully created"</tt> before redirecting to a display action that can
   # then expose the flash to its template. Actually, that exposure is automatically done.
@@ -37,8 +37,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #   flash.alert = "You must be logged in"
   #   flash.notice = "Post successfully created"
   #
-  # This example just places a string in the flash, but you can put any object in there. And of course, you can put as
-  # many as you like at a time too. Just remember: They'll be gone by the time the next action has been performed.
+  # This example places a string in the flash. And of course, you can put as many as you like at a time too. If you want to pass
+  # non-primitive types, you will have to handle that in your application. Example: To show messages with links, you will have to
+  # use sanitize helper.
+  #
+  # Just remember: They'll be gone by the time the next action has been performed.
   #
   # See docs on the FlashHash class for more details about the flash.
   class Flash
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
index cbb2d475b1..040cb215b7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,14 @@
 module ActionDispatch
+  # When called, this middleware renders an error page. By default if an HTML
+  # response is expected it will render static error pages from the `/public`
+  # directory. For example when this middleware receives a 500 response it will
+  # render the template found in `/public/500.html`.
+  # If an internationalized locale is set, this middleware will attempt to render
+  # the template in `/public/500.<locale>.html`. If an internationalized template
+  # is not found it will fall back on `/public/500.html`.
+  #
+  # When a request with a content type other than HTML is made, this middleware
+  # will attempt to convert error information into the appropriate response type.
   class PublicExceptions
     attr_accessor :public_path
 
@@ -32,9 +42,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def render_html(status)
-      found = false
-      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.#{I18n.locale}.html" if I18n.locale
-      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.html" unless path && (found = File.exist?(path))
+      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.#{I18n.locale}.html"
+      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.html" unless (found = File.exist?(path))
 
       if found || File.exist?(path)
         render_format(status, 'text/html', File.read(path))
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
index 57bc6d5cd0..7c4236518d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'ipaddr'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   # This middleware calculates the IP address of the remote client that is
   # making the request. It does this by checking various headers that could
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # Some Rack servers concatenate repeated headers, like {HTTP RFC 2616}[http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec4.html#sec4.2]
   # requires. Some Rack servers simply drop preceding headers, and only report
   # the value that was {given in the last header}[http://andre.arko.net/2011/12/26/repeated-headers-and-ruby-web-servers].
-  # If you are behind multiple proxy servers (like Nginx to HAProxy to Unicorn)
+  # If you are behind multiple proxy servers (like NGINX to HAProxy to Unicorn)
   # then you should test your Rack server to make sure your data is good.
   #
   # IF YOU DON'T USE A PROXY, THIS MAKES YOU VULNERABLE TO IP SPOOFING.
@@ -28,14 +30,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # guaranteed by the IP specification to be private addresses. Those will
     # not be the ultimate client IP in production, and so are discarded. See
     # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_network for details.
-    TRUSTED_PROXIES = %r{
-      ^127\.0\.0\.1$                | # localhost IPv4
-      ^::1$                         | # localhost IPv6
-      ^fc00:                        | # private IPv6 range fc00
-      ^10\.                         | # private IPv4 range 10.x.x.x
-      ^172\.(1[6-9]|2[0-9]|3[0-1])\.| # private IPv4 range 172.16.0.0 .. 172.31.255.255
-      ^192\.168\.                     # private IPv4 range 192.168.x.x
-    }x
+    TRUSTED_PROXIES = [
+      "127.0.0.1",      # localhost IPv4
+      "::1",            # localhost IPv6
+      "fc00::/7",       # private IPv6 range fc00::/7
+      "10.0.0.0/8",     # private IPv4 range 10.x.x.x
+      "172.16.0.0/12",  # private IPv4 range 172.16.0.0 .. 172.31.255.255
+      "192.168.0.0/16", # private IPv4 range 192.168.x.x
+    ].map { |proxy| IPAddr.new(proxy) }
 
     attr_reader :check_ip, :proxies
 
@@ -47,24 +49,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # clients (like WAP devices), or behind proxies that set headers in an
     # incorrect or confusing way (like AWS ELB).
     #
-    # The +custom_trusted+ argument can take a regex, which will be used
-    # instead of +TRUSTED_PROXIES+, or a string, which will be used in addition
-    # to +TRUSTED_PROXIES+. Any proxy setup will put the value you want in the
-    # middle (or at the beginning) of the X-Forwarded-For list, with your proxy
-    # servers after it. If your proxies aren't removed, pass them in via the
-    # +custom_trusted+ parameter. That way, the middleware will ignore those
-    # IP addresses, and return the one that you want.
+    # The +custom_proxies+ argument can take an Array of string, IPAddr, or
+    # Regexp objects which will be used instead of +TRUSTED_PROXIES+. If a
+    # single string, IPAddr, or Regexp object is provided, it will be used in
+    # addition to +TRUSTED_PROXIES+. Any proxy setup will put the value you
+    # want in the middle (or at the beginning) of the X-Forwarded-For list,
+    # with your proxy servers after it. If your proxies aren't removed, pass
+    # them in via the +custom_proxies+ parameter. That way, the middleware will
+    # ignore those IP addresses, and return the one that you want.
     def initialize(app, check_ip_spoofing = true, custom_proxies = nil)
       @app = app
       @check_ip = check_ip_spoofing
-      @proxies = case custom_proxies
-        when Regexp
-          custom_proxies
-        when nil
-          TRUSTED_PROXIES
-        else
-          Regexp.union(TRUSTED_PROXIES, custom_proxies)
-        end
+      @proxies = if custom_proxies.blank?
+        TRUSTED_PROXIES
+      elsif custom_proxies.respond_to?(:any?)
+        custom_proxies
+      else
+        Array(custom_proxies) + TRUSTED_PROXIES
+      end
     end
 
     # Since the IP address may not be needed, we store the object here
@@ -80,32 +82,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # into an actual IP address. If the ActionDispatch::Request#remote_ip method
     # is called, this class will calculate the value and then memoize it.
     class GetIp
-
-      # This constant contains a regular expression that validates every known
-      # form of IP v4 and v6 address, with or without abbreviations, adapted
-      # from {this gist}[https://gist.github.com/gazay/1289635].
-      VALID_IP = %r{
-        (^(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[0-9]{1,2})(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[0-9]{1,2})){3}$)                                                        | # ip v4
-        (^(
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                                                   | # ip v6 not abbreviated
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6}:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                                                  | # ip v6 with double colon in the end
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){5}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:)?[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                              | # - ip addresses v6
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){4}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,2}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                          | # - with
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){3}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,3}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                          | # - double colon
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){2}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,4}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                          | # - in the middle
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6} ((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3} (\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))                            | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1,5}:((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))                           | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,4}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))     | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,2}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,3}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))   | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,3}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,2}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))   | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,4}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))     | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (::([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,5}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d) |(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))                         | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        ([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}::([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,5}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                               | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (::([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,6}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                                               | # ip v6 with double colon at the beginning
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1,7}:)                                                                                                                                  # ip v6 without ending
-        )$)
-      }x
-
       def initialize(env, middleware)
         @env      = env
         @check_ip = middleware.check_ip
@@ -118,7 +94,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       # REMOTE_ADDR will be correct if the request is made directly against the
       # Ruby process, on e.g. Heroku. When the request is proxied by another
-      # server like HAProxy or Nginx, the IP address that made the original
+      # server like HAProxy or NGINX, the IP address that made the original
       # request will be put in an X-Forwarded-For header. If there are multiple
       # proxies, that header may contain a list of IPs. Other proxy services
       # set the Client-Ip header instead, so we check that too.
@@ -173,12 +149,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def ips_from(header)
         # Split the comma-separated list into an array of strings
         ips = @env[header] ? @env[header].strip.split(/[,\s]+/) : []
-        # Only return IPs that are valid according to the regex
-        ips.select{ |ip| ip =~ VALID_IP }
+        ips.select do |ip|
+          begin
+            # Only return IPs that are valid according to the IPAddr#new method
+            range = IPAddr.new(ip).to_range
+            # we want to make sure nobody is sneaking a netmask in
+            range.begin == range.end
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            nil
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def filter_proxies(ips)
-        ips.reject { |ip| ip =~ @proxies }
+        ips.reject do |ip|
+          @proxies.any? { |proxy| proxy === ip }
+        end
       end
 
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb
index 5d1740d0d4..25658bac3d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # Makes a unique request id available to the action_dispatch.request_id env variable (which is then accessible through
   # ActionDispatch::Request#uuid) and sends the same id to the client via the X-Request-Id header.
   #
-  # The unique request id is either based off the X-Request-Id header in the request, which would typically be generated
+  # The unique request id is either based on the X-Request-Id header in the request, which would typically be generated
   # by a firewall, load balancer, or the web server, or, if this header is not available, a random uuid. If the
   # header is accepted from the outside world, we sanitize it to a max of 255 chars and alphanumeric and dashes only.
   #
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store.rb
index 1db6194271..625050dc4b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store.rb
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       # Get a session from the cache.
       def get_session(env, sid)
-        sid ||= generate_sid
-        session = @cache.read(cache_key(sid))
-        session ||= {}
+        unless sid and session = @cache.read(cache_key(sid))
+          sid, session = generate_sid, {}
+        end
         [sid, session]
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
index 1ebc189c28..ed25c67ae5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #
     # Configure your session store in config/initializers/session_store.rb:
     #
-    #   Myapp::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
+    #   Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
     #
     # Configure your secret key in config/secrets.yml:
     #
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # reasonably sure that your upgrade is otherwise complete. Additionally,
     # you should take care to make sure you are not relying on the ability to
     # decode signed cookies generated by your app in external applications or
-    # Javascript before upgrading.
+    # JavaScript before upgrading.
     #
-    # Note that changing digest or secret invalidates all existing sessions!
+    # Note that changing the secret key will invalidate all existing sessions!
     class CookieStore < Rack::Session::Abstract::ID
       include Compatibility
       include StaleSessionCheck
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
index 1d4f0f89a6..f0779279c1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(env, exception)
       status  = wrapper.status_code
       env["action_dispatch.exception"] = wrapper.exception
+      env["action_dispatch.original_path"] = env["PATH_INFO"]
       env["PATH_INFO"] = "/#{status}"
       response = @exceptions_app.call(env)
       response[1]['X-Cascade'] == 'pass' ? pass_response(status) : response
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
index 999c022535..0c7caef25d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
@@ -32,11 +32,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     private
       def redirect_to_https(request)
-        url        = URI(request.url)
-        url.scheme = "https"
-        url.host   = @host if @host
-        url.port   = @port if @port
-        headers    = { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html', 'Location' => url.to_s }
+        host = @host || request.host
+        port = @port || request.port
+
+        location = "https://#{host}"
+        location << ":#{port}" if port != 80
+        location << request.fullpath
+
+        headers = { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html', 'Location' => location }
 
         [301, headers, []]
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
index 2764584fe9..e66c21ef85 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
@@ -2,49 +2,88 @@ require 'rack/utils'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/uri'
 
 module ActionDispatch
+  # This middleware returns a file's contents from disk in the body response.
+  # When initialized it can accept an optional 'Cache-Control' header which
+  # will be set when a response containing a file's contents is delivered.
+  #
+  # This middleware will render the file specified in `env["PATH_INFO"]`
+  # where the base path is in the +root+ directory. For example if the +root+
+  # is set to `public/` then a request with `env["PATH_INFO"]` of
+  # `assets/application.js` will return a response with contents of a file
+  # located at `public/assets/application.js` if the file exists. If the file
+  # does not exist a 404 "File not Found" response will be returned.
   class FileHandler
     def initialize(root, cache_control)
       @root          = root.chomp('/')
       @compiled_root = /^#{Regexp.escape(root)}/
-      headers = cache_control && { 'Cache-Control' => cache_control }
-      @file_server   = ::Rack::File.new(@root, headers)
+      headers        = cache_control && { 'Cache-Control' => cache_control }
+      @file_server = ::Rack::File.new(@root, headers)
     end
 
     def match?(path)
-      path = unescape_path(path)
+      path = URI.parser.unescape(path)
       return false unless path.valid_encoding?
 
-      full_path = path.empty? ? @root : File.join(@root, escape_glob_chars(path))
-      paths = "#{full_path}#{ext}"
+      paths = [path, "#{path}#{ext}", "#{path}/index#{ext}"]
 
-      matches = Dir[paths]
-      match = matches.detect { |m| File.file?(m) }
-      if match
-        match.sub!(@compiled_root, '')
-        ::Rack::Utils.escape(match)
+      if match = paths.detect {|p| File.file?(File.join(@root, p)) }
+        return ::Rack::Utils.escape(match)
       end
     end
 
     def call(env)
-      @file_server.call(env)
-    end
+      path      = env['PATH_INFO']
+      gzip_path = gzip_file_path(path)
 
-    def ext
-      @ext ||= begin
-        ext = ::ActionController::Base.default_static_extension
-        "{,#{ext},/index#{ext}}"
+      if gzip_path && gzip_encoding_accepted?(env)
+        env['PATH_INFO']            = gzip_path
+        status, headers, body       = @file_server.call(env)
+        headers['Content-Encoding'] = 'gzip'
+        headers['Content-Type']     = content_type(path)
+      else
+        status, headers, body = @file_server.call(env)
       end
-    end
 
-    def unescape_path(path)
-      URI.parser.unescape(path)
-    end
+      headers['Vary'] = 'Accept-Encoding' if gzip_path
 
-    def escape_glob_chars(path)
-      path.gsub(/[*?{}\[\]]/, "\\\\\\&")
+      return [status, headers, body]
+    ensure
+      env['PATH_INFO'] = path
     end
+
+    private
+      def ext
+        ::ActionController::Base.default_static_extension
+      end
+
+      def content_type(path)
+        ::Rack::Mime.mime_type(::File.extname(path), 'text/plain')
+      end
+
+      def gzip_encoding_accepted?(env)
+        env['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'] =~ /\bgzip\b/i
+      end
+
+      def gzip_file_path(path)
+        can_gzip_mime = content_type(path) =~ /\A(?:text\/|application\/javascript)/
+        gzip_path     = "#{path}.gz"
+        if can_gzip_mime && File.exist?(File.join(@root, ::Rack::Utils.unescape(gzip_path)))
+          gzip_path
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
   end
 
+  # This middleware will attempt to return the contents of a file's body from
+  # disk in the response.  If a file is not found on disk, the request will be
+  # delegated to the application stack. This middleware is commonly initialized
+  # to serve assets from a server's `public/` directory.
+  #
+  # This middleware verifies the path to ensure that only files
+  # living in the root directory can be rendered. A request cannot
+  # produce a directory traversal using this middleware. Only 'GET' and 'HEAD'
+  # requests will result in a file being returned.
   class Static
     def initialize(app, path, cache_control=nil)
       @app = app
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.erb
index 38429cb78e..51660a619b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.erb
@@ -1,25 +1,29 @@
 <% if @source_extract %>
-<div class="source">
-<div class="info">
-  Extracted source (around line <strong>#<%= @line_number %></strong>):
-</div>
-<div class="data">
-  <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="lines">
-      <tr>
-        <td>
-          <pre class="line_numbers">
-            <% @source_extract.keys.each do |line_number| %>
+  <% @source_extract.each_with_index do |extract_source, index| %>
+    <% if extract_source[:code] %>
+      <div class="source <%="hidden" if index != 0%>" id="frame-source-<%=index%>">
+        <div class="info">
+          Extracted source (around line <strong>#<%= extract_source[:line_number] %></strong>):
+        </div>
+        <div class="data">
+          <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="lines">
+            <tr>
+              <td>
+                <pre class="line_numbers">
+                  <% extract_source[:code].keys.each do |line_number| %>
 <span><%= line_number -%></span>
-            <% end %>
-          </pre>
-        </td>
+                  <% end %>
+                </pre>
+              </td>
 <td width="100%">
 <pre>
-<% @source_extract.each do |line, source| -%><div class="line<%= " active" if line == @line_number -%>"><%= source -%></div><% end -%>
+<% extract_source[:code].each do |line, source| -%><div class="line<%= " active" if line == extract_source[:line_number] -%>"><%= source -%></div><% end -%>
 </pre>
 </td>
-    </tr>
-  </table>
-</div>
-</div>
+            </tr>
+          </table>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    <% end %>
+  <% end %>
 <% end %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb
index b181909bff..f62caf51d7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-<%
-   traces = { "Application Trace" => @application_trace,
-              "Framework Trace"   => @framework_trace,
-              "Full Trace"        => @full_trace }
-   names = traces.keys
-%>
+<% names = @traces.keys %>
 
 <p><code>Rails.root: <%= defined?(Rails) && Rails.respond_to?(:root) ? Rails.root : "unset" %></code></p>
 
@@ -16,9 +11,42 @@
     <a href="#" onclick="<%= hide.join %><%= show %>; return false;"><%= name %></a> <%= '|' unless names.last == name %>
   <% end %>
 
-  <% traces.each do |name, trace| %>
+  <% @traces.each do |name, trace| %>
     <div id="<%= name.gsub(/\s/, '-') %>" style="display: <%= (name == "Application Trace") ? 'block' : 'none' %>;">
-      <pre><code><%= trace.join "\n" %></code></pre>
+      <pre><code><% trace.each do |frame| %><a class="trace-frames" data-frame-id="<%= frame[:id] %>" href="#"><%= frame[:trace] %></a><br><% end %></code></pre>
     </div>
   <% end %>
+
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+    var traceFrames = document.getElementsByClassName('trace-frames');
+    var selectedFrame, currentSource = document.getElementById('frame-source-0');
+
+    // Add click listeners for all stack frames
+    for (var i = 0; i < traceFrames.length; i++) {
+      traceFrames[i].addEventListener('click', function(e) {
+        e.preventDefault();
+        var target = e.target;
+        var frame_id = target.dataset.frameId;
+
+        if (selectedFrame) {
+          selectedFrame.className = selectedFrame.className.replace("selected", "");
+        }
+
+        target.className += " selected";
+        selectedFrame = target;
+
+        // Change the extracted source code
+        changeSourceExtract(frame_id);
+      });
+
+      function changeSourceExtract(frame_id) {
+        var el = document.getElementById('frame-source-' + frame_id);
+        if (currentSource && el) {
+          currentSource.className += " hidden";
+          el.className = el.className.replace(" hidden", "");
+          currentSource = el;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  </script>
 </div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb
index d4af5c9b06..c0b53068f7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb
@@ -1,15 +1,9 @@
-<%
-  traces = { "Application Trace" => @application_trace,
-             "Framework Trace"   => @framework_trace,
-             "Full Trace"        => @full_trace }
-%>
-
 Rails.root: <%= defined?(Rails) && Rails.respond_to?(:root) ? Rails.root : "unset" %>
 
-<% traces.each do |name, trace| %>
+<% @traces.each do |name, trace| %>
 <% if trace.any? %>
 <%= name %>
-<%= trace.join("\n") %>
+<%= trace.map { |t| t[:trace] }.join("\n") %>
 
 <% end %>
 <% end %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.html.erb
index f154021ae6..f154021ae6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..603de54b8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<%= @exception.class.to_s %><%
+  if @request.parameters['controller']
+%> in <%= @request.parameters['controller'].camelize %>Controller<% if @request.parameters['action'] %>#<%= @request.parameters['action'] %><% end %>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= @exception.message %>
+<%= render template: "rescues/_source" %>
+<%= render template: "rescues/_trace" %>
+<%= render template: "rescues/_request_and_response" %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb
index bc5d03dc10..e0509f56f4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb
@@ -116,9 +116,15 @@
       background-color: #FFCCCC;
     }
 
+    .hidden {
+      display: none;
+    }
+
     a { color: #980905; }
     a:visited { color: #666; }
+    a.trace-frames { color: #666; }
     a:hover { color: #C52F24; }
+    a.trace-frames.selected { color: #C52F24 }
 
     <%= yield :style %>
   </style>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb
index 027a0f5b3e..c1e8b6cae3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-<% @source_extract = @exception.source_extract(0, :html) %>
 <header>
   <h1>
     <%= @exception.original_exception.class.to_s %> in
@@ -12,29 +11,7 @@
   </p>
   <pre><code><%= h @exception.message %></code></pre>
 
-  <div class="source">
-    <div class="info">
-      <p>Extracted source (around line <strong>#<%= @exception.line_number %></strong>):</p>
-    </div>
-    <div class="data">
-    <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="lines">
-      <tr>
-        <td>
-          <pre class="line_numbers">
-            <% @source_extract.keys.each do |line_number| %>
-<span><%= line_number -%></span>
-            <% end %>
-          </pre>
-        </td>
-<td width="100%">
-<pre>
-<% @source_extract.each do |line, source| -%><div class="line<%= " active" if line == @exception.line_number -%>"><%= source -%></div><% end -%>
-</pre>
-</td>
-    </tr>
-  </table>
-</div>
-</div>
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_source" %>
 
   <p><%= @exception.sub_template_message %></p>
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb
index 5da21d9784..77bcd26726 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-<% @source_extract = @exception.source_extract(0, :html) %>
 <%= @exception.original_exception.class.to_s %> in <%= @request.parameters["controller"].camelize if @request.parameters["controller"] %>#<%= @request.parameters["action"] %>
 
 Showing <%= @exception.file_name %> where line #<%= @exception.line_number %> raised:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
index 323873ba4b..6ffa242da4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
@@ -4,21 +4,41 @@
     border-collapse: collapse;
   }
 
-  #route_table td {
-    padding: 0 30px;
+  #route_table thead tr {
+    border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;
+  }
+
+  #route_table thead tr.bottom {
+    border-bottom: none;
   }
 
-  #route_table tr.bottom th {
-    padding-bottom: 10px;
+  #route_table thead tr.bottom th {
+    padding: 10px 0;
     line-height: 15px;
   }
 
-  #route_table .matched_paths {
+  #route_table tbody tr {
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+  }
+
+  #route_table tbody tr:nth-child(odd) {
+    background: #f2f2f2;
+  }
+
+  #route_table tbody.exact_matches,
+  #route_table tbody.fuzzy_matches {
     background-color: LightGoldenRodYellow;
+    border-bottom: solid 2px SlateGrey;
   }
 
-  #route_table .matched_paths {
-    border-bottom: solid 3px SlateGrey;
+  #route_table tbody.exact_matches tr,
+  #route_table tbody.fuzzy_matches tr {
+    background: none;
+    border-bottom: none;
+  }
+
+  #route_table td {
+    padding: 4px 30px;
   }
 
   #path_search {
@@ -45,13 +65,15 @@
       <th><%# HTTP Verb %>
       </th>
       <th><%# Path %>
-        <%= search_field(:path, nil, id: 'path_search', placeholder: "Path Match") %>
+        <%= search_field(:path, nil, id: 'search', placeholder: "Path Match") %>
       </th>
       <th><%# Controller#action %>
       </th>
     </tr>
   </thead>
-  <tbody class='matched_paths' id='matched_paths'>
+  <tbody class='exact_matches' id='exact_matches'>
+  </tbody>
+  <tbody class='fuzzy_matches' id='fuzzy_matches'>
   </tbody>
   <tbody>
     <%= yield %>
@@ -59,6 +81,7 @@
 </table>
 
 <script type='text/javascript'>
+  // Iterates each element through a function
   function each(elems, func) {
     if (!elems instanceof Array) { elems = [elems]; }
     for (var i = 0, len = elems.length; i < len; i++) {
@@ -66,77 +89,110 @@
     }
   }
 
-  function setValOn(elems, val) {
-    each(elems, function(elem) {
-      elem.innerHTML = val;
-    });
+  // Sets innerHTML for an element
+  function setContent(elem, text) {
+    elem.innerHTML = text;
   }
 
-  function onClick(elems, func) {
-    each(elems, function(elem) {
-      elem.onclick = func;
-    });
-  }
+  // Enables path search functionality
+  function setupMatchPaths() {
+    // Check if the user input (sanitized as a path) matches the regexp data attribute
+    function checkExactMatch(section, elem, value) {
+      var string = sanitizePath(value),
+          regexp = elem.getAttribute("data-regexp");
 
-  // Enables functionality to toggle between `_path` and `_url` helper suffixes
-  function setupRouteToggleHelperLinks() {
-    var toggleLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#route_table [data-route-helper]');
-    onClick(toggleLinks, function(){
-      var helperTxt   = this.getAttribute("data-route-helper"),
-          helperElems = document.querySelectorAll('[data-route-name] span.helper');
-      setValOn(helperElems, helperTxt);
-    });
-  }
+      showMatch(string, regexp, section, elem);
+    }
 
-  // takes an array of elements with a data-regexp attribute and
-  // passes their parent <tr> into the callback function
-  // if the regexp matches a given path
-  function eachElemsForPath(elems, path, func) {
-    each(elems, function(e){
-      var reg = e.getAttribute("data-regexp");
-      if (path.match(RegExp(reg))) {
-        func(e.parentNode.cloneNode(true));
-      }
-    })
-  }
+    // Check if the route path data attribute contains the user input
+    function checkFuzzyMatch(section, elem, value) {
+      var string = elem.getAttribute("data-route-path"),
+          regexp = value;
 
-  // Ensure path always starts with a slash "/" and remove params or fragments
-  function sanitizePath(path) {
-    var path = path.charAt(0) == '/' ? path : "/" + path;
-    return path.replace(/\#.*|\?.*/, '');
-  }
+      showMatch(string, regexp, section, elem);
+    }
 
-  // Enables path search functionality
-  function setupMatchPaths() {
-    var regexpElems     = document.querySelectorAll('#route_table [data-regexp]'),
-        pathElem        = document.querySelector('#path_search'),
-        selectedSection = document.querySelector('#matched_paths'),
-        noMatchText     = '<tr><th colspan="4">None</th></tr>';
+    // Display the parent <tr> element in the appropriate section when there's a match
+    function showMatch(string, regexp, section, elem) {
+      if(string.match(RegExp(regexp))) {
+        section.appendChild(elem.parentNode.cloneNode(true));
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Check if there are any matched results in a section
+    function checkNoMatch(section, defaultText, noMatchText) {
+      if (section.innerHTML === defaultText) {
+        setContent(section, defaultText + noMatchText);
+      }
+    }
 
+    // Ensure path always starts with a slash "/" and remove params or fragments
+    function sanitizePath(path) {
+      var path = path.charAt(0) == '/' ? path : "/" + path;
+      return path.replace(/\#.*|\?.*/, '');
+    }
 
-    // Remove matches if no path is present
-    pathElem.onblur = function(e) {
-      if (pathElem.value === "") selectedSection.innerHTML = "";
+    var regexpElems     = document.querySelectorAll('#route_table [data-regexp]'),
+        searchElem      = document.querySelector('#search'),
+        exactMatches    = document.querySelector('#exact_matches'),
+        fuzzyMatches    = document.querySelector('#fuzzy_matches');
+
+    // Remove matches when no search value is present
+    searchElem.onblur = function(e) {
+      if (searchElem.value === "") {
+        setContent(exactMatches, "");
+        setContent(fuzzyMatches, "");
+      }
     }
 
     // On key press perform a search for matching paths
-    pathElem.onkeyup = function(e){
-      var path        = sanitizePath(pathElem.value),
-          defaultText = '<tr><th colspan="4">Paths Matching (' + path + '):</th></tr>';
+    searchElem.onkeyup = function(e){
+      var userInput         = searchElem.value,
+          defaultExactMatch = '<tr><th colspan="4">Paths Matching (' + escape(sanitizePath(userInput)) +'):</th></tr>',
+          defaultFuzzyMatch = '<tr><th colspan="4">Paths Containing (' + escape(userInput) +'):</th></tr>',
+          noExactMatch      = '<tr><th colspan="4">No Exact Matches Found</th></tr>',
+          noFuzzyMatch      = '<tr><th colspan="4">No Fuzzy Matches Found</th></tr>';
 
       // Clear out results section
-      selectedSection.innerHTML= defaultText;
+      setContent(exactMatches, defaultExactMatch);
+      setContent(fuzzyMatches, defaultFuzzyMatch);
+
+      // Display exact matches and fuzzy matches
+      each(regexpElems, function(elem) {
+        checkExactMatch(exactMatches, elem, userInput);
+        checkFuzzyMatch(fuzzyMatches, elem, userInput);
+      })
+
+      // Display 'No Matches' message when no matches are found
+      checkNoMatch(exactMatches, defaultExactMatch, noExactMatch);
+      checkNoMatch(fuzzyMatches, defaultFuzzyMatch, noFuzzyMatch);
+    }
+  }
 
-      // Display matches if they exist
-      eachElemsForPath(regexpElems, path, function(e){
-        selectedSection.appendChild(e);
+  // Enables functionality to toggle between `_path` and `_url` helper suffixes
+  function setupRouteToggleHelperLinks() {
+
+    // Sets content for each element
+    function setValOn(elems, val) {
+      each(elems, function(elem) {
+        setContent(elem, val);
       });
+    }
 
-      // If no match present, tell the user
-      if (selectedSection.innerHTML === defaultText) {
-        selectedSection.innerHTML = selectedSection.innerHTML + noMatchText;
-      }
+    // Sets onClick event for each element
+    function onClick(elems, func) {
+      each(elems, function(elem) {
+        elem.onclick = func;
+      });
     }
+
+    var toggleLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#route_table [data-route-helper]');
+    onClick(toggleLinks, function(){
+      var helperTxt   = this.getAttribute("data-route-helper"),
+          helperElems = document.querySelectorAll('[data-route-name] span.helper');
+
+      setValOn(helperElems, helperTxt);
+    });
   }
 
   setupMatchPaths();
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
index a9ac2bce1d..ce03164ca9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # encoding: UTF-8
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/regexp'
+require 'active_support/dependencies/autoload'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   # The routing module provides URL rewriting in native Ruby. It's a way to
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # Think of creating routes as drawing a map for your requests. The map tells
   # them where to go based on some predefined pattern:
   #
-  #   AppName::Application.routes.draw do
+  #   Rails.application.routes.draw do
   #     Pattern 1 tells some request to go to one place
   #     Pattern 2 tell them to go to another
   #     ...
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..88aa13c3e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Routing
+    class Endpoint # :nodoc:
+      def dispatcher?;   false; end
+      def redirect?;     false; end
+      def matches?(req); true;  end
+      def app;           self;  end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
index 71a0c5e826..ea3b2f419d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
@@ -5,22 +5,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     class RouteWrapper < SimpleDelegator
       def endpoint
-        rack_app ? rack_app.inspect : "#{controller}##{action}"
+        app.dispatcher? ? "#{controller}##{action}" : rack_app.inspect
       end
 
       def constraints
         requirements.except(:controller, :action)
       end
 
-      def rack_app(app = self.app)
-        @rack_app ||= begin
-          class_name = app.class.name.to_s
-          if class_name == "ActionDispatch::Routing::Mapper::Constraints"
-            rack_app(app.app)
-          elsif ActionDispatch::Routing::Redirect === app || class_name !~ /^ActionDispatch::Routing/
-            app
-          end
-        end
+      def rack_app
+        app.app
       end
 
       def verb
@@ -73,7 +66,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def engine?
-        rack_app && rack_app.respond_to?(:routes)
+        rack_app.respond_to?(:routes)
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
index 0b762aa9a4..fc28740828 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
@@ -6,130 +6,198 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_support/inflector'
 require 'action_dispatch/routing/redirection'
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/endpoint'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     class Mapper
       URL_OPTIONS = [:protocol, :subdomain, :domain, :host, :port]
-      SCOPE_OPTIONS = [:path, :shallow_path, :as, :shallow_prefix, :module,
-                       :controller, :action, :path_names, :constraints,
-                       :shallow, :blocks, :defaults, :options]
-
-      class Constraints #:nodoc:
-        def self.new(app, constraints, request = Rack::Request)
-          if constraints.any?
-            super(app, constraints, request)
-          else
-            app
-          end
-        end
 
+      class Constraints < Endpoint #:nodoc:
         attr_reader :app, :constraints
 
-        def initialize(app, constraints, request)
-          @app, @constraints, @request = app, constraints, request
+        def initialize(app, constraints, dispatcher_p)
+          # Unwrap Constraints objects.  I don't actually think it's possible
+          # to pass a Constraints object to this constructor, but there were
+          # multiple places that kept testing children of this object.  I
+          # *think* they were just being defensive, but I have no idea.
+          if app.is_a?(self.class)
+            constraints += app.constraints
+            app = app.app
+          end
+
+          @dispatcher = dispatcher_p
+
+          @app, @constraints, = app, constraints
         end
 
-        def matches?(env)
-          req = @request.new(env)
+        def dispatcher?; @dispatcher; end
 
+        def matches?(req)
           @constraints.all? do |constraint|
             (constraint.respond_to?(:matches?) && constraint.matches?(req)) ||
               (constraint.respond_to?(:call) && constraint.call(*constraint_args(constraint, req)))
           end
-        ensure
-          req.reset_parameters
         end
 
-        def call(env)
-          matches?(env) ? @app.call(env) : [ 404, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, [] ]
+        def serve(req)
+          return [ 404, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, [] ] unless matches?(req)
+
+          if dispatcher?
+            @app.serve req
+          else
+            @app.call req.env
+          end
         end
 
         private
           def constraint_args(constraint, request)
-            constraint.arity == 1 ? [request] : [request.symbolized_path_parameters, request]
+            constraint.arity == 1 ? [request] : [request.path_parameters, request]
           end
       end
 
       class Mapping #:nodoc:
-        IGNORE_OPTIONS = [:to, :as, :via, :on, :constraints, :defaults, :only, :except, :anchor, :shallow, :shallow_path, :shallow_prefix, :format]
         ANCHOR_CHARACTERS_REGEX = %r{\A(\\A|\^)|(\\Z|\\z|\$)\Z}
-        WILDCARD_PATH = %r{\*([^/\)]+)\)?$}
 
-        attr_reader :scope, :path, :options, :requirements, :conditions, :defaults
+        attr_reader :requirements, :conditions, :defaults
+        attr_reader :to, :default_controller, :default_action, :as, :anchor
 
-        def initialize(set, scope, path, options)
-          @set, @scope, @path, @options = set, scope, path, options
-          @requirements, @conditions, @defaults = {}, {}, {}
+        def self.build(scope, set, path, as, options)
+          options = scope[:options].merge(options) if scope[:options]
 
-          normalize_options!
-          normalize_path!
-          normalize_requirements!
-          normalize_conditions!
-          normalize_defaults!
+          options.delete :only
+          options.delete :except
+          options.delete :shallow_path
+          options.delete :shallow_prefix
+          options.delete :shallow
+
+          defaults = (scope[:defaults] || {}).merge options.delete(:defaults) || {}
+
+          new scope, set, path, defaults, as, options
+        end
+
+        def initialize(scope, set, path, defaults, as, options)
+          @requirements, @conditions = {}, {}
+          @defaults = defaults
+          @set = set
+
+          @to                 = options.delete :to
+          @default_controller = options.delete(:controller) || scope[:controller]
+          @default_action     = options.delete(:action) || scope[:action]
+          @as                 = as
+          @anchor             = options.delete :anchor
+
+          formatted = options.delete :format
+          via = Array(options.delete(:via) { [] })
+          options_constraints = options.delete :constraints
+
+          path = normalize_path! path, formatted
+          ast  = path_ast path
+          path_params = path_params ast
+
+          options = normalize_options!(options, formatted, path_params, ast, scope[:module])
+
+
+          split_constraints(path_params, scope[:constraints]) if scope[:constraints]
+          constraints = constraints(options, path_params)
+
+          split_constraints path_params, constraints
+
+          @blocks = blocks(options_constraints, scope[:blocks])
+
+          if options_constraints.is_a?(Hash)
+            split_constraints path_params, options_constraints
+            options_constraints.each do |key, default|
+              if URL_OPTIONS.include?(key) && (String === default || Fixnum === default)
+                @defaults[key] ||= default
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          normalize_format!(formatted)
+
+          @conditions[:path_info] = path
+          @conditions[:parsed_path_info] = ast
+
+          add_request_method(via, @conditions)
+          normalize_defaults!(options)
         end
 
         def to_route
-          [ app, conditions, requirements, defaults, options[:as], options[:anchor] ]
+          [ app(@blocks), conditions, requirements, defaults, as, anchor ]
         end
 
         private
 
-          def normalize_path!
-            raise ArgumentError, "path is required" if @path.blank?
-            @path = Mapper.normalize_path(@path)
+          def normalize_path!(path, format)
+            path = Mapper.normalize_path(path)
 
-            if required_format?
-              @path = "#{@path}.:format"
-            elsif optional_format?
-              @path = "#{@path}(.:format)"
+            if format == true
+              "#{path}.:format"
+            elsif optional_format?(path, format)
+              "#{path}(.:format)"
+            else
+              path
             end
           end
 
-          def required_format?
-            options[:format] == true
-          end
-
-          def optional_format?
-            options[:format] != false && !path.include?(':format') && !path.end_with?('/')
+          def optional_format?(path, format)
+            format != false && !path.include?(':format') && !path.end_with?('/')
           end
 
-          def normalize_options!
-            @options.reverse_merge!(scope[:options]) if scope[:options]
-            path_without_format = path.sub(/\(\.:format\)$/, '')
-
+          def normalize_options!(options, formatted, path_params, path_ast, modyoule)
             # Add a constraint for wildcard route to make it non-greedy and match the
             # optional format part of the route by default
-            if path_without_format.match(WILDCARD_PATH) && @options[:format] != false
-              @options[$1.to_sym] ||= /.+?/
+            if formatted != false
+              path_ast.grep(Journey::Nodes::Star) do |node|
+                options[node.name.to_sym] ||= /.+?/
+              end
             end
 
-            if path_without_format.match(':controller')
-              raise ArgumentError, ":controller segment is not allowed within a namespace block" if scope[:module]
+            if path_params.include?(:controller)
+              raise ArgumentError, ":controller segment is not allowed within a namespace block" if modyoule
 
               # Add a default constraint for :controller path segments that matches namespaced
               # controllers with default routes like :controller/:action/:id(.:format), e.g:
               # GET /admin/products/show/1
               # => { controller: 'admin/products', action: 'show', id: '1' }
-              @options[:controller] ||= /.+?/
+              options[:controller] ||= /.+?/
             end
 
-            @options.merge!(default_controller_and_action)
+            if to.respond_to? :call
+              options
+            else
+              to_endpoint = split_to to
+              controller  = to_endpoint[0] || default_controller
+              action      = to_endpoint[1] || default_action
+
+              controller = add_controller_module(controller, modyoule)
+
+              options.merge! check_controller_and_action(path_params, controller, action)
+            end
           end
 
-          def normalize_requirements!
-            constraints.each do |key, requirement|
-              next unless segment_keys.include?(key) || key == :controller
-              verify_regexp_requirement(requirement) if requirement.is_a?(Regexp)
-              @requirements[key] = requirement
+          def split_constraints(path_params, constraints)
+            constraints.each_pair do |key, requirement|
+              if path_params.include?(key) || key == :controller
+                verify_regexp_requirement(requirement) if requirement.is_a?(Regexp)
+                @requirements[key] = requirement
+              else
+                @conditions[key] = requirement
+              end
             end
+          end
 
-            if options[:format] == true
+          def normalize_format!(formatted)
+            if formatted == true
               @requirements[:format] ||= /.+/
-            elsif Regexp === options[:format]
-              @requirements[:format] = options[:format]
-            elsif String === options[:format]
-              @requirements[:format] = Regexp.compile(options[:format])
+            elsif Regexp === formatted
+              @requirements[:format] = formatted
+              @defaults[:format] = nil
+            elsif String === formatted
+              @requirements[:format] = Regexp.compile(formatted)
+              @defaults[:format] = formatted
             end
           end
 
@@ -143,169 +211,141 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
           end
 
-          def normalize_defaults!
-            @defaults.merge!(scope[:defaults]) if scope[:defaults]
-            @defaults.merge!(options[:defaults]) if options[:defaults]
-
-            options.each do |key, default|
-              unless Regexp === default || IGNORE_OPTIONS.include?(key)
+          def normalize_defaults!(options)
+            options.each_pair do |key, default|
+              unless Regexp === default
                 @defaults[key] = default
               end
             end
-
-            if options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
-              options[:constraints].each do |key, default|
-                if URL_OPTIONS.include?(key) && (String === default || Fixnum === default)
-                  @defaults[key] ||= default
-                end
-              end
-            end
-
-            if Regexp === options[:format]
-              @defaults[:format] = nil
-            elsif String === options[:format]
-              @defaults[:format] = options[:format]
-            end
           end
 
-          def normalize_conditions!
-            @conditions[:path_info] = path
-
-            constraints.each do |key, condition|
-              unless segment_keys.include?(key) || key == :controller
-                @conditions[key] = condition
-              end
-            end
-
-            required_defaults = []
-            options.each do |key, required_default|
-              unless segment_keys.include?(key) || IGNORE_OPTIONS.include?(key) || Regexp === required_default
-                required_defaults << key
-              end
+          def verify_callable_constraint(callable_constraint)
+            unless callable_constraint.respond_to?(:call) || callable_constraint.respond_to?(:matches?)
+              raise ArgumentError, "Invalid constraint: #{callable_constraint.inspect} must respond to :call or :matches?"
             end
-            @conditions[:required_defaults] = required_defaults
+          end
 
-            via_all = options.delete(:via) if options[:via] == :all
+          def add_request_method(via, conditions)
+            return if via == [:all]
 
-            if !via_all && options[:via].blank?
+            if via.empty?
               msg = "You should not use the `match` method in your router without specifying an HTTP method.\n" \
                     "If you want to expose your action to both GET and POST, add `via: [:get, :post]` option.\n" \
                     "If you want to expose your action to GET, use `get` in the router:\n" \
                     "  Instead of: match \"controller#action\"\n" \
                     "  Do: get \"controller#action\""
-              raise msg
+              raise ArgumentError, msg
             end
 
-            if via = options[:via]
-              @conditions[:request_method] = Array(via).map { |m| m.to_s.dasherize.upcase }
-            end
-          end
-
-          def app
-            Constraints.new(endpoint, blocks, @set.request_class)
+            conditions[:request_method] = via.map { |m| m.to_s.dasherize.upcase }
           end
 
-          def default_controller_and_action
+          def app(blocks)
             if to.respond_to?(:call)
-              { }
+              Constraints.new(to, blocks, false)
             else
-              if to.is_a?(String)
-                controller, action = to.split('#')
-              elsif to.is_a?(Symbol)
-                action = to.to_s
-              end
-
-              controller ||= default_controller
-              action     ||= default_action
-
-              if @scope[:module] && !controller.is_a?(Regexp)
-                if controller =~ %r{\A/}
-                  controller = controller[1..-1]
-                else
-                  controller = [@scope[:module], controller].compact.join("/").presence
-                end
-              end
-
-              if controller.is_a?(String) && controller =~ %r{\A/}
-                raise ArgumentError, "controller name should not start with a slash"
+              if blocks.any?
+                Constraints.new(dispatcher(defaults), blocks, true)
+              else
+                dispatcher(defaults)
               end
+            end
+          end
 
-              controller = controller.to_s unless controller.is_a?(Regexp)
-              action     = action.to_s     unless action.is_a?(Regexp)
+          def check_controller_and_action(path_params, controller, action)
+            hash = check_part(:controller, controller, path_params, {}) do |part|
+              translate_controller(part) {
+                message = "'#{part}' is not a supported controller name. This can lead to potential routing problems."
+                message << " See http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html#specifying-a-controller-to-use"
 
-              if controller.blank? && segment_keys.exclude?(:controller)
-                message = "Missing :controller key on routes definition, please check your routes."
                 raise ArgumentError, message
-              end
+              }
+            end
 
-              if action.blank? && segment_keys.exclude?(:action)
-                message = "Missing :action key on routes definition, please check your routes."
-                raise ArgumentError, message
-              end
+            check_part(:action, action, path_params, hash) { |part|
+              part.is_a?(Regexp) ? part : part.to_s
+            }
+          end
 
-              if controller.is_a?(String) && controller !~ /\A[a-z_0-9\/]*\z/
-                message = "'#{controller}' is not a supported controller name. This can lead to potential routing problems."
-                message << " See http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html#specifying-a-controller-to-use"
+          def check_part(name, part, path_params, hash)
+            if part
+              hash[name] = yield(part)
+            else
+              unless path_params.include?(name)
+                message = "Missing :#{name} key on routes definition, please check your routes."
                 raise ArgumentError, message
               end
-
-              hash = {}
-              hash[:controller] = controller unless controller.blank?
-              hash[:action]     = action unless action.blank?
-              hash
             end
-          end
-
-          def blocks
-            if options[:constraints].present? && !options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
-              [options[:constraints]]
+            hash
+          end
+
+          def split_to(to)
+            case to
+            when Symbol
+              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "defining a route where `to` is a symbol is deprecated.  Please change \"to: :#{to}\" to \"action: :#{to}\""
+              [nil, to.to_s]
+            when /#/    then to.split('#')
+            when String
+              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "defining a route where `to` is a controller without an action is deprecated.  Please change \"to: :#{to}\" to \"controller: :#{to}\""
+              [to, nil]
             else
-              scope[:blocks] || []
+              []
             end
           end
 
-          def constraints
-            @constraints ||= {}.tap do |constraints|
-              constraints.merge!(scope[:constraints]) if scope[:constraints]
-
-              options.except(*IGNORE_OPTIONS).each do |key, option|
-                constraints[key] = option if Regexp === option
+          def add_controller_module(controller, modyoule)
+            if modyoule && !controller.is_a?(Regexp)
+              if controller =~ %r{\A/}
+                controller[1..-1]
+              else
+                [modyoule, controller].compact.join("/")
               end
-
-              constraints.merge!(options[:constraints]) if options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
+            else
+              controller
             end
           end
 
-          def segment_keys
-            @segment_keys ||= path_pattern.names.map{ |s| s.to_sym }
-          end
-
-          def path_pattern
-            Journey::Path::Pattern.new(strexp)
-          end
+          def translate_controller(controller)
+            return controller if Regexp === controller
+            return controller.to_s if controller =~ /\A[a-z_0-9][a-z_0-9\/]*\z/
 
-          def strexp
-            Journey::Router::Strexp.compile(path, requirements, SEPARATORS)
+            yield
           end
 
-          def endpoint
-            to.respond_to?(:call) ? to : dispatcher
+          def blocks(options_constraints, scope_blocks)
+            if options_constraints && !options_constraints.is_a?(Hash)
+              verify_callable_constraint(options_constraints)
+              [options_constraints]
+            else
+              scope_blocks || []
+            end
           end
 
-          def dispatcher
-            Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher.new(:defaults => defaults)
+          def constraints(options, path_params)
+            constraints = {}
+            required_defaults = []
+            options.each_pair do |key, option|
+              if Regexp === option
+                constraints[key] = option
+              else
+                required_defaults << key unless path_params.include?(key)
+              end
+            end
+            @conditions[:required_defaults] = required_defaults
+            constraints
           end
 
-          def to
-            options[:to]
+          def path_params(ast)
+            ast.grep(Journey::Nodes::Symbol).map { |n| n.name.to_sym }
           end
 
-          def default_controller
-            options[:controller] || scope[:controller]
+          def path_ast(path)
+            parser = Journey::Parser.new
+            parser.parse path
           end
 
-          def default_action
-            options[:action] || scope[:action]
+          def dispatcher(defaults)
+            @set.dispatcher defaults
           end
       end
 
@@ -340,37 +380,57 @@ module ActionDispatch
           match '/', { :as => :root, :via => :get }.merge!(options)
         end
 
-        # Matches a url pattern to one or more routes. Any symbols in a pattern
-        # are interpreted as url query parameters and thus available as +params+
-        # in an action:
+        # Matches a url pattern to one or more routes.
+        #
+        # You should not use the `match` method in your router
+        # without specifying an HTTP method.
+        #
+        # If you want to expose your action to both GET and POST, use:
         #
         #   # sets :controller, :action and :id in params
-        #   match ':controller/:action/:id'
+        #   match ':controller/:action/:id', via: [:get, :post]
+        #
+        # Note that +:controller+, +:action+ and +:id+ are interpreted as url
+        # query parameters and thus available through +params+ in an action.
+        #
+        # If you want to expose your action to GET, use `get` in the router:
+        #
+        # Instead of:
+        #
+        #   match ":controller/:action/:id"
+        #
+        # Do:
+        #
+        #   get ":controller/:action/:id"
         #
         # Two of these symbols are special, +:controller+ maps to the controller
         # and +:action+ to the controller's action. A pattern can also map
         # wildcard segments (globs) to params:
         #
-        #   match 'songs/*category/:title', to: 'songs#show'
+        #   get 'songs/*category/:title', to: 'songs#show'
         #
         #   # 'songs/rock/classic/stairway-to-heaven' sets
         #   #  params[:category] = 'rock/classic'
         #   #  params[:title] = 'stairway-to-heaven'
         #
+        # To match a wildcard parameter, it must have a name assigned to it.
+        # Without a variable name to attach the glob parameter to, the route
+        # can't be parsed.
+        #
         # When a pattern points to an internal route, the route's +:action+ and
         # +:controller+ should be set in options or hash shorthand. Examples:
         #
-        #   match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show'
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show'
-        #   match 'photos/:id', controller: 'photos', action: 'show'
+        #   match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', via: :get
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', via: :get
+        #   match 'photos/:id', controller: 'photos', action: 'show', via: :get
         #
         # A pattern can also point to a +Rack+ endpoint i.e. anything that
         # responds to +call+:
         #
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: lambda {|hash| [200, {}, ["Coming soon"]] }
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotoRackApp
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: lambda {|hash| [200, {}, ["Coming soon"]] }, via: :get
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotoRackApp, via: :get
         #   # Yes, controller actions are just rack endpoints
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotosController.action(:show)
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotosController.action(:show), via: :get
         #
         # Because requesting various HTTP verbs with a single action has security
         # implications, you must either specify the actions in
@@ -387,13 +447,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # [:action]
         #   The route's action.
         #
+        # [:param]
+        #   Overrides the default resource identifier `:id` (name of the
+        #   dynamic segment used to generate the routes).
+        #   You can access that segment from your controller using
+        #   <tt>params[<:param>]</tt>.
+        #
         # [:path]
         #   The path prefix for the routes.
         #
         # [:module]
         #   The namespace for :controller.
         #
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', module: 'sekret', controller: 'posts'
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', module: 'sekret', controller: 'posts', via: :get
         #     # => Sekret::PostsController
         #
         #   See <tt>Scoping#namespace</tt> for its scope equivalent.
@@ -412,9 +478,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   Points to a +Rack+ endpoint. Can be an object that responds to
         #   +call+ or a string representing a controller's action.
         #
-        #      match 'path', to: 'controller#action'
-        #      match 'path', to: lambda { |env| [200, {}, ["Success!"]] }
-        #      match 'path', to: RackApp
+        #      match 'path', to: 'controller#action', via: :get
+        #      match 'path', to: lambda { |env| [200, {}, ["Success!"]] }, via: :get
+        #      match 'path', to: RackApp, via: :get
         #
         # [:on]
         #   Shorthand for wrapping routes in a specific RESTful context. Valid
@@ -439,14 +505,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   other than path can also be specified with any object
         #   that responds to <tt>===</tt> (eg. String, Array, Range, etc.).
         #
-        #     match 'path/:id', constraints: { id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/ }
+        #     match 'path/:id', constraints: { id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/ }, via: :get
         #
-        #     match 'json_only', constraints: { format: 'json' }
+        #     match 'json_only', constraints: { format: 'json' }, via: :get
         #
         #     class Whitelist
         #       def matches?(request) request.remote_ip == '1.2.3.4' end
         #     end
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', constraints: Whitelist.new
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', constraints: Whitelist.new, via: :get
         #
         #   See <tt>Scoping#constraints</tt> for more examples with its scope
         #   equivalent.
@@ -455,7 +521,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   Sets defaults for parameters
         #
         #     # Sets params[:format] to 'jpg' by default
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', defaults: { format: 'jpg' }
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', defaults: { format: 'jpg' }, via: :get
         #
         #   See <tt>Scoping#defaults</tt> for its scope equivalent.
         #
@@ -464,7 +530,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   false, the pattern matches any request prefixed with the given path.
         #
         #     # Matches any request starting with 'path'
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', anchor: false
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', anchor: false, via: :get
         #
         # [:format]
         #   Allows you to specify the default value for optional +format+
@@ -506,13 +572,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           raise "A rack application must be specified" unless path
 
-          options[:as]  ||= app_name(app)
+          rails_app = rails_app? app
+
+          if rails_app
+            options[:as]  ||= app.railtie_name
+          else
+            # non rails apps can't have an :as
+            options[:as]  = nil
+          end
+
           target_as       = name_for_action(options[:as], path)
           options[:via] ||= :all
 
           match(path, options.merge(:to => app, :anchor => false, :format => false))
 
-          define_generate_prefix(app, target_as)
+          define_generate_prefix(app, target_as) if rails_app
           self
         end
 
@@ -533,35 +607,27 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-          def app_name(app)
-            return unless app.respond_to?(:routes)
-
-            if app.respond_to?(:railtie_name)
-              app.railtie_name
-            else
-              class_name = app.class.is_a?(Class) ? app.name : app.class.name
-              ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(class_name).tr("/", "_")
-            end
+          def rails_app?(app)
+            app.is_a?(Class) && app < Rails::Railtie
           end
 
           def define_generate_prefix(app, name)
-            return unless app.respond_to?(:routes) && app.routes.respond_to?(:define_mounted_helper)
-
-            _route = @set.named_routes.routes[name.to_sym]
+            _route = @set.named_routes.get name
             _routes = @set
             app.routes.define_mounted_helper(name)
-            app.routes.singleton_class.class_eval do
-              redefine_method :mounted? do
-                true
-              end
-
-              redefine_method :_generate_prefix do |options|
-                prefix_options = options.slice(*_route.segment_keys)
-                # we must actually delete prefix segment keys to avoid passing them to next url_for
-                _route.segment_keys.each { |k| options.delete(k) }
-                _routes.url_helpers.send("#{name}_path", prefix_options)
+            app.routes.extend Module.new {
+              def optimize_routes_generation?; false; end
+              define_method :find_script_name do |options|
+                if options.key? :script_name
+                  super(options)
+                else
+                  prefix_options = options.slice(*_route.segment_keys)
+                  # we must actually delete prefix segment keys to avoid passing them to next url_for
+                  _route.segment_keys.each { |k| options.delete(k) }
+                  _routes.url_helpers.send("#{name}_path", prefix_options)
+                end
               end
-            end
+            }
           end
       end
 
@@ -648,7 +714,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   resources :posts, module: "admin"
       #
       # If you want to route /admin/posts to +PostsController+
-      # (without the Admin:: module prefix), you could use
+      # (without the <tt>Admin::</tt> module prefix), you could use
       #
       #   scope "/admin" do
       #     resources :posts
@@ -702,13 +768,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   end
         def scope(*args)
           options = args.extract_options!.dup
-          recover = {}
+          scope = {}
 
           options[:path] = args.flatten.join('/') if args.any?
           options[:constraints] ||= {}
 
-          unless shallow?
-            options[:shallow_path] = options[:path] if args.any?
+          unless nested_scope?
+            options[:shallow_path] ||= options[:path] if options.key?(:path)
+            options[:shallow_prefix] ||= options[:as] if options.key?(:as)
           end
 
           if options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
@@ -721,7 +788,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             block, options[:constraints] = options[:constraints], {}
           end
 
-          SCOPE_OPTIONS.each do |option|
+          @scope.options.each do |option|
             if option == :blocks
               value = block
             elsif option == :options
@@ -731,15 +798,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
 
             if value
-              recover[option] = @scope[option]
-              @scope[option]  = send("merge_#{option}_scope", @scope[option], value)
+              scope[option] = send("merge_#{option}_scope", @scope[option], value)
             end
           end
 
+          @scope = @scope.new scope
           yield
           self
         ensure
-          @scope.merge!(recover)
+          @scope = @scope.parent
         end
 
         # Scopes routes to a specific controller
@@ -792,9 +859,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   end
         def namespace(path, options = {})
           path = path.to_s
-          options = { :path => path, :as => path, :module => path,
-                      :shallow_path => path, :shallow_prefix => path }.merge!(options)
-          scope(options) { yield }
+
+          defaults = {
+            module:         path,
+            path:           options.fetch(:path, path),
+            as:             options.fetch(:as, path),
+            shallow_path:   options.fetch(:path, path),
+            shallow_prefix: options.fetch(:as, path)
+          }
+
+          scope(defaults.merge!(options)) { yield }
         end
 
         # === Parameter Restriction
@@ -970,8 +1044,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         VALID_ON_OPTIONS  = [:new, :collection, :member]
         RESOURCE_OPTIONS  = [:as, :controller, :path, :only, :except, :param, :concerns]
         CANONICAL_ACTIONS = %w(index create new show update destroy)
-        RESOURCE_METHOD_SCOPES = [:collection, :member, :new]
-        RESOURCE_SCOPES = [:resource, :resources]
 
         class Resource #:nodoc:
           attr_reader :controller, :path, :options, :param
@@ -983,6 +1055,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             @as         = options[:as]
             @param      = (options[:param] || :id).to_sym
             @options    = options
+            @shallow    = false
           end
 
           def default_actions
@@ -1043,6 +1116,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
             "#{path}/:#{nested_param}"
           end
 
+          def shallow=(value)
+            @shallow = value
+          end
+
+          def shallow?
+            @shallow
+          end
         end
 
         class SingletonResource < Resource #:nodoc:
@@ -1323,8 +1403,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:member) do
-            scope(parent_resource.member_scope) do
-              yield
+            if shallow?
+              shallow_scope(parent_resource.member_scope) { yield }
+            else
+              scope(parent_resource.member_scope) { yield }
             end
           end
         end
@@ -1347,16 +1429,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:nested) do
-            if shallow?
-              with_exclusive_scope do
-                if @scope[:shallow_path].blank?
-                  scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
-                else
-                  scope(@scope[:shallow_path], :as => @scope[:shallow_prefix]) do
-                    scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
-                  end
-                end
-              end
+            if shallow? && shallow_nesting_depth >= 1
+              shallow_scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
             else
               scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
             end
@@ -1389,7 +1463,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
           if rest.empty? && Hash === path
             options  = path
             path, to = options.find { |name, _value| name.is_a?(String) }
-            options[:to] = to
+
+            case to
+            when Symbol
+              options[:action] = to
+            when String
+              if to =~ /#/
+                options[:to] = to
+              else
+                options[:controller] = to
+              end
+            else
+              options[:to] = to
+            end
+
             options.delete(path)
             paths = [path]
           else
@@ -1430,7 +1517,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           if on = options.delete(:on)
             send(on) { decomposed_match(path, options) }
           else
-            case @scope[:scope_level]
+            case @scope.scope_level
             when :resources
               nested { decomposed_match(path, options) }
             when :resource
@@ -1443,6 +1530,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def add_route(action, options) # :nodoc:
           path = path_for_action(action, options.delete(:path))
+          raise ArgumentError, "path is required" if path.blank?
+
           action = action.to_s.dup
 
           if action =~ /^[\w\-\/]+$/
@@ -1451,13 +1540,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
             action = nil
           end
 
-          if !options.fetch(:as, true)
-            options.delete(:as)
-          else
-            options[:as] = name_for_action(options[:as], action)
-          end
+          as = if !options.fetch(:as, true) # if it's set to nil or false
+                 options.delete(:as)
+               else
+                 name_for_action(options.delete(:as), action)
+               end
 
-          mapping = Mapping.new(@set, @scope, URI.parser.escape(path), options)
+          mapping = Mapping.build(@scope, @set, URI.parser.escape(path), as, options)
           app, conditions, requirements, defaults, as, anchor = mapping.to_route
           @set.add_route(app, conditions, requirements, defaults, as, anchor)
         end
@@ -1471,7 +1560,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             raise ArgumentError, "must be called with a path and/or options"
           end
 
-          if @scope[:scope_level] == :resources
+          if @scope.resources?
             with_scope_level(:root) do
               scope(parent_resource.path) do
                 super(options)
@@ -1538,41 +1627,47 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           def resource_scope? #:nodoc:
-            RESOURCE_SCOPES.include? @scope[:scope_level]
+            @scope.resource_scope?
           end
 
           def resource_method_scope? #:nodoc:
-            RESOURCE_METHOD_SCOPES.include? @scope[:scope_level]
+            @scope.resource_method_scope?
+          end
+
+          def nested_scope? #:nodoc:
+            @scope.nested?
           end
 
           def with_exclusive_scope
             begin
-              old_name_prefix, old_path = @scope[:as], @scope[:path]
-              @scope[:as], @scope[:path] = nil, nil
+              @scope = @scope.new(:as => nil, :path => nil)
 
               with_scope_level(:exclusive) do
                 yield
               end
             ensure
-              @scope[:as], @scope[:path] = old_name_prefix, old_path
+              @scope = @scope.parent
             end
           end
 
-          def with_scope_level(kind, resource = parent_resource)
-            old, @scope[:scope_level] = @scope[:scope_level], kind
-            old_resource, @scope[:scope_level_resource] = @scope[:scope_level_resource], resource
+          def with_scope_level(kind)
+            @scope = @scope.new_level(kind)
             yield
           ensure
-            @scope[:scope_level] = old
-            @scope[:scope_level_resource] = old_resource
+            @scope = @scope.parent
           end
 
           def resource_scope(kind, resource) #:nodoc:
-            with_scope_level(kind, resource) do
-              scope(parent_resource.resource_scope) do
-                yield
-              end
+            resource.shallow = @scope[:shallow]
+            @scope = @scope.new(:scope_level_resource => resource)
+            @nesting.push(resource)
+
+            with_scope_level(kind) do
+              scope(parent_resource.resource_scope) { yield }
             end
+          ensure
+            @nesting.pop
+            @scope = @scope.parent
           end
 
           def nested_options #:nodoc:
@@ -1584,6 +1679,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
             options
           end
 
+          def nesting_depth #:nodoc:
+            @nesting.size
+          end
+
+          def shallow_nesting_depth #:nodoc:
+            @nesting.select(&:shallow?).size
+          end
+
           def param_constraint? #:nodoc:
             @scope[:constraints] && @scope[:constraints][parent_resource.param].is_a?(Regexp)
           end
@@ -1592,22 +1695,25 @@ module ActionDispatch
             @scope[:constraints][parent_resource.param]
           end
 
-          def canonical_action?(action, flag) #:nodoc:
-            flag && resource_method_scope? && CANONICAL_ACTIONS.include?(action.to_s)
+          def canonical_action?(action) #:nodoc:
+            resource_method_scope? && CANONICAL_ACTIONS.include?(action.to_s)
           end
 
-          def shallow_scoping? #:nodoc:
-            shallow? && @scope[:scope_level] == :member
+          def shallow_scope(path, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+            scope = { :as   => @scope[:shallow_prefix],
+                      :path => @scope[:shallow_path] }
+            @scope = @scope.new scope
+
+            scope(path, options) { yield }
+          ensure
+            @scope = @scope.parent
           end
 
           def path_for_action(action, path) #:nodoc:
-            prefix = shallow_scoping? ?
-              "#{@scope[:shallow_path]}/#{parent_resource.shallow_scope}" : @scope[:path]
-
-            if canonical_action?(action, path.blank?)
-              prefix.to_s
+            if path.blank? && canonical_action?(action)
+              @scope[:path].to_s
             else
-              "#{prefix}/#{action_path(action, path)}"
+              "#{@scope[:path]}/#{action_path(action, path)}"
             end
           end
 
@@ -1619,15 +1725,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
           def prefix_name_for_action(as, action) #:nodoc:
             if as
               prefix = as
-            elsif !canonical_action?(action, @scope[:scope_level])
+            elsif !canonical_action?(action)
               prefix = action
             end
-            prefix.to_s.tr('-', '_') if prefix
+
+            if prefix && prefix != '/' && !prefix.empty?
+              Mapper.normalize_name prefix.to_s.tr('-', '_')
+            end
           end
 
           def name_for_action(as, action) #:nodoc:
             prefix = prefix_name_for_action(as, action)
-            prefix = Mapper.normalize_name(prefix) if prefix
             name_prefix = @scope[:as]
 
             if parent_resource
@@ -1637,27 +1745,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
               member_name = parent_resource.member_name
             end
 
-            name = case @scope[:scope_level]
-            when :nested
-              [name_prefix, prefix]
-            when :collection
-              [prefix, name_prefix, collection_name]
-            when :new
-              [prefix, :new, name_prefix, member_name]
-            when :member
-              [prefix, shallow_scoping? ? @scope[:shallow_prefix] : name_prefix, member_name]
-            when :root
-              [name_prefix, collection_name, prefix]
-            else
-              [name_prefix, member_name, prefix]
-            end
+            name = @scope.action_name(name_prefix, prefix, collection_name, member_name)
 
-            if candidate = name.select(&:present?).join("_").presence
+            if candidate = name.compact.join("_").presence
               # If a name was not explicitly given, we check if it is valid
               # and return nil in case it isn't. Otherwise, we pass the invalid name
               # forward so the underlying router engine treats it and raises an exception.
               if as.nil?
-                candidate unless @set.routes.find { |r| r.name == candidate } || candidate !~ /\A[_a-z]/i
+                candidate unless candidate !~ /\A[_a-z]/i || @set.named_routes.key?(candidate)
               else
                 candidate
               end
@@ -1782,10 +1877,85 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
+      class Scope # :nodoc:
+        OPTIONS = [:path, :shallow_path, :as, :shallow_prefix, :module,
+                   :controller, :action, :path_names, :constraints,
+                   :shallow, :blocks, :defaults, :options]
+
+        RESOURCE_SCOPES = [:resource, :resources]
+        RESOURCE_METHOD_SCOPES = [:collection, :member, :new]
+
+        attr_reader :parent, :scope_level
+
+        def initialize(hash, parent = {}, scope_level = nil)
+          @hash = hash
+          @parent = parent
+          @scope_level = scope_level
+        end
+
+        def nested?
+          scope_level == :nested
+        end
+
+        def resources?
+          scope_level == :resources
+        end
+
+        def resource_method_scope?
+          RESOURCE_METHOD_SCOPES.include? scope_level
+        end
+
+        def action_name(name_prefix, prefix, collection_name, member_name)
+          case scope_level
+          when :nested
+            [name_prefix, prefix]
+          when :collection
+            [prefix, name_prefix, collection_name]
+          when :new
+            [prefix, :new, name_prefix, member_name]
+          when :member
+            [prefix, name_prefix, member_name]
+          when :root
+            [name_prefix, collection_name, prefix]
+          else
+            [name_prefix, member_name, prefix]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def resource_scope?
+          RESOURCE_SCOPES.include? scope_level
+        end
+
+        def options
+          OPTIONS
+        end
+
+        def new(hash)
+          self.class.new hash, self, scope_level
+        end
+
+        def new_level(level)
+          self.class.new(self, self, level)
+        end
+
+        def fetch(key, &block)
+          @hash.fetch(key, &block)
+        end
+
+        def [](key)
+          @hash.fetch(key) { @parent[key] }
+        end
+
+        def []=(k,v)
+          @hash[k] = v
+        end
+      end
+
       def initialize(set) #:nodoc:
         @set = set
-        @scope = { :path_names => @set.resources_path_names }
+        @scope = Scope.new({ :path_names => @set.resources_path_names })
         @concerns = {}
+        @nesting = []
       end
 
       include Base
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
index 2fb03f2712..f15868d37e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
@@ -101,118 +101,231 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   polymorphic_url(Comment) # same as comments_url()
       #
       def polymorphic_url(record_or_hash_or_array, options = {})
-        if record_or_hash_or_array.kind_of?(Array)
-          record_or_hash_or_array = record_or_hash_or_array.compact
-          if record_or_hash_or_array.first.is_a?(ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesProxy)
-            proxy = record_or_hash_or_array.shift
-          end
-          record_or_hash_or_array = record_or_hash_or_array[0] if record_or_hash_or_array.size == 1
+        if Hash === record_or_hash_or_array
+          options = record_or_hash_or_array.merge(options)
+          record  = options.delete :id
+          return polymorphic_url record, options
         end
 
-        record = extract_record(record_or_hash_or_array)
-        record = convert_to_model(record)
-
-        args = Array === record_or_hash_or_array ?
-          record_or_hash_or_array.dup :
-          [ record_or_hash_or_array ]
+        opts   = options.dup
+        action = opts.delete :action
+        type   = opts.delete(:routing_type) || :url
 
-        inflection = if options[:action] && options[:action].to_s == "new"
-          args.pop
-          :singular
-        elsif (record.respond_to?(:persisted?) && !record.persisted?)
-          args.pop
-          :plural
-        elsif record.is_a?(Class)
-          args.pop
-          :plural
-        else
-          :singular
-        end
+        HelperMethodBuilder.polymorphic_method self,
+                                               record_or_hash_or_array,
+                                               action,
+                                               type,
+                                               opts
 
-        args.delete_if {|arg| arg.is_a?(Symbol) || arg.is_a?(String)}
-        named_route = build_named_route_call(record_or_hash_or_array, inflection, options)
-
-        url_options = options.except(:action, :routing_type)
-        unless url_options.empty?
-          args.last.kind_of?(Hash) ? args.last.merge!(url_options) : args << url_options
-        end
-
-        args.collect! { |a| convert_to_model(a) }
-
-        (proxy || self).send(named_route, *args)
       end
 
       # Returns the path component of a URL for the given record. It uses
       # <tt>polymorphic_url</tt> with <tt>routing_type: :path</tt>.
       def polymorphic_path(record_or_hash_or_array, options = {})
-        polymorphic_url(record_or_hash_or_array, options.merge(:routing_type => :path))
+        if Hash === record_or_hash_or_array
+          options = record_or_hash_or_array.merge(options)
+          record  = options.delete :id
+          return polymorphic_path record, options
+        end
+
+        opts   = options.dup
+        action = opts.delete :action
+        type   = :path
+
+        HelperMethodBuilder.polymorphic_method self,
+                                               record_or_hash_or_array,
+                                               action,
+                                               type,
+                                               opts
       end
 
+
       %w(edit new).each do |action|
         module_eval <<-EOT, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          def #{action}_polymorphic_url(record_or_hash, options = {})         # def edit_polymorphic_url(record_or_hash, options = {})
-            polymorphic_url(                                                  #   polymorphic_url(
-              record_or_hash,                                                 #     record_or_hash,
-              options.merge(:action => "#{action}"))                          #     options.merge(:action => "edit"))
-          end                                                                 # end
-                                                                              #
-          def #{action}_polymorphic_path(record_or_hash, options = {})        # def edit_polymorphic_path(record_or_hash, options = {})
-            polymorphic_url(                                                  #   polymorphic_url(
-              record_or_hash,                                                 #     record_or_hash,
-              options.merge(:action => "#{action}", :routing_type => :path))  #     options.merge(:action => "edit", :routing_type => :path))
-          end                                                                 # end
+          def #{action}_polymorphic_url(record_or_hash, options = {})
+            polymorphic_url_for_action("#{action}", record_or_hash, options)
+          end
+
+          def #{action}_polymorphic_path(record_or_hash, options = {})
+            polymorphic_path_for_action("#{action}", record_or_hash, options)
+          end
         EOT
       end
 
       private
-        def action_prefix(options)
-          options[:action] ? "#{options[:action]}_" : ''
+
+      def polymorphic_url_for_action(action, record_or_hash, options)
+        polymorphic_url(record_or_hash, options.merge(:action => action))
+      end
+
+      def polymorphic_path_for_action(action, record_or_hash, options)
+        options = options.merge(:action => action, :routing_type => :path)
+        polymorphic_path(record_or_hash, options)
+      end
+
+      class HelperMethodBuilder # :nodoc:
+        CACHE = { 'path' => {}, 'url' => {} }
+
+        def self.get(action, type)
+          type   = type.to_s
+          CACHE[type].fetch(action) { build action, type }
+        end
+
+        def self.url;  CACHE['url'.freeze][nil]; end
+        def self.path; CACHE['path'.freeze][nil]; end
+
+        def self.build(action, type)
+          prefix = action ? "#{action}_" : ""
+          suffix = type
+          if action.to_s == 'new'
+            HelperMethodBuilder.singular prefix, suffix
+          else
+            HelperMethodBuilder.plural prefix, suffix
+          end
+        end
+
+        def self.singular(prefix, suffix)
+          new(->(name) { name.singular_route_key }, prefix, suffix)
         end
 
-        def routing_type(options)
-          options[:routing_type] || :url
+        def self.plural(prefix, suffix)
+          new(->(name) { name.route_key }, prefix, suffix)
         end
 
-        def build_named_route_call(records, inflection, options = {})
-          if records.is_a?(Array)
-            record = records.pop
-            route = records.map do |parent|
-              if parent.is_a?(Symbol) || parent.is_a?(String)
-                parent
-              else
-                model_name_from_record_or_class(parent).singular_route_key
-              end
+        def self.polymorphic_method(recipient, record_or_hash_or_array, action, type, options)
+          builder = get action, type
+
+          case record_or_hash_or_array
+          when Array
+            record_or_hash_or_array = record_or_hash_or_array.compact
+            if record_or_hash_or_array.empty?
+              raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI."
+            end
+            if record_or_hash_or_array.first.is_a?(ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesProxy)
+              recipient = record_or_hash_or_array.shift
             end
+
+            method, args = builder.handle_list record_or_hash_or_array
+          when String, Symbol
+            method, args = builder.handle_string record_or_hash_or_array
+          when Class
+            method, args = builder.handle_class record_or_hash_or_array
+
+          when nil
+            raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI."
           else
-            record = extract_record(records)
-            route  = []
+            method, args = builder.handle_model record_or_hash_or_array
           end
 
-          if record.is_a?(Symbol) || record.is_a?(String)
-            route << record
-          elsif record
-            if inflection == :singular
-              route << model_name_from_record_or_class(record).singular_route_key
+
+          if options.empty?
+            recipient.send(method, *args)
+          else
+            recipient.send(method, *args, options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :suffix, :prefix
+
+        def initialize(key_strategy, prefix, suffix)
+          @key_strategy = key_strategy
+          @prefix       = prefix
+          @suffix       = suffix
+        end
+
+        def handle_string(record)
+          [get_method_for_string(record), []]
+        end
+
+        def handle_string_call(target, str)
+          target.send get_method_for_string str
+        end
+
+        def handle_class(klass)
+          [get_method_for_class(klass), []]
+        end
+
+        def handle_class_call(target, klass)
+          target.send get_method_for_class klass
+        end
+
+        def handle_model(record)
+          args  = []
+
+          model = record.to_model
+          name = if record.persisted?
+                   args << model
+                   model.model_name.singular_route_key
+                 else
+                   @key_strategy.call model.model_name
+                 end
+
+          named_route = prefix + "#{name}_#{suffix}"
+
+          [named_route, args]
+        end
+
+        def handle_model_call(target, model)
+          method, args = handle_model model
+          target.send(method, *args)
+        end
+
+        def handle_list(list)
+          record_list = list.dup
+          record      = record_list.pop
+
+          args = []
+
+          route  = record_list.map { |parent|
+            case parent
+            when Symbol, String
+              parent.to_s
+            when Class
+              args << parent
+              parent.model_name.singular_route_key
             else
-              route << model_name_from_record_or_class(record).route_key
+              args << parent.to_model
+              parent.to_model.model_name.singular_route_key
             end
+          }
+
+          route <<
+          case record
+          when Symbol, String
+            record.to_s
+          when Class
+            @key_strategy.call record.model_name
           else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI."
+            if record.persisted?
+              args << record.to_model
+              record.to_model.model_name.singular_route_key
+            else
+              @key_strategy.call record.to_model.model_name
+            end
           end
 
-          route << routing_type(options)
+          route << suffix
 
-          action_prefix(options) + route.join("_")
+          named_route = prefix + route.join("_")
+          [named_route, args]
         end
 
-        def extract_record(record_or_hash_or_array)
-          case record_or_hash_or_array
-            when Array; record_or_hash_or_array.last
-            when Hash;  record_or_hash_or_array[:id]
-            else        record_or_hash_or_array
-          end
+        private
+
+        def get_method_for_class(klass)
+          name   = @key_strategy.call klass.model_name
+          prefix + "#{name}_#{suffix}"
+        end
+
+        def get_method_for_string(str)
+          prefix + "#{str}_#{suffix}"
         end
+
+        [nil, 'new', 'edit'].each do |action|
+          CACHE['url'][action]  = build action, 'url'
+          CACHE['path'][action] = build action, 'path'
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
index b08e62543b..3c1c4fadf6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/uri'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'rack/utils'
 require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/endpoint'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
-    class Redirect # :nodoc:
+    class Redirect < Endpoint # :nodoc:
       attr_reader :status, :block
 
       def initialize(status, block)
@@ -14,18 +15,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @block  = block
       end
 
-      def call(env)
-        req = Request.new(env)
+      def redirect?; true; end
 
-        # If any of the path parameters has an invalid encoding then
-        # raise since it's likely to trigger errors further on.
-        req.symbolized_path_parameters.each do |key, value|
-          unless value.valid_encoding?
-            raise ActionController::BadRequest, "Invalid parameter: #{key} => #{value}"
-          end
-        end
+      def call(env)
+        serve Request.new env
+      end
 
-        uri = URI.parse(path(req.symbolized_path_parameters, req))
+      def serve(req)
+        req.check_path_parameters!
+        uri = URI.parse(path(req.path_parameters, req))
         
         unless uri.host
           if relative_path?(uri.path)
@@ -39,7 +37,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         uri.host   ||= req.host
         uri.port   ||= req.port unless req.standard_port?
 
-        body = %(<html><body>You are being <a href="#{ERB::Util.h(uri.to_s)}">redirected</a>.</body></html>)
+        body = %(<html><body>You are being <a href="#{ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(uri.to_s)}">redirected</a>.</body></html>)
 
         headers = {
           'Location' => uri.to_s,
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
index a03fb4cee7..f51bee3b31 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 require 'action_dispatch/journey'
 require 'forwardable'
 require 'thread_safe'
+require 'active_support/concern'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_query'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
+require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/endpoint'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
@@ -16,27 +19,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # alias inspect to to_s.
       alias inspect to_s
 
-      PARAMETERS_KEY = 'action_dispatch.request.path_parameters'
-
-      class Dispatcher #:nodoc:
-        def initialize(options={})
-          @defaults = options[:defaults]
-          @glob_param = options.delete(:glob)
+      class Dispatcher < Routing::Endpoint #:nodoc:
+        def initialize(defaults)
+          @defaults = defaults
           @controller_class_names = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
         end
 
-        def call(env)
-          params = env[PARAMETERS_KEY]
-
-          # If any of the path parameters has an invalid encoding then
-          # raise since it's likely to trigger errors further on.
-          params.each do |key, value|
-            next unless value.respond_to?(:valid_encoding?)
+        def dispatcher?; true; end
 
-            unless value.valid_encoding?
-              raise ActionController::BadRequest, "Invalid parameter: #{key} => #{value}"
-            end
-          end
+        def serve(req)
+          req.check_path_parameters!
+          params = req.path_parameters
 
           prepare_params!(params)
 
@@ -45,13 +38,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return [404, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, []]
           end
 
-          dispatch(controller, params[:action], env)
+          dispatch(controller, params[:action], req.env)
         end
 
         def prepare_params!(params)
           normalize_controller!(params)
           merge_default_action!(params)
-          split_glob_param!(params) if @glob_param
         end
 
         # If this is a default_controller (i.e. a controller specified by the user)
@@ -87,10 +79,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def merge_default_action!(params)
           params[:action] ||= 'index'
         end
-
-        def split_glob_param!(params)
-          params[@glob_param] = params[@glob_param].split('/').map { |v| URI.parser.unescape(v) }
-        end
       end
 
       # A NamedRouteCollection instance is a collection of named routes, and also
@@ -98,36 +86,69 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # named routes.
       class NamedRouteCollection #:nodoc:
         include Enumerable
-        attr_reader :routes, :helpers, :module
+        attr_reader :routes, :url_helpers_module
 
         def initialize
           @routes  = {}
-          @helpers = []
-          @module  = Module.new
+          @path_helpers = Set.new
+          @url_helpers = Set.new
+          @url_helpers_module  = Module.new
+          @path_helpers_module = Module.new
+        end
+
+        def route_defined?(name)
+          key = name.to_sym
+          @path_helpers.include?(key) || @url_helpers.include?(key)
+        end
+
+        def helpers
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("`named_routes.helpers` is deprecated, please use `route_defined?(route_name)` to see if a named route was defined.")
+          @path_helpers + @url_helpers
         end
 
         def helper_names
-          @helpers.map(&:to_s)
+          @path_helpers.map(&:to_s) + @url_helpers.map(&:to_s)
         end
 
         def clear!
-          @helpers.each do |helper|
-            @module.remove_possible_method helper
+          @path_helpers.each do |helper|
+            @path_helpers_module.send :undef_method, helper
+          end
+
+          @url_helpers.each do |helper|
+            @url_helpers_module.send  :undef_method, helper
           end
 
           @routes.clear
-          @helpers.clear
+          @path_helpers.clear
+          @url_helpers.clear
         end
 
         def add(name, route)
-          routes[name.to_sym] = route
-          define_named_route_methods(name, route)
+          key       = name.to_sym
+          path_name = :"#{name}_path"
+          url_name  = :"#{name}_url"
+
+          if routes.key? key
+            @path_helpers_module.send :undef_method, path_name
+            @url_helpers_module.send  :undef_method, url_name
+          end
+          routes[key] = route
+          define_url_helper @path_helpers_module, route, path_name, route.defaults, name, PATH
+          define_url_helper @url_helpers_module,  route, url_name,  route.defaults, name, FULL
+
+          @path_helpers << path_name
+          @url_helpers << url_name
         end
 
         def get(name)
           routes[name.to_sym]
         end
 
+        def key?(name)
+          routes.key? name.to_sym
+        end
+
         alias []=   add
         alias []    get
         alias clear clear!
@@ -145,36 +166,54 @@ module ActionDispatch
           routes.length
         end
 
+        def path_helpers_module(warn = false)
+          if warn
+            mod = @path_helpers_module
+            helpers = @path_helpers
+            Module.new do
+              include mod
+
+              helpers.each do |meth|
+                define_method(meth) do |*args, &block|
+                  ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The method `#{meth}` cannot be used here as a full URL is required. Use `#{meth.to_s.sub(/_path$/, '_url')}` instead")
+                  super(*args, &block)
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            @path_helpers_module
+          end
+        end
+
         class UrlHelper # :nodoc:
-          def self.create(route, options)
+          def self.create(route, options, route_name, url_strategy)
             if optimize_helper?(route)
-              OptimizedUrlHelper.new(route, options)
+              OptimizedUrlHelper.new(route, options, route_name, url_strategy)
             else
-              new route, options
+              new route, options, route_name, url_strategy
             end
           end
 
           def self.optimize_helper?(route)
-            route.requirements.except(:controller, :action).empty?
+            !route.glob? && route.path.requirements.empty?
           end
 
+          attr_reader :url_strategy, :route_name
+
           class OptimizedUrlHelper < UrlHelper # :nodoc:
             attr_reader :arg_size
 
-            def initialize(route, options)
+            def initialize(route, options, route_name, url_strategy)
               super
-              @klass          = Journey::Router::Utils
               @required_parts = @route.required_parts
               @arg_size       = @required_parts.size
-              @optimized_path = @route.optimized_path
             end
 
-            def call(t, args)
-              if args.size == arg_size && !args.last.is_a?(Hash) && optimize_routes_generation?(t)
-                options = @options.dup
-                options.merge!(t.url_options) if t.respond_to?(:url_options)
+            def call(t, args, inner_options)
+              if args.size == arg_size && !inner_options && optimize_routes_generation?(t)
+                options = t.url_options.merge @options
                 options[:path] = optimized_helper(args)
-                ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options)
+                url_strategy.call options
               else
                 super
               end
@@ -183,18 +222,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
             private
 
             def optimized_helper(args)
-              params = Hash[parameterize_args(args)]
+              params = parameterize_args(args)
               missing_keys = missing_keys(params)
 
               unless missing_keys.empty?
                 raise_generation_error(params, missing_keys)
               end
 
-              @optimized_path.map{ |segment| replace_segment(params, segment) }.join
-            end
-
-            def replace_segment(params, segment)
-              Symbol === segment ? @klass.escape_fragment(params[segment]) : segment
+              @route.format params
             end
 
             def optimize_routes_generation?(t)
@@ -202,7 +237,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
 
             def parameterize_args(args)
-              @required_parts.zip(args.map(&:to_param))
+              params = {}
+              @required_parts.zip(args.map(&:to_param)) { |k,v| params[k] = v }
+              params
             end
 
             def missing_keys(args)
@@ -218,27 +255,36 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
           end
 
-          def initialize(route, options)
+          def initialize(route, options, route_name, url_strategy)
             @options      = options
             @segment_keys = route.segment_keys.uniq
             @route        = route
+            @url_strategy = url_strategy
+            @route_name   = route_name
           end
 
-          def call(t, args)
-            t.url_for(handle_positional_args(t, args, @options, @segment_keys))
+          def call(t, args, inner_options)
+            controller_options = t.url_options
+            options = controller_options.merge @options
+            hash = handle_positional_args(controller_options,
+                                          inner_options || {},
+                                          args,
+                                          options,
+                                          @segment_keys)
+
+            t._routes.url_for(hash, route_name, url_strategy)
           end
 
-          def handle_positional_args(t, args, options, keys)
-            inner_options = args.extract_options!
-            result = options.dup
+          def handle_positional_args(controller_options, inner_options, args, result, path_params)
 
             if args.size > 0
-              if args.size < keys.size - 1 # take format into account
-                keys -= t.url_options.keys if t.respond_to?(:url_options)
-                keys -= options.keys
+              if args.size < path_params.size - 1 # take format into account
+                path_params -= controller_options.keys
+                path_params -= result.keys
               end
-              keys -= inner_options.keys
-              result.merge!(Hash[keys.zip(args)])
+              path_params.each { |param|
+                result[param] = inner_options[param] || args.shift
+              }
             end
 
             result.merge!(inner_options)
@@ -259,27 +305,25 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #
         #   foo_url(bar, baz, bang, sort_by: 'baz')
         #
-        def define_url_helper(route, name, options)
-          helper = UrlHelper.create(route, options.dup)
-
-          @module.remove_possible_method name
-          @module.module_eval do
+        def define_url_helper(mod, route, name, opts, route_key, url_strategy)
+          helper = UrlHelper.create(route, opts, route_key, url_strategy)
+          mod.module_eval do
             define_method(name) do |*args|
-              helper.call self, args
+              options = nil
+              options = args.pop if args.last.is_a? Hash
+              helper.call self, args, options
             end
           end
-
-          helpers << name
-        end
-
-        def define_named_route_methods(name, route)
-          define_url_helper route, :"#{name}_path",
-            route.defaults.merge(:use_route => name, :only_path => true)
-          define_url_helper route, :"#{name}_url",
-            route.defaults.merge(:use_route => name, :only_path => false)
         end
       end
 
+      # :stopdoc:
+      # strategy for building urls to send to the client
+      PATH    = ->(options) { ActionDispatch::Http::URL.path_for(options) }
+      FULL    = ->(options) { ActionDispatch::Http::URL.full_url_for(options) }
+      UNKNOWN = ->(options) { ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options) }
+      # :startdoc:
+
       attr_accessor :formatter, :set, :named_routes, :default_scope, :router
       attr_accessor :disable_clear_and_finalize, :resources_path_names
       attr_accessor :default_url_options, :request_class
@@ -292,7 +336,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def initialize(request_class = ActionDispatch::Request)
         self.named_routes = NamedRouteCollection.new
-        self.resources_path_names = self.class.default_resources_path_names.dup
+        self.resources_path_names = self.class.default_resources_path_names
         self.default_url_options = {}
         self.request_class = request_class
 
@@ -302,9 +346,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @finalized                  = false
 
         @set    = Journey::Routes.new
-        @router = Journey::Router.new(@set, {
-          :parameters_key => PARAMETERS_KEY,
-          :request_class  => request_class})
+        @router = Journey::Router.new @set
         @formatter = Journey::Formatter.new @set
       end
 
@@ -335,6 +377,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           mapper.instance_exec(&block)
         end
       end
+      private :eval_block
 
       def finalize!
         return if @finalized
@@ -350,6 +393,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @prepend.each { |blk| eval_block(blk) }
       end
 
+      def dispatcher(defaults)
+        Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher.new(defaults)
+      end
+
       module MountedHelpers #:nodoc:
         extend ActiveSupport::Concern
         include UrlFor
@@ -380,40 +427,51 @@ module ActionDispatch
         RUBY
       end
 
-      def url_helpers
-        @url_helpers ||= begin
-          routes = self
+      def url_helpers(include_path_helpers = true)
+        routes = self
 
-          Module.new do
-            extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-            include UrlFor
+        Module.new do
+          extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+          include UrlFor
+
+          # Define url_for in the singleton level so one can do:
+          # Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.url_for(args)
+          @_routes = routes
+          class << self
+            delegate :url_for, :optimize_routes_generation?, to: '@_routes'
+            attr_reader :_routes
+            def url_options; {}; end
+          end
 
-            # Define url_for in the singleton level so one can do:
-            # Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.url_for(args)
-            @_routes = routes
-            class << self
-              delegate :url_for, :optimize_routes_generation?, :to => '@_routes'
-            end
+          url_helpers = routes.named_routes.url_helpers_module
 
-            # Make named_routes available in the module singleton
-            # as well, so one can do:
-            # Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.posts_path
-            extend routes.named_routes.module
+          # Make named_routes available in the module singleton
+          # as well, so one can do:
+          # Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.posts_path
+          extend url_helpers
 
-            # Any class that includes this module will get all
-            # named routes...
-            include routes.named_routes.module
+          # Any class that includes this module will get all
+          # named routes...
+          include url_helpers
 
-            # plus a singleton class method called _routes ...
-            included do
-              singleton_class.send(:redefine_method, :_routes) { routes }
-            end
+          if include_path_helpers
+            path_helpers = routes.named_routes.path_helpers_module
+          else
+            path_helpers = routes.named_routes.path_helpers_module(true)
+          end
+
+          include path_helpers
+          extend path_helpers
 
-            # And an instance method _routes. Note that
-            # UrlFor (included in this module) add extra
-            # conveniences for working with @_routes.
-            define_method(:_routes) { @_routes || routes }
+          # plus a singleton class method called _routes ...
+          included do
+            singleton_class.send(:redefine_method, :_routes) { routes }
           end
+
+          # And an instance method _routes. Note that
+          # UrlFor (included in this module) add extra
+          # conveniences for working with @_routes.
+          define_method(:_routes) { @_routes || routes }
         end
       end
 
@@ -432,7 +490,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
             "http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html#restricting-the-routes-created"
         end
 
-        path = build_path(conditions.delete(:path_info), requirements, SEPARATORS, anchor)
+        path = conditions.delete :path_info
+        ast  = conditions.delete :parsed_path_info
+        path = build_path(path, ast, requirements, anchor)
         conditions = build_conditions(conditions, path.names.map { |x| x.to_sym })
 
         route = @set.add_route(app, path, conditions, defaults, name)
@@ -440,8 +500,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         route
       end
 
-      def build_path(path, requirements, separators, anchor)
+      def build_path(path, ast, requirements, anchor)
         strexp = Journey::Router::Strexp.new(
+            ast,
             path,
             requirements,
             SEPARATORS,
@@ -502,8 +563,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         attr_reader :options, :recall, :set, :named_route
 
-        def initialize(options, recall, set)
-          @named_route = options.delete(:use_route)
+        def initialize(named_route, options, recall, set)
+          @named_route = named_route
           @options     = options.dup
           @recall      = recall.dup
           @set         = set
@@ -594,7 +655,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # Generates a path from routes, returns [path, params].
         # If no route is generated the formatter will raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError
         def generate
-          @set.formatter.generate(:path_info, named_route, options, recall, PARAMETERIZE)
+          @set.formatter.generate(named_route, options, recall, PARAMETERIZE)
         end
 
         def different_controller?
@@ -619,61 +680,74 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def generate_extras(options, recall={})
-        path, params = generate(options, recall)
+        route_key = options.delete :use_route
+        path, params = generate(route_key, options, recall)
         return path, params.keys
       end
 
-      def generate(options, recall = {})
-        Generator.new(options, recall, self).generate
+      def generate(route_key, options, recall = {})
+        Generator.new(route_key, options, recall, self).generate
       end
+      private :generate
 
       RESERVED_OPTIONS = [:host, :protocol, :port, :subdomain, :domain, :tld_length,
                           :trailing_slash, :anchor, :params, :only_path, :script_name,
                           :original_script_name]
 
-      def mounted?
-        false
+      def optimize_routes_generation?
+        default_url_options.empty?
       end
 
-      def optimize_routes_generation?
-        !mounted? && default_url_options.empty?
+      def find_script_name(options)
+        options.delete(:script_name) { '' }
       end
 
-      def _generate_prefix(options = {})
-        nil
+      def path_for(options, route_name = nil) # :nodoc:
+        url_for(options, route_name, PATH)
       end
 
-      # The +options+ argument must be +nil+ or a hash whose keys are *symbols*.
-      def url_for(options)
-        options = default_url_options.merge(options || {})
+      # The +options+ argument must be a hash whose keys are *symbols*.
+      def url_for(options, route_name = nil, url_strategy = UNKNOWN)
+        options = default_url_options.merge options
+
+        user = password = nil
+
+        if options[:user] && options[:password]
+          user     = options.delete :user
+          password = options.delete :password
+        end
 
-        user, password = extract_authentication(options)
-        recall  = options.delete(:_recall)
+        recall  = options.delete(:_recall) { {} }
 
-        original_script_name = options.delete(:original_script_name).presence
-        script_name = options.delete(:script_name).presence || _generate_prefix(options)
+        original_script_name = options.delete(:original_script_name)
+        script_name = find_script_name options
 
-        if script_name && original_script_name
+        if original_script_name
           script_name = original_script_name + script_name
         end
 
-        path_options = options.except(*RESERVED_OPTIONS)
-        path_options = yield(path_options) if block_given?
+        path_options = options.dup
+        RESERVED_OPTIONS.each { |ro| path_options.delete ro }
 
-        path, params = generate(path_options, recall || {})
-        params.merge!(options[:params] || {})
+        path, params = generate(route_name, path_options, recall)
 
-        ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options.merge!({
-          :path => path,
-          :script_name => script_name,
-          :params => params,
-          :user => user,
-          :password => password
-        }))
+        if options.key? :params
+          params.merge! options[:params]
+        end
+
+        options[:path]        = path
+        options[:script_name] = script_name
+        options[:params]      = params
+        options[:user]        = user
+        options[:password]    = password
+
+        url_strategy.call options
       end
 
       def call(env)
-        @router.call(env)
+        req = request_class.new(env)
+        req.path_info = Journey::Router::Utils.normalize_path(req.path_info)
+        @router.serve(req)
       end
 
       def recognize_path(path, environment = {})
@@ -687,8 +761,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           raise ActionController::RoutingError, e.message
         end
 
-        req = @request_class.new(env)
-        @router.recognize(req) do |route, _matches, params|
+        req = request_class.new(env)
+        @router.recognize(req) do |route, params|
           params.merge!(extras)
           params.each do |key, value|
             if value.is_a?(String)
@@ -696,14 +770,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
               params[key] = URI.parser.unescape(value)
             end
           end
-          old_params = env[::ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
-          env[::ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY] = (old_params || {}).merge(params)
-          dispatcher = route.app
-          while dispatcher.is_a?(Mapper::Constraints) && dispatcher.matches?(env) do
-            dispatcher = dispatcher.app
-          end
+          old_params = req.path_parameters
+          req.path_parameters = old_params.merge params
+          app = route.app
+          if app.matches?(req) && app.dispatcher?
+            dispatcher = app.app
 
-          if dispatcher.is_a?(Dispatcher)
             if dispatcher.controller(params, false)
               dispatcher.prepare_params!(params)
               return params
@@ -715,17 +787,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         raise ActionController::RoutingError, "No route matches #{path.inspect}"
       end
-
-      private
-
-        def extract_authentication(options)
-          if options[:user] && options[:password]
-            [options.delete(:user), options.delete(:password)]
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
-
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
index 4a0ef40873..eb554ec383 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
@@ -152,21 +152,26 @@ module ActionDispatch
         when nil
           _routes.url_for(url_options.symbolize_keys)
         when Hash
-          _routes.url_for(options.symbolize_keys.reverse_merge!(url_options))
+          route_name = options.delete :use_route
+          _routes.url_for(options.symbolize_keys.reverse_merge!(url_options),
+                         route_name)
         when String
           options
+        when Symbol
+          HelperMethodBuilder.url.handle_string_call self, options
         when Array
           polymorphic_url(options, options.extract_options!)
+        when Class
+          HelperMethodBuilder.url.handle_class_call self, options
         else
-          polymorphic_url(options)
+          HelperMethodBuilder.url.handle_model_call self, options
         end
       end
 
       protected
 
       def optimize_routes_generation?
-        return @_optimized_routes if defined?(@_optimized_routes)
-        @_optimized_routes = _routes.optimize_routes_generation? && default_url_options.empty?
+        _routes.optimize_routes_generation? && default_url_options.empty?
       end
 
       def _with_routes(routes)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb
index 226baf9ad0..f325c35b57 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,22 @@
+require 'rails-dom-testing'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   module Assertions
-    autoload :DomAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom'
     autoload :ResponseAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response'
     autoload :RoutingAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing'
-    autoload :SelectorAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector'
-    autoload :TagAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag'
 
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    include DomAssertions
     include ResponseAssertions
     include RoutingAssertions
-    include SelectorAssertions
-    include TagAssertions
+    include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions
+
+    def html_document
+      @html_document ||= if @response.content_type =~ /xml$/
+        Nokogiri::XML::Document.parse(@response.body)
+      else
+        Nokogiri::HTML::Document.parse(@response.body)
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb
index 241a39393a..fb579b52fe 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,3 @@
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
-module ActionDispatch
-  module Assertions
-    module DomAssertions
-      # \Test two HTML strings for equivalency (e.g., identical up to reordering of attributes)
-      #
-      #   # assert that the referenced method generates the appropriate HTML string
-      #   assert_dom_equal '<a href="http://www.example.com">Apples</a>', link_to("Apples", "http://www.example.com")
-      def assert_dom_equal(expected, actual, message = nil)
-        expected_dom = HTML::Document.new(expected).root
-        actual_dom   = HTML::Document.new(actual).root
-        assert_equal expected_dom, actual_dom, message
-      end
-
-      # The negated form of +assert_dom_equivalent+.
-      #
-      #   # assert that the referenced method does not generate the specified HTML string
-      #   assert_dom_not_equal '<a href="http://www.example.com">Apples</a>', link_to("Oranges", "http://www.example.com")
-      def assert_dom_not_equal(expected, actual, message = nil)
-        expected_dom = HTML::Document.new(expected).root
-        actual_dom   = HTML::Document.new(actual).root
-        assert_not_equal expected_dom, actual_dom, message
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActionDispatch::Assertions::DomAssertions has been extracted to the rails-dom-testing gem.")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
index 68feb26936..13a72220b3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
@@ -73,7 +73,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           if Regexp === fragment
             fragment
           else
-            @controller._compute_redirect_to_location(fragment)
+            handle = @controller || ActionController::Redirecting
+            handle._compute_redirect_to_location(@request, fragment)
           end
         end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
index f1f998d932..e06f7037c6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   # Test a custom route
       #   assert_recognizes({controller: 'items', action: 'show', id: '1'}, 'view/item1')
       def assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, msg=nil)
-        request = recognized_request_for(path, extras)
+        request = recognized_request_for(path, extras, msg)
 
         expected_options = expected_options.clone
 
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       #   # Asserts that the generated route gives us our custom route
       #   assert_generates "changesets/12", { controller: 'scm', action: 'show_diff', revision: "12" }
-      def assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)
+      def assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras={}, message=nil)
         if expected_path =~ %r{://}
-          fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError) do
+          fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError, message) do
             uri = URI.parse(expected_path)
             expected_path = uri.path.to_s.empty? ? "/" : uri.path
           end
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       # ROUTES TODO: These assertions should really work in an integration context
       def method_missing(selector, *args, &block)
-        if defined?(@controller) && @controller && @routes && @routes.named_routes.helpers.include?(selector)
+        if defined?(@controller) && @controller && @routes && @routes.named_routes.route_defined?(selector)
           @controller.send(selector, *args, &block)
         else
           super
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       private
         # Recognizes the route for a given path.
-        def recognized_request_for(path, extras = {})
+        def recognized_request_for(path, extras = {}, msg)
           if path.is_a?(Hash)
             method = path[:method]
             path   = path[:path]
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
 
           if path =~ %r{://}
-            fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError) do
+            fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError, msg) do
               uri = URI.parse(path)
               request.env["rack.url_scheme"] = uri.scheme || "http"
               request.host = uri.host if uri.host
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           request.request_method = method if method
 
-          params = fail_on(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+          params = fail_on(ActionController::RoutingError, msg) do
             @routes.recognize_path(path, { :method => method, :extras => extras })
           end
           request.path_parameters = params.with_indifferent_access
@@ -208,10 +208,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           request
         end
 
-        def fail_on(exception_class)
+        def fail_on(exception_class, message)
           yield
         rescue exception_class => e
-          raise Minitest::Assertion, e.message
+          raise Minitest::Assertion, message || e.message
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
index 3253a3d424..7361e6c44b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
@@ -1,430 +1,3 @@
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
-# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
-#++
-
-module ActionDispatch
-  module Assertions
-    NO_STRIP = %w{pre script style textarea}
-
-    # Adds the +assert_select+ method for use in Rails functional
-    # test cases, which can be used to make assertions on the response HTML of a controller
-    # action. You can also call +assert_select+ within another +assert_select+ to
-    # make assertions on elements selected by the enclosing assertion.
-    #
-    # Use +css_select+ to select elements without making an assertions, either
-    # from the response HTML or elements selected by the enclosing assertion.
-    #
-    # In addition to HTML responses, you can make the following assertions:
-    #
-    # * +assert_select_encoded+ - Assertions on HTML encoded inside XML, for example for dealing with feed item descriptions.
-    # * +assert_select_email+ - Assertions on the HTML body of an e-mail.
-    #
-    # Also see HTML::Selector to learn how to use selectors.
-    module SelectorAssertions
-      # Select and return all matching elements.
-      #
-      # If called with a single argument, uses that argument as a selector
-      # to match all elements of the current page. Returns an empty array
-      # if no match is found.
-      #
-      # If called with two arguments, uses the first argument as the base
-      # element and the second argument as the selector. Attempts to match the
-      # base element and any of its children. Returns an empty array if no
-      # match is found.
-      #
-      # The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression
-      # with substitution values (Array) or an HTML::Selector object.
-      #
-      #   # Selects all div tags
-      #   divs = css_select("div")
-      #
-      #   # Selects all paragraph tags and does something interesting
-      #   pars = css_select("p")
-      #   pars.each do |par|
-      #     # Do something fun with paragraphs here...
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   # Selects all list items in unordered lists
-      #   items = css_select("ul>li")
-      #
-      #   # Selects all form tags and then all inputs inside the form
-      #   forms = css_select("form")
-      #   forms.each do |form|
-      #     inputs = css_select(form, "input")
-      #     ...
-      #   end
-      def css_select(*args)
-        # See assert_select to understand what's going on here.
-        arg = args.shift
-
-        if arg.is_a?(HTML::Node)
-          root = arg
-          arg = args.shift
-        elsif arg == nil
-          raise ArgumentError, "First argument is either selector or element to select, but nil found. Perhaps you called assert_select with an element that does not exist?"
-        elsif defined?(@selected) && @selected
-          matches = []
-
-          @selected.each do |selected|
-            subset = css_select(selected, HTML::Selector.new(arg.dup, args.dup))
-            subset.each do |match|
-              matches << match unless matches.any? { |m| m.equal?(match) }
-            end
-          end
-
-          return matches
-        else
-          root = response_from_page
-        end
-
-        case arg
-          when String
-            selector = HTML::Selector.new(arg, args)
-          when Array
-            selector = HTML::Selector.new(*arg)
-          when HTML::Selector
-            selector = arg
-          else raise ArgumentError, "Expecting a selector as the first argument"
-        end
-
-        selector.select(root)
-      end
-
-      # An assertion that selects elements and makes one or more equality tests.
-      #
-      # If the first argument is an element, selects all matching elements
-      # starting from (and including) that element and all its children in
-      # depth-first order.
-      #
-      # If no element if specified, calling +assert_select+ selects from the
-      # response HTML unless +assert_select+ is called from within an +assert_select+ block.
-      #
-      # When called with a block +assert_select+ passes an array of selected elements
-      # to the block. Calling +assert_select+ from the block, with no element specified,
-      # runs the assertion on the complete set of elements selected by the enclosing assertion.
-      # Alternatively the array may be iterated through so that +assert_select+ can be called
-      # separately for each element.
-      #
-      #
-      # ==== Example
-      # If the response contains two ordered lists, each with four list elements then:
-      #   assert_select "ol" do |elements|
-      #     elements.each do |element|
-      #       assert_select element, "li", 4
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # will pass, as will:
-      #   assert_select "ol" do
-      #     assert_select "li", 8
-      #   end
-      #
-      # The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression
-      # with substitution values, or an HTML::Selector object.
-      #
-      # === Equality Tests
-      #
-      # The equality test may be one of the following:
-      # * <tt>true</tt> - Assertion is true if at least one element selected.
-      # * <tt>false</tt> - Assertion is true if no element selected.
-      # * <tt>String/Regexp</tt> - Assertion is true if the text value of at least
-      #   one element matches the string or regular expression.
-      # * <tt>Integer</tt> - Assertion is true if exactly that number of
-      #   elements are selected.
-      # * <tt>Range</tt> - Assertion is true if the number of selected
-      #   elements fit the range.
-      # If no equality test specified, the assertion is true if at least one
-      # element selected.
-      #
-      # To perform more than one equality tests, use a hash with the following keys:
-      # * <tt>:text</tt> - Narrow the selection to elements that have this text
-      #   value (string or regexp).
-      # * <tt>:html</tt> - Narrow the selection to elements that have this HTML
-      #   content (string or regexp).
-      # * <tt>:count</tt> - Assertion is true if the number of selected elements
-      #   is equal to this value.
-      # * <tt>:minimum</tt> - Assertion is true if the number of selected
-      #   elements is at least this value.
-      # * <tt>:maximum</tt> - Assertion is true if the number of selected
-      #   elements is at most this value.
-      #
-      # If the method is called with a block, once all equality tests are
-      # evaluated the block is called with an array of all matched elements.
-      #
-      #   # At least one form element
-      #   assert_select "form"
-      #
-      #   # Form element includes four input fields
-      #   assert_select "form input", 4
-      #
-      #   # Page title is "Welcome"
-      #   assert_select "title", "Welcome"
-      #
-      #   # Page title is "Welcome" and there is only one title element
-      #   assert_select "title", {count: 1, text: "Welcome"},
-      #       "Wrong title or more than one title element"
-      #
-      #   # Page contains no forms
-      #   assert_select "form", false, "This page must contain no forms"
-      #
-      #   # Test the content and style
-      #   assert_select "body div.header ul.menu"
-      #
-      #   # Use substitution values
-      #   assert_select "ol>li#?", /item-\d+/
-      #
-      #   # All input fields in the form have a name
-      #   assert_select "form input" do
-      #     assert_select "[name=?]", /.+/  # Not empty
-      #   end
-      def assert_select(*args, &block)
-        # Start with optional element followed by mandatory selector.
-        arg = args.shift
-        @selected ||= nil
-
-        if arg.is_a?(HTML::Node)
-          # First argument is a node (tag or text, but also HTML root),
-          # so we know what we're selecting from.
-          root = arg
-          arg = args.shift
-        elsif arg == nil
-          # This usually happens when passing a node/element that
-          # happens to be nil.
-          raise ArgumentError, "First argument is either selector or element to select, but nil found. Perhaps you called assert_select with an element that does not exist?"
-        elsif @selected
-          root = HTML::Node.new(nil)
-          root.children.concat @selected
-        else
-          # Otherwise just operate on the response document.
-          root = response_from_page
-        end
-
-        # First or second argument is the selector: string and we pass
-        # all remaining arguments. Array and we pass the argument. Also
-        # accepts selector itself.
-        case arg
-          when String
-            selector = HTML::Selector.new(arg, args)
-          when Array
-            selector = HTML::Selector.new(*arg)
-          when HTML::Selector
-            selector = arg
-          else raise ArgumentError, "Expecting a selector as the first argument"
-        end
-
-        # Next argument is used for equality tests.
-        equals = {}
-        case arg = args.shift
-          when Hash
-            equals = arg
-          when String, Regexp
-            equals[:text] = arg
-          when Integer
-            equals[:count] = arg
-          when Range
-            equals[:minimum] = arg.begin
-            equals[:maximum] = arg.end
-          when FalseClass
-            equals[:count] = 0
-          when NilClass, TrueClass
-            equals[:minimum] = 1
-          else raise ArgumentError, "I don't understand what you're trying to match"
-        end
-
-        # By default we're looking for at least one match.
-        if equals[:count]
-          equals[:minimum] = equals[:maximum] = equals[:count]
-        else
-          equals[:minimum] = 1 unless equals[:minimum]
-        end
-
-        # Last argument is the message we use if the assertion fails.
-        message = args.shift
-        #- message = "No match made with selector #{selector.inspect}" unless message
-        if args.shift
-          raise ArgumentError, "Not expecting that last argument, you either have too many arguments, or they're the wrong type"
-        end
-
-        matches = selector.select(root)
-        # If text/html, narrow down to those elements that match it.
-        content_mismatch = nil
-        if match_with = equals[:text]
-          matches.delete_if do |match|
-            text = ""
-            stack = match.children.reverse
-            while node = stack.pop
-              if node.tag?
-                stack.concat node.children.reverse
-              else
-                content = node.content
-                text << content
-              end
-            end
-            text.strip! unless NO_STRIP.include?(match.name)
-            text.sub!(/\A\n/, '') if match.name == "textarea"
-            unless match_with.is_a?(Regexp) ? (text =~ match_with) : (text == match_with.to_s)
-              content_mismatch ||= sprintf("<%s> expected but was\n<%s>.", match_with, text)
-              true
-            end
-          end
-        elsif match_with = equals[:html]
-          matches.delete_if do |match|
-            html = match.children.map(&:to_s).join
-            html.strip! unless NO_STRIP.include?(match.name)
-            unless match_with.is_a?(Regexp) ? (html =~ match_with) : (html == match_with.to_s)
-              content_mismatch ||= sprintf("<%s> expected but was\n<%s>.", match_with, html)
-              true
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        # Expecting foo found bar element only if found zero, not if
-        # found one but expecting two.
-        message ||= content_mismatch if matches.empty?
-        # Test minimum/maximum occurrence.
-        min, max, count = equals[:minimum], equals[:maximum], equals[:count]
-
-        # FIXME: minitest provides messaging when we use assert_operator,
-        # so is this custom message really needed?
-        message = message || %(Expected #{count_description(min, max, count)} matching "#{selector.to_s}", found #{matches.size}.)
-        if count
-          assert_equal matches.size, count, message
-        else
-          assert_operator matches.size, :>=, min, message if min
-          assert_operator matches.size, :<=, max, message if max
-        end
-
-        # If a block is given call that block. Set @selected to allow
-        # nested assert_select, which can be nested several levels deep.
-        if block_given? && !matches.empty?
-          begin
-            in_scope, @selected = @selected, matches
-            yield matches
-          ensure
-            @selected = in_scope
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Returns all matches elements.
-        matches
-      end
-
-      def count_description(min, max, count) #:nodoc:
-        pluralize = lambda {|word, quantity| word << (quantity == 1 ? '' : 's')}
-
-        if min && max && (max != min)
-          "between #{min} and #{max} elements"
-        elsif min && max && max == min && count
-          "exactly #{count} #{pluralize['element', min]}"
-        elsif min && !(min == 1 && max == 1)
-          "at least #{min} #{pluralize['element', min]}"
-        elsif max
-          "at most #{max} #{pluralize['element', max]}"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Extracts the content of an element, treats it as encoded HTML and runs
-      # nested assertion on it.
-      #
-      # You typically call this method within another assertion to operate on
-      # all currently selected elements. You can also pass an element or array
-      # of elements.
-      #
-      # The content of each element is un-encoded, and wrapped in the root
-      # element +encoded+. It then calls the block with all un-encoded elements.
-      #
-      #   # Selects all bold tags from within the title of an Atom feed's entries (perhaps to nab a section name prefix)
-      #   assert_select "feed[xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom']" do
-      #     # Select each entry item and then the title item
-      #     assert_select "entry>title" do
-      #       # Run assertions on the encoded title elements
-      #       assert_select_encoded do
-      #         assert_select "b"
-      #       end
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      #
-      #   # Selects all paragraph tags from within the description of an RSS feed
-      #   assert_select "rss[version=2.0]" do
-      #     # Select description element of each feed item.
-      #     assert_select "channel>item>description" do
-      #       # Run assertions on the encoded elements.
-      #       assert_select_encoded do
-      #         assert_select "p"
-      #       end
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      def assert_select_encoded(element = nil, &block)
-        case element
-          when Array
-            elements = element
-          when HTML::Node
-            elements = [element]
-          when nil
-            unless elements = @selected
-              raise ArgumentError, "First argument is optional, but must be called from a nested assert_select"
-            end
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Argument is optional, and may be node or array of nodes"
-        end
-
-        fix_content = lambda do |node|
-          # Gets around a bug in the Rails 1.1 HTML parser.
-          node.content.gsub(/<!\[CDATA\[(.*)(\]\]>)?/m) { Rack::Utils.escapeHTML($1) }
-        end
-
-        selected = elements.map do |elem|
-          text = elem.children.select{ |c| not c.tag? }.map{ |c| fix_content[c] }.join
-          root = HTML::Document.new(CGI.unescapeHTML("<encoded>#{text}</encoded>")).root
-          css_select(root, "encoded:root", &block)[0]
-        end
-
-        begin
-          old_selected, @selected = @selected, selected
-          assert_select ":root", &block
-        ensure
-          @selected = old_selected
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Extracts the body of an email and runs nested assertions on it.
-      #
-      # You must enable deliveries for this assertion to work, use:
-      #   ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
-      #
-      #  assert_select_email do
-      #    assert_select "h1", "Email alert"
-      #  end
-      #
-      #  assert_select_email do
-      #    items = assert_select "ol>li"
-      #    items.each do
-      #       # Work with items here...
-      #    end
-      #  end
-      def assert_select_email(&block)
-        deliveries = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries
-        assert !deliveries.empty?, "No e-mail in delivery list"
-
-        deliveries.each do |delivery|
-          (delivery.parts.empty? ? [delivery] : delivery.parts).each do |part|
-            if part["Content-Type"].to_s =~ /^text\/html\W/
-              root = HTML::Document.new(part.body.to_s).root
-              assert_select root, ":root", &block
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      protected
-        # +assert_select+ and +css_select+ call this to obtain the content in the HTML page.
-        def response_from_page
-          html_document.root
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActionDispatch::Assertions::SelectorAssertions has been extracted to the rails-dom-testing gem.")
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb
index e5fe30ba82..5c2905d1ac 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb
@@ -1,135 +1,3 @@
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
-module ActionDispatch
-  module Assertions
-    # Pair of assertions to testing elements in the HTML output of the response.
-    module TagAssertions
-      # Asserts that there is a tag/node/element in the body of the response
-      # that meets all of the given conditions. The +conditions+ parameter must
-      # be a hash of any of the following keys (all are optional):
-      #
-      # * <tt>:tag</tt>: the node type must match the corresponding value
-      # * <tt>:attributes</tt>: a hash. The node's attributes must match the
-      #   corresponding values in the hash.
-      # * <tt>:parent</tt>: a hash. The node's parent must match the
-      #   corresponding hash.
-      # * <tt>:child</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's immediate children
-      #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-      # * <tt>:ancestor</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's ancestors must
-      #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-      # * <tt>:descendant</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's descendants
-      #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-      # * <tt>:sibling</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's siblings must
-      #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-      # * <tt>:after</tt>: a hash. The node must be after any sibling meeting
-      #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-      # * <tt>:before</tt>: a hash. The node must be before any sibling meeting
-      #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-      # * <tt>:children</tt>: a hash, for counting children of a node. Accepts
-      #   the keys:
-      #   * <tt>:count</tt>: either a number or a range which must equal (or
-      #     include) the number of children that match.
-      #   * <tt>:less_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be less
-      #     than this number.
-      #   * <tt>:greater_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be
-      #     greater than this number.
-      #   * <tt>:only</tt>: another hash consisting of the keys to use
-      #     to match on the children, and only matching children will be
-      #     counted.
-      # * <tt>:content</tt>: the textual content of the node must match the
-      #   given value. This will not match HTML tags in the body of a
-      #   tag--only text.
-      #
-      # Conditions are matched using the following algorithm:
-      #
-      # * if the condition is a string, it must be a substring of the value.
-      # * if the condition is a regexp, it must match the value.
-      # * if the condition is a number, the value must match number.to_s.
-      # * if the condition is +true+, the value must not be +nil+.
-      # * if the condition is +false+ or +nil+, the value must be +nil+.
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" tag
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span"
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" tag with id="x"
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", attributes: { id: "x" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" tag using the short-hand
-      #   assert_tag :span
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" tag with id="x" using the short-hand
-      #   assert_tag :span, attributes: { id: "x" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" inside of a "div"
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", parent: { tag: "div" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" somewhere inside a table
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", ancestor: { tag: "table" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" with at least one "em" child
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", child: { tag: "em" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" containing a (possibly nested)
-      #   # "strong" tag.
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", descendant: { tag: "strong" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" containing between 2 and 4 "em" tags
-      #   # as immediate children
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span",
-      #              children: { count: 2..4, only: { tag: "em" } }
-      #
-      #   # Get funky: assert that there is a "div", with an "ul" ancestor
-      #   # and an "li" parent (with "class" = "enum"), and containing a
-      #   # "span" descendant that contains text matching /hello world/
-      #   assert_tag tag: "div",
-      #              ancestor: { tag: "ul" },
-      #              parent: { tag: "li",
-      #                           attributes: { class: "enum" } },
-      #              descendant: { tag: "span",
-      #                               child: /hello world/ }
-      #
-      # <b>Please note</b>: +assert_tag+ and +assert_no_tag+ only work
-      # with well-formed XHTML. They recognize a few tags as implicitly self-closing
-      # (like br and hr and such) but will not work correctly with tags
-      # that allow optional closing tags (p, li, td). <em>You must explicitly
-      # close all of your tags to use these assertions.</em>
-      def assert_tag(*opts)
-        opts = opts.size > 1 ? opts.last.merge({ :tag => opts.first.to_s }) : opts.first
-        tag = find_tag(opts)
-        assert tag, "expected tag, but no tag found matching #{opts.inspect} in:\n#{@response.body.inspect}"
-      end
-
-      # Identical to +assert_tag+, but asserts that a matching tag does _not_
-      # exist. (See +assert_tag+ for a full discussion of the syntax.)
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is not a "div" containing a "p"
-      #   assert_no_tag tag: "div", descendant: { tag: "p" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that an unordered list is empty
-      #   assert_no_tag tag: "ul", descendant: { tag: "li" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is not a "p" tag with between 1 to 3 "img" tags
-      #   # as immediate children
-      #   assert_no_tag tag: "p",
-      #              children: { count: 1..3, only: { tag: "img" } }
-      def assert_no_tag(*opts)
-        opts = opts.size > 1 ? opts.last.merge({ :tag => opts.first.to_s }) : opts.first
-        tag = find_tag(opts)
-        assert !tag, "expected no tag, but found tag matching #{opts.inspect} in:\n#{@response.body.inspect}"
-      end
-
-      def find_tag(conditions)
-        html_document.find(conditions)
-      end
-
-      def find_all_tag(conditions)
-        html_document.find_all(conditions)
-      end
-
-      def html_document
-        xml = @response.content_type =~ /xml$/
-        @html_document ||= HTML::Document.new(@response.body, false, xml)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActionDispatch::Assertions::TagAssertions has been extracted to the rails-dom-testing gem.")
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
index cc6b763093..2d1c3ac5c7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
@@ -189,8 +189,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # This makes app.url_for and app.foo_path available in the console
         if app.respond_to?(:routes)
           singleton_class.class_eval do
-            include app.routes.url_helpers if app.routes.respond_to?(:url_helpers)
-            include app.routes.mounted_helpers if app.routes.respond_to?(:mounted_helpers)
+            include app.routes.url_helpers
+            include app.routes.mounted_helpers
           end
         end
 
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @url_options ||= default_url_options.dup.tap do |url_options|
           url_options.reverse_merge!(controller.url_options) if controller
 
-          if @app.respond_to?(:routes) && @app.routes.respond_to?(:default_url_options)
+          if @app.respond_to?(:routes)
             url_options.reverse_merge!(@app.routes.default_url_options)
           end
 
@@ -270,12 +270,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
             path = location.query ? "#{location.path}?#{location.query}" : location.path
           end
 
-          unless ActionController::Base < ActionController::Testing
-            ActionController::Base.class_eval do
-              include ActionController::Testing
-            end
-          end
-
           hostname, port = host.split(':')
 
           env = {
@@ -300,13 +294,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           # NOTE: rack-test v0.5 doesn't build a default uri correctly
           # Make sure requested path is always a full uri
-          uri = URI.parse('/')
-          uri.scheme ||= env['rack.url_scheme']
-          uri.host   ||= env['SERVER_NAME']
-          uri.port   ||= env['SERVER_PORT'].try(:to_i)
-          uri += path
-
-          session.request(uri.to_s, env)
+          session.request(build_full_uri(path, env), env)
 
           @request_count += 1
           @request  = ActionDispatch::Request.new(session.last_request.env)
@@ -319,6 +307,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           return response.status
         end
+
+        def build_full_uri(path, env)
+          "#{env['rack.url_scheme']}://#{env['SERVER_NAME']}:#{env['SERVER_PORT']}#{path}"
+        end
     end
 
     module Runner
@@ -338,6 +330,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
          xml_http_request xhr get_via_redirect post_via_redirect).each do |method|
         define_method(method) do |*args|
           reset! unless integration_session
+          reset_template_assertion
           # reset the html_document variable, but only for new get/post calls
           @html_document = nil unless method == 'cookies' || method == 'assigns'
           integration_session.__send__(method, *args).tap do
@@ -356,7 +349,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # By default, a single session is automatically created for you, but you
       # can use this method to open multiple sessions that ought to be tested
       # simultaneously.
-      def open_session(app = nil)
+      def open_session
         dup.tap do |session|
           yield session if block_given?
         end
@@ -502,5 +495,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       reset! unless integration_session
       integration_session.url_options
     end
+
+    def document_root_element
+      html_document.root
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb
index 57c678843b..de3dc5f924 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def action=(action_name)
-      path_parameters["action"] = action_name.to_s
+      path_parameters[:action] = action_name.to_s
     end
 
     def if_modified_since=(last_modified)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..280d35adcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActionPack
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Action Pack as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 2
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "beta1"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb
index a51f6a434a..7088cd2760 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActionPack
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionPack as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionPack as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.1.0.beta1"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActionPack.version.segments
-    STRING = ActionPack.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
index b1a5044399..fc59bf19c4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
@@ -24,15 +24,21 @@ module AbstractController
 
       test "does not respond to unknown mime types" do
         collector = MyCollector.new
-        assert !collector.respond_to?(:unknown)
+        assert_not_respond_to collector, :unknown
       end
 
       test "register mime types on method missing" do
         AbstractController::Collector.send(:remove_method, :js)
-        collector = MyCollector.new
-        assert !collector.respond_to?(:js)
-        collector.js
-        assert_respond_to collector, :js
+        begin
+          collector = MyCollector.new
+          assert_not_respond_to collector, :js
+          collector.js
+          assert_respond_to collector, :js
+        ensure
+          unless AbstractController::Collector.method_defined? :js
+            AbstractController::Collector.generate_method_for_mime :js
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       test "does not register unknown mime types" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 03a4741f42..799c17119d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/lib')
 $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/fixtures/helpers')
 $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/fixtures/alternate_helpers')
 
-ENV['TMPDIR'] = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'tmp')
-
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 
 # These are the normal settings that will be set up by Railties
@@ -15,6 +13,12 @@ silence_warnings do
   Encoding.default_external = "UTF-8"
 end
 
+require 'drb'
+require 'drb/unix'
+require 'tempfile'
+
+PROCESS_COUNT = (ENV['N'] || 4).to_i
+
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
 require 'abstract_controller'
 require 'action_controller'
@@ -105,6 +109,9 @@ end
 module ActiveSupport
   class TestCase
     include ActionDispatch::DrawOnce
+    if ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation.forking_env? && PROCESS_COUNT > 0
+      parallelize_me!
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -251,7 +258,6 @@ end
 
 module ActionController
   class Base
-    include ActionController::Testing
     # This stub emulates the Railtie including the URL helpers from a Rails application
     include SharedTestRoutes.url_helpers
     include SharedTestRoutes.mounted_helpers
@@ -306,22 +312,95 @@ end
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module RoutingVerbs
-    def get(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+    def send_request(uri_or_host, method, path)
       host = uri_or_host.host unless path
       path ||= uri_or_host.path
 
       params = {'PATH_INFO'      => path,
-                'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'GET',
+                'REQUEST_METHOD' => method,
                 'HTTP_HOST'      => host}
 
-      routes.call(params)[2].join
+      routes.call(params)
+    end
+
+    def request_path_params(path, options = {})
+      method = options[:method] || 'GET'
+      resp = send_request URI('http://localhost' + path), method.to_s.upcase, nil
+      status = resp.first
+      if status == 404
+        raise ActionController::RoutingError, "No route matches #{path.inspect}"
+      end
+      controller.request.path_parameters
+    end
+
+    def get(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'GET', path)[2].join
+    end
+
+    def post(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'POST', path)[2].join
+    end
+
+    def put(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'PUT', path)[2].join
+    end
+
+    def delete(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'DELETE', path)[2].join
+    end
+
+    def patch(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'PATCH', path)[2].join
     end
   end
 end
 
 module RoutingTestHelpers
-  def url_for(set, options, recall = nil)
-    set.send(:url_for, options.merge(:only_path => true, :_recall => recall))
+  def url_for(set, options)
+    route_name = options.delete :use_route
+    set.url_for options.merge(:only_path => true), route_name
+  end
+
+  def make_set(strict = true)
+    tc = self
+    TestSet.new ->(c) { tc.controller = c }, strict
+  end
+
+  class TestSet < ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet
+    attr_reader :strict
+
+    def initialize(block, strict = false)
+      @block = block
+      @strict = strict
+      super()
+    end
+
+    class Dispatcher < ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher
+      def initialize(defaults, set, block)
+        super(defaults)
+        @block = block
+        @set = set
+      end
+
+      def controller(params, default_controller=true)
+        super(params, @set.strict)
+      end
+
+      def controller_reference(controller_param)
+        block = @block
+        set = @set
+        super if @set.strict
+        Class.new(ActionController::Base) {
+          include set.url_helpers
+          define_method(:process) { |name| block.call(self) }
+          def to_a; [200, {}, []]; end
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def dispatcher defaults
+      TestSet::Dispatcher.new defaults, self, @block
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -360,3 +439,81 @@ end
 def jruby_skip(message = '')
   skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
+
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
+
+class ForkingExecutor
+  class Server
+    include DRb::DRbUndumped
+
+    def initialize
+      @queue = Queue.new
+    end
+
+    def record reporter, result
+      reporter.record result
+    end
+
+    def << o
+      o[2] = DRbObject.new(o[2]) if o
+      @queue << o
+    end
+    def pop; @queue.pop; end
+  end
+
+  def initialize size
+    @size  = size
+    @queue = Server.new
+    file   = File.join Dir.tmpdir, Dir::Tmpname.make_tmpname('rails-tests', 'fd')
+    @url   = "drbunix://#{file}"
+    @pool  = nil
+    DRb.start_service @url, @queue
+  end
+
+  def << work; @queue << work; end
+
+  def shutdown
+    pool = @size.times.map {
+      fork {
+        DRb.stop_service
+        queue = DRbObject.new_with_uri @url
+        while job = queue.pop
+          klass    = job[0]
+          method   = job[1]
+          reporter = job[2]
+          result = Minitest.run_one_method klass, method
+          if result.error?
+            translate_exceptions result
+          end
+          queue.record reporter, result
+        end
+      }
+    }
+    @size.times { @queue << nil }
+    pool.each { |pid| Process.waitpid pid }
+  end
+
+  private
+  def translate_exceptions(result)
+    result.failures.map! { |e|
+      begin
+        Marshal.dump e
+        e
+      rescue TypeError
+        ex = Exception.new e.message
+        ex.set_backtrace e.backtrace
+        Minitest::UnexpectedError.new ex
+      end
+    }
+  end
+end
+
+if ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation.forking_env? && PROCESS_COUNT > 0
+  # Use N processes (N defaults to 4)
+  Minitest.parallel_executor = ForkingExecutor.new(PROCESS_COUNT)
+end
+
+# FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+# remove this method call.
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.my_tests_are_order_dependent!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
index b6b5a218cc..f2a4503f13 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
 
 class ActionPackAssertionsController < ActionController::Base
@@ -147,11 +146,6 @@ end
 
 class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
-  def test_assert_tag_and_url_for
-    get :render_url
-    assert_tag :content => "/action_pack_assertions/flash_me"
-  end
-
   def test_render_file_absolute_path
     get :render_file_absolute_path
     assert_match(/\A= Action Pack/, @response.body)
@@ -165,24 +159,24 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_get_request
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) { get :raise_exception_on_get }
     get :raise_exception_on_post
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: GET'
+    assert_equal 'request method: GET', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_post_request
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) { post :raise_exception_on_post }
     post :raise_exception_on_get
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: POST'
+    assert_equal 'request method: POST', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_get_post_request_switch
     post :raise_exception_on_get
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: POST'
+    assert_equal 'request method: POST', @response.body
     get :raise_exception_on_post
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: GET'
+    assert_equal 'request method: GET', @response.body
     post :raise_exception_on_get
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: POST'
+    assert_equal 'request method: POST', @response.body
     get :raise_exception_on_post
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: GET'
+    assert_equal 'request method: GET', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_string_constraint
@@ -302,7 +296,7 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_session_exist
     process :session_stuffing
-    assert_equal session['xmas'], 'turkey'
+    assert_equal 'turkey', session['xmas']
   end
 
   def session_does_not_exist
@@ -488,6 +482,11 @@ class AssertTemplateTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
       assert_template :file => 'test/hello_world'
     end
+
+    get :render_file_absolute_path
+    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
+      assert_template file: nil
+    end
   end
 
   def test_with_nil_passes_when_no_template_rendered
@@ -612,6 +611,24 @@ class AssertTemplateTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     get :nothing
     assert_template nil
+
+    get :partial
+    assert_template partial: 'test/_partial'
+
+    get :nothing
+    assert_template partial: nil
+
+    get :render_with_layout
+    assert_template layout: 'layouts/standard'
+
+    get :nothing
+    assert_template layout: nil
+
+    get :render_file_relative_path
+    assert_template file: 'README.rdoc'
+
+    get :nothing
+    assert_template file: nil
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 114bbf3c22..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,351 +0,0 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
-# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
-#++
-
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_controllers'
-
-require 'action_mailer'
-require 'action_view'
-
-ActionMailer::Base.send(:include, ActionView::Layouts)
-ActionMailer::Base.view_paths = FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH
-
-class AssertSelectTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  Assertion = ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion
-
-  class AssertSelectMailer < ActionMailer::Base
-    def test(html)
-      mail :body => html, :content_type => "text/html",
-        :subject => "Test e-mail", :from => "test@test.host", :to => "test <test@test.host>"
-    end
-  end
-
-  class AssertMultipartSelectMailer < ActionMailer::Base
-    def test(options)
-      mail :subject => "Test e-mail", :from => "test@test.host", :to => "test <test@test.host>" do |format|
-        format.text { render :text => options[:text] }
-        format.html { render :text => options[:html] }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class AssertSelectController < ActionController::Base
-    def response_with=(content)
-      @content = content
-    end
-
-    def response_with(&block)
-      @update = block
-    end
-
-    def html()
-      render :text=>@content, :layout=>false, :content_type=>Mime::HTML
-      @content = nil
-    end
-
-    def xml()
-      render :text=>@content, :layout=>false, :content_type=>Mime::XML
-      @content = nil
-    end
-  end
-
-  tests AssertSelectController
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
-    ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
-    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries = []
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    super
-    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
-  end
-
-  def assert_failure(message, &block)
-    e = assert_raise(Assertion, &block)
-    assert_match(message, e.message) if Regexp === message
-    assert_equal(message, e.message) if String === message
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Test assert select.
-  #
-
-  def test_assert_select
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_select "div", 2
-    assert_failure(/Expected at least 1 element matching \"p\", found 0/) { assert_select "p" }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_integer
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) { assert_select "div", 3 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 0 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) { assert_select "div", 0 }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_true_false
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div" }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p" }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", true }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", true }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", false }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "p", false }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_false_message
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 0 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) { assert_select "div", false }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_string_and_regexp
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", "foo" }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", "bar" }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :text=>"foo" }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", :text=>"bar" }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", /(foo|bar)/ }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", /foobar/ }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :text=>/(foo|bar)/ }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", :text=>/foobar/ }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", :text=>/foobar/ }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_of_html
-    render_html %Q{<p>\n<em>"This is <strong>not</strong> a big problem,"</em> he said.\n</p>}
-    text = "\"This is not a big problem,\" he said."
-    html = "<em>\"This is <strong>not</strong> a big problem,\"</em> he said."
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "p", text }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", html }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "p", :html=>html }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", :html=>text }
-    # No stripping for pre.
-    render_html %Q{<pre>\n<em>"This is <strong>not</strong> a big problem,"</em> he said.\n</pre>}
-    text = "\n\"This is not a big problem,\" he said.\n"
-    html = "\n<em>\"This is <strong>not</strong> a big problem,\"</em> he said.\n"
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "pre", text }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "pre", html }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "pre", :html=>html }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "pre", :html=>text }
-  end
-
-  def test_strip_textarea
-    render_html %Q{<textarea>\n\nfoo\n</textarea>}
-    assert_select "textarea", "\nfoo\n"
-    render_html %Q{<textarea>\nfoo</textarea>}
-    assert_select "textarea", "foo"
-  end
-
-  def test_counts
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", 2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", 3
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", 1..2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected between 3 and 4 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", 3..4
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :count=>2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", :count=>3
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :minimum=>1 }
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :minimum=>2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected at least 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", :minimum=>3
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :maximum=>2 }
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :maximum=>3 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected at most 1 element matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", :maximum=>1
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :minimum=>1, :maximum=>2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected between 3 and 4 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", :minimum=>3, :maximum=>4
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_substitution_values
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_select "div#?", /\d+/ do |elements|
-      assert_equal 2, elements.size
-    end
-    assert_select "div" do
-      assert_select "div#?", /\d+/ do |elements|
-        assert_equal 2, elements.size
-        assert_select "#1"
-        assert_select "#2"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_assert_select
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_select "div" do |elements|
-      assert_equal 2, elements.size
-      assert_select elements[0], "#1"
-      assert_select elements[1], "#2"
-    end
-    assert_select "div" do
-      assert_select "div" do |elements|
-        assert_equal 2, elements.size
-        # Testing in a group is one thing
-        assert_select "#1,#2"
-        # Testing individually is another.
-        assert_select "#1"
-        assert_select "#2"
-        assert_select "#3", false
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_failure(/Expected at least 1 element matching \"#4\", found 0\./) do
-      assert_select "div" do
-        assert_select "#4"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_select_text_match
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"><span>foo</span></div><div id="2"><span>bar</span></div>}
-    assert_select "div" do
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", "foo" }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", "bar" }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", /\w*/ }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :text => /\w*/, :count=>2 }
-      assert_raise(Assertion)  { assert_select "div", :text=>"foo", :count=>2 }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :html=>"<span>bar</span>" }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :html=>"<span>bar</span>" }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :html=>/\w*/ }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :html=>/\w*/, :count=>2 }
-      assert_raise(Assertion)  { assert_select "div", :html=>"<span>foo</span>", :count=>2 }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_elect_with_xml_namespace_attributes
-    render_html %Q{<link xlink:href="http://nowhere.com"></link>}
-    assert_nothing_raised { assert_select "link[xlink:href=http://nowhere.com]" }
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Test css_select.
-  #
-
-  def test_css_select
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_equal 2, css_select("div").size
-    assert_equal 0, css_select("p").size
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_css_select
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_select "div#?", /\d+/ do |elements|
-      assert_equal 1, css_select(elements[0], "div").size
-      assert_equal 1, css_select(elements[1], "div").size
-    end
-    assert_select "div" do
-      assert_equal 2, css_select("div").size
-      css_select("div").each do |element|
-        # Testing as a group is one thing
-        assert !css_select("#1,#2").empty?
-        # Testing individually is another
-        assert !css_select("#1").empty?
-        assert !css_select("#2").empty?
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_feed_item_encoded
-    render_xml <<-EOF
-<rss version="2.0">
-  <channel>
-    <item>
-      <description>
-        <![CDATA[
-          <p>Test 1</p>
-        ]]>
-      </description>
-    </item>
-    <item>
-      <description>
-        <![CDATA[
-          <p>Test 2</p>
-        ]]>
-      </description>
-    </item>
-  </channel>
-</rss>
-EOF
-    assert_select "channel item description" do
-      # Test element regardless of wrapper.
-      assert_select_encoded do
-        assert_select "p", :count=>2, :text=>/Test/
-      end
-      # Test through encoded wrapper.
-      assert_select_encoded do
-        assert_select "encoded p", :count=>2, :text=>/Test/
-      end
-      # Use :root instead (recommended)
-      assert_select_encoded do
-        assert_select ":root p", :count=>2, :text=>/Test/
-      end
-      # Test individually.
-      assert_select "description" do |elements|
-        assert_select_encoded elements[0] do
-          assert_select "p", "Test 1"
-        end
-        assert_select_encoded elements[1] do
-          assert_select "p", "Test 2"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Test that we only un-encode element itself.
-    assert_select "channel item" do
-      assert_select_encoded do
-        assert_select "p", 0
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Test assert_select_email
-  #
-
-  def test_assert_select_email
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select_email {} }
-    AssertSelectMailer.test("<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>").deliver
-    assert_select_email do
-      assert_select "div:root" do
-        assert_select "p:first-child", "foo"
-        assert_select "p:last-child", "bar"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_select_email_multipart
-    AssertMultipartSelectMailer.test(:html => "<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>", :text => 'foo bar').deliver
-    assert_select_email do
-      assert_select "div:root" do
-        assert_select "p:first-child", "foo"
-        assert_select "p:last-child", "bar"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  protected
-    def render_html(html)
-      @controller.response_with = html
-      get :html
-    end
-
-    def render_xml(xml)
-      @controller.response_with = xml
-      get :xml
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
index b2bfdae174..950788743e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class PerformActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
     exception = assert_raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound do
       get :non_existent
     end
-    assert_equal exception.message, "The action 'non_existent' could not be found for EmptyController"
+    assert_equal "The action 'non_existent' could not be found for EmptyController", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_get_on_hidden_should_fail
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
index 57b45b8f7b..c0e6a2ebd1 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
@@ -164,6 +164,13 @@ class FunctionalCachingController < CachingController
     end
   end
 
+  def formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html.phone
+      format.html
+    end
+  end
+
   def fragment_cached_without_digest
   end
 end
@@ -190,7 +197,7 @@ CACHED
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "This bit's fragment cached",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/fragment_cached", "html")}")
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/fragment_cached")}")
   end
 
   def test_fragment_caching_in_partials
@@ -199,7 +206,7 @@ CACHED
     assert_match(/Old fragment caching in a partial/, @response.body)
 
     assert_match("Old fragment caching in a partial",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/html_fragment_cached_with_partial/#{template_digest("functional_caching/_partial", "html")}"))
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/html_fragment_cached_with_partial/#{template_digest("functional_caching/_partial")}"))
   end
 
   def test_skipping_fragment_cache_digesting
@@ -217,7 +224,23 @@ CACHED
     assert_match(/Some inline content/, @response.body)
     assert_match(/Some cached content/, @response.body)
     assert_match("Some cached content",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached", "html")}"))
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached")}"))
+  end
+
+  def test_fragment_cache_instrumentation
+    payload = nil
+
+    subscriber = proc do |*args|
+      event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
+      payload = event.payload
+    end
+
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribed(subscriber, "read_fragment.action_controller") do
+      get :inline_fragment_cached
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "functional_caching", payload[:controller]
+    assert_equal "inline_fragment_cached", payload[:action]
   end
 
   def test_html_formatted_fragment_caching
@@ -228,7 +251,7 @@ CACHED
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "<p>ERB</p>",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached", "html")}")
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached")}")
   end
 
   def test_xml_formatted_fragment_caching
@@ -239,12 +262,26 @@ CACHED
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "  <p>Builder</p>\n",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached", "xml")}")
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached")}")
+  end
+
+
+  def test_fragment_caching_with_variant
+    @request.variant = :phone
+
+    get :formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant, :format => "html"
+    assert_response :success
+    expected_body = "<body>\n<p>PHONE</p>\n</body>\n"
+
+    assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
+
+    assert_equal "<p>PHONE</p>",
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant")}")
   end
 
   private
-    def template_digest(name, format)
-      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name, format, @controller.lookup_context)
+    def template_digest(name)
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name: name, finder: @controller.lookup_context)
     end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb
index 03d5d27cf4..89667df3a4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb
@@ -68,12 +68,11 @@ class ContentTypeTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_render_changed_charset_default
-    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = "utf-16"
-    get :render_defaults
-    assert_equal "utf-16", @response.charset
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
-  ensure
-    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = "utf-8"
+    with_default_charset "utf-16" do
+      get :render_defaults
+      assert_equal "utf-16", @response.charset
+      assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
+    end
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -105,12 +104,11 @@ class ContentTypeTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_nil_default_for_erb
-    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = nil
-    get :render_default_for_erb
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
-    assert_nil @response.charset, @response.headers.inspect
-  ensure
-    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = "utf-8"
+    with_default_charset nil do
+      get :render_default_for_erb
+      assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
+      assert_nil @response.charset, @response.headers.inspect
+    end
   end
 
   def test_default_for_erb
@@ -130,6 +128,16 @@ class ContentTypeTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def with_default_charset(charset)
+    old_default_charset = ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset
+    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = charset
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = old_default_charset
+  end
 end
 
 class AcceptBasedContentTypeTest < ActionController::TestCase
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
index c87494aa64..b2b01b3fa9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class ActionController::Base
   class << self
-    %w(append_around_filter prepend_after_filter prepend_around_filter prepend_before_filter skip_after_filter skip_before_filter skip_filter).each do |pending|
+    %w(append_around_action prepend_after_action prepend_around_action prepend_before_action skip_after_action skip_before_action skip_action_callback).each do |pending|
       define_method(pending) do |*args|
         $stderr.puts "#{pending} unimplemented: #{args.inspect}"
       end unless method_defined?(pending)
     end
 
-    def before_filters
+    def before_actions
       filters = _process_action_callbacks.select { |c| c.kind == :before }
       filters.map! { |c| c.raw_filter }
     end
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ end
 class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :ensure_login
-    after_filter  :clean_up
+    before_action :ensure_login
+    after_action  :clean_up
 
     def show
       render :inline => "ran action"
@@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
 
       def clean_up
-        @ran_after_filter ||= []
-        @ran_after_filter << "clean_up"
+        @ran_after_action ||= []
+        @ran_after_action << "clean_up"
       end
   end
 
   class ChangingTheRequirementsController < TestController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :except => [:go_wild]
+    before_action :ensure_login, :except => [:go_wild]
 
     def go_wild
       render :text => "gobble"
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class TestMultipleFiltersController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :try_1
-    before_filter :try_2
-    before_filter :try_3
+    before_action :try_1
+    before_action :try_2
+    before_action :try_3
 
     (1..3).each do |i|
       define_method "fail_#{i}" do
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class RenderingController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :before_filter_rendering
-    after_filter :unreached_after_filter
+    before_action :before_action_rendering
+    after_action :unreached_after_action
 
     def show
       @ran_action = true
@@ -87,29 +87,29 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     private
-      def before_filter_rendering
+      def before_action_rendering
         @ran_filter ||= []
-        @ran_filter << "before_filter_rendering"
+        @ran_filter << "before_action_rendering"
         render :inline => "something else"
       end
 
-      def unreached_after_filter
-        @ran_filter << "unreached_after_filter_after_render"
+      def unreached_after_action
+        @ran_filter << "unreached_after_action_after_render"
       end
   end
 
-  class RenderingForPrependAfterFilterController < RenderingController
-    prepend_after_filter :unreached_prepend_after_filter
+  class RenderingForPrependAfterActionController < RenderingController
+    prepend_after_action :unreached_prepend_after_action
 
     private
-      def unreached_prepend_after_filter
-        @ran_filter << "unreached_preprend_after_filter_after_render"
+      def unreached_prepend_after_action
+        @ran_filter << "unreached_preprend_after_action_after_render"
       end
   end
 
-  class BeforeFilterRedirectionController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :before_filter_redirects
-    after_filter :unreached_after_filter
+  class BeforeActionRedirectionController < ActionController::Base
+    before_action :before_action_redirects
+    after_action :unreached_after_action
 
     def show
       @ran_action = true
@@ -122,23 +122,23 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     private
-      def before_filter_redirects
+      def before_action_redirects
         @ran_filter ||= []
-        @ran_filter << "before_filter_redirects"
+        @ran_filter << "before_action_redirects"
         redirect_to(:action => 'target_of_redirection')
       end
 
-      def unreached_after_filter
-        @ran_filter << "unreached_after_filter_after_redirection"
+      def unreached_after_action
+        @ran_filter << "unreached_after_action_after_redirection"
       end
   end
 
-  class BeforeFilterRedirectionForPrependAfterFilterController < BeforeFilterRedirectionController
-    prepend_after_filter :unreached_prepend_after_filter_after_redirection
+  class BeforeActionRedirectionForPrependAfterActionController < BeforeActionRedirectionController
+    prepend_after_action :unreached_prepend_after_action_after_redirection
 
     private
-      def unreached_prepend_after_filter_after_redirection
-        @ran_filter << "unreached_prepend_after_filter_after_redirection"
+      def unreached_prepend_after_action_after_redirection
+        @ran_filter << "unreached_prepend_after_action_after_redirection"
       end
   end
 
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
       render :inline => "ran action"
     end
 
-    def show_without_filter
-      render :inline => "ran action without filter"
+    def show_without_action
+      render :inline => "ran action without action"
     end
 
     private
@@ -168,70 +168,70 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class ConditionalCollectionFilterController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :except => [ :show_without_filter, :another_action ]
+    before_action :ensure_login, :except => [ :show_without_action, :another_action ]
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionSymController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :only => :show
+    before_action :ensure_login, :only => :show
   end
 
   class ExceptConditionSymController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :except => :show_without_filter
+    before_action :ensure_login, :except => :show_without_action
   end
 
   class BeforeAndAfterConditionController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :only => :show
-    after_filter  :clean_up_tmp, :only => :show
+    before_action :ensure_login, :only => :show
+    after_action  :clean_up_tmp, :only => :show
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionProcController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter(:only => :show) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) }
+    before_action(:only => :show) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action", true) }
   end
 
   class ExceptConditionProcController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter(:except => :show_without_filter) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) }
+    before_action(:except => :show_without_action) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action", true) }
   end
 
   class ConditionalClassFilter
-    def self.before(controller) controller.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_class_filter", true) end
+    def self.before(controller) controller.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_class_action", true) end
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionClassController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter ConditionalClassFilter, :only => :show
+    before_action ConditionalClassFilter, :only => :show
   end
 
   class ExceptConditionClassController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter ConditionalClassFilter, :except => :show_without_filter
+    before_action ConditionalClassFilter, :except => :show_without_action
   end
 
   class AnomolousYetValidConditionController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter(ConditionalClassFilter, :ensure_login, Proc.new {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter1", true)}, :except => :show_without_filter) { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter2", true)}
+    before_action(ConditionalClassFilter, :ensure_login, Proc.new {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action1", true)}, :except => :show_without_action) { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action2", true)}
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionalOptionsFilter < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :only => :index, :if => Proc.new {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_conditional_index_proc", true) }
+    before_action :ensure_login, :only => :index, :if => Proc.new {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_conditional_index_proc", true) }
   end
 
   class ConditionalOptionsFilter < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :if => Proc.new { |c| true }
-    before_filter :clean_up_tmp, :if => Proc.new { |c| false }
+    before_action :ensure_login, :if => Proc.new { |c| true }
+    before_action :clean_up_tmp, :if => Proc.new { |c| false }
   end
 
   class ConditionalOptionsSkipFilter < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login
-    before_filter :clean_up_tmp
+    before_action :ensure_login
+    before_action :clean_up_tmp
 
-    skip_before_filter :ensure_login, if: -> { false }
-    skip_before_filter :clean_up_tmp, if: -> { true }
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login, if: -> { false }
+    skip_before_action :clean_up_tmp, if: -> { true }
   end
 
   class ClassController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter ConditionalClassFilter
+    before_action ConditionalClassFilter
   end
 
   class PrependingController < TestController
-    prepend_before_filter :wonderful_life
-    # skip_before_filter :fire_flash
+    prepend_before_action :wonderful_life
+    # skip_before_action :fire_flash
 
     private
       def wonderful_life
@@ -241,8 +241,8 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class SkippingAndLimitedController < TestController
-    skip_before_filter :ensure_login
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :only => :index
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login
+    before_action :ensure_login, :only => :index
 
     def index
       render :text => 'ok'
@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class SkippingAndReorderingController < TestController
-    skip_before_filter :ensure_login
-    before_filter :find_record
-    before_filter :ensure_login
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login
+    before_action :find_record
+    before_action :ensure_login
 
     def index
       render :text => 'ok'
@@ -270,10 +270,10 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class ConditionalSkippingController < TestController
-    skip_before_filter :ensure_login, :only => [ :login ]
-    skip_after_filter  :clean_up,     :only => [ :login ]
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login, :only => [ :login ]
+    skip_after_action  :clean_up,     :only => [ :login ]
 
-    before_filter :find_user, :only => [ :change_password ]
+    before_action :find_user, :only => [ :change_password ]
 
     def login
       render :inline => "ran action"
@@ -291,8 +291,8 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class ConditionalParentOfConditionalSkippingController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => [:show, :another_action]
-    after_filter  :conditional_in_parent_after, :only => [:show, :another_action]
+    before_action :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => [:show, :another_action]
+    after_action  :conditional_in_parent_after, :only => [:show, :another_action]
 
     private
 
@@ -308,20 +308,20 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class ChildOfConditionalParentController < ConditionalParentOfConditionalSkippingController
-    skip_before_filter :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => :another_action
-    skip_after_filter  :conditional_in_parent_after, :only => :another_action
+    skip_before_action :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => :another_action
+    skip_after_action  :conditional_in_parent_after, :only => :another_action
   end
 
   class AnotherChildOfConditionalParentController < ConditionalParentOfConditionalSkippingController
-    skip_before_filter :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => :show
+    skip_before_action :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => :show
   end
 
   class ProcController < PrependingController
-    before_filter(proc { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) })
+    before_action(proc { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action", true) })
   end
 
   class ImplicitProcController < PrependingController
-    before_filter { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) }
+    before_action { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action", true) }
   end
 
   class AuditFilter
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class AuditController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter(AuditFilter)
+    before_action(AuditFilter)
 
     def show
       render :text => "hello"
@@ -375,14 +375,14 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class AroundFilterController < PrependingController
-    around_filter AroundFilter.new
+    around_action AroundFilter.new
   end
 
   class BeforeAfterClassFilterController < PrependingController
     begin
       filter = AroundFilter.new
-      before_filter filter
-      after_filter filter
+      before_action filter
+      after_action filter
     end
   end
 
@@ -394,18 +394,18 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
       super()
     end
 
-    before_filter { |c| c.class.execution_log << " before procfilter "  }
-    prepend_around_filter AroundFilter.new
+    before_action { |c| c.class.execution_log << " before procfilter "  }
+    prepend_around_action AroundFilter.new
 
-    after_filter  { |c| c.class.execution_log << " after procfilter " }
-    append_around_filter AppendedAroundFilter.new
+    after_action  { |c| c.class.execution_log << " after procfilter " }
+    append_around_action AppendedAroundFilter.new
   end
 
   class MixedSpecializationController < ActionController::Base
     class OutOfOrder < StandardError; end
 
-    before_filter :first
-    before_filter :second, :only => :foo
+    before_action :first
+    before_action :second, :only => :foo
 
     def foo
       render :text => 'foo'
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class DynamicDispatchController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :choose
+    before_action :choose
 
     %w(foo bar baz).each do |action|
       define_method(action) { render :text => action }
@@ -439,9 +439,9 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class PrependingBeforeAndAfterController < ActionController::Base
-    prepend_before_filter :before_all
-    prepend_after_filter :after_all
-    before_filter :between_before_all_and_after_all
+    prepend_before_action :before_all
+    prepend_after_action :after_all
+    before_action :between_before_all_and_after_all
 
     def before_all
       @ran_filter ||= []
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class RescuedController < ActionController::Base
-    around_filter RescuingAroundFilterWithBlock.new
+    around_action RescuingAroundFilterWithBlock.new
 
     def show
       raise ErrorToRescue.new("Something made the bad noise.")
@@ -482,10 +482,10 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   class NonYieldingAroundFilterController < ActionController::Base
 
-    before_filter :filter_one
-    around_filter :non_yielding_filter
-    before_filter :filter_two
-    after_filter :filter_three
+    before_action :filter_one
+    around_action :non_yielding_action
+    before_action :action_two
+    after_action :action_three
 
     def index
       render :inline => "index"
@@ -498,24 +498,24 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
         @filters  << "filter_one"
       end
 
-      def filter_two
-        @filters  << "filter_two"
+      def action_two
+        @filters  << "action_two"
       end
 
-      def non_yielding_filter
+      def non_yielding_action
         @filters  << "it didn't yield"
         @filter_return_value
       end
 
-      def filter_three
-        @filters  << "filter_three"
+      def action_three
+        @filters  << "action_three"
       end
 
   end
 
   class ImplicitActionsController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :find_only, :only => :edit
-    before_filter :find_except, :except => :edit
+    before_action :find_only, :only => :edit
+    before_action :find_except, :except => :edit
 
     private
 
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_non_yielding_around_filters_not_returning_false_do_not_raise
+  def test_non_yielding_around_actions_not_returning_false_do_not_raise
     controller = NonYieldingAroundFilterController.new
     controller.instance_variable_set "@filter_return_value", true
     assert_nothing_raised do
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_non_yielding_around_filters_returning_false_do_not_raise
+  def test_non_yielding_around_actions_returning_false_do_not_raise
     controller = NonYieldingAroundFilterController.new
     controller.instance_variable_set "@filter_return_value", false
     assert_nothing_raised do
@@ -544,64 +544,64 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_after_filters_are_not_run_if_around_filter_returns_false
+  def test_after_actions_are_not_run_if_around_action_returns_false
     controller = NonYieldingAroundFilterController.new
     controller.instance_variable_set "@filter_return_value", false
     test_process(controller, "index")
     assert_equal ["filter_one", "it didn't yield"], controller.assigns['filters']
   end
 
-  def test_after_filters_are_not_run_if_around_filter_does_not_yield
+  def test_after_actions_are_not_run_if_around_action_does_not_yield
     controller = NonYieldingAroundFilterController.new
     controller.instance_variable_set "@filter_return_value", true
     test_process(controller, "index")
     assert_equal ["filter_one", "it didn't yield"], controller.assigns['filters']
   end
 
-  def test_added_filter_to_inheritance_graph
-    assert_equal [ :ensure_login ], TestController.before_filters
+  def test_added_action_to_inheritance_graph
+    assert_equal [ :ensure_login ], TestController.before_actions
   end
 
   def test_base_class_in_isolation
-    assert_equal [ ], ActionController::Base.before_filters
+    assert_equal [ ], ActionController::Base.before_actions
   end
 
-  def test_prepending_filter
-    assert_equal [ :wonderful_life, :ensure_login ], PrependingController.before_filters
+  def test_prepending_action
+    assert_equal [ :wonderful_life, :ensure_login ], PrependingController.before_actions
   end
 
-  def test_running_filters
+  def test_running_actions
     test_process(PrependingController)
     assert_equal %w( wonderful_life ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_filters_with_proc
+  def test_running_actions_with_proc
     test_process(ProcController)
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
+    assert assigns["ran_proc_action"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_filters_with_implicit_proc
+  def test_running_actions_with_implicit_proc
     test_process(ImplicitProcController)
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
+    assert assigns["ran_proc_action"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_filters_with_class
+  def test_running_actions_with_class
     test_process(AuditController)
     assert assigns["was_audited"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_anomolous_yet_valid_condition_filters
+  def test_running_anomolous_yet_valid_condition_actions
     test_process(AnomolousYetValidConditionController)
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    assert assigns["ran_class_filter"]
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter1"]
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter2"]
+    assert assigns["ran_class_action"]
+    assert assigns["ran_proc_action1"]
+    assert assigns["ran_proc_action2"]
 
-    test_process(AnomolousYetValidConditionController, "show_without_filter")
+    test_process(AnomolousYetValidConditionController, "show_without_action")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
-    assert !assigns["ran_class_filter"]
-    assert !assigns["ran_proc_filter1"]
-    assert !assigns["ran_proc_filter2"]
+    assert !assigns["ran_class_action"]
+    assert !assigns["ran_proc_action1"]
+    assert !assigns["ran_proc_action2"]
   end
 
   def test_running_conditional_options
@@ -614,59 +614,59 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_skipping_class_filters
+  def test_skipping_class_actions
     test_process(ClassController)
-    assert_equal true, assigns["ran_class_filter"]
+    assert_equal true, assigns["ran_class_action"]
 
     skipping_class_controller = Class.new(ClassController) do
-      skip_before_filter ConditionalClassFilter
+      skip_before_action ConditionalClassFilter
     end
 
     test_process(skipping_class_controller)
-    assert_nil assigns['ran_class_filter']
+    assert_nil assigns['ran_class_action']
   end
 
-  def test_running_collection_condition_filters
+  def test_running_collection_condition_actions
     test_process(ConditionalCollectionFilterController)
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    test_process(ConditionalCollectionFilterController, "show_without_filter")
+    test_process(ConditionalCollectionFilterController, "show_without_action")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
     test_process(ConditionalCollectionFilterController, "another_action")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_only_condition_filters
+  def test_running_only_condition_actions
     test_process(OnlyConditionSymController)
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    test_process(OnlyConditionSymController, "show_without_filter")
+    test_process(OnlyConditionSymController, "show_without_action")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
 
     test_process(OnlyConditionProcController)
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
-    test_process(OnlyConditionProcController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert !assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
+    assert assigns["ran_proc_action"]
+    test_process(OnlyConditionProcController, "show_without_action")
+    assert !assigns["ran_proc_action"]
 
     test_process(OnlyConditionClassController)
-    assert assigns["ran_class_filter"]
-    test_process(OnlyConditionClassController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert !assigns["ran_class_filter"]
+    assert assigns["ran_class_action"]
+    test_process(OnlyConditionClassController, "show_without_action")
+    assert !assigns["ran_class_action"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_except_condition_filters
+  def test_running_except_condition_actions
     test_process(ExceptConditionSymController)
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    test_process(ExceptConditionSymController, "show_without_filter")
+    test_process(ExceptConditionSymController, "show_without_action")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
 
     test_process(ExceptConditionProcController)
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
-    test_process(ExceptConditionProcController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert !assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
+    assert assigns["ran_proc_action"]
+    test_process(ExceptConditionProcController, "show_without_action")
+    assert !assigns["ran_proc_action"]
 
     test_process(ExceptConditionClassController)
-    assert assigns["ran_class_filter"]
-    test_process(ExceptConditionClassController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert !assigns["ran_class_filter"]
+    assert assigns["ran_class_action"]
+    test_process(ExceptConditionClassController, "show_without_action")
+    assert !assigns["ran_class_action"]
   end
 
   def test_running_only_condition_and_conditional_options
@@ -674,70 +674,70 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_not assigns["ran_conditional_index_proc"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_before_and_after_condition_filters
+  def test_running_before_and_after_condition_actions
     test_process(BeforeAndAfterConditionController)
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login clean_up_tmp), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    test_process(BeforeAndAfterConditionController, "show_without_filter")
+    test_process(BeforeAndAfterConditionController, "show_without_action")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_around_filter
+  def test_around_action
     test_process(AroundFilterController)
     assert assigns["before_ran"]
     assert assigns["after_ran"]
   end
 
-  def test_before_after_class_filter
+  def test_before_after_class_action
     test_process(BeforeAfterClassFilterController)
     assert assigns["before_ran"]
     assert assigns["after_ran"]
   end
 
-  def test_having_properties_in_around_filter
+  def test_having_properties_in_around_action
     test_process(AroundFilterController)
     assert_equal "before and after", assigns["execution_log"]
   end
 
-  def test_prepending_and_appending_around_filter
+  def test_prepending_and_appending_around_action
     test_process(MixedFilterController)
     assert_equal " before aroundfilter  before procfilter  before appended aroundfilter " +
                  " after appended aroundfilter  after procfilter  after aroundfilter ",
                  MixedFilterController.execution_log
   end
 
-  def test_rendering_breaks_filtering_chain
+  def test_rendering_breaks_actioning_chain
     response = test_process(RenderingController)
     assert_equal "something else", response.body
     assert !assigns["ran_action"]
   end
 
-  def test_before_filter_rendering_breaks_filtering_chain_for_after_filter
+  def test_before_action_rendering_breaks_actioning_chain_for_after_action
     test_process(RenderingController)
-    assert_equal %w( before_filter_rendering ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal %w( before_action_rendering ), assigns["ran_filter"]
     assert !assigns["ran_action"]
   end
 
-  def test_before_filter_redirects_breaks_filtering_chain_for_after_filter
-    test_process(BeforeFilterRedirectionController)
+  def test_before_action_redirects_breaks_actioning_chain_for_after_action
+    test_process(BeforeActionRedirectionController)
     assert_response :redirect
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/filter_test/before_filter_redirection/target_of_redirection", redirect_to_url
-    assert_equal %w( before_filter_redirects ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/filter_test/before_action_redirection/target_of_redirection", redirect_to_url
+    assert_equal %w( before_action_redirects ), assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_before_filter_rendering_breaks_filtering_chain_for_preprend_after_filter
-    test_process(RenderingForPrependAfterFilterController)
-    assert_equal %w( before_filter_rendering ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+  def test_before_action_rendering_breaks_actioning_chain_for_preprend_after_action
+    test_process(RenderingForPrependAfterActionController)
+    assert_equal %w( before_action_rendering ), assigns["ran_filter"]
     assert !assigns["ran_action"]
   end
 
-  def test_before_filter_redirects_breaks_filtering_chain_for_preprend_after_filter
-    test_process(BeforeFilterRedirectionForPrependAfterFilterController)
+  def test_before_action_redirects_breaks_actioning_chain_for_preprend_after_action
+    test_process(BeforeActionRedirectionForPrependAfterActionController)
     assert_response :redirect
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/filter_test/before_filter_redirection_for_prepend_after_filter/target_of_redirection", redirect_to_url
-    assert_equal %w( before_filter_redirects ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/filter_test/before_action_redirection_for_prepend_after_action/target_of_redirection", redirect_to_url
+    assert_equal %w( before_action_redirects ), assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_filters_with_mixed_specialization_run_in_order
+  def test_actions_with_mixed_specialization_run_in_order
     assert_nothing_raised do
       response = test_process(MixedSpecializationController, 'bar')
       assert_equal 'bar', response.body
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_running_prepended_before_and_after_filter
+  def test_running_prepended_before_and_after_action
     test_process(PrependingBeforeAndAfterController)
     assert_equal %w( before_all between_before_all_and_after_all after_all ), assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
@@ -775,26 +775,26 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal %w( find_record ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_conditional_skipping_of_filters
+  def test_conditional_skipping_of_actions
     test_process(ConditionalSkippingController, "login")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
     test_process(ConditionalSkippingController, "change_password")
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login find_user ), assigns["ran_filter"]
 
     test_process(ConditionalSkippingController, "login")
-    assert !@controller.instance_variable_defined?("@ran_after_filter")
+    assert !@controller.instance_variable_defined?("@ran_after_action")
     test_process(ConditionalSkippingController, "change_password")
-    assert_equal %w( clean_up ), @controller.instance_variable_get("@ran_after_filter")
+    assert_equal %w( clean_up ), @controller.instance_variable_get("@ran_after_action")
   end
 
-  def test_conditional_skipping_of_filters_when_parent_filter_is_also_conditional
+  def test_conditional_skipping_of_actions_when_parent_action_is_also_conditional
     test_process(ChildOfConditionalParentController)
     assert_equal %w( conditional_in_parent_before conditional_in_parent_after ), assigns['ran_filter']
     test_process(ChildOfConditionalParentController, 'another_action')
     assert_nil assigns['ran_filter']
   end
 
-  def test_condition_skipping_of_filters_when_siblings_also_have_conditions
+  def test_condition_skipping_of_actions_when_siblings_also_have_conditions
     test_process(ChildOfConditionalParentController)
     assert_equal %w( conditional_in_parent_before conditional_in_parent_after ), assigns['ran_filter']
     test_process(AnotherChildOfConditionalParentController)
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_nil assigns['ran_filter']
   end
 
-  def test_a_rescuing_around_filter
+  def test_a_rescuing_around_action
     response = nil
     assert_nothing_raised do
       response = test_process(RescuedController)
@@ -818,7 +818,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal("I rescued this: #<FilterTest::ErrorToRescue: Something made the bad noise.>", response.body)
   end
 
-  def test_filters_obey_only_and_except_for_implicit_actions
+  def test_actions_obey_only_and_except_for_implicit_actions
     test_process(ImplicitActionsController, 'show')
     assert_equal 'Except', assigns(:except)
     assert_nil assigns(:only)
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@ class PostsController < ActionController::Base
     include AroundExceptions
   end
 
-  module_eval %w(raises_before raises_after raises_both no_raise no_filter).map { |action| "def #{action}; default_action end" }.join("\n")
+  module_eval %w(raises_before raises_after raises_both no_raise no_action).map { |action| "def #{action}; default_action end" }.join("\n")
 
   private
     def default_action
@@ -861,9 +861,9 @@ class PostsController < ActionController::Base
 end
 
 class ControllerWithSymbolAsFilter < PostsController
-  around_filter :raise_before, :only => :raises_before
-  around_filter :raise_after, :only => :raises_after
-  around_filter :without_exception, :only => :no_raise
+  around_action :raise_before, :only => :raises_before
+  around_action :raise_after, :only => :raises_after
+  around_action :without_exception, :only => :no_raise
 
   private
     def raise_before
@@ -895,7 +895,7 @@ class ControllerWithFilterClass < PostsController
     end
   end
 
-  around_filter YieldingFilter, :only => :raises_after
+  around_action YieldingFilter, :only => :raises_after
 end
 
 class ControllerWithFilterInstance < PostsController
@@ -906,11 +906,11 @@ class ControllerWithFilterInstance < PostsController
     end
   end
 
-  around_filter YieldingFilter.new, :only => :raises_after
+  around_action YieldingFilter.new, :only => :raises_after
 end
 
 class ControllerWithProcFilter < PostsController
-  around_filter(:only => :no_raise) do |c,b|
+  around_action(:only => :no_raise) do |c,b|
     c.instance_variable_set(:"@before", true)
     b.call
     c.instance_variable_set(:"@after", true)
@@ -918,14 +918,14 @@ class ControllerWithProcFilter < PostsController
 end
 
 class ControllerWithNestedFilters < ControllerWithSymbolAsFilter
-  around_filter :raise_before, :raise_after, :without_exception, :only => :raises_both
+  around_action :raise_before, :raise_after, :without_exception, :only => :raises_both
 end
 
 class ControllerWithAllTypesOfFilters < PostsController
-  before_filter :before
-  around_filter :around
-  after_filter :after
-  around_filter :around_again
+  before_action :before
+  around_action :around
+  after_action :after
+  around_action :around_again
 
   private
   def before
@@ -951,8 +951,8 @@ class ControllerWithAllTypesOfFilters < PostsController
 end
 
 class ControllerWithTwoLessFilters < ControllerWithAllTypesOfFilters
-  skip_filter :around_again
-  skip_filter :after
+  skip_action_callback :around_again
+  skip_action_callback :after
 end
 
 class YieldingAroundFiltersTest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ class YieldingAroundFiltersTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'no_raise') }
     assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'raises_before') }
     assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'raises_after') }
-    assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'no_filter') }
+    assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'no_action') }
   end
 
   def test_with_symbol
@@ -992,7 +992,7 @@ class YieldingAroundFiltersTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert assigns['after']
   end
 
-  def test_nested_filters
+  def test_nested_actions
     controller = ControllerWithNestedFilters
     assert_nothing_raised do
       begin
@@ -1008,31 +1008,31 @@ class YieldingAroundFiltersTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_filter_order_with_all_filter_types
+  def test_action_order_with_all_action_types
     test_process(ControllerWithAllTypesOfFilters,'no_raise')
     assert_equal 'before around (before yield) around_again (before yield) around_again (after yield) after around (after yield)', assigns['ran_filter'].join(' ')
   end
 
-  def test_filter_order_with_skip_filter_method
+  def test_action_order_with_skip_action_method
     test_process(ControllerWithTwoLessFilters,'no_raise')
     assert_equal 'before around (before yield) around (after yield)', assigns['ran_filter'].join(' ')
   end
 
-  def test_first_filter_in_multiple_before_filter_chain_halts
+  def test_first_action_in_multiple_before_action_chain_halts
     controller = ::FilterTest::TestMultipleFiltersController.new
     response = test_process(controller, 'fail_1')
     assert_equal ' ', response.body
     assert_equal 1, controller.instance_variable_get(:@try)
   end
 
-  def test_second_filter_in_multiple_before_filter_chain_halts
+  def test_second_action_in_multiple_before_action_chain_halts
     controller = ::FilterTest::TestMultipleFiltersController.new
     response = test_process(controller, 'fail_2')
     assert_equal ' ', response.body
     assert_equal 2, controller.instance_variable_get(:@try)
   end
 
-  def test_last_filter_in_multiple_before_filter_chain_halts
+  def test_last_action_in_multiple_before_action_chain_halts
     controller = ::FilterTest::TestMultipleFiltersController.new
     response = test_process(controller, 'fail_3')
     assert_equal ' ', response.body
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
index 25a4857eba..3720a920d0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
@@ -210,20 +210,29 @@ class FlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_redirect_to_with_adding_flash_types
-    @controller.class.add_flash_types :foo
+    original_controller = @controller
+    test_controller_with_flash_type_foo = Class.new(TestController) do
+      add_flash_types :foo
+    end
+    @controller = test_controller_with_flash_type_foo.new
     get :redirect_with_foo_flash
     assert_equal "for great justice", @controller.send(:flash)[:foo]
+  ensure
+    @controller = original_controller
   end
 
-  class SubclassesTestController < TestController; end
-
   def test_add_flash_type_to_subclasses
-    TestController.add_flash_types :foo
-    assert SubclassesTestController._flash_types.include?(:foo)
+    test_controller_with_flash_type_foo = Class.new(TestController) do
+      add_flash_types :foo
+    end
+    subclass_controller_with_no_flash_type = Class.new(test_controller_with_flash_type_foo)
+    assert subclass_controller_with_no_flash_type._flash_types.include?(:foo)
   end
 
-  def test_do_not_add_flash_type_to_parent_class
-    SubclassesTestController.add_flash_types :bar
+  def test_does_not_add_flash_type_to_parent_class
+    Class.new(TestController) do
+      add_flash_types :bar
+    end
     assert_not TestController._flash_types.include?(:bar)
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb
index 3655b90e32..00d4612ac9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb
@@ -93,8 +93,6 @@ class RedirectToSSL < ForceSSLController
 end
 
 class ForceSSLControllerLevelTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLControllerLevel
-
   def test_banana_redirects_to_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 301
@@ -115,8 +113,6 @@ class ForceSSLControllerLevelTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLCustomOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLCustomOptions
-
   def setup
     @request.env['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com:80'
   end
@@ -189,8 +185,6 @@ class ForceSSLCustomOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLOnlyActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLOnlyAction
-
   def test_banana_not_redirects_to_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 200
@@ -204,8 +198,6 @@ class ForceSSLOnlyActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLExceptActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLExceptAction
-
   def test_banana_not_redirects_to_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 200
@@ -219,8 +211,6 @@ class ForceSSLExceptActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLIfConditionTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLIfCondition
-
   def test_banana_not_redirects_to_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 200
@@ -234,8 +224,6 @@ class ForceSSLIfConditionTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLFlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLFlash
-
   def test_cheeseburger_redirects_to_https
     get :set_flash
     assert_response 302
@@ -315,7 +303,6 @@ class ForceSSLOptionalSegmentsTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class RedirectToSSLTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests RedirectToSSL
   def test_banana_redirects_to_https_if_not_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 301
@@ -334,4 +321,4 @@ class RedirectToSSLTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_response 200
     assert_equal 'ihaz', response.body
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
index 90548d4294..9052fc6962 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
@@ -129,6 +129,13 @@ class HttpBasicAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_response :unauthorized
   end
 
+  test "authentication request with wrong scheme" do
+    header = 'Bearer ' + encode_credentials('David', 'Goliath').split(' ', 2)[1]
+    @request.env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = header
+    get :search
+    assert_response :unauthorized
+  end
+
   private
 
   def encode_credentials(username, password)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
index 86b94652ce..8c6c8a0aa7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
@@ -132,13 +132,50 @@ class HttpTokenAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal(expected, actual)
   end
 
-  private
+  test "token_and_options returns empty string with empty token" do
+    token = ''
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.token_and_options(sample_request(token)).first
+    expected = token
+    assert_equal(expected, actual)
+  end
 
-  def sample_request(token)
-    @sample_request ||= OpenStruct.new authorization: %{Token token="#{token}"}
+  test "token_and_options returns correct token with nounce option" do
+    token = "rcHu+HzSFw89Ypyhn/896A="
+    nonce_hash = {nonce: "123abc"}
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.token_and_options(sample_request(token, nonce_hash))
+    expected_token = token
+    expected_nonce = {"nonce" => nonce_hash[:nonce]}
+    assert_equal(expected_token, actual.first)
+    assert_equal(expected_nonce, actual.last)
   end
 
-  def encode_credentials(token, options = {})
-    ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.encode_credentials(token, options)
+  test "token_and_options returns nil with no value after the equal sign" do
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.token_and_options(malformed_request).first
+    expected = nil
+    assert_equal(expected, actual)
+  end
+
+  test "raw_params returns a tuple of two key value pair strings" do
+    auth = sample_request("rcHu+HzSFw89Ypyhn/896A=").authorization.to_s
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.raw_params(auth)
+    expected = ["token=\"rcHu+HzSFw89Ypyhn/896A=\"", "nonce=\"def\""]
+    assert_equal(expected, actual)
   end
+
+  private
+
+    def sample_request(token, options = {nonce: "def"})
+      authorization = options.inject([%{Token token="#{token}"}]) do |arr, (k, v)|
+        arr << "#{k}=\"#{v}\""
+      end.join(", ")
+      @sample_request ||= OpenStruct.new authorization: authorization
+    end
+
+    def malformed_request
+      @malformed_request ||= OpenStruct.new authorization: %{Token token=}
+    end
+
+    def encode_credentials(token, options = {})
+      ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.encode_credentials(token, options)
+    end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
index e851cc6a63..99b53e6fd2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 class SessionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   StubApp = lambda { |env|
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       assert_equal({}, cookies.to_hash)
       assert_equal "OK", body
       assert_equal "OK", response.body
-      assert_kind_of HTML::Document, html_document
+      assert_kind_of Nokogiri::HTML::Document, html_document
       assert_equal 1, request_count
     end
   end
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       assert_equal({}, cookies.to_hash)
       assert_equal "Created", body
       assert_equal "Created", response.body
-      assert_kind_of HTML::Document, html_document
+      assert_kind_of Nokogiri::HTML::Document, html_document
       assert_equal 1, request_count
     end
   end
@@ -368,12 +368,16 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       assert_response :redirect
       assert_response :found
       assert_equal "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"http://www.example.com/get\">redirected</a>.</body></html>", response.body
-      assert_kind_of HTML::Document, html_document
+      assert_kind_of Nokogiri::HTML::Document, html_document
       assert_equal 1, request_count
 
       follow_redirect!
       assert_response :success
       assert_equal "/get", path
+
+      get '/moved'
+      assert_response :redirect
+      assert_redirected_to '/method'
     end
   end
 
@@ -511,6 +515,8 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
 
         set.draw do
+          get 'moved' => redirect('/method')
+
           match ':action', :to => controller, :via => [:get, :post], :as => :action
           get 'get/:action', :to => controller, :as => :get_action
         end
@@ -589,7 +595,7 @@ class ApplicationIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
   end
 
-  class MountedApp
+  class MountedApp < Rails::Engine
     def self.routes
       @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     end
@@ -769,3 +775,34 @@ class UrlOptionsIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal "/foo/1/edit", url_for(:action => 'edit', :only_path => true)
   end
 end
+
+class HeadWithStatusActionIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class FooController < ActionController::Base
+    def status
+      head :ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.routes
+    @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  end
+
+  def self.call(env)
+    routes.call(env)
+  end
+
+  def app
+    self.class
+  end
+
+  routes.draw do
+    get "/foo/status" => 'head_with_status_action_integration_test/foo#status'
+  end
+
+  test "get /foo/status with head result does not cause stack overflow error" do
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      get '/foo/status'
+    end
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb
index 0a431270b5..7fd1276e98 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/concurrency/latch'
+Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 
 module ActionController
   class SSETest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -38,14 +39,19 @@ module ActionController
       ensure
         sse.close
       end
+
+      def sse_with_multiple_line_message
+        sse = SSE.new(response.stream)
+        sse.write("first line.\nsecond line.")
+      ensure
+        sse.close
+      end
     end
 
     tests SSETestController
 
     def wait_for_response_stream_close
-      while !response.stream.closed?
-        sleep 0.01
-      end
+      response.body
     end
 
     def test_basic_sse
@@ -88,9 +94,21 @@ module ActionController
       assert_match(/data: {\"name\":\"Ryan\"}/, second_response)
       assert_match(/id: 2/, second_response)
     end
+
+    def test_sse_with_multiple_line_message
+      get :sse_with_multiple_line_message
+
+      wait_for_response_stream_close
+      first_response, second_response = response.body.split("\n")
+      assert_match(/data: first line/, first_response)
+      assert_match(/data: second line/, second_response)
+    end
   end
 
   class LiveStreamTest < ActionController::TestCase
+    class Exception < StandardError
+    end
+
     class TestController < ActionController::Base
       include ActionController::Live
 
@@ -100,6 +118,12 @@ module ActionController
         'test'
       end
 
+      def set_cookie
+        cookies[:hello] = "world"
+        response.stream.write "hello world"
+        response.close
+      end
+
       def render_text
         render :text => 'zomg'
       end
@@ -138,13 +162,18 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def with_stale
-        render :text => 'stale' if stale?(:etag => "123")
+        render text: 'stale' if stale?(etag: "123", template: false)
       end
 
       def exception_in_view
         render 'doesntexist'
       end
 
+      def exception_in_view_after_commit
+        response.stream.write ""
+        render 'doesntexist'
+      end
+
       def exception_with_callback
         response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/event-stream'
 
@@ -153,32 +182,66 @@ module ActionController
           response.stream.close
         end
 
+        response.stream.write "" # make sure the response is committed
         raise 'An exception occurred...'
       end
 
+      def exception_in_controller
+        raise Exception, 'Exception in controller'
+      end
+
+      def bad_request_error
+        raise ActionController::BadRequest
+      end
+
       def exception_in_exception_callback
         response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/event-stream'
         response.stream.on_error do
           raise 'We need to go deeper.'
         end
+        response.stream.write ''
         response.stream.write params[:widget][:didnt_check_for_nil]
       end
-    end
 
-    tests TestController
+      def overfill_buffer_and_die
+        # Write until the buffer is full. It doesn't expose that
+        # information directly, so we must hard-code its size:
+        10.times do
+          response.stream.write '.'
+        end
+        # .. plus one more, because the #each frees up a slot:
+        response.stream.write '.'
+
+        latch.release
 
-    class TestResponse < Live::Response
-      def recycle!
-        initialize
+        # This write will block, and eventually raise
+        response.stream.write 'x'
+
+        20.times do
+          response.stream.write '.'
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    def build_response
-      TestResponse.new
+      def ignore_client_disconnect
+        response.stream.ignore_disconnect = true
+
+        response.stream.write '' # commit
+
+        # These writes will be ignored
+        15.times do
+          response.stream.write 'x'
+        end
+
+        logger.info 'Work complete'
+        latch.release
+      end
     end
 
+    tests TestController
+
     def assert_stream_closed
       assert response.stream.closed?, 'stream should be closed'
+      assert response.sent?, 'stream should be sent'
     end
 
     def capture_log_output
@@ -192,6 +255,13 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
+    def test_set_cookie
+      @controller = TestController.new
+      get :set_cookie
+      assert_equal({'hello' => 'world'}, @response.cookies)
+      assert_equal "hello world", @response.body
+    end
+
     def test_set_response!
       @controller.set_response!(@request)
       assert_kind_of(Live::Response, @controller.response)
@@ -213,6 +283,7 @@ module ActionController
       @controller.response = @response
 
       t = Thread.new(@response) { |resp|
+        resp.await_commit
         resp.stream.each do |part|
           assert_equal parts.shift, part
           ol = @controller.latch
@@ -226,6 +297,62 @@ module ActionController
       assert t.join(3), 'timeout expired before the thread terminated'
     end
 
+    def test_abort_with_full_buffer
+      @controller.latch = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
+
+      @request.parameters[:format] = 'plain'
+      @controller.request  = @request
+      @controller.response = @response
+
+      got_error = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
+      @response.stream.on_error do
+        ActionController::Base.logger.warn 'Error while streaming'
+        got_error.release
+      end
+
+      t = Thread.new(@response) { |resp|
+        resp.await_commit
+        _, _, body = resp.to_a
+        body.each do |part|
+          @controller.latch.await
+          body.close
+          break
+        end
+      }
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        @controller.process :overfill_buffer_and_die
+        t.join
+        got_error.await
+        assert_match 'Error while streaming', output.rewind && output.read
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_ignore_client_disconnect
+      @controller.latch = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
+
+      @controller.request  = @request
+      @controller.response = @response
+
+      t = Thread.new(@response) { |resp|
+        resp.await_commit
+        _, _, body = resp.to_a
+        body.each do |part|
+          body.close
+          break
+        end
+      }
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        @controller.process :ignore_client_disconnect
+        t.join
+        Timeout.timeout(3) do
+          @controller.latch.await
+        end
+        assert_match 'Work complete', output.rewind && output.read
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_thread_locals_get_copied
       @controller.tc = self
       Thread.current[:originating_thread] = Thread.current.object_id
@@ -249,24 +376,34 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def test_exception_handling_html
-      capture_log_output do |output|
+      assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
         get :exception_in_view
+      end
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        get :exception_in_view_after_commit
         assert_match %r((window\.location = "/500\.html"</script></html>)$), response.body
         assert_match 'Missing template test/doesntexist', output.rewind && output.read
         assert_stream_closed
       end
+      assert response.body
+      assert_stream_closed
     end
 
     def test_exception_handling_plain_text
-      capture_log_output do |output|
+      assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
         get :exception_in_view, format: :json
+      end
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        get :exception_in_view_after_commit, format: :json
         assert_equal '', response.body
         assert_match 'Missing template test/doesntexist', output.rewind && output.read
         assert_stream_closed
       end
     end
 
-    def test_exception_callback
+    def test_exception_callback_when_committed
       capture_log_output do |output|
         get :exception_with_callback, format: 'text/event-stream'
         assert_equal %(data: "500 Internal Server Error"\n\n), response.body
@@ -275,7 +412,19 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
-    def test_exceptions_raised_handling_exceptions
+    def test_exception_in_controller_before_streaming
+      assert_raises(ActionController::LiveStreamTest::Exception) do
+        get :exception_in_controller, format: 'text/event-stream'
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_bad_request_in_controller_before_streaming
+      assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+        get :bad_request_error, format: 'text/event-stream'
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_exceptions_raised_handling_exceptions_and_committed
       capture_log_output do |output|
         get :exception_in_exception_callback, format: 'text/event-stream'
         assert_equal '', response.body
@@ -295,4 +444,11 @@ module ActionController
       assert_equal 304, @response.status.to_i
     end
   end
+
+  class BufferTest < ActionController::TestCase
+    def test_nil_callback
+      buf = ActionController::Live::Buffer.new nil
+      assert buf.call_on_error
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
index c95ef8a0c7..27871ef351 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
@@ -8,22 +8,24 @@ end
 class LocalizedTemplatesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests LocalizedController
 
+  setup do
+    @old_locale = I18n.locale
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    I18n.locale = @old_locale
+  end
+
   def test_localized_template_is_used
-    old_locale = I18n.locale
     I18n.locale = :de
     get :hello_world
     assert_equal "Gutten Tag", @response.body
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 
   def test_default_locale_template_is_used_when_locale_is_missing
-    old_locale = I18n.locale
     I18n.locale = :dk
     get :hello_world
     assert_equal "Hello World", @response.body
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 
   def test_use_fallback_locales
@@ -36,13 +38,9 @@ class LocalizedTemplatesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_localized_template_has_correct_header_with_no_format_in_template_name
-    old_locale = I18n.locale
     I18n.locale = :it
-
     get :hello_world
     assert_equal "Ciao Mondo", @response.body
     assert_equal "text/html",  @response.content_type
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 18037b3d2f..49be7caf38 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class ACLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     @old_logger = ActionController::Base.logger
 
-    @cache_path = File.expand_path('../temp/test_cache', File.dirname(__FILE__))
+    @cache_path = File.join Dir.tmpdir, Dir::Tmpname.make_tmpname('tmp', 'cache')
     @controller.cache_store = :file_store, @cache_path
     ActionController::LogSubscriber.attach_to :action_controller
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
index c03c7edeb8..811c507af2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ class StarStarMimeController < ActionController::Base
 end
 
 class StarStarMimeControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests StarStarMimeController
-
   def test_javascript_with_format
     @request.accept = "text/javascript"
     get :index, :format => 'js'
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
index 499c62cc35..1bc7ad3015 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
@@ -128,6 +128,12 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
     end
   end
 
+  def json_with_callback
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.json { render :json => 'JS', :callback => 'alert' }
+    end
+  end
+
   def iphone_with_html_response_type
     request.format = :iphone if request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"] == "text/iphone"
 
@@ -258,8 +264,6 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
 end
 
 class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests RespondToController
-
   def setup
     super
     @request.host = "www.example.com"
@@ -492,6 +496,11 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'Whatever you ask for, I got it', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_handle_any_any_unkown_format
+    get :handle_any_any, { format: 'php' }
+    assert_equal 'Whatever you ask for, I got it', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_browser_check_with_any_any
     @request.accept = "application/json, application/xml"
     get :json_xml_or_html
@@ -508,6 +517,13 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal '<html><div id="html">HTML for all_types_with_layout</div></html>', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_json_with_callback_sets_javascript_content_type
+    @request.accept = 'application/json'
+    get :json_with_callback
+    assert_equal '/**/alert(JS)', @response.body
+    assert_equal 'text/javascript', @response.content_type
+  end
+
   def test_xhr
     xhr :get, :js_or_html
     assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_with_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_with_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a70592fa1b..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_with_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,714 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_models'
-
-class RespondWithController < ActionController::Base
-  respond_to :html, :json, :touch
-  respond_to :xml, :except => :using_resource_with_block
-  respond_to :js,  :only => [ :using_resource_with_block, :using_resource, 'using_hash_resource' ]
-
-  def using_resource
-    respond_with(resource)
-  end
-
-  def using_hash_resource
-    respond_with({:result => resource})
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_block
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.csv { render :text => "CSV" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.html { render :text => "HTML" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_collection
-    respond_with([resource, Customer.new("jamis", 9)])
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_parent
-    respond_with(Quiz::Store.new("developer?", 11), Customer.new("david", 13))
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    respond_with(resource, :location => "http://test.host/", :status => :created)
-  end
-
-  def using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    respond_with(resource)
-  end
-
-  def using_options_with_template
-    @customer = resource
-    respond_with(@customer, :status => 123, :location => "http://test.host/")
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_responder
-    responder = proc { |c, r, o| c.render :text => "Resource name is #{r.first.name}" }
-    respond_with(resource, :responder => responder)
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_action
-    respond_with(resource, :action => :foo) do |format|
-      format.html { raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new([], "bar", ["foo"], {}, false) }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_responder_with_respond
-    responder = Class.new(ActionController::Responder) do
-      def respond; @controller.render :text => "respond #{format}"; end
-    end
-    respond_with(resource, :responder => responder)
-  end
-
-  def respond_with_additional_params
-    @params = RespondWithController.params
-    respond_with({:result => resource}, @params)
-  end
-
-protected
-  def self.params
-    {
-        :foo => 'bar'
-    }
-  end
-
-  def resource
-    Customer.new("david", request.delete? ? nil : 13)
-  end
-end
-
-class InheritedRespondWithController < RespondWithController
-  clear_respond_to
-  respond_to :xml, :json
-
-  def index
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.json { render :text => "JSON" }
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class RenderJsonRespondWithController < RespondWithController
-  clear_respond_to
-  respond_to :json
-
-  def index
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.json { render :json => RenderJsonTestException.new('boom') }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def create
-    resource = ValidatedCustomer.new(params[:name], 1)
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.json do
-        if resource.errors.empty?
-          render :json => { :valid => true }
-        else
-          render :json => { :valid => false }
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class CsvRespondWithController < ActionController::Base
-  respond_to :csv
-
-  class RespondWithCsv
-    def to_csv
-      "c,s,v"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def index
-    respond_with(RespondWithCsv.new)
-  end
-end
-
-class EmptyRespondWithController < ActionController::Base
-  def index
-    respond_with(Customer.new("david", 13))
-  end
-end
-
-class RespondWithControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests RespondWithController
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    @request.host = "www.example.com"
-    Mime::Type.register_alias('text/html', :iphone)
-    Mime::Type.register_alias('text/html', :touch)
-    Mime::Type.register('text/x-mobile', :mobile)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    super
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:iphone)
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:touch)
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:mobile)
-  end
-
-  def test_respond_with_shouldnt_modify_original_hash
-    get :respond_with_additional_params
-    assert_equal RespondWithController.params, assigns(:params)
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      get :using_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_js_simply_tries_to_render_the_template
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "alert(\"Hi\");", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_hash_resource_with_js_raises_an_error_if_template_cant_be_found
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      get :using_hash_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_hash_resource
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_hash_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<hash>\n  <name>david</name>\n</hash>\n", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    get :using_hash_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert @response.body.include?("result")
-    assert @response.body.include?('"name":"david"')
-    assert @response.body.include?('"id":13')
-  end
-
-  def test_using_hash_resource_with_post
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    assert_raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI." do
-      post :using_hash_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_block
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :using_resource_with_block
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 'Hello world!', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "text/csv"
-    get :using_resource_with_block
-    assert_equal "text/csv", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "CSV", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    get :using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_not_acceptable
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :using_resource_with_block
-    end
-
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-      assert @response.redirect?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_html_rerender_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "New world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_xml_yields_created_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/xml"
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 201, @response.status
-      assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_xml_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/xml"
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 422, @response.status
-      assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_json_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/json"
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 422, @response.status
-      errors = {:errors => errors}
-      assert_equal errors.to_json, @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      patch :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-      assert @response.redirect?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_rerender_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      patch :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_rerender_on_failure_even_on_method_override
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      @request.env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] = "POST"
-      patch :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      put :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-      assert @response.redirect?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_rerender_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      put :using_resource
-
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_rerender_on_failure_even_on_method_override
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      @request.env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] = "POST"
-      put :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_xml_yields_no_content_on_success
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_json_yields_no_content_on_success
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:to_json).returns('{"name": "David"}')
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_xml_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_nil @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_json_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    errors = {:errors => errors}
-    assert_equal errors.to_json, @response.body
-    assert_nil @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
-      delete :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers", @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_xml_yields_no_content_on_success
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    delete :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_json_yields_no_content_on_success
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:to_json).returns('{"name": "David"}')
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    delete :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_html_redirects_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(false)
-      delete :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers", @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_parent_for_get
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource_with_parent
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 200, @response.status
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_parent_for_post
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/xml"
-
-      post :using_resource_with_parent
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 201, @response.status
-      assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/quiz_stores/11/customers/13", @response.location
-
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 422, @response.status
-      assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_collection
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource_with_collection
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 200, @response.status
-    assert_match(/<name>david<\/name>/, @response.body)
-    assert_match(/<name>jamis<\/name>/, @response.body)
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_action
-    @controller.instance_eval do
-      def render(params={})
-        self.response_body = "#{params[:action]} - #{formats}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-
-    post :using_resource_with_action
-    assert_equal "foo - #{[:html].to_s}", @controller.response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_respond_as_responder_entry_point
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    get :using_responder_with_respond
-    assert_equal "respond html", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_responder_with_respond
-    assert_equal "respond xml", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_clear_respond_to
-    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :index
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_first_in_respond_to_has_higher_priority
-    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :index
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_block_inside_respond_with_is_rendered
-    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    get :index
-    assert_equal "JSON", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_json_object_responds_to_str_still_produce_json
-    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    get :index, :format => :json
-    assert_match(/"message":"boom"/, @response.body)
-    assert_match(/"error":"RenderJsonTestException"/, @response.body)
-  end
-
-  def test_api_response_with_valid_resource_respect_override_block
-    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
-    post :create, :name => "sikachu", :format => :json
-    assert_equal '{"valid":true}', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_api_response_with_invalid_resource_respect_override_block
-    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
-    post :create, :name => "david", :format => :json
-    assert_equal '{"valid":false}', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_no_double_render_is_raised
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      get :using_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    post :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert @response.redirect?
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert_equal 201, @response.status
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_status_and_location_with_invalid_resource
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-
-    post :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-
-    put :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-
-    post :using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-
-    put :using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_options_with_template
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-
-    post :using_options_with_template
-    assert_equal "<customer-name>david</customer-name>", @response.body
-    assert_equal 123, @response.status
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
-
-    put :using_options_with_template
-    assert_equal "<customer-name>david</customer-name>", @response.body
-    assert_equal 123, @response.status
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_responder
-    get :using_resource_with_responder
-    assert_equal "Resource name is david", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_set_responder
-    RespondWithController.responder = proc { |c, r, o| c.render :text => "Resource name is #{r.first.name}" }
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "Resource name is david", @response.body
-  ensure
-    RespondWithController.responder = ActionController::Responder
-  end
-
-  def test_uses_renderer_if_an_api_behavior
-    ActionController::Renderers.add :csv do |obj, options|
-      send_data obj.to_csv, type: Mime::CSV
-    end
-    @controller = CsvRespondWithController.new
-    get :index, format: 'csv'
-    assert_equal Mime::CSV, @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "c,s,v", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_raises_missing_renderer_if_an_api_behavior_with_no_renderer
-    @controller = CsvRespondWithController.new
-    assert_raise ActionController::MissingRenderer do
-      get :index, format: 'csv'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_error_is_raised_if_no_respond_to_is_declared_and_respond_with_is_called
-    @controller = EmptyRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      get :index
-    end
-  end
-
-  private
-    def with_test_route_set
-      with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw do
-          resources :customers
-          resources :quiz_stores do
-            resources :customers
-          end
-          get ":controller/:action"
-        end
-        yield
-      end
-    end
-end
-
-class FlashResponder < ActionController::Responder
-  def initialize(controller, resources, options={})
-    super
-  end
-
-  def to_html
-    controller.flash[:notice] = 'Success'
-    super
-  end
-end
-
-class FlashResponderController < ActionController::Base
-  self.responder = FlashResponder
-  respond_to :html
-
-  def index
-    respond_with Object.new do |format|
-      format.html { render :text => 'HTML' }
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class FlashResponderControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests FlashResponderController
-
-  def test_respond_with_block_executed
-    get :index
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_flash_responder_executed
-    get :index
-    assert_equal 'Success', flash[:notice]
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/responders_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/responders_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..032b4c0ab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/responders_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'controller/fake_models'
+
+class ResponderTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  def test_class_level_respond_to
+    e = assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
+      Class.new(ActionController::Base) do
+        respond_to :json
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_includes e.message, '`responders` gem'
+    assert_includes e.message, '~> 2.0'
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_with
+    klass = Class.new(ActionController::Base) do
+      def index
+        respond_with Customer.new("david", 13)
+      end
+    end
+
+    @controller = klass.new
+
+    e = assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
+      get :index
+    end
+
+    assert_includes e.message, '`responders` gem'
+    assert_includes e.message, '~> 2.0'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb
index 7396c850ad..246ba099af 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ require "abstract_unit"
 
 module BareMetalTest
   class BareController < ActionController::Metal
+    include ActionController::RackDelegation
+
     def index
       self.response_body = "Hello world"
     end
@@ -81,8 +83,8 @@ module BareMetalTest
       assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
     end
 
-    test "head :continue (101) does not return a content-type header" do
-      headers = HeadController.action(:continue).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).second
+    test "head :switching_protocols (101) does not return a content-type header" do
+      headers = HeadController.action(:switching_protocols).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).second
       assert_nil headers['Content-Type']
       assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4a3db8b41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module RenderBody
+  class MinimalController < ActionController::Metal
+    include AbstractController::Rendering
+    include ActionController::Rendering
+
+    def index
+      render body: "Hello World!"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SimpleController < ActionController::Base
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new]
+
+    def index
+      render body: "hello david"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class WithLayoutController < ::ApplicationController
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
+      "layouts/application.erb" => "<%= yield %>, I'm here!",
+      "layouts/greetings.erb"   => "<%= yield %>, I wish thee well.",
+      "layouts/ivar.erb"        => "<%= yield %>, <%= @ivar %>"
+    )]
+
+    def index
+      render body: "hello david"
+    end
+
+    def custom_code
+      render body: "hello world", status: 404
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_code_as_string
+      render body: "hello world", status: "404 Not Found"
+    end
+
+    def with_nil
+      render body: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_nil_and_status
+      render body: nil, status: 403
+    end
+
+    def with_false
+      render body: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_true
+      render body: "hello world", layout: true
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_false
+      render body: "hello world", layout: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_nil
+      render body: "hello world", layout: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_layout
+      render body: "hello world", layout: "greetings"
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_content_type
+      response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json'
+      render body: '["troll","face"]'
+    end
+
+    def with_ivar_in_layout
+      @ivar = "hello world"
+      render body: "hello world", layout: "ivar"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RenderBodyTest < Rack::TestCase
+    test "rendering body from a minimal controller" do
+      get "/render_body/minimal/index"
+      assert_body "Hello World!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body from an action with default options renders the body with the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_body/simple"
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body from an action with default options renders the body without the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_body/with_layout"
+
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body, while also providing a custom status code" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/custom_code"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 404
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with nil returns an empty body" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_nil"
+
+      assert_body ""
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "Rendering body with nil and custom status code returns an empty body and the status" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
+
+      assert_body ""
+      assert_status 403
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with false returns the string 'false'" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_false"
+
+      assert_body "false"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with layout: true" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_layout_true"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I'm here!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with layout: 'greetings'" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I wish thee well."
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "specified content type should not be removed" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_custom_content_type"
+
+      assert_equal %w{ troll face }, JSON.parse(response.body)
+      assert_equal 'application/json', response.headers['Content-Type']
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with layout: false" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_layout_false"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with layout: nil" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe11501eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module RenderHtml
+  class MinimalController < ActionController::Metal
+    include AbstractController::Rendering
+    include ActionController::Rendering
+
+    def index
+      render html: "Hello World!"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SimpleController < ActionController::Base
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new]
+
+    def index
+      render html: "hello david"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class WithLayoutController < ::ApplicationController
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
+      "layouts/application.html.erb" => "<%= yield %>, I'm here!",
+      "layouts/greetings.html.erb"   => "<%= yield %>, I wish thee well.",
+      "layouts/ivar.html.erb"        => "<%= yield %>, <%= @ivar %>"
+    )]
+
+    def index
+      render html: "hello david"
+    end
+
+    def custom_code
+      render html: "hello world", status: 404
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_code_as_string
+      render html: "hello world", status: "404 Not Found"
+    end
+
+    def with_nil
+      render html: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_nil_and_status
+      render html: nil, status: 403
+    end
+
+    def with_false
+      render html: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_true
+      render html: "hello world", layout: true
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_false
+      render html: "hello world", layout: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_nil
+      render html: "hello world", layout: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_layout
+      render html: "hello world", layout: "greetings"
+    end
+
+    def with_ivar_in_layout
+      @ivar = "hello world"
+      render html: "hello world", layout: "ivar"
+    end
+
+    def with_unsafe_html_tag
+      render html: "<p>hello world</p>", layout: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_safe_html_tag
+      render html: "<p>hello world</p>".html_safe, layout: nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RenderHtmlTest < Rack::TestCase
+    test "rendering text from a minimal controller" do
+      get "/render_html/minimal/index"
+      assert_body "Hello World!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text with the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_html/simple"
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text without the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_html/with_layout"
+
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text, while also providing a custom status code" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/custom_code"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 404
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_nil"
+
+      assert_body ""
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body and the status" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
+
+      assert_body ""
+      assert_status 403
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with false returns the string 'false'" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_false"
+
+      assert_body "false"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: true" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_layout_true"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I'm here!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: 'greetings'" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I wish thee well."
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: false" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_layout_false"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: nil" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering html should escape the string if it is not html safe" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_unsafe_html_tag"
+
+      assert_body "&lt;p&gt;hello world&lt;/p&gt;"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering html should not escape the string if it is html safe" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_safe_html_tag"
+
+      assert_body "<p>hello world</p>"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering from minimal controller returns response with text/html content type" do
+      get "/render_html/minimal/index"
+      assert_content_type "text/html"
+    end
+
+    test "rendering from normal controller returns response with text/html content type" do
+      get "/render_html/simple/index"
+      assert_content_type "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
index 1e2191d417..5b4885f7e0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module RenderImplicitAction
       "render_implicit_action/simple/hello_world.html.erb"     => "Hello world!",
       "render_implicit_action/simple/hyphen-ated.html.erb"     => "Hello hyphen-ated!",
       "render_implicit_action/simple/not_implemented.html.erb" => "Not Implemented"
-    )]
+    ), ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(File.expand_path('../../../controller', __FILE__))]
 
     def hello_world() end
   end
@@ -33,10 +33,25 @@ module RenderImplicitAction
       assert_status 200
     end
 
+    test "render does not traverse the file system" do
+      assert_raises(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) do
+        action_name = %w(.. .. fixtures shared).join(File::SEPARATOR)
+        SimpleController.action(action_name).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/"))
+      end
+    end
+
     test "available_action? returns true for implicit actions" do
       assert SimpleController.new.available_action?(:hello_world)
       assert SimpleController.new.available_action?(:"hyphen-ated")
       assert SimpleController.new.available_action?(:not_implemented)
     end
+
+    test "available_action? does not allow File::SEPARATOR on the name" do
+      action_name = %w(evil .. .. path).join(File::SEPARATOR)
+      assert_equal false, SimpleController.new.available_action?(action_name.to_sym)
+
+      action_name = %w(evil path).join(File::SEPARATOR)
+      assert_equal false, SimpleController.new.available_action?(action_name.to_sym)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e36d36b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module RenderPlain
+  class MinimalController < ActionController::Metal
+    include AbstractController::Rendering
+    include ActionController::Rendering
+
+    def index
+      render plain: "Hello World!"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SimpleController < ActionController::Base
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new]
+
+    def index
+      render plain: "hello david"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class WithLayoutController < ::ApplicationController
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
+      "layouts/application.text.erb" => "<%= yield %>, I'm here!",
+      "layouts/greetings.text.erb"   => "<%= yield %>, I wish thee well.",
+      "layouts/ivar.text.erb"        => "<%= yield %>, <%= @ivar %>"
+    )]
+
+    def index
+      render plain: "hello david"
+    end
+
+    def custom_code
+      render plain: "hello world", status: 404
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_code_as_string
+      render plain: "hello world", status: "404 Not Found"
+    end
+
+    def with_nil
+      render plain: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_nil_and_status
+      render plain: nil, status: 403
+    end
+
+    def with_false
+      render plain: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_true
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: true
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_false
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_nil
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_layout
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: "greetings"
+    end
+
+    def with_ivar_in_layout
+      @ivar = "hello world"
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: "ivar"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RenderPlainTest < Rack::TestCase
+    test "rendering text from a minimal controller" do
+      get "/render_plain/minimal/index"
+      assert_body "Hello World!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text with the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_plain/simple"
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text without the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_plain/with_layout"
+
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text, while also providing a custom status code" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/custom_code"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 404
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_nil"
+
+      assert_body ""
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body and the status" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
+
+      assert_body ""
+      assert_status 403
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with false returns the string 'false'" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_false"
+
+      assert_body "false"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: true" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_layout_true"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I'm here!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: 'greetings'" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I wish thee well."
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: false" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_layout_false"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: nil" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering from minimal controller returns response with text/plain content type" do
+      get "/render_plain/minimal/index"
+      assert_content_type "text/plain"
+    end
+
+    test "rendering from normal controller returns response with text/plain content type" do
+      get "/render_plain/simple/index"
+      assert_content_type "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
index b7a9cf92f2..e87811776a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module RenderTemplate
       "locals.html.erb"            => "The secret is <%= secret %>",
       "xml_template.xml.builder"   => "xml.html do\n  xml.p 'Hello'\nend",
       "with_raw.html.erb"          => "Hello <%=raw '<strong>this is raw</strong>' %>",
-      "with_implicit_raw.html.erb" => "Hello <%== '<strong>this is also raw</strong>' %> in a html template",
+      "with_implicit_raw.html.erb" => "Hello <%== '<strong>this is also raw</strong>' %> in an html template",
       "with_implicit_raw.text.erb" => "Hello <%== '<strong>this is also raw</strong>' %> in a text template",
       "test/with_json.html.erb"    => "<%= render :template => 'test/with_json', :formats => [:json] %>",
       "test/with_json.json.erb"    => "<%= render :template => 'test/final', :formats => [:json]  %>",
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ module RenderTemplate
 
       get :with_implicit_raw
 
-      assert_body "Hello <strong>this is also raw</strong> in a html template"
+      assert_body "Hello <strong>this is also raw</strong> in an html template"
       assert_status 200
 
       get :with_implicit_raw, format: 'text'
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
index 2a253799f3..10bad57cd6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module RenderText
     self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new]
 
     def index
-      render :text => "hello david"
+      render text: "hello david"
     end
   end
 
@@ -26,48 +26,48 @@ module RenderText
     )]
 
     def index
-      render :text => "hello david"
+      render text: "hello david"
     end
 
     def custom_code
-      render :text => "hello world", :status => 404
+      render text: "hello world", status: 404
     end
 
     def with_custom_code_as_string
-      render :text => "hello world", :status => "404 Not Found"
+      render text: "hello world", status: "404 Not Found"
     end
 
     def with_nil
-      render :text => nil
+      render text: nil
     end
 
     def with_nil_and_status
-      render :text => nil, :status => 403
+      render text: nil, status: 403
     end
 
     def with_false
-      render :text => false
+      render text: false
     end
 
     def with_layout_true
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => true
+      render text: "hello world", layout: true
     end
 
     def with_layout_false
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => false
+      render text: "hello world", layout: false
     end
 
     def with_layout_nil
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => nil
+      render text: "hello world", layout: nil
     end
 
     def with_custom_layout
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => "greetings"
+      render text: "hello world", layout: "greetings"
     end
 
     def with_ivar_in_layout
       @ivar = "hello world"
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => "ivar"
+      render text: "hello world", layout: "ivar"
     end
   end
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ module RenderText
 
     test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text with the layout" do
       with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw { get ':controller', :action => 'index' }
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
 
         get "/render_text/simple"
         assert_body "hello david"
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ module RenderText
 
     test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text without the layout" do
       with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw { get ':controller', :action => 'index' }
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
 
         get "/render_text/with_layout"
 
@@ -106,17 +106,17 @@ module RenderText
       assert_status 404
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body padded for Safari" do
+    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_nil"
 
-      assert_body " "
+      assert_body ""
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body padded for Safari and the status" do
+    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body and the status" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
 
-      assert_body " "
+      assert_body ""
       assert_status 403
     end
 
@@ -127,28 +127,28 @@ module RenderText
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with :layout => true" do
+    test "rendering text with layout: true" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_true"
 
       assert_body "hello world, I'm here!"
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with :layout => 'greetings'" do
+    test "rendering text with layout: 'greetings'" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
 
       assert_body "hello world, I wish thee well."
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with :layout => false" do
+    test "rendering text with layout: false" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_false"
 
       assert_body "hello world"
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with :layout => nil" do
+    test "rendering text with layout: nil" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
 
       assert_body "hello world"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/accessors_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/accessors_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97875c3cbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/accessors_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_controller/metal/strong_parameters'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
+
+class ParametersAccessorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
+      person: {
+        age: '32',
+        name: {
+          first: 'David',
+          last: 'Heinemeier Hansson'
+        },
+        addresses: [{city: 'Chicago', state: 'Illinois'}]
+      }
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "[] retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params[:person].permitted?
+    assert @params[:person][:name].permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "[] retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params[:person].permitted?
+    assert_not @params[:person][:name].permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "each carries permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    @params.each { |key, value| assert(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
+  end
+
+  test "each carries unpermitted status" do
+    @params.each { |key, value| assert_not(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
+  end
+
+  test "each_pair carries permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    @params.each_pair { |key, value| assert(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
+  end
+
+  test "each_pair carries unpermitted status" do
+    @params.each_pair { |key, value| assert_not(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
+  end
+
+  test "except retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.except(:person).permitted?
+    assert @params[:person].except(:name).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "except retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.except(:person).permitted?
+    assert_not @params[:person].except(:name).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "fetch retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.fetch(:person).permitted?
+    assert @params[:person].fetch(:name).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "fetch retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.fetch(:person).permitted?
+    assert_not @params[:person].fetch(:name).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "reject retains permitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.reject { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "reject retains unpermitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.reject { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "select retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.select { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "select retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.select { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "slice retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.slice(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "slice retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.slice(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.transform_keys { |k| k }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.transform_keys { |k| k }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.transform_values { |v| v }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.transform_values { |v| v }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "values_at retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.values_at(:person).first.permitted?
+    assert @params[:person].values_at(:name).first.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "values_at retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.values_at(:person).first.permitted?
+    assert_not @params[:person].values_at(:name).first.permitted?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/always_permitted_parameters_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/always_permitted_parameters_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..059f310d49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/always_permitted_parameters_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_controller/metal/strong_parameters'
+
+class AlwaysPermittedParametersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = :raise
+    ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = false
+    ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action )
+  end
+
+  test "shows deprecations warning on NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS" do
+    assert_deprecated do
+       ActionController::Parameters::NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "permits parameters that are whitelisted" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+      book: { pages: 65 },
+      format: "json"
+    })
+    permitted = params.permit book: [:pages]
+    assert permitted.permitted?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/log_on_unpermitted_params_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/log_on_unpermitted_params_test.rb
index 22e603b881..9ce04b9aeb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/log_on_unpermitted_params_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/log_on_unpermitted_params_test.rb
@@ -10,23 +10,45 @@ class LogOnUnpermittedParamsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = false
   end
 
-  test "logs on unexpected params" do
+  test "logs on unexpected param" do
     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
       book: { pages: 65 },
       fishing: "Turnips"
     })
 
-    assert_logged("Unpermitted parameters: fishing") do
+    assert_logged("Unpermitted parameter: fishing") do
       params.permit(book: [:pages])
     end
   end
 
-  test "logs on unexpected nested params" do
+  test "logs on unexpected params" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+      book: { pages: 65 },
+      fishing: "Turnips",
+      car: "Mersedes"
+    })
+
+    assert_logged("Unpermitted parameters: fishing, car") do
+      params.permit(book: [:pages])
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "logs on unexpected nested param" do
     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
       book: { pages: 65, title: "Green Cats and where to find then." }
     })
 
-    assert_logged("Unpermitted parameters: title") do
+    assert_logged("Unpermitted parameter: title") do
+      params.permit(book: [:pages])
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "logs on unexpected nested params" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+      book: { pages: 65, title: "Green Cats and where to find then.", author: "G. A. Dog" }
+    })
+
+    assert_logged("Unpermitted parameters: title, author") do
       params.permit(book: [:pages])
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/mutators_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/mutators_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..744d8664be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/mutators_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_controller/metal/strong_parameters'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
+
+class ParametersMutatorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
+      person: {
+        age: '32',
+        name: {
+          first: 'David',
+          last: 'Heinemeier Hansson'
+        },
+        addresses: [{city: 'Chicago', state: 'Illinois'}]
+      }
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "delete retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.delete(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "delete retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.delete(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "delete_if retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.delete_if { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "delete_if retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.delete_if { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "extract! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.extract!(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "extract! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.extract!(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "keep_if retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.keep_if { |k,v| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "keep_if retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.keep_if { |k,v| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "reject! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.reject! { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "reject! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.reject! { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "select! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.select! { |k| k != "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "select! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.select! { |k| k != "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "slice! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.slice!(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "slice! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.slice!(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.transform_keys! { |k| k }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.transform_keys! { |k| k }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.transform_values! { |v| v }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.transform_values! { |v| v }.permitted?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
index 33a91d72d9..ba98ad7605 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
@@ -167,9 +167,26 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  # Strong params has an optimization to avoid looping every time you read
+  # a key whose value is an array and building a new object. We check that
+  # optimization here.
   test 'arrays are converted at most once' do
     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(foo: [{}])
-    assert params[:foo].equal?(params[:foo])
+    assert_same params[:foo], params[:foo]
+  end
+
+  # Strong params has an internal cache to avoid duplicated loops in the most
+  # common usage pattern. See the docs of the method `converted_arrays`.
+  #
+  # This test checks that if we push a hash to an array (in-place modification)
+  # the cache does not get fooled, the hash is still wrapped as strong params,
+  # and not permitted.
+  test 'mutated arrays are detected' do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(users: [{id: 1}])
+
+    permitted = params.permit(users: [:id])
+    permitted[:users] << {injected: 1}
+    assert_not permitted[:users].last.permitted?
   end
 
   test "fetch doesnt raise ParameterMissing exception if there is a default" do
@@ -177,42 +194,6 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "monkey", @params.fetch(:foo) { "monkey" }
   end
 
-  test "not permitted is sticky on accessors" do
-    assert !@params.slice(:person).permitted?
-    assert !@params[:person][:name].permitted?
-    assert !@params[:person].except(:name).permitted?
-
-    @params.each { |key, value| assert(!value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
-
-    assert !@params.fetch(:person).permitted?
-
-    assert !@params.values_at(:person).first.permitted?
-  end
-
-  test "permitted is sticky on accessors" do
-    @params.permit!
-    assert @params.slice(:person).permitted?
-    assert @params[:person][:name].permitted?
-    assert @params[:person].except(:name).permitted?
-
-    @params.each { |key, value| assert(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
-
-    assert @params.fetch(:person).permitted?
-
-    assert @params.values_at(:person).first.permitted?
-  end
-
-  test "not permitted is sticky on mutators" do
-    assert !@params.delete_if { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
-    assert !@params.keep_if { |k,v| k == "person" }.permitted?
-  end
-
-  test "permitted is sticky on mutators" do
-    @params.permit!
-    assert @params.delete_if { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
-    assert @params.keep_if { |k,v| k == "person" }.permitted?
-  end
-
   test "not permitted is sticky beyond merges" do
     assert !@params.merge(a: "b").permitted?
   end
@@ -260,4 +241,43 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "permitting parameters as an array" do
     assert_equal "32", @params[:person].permit([ :age ])[:age]
   end
+
+  test "to_h returns empty hash on unpermitted params" do
+    assert @params.to_h.is_a? Hash
+    assert_not @params.to_h.is_a? ActionController::Parameters
+    assert @params.to_h.empty?
+  end
+
+  test "to_h returns converted hash on permitted params" do
+    @params.permit!
+
+    assert @params.to_h.is_a? Hash
+    assert_not @params.to_h.is_a? ActionController::Parameters
+    assert_equal @params.to_hash, @params.to_h
+  end
+
+  test "to_h returns converted hash when .permit_all_parameters is set" do
+    begin
+      ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
+      params = ActionController::Parameters.new(crab: "Senjougahara Hitagi")
+
+      assert params.to_h.is_a? Hash
+      assert_not @params.to_h.is_a? ActionController::Parameters
+      assert_equal({ "crab" => "Senjougahara Hitagi" }, params.to_h)
+    ensure
+      ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = false
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "to_h returns always permitted parameter on unpermitted params" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
+      controller: "users",
+      action: "create",
+      user: {
+        name: "Sengoku Nadeko"
+      }
+    )
+
+    assert_equal({ "controller" => "users", "action" => "create" }, params.to_h)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
index 11ccb6cf3b..645ecae220 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
@@ -337,14 +337,26 @@ class IrregularInflectionParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests ParamswrappernewsController
 
   def test_uses_model_attribute_names_with_irregular_inflection
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-      inflect.irregular 'paramswrappernews_item', 'paramswrappernews'
-    end
+    with_dup do
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+        inflect.irregular 'paramswrappernews_item', 'paramswrappernews'
+      end
 
-    with_default_wrapper_options do
-      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'test_attr' => 'test_value' }
-      assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'test_attr' => 'test_value', 'paramswrappernews_item' => { 'test_attr' => 'test_value' }})
+      with_default_wrapper_options do
+        @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
+        post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'test_attr' => 'test_value' }
+        assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'test_attr' => 'test_value', 'paramswrappernews_item' => { 'test_attr' => 'test_value' }})
+      end
     end
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def with_dup
+    original = ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_get(:@__instance__)[:en]
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, en: original.dup)
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, en: original)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
index 4331333b98..103ca9c776 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@ class RedirectController < ActionController::Base
     redirect_to nil
   end
 
+  def redirect_to_params
+    redirect_to ActionController::Parameters.new(status: 200, protocol: 'javascript', f: '%0Aeval(name)')
+  end
+
   def redirect_to_with_block
     redirect_to proc { "http://www.rubyonrails.org/" }
   end
@@ -281,6 +285,12 @@ class RedirectTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_redirect_to_params
+    assert_raise(ActionController::ActionControllerError) do
+      get :redirect_to_params
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_redirect_to_with_block
     get :redirect_to_with_block
     assert_response :redirect
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
index de8d1cbd9b..ada978aa11 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class RenderJsonTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_render_json_with_callback
     xhr :get, :render_json_hello_world_with_callback
-    assert_equal 'alert({"hello":"world"})', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/**/alert({"hello":"world"})', @response.body
     assert_equal 'text/javascript', @response.content_type
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_other_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_other_test.rb
index b5e74e373d..af50e11261 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_other_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_other_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
-ActionController.add_renderer :simon do |says, options|
-  self.content_type  = Mime::TEXT
-  self.response_body = "Simon says: #{says}"
-end
 
 class RenderOtherTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
@@ -15,7 +11,14 @@ class RenderOtherTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests TestController
 
   def test_using_custom_render_option
+    ActionController.add_renderer :simon do |says, options|
+      self.content_type  = Mime::TEXT
+      self.response_body = "Simon says: #{says}"
+    end
+
     get :render_simon_says
     assert_equal "Simon says: foo", @response.body
+  ensure
+    ActionController.remove_renderer :simon
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
index 26806fb03f..b036b6c08e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
@@ -10,11 +10,17 @@ class TestControllerWithExtraEtags < ActionController::Base
   etag { nil  }
 
   def fresh
-    render text: "stale" if stale?(etag: '123')
+    render text: "stale" if stale?(etag: '123', template: false)
   end
 
   def array
-    render text: "stale" if stale?(etag: %w(1 2 3))
+    render text: "stale" if stale?(etag: %w(1 2 3), template: false)
+  end
+
+  def with_template
+    if stale? template: 'test/hello_world'
+      render text: 'stale'
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -242,6 +248,8 @@ class MetalTestController < ActionController::Metal
   include AbstractController::Rendering
   include ActionView::Rendering
   include ActionController::Rendering
+  include ActionController::RackDelegation
+
 
   def accessing_logger_in_template
     render :inline =>  "<%= logger.class %>"
@@ -387,10 +395,6 @@ end
 class EtagRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests TestControllerWithExtraEtags
 
-  def setup
-    super
-  end
-
   def test_multiple_etags
     @request.if_none_match = etag(["123", 'ab', :cde, [:f]])
     get :fresh
@@ -411,6 +415,32 @@ class EtagRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_response :success
   end
 
+  def test_etag_reflects_template_digest
+    get :with_template
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert_not_nil etag = @response.etag
+
+    request.if_none_match = etag
+    get :with_template
+    assert_response :not_modified
+
+    # Modify the template digest
+    path = File.expand_path('../../fixtures/test/hello_world.erb', __FILE__)
+    old = File.read(path)
+
+    begin
+      File.write path, 'foo'
+      ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear
+
+      request.if_none_match = etag
+      get :with_template
+      assert_response :ok
+      assert_not_equal etag, @response.etag
+    ensure
+      File.write path, old
+    end
+  end
+
   def etag(record)
     Digest::MD5.hexdigest(ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(record)).inspect
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
index 1f5fc06410..3e0bfe8d14 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
@@ -125,27 +125,29 @@ end
 module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
   def setup
     @token      = "cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae"
-
-    SecureRandom.stubs(:base64).returns(@token)
+    @controller.stubs(:form_authenticity_token).returns(@token)
+    @controller.stubs(:valid_authenticity_token?).with{ |_, t| t == @token }.returns(true)
+    @controller.stubs(:valid_authenticity_token?).with{ |_, t| t != @token }.returns(false)
+    @old_request_forgery_protection_token = ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token
     ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :custom_authenticity_token
   end
 
   def teardown
-    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = nil
+    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = @old_request_forgery_protection_token
   end
 
   def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag
     assert_not_blocked do
       get :index
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
+    assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
   end
 
   def test_should_render_button_to_with_token_tag
     assert_not_blocked do
       get :show_button
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
+    assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
   end
 
   def test_should_render_form_without_token_tag_if_remote
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
       assert_not_blocked do
         get :form_for_remote_with_external_token
       end
-      assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
+      assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
     ensure
       ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = original
     end
@@ -185,21 +187,21 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
     assert_not_blocked do
       get :form_for_remote_with_external_token
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
+    assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
   end
 
   def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag_if_remote_and_authenticity_token_requested
     assert_not_blocked do
       get :form_for_remote_with_token
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
+    assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
   end
 
   def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag_with_authenticity_token_requested
     assert_not_blocked do
       get :form_for_with_token
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
+    assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_get
@@ -289,6 +291,22 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
     end
   end
 
+  def test_should_not_warn_if_csrf_logging_disabled
+    old_logger = ActionController::Base.logger
+    logger = ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper::MockLogger.new
+    ActionController::Base.logger = logger
+    ActionController::Base.log_warning_on_csrf_failure = false
+
+    begin
+      assert_blocked { post :index }
+
+      assert_equal 0, logger.logged(:warn).size
+    ensure
+      ActionController::Base.logger = old_logger
+      ActionController::Base.log_warning_on_csrf_failure = true
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_should_only_allow_same_origin_js_get_with_xhr_header
     assert_cross_origin_blocked { get :same_origin_js }
     assert_cross_origin_blocked { get :same_origin_js, format: 'js' }
@@ -360,18 +378,20 @@ class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingResetSessionTest < ActionController
   include RequestForgeryProtectionTests
 
   setup do
+    @old_request_forgery_protection_token = ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token
     ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :custom_authenticity_token
   end
 
   teardown do
-    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = nil
+    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = @old_request_forgery_protection_token
   end
 
   test 'should emit a csrf-param meta tag and a csrf-token meta tag' do
-    SecureRandom.stubs(:base64).returns(@token + '<=?')
+    @controller.stubs(:form_authenticity_token).returns(@token + '<=?')
     get :meta
     assert_select 'meta[name=?][content=?]', 'csrf-param', 'custom_authenticity_token'
-    assert_select 'meta[name=?][content=?]', 'csrf-token', 'cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae&lt;=?'
+    assert_select 'meta[name=?]', 'csrf-token'
+    assert_match(/cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae&lt;=\?/, @response.body)
   end
 end
 
@@ -446,16 +466,38 @@ end
 class CustomAuthenticityParamControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def setup
     super
-    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :custom_token_name
+    @old_logger = ActionController::Base.logger
+    @logger = ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper::MockLogger.new
+    @token = Base64.strict_encode64(SecureRandom.random_bytes(32))
+    @old_request_forgery_protection_token = ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token
+    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = @token
   end
 
   def teardown
-    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :authenticity_token
+    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = @old_request_forgery_protection_token
     super
   end
 
-  def test_should_allow_custom_token
-    post :index, :custom_token_name => 'foobar'
-    assert_response :ok
+  def test_should_not_warn_if_form_authenticity_param_matches_form_authenticity_token
+    ActionController::Base.logger = @logger
+    @controller.stubs(:valid_authenticity_token?).returns(:true)
+
+    begin
+      post :index, :custom_token_name => 'foobar'
+      assert_equal 0, @logger.logged(:warn).size
+    ensure
+      ActionController::Base.logger = @old_logger
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_warn_if_form_authenticity_param_does_not_match_form_authenticity_token
+    ActionController::Base.logger = @logger
+
+    begin
+      post :index, :custom_token_name => 'bazqux'
+      assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:warn).size
+    ensure
+      ActionController::Base.logger = @old_logger
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb
index 25d0337212..6803dbbb62 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb
@@ -24,10 +24,26 @@ class ActionControllerRequiredParamsTest < ActionController::TestCase
     post :create, { book: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
     assert_response :ok
   end
+
+  test "required parameters with false value will not raise" do
+    post :create, { book: { name: false } }
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
 end
 
 class ParametersRequireTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  test "required parameters must be present not merely not nil" do
+
+  test "required parameters should accept and return false value" do
+    assert_equal(false, ActionController::Parameters.new(person: false).require(:person))
+  end
+
+  test "required parameters must not be nil" do
+    assert_raises(ActionController::ParameterMissing) do
+      ActionController::Parameters.new(person: nil).require(:person)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "required parameters must not be empty" do
     assert_raises(ActionController::ParameterMissing) do
       ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {}).require(:person)
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
index df453a0251..c18914cc8e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
@@ -77,17 +77,18 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include ActionDispatch::RoutingVerbs
 
   attr_reader :rs
+  attr_accessor :controller
   alias :routes :rs
 
   def setup
-    @rs       = ::ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    @rs = make_set
     @response = nil
   end
 
   def test_symbols_with_dashes
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/:song-omg', :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_id_with_dash
     rs.draw do
       get '/journey/:id', :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_dash_with_custom_regexp
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/:song-omg', :constraints => { :song => /\d+/ }, :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_pre_dash
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/omg-:song', :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_pre_dash_with_custom_regexp
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/omg-:song', :constraints => { :song => /\d+/ }, :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
@@ -243,6 +244,32 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'clients', get(URI('http://clients.example.org/'))
   end
 
+  def test_scoped_lambda
+    scope_called = false
+    rs.draw do
+      scope '/foo', :constraints => lambda { |req| scope_called = true } do
+        get '/', :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, %w{default}] }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'default', get(URI('http://www.example.org/foo/'))
+    assert scope_called, "scope constraint should be called"
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped_lambda_with_get_lambda
+    inner_called = false
+
+    rs.draw do
+      scope '/foo', :constraints => lambda { |req| flunk "should not be called" } do
+        get '/', :constraints    => lambda { |req| inner_called = true },
+                 :to             => lambda { |env| [200, {}, %w{default}] }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'default', get(URI('http://www.example.org/foo/'))
+    assert inner_called, "inner constraint should be called"
+  end
+
   def test_empty_string_match
     rs.draw do
       get '/:username', :constraints => { :username => /[^\/]+/ },
@@ -291,11 +318,16 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert_equal '/admin/user/show/10', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'show', :id => 10 })
 
-    assert_equal '/admin/user/show',    url_for(rs, { :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' })
-    assert_equal '/admin/user/list/10', url_for(rs, {}, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' })
+    get URI('http://test.host/admin/user/list/10')
+
+    assert_equal({ :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' },
+                 controller.request.path_parameters)
 
-    assert_equal '/admin/stuff', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'stuff' }, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' })
-    assert_equal '/stuff',       url_for(rs, { :controller => '/stuff' }, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' })
+    assert_equal '/admin/user/show',    controller.url_for({ :action => 'show', :only_path => true })
+    assert_equal '/admin/user/list/10', controller.url_for({:only_path => true})
+
+    assert_equal '/admin/stuff', controller.url_for({ :controller => 'stuff', :only_path => true })
+    assert_equal '/stuff', controller.url_for({ :controller => '/stuff', :only_path => true })
   end
 
   def test_ignores_leading_slash
@@ -419,14 +451,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get 'page' => 'content#show_page', :as => 'pages', :host => 'foo.com'
     end
     routes = setup_for_named_route
-    routes.expects(:url_for).with({
-      :host => 'foo.com',
-      :only_path => false,
-      :controller => 'content',
-      :action => 'show_page',
-      :use_route => 'pages'
-    }).once
-    routes.send(:pages_url)
+    assert_equal "http://foo.com/page", routes.pages_url
   end
 
   def setup_for_named_route(options = {})
@@ -499,9 +524,10 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_changing_controller
     rs.draw { get ':controller/:action/:id' }
 
+    get URI('http://test.host/admin/user/index/10')
+
     assert_equal '/admin/stuff/show/10',
-        url_for(rs, {:controller => 'stuff', :action => 'show', :id => 10},
-                    {:controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'index'})
+        controller.url_for({:controller => 'stuff', :action => 'show', :id => 10, :only_path => true})
   end
 
   def test_paths_escaped
@@ -560,8 +586,12 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '*path' => 'content#show_file'
     end
 
+    get URI('http://test.host/pages/boo')
+    assert_equal({:controller=>"content", :action=>"show_file", :path=>"pages/boo"},
+                 controller.request.path_parameters)
+
     assert_equal '/pages/boo',
-        url_for(rs, {}, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'show_file', :path => %w(pages boo) })
+      controller.url_for(:only_path => true)
   end
 
   def test_backwards
@@ -570,7 +600,8 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
 
-    assert_equal '/page/20',   url_for(rs, { :id => 20 }, { :controller => 'pages', :action => 'show' })
+    get URI('http://test.host/pages/show')
+    assert_equal '/page/20',   controller.url_for({ :id => 20, :only_path => true })
     assert_equal '/page/20',   url_for(rs, { :controller => 'pages', :id => 20, :action => 'show' })
     assert_equal '/pages/boo', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'pages', :action => 'boo' })
   end
@@ -611,7 +642,8 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_action_expiry
     rs.draw { get ':controller(/:action(/:id))' }
-    assert_equal '/content', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'content' }, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'show' })
+    get URI('http://test.host/content/show')
+    assert_equal '/content', controller.url_for(:controller => 'content', :only_path => true)
   end
 
   def test_requirement_should_prevent_optional_id
@@ -654,14 +686,18 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '/pages/2005/6/12',
       url_for(rs, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => 2005, :month => 6, :day => 12 })
 
+    get URI('http://test.host/pages/2005/6/12')
+    assert_equal({ :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => '2005', :month => '6', :day => '12' },
+                controller.request.path_parameters)
+
     assert_equal '/pages/2005/6/4',
-      url_for(rs, { :day => 4 },   { :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => '2005', :month => '6', :day => '12' })
+      controller.url_for({ :day => 4, :only_path => true })
 
     assert_equal '/pages/2005/6',
-      url_for(rs, { :day => nil }, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => '2005', :month => '6', :day => '12' })
+      controller.url_for({ :day => nil, :only_path => true })
 
     assert_equal '/pages/2005',
-      url_for(rs, { :day => nil, :month => nil }, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => '2005', :month => '6', :day => '12' })
+      controller.url_for({ :day => nil, :month => nil, :only_path => true })
   end
 
   def test_root_url_generation_with_controller_and_action
@@ -819,9 +855,15 @@ end
 
 class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include RoutingTestHelpers
+  include ActionDispatch::RoutingVerbs
 
-  def set
-    @set ||= ROUTING::RouteSet.new
+  attr_reader :set
+  alias :routes :set
+  attr_accessor :controller
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @set = make_set
   end
 
   def request
@@ -922,7 +964,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '/admin/users' => 'admin/users#index', :as => "users"
     end
 
-    MockController.build(set.url_helpers).new
+    get URI('http://test.host/people')
+    controller
   end
 
   def test_named_route_url_method
@@ -1019,12 +1062,12 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
 
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'index'}, set.recognize_path('/pages'))
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'index'}, set.recognize_path('/pages/index'))
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'list'}, set.recognize_path('/pages/list'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'index'}, request_path_params('/pages'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'index'}, request_path_params('/pages/index'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'list'}, request_path_params('/pages/list'))
 
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, set.recognize_path('/pages/show/10'))
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, set.recognize_path('/page/10'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, request_path_params('/pages/show/10'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, request_path_params('/page/10'))
   end
 
   def test_route_constraints_on_request_object_with_anchors_are_valid
@@ -1076,9 +1119,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get    "/people" => "missing#index"
     end
 
-    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) {
-      set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :get)
-    }
+    assert_raises(ActionController::RoutingError) { request_path_params '/people' }
   end
 
   def test_recognize_with_encoded_id_and_regex
@@ -1086,8 +1127,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /[a-zA-Z0-9\+]+/
     end
 
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, set.recognize_path('/page/10'))
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => 'hello+world'}, set.recognize_path('/page/hello+world'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, request_path_params('/page/10'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => 'hello+world'}, request_path_params('/page/hello+world'))
   end
 
   def test_recognize_with_http_methods
@@ -1100,40 +1141,40 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       delete "/people/:id" => "people#destroy"
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :post)
+    params = request_path_params("/people", :method => :post)
     assert_equal("create", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :put)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :put)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :patch)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :patch)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
 
     assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) {
-      set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :bacon)
+      request_path_params("/people", :method => :bacon)
     }
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("show", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :put)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :put)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :patch)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :patch)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :delete)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :delete)
     assert_equal("destroy", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
     assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) {
-      set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :post)
+      request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :post)
     }
   end
 
@@ -1143,11 +1184,11 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       root :to => "people#index"
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("people", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("people", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1158,7 +1199,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
              :year => /\d{4}/, :day => /\d{1,2}/, :month => /\d{1,2}/
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/articles/2005/11/05/a-very-interesting-article", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/articles/2005/11/05/a-very-interesting-article", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("permalink", params[:action])
     assert_equal("2005", params[:year])
     assert_equal("11", params[:month])
@@ -1172,7 +1213,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '/profile' => 'profile#index'
     end
 
-    set.recognize_path("/profile") rescue nil
+    request_path_params("/profile") rescue nil
 
     assert !Object.const_defined?("Profiler__"), "Profiler should not be loaded"
   end
@@ -1185,17 +1226,17 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get "people/:id(.:format)" => "people#show"
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("show", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :put)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :put)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :patch)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :patch)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5.png", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5.png", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("show", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
     assert_equal("png", params[:format])
@@ -1214,7 +1255,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_root_map
     set.draw { root :to => 'people#index' }
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("people", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1228,7 +1269,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/api/inventory", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/api/inventory", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("api/products", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("inventory", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1240,7 +1281,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/api", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/api", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("api/products", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1252,7 +1293,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/prefix/inventory", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/prefix/inventory", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("api/products", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("inventory", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1264,38 +1305,36 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/inventory", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/inventory", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("api/products", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("inventory", params[:action])
   end
 
-  def test_generate_changes_controller_module
-    set.draw { get ':controller/:action/:id' }
-    current = { :controller => "bling/bloop", :action => "bap", :id => 9 }
-
-    assert_equal "/foo/bar/baz/7",
-        url_for(set, { :controller => "foo/bar", :action => "baz", :id => 7 }, current)
-  end
-
   def test_id_is_sticky_when_it_ought_to_be
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get ':controller/:id/:action'
     end
 
-    url = url_for(set, { :action => "destroy" }, { :controller => "people", :action => "show", :id => "7" })
-    assert_equal "/people/7/destroy", url
+    get URI('http://test.host/people/7/show')
+
+    assert_equal "/people/7/destroy", controller.url_for(:action => 'destroy', :only_path => true)
   end
 
   def test_use_static_path_when_possible
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get 'about' => "welcome#about"
       get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
 
-    url = url_for(set, { :controller => "welcome", :action => "about" },
-      { :controller => "welcome", :action => "get", :id => "7" })
+    get URI('http://test.host/welcom/get/7')
 
-    assert_equal "/about", url
+    assert_equal "/about", controller.url_for(:controller => 'welcome',
+                                              :action => 'about',
+                                              :only_path => true)
   end
 
   def test_generate
@@ -1330,38 +1369,51 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_named_routes_are_never_relative_to_modules
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get "/connection/manage(/:action)" => 'connection/manage#index'
       get "/connection/connection" => "connection/connection#index"
       get '/connection' => 'connection#index', :as => 'family_connection'
     end
 
-    url = url_for(set, { :controller => "connection" }, { :controller => 'connection/manage' })
+    assert_equal({ :controller => 'connection/manage',
+                   :action => 'index', }, request_path_params('/connection/manage'))
+
+    url = controller.url_for({ :controller => "connection", :only_path => true })
     assert_equal "/connection/connection", url
 
-    url = url_for(set, { :use_route => :family_connection, :controller => "connection" }, { :controller => 'connection/manage' })
+    url = controller.url_for({ :use_route => :family_connection,
+                               :controller => "connection", :only_path => true })
     assert_equal "/connection", url
   end
 
   def test_action_left_off_when_id_is_recalled
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
-    assert_equal '/books', url_for(set,
-      {:controller => 'books', :action => 'index'},
-      {:controller => 'books', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}
-    )
+
+    get URI('http://test.host/books/show/10')
+
+    assert_equal '/books', controller.url_for(:controller => 'books',
+                                              :only_path => true,
+                                              :action => 'index')
   end
 
   def test_query_params_will_be_shown_when_recalled
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get 'show_weblog/:parameter' => 'weblog#show'
       get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
-    assert_equal '/weblog/edit?parameter=1', url_for(set,
-      {:action => 'edit', :parameter => 1},
-      {:controller => 'weblog', :action => 'show', :parameter => 1}
-    )
+
+    get URI('http://test.host/weblog/show/1')
+
+    assert_equal '/weblog/edit?parameter=1', controller.url_for(
+      {:action => 'edit', :parameter => 1, :only_path => true})
   end
 
   def test_format_is_not_inherit
@@ -1369,22 +1421,30 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '/posts(.:format)' => 'posts#index'
     end
 
-    assert_equal '/posts', url_for(set,
-      {:controller => 'posts'},
-      {:controller => 'posts', :action => 'index', :format => 'xml'}
-    )
+    get URI('http://test.host/posts.xml')
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'posts', :action => 'index', :format => 'xml'},
+                 controller.request.path_parameters)
 
-    assert_equal '/posts.xml', url_for(set,
-      {:controller => 'posts', :format => 'xml'},
-      {:controller => 'posts', :action => 'index', :format => 'xml'}
-    )
+    assert_equal '/posts', controller.url_for(
+      {:controller => 'posts', :only_path => true})
+
+    assert_equal '/posts.xml', controller.url_for(
+      {:controller => 'posts', :format => 'xml', :only_path => true})
   end
 
   def test_expiry_determination_should_consider_values_with_to_param
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw { get 'projects/:project_id/:controller/:action' }
-    assert_equal '/projects/1/weblog/show', url_for(set,
-      { :action => 'show', :project_id => 1 },
-      { :controller => 'weblog', :action => 'show', :project_id => '1' })
+
+    get URI('http://test.host/projects/1/weblog/show')
+
+    assert_equal(
+      { :controller => 'weblog', :action => 'show', :project_id => '1' },
+      controller.request.path_parameters)
+
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/weblog/show',
+      controller.url_for({ :action => 'show', :project_id => 1, :only_path => true })
   end
 
   def test_named_route_in_nested_resource
@@ -1587,7 +1647,6 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_slashes_are_implied
-    @set = nil
     set.draw { get("/:controller(/:action(/:id))") }
 
     assert_equal '/content',        url_for(set, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'index' })
@@ -1685,7 +1744,43 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '/ibocorp', url_for(set, { :controller => 'ibocorp', :action => "show", :page => 1 })
   end
 
+  include ActionDispatch::RoutingVerbs
+
+  class TestSet < ROUTING::RouteSet
+    def initialize(block)
+      @block = block
+      super()
+    end
+
+    class Dispatcher < ROUTING::RouteSet::Dispatcher
+      def initialize(defaults, set, block)
+        super(defaults)
+        @block = block
+        @set = set
+      end
+
+      def controller_reference(controller_param)
+        block = @block
+        set = @set
+        Class.new(ActionController::Base) {
+          include set.url_helpers
+          define_method(:process) { |name| block.call(self) }
+          def to_a; [200, {}, []]; end
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def dispatcher defaults
+      TestSet::Dispatcher.new defaults, self, @block
+    end
+  end
+
+  alias :routes :set
+
   def test_generate_with_optional_params_recalls_last_request
+    controller = nil
+    @set = TestSet.new ->(c) { controller = c }
+
     set.draw do
       get "blog/", :controller => "blog", :action => "index"
 
@@ -1700,23 +1795,29 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get "*anything", :controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request"
     end
 
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "index"}, set.recognize_path("/blog"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show", :id => "123"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/show/123"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :day => nil, :month => nil }, set.recognize_path("/blog/2004"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :month => "12", :day => nil }, set.recognize_path("/blog/2004/12"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :month => "12", :day => "25"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/2004/12/25"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "articles", :action => "edit", :id => "123"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/articles/edit/123"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "articles", :action => "show_stats"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/articles/show_stats"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request", :anything => "blog/wibble"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/wibble"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request", :anything => "junk"}, set.recognize_path("/junk"))
+    recognize_path = ->(path) {
+      get(URI("http://example.org" + path))
+      controller.request.path_parameters
+    }
 
-    last_request = set.recognize_path("/blog/2006/07/28").freeze
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog",  :action => "show_date", :year => "2006", :month => "07", :day => "28"}, last_request)
-    assert_equal("/blog/2006/07/25", url_for(set, { :day => 25 }, last_request))
-    assert_equal("/blog/2005",       url_for(set, { :year => 2005 }, last_request))
-    assert_equal("/blog/show/123",   url_for(set, { :action => "show" , :id => 123 }, last_request))
-    assert_equal("/blog/2006",       url_for(set, { :year => 2006 }, last_request))
-    assert_equal("/blog/2006",       url_for(set, { :year => 2006, :month => nil }, last_request))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "index"}, recognize_path.("/blog"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show", :id => "123"}, recognize_path.("/blog/show/123"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :day => nil, :month => nil }, recognize_path.("/blog/2004"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :month => "12", :day => nil }, recognize_path.("/blog/2004/12"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :month => "12", :day => "25"}, recognize_path.("/blog/2004/12/25"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "articles", :action => "edit", :id => "123"}, recognize_path.("/blog/articles/edit/123"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "articles", :action => "show_stats"}, recognize_path.("/blog/articles/show_stats"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request", :anything => "blog/wibble"}, recognize_path.("/blog/wibble"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request", :anything => "junk"}, recognize_path.("/junk"))
+
+    get URI('http://example.org/blog/2006/07/28')
+
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog",  :action => "show_date", :year => "2006", :month => "07", :day => "28"}, controller.request.path_parameters)
+    assert_equal("/blog/2006/07/25", controller.url_for({ :day => 25, :only_path => true }))
+    assert_equal("/blog/2005",       controller.url_for({ :year => 2005, :only_path => true }))
+    assert_equal("/blog/show/123",   controller.url_for({ :action => "show" , :id => 123, :only_path => true }))
+    assert_equal("/blog/2006",       controller.url_for({ :year => 2006, :only_path => true }))
+    assert_equal("/blog/2006",       controller.url_for({ :year => 2006, :month => nil, :only_path => true }))
   end
 
   private
@@ -1789,6 +1890,9 @@ class RackMountIntegrationTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     root :to => "news#index"
   }
 
+  attr_reader :routes
+  attr_reader :controller
+
   def setup
     @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     @routes.draw(&Mapping)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/selector_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/selector_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e80c8601c..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/selector_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,629 +0,0 @@
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
-# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
-#++
-
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_controllers'
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
-
-class SelectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  #
-  # Basic selector: element, id, class, attributes.
-  #
-
-  def test_element
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1"></div><p></p><div id="2"></div>})
-    # Match element by name.
-    select("div")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Not case sensitive.
-    select("DIV")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Universal match (all elements).
-    select("*")
-    assert_equal 3, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal nil, @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[2].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_identifier
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1"></div><p></p><div id="2"></div>})
-    # Match element by ID.
-    select("div#1")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match element by ID, substitute value.
-    select("div#?", 2)
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Element name does not match ID.
-    select("p#?", 2)
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Use regular expression.
-    select("#?", /\d/)
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_class_name
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1" class=" foo "></div><p id="2" class=" foo bar "></p><div id="3" class="bar"></div>})
-    # Match element with specified class.
-    select("div.foo")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match any element with specified class.
-    select("*.foo")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Match elements with other class.
-    select("*.bar")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Match only element with both class names.
-    select("*.bar.foo")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_attribute
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1"></div><p id="2" title="" bar="foo"></p><div id="3" title="foo"></div>})
-    # Match element with attribute.
-    select("div[title]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match any element with attribute.
-    select("*[title]")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Match element with attribute value.
-    select("*[title=foo]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match element with attribute and attribute value.
-    select("[bar=foo][title]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Not case sensitive.
-    select("[BAR=foo][TiTle]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_attribute_quoted
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1" title="foo"></div><div id="2" title="bar"></div><div id="3" title="  bar  "></div>})
-    # Match without quotes.
-    select("[title = bar]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match with single quotes.
-    select("[title = 'bar' ]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match with double quotes.
-    select("[title = \"bar\" ]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match with spaces.
-    select("[title = \"  bar  \" ]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_attribute_equality
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1" title="foo bar"></div><div id="2" title="barbaz"></div>})
-    # Match (fail) complete value.
-    select("[title=bar]")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Match space-separate word.
-    select("[title~=foo]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("[title~=bar]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match beginning of value.
-    select("[title^=ba]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match end of value.
-    select("[title$=ar]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match text in value.
-    select("[title*=bar]")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Match first space separated word.
-    select("[title|=foo]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("[title|=bar]")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  #
-  # Selector composition: groups, sibling, children
-  #
-
-
-  def test_selector_group
-    parse(%Q{<h1 id="1"></h1><h2 id="2"></h2><h3 id="3"></h3>})
-    # Simple group selector.
-    select("h1,h3")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("h1 , h3")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Complex group selector.
-    parse(%Q{<h1 id="1"><a href="foo"></a></h1><h2 id="2"><a href="bar"></a></h2><h3 id="2"><a href="baz"></a></h3>})
-    select("h1 a, h3 a")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "foo", @matches[0].attributes["href"]
-    assert_equal "baz", @matches[1].attributes["href"]
-    # And now for the three selector challenge.
-    parse(%Q{<h1 id="1"><a href="foo"></a></h1><h2 id="2"><a href="bar"></a></h2><h3 id="2"><a href="baz"></a></h3>})
-    select("h1 a, h2 a, h3 a")
-    assert_equal 3, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "foo", @matches[0].attributes["href"]
-    assert_equal "bar", @matches[1].attributes["href"]
-    assert_equal "baz", @matches[2].attributes["href"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_sibling_selector
-    parse(%Q{<h1 id="1"></h1><h2 id="2"></h2><h3 id="3"></h3>})
-    # Test next sibling.
-    select("h1+*")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("h1+h2")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("h1+h3")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("*+h3")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Test any sibling.
-    select("h1~*")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("h2~*")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_children_selector
-    parse(%Q{<div><p id="1"><span id="2"></span></p></div><div><p id="3"><span id="4" class="foo"></span></p></div>})
-    # Test child selector.
-    select("div>p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("div>span")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("div>p#3")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("div>p>span")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Test descendant selector.
-    select("div p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("div span")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("div *#3")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("div *#4")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # This is here because it failed before when whitespaces
-    # were not properly stripped.
-    select("div .foo")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  #
-  # Pseudo selectors: root, nth-child, empty, content, etc
-  #
-
-
-  def test_root_selector
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1"><div id="2"></div></div>})
-    # Can only find element if it's root.
-    select(":root")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("#1:root")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("#2:root")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Opposite for nth-child.
-    select("#1:nth-child(1)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_odd_even
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Test odd nth children.
-    select("tr:nth-child(odd)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Test even nth children.
-    select("tr:nth-child(even)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_a_is_zero
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Test the third child.
-    select("tr:nth-child(0n+3)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Same but an can be omitted when zero.
-    select("tr:nth-child(3)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Second element (but not every second element).
-    select("tr:nth-child(0n+2)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Before first and past last returns nothing.:
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { select("tr:nth-child(-1)") }
-    select("tr:nth-child(0)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("tr:nth-child(5)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_a_is_one
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # a is group of one, pick every element in group.
-    select("tr:nth-child(1n+0)")
-    assert_equal 4, @matches.size
-    # Same but a can be omitted when one.
-    select("tr:nth-child(n+0)")
-    assert_equal 4, @matches.size
-    # Same but b can be omitted when zero.
-    select("tr:nth-child(n)")
-    assert_equal 4, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_b_is_zero
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # If b is zero, pick the n-th element (here each one).
-    select("tr:nth-child(n+0)")
-    assert_equal 4, @matches.size
-    # If b is zero, pick the n-th element (here every second).
-    select("tr:nth-child(2n+0)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # If a and b are both zero, no element selected.
-    select("tr:nth-child(0n+0)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("tr:nth-child(0)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_a_is_negative
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Since a is -1, picks the first three elements.
-    select("tr:nth-child(-n+3)")
-    assert_equal 3, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[2].attributes["id"]
-    # Since a is -2, picks the first in every second of first four elements.
-    select("tr:nth-child(-2n+3)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Since a is -2, picks the first in every second of first three elements.
-    select("tr:nth-child(-2n+2)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_b_is_negative
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Select last of four.
-    select("tr:nth-child(4n-1)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Select first of four.
-    select("tr:nth-child(4n-4)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Select last of every second.
-    select("tr:nth-child(2n-1)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Select nothing since an+b always < 0
-    select("tr:nth-child(-1n-1)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_substitution_values
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Test with ?n?.
-    select("tr:nth-child(?n?)", 2, 1)
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("tr:nth-child(?n?)", 2, 2)
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("tr:nth-child(?n?)", 4, 2)
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Test with ? (b only).
-    select("tr:nth-child(?)", 3)
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("tr:nth-child(?)", 5)
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_last_child
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Last two elements.
-    select("tr:nth-last-child(-n+2)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # All old elements counting from last one.
-    select("tr:nth-last-child(odd)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_of_type
-    parse(%Q{<table><thead></thead><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # First two elements.
-    select("tr:nth-of-type(-n+2)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # All old elements counting from last one.
-    select("tr:nth-last-of-type(odd)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_first_and_last
-    parse(%Q{<table><thead></thead><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # First child.
-    select("tr:first-child")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select(":first-child")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "thead", @matches[0].name
-    # First of type.
-    select("tr:first-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("thead:first-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "thead", @matches[0].name
-    select("div:first-of-type")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Last child.
-    select("tr:last-child")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Last of type.
-    select("tr:last-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("thead:last-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "thead", @matches[0].name
-    select("div:last-of-type")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_only_child_and_only_type_first_and_last
-    # Only child.
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr></tr></table>})
-    select("table:only-child")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("tr:only-child")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "tr", @matches[0].name
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr></tr><tr></tr></table>})
-    select("tr:only-child")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Only of type.
-    parse(%Q{<table><thead></thead><tr></tr><tr></tr></table>})
-    select("thead:only-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "thead", @matches[0].name
-    select("td:only-of-type")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_empty
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr></tr></table>})
-    select("table:empty")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("tr:empty")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    parse(%Q{<div> </div>})
-    select("div:empty")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_content
-    parse(%Q{<div> </div>})
-    select("div:content()")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    parse(%Q{<div>something </div>})
-    select("div:content()")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("div:content(something)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    select("div:content( 'something' )")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    select("div:content( \"something\" )")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    select("div:content(?)", "something")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    select("div:content(?)", /something/)
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  #
-  # Test negation.
-  #
-
-
-  def test_element_negation
-    parse(%Q{<p></p><div></div>})
-    select("*")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select("*:not(p)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "div", @matches[0].name
-    select("*:not(div)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "p", @matches[0].name
-    select("*:not(span)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_id_negation
-    parse(%Q{<p id="1"></p><p id="2"></p>})
-    select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select(":not(#1)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select(":not(#2)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_class_name_negation
-    parse(%Q{<p class="foo"></p><p class="bar"></p>})
-    select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select(":not(.foo)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "bar", @matches[0].attributes["class"]
-    select(":not(.bar)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "foo", @matches[0].attributes["class"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_attribute_negation
-    parse(%Q{<p title="foo"></p><p title="bar"></p>})
-    select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select(":not([title=foo])")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "bar", @matches[0].attributes["title"]
-    select(":not([title=bar])")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "foo", @matches[0].attributes["title"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_pseudo_class_negation
-    parse(%Q{<div><p id="1"></p><p id="2"></p></div>})
-    select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select("p:not(:first-child)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("p:not(:nth-child(2))")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_negation_details
-    parse(%Q{<p id="1"></p><p id="2"></p><p id="3"></p>})
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { select(":not(") }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { select(":not(:not())") }
-    select("p:not(#1):not(#3)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_select_from_element
-    parse(%Q{<div><p id="1"></p><p id="2"></p></div>})
-    select("div")
-    @matches = @matches[0].select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-protected
-
-  def parse(html)
-    @html = HTML::Document.new(html).root
-  end
-
-  def select(*selector)
-    @matches = HTML.selector(*selector).select(@html)
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
index 4df2f8b98d..c002cf4d8f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ end
 
 class SendFileController < ActionController::Base
   include TestFileUtils
+  include ActionController::Testing
   layout "layouts/standard" # to make sure layouts don't interfere
 
   attr_writer :options
@@ -30,11 +31,8 @@ class SendFileWithActionControllerLive < SendFileController
 end
 
 class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests SendFileController
   include TestFileUtils
 
-  Mime::Type.register "image/png", :png unless defined? Mime::PNG
-
   def setup
     @controller = SendFileController.new
     @request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
@@ -201,8 +199,6 @@ class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  tests SendFileWithActionControllerLive
-
   def test_send_file_with_action_controller_live
     @controller = SendFileWithActionControllerLive.new
     @controller.options = { :content_type => "application/x-ruby" }
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
index ff23b22040..f7eba1ef43 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ShowExceptions
 
     test 'show diagnostics from a local ip if show_detailed_exceptions? is set to request.local?' do
       @app = ShowExceptionsController.action(:boom)
-      ['127.0.0.1', '127.0.0.127', '::1', '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1', '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1%0'].each do |ip_address|
+      ['127.0.0.1', '127.0.0.127', '127.12.1.1', '::1', '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1', '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1%0'].each do |ip_address|
         self.remote_addr = ip_address
         get '/'
         assert_match(/boom/, body)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
index 5ff4a383ec..1280e0d9a3 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
@@ -163,6 +163,29 @@ XML
     end
   end
 
+  class DefaultUrlOptionsCachingController < ActionController::Base
+    before_action { @dynamic_opt = 'opt' }
+
+    def test_url_options_reset
+      render text: url_for(params)
+    end
+
+    def default_url_options
+      if defined?(@dynamic_opt)
+        super.merge dynamic_opt: @dynamic_opt
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_url_options_reset
+    @controller = DefaultUrlOptionsCachingController.new
+    get :test_url_options_reset
+    assert_nil @request.params['dynamic_opt']
+    assert_match(/dynamic_opt=opt/, @response.body)
+  end
+
   def test_raw_post_handling
     params = Hash[:page, {:name => 'page name'}, 'some key', 123]
     post :render_raw_post, params.dup
@@ -198,7 +221,7 @@ XML
     assert_equal 200, @response.status
   end
 
-  def test_head_params_as_sting
+  def test_head_params_as_string
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { head :test_params, "document body", :id => 10 }
   end
 
@@ -330,168 +353,6 @@ XML
     assert_equal "bar", assigns[:bar]
   end
 
-  def test_assert_tag_tag
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a 'form' tag
-    assert_tag :tag => 'form'
-    # there is not an 'hr' tag
-    assert_no_tag :tag => 'hr'
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_attributes
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with an 'id' of 'bar'
-    assert_tag :attributes => { :id => "bar" }
-    # there is no tag with a 'name' of 'baz'
-    assert_no_tag :attributes => { :name => "baz" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_parent
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with a parent 'form' tag
-    assert_tag :parent => { :tag => "form" }
-    # there is no tag with a parent of 'input'
-    assert_no_tag :parent => { :tag => "input" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_child
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with a child 'input' tag
-    assert_tag :child => { :tag => "input" }
-    # there is no tag with a child 'strong' tag
-    assert_no_tag :child => { :tag => "strong" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_ancestor
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a 'li' tag with an ancestor having an id of 'foo'
-    assert_tag :ancestor => { :attributes => { :id => "foo" } }, :tag => "li"
-    # there is no tag of any kind with an ancestor having an href matching 'foo'
-    assert_no_tag :ancestor => { :attributes => { :href => /foo/ } }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_descendant
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with a descendant 'li' tag
-    assert_tag :descendant => { :tag => "li" }
-    # there is no tag with a descendant 'html' tag
-    assert_no_tag :descendant => { :tag => "html" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_sibling
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with a sibling of class 'item'
-    assert_tag :sibling => { :attributes => { :class => "item" } }
-    # there is no tag with a sibling 'ul' tag
-    assert_no_tag :sibling => { :tag => "ul" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_after
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag following a sibling 'div' tag
-    assert_tag :after => { :tag => "div" }
-    # there is no tag following a sibling tag with id 'bar'
-    assert_no_tag :after => { :attributes => { :id => "bar" } }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_before
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag preceding a tag with id 'bar'
-    assert_tag :before => { :attributes => { :id => "bar" } }
-    # there is no tag preceding a 'form' tag
-    assert_no_tag :before => { :tag => "form" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_count
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with 2 children
-    assert_tag :children => { :count => 2 }
-    # in particular, there is a <ul> tag with two children (a nameless pair of <li>s)
-    assert_tag :tag => 'ul', :children => { :count => 2 }
-    # there is no tag with 4 children
-    assert_no_tag :children => { :count => 4 }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_less_than
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with less than 5 children
-    assert_tag :children => { :less_than => 5 }
-    # there is no 'ul' tag with less than 2 children
-    assert_no_tag :children => { :less_than => 2 }, :tag => "ul"
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_greater_than
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a 'body' tag with more than 1 children
-    assert_tag :children => { :greater_than => 1 }, :tag => "body"
-    # there is no tag with more than 10 children
-    assert_no_tag :children => { :greater_than => 10 }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_only
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag containing only one child with an id of 'foo'
-    assert_tag :children => { :count => 1,
-                              :only => { :attributes => { :id => "foo" } } }
-    # there is no tag containing only one 'li' child
-    assert_no_tag :children => { :count => 1, :only => { :tag => "li" } }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_content
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # the output contains the string "Name"
-    assert_tag :content => /Name/
-    # the output does not contain the string "test"
-    assert_no_tag :content => /test/
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_multiple
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a 'div', id='bar', with an immediate child whose 'action'
-    # attribute matches the regexp /somewhere/.
-    assert_tag :tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "bar" },
-               :child => { :attributes => { :action => /somewhere/ } }
-
-    # there is no 'div', id='foo', with a 'ul' child with more than
-    # 2 "li" children.
-    assert_no_tag :tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "foo" },
-                  :child => {
-                    :tag => "ul",
-                    :children => { :greater_than => 2,
-                                   :only => { :tag => "li" } } }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_without_content
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a form tag with an 'input' child which is a self closing tag
-    assert_tag :tag => "form",
-      :children => { :count => 1,
-        :only => { :tag => "input" } }
-
-    # the body tag has an 'a' child which in turn has an 'img' child
-    assert_tag :tag => "body",
-      :children => { :count => 1,
-        :only => { :tag => "a",
-          :children => { :count => 1,
-            :only => { :tag => "img" } } } }
-  end
-
   def test_should_not_impose_childless_html_tags_in_xml
     process :test_xml_output
 
@@ -506,23 +367,6 @@ XML
     assert err.empty?
   end
 
-  def test_assert_tag_attribute_matching
-    @response.body = '<input type="text" name="my_name">'
-    assert_tag :tag => 'input',
-                 :attributes => { :name => /my/, :type => 'text' }
-    assert_no_tag :tag => 'input',
-                 :attributes => { :name => 'my', :type => 'text' }
-    assert_no_tag :tag => 'input',
-                 :attributes => { :name => /^my$/, :type => 'text' }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_content_matching
-    @response.body = "<p>hello world</p>"
-    assert_tag :tag => "p", :content => "hello world"
-    assert_tag :tag => "p", :content => /hello/
-    assert_no_tag :tag => "p", :content => "hello"
-  end
-
   def test_assert_generates
     assert_generates 'controller/action/5', :controller => 'controller', :action => 'action', :id => '5'
     assert_generates 'controller/action/7', {:id => "7"}, {:controller => "controller", :action => "action"}
@@ -639,7 +483,7 @@ XML
 
   def test_id_converted_to_string
     get :test_params, :id => 20, :foo => Object.new
-    assert_kind_of String, @request.path_parameters['id']
+    assert_kind_of String, @request.path_parameters[:id]
   end
 
   def test_array_path_parameter_handled_properly
@@ -650,17 +494,17 @@ XML
       end
 
       get :test_params, :path => ['hello', 'world']
-      assert_equal ['hello', 'world'], @request.path_parameters['path']
-      assert_equal 'hello/world', @request.path_parameters['path'].to_param
+      assert_equal ['hello', 'world'], @request.path_parameters[:path]
+      assert_equal 'hello/world', @request.path_parameters[:path].to_param
     end
   end
 
   def test_assert_realistic_path_parameters
     get :test_params, :id => 20, :foo => Object.new
 
-    # All elements of path_parameters should use string keys
+    # All elements of path_parameters should use Symbol keys
     @request.path_parameters.keys.each do |key|
-      assert_kind_of String, key
+      assert_kind_of Symbol, key
     end
   end
 
@@ -690,6 +534,7 @@ XML
   def test_header_properly_reset_after_remote_http_request
     xhr :get, :test_params
     assert_nil @request.env['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']
+    assert_nil @request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT']
   end
 
   def test_header_properly_reset_after_get_request
@@ -698,10 +543,10 @@ XML
     assert_nil @request.instance_variable_get("@request_method")
   end
 
-  def test_params_reset_after_post_request
+  def test_params_reset_between_post_requests
     post :no_op, :foo => "bar"
     assert_equal "bar", @request.params[:foo]
-    @request.recycle!
+
     post :no_op
     assert @request.params[:foo].blank?
   end
@@ -714,12 +559,12 @@ XML
     assert_equal "baz", @request.filtered_parameters[:foo]
   end
 
-  def test_symbolized_path_params_reset_after_request
+  def test_path_params_reset_between_request
     get :test_params, :id => "foo"
-    assert_equal "foo", @request.symbolized_path_parameters[:id]
-    @request.recycle!
+    assert_equal "foo", @request.path_parameters[:id]
+
     get :test_params
-    assert_nil @request.symbolized_path_parameters[:id]
+    assert_nil @request.path_parameters[:id]
   end
 
   def test_request_protocol_is_reset_after_request
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb
index 6c2311e7a5..24a09222b1 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
 module ActionPack
   class URLForIntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include RoutingTestHelpers
+    include ActionDispatch::RoutingVerbs
 
     Model = Struct.new(:to_param)
 
@@ -61,8 +62,11 @@ module ActionPack
       root :to => "news#index"
     }
 
+    attr_reader :routes
+    attr_accessor :controller
+
     def setup
-      @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+      @routes = make_set false
       @routes.draw(&Mapping)
     end
 
@@ -70,9 +74,9 @@ module ActionPack
       ['/admin/users',[ { :use_route => 'admin_users' }]],
       ['/admin/users',[ { :controller => 'admin/users' }]],
       ['/admin/users',[ { :controller => 'admin/users', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/admin/users',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/users' }]],
-      ['/admin/users',[ { :controller => 'users', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/accounts' }]],
-      ['/people',[      { :controller => '/people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/accounts' }]],
+      ['/admin/users',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/users', :action => 'index' }, '/admin/users']],
+      ['/admin/users',[ { :controller => 'users', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/accounts', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/admin/accounts/show/1']],
+      ['/people',[      { :controller => '/people', :action => 'index' }, {:controller=>"admin/accounts", :action=>"foo", :id=>"bar"}, '/admin/accounts/foo/bar']],
 
       ['/admin/posts',[     { :controller => 'admin/posts' }]],
       ['/admin/posts/new',[ { :controller => 'admin/posts', :action => 'new' }]],
@@ -86,11 +90,11 @@ module ActionPack
       ['/archive?year=january',[ { :controller => 'archive', :action => 'index', :year => 'january' }]],
 
       ['/people',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/people',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people' }]],
-      ['/people',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people',[ {}, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/people/1',[   { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
+      ['/people',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, '/people']],
+      ['/people',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people',[ {}, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, '/people']],
+      ['/people/1',[   { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
       ['/people/new',[ { :use_route => 'new_person' }]],
       ['/people/new',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'new' }]],
       ['/people/1',[   { :use_route => 'person', :id => '1' }]],
@@ -98,11 +102,11 @@ module ActionPack
       ['/people/1.xml',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1', :format => 'xml' }]],
       ['/people/1',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => 1 }]],
       ['/people/1',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => Model.new('1') }]],
-      ['/people/1',[ { :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/people/1',[ { :action => 'show', :id => 1 }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people',[   { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people/1',[ {}, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people/1',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index', :id => '1' }]],
+      ['/people/1',[ { :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, '/people']],
+      ['/people/1',[ { :action => 'show', :id => 1 }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people',[   { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people/1',[ {}, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people/1',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index', :id => '1' }, '/people/index/1']],
       ['/people/1/edit',[     { :controller => 'people', :action => 'edit', :id => '1' }]],
       ['/people/1/edit.xml',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'edit', :id => '1', :format => 'xml' }]],
       ['/people/1/edit',[     { :use_route => 'edit_person', :id => '1' }]],
@@ -118,16 +122,15 @@ module ActionPack
 
       ['/project',[    { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }]],
       ['/projects/1',[ { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }]],
-      ['/projects/1',[ { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index'}, {:project_id => '1' }]],
+      ['/projects/1',[ { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index'}, {:project_id => '1', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }, '/projects/1']],
       ['/projects/1',[ { :use_route => 'project', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }]],
-      ['/projects/1',[ { :use_route => 'project', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }, { :project_id => '1' }]],
+      ['/projects/1',[ { :use_route => 'project', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }, '/projects/1']],
 
       ['/clients',[ { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index' }]],
       ['/clients?project_id=1',[ { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }]],
-      ['/clients',[ { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index' }, { :project_id => '1' }]],
-      ['/clients',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }]],
+      ['/clients',[ { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index' }, { :project_id => '1', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }, '/projects/1']],
 
-      ['/comment/20',[   { :id => 20 }, { :controller => 'comments', :action => 'show' }]],
+      ['/comment/20',[   { :id => 20 }, { :controller => 'comments', :action => 'show' }, '/comments/show']],
       ['/comment/20',[   { :controller => 'comments', :id => 20, :action => 'show' }]],
       ['/comments/boo',[ { :controller => 'comments', :action => 'boo' }]],
 
@@ -144,24 +147,21 @@ module ActionPack
       ['/notes',[         { :page_id => nil, :controller => 'notes' }]],
       ['/notes',[         { :controller => 'notes' }]],
       ['/notes/print',[   { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'print' }]],
-      ['/notes/print',[   {}, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'print' }]],
-
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1', :foo => 'bar' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ {}, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/show/1',[  {}, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }, { :foo => 'bar' }]],
-      ['/posts',[      { :controller => 'posts' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/list',[ { :action => 'list' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
+      ['/notes/print',[   {}, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'print' }, '/notes/print']],
+
+      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'index', :id => '1' }, '/notes/index/1']],
+      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1', :action => 'index' }, '/notes/index/1']],
+      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1', :action => 'index' }, '/notes/index/1']],
+      ['/notes/index/1',[ {}, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1', :action => 'index' }, '/notes/index/1']],
+      ['/notes/show/1',[  {}, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/notes/show/1']],
+      ['/posts',[      { :controller => 'posts' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/notes/show/1']],
+      ['/notes/list',[ { :action => 'list' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/notes/show/1']],
 
       ['/posts/ping',[    { :controller => 'posts', :action => 'ping' }]],
       ['/posts/show/1',[  { :controller => 'posts', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
       ['/posts',[         { :controller => 'posts' }]],
       ['/posts',[         { :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/posts',[         { :controller => 'posts' }, { :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/posts/create',[  { :action => 'create' }, { :controller => 'posts' }]],
+      ['/posts/create',[  { :action => 'create' }, {:day=>nil, :month=>nil, :controller=>"posts", :action=>"show_date"}, '/blog']],
       ['/posts?foo=bar',[ { :controller => 'posts', :foo => 'bar' }]],
       ['/posts?foo%5B%5D=bar&foo%5B%5D=baz', [{ :controller => 'posts', :foo => ['bar', 'baz'] }]],
       ['/posts?page=2',  [{ :controller => 'posts', :page => 2 }]],
@@ -169,9 +169,20 @@ module ActionPack
 
       ['/news.rss', [{ :controller => 'news', :action => 'index', :format => 'rss' }]],
     ].each_with_index do |(url, params), i|
-    define_method("test_#{url.gsub(/\W/, '_')}_#{i}") do
-      assert_equal url, url_for(@routes, *params), params.inspect
-    end
+      if params.length > 1
+        hash, path_params, route = *params
+        hash[:only_path] = true
+
+        define_method("test_#{url.gsub(/\W/, '_')}_#{i}") do
+          get URI('http://test.host' + route.to_s)
+          assert_equal path_params, controller.request.path_parameters
+          assert_equal url, controller.url_for(hash), params.inspect
+        end
+      else
+        define_method("test_#{url.gsub(/\W/, '_')}_#{i}") do
+          assert_equal url, url_for(@routes, params.first), params.inspect
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
index a8035e5bd7..969129d9ba 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,26 @@ module AbstractController
         W.default_url_options.clear
       end
 
+      def test_nested_optional
+        klass = Class.new {
+          include ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap { |r|
+            r.draw {
+              get "/foo/(:bar/(:baz))/:zot", :as         => 'fun',
+                                             :controller => :articles,
+                                             :action     => :index
+            }
+          }.url_helpers
+          self.default_url_options[:host] = 'example.com'
+        }
+
+        path = klass.new.fun_path({:controller => :articles,
+                                   :baz        => "baz",
+                                   :zot        => "zot",
+                                   :only_path  => true })
+        # :bar key isn't provided
+        assert_equal '/foo/zot', path
+      end
+
       def add_host!
         W.default_url_options[:host] = 'www.basecamphq.com'
       end
@@ -75,7 +95,7 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       def test_subdomain_may_be_object
-        model = mock(:to_param => 'api')
+        model = Class.new { def self.to_param; 'api'; end }
         add_host!
         assert_equal('http://api.basecamphq.com/c/a/i',
           W.new.url_for(:subdomain => model, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i')
@@ -169,6 +189,18 @@ module AbstractController
         )
       end
 
+      def test_without_protocol_and_with_port
+        add_host!
+        add_port!
+
+        assert_equal('//www.basecamphq.com:3000/c/a/i',
+          W.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i', :protocol => '//')
+        )
+        assert_equal('//www.basecamphq.com:3000/c/a/i',
+          W.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i', :protocol => false)
+        )
+      end
+
       def test_trailing_slash
         add_host!
         options = {:controller => 'foo', :trailing_slash => true, :action => 'bar', :id => '33'}
@@ -199,8 +231,8 @@ module AbstractController
       def test_trailing_slash_with_params
         url = W.new.url_for(:trailing_slash => true, :only_path => true, :controller => 'cont', :action => 'act', :p1 => 'cafe', :p2 => 'link')
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { :p1 => 'cafe' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { :p2 => 'link' }.to_query
+        assert_equal({p1: 'cafe'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({p2: 'link'}.to_query, params[1])
       end
 
       def test_relative_url_root_is_respected
@@ -255,12 +287,12 @@ module AbstractController
           # We need to create a new class in order to install the new named route.
           kls = Class.new { include set.url_helpers }
           controller = kls.new
-          assert controller.respond_to?(:home_url)
+          assert_respond_to controller, :home_url
           assert_equal '/brave/new/world',
-            controller.send(:url_for, :controller => 'brave', :action => 'new', :id => 'world', :only_path => true)
+            controller.url_for(:controller => 'brave', :action => 'new', :id => 'world', :only_path => true)
 
-          assert_equal("/home/sweet/home/alabama", controller.send(:home_url, :user => 'alabama', :host => 'unused', :only_path => true))
-          assert_equal("/home/sweet/home/alabama", controller.send(:home_path, 'alabama'))
+          assert_equal("/home/sweet/home/alabama", controller.home_path(:user => 'alabama', :host => 'unused', :only_path => true))
+          assert_equal("/home/sweet/home/alabama", controller.home_path('alabama'))
         end
       end
 
@@ -273,40 +305,40 @@ module AbstractController
       def test_two_parameters
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :p1 => 'X1', :p2 => 'Y2')
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { :p1 => 'X1' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { :p2 => 'Y2' }.to_query
+        assert_equal({p1: 'X1'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({p2: 'Y2'}.to_query, params[1])
       end
 
       def test_hash_parameter
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :query => {:name => 'Bob', :category => 'prof'})
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { 'query[category]' => 'prof' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { 'query[name]'     => 'Bob'  }.to_query
+        assert_equal({'query[category]' => 'prof'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({'query[name]' => 'Bob'}.to_query, params[1])
       end
 
       def test_array_parameter
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :query => ['Bob', 'prof'])
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { 'query[]' => 'Bob'  }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { 'query[]' => 'prof' }.to_query
+        assert_equal({'query[]' => 'Bob'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({'query[]' => 'prof'}.to_query, params[1])
       end
 
       def test_hash_recursive_parameters
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :query => {:person => {:name => 'Bob', :position => 'prof'}, :hobby => 'piercing'})
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { 'query[hobby]'            => 'piercing' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { 'query[person][name]'     => 'Bob'      }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[2], { 'query[person][position]' => 'prof'     }.to_query
+        assert_equal({'query[hobby]'            => 'piercing'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][name]'     => 'Bob'     }.to_query, params[1])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][position]' => 'prof'    }.to_query, params[2])
       end
 
       def test_hash_recursive_and_array_parameters
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 101, :query => {:person => {:name => 'Bob', :position => ['prof', 'art director']}, :hobby => 'piercing'})
         assert_match(%r(^/c/a/101), url)
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { 'query[hobby]'              => 'piercing'     }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { 'query[person][name]'       => 'Bob'          }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[2], { 'query[person][position][]' => 'art director' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[3], { 'query[person][position][]' => 'prof'         }.to_query
+        assert_equal({'query[hobby]'              => 'piercing'    }.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][name]'       => 'Bob'         }.to_query, params[1])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][position][]' => 'art director'}.to_query, params[2])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][position][]' => 'prof'        }.to_query, params[3])
       end
 
       def test_path_generation_for_symbol_parameter_keys
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
index ba7aaa338d..7dc6c37522 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
@@ -21,6 +21,16 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  class JSONWrapper
+    def initialize(obj)
+      @obj = obj
+    end
+
+    def as_json(options = nil)
+      "wrapped: #{@obj.as_json(options)}"
+    end
+  end
+
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
     def authenticate
       cookies["user_name"] = "david"
@@ -85,6 +95,11 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       head :ok
     end
 
+    def set_wrapped_signed_cookie
+      cookies.signed[:user_id] = JSONWrapper.new(45)
+      head :ok
+    end
+
     def get_signed_cookie
       cookies.signed[:user_id]
       head :ok
@@ -95,6 +110,11 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       head :ok
     end
 
+    def set_wrapped_encrypted_cookie
+      cookies.encrypted[:foo] = JSONWrapper.new('bar')
+      head :ok
+    end
+
     def get_encrypted_cookie
       cookies.encrypted[:foo]
       head :ok
@@ -186,7 +206,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def setup
     super
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33")
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", iterations: 2)
     @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
     @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
     @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
@@ -263,7 +283,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_setting_the_same_value_to_permanent_cookie
     request.cookies[:user_name] = 'Jamie'
     get :set_permanent_cookie
-    assert_equal response.cookies, 'user_name' => 'Jamie'
+    assert_equal({'user_name' => 'Jamie'}, response.cookies)
   end
 
   def test_setting_with_escapable_characters
@@ -369,6 +389,35 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'Jamie', @controller.send(:cookies).permanent[:user_name]
   end
 
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_default_digest
+    get :set_signed_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(signed_cookie_salt)
+
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: Marshal, digest: 'SHA1')
+    assert_equal verifier.generate(45), cookies[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_custom_digest
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_digest"] = 'SHA256'
+    get :set_signed_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(signed_cookie_salt)
+
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: Marshal, digest: 'SHA256')
+    assert_equal verifier.generate(45), cookies[:user_id]
+  end
+
   def test_signed_cookie_using_default_serializer
     get :set_signed_cookie
     cookies = @controller.send :cookies
@@ -392,6 +441,14 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
   end
 
+  def test_wrapped_signed_cookie_using_json_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    get :set_wrapped_signed_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 'wrapped: 45', cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 'wrapped: 45', cookies.signed[:user_id]
+  end
+
   def test_signed_cookie_using_custom_serializer
     @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = CustomSerializer
     get :set_signed_cookie
@@ -474,6 +531,17 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
   end
 
+  def test_wrapped_encrypted_cookie_using_json_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    get :set_wrapped_encrypted_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 'wrapped: bar', cookies[:foo]
+    assert_raises ::JSON::ParserError do
+      cookies.signed[:foo]
+    end
+    assert_equal 'wrapped: bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+  end
+
   def test_encrypted_cookie_using_custom_serializer
     @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = CustomSerializer
     get :set_encrypted_cookie
@@ -481,6 +549,27 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'bar was dumped and loaded', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
   end
 
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_custom_digest
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_digest"] = 'SHA256'
+    get :set_encrypted_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 'bar', cookies[:foo]
+    assert_equal 'bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+
+    sign_secret = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"].generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+
+    sha1_verifier   = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(sign_secret, serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer, digest: 'SHA1')
+    sha256_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(sign_secret, serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer, digest: 'SHA256')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature) do
+      sha1_verifier.verify(cookies[:foo])
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      sha256_verifier.verify(cookies[:foo])
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_encrypted_cookie_using_hybrid_serializer_can_migrate_marshal_dumped_value_to_json
     @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
 
@@ -681,6 +770,123 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
   end
 
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate(45)
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_json_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "4433796b79d99a7735553e316522acee"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "00646eb40062e1b1deff205a27cd30f9"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate('bar')
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"])
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_hybrid_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate(45)
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_hybrid_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "4433796b79d99a7735553e316522acee"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "00646eb40062e1b1deff205a27cd30f9"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate('bar')
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"])
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_marshal_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_hybrid_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33").generate(45)
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_marshal_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_hybrid_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "4433796b79d99a7735553e316522acee"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "00646eb40062e1b1deff205a27cd30f9"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33").generate('bar')
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"])
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
   def test_legacy_signed_cookie_is_treated_as_nil_by_signed_cookie_jar_if_tampered
     @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
     @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
index 3045a07ad6..0add9fa3b0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       @closed = false
     end
 
+    # We're obliged to implement this (even though it doesn't actually
+    # get called here) to properly comply with the Rack SPEC
     def each
     end
 
@@ -43,6 +45,19 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError, "No route matches"
       when "/parameter_missing"
         raise ActionController::ParameterMissing, :missing_param_key
+      when "/original_syntax_error"
+        eval 'broke_syntax =' # `eval` need for raise native SyntaxError at runtime
+      when "/syntax_error_into_view"
+        begin
+          eval 'broke_syntax ='
+        rescue Exception => e
+          template = ActionView::Template.new(File.read(__FILE__),
+                                              __FILE__,
+                                              ActionView::Template::Handlers::Raw.new,
+                                              {})
+          raise ActionView::Template::Error.new(template, e)
+        end
+
       else
         raise "puke!"
       end
@@ -134,38 +149,39 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
     get "/", {}, xhr_request_env
     assert_response 500
+    assert_no_match(/<header>/, body)
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
-    assert_match(/puke/, body)
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
+    assert_match(/RuntimeError\npuke/, body)
 
     get "/not_found", {}, xhr_request_env
     assert_response 404
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/#{AbstractController::ActionNotFound.name}/, body)
 
     get "/method_not_allowed", {}, xhr_request_env
     assert_response 405
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::MethodNotAllowed/, body)
 
     get "/unknown_http_method", {}, xhr_request_env
     assert_response 405
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod/, body)
 
     get "/bad_request", {}, xhr_request_env
     assert_response 400
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::BadRequest/, body)
 
     get "/parameter_missing", {}, xhr_request_env
     assert_response 400
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::ParameterMissing/, body)
   end
 
@@ -242,4 +258,26 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get "/", {}, env
     assert_operator((output.rewind && output.read).lines.count, :>, 10)
   end
+
+  test 'display backtrace when error type is SyntaxError' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get '/original_syntax_error', {}, {'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new}
+
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_select '#Application-Trace' do
+      assert_select 'pre code', /\(eval\):1: syntax error, unexpected/
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'display backtrace when error type is SyntaxError wrapped by ActionView::Template::Error' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get '/syntax_error_into_view', {}, {'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new}
+
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_select '#Application-Trace' do
+      assert_select 'pre code', /\(eval\):1: syntax error, unexpected/
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
index 9e37b96951..e2b38c23bc 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ class HeaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "key?" do
     assert @headers.key?("CONTENT_TYPE")
     assert @headers.include?("CONTENT_TYPE")
+    assert @headers.key?("Content-Type")
+    assert @headers.include?("Content-Type")
   end
 
   test "fetch with block" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
index e0cfb73acf..512f3a8a7a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ module ActionController
     class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       def setup
         @response = Live::Response.new
+        @response.request = ActionDispatch::Request.new({}) #yolo
       end
 
       def test_header_merge
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ module ActionController
           @response.stream.close
         }
 
+        @response.await_commit
         @response.each do |part|
           assert_equal 'foo', part
           latch.release
@@ -58,21 +60,30 @@ module ActionController
         assert_nil @response.headers['Content-Length']
       end
 
-      def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_write
+      def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_webserver_reads
         @response.stream.write 'omg'
+        latch = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
 
+        t = Thread.new {
+          @response.stream.each do |chunk|
+            latch.release
+          end
+        }
+
+        latch.await
         assert @response.headers.frozen?
         e = assert_raises(ActionDispatch::IllegalStateError) do
           @response.headers['Content-Length'] = "zomg"
         end
 
         assert_equal 'header already sent', e.message
+        @response.stream.close
+        t.join
       end
 
       def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_close
         @response.stream.close
 
-        assert @response.headers.frozen?
         e = assert_raises(ActionDispatch::IllegalStateError) do
           @response.headers['Content-Length'] = "zomg"
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb
index 58457b0c28..889f9a4736 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     class MapperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      class FakeSet
+      class FakeSet < ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet
         attr_reader :routes
         alias :set :routes
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_mapping_requirements
         options = { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar', :via => :get }
-        m = Mapper::Mapping.new FakeSet.new, {}, '/store/:name(*rest)', options
+        m = Mapper::Mapping.build({}, FakeSet.new, '/store/:name(*rest)', nil, options)
         _, _, requirements, _ = m.to_route
         assert_equal(/.+?/, requirements[:rest])
       end
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
         mapper.get '/*path/foo/:bar', :to => 'pages#show'
         assert_equal '/*path/foo/:bar(.:format)', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
-        assert_nil fakeset.requirements.first[:path]
+        assert_equal(/.+?/, fakeset.requirements.first[:path])
       end
 
       def test_map_wildcard_with_multiple_wildcard
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
         mapper.get '/*foo/*bar', :to => 'pages#show'
         assert_equal '/*foo/*bar(.:format)', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
-        assert_nil fakeset.requirements.first[:foo]
+        assert_equal(/.+?/, fakeset.requirements.first[:foo])
         assert_equal(/.+?/, fakeset.requirements.first[:bar])
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
index 981cf2426e..7f340ced41 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  Mime::Type.register "image/png", :png unless defined? Mime::PNG
-  Mime::Type.register "application/pdf", :pdf unless defined? Mime::PDF
 
   test "parse single" do
     Mime::LOOKUP.keys.each do |mime_type|
@@ -126,7 +124,7 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
 
       Mime::Type.register("text/foo", :foo)
-      assert_equal registered_mimes, [Mime::FOO]
+      assert_equal [Mime::FOO], registered_mimes
     ensure
       Mime::Type.unregister(:FOO)
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
index cdf00d84fb..d5a4d8ee11 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   Router = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
 
-  class FakeEngine
+  class AppWithRoutes < Rails::Engine
     def self.routes
       @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     end
+  end
+
+  # Test for mounting apps that respond to routes, but aren't Rails-like apps.
+  class SinatraLikeApp
+    def self.routes; Object.new; end
 
     def self.call(env)
       [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/html"}, ["OK"]]
@@ -21,20 +27,23 @@ class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     mount SprocketsApp, :at => "/sprockets"
     mount SprocketsApp => "/shorthand"
 
-    mount FakeEngine, :at => "/fakeengine", :as => :fake
-    mount FakeEngine, :at => "/getfake", :via => :get
+    mount SinatraLikeApp, :at => "/fakeengine", :as => :fake
+    mount SinatraLikeApp, :at => "/getfake", :via => :get
 
     scope "/its_a" do
       mount SprocketsApp, :at => "/sprocket"
     end
 
     resources :users do
-      mount FakeEngine, :at => "/fakeengine", :as => :fake_mounted_at_resource
+      mount AppWithRoutes, :at => "/fakeengine", :as => :fake_mounted_at_resource
     end
+
+    mount SprocketsApp, :at => "/", :via => :get
   end
 
+  APP = RoutedRackApp.new Router
   def app
-    Router
+    APP
   end
 
   def test_app_name_is_properly_generated_when_engine_is_mounted_in_resources
@@ -44,6 +53,11 @@ class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
           "A named route should be defined with a parent's prefix"
   end
 
+  def test_mounting_at_root_path
+    get "/omg"
+    assert_equal " -- /omg", response.body
+  end
+
   def test_mounting_sets_script_name
     get "/sprockets/omg"
     assert_equal "/sprockets -- /omg", response.body
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
index 08501d19c0..f90d5499d7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rack/test'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 module TestGenerationPrefix
   class Post
@@ -15,78 +16,56 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
 
       ActiveModel::Name.new(klass)
     end
+
+    def to_model; self; end
+    def persisted?; true; end
   end
 
   class WithMountedEngine < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     include Rack::Test::Methods
 
-    class BlogEngine
-      def self.routes
-        @routes ||= begin
-          routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-          routes.draw do
-            get "/posts/:id", :to => "inside_engine_generating#show", :as => :post
-            get "/posts", :to => "inside_engine_generating#index", :as => :posts
-            get "/url_to_application", :to => "inside_engine_generating#url_to_application"
-            get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "inside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
-            get "/conflicting_url", :to => "inside_engine_generating#conflicting"
-            get "/foo", :to => "never#invoked", :as => :named_helper_that_should_be_invoked_only_in_respond_to_test
-
-            get "/relative_path_root",       :to => redirect("")
-            get "/relative_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("foo")
-            get "/relative_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "")
-            get "/relative_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "foo")
-            get "/relative_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "" }
-            get "/relative_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "foo" }
-
-            get "/absolute_path_root",       :to => redirect("/")
-            get "/absolute_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("/foo")
-            get "/absolute_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "/")
-            get "/absolute_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "/foo")
-            get "/absolute_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "/" }
-            get "/absolute_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "/foo" }
-          end
-
-          routes
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self.call(env)
-        env['action_dispatch.routes'] = routes
-        routes.call(env)
+    class BlogEngine < Rails::Engine
+      routes.draw do
+        get "/posts/:id", :to => "inside_engine_generating#show", :as => :post
+        get "/posts", :to => "inside_engine_generating#index", :as => :posts
+        get "/url_to_application", :to => "inside_engine_generating#url_to_application"
+        get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "inside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
+        get "/conflicting_url", :to => "inside_engine_generating#conflicting"
+        get "/foo", :to => "never#invoked", :as => :named_helper_that_should_be_invoked_only_in_respond_to_test
+
+        get "/relative_path_root",       :to => redirect("")
+        get "/relative_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("foo")
+        get "/relative_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "")
+        get "/relative_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "foo")
+        get "/relative_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "" }
+        get "/relative_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "foo" }
+
+        get "/absolute_path_root",       :to => redirect("/")
+        get "/absolute_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("/foo")
+        get "/absolute_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "/")
+        get "/absolute_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "/foo")
+        get "/absolute_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "/" }
+        get "/absolute_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "/foo" }
       end
     end
 
-    class RailsApplication
-      def self.routes
-        @routes ||= begin
-          routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-          routes.draw do
-            scope "/:omg", :omg => "awesome" do
-              mount BlogEngine => "/blog", :as => "blog_engine"
-            end
-            get "/posts/:id", :to => "outside_engine_generating#post", :as => :post
-            get "/generate", :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
-            get "/polymorphic_path_for_app", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_app"
-            get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
-            get "/polymorphic_with_url_for", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_with_url_for"
-            get "/conflicting_url", :to => "outside_engine_generating#conflicting"
-            get "/ivar_usage", :to => "outside_engine_generating#ivar_usage"
-            root :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
-          end
-
-          routes
+    class RailsApplication < Rails::Engine
+      routes.draw do
+        scope "/:omg", :omg => "awesome" do
+          mount BlogEngine => "/blog", :as => "blog_engine"
         end
-      end
-
-      def self.call(env)
-        env['action_dispatch.routes'] = routes
-        routes.call(env)
+        get "/posts/:id", :to => "outside_engine_generating#post", :as => :post
+        get "/generate", :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
+        get "/polymorphic_path_for_app", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_app"
+        get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
+        get "/polymorphic_with_url_for", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_with_url_for"
+        get "/conflicting_url", :to => "outside_engine_generating#conflicting"
+        get "/ivar_usage", :to => "outside_engine_generating#ivar_usage"
+        root :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
       end
     end
 
     # force draw
-    RailsApplication.routes
     RailsApplication.routes.define_mounted_helper(:main_app)
 
     class ::InsideEngineGeneratingController < ActionController::Base
@@ -158,19 +137,15 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
     end
 
     def app
-      RailsApplication
+      RailsApplication.instance
     end
 
-    def engine_object
-      @engine_object ||= EngineObject.new
-    end
-
-    def app_object
-      @app_object ||= AppObject.new
-    end
+    attr_reader :engine_object, :app_object
 
     def setup
       RailsApplication.routes.default_url_options = {}
+      @engine_object = EngineObject.new
+      @app_object = AppObject.new
     end
 
     include BlogEngine.routes.mounted_helpers
@@ -392,27 +367,12 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
       end
     end
 
-    class RailsApplication
-      def self.routes
-        @routes ||= begin
-          routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-          routes.draw do
-            mount BlogEngine => "/"
-          end
-
-          routes
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self.call(env)
-        env['action_dispatch.routes'] = routes
-        routes.call(env)
+    class RailsApplication < Rails::Engine
+      routes.draw do
+        mount BlogEngine => "/"
       end
     end
 
-    # force draw
-    RailsApplication.routes
-
     class ::PostsController < ActionController::Base
       include BlogEngine.routes.url_helpers
       include RailsApplication.routes.mounted_helpers
@@ -423,7 +383,7 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
     end
 
     def app
-      RailsApplication
+      RailsApplication.instance
     end
 
     test "generating path inside engine" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ef1964fd19..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,191 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-# TODO: Merge these tests into RequestTest
-
-class BaseRackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @env = {
-      "HTTP_MAX_FORWARDS" => "10",
-      "SERVER_NAME" => "glu.ttono.us",
-      "FCGI_ROLE" => "RESPONDER",
-      "AUTH_TYPE" => "Basic",
-      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST" => "glu.ttono.us",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET" => "UTF-8",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING" => "gzip, deflate",
-      "HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL" => "no-cache, max-age=0",
-      "HTTP_PRAGMA" => "no-cache",
-      "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; en)",
-      "PATH_INFO" => "/homepage/",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE" => "en",
-      "HTTP_NEGOTIATE" => "trans",
-      "HTTP_HOST" => "glu.ttono.us:8007",
-      "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://www.google.com/search?q=glu.ttono.us",
-      "HTTP_FROM" => "googlebot",
-      "SERVER_PROTOCOL" => "HTTP/1.1",
-      "REDIRECT_URI" => "/dispatch.fcgi",
-      "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/dispatch.fcgi",
-      "SERVER_ADDR" => "207.7.108.53",
-      "REMOTE_ADDR" => "207.7.108.53",
-      "REMOTE_HOST" => "google.com",
-      "REMOTE_IDENT" => "kevin",
-      "REMOTE_USER" => "kevin",
-      "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "lighttpd/1.4.5",
-      "HTTP_COOKIE" => "_session_id=c84ace84796670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2; is_admin=yes",
-      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SERVER" => "glu.ttono.us",
-      "REQUEST_URI" => "/admin",
-      "DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public",
-      "PATH_TRANSLATED" => "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/homepage/",
-      "SERVER_PORT" => "8007",
-      "QUERY_STRING" => "",
-      "REMOTE_PORT" => "63137",
-      "GATEWAY_INTERFACE" => "CGI/1.1",
-      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "65.88.180.234",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "*/*",
-      "SCRIPT_FILENAME" => "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/dispatch.fcgi",
-      "REDIRECT_STATUS" => "200",
-      "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET"
-    }
-    @request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(@env)
-    # some Nokia phone browsers omit the space after the semicolon separator.
-    # some developers have grown accustomed to using comma in cookie values.
-    @alt_cookie_fmt_request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(@env.merge({"HTTP_COOKIE"=>"_session_id=c84ace847,96670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2;is_admin=yes"}))
-  end
-
-  private
-    def set_content_data(data)
-      @request.env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST'
-      @request.env['CONTENT_LENGTH'] = data.length
-      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8'
-      @request.env['rack.input'] = StringIO.new(data)
-    end
-end
-
-class RackRequestTest < BaseRackTest
-  test "proxy request" do
-    assert_equal 'glu.ttono.us', @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "http host" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env['HTTP_HOST'] = "rubyonrails.org:8080"
-    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", @request.host
-    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org:8080", @request.host_with_port
-
-    @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST'] = "www.firsthost.org, www.secondhost.org"
-    assert_equal "www.secondhost.org", @request.host
-  end
-
-  test "http host with default port overrides server port" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env['HTTP_HOST'] = "rubyonrails.org"
-    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host with port defaults to server name if no host headers" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env.delete "HTTP_HOST"
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us:8007", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host with port falls back to server addr if necessary" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env.delete "HTTP_HOST"
-    @env.delete "SERVER_NAME"
-    assert_equal "207.7.108.53", @request.host
-    assert_equal 8007, @request.port
-    assert_equal "207.7.108.53:8007", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host with port if http standard port is specified" do
-    @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST'] = "glu.ttono.us:80"
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host with port if https standard port is specified" do
-    @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'] = "https"
-    @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST'] = "glu.ttono.us:443"
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host if ipv6 reference" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env['HTTP_HOST'] = "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]"
-    assert_equal "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]", @request.host
-  end
-
-  test "host if ipv6 reference with port" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env['HTTP_HOST'] = "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]:8008"
-    assert_equal "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]", @request.host
-  end
-
-  test "CGI environment variables" do
-    assert_equal "Basic", @request.auth_type
-    assert_equal 0, @request.content_length
-    assert_equal nil, @request.content_mime_type
-    assert_equal "CGI/1.1", @request.gateway_interface
-    assert_equal "*/*", @request.accept
-    assert_equal "UTF-8", @request.accept_charset
-    assert_equal "gzip, deflate", @request.accept_encoding
-    assert_equal "en", @request.accept_language
-    assert_equal "no-cache, max-age=0", @request.cache_control
-    assert_equal "googlebot", @request.from
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", @request.host
-    assert_equal "trans", @request.negotiate
-    assert_equal "no-cache", @request.pragma
-    assert_equal "http://www.google.com/search?q=glu.ttono.us", @request.referer
-    assert_equal "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; en)", @request.user_agent
-    assert_equal "/homepage/", @request.path_info
-    assert_equal "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/homepage/", @request.path_translated
-    assert_equal "", @request.query_string
-    assert_equal "207.7.108.53", @request.remote_addr
-    assert_equal "google.com", @request.remote_host
-    assert_equal "kevin", @request.remote_ident
-    assert_equal "kevin", @request.remote_user
-    assert_equal "GET", @request.request_method
-    assert_equal "/dispatch.fcgi", @request.script_name
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", @request.server_name
-    assert_equal 8007, @request.server_port
-    assert_equal "HTTP/1.1", @request.server_protocol
-    assert_equal "lighttpd", @request.server_software
-  end
-
-  test "cookie syntax resilience" do
-    cookies = @request.cookies
-    assert_equal "c84ace84796670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2", cookies["_session_id"], cookies.inspect
-    assert_equal "yes", cookies["is_admin"], cookies.inspect
-
-    alt_cookies = @alt_cookie_fmt_request.cookies
-    #assert_equal "c84ace847,96670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2", alt_cookies["_session_id"], alt_cookies.inspect
-    assert_equal "yes", alt_cookies["is_admin"], alt_cookies.inspect
-  end
-end
-
-class RackRequestParamsParsingTest < BaseRackTest
-  test "doesnt break when content type has charset" do
-    set_content_data 'flamenco=love'
-
-    assert_equal({"flamenco"=> "love"}, @request.request_parameters)
-  end
-
-  test "doesnt interpret request uri as query string when missing" do
-    @request.env['REQUEST_URI'] = 'foo'
-    assert_equal({}, @request.query_parameters)
-  end
-end
-
-class RackRequestNeedsRewoundTest < BaseRackTest
-  test "body should be rewound" do
-    data = 'foo'
-    @env['rack.input'] = StringIO.new(data)
-    @env['CONTENT_LENGTH'] = data.length
-    @env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8'
-
-    # Read the request body by parsing params.
-    request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(@env)
-    request.request_parameters
-
-    # Should have rewound the body.
-    assert_equal 0, request.body.pos
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/reloader_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/reloader_test.rb
index ce9ccfcee8..62e8197e20 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/reloader_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/reloader_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 class ReloaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   Reloader = ActionDispatch::Reloader
 
+  teardown do
+    Reloader.reset_callbacks :prepare
+    Reloader.reset_callbacks :cleanup
+  end
+
   def test_prepare_callbacks
     a = b = c = nil
     Reloader.to_prepare { |*args| a = b = c = 1 }
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
index 2a2f92b5b3..926472163e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     def parse
-      self.class.last_request_parameters = request.request_parameters
+      self.class.last_request_parameters = begin
+        request.request_parameters
+      rescue EOFError
+        {}
+      end
       self.class.last_parameters = request.parameters
       head :ok
     end
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "does not raise EOFError on GET request with multipart content-type" do
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        get ':action', to: 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
+        get ':action', controller: 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
       end
       headers = { "CONTENT_TYPE" => "multipart/form-data; boundary=AaB03x" }
       get "/parse", {}, headers
@@ -174,7 +178,7 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_routing
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          post ':action', :to => 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
+          post ':action', :controller => 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
         end
         yield
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
index d82493140f..4e99c26e03 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "perform_deep_munge" do
+    old_perform_deep_munge = ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge
     ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge = false
     begin
       assert_parses({"action" => nil}, "action")
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => [{"bar" => nil}]}}, "action[foo][][bar]")
       assert_parses({"action" => ['1',nil]}, "action[]=1&action[]")
     ensure
-      ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge = true
+      ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge = old_perform_deep_munge
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
index df55fcc8bc..10fb04e230 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
@@ -36,29 +36,55 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert_equal s, Session.find(env)
       end
 
+      def test_destroy
+        s = Session.create(store, {}, {})
+        s['rails'] = 'ftw'
+
+        s.destroy
+
+        assert_empty s
+      end
+
       def test_keys
-        env = {}
-        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s = Session.create(store, {}, {})
         s['rails'] = 'ftw'
         s['adequate'] = 'awesome'
         assert_equal %w[rails adequate], s.keys
       end
 
       def test_values
-        env = {}
-        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s = Session.create(store, {}, {})
         s['rails'] = 'ftw'
         s['adequate'] = 'awesome'
         assert_equal %w[ftw awesome], s.values
       end
 
       def test_clear
-        env = {}
-        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s = Session.create(store, {}, {})
         s['rails'] = 'ftw'
         s['adequate'] = 'awesome'
+
         s.clear
-        assert_equal([], s.values)
+        assert_empty(s.values)
+      end
+
+      def test_update
+        s = Session.create(store, {}, {})
+        s['rails'] = 'ftw'
+
+        s.update(:rails => 'awesome')
+
+        assert_equal(['rails'], s.keys)
+        assert_equal('awesome', s['rails'])
+      end
+
+      def test_delete
+        s = Session.create(store, {}, {})
+        s['rails'] = 'ftw'
+
+        s.delete('rails')
+
+        assert_empty(s.keys)
       end
 
       def test_fetch
@@ -82,6 +108,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         Class.new {
           def load_session(env); [1, {}]; end
           def session_exists?(env); true; end
+          def destroy_session(env, id, options); 123; end
         }.new
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
index 9a77454f30..1de05cbf09 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -130,10 +130,7 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "ambiguous params returns a bad request" do
-    with_routing do |set|
-      set.draw do
-        post ':action', to: ::UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest::TestController
-      end
+    with_test_routing do
       post "/parse", "foo[]=bar&foo[4]=bar"
       assert_response :bad_request
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
index 40e32cb4d3..00b80c7357 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,34 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
-class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class BaseRequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @env = {
+      :ip_spoofing_check => true,
+      :tld_length => 1,
+      "rack.input" => "foo"
+    }
+  end
 
   def url_for(options = {})
     options = { host: 'www.example.com' }.merge!(options)
     ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options)
   end
 
+  protected
+    def stub_request(env = {})
+      ip_spoofing_check = env.key?(:ip_spoofing_check) ? env.delete(:ip_spoofing_check) : true
+      @trusted_proxies ||= nil
+      ip_app = ActionDispatch::RemoteIp.new(Proc.new { }, ip_spoofing_check, @trusted_proxies)
+      tld_length = env.key?(:tld_length) ? env.delete(:tld_length) : 1
+      ip_app.call(env)
+      ActionDispatch::Http::URL.tld_length = tld_length
+
+      env = @env.merge(env)
+      ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+    end
+end
+
+class RequestUrlFor < BaseRequestTest
   test "url_for class method" do
     e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { url_for(:host => nil) }
     assert_match(/Please provide the :host parameter/, e.message)
@@ -31,7 +53,9 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com?params=',  url_for(:params => '')
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com?params=1', url_for(:params => 1)
   end
+end
 
+class RequestIP < BaseRequestTest
   test "remote ip" do
     request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '1.2.3.4'
     assert_equal '1.2.3.4', request.remote_ip
@@ -128,9 +152,12 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'unknown,::1'
     assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
 
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334, fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329, ::1, fc00::'
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334, fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329, ::1, fc00::, fc01::, fdff'
     assert_equal 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329', request.remote_ip
 
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'FE00::, FDFF::'
+    assert_equal 'FE00::', request.remote_ip
+
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'not_ip_address'
     assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
   end
@@ -220,10 +247,12 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "remote ip middleware not present still returns an IP" do
-    request = ActionDispatch::Request.new({'REMOTE_ADDR' => '127.0.0.1'})
+    request = stub_request('REMOTE_ADDR' => '127.0.0.1')
     assert_equal '127.0.0.1', request.remote_ip
   end
+end
 
+class RequestDomain < BaseRequestTest
   test "domains" do
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => 'www.rubyonrails.org'
     assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.domain
@@ -281,7 +310,9 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal [], request.subdomains
     assert_equal "", request.subdomain
   end
+end
 
+class RequestPort < BaseRequestTest
   test "standard_port" do
     request = stub_request
     assert_equal 80, request.standard_port
@@ -323,7 +354,9 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => 'www.example.org:8080'
     assert_equal ':8080', request.port_string
   end
+end
 
+class RequestPath < BaseRequestTest
   test "full path" do
     request = stub_request 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '', 'PATH_INFO' => '/path/of/some/uri', 'QUERY_STRING' => 'mapped=1'
     assert_equal "/path/of/some/uri?mapped=1", request.fullpath
@@ -354,6 +387,32 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "/of/some/uri",               request.path_info
   end
 
+  test "original_fullpath returns ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
+    request = stub_request('ORIGINAL_FULLPATH' => "/foo?bar")
+
+    path = request.original_fullpath
+    assert_equal "/foo?bar", path
+  end
+
+  test "original_url returns url built using ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
+    request = stub_request('ORIGINAL_FULLPATH' => "/foo?bar",
+                           'HTTP_HOST'         => "example.org",
+                           'rack.url_scheme'   => "http")
+
+    url = request.original_url
+    assert_equal "http://example.org/foo?bar", url
+  end
+
+  test "original_fullpath returns fullpath if ORIGINAL_FULLPATH is not present" do
+    request = stub_request('PATH_INFO'    => "/foo",
+                           'QUERY_STRING' => "bar")
+
+    path = request.original_fullpath
+    assert_equal "/foo?bar", path
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestHost < BaseRequestTest
   test "host with default port" do
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => 'rubyonrails.org:80'
     assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.host_with_port
@@ -364,15 +423,181 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "rubyonrails.org:81", request.host_with_port
   end
 
-  test "server software" do
-    request = stub_request
-    assert_equal nil, request.server_software
+  test "proxy request" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => 'glu.ttono.us:80'
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.host_with_port
+  end
+
+  test "http host" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "rubyonrails.org:8080"
+    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.host
+    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org:8080", request.host_with_port
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST' => "www.firsthost.org, www.secondhost.org"
+    assert_equal "www.secondhost.org", request.host
+  end
+
+  test "http host with default port overrides server port" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "rubyonrails.org"
+    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.host_with_port
+  end
+
+  test "host with port if http standard port is specified" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST' => "glu.ttono.us:80"
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.host_with_port
+  end
+
+  test "host with port if https standard port is specified" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => "https",
+      'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST' => "glu.ttono.us:443"
+    )
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.host_with_port
+  end
+
+  test "host if ipv6 reference" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]"
+    assert_equal "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]", request.host
+  end
+
+  test "host if ipv6 reference with port" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]:8008"
+    assert_equal "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]", request.host
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestCGI < BaseRequestTest
+  test "CGI environment variables" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      "AUTH_TYPE" => "Basic",
+      "GATEWAY_INTERFACE" => "CGI/1.1",
+      "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "*/*",
+      "HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET" => "UTF-8",
+      "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING" => "gzip, deflate",
+      "HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE" => "en",
+      "HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL" => "no-cache, max-age=0",
+      "HTTP_FROM" => "googlebot",
+      "HTTP_HOST" => "glu.ttono.us:8007",
+      "HTTP_NEGOTIATE" => "trans",
+      "HTTP_PRAGMA" => "no-cache",
+      "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://www.google.com/search?q=glu.ttono.us",
+      "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; en)",
+      "PATH_INFO" => "/homepage/",
+      "PATH_TRANSLATED" => "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/homepage/",
+      "QUERY_STRING" => "",
+      "REMOTE_ADDR" => "207.7.108.53",
+      "REMOTE_HOST" => "google.com",
+      "REMOTE_IDENT" => "kevin",
+      "REMOTE_USER" => "kevin",
+      "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET",
+      "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/dispatch.fcgi",
+      "SERVER_NAME" => "glu.ttono.us",
+      "SERVER_PORT" => "8007",
+      "SERVER_PROTOCOL" => "HTTP/1.1",
+      "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "lighttpd/1.4.5",
+    )
+
+    assert_equal "Basic", request.auth_type
+    assert_equal 0, request.content_length
+    assert_equal nil, request.content_mime_type
+    assert_equal "CGI/1.1", request.gateway_interface
+    assert_equal "*/*", request.accept
+    assert_equal "UTF-8", request.accept_charset
+    assert_equal "gzip, deflate", request.accept_encoding
+    assert_equal "en", request.accept_language
+    assert_equal "no-cache, max-age=0", request.cache_control
+    assert_equal "googlebot", request.from
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.host
+    assert_equal "trans", request.negotiate
+    assert_equal "no-cache", request.pragma
+    assert_equal "http://www.google.com/search?q=glu.ttono.us", request.referer
+    assert_equal "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; en)", request.user_agent
+    assert_equal "/homepage/", request.path_info
+    assert_equal "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/homepage/", request.path_translated
+    assert_equal "", request.query_string
+    assert_equal "207.7.108.53", request.remote_addr
+    assert_equal "google.com", request.remote_host
+    assert_equal "kevin", request.remote_ident
+    assert_equal "kevin", request.remote_user
+    assert_equal "GET", request.request_method
+    assert_equal "/dispatch.fcgi", request.script_name
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.server_name
+    assert_equal 8007, request.server_port
+    assert_equal "HTTP/1.1", request.server_protocol
+    assert_equal "lighttpd", request.server_software
+  end
+end
+
+class LocalhostTest < BaseRequestTest
+  test "IPs that match localhost" do
+    request = stub_request("REMOTE_IP" => "127.1.1.1", "REMOTE_ADDR" => "127.1.1.1")
+    assert request.local?
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestCookie < BaseRequestTest
+  test "cookie syntax resilience" do
+    request = stub_request("HTTP_COOKIE" => "_session_id=c84ace84796670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2; is_admin=yes")
+    assert_equal "c84ace84796670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2", request.cookies["_session_id"], request.cookies.inspect
+    assert_equal "yes", request.cookies["is_admin"], request.cookies.inspect
 
-    request = stub_request 'SERVER_SOFTWARE' => 'Apache3.422'
-    assert_equal 'apache', request.server_software
+    # some Nokia phone browsers omit the space after the semicolon separator.
+    # some developers have grown accustomed to using comma in cookie values.
+    request = stub_request("HTTP_COOKIE"=>"_session_id=c84ace847,96670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2;is_admin=yes")
+    assert_equal "c84ace847", request.cookies["_session_id"], request.cookies.inspect
+    assert_equal "yes", request.cookies["is_admin"], request.cookies.inspect
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestParamsParsing < BaseRequestTest
+  test "doesnt break when content type has charset" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'POST',
+      'CONTENT_LENGTH' => "flamenco=love".length,
+      'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8',
+      'rack.input' => StringIO.new("flamenco=love")
+    )
+
+    assert_equal({"flamenco"=> "love"}, request.request_parameters)
+  end
+
+  test "doesnt interpret request uri as query string when missing" do
+    request = stub_request('REQUEST_URI' => 'foo')
+    assert_equal({}, request.query_parameters)
+  end
+end
 
-    request = stub_request 'SERVER_SOFTWARE' => 'lighttpd(1.1.4)'
-    assert_equal 'lighttpd', request.server_software
+class RequestRewind < BaseRequestTest
+  test "body should be rewound" do
+    data = 'rewind'
+    env = {
+      'rack.input' => StringIO.new(data),
+      'CONTENT_LENGTH' => data.length,
+      'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8'
+    }
+
+    # Read the request body by parsing params.
+    request = stub_request(env)
+    request.request_parameters
+
+    # Should have rewound the body.
+    assert_equal 0, request.body.pos
+  end
+
+  test "raw_post rewinds rack.input if RAW_POST_DATA is nil" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'rack.input' => StringIO.new("raw"),
+      'CONTENT_LENGTH' => 3
+    )
+    assert_equal "raw", request.raw_post
+    assert_equal "raw", request.env['rack.input'].read
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestProtocol < BaseRequestTest
+  test "server software" do
+    assert_equal 'lighttpd', stub_request('SERVER_SOFTWARE' => 'lighttpd/1.4.5').server_software
+    assert_equal 'apache', stub_request('SERVER_SOFTWARE' => 'Apache3.422').server_software
   end
 
   test "xml http request" do
@@ -391,19 +616,12 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "reports ssl" do
-    request = stub_request
-    assert !request.ssl?
-
-    request = stub_request 'HTTPS' => 'on'
-    assert request.ssl?
+    assert !stub_request.ssl?
+    assert stub_request('HTTPS' => 'on').ssl?
   end
 
   test "reports ssl when proxied via lighttpd" do
-    request = stub_request
-    assert !request.ssl?
-
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => 'https'
-    assert request.ssl?
+    assert stub_request('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => 'https').ssl?
   end
 
   test "scheme returns https when proxied" do
@@ -411,63 +629,76 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !request.ssl?
     assert_equal 'http', request.scheme
 
-    request = stub_request 'rack.url_scheme' => 'http', 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => 'https'
+    request = stub_request(
+      'rack.url_scheme' => 'http',
+      'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => 'https'
+    )
     assert request.ssl?
     assert_equal 'https', request.scheme
   end
+end
 
-  test "String request methods" do
-    [:get, :post, :patch, :put, :delete].each do |method|
-      request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method.to_s.upcase
-      assert_equal method.to_s.upcase, request.method
+class RequestMethod < BaseRequestTest
+  test "method returns environment's request method when it has not been
+    overridden by middleware".squish do
+
+    ActionDispatch::Request::HTTP_METHODS.each do |method|
+      request = stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => method)
+
+      assert_equal method, request.method
+      assert_equal method.underscore.to_sym, request.method_symbol
     end
   end
 
-  test "Symbol forms of request methods via method_symbol" do
-    [:get, :post, :patch, :put, :delete].each do |method|
-      request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method.to_s.upcase
-      assert_equal method, request.method_symbol
-    end
+  test "allow request method hacking" do
+    request = stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => 'POST')
+
+    assert_equal 'POST', request.request_method
+    assert_equal 'POST', request.env["REQUEST_METHOD"]
+
+    request.request_method = 'GET'
+
+    assert_equal 'GET', request.request_method
+    assert_equal 'GET', request.env["REQUEST_METHOD"]
   end
 
   test "invalid http method raises exception" do
     assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) do
-      request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'RANDOM_METHOD'
-      request.request_method
+      stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => 'RANDOM_METHOD').request_method
     end
   end
 
-  test "allow method hacking on post" do
-    %w(GET OPTIONS PATCH PUT POST DELETE).each do |method|
-      request = stub_request "REQUEST_METHOD" => method.to_s.upcase
-      assert_equal(method == "HEAD" ? "GET" : method, request.method)
-    end
+  test "method returns original value of environment request method on POST" do
+    request = stub_request('rack.methodoverride.original_method' => 'POST')
+    assert_equal 'POST', request.method
   end
 
-  test "invalid method hacking on post raises exception" do
+  test "method raises exception on invalid HTTP method" do
     assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) do
-      request = stub_request "REQUEST_METHOD" => "_RANDOM_METHOD"
-      request.request_method
+      stub_request('rack.methodoverride.original_method' => '_RANDOM_METHOD').method
     end
-  end
 
-  test "restrict method hacking" do
-    [:get, :patch, :put, :delete].each do |method|
-      request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method.to_s.upcase,
-        'action_dispatch.request.request_parameters' => { :_method => 'put' }
-      assert_equal method.to_s.upcase, request.method
+    assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) do
+      stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => '_RANDOM_METHOD').method
     end
   end
 
   test "post masquerading as patch" do
-    request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'PATCH', "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "POST"
+    request = stub_request(
+      'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'PATCH',
+      "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "POST"
+    )
+
     assert_equal "POST", request.method
     assert_equal "PATCH",  request.request_method
     assert request.patch?
   end
 
   test "post masquerading as put" do
-    request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'PUT', "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "POST"
+    request = stub_request(
+      'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'PUT',
+      "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "POST"
+    )
     assert_equal "POST", request.method
     assert_equal "PUT",  request.request_method
     assert request.put?
@@ -493,7 +724,9 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+end
 
+class RequestFormat < BaseRequestTest
   test "xml format" do
     request = stub_request
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => 'xml' })
@@ -513,109 +746,55 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "XMLHttpRequest" do
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
-                           'HTTP_ACCEPT' =>
-                             [Mime::JS, Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, 'text/xml', Mime::ALL].join(",")
+    request = stub_request(
+      'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
+      'HTTP_ACCEPT' => [Mime::JS, Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, "text/xml", Mime::ALL].join(",")
+    )
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
     assert request.xhr?
     assert_equal Mime::JS, request.format
   end
 
-  test "content type" do
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'text/html'
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, request.content_mime_type
-  end
-
-  test "can override format with parameter" do
+  test "can override format with parameter negative" do
     request = stub_request
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => :txt })
     assert !request.format.xml?
+  end
 
+  test "can override format with parameter positive" do
     request = stub_request
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => :xml })
     assert request.format.xml?
   end
 
-  test "no content type" do
-    request = stub_request
-    assert_equal nil, request.content_mime_type
-  end
-
-  test "content type is XML" do
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml'
-    assert_equal Mime::XML, request.content_mime_type
-  end
-
-  test "content type with charset" do
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8'
-    assert_equal Mime::XML, request.content_mime_type
-  end
-
-  test "user agent" do
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_USER_AGENT' => 'TestAgent'
-    assert_equal 'TestAgent', request.user_agent
-  end
-
-  test "parameters" do
-    request = stub_request
-    request.stubs(:request_parameters).returns({ "foo" => 1 })
-    request.stubs(:query_parameters).returns({ "bar" => 2 })
-
-    assert_equal({"foo" => 1, "bar" => 2}, request.parameters)
-    assert_equal({"foo" => 1}, request.request_parameters)
-    assert_equal({"bar" => 2}, request.query_parameters)
-  end
-
-  test "parameters still accessible after rack parse error" do
-    mock_rack_env = { "QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2", "rack.input" => "foo" }
-    request = nil
-    request = stub_request(mock_rack_env)
-
-    assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
-      # rack will raise a TypeError when parsing this query string
-      request.parameters
-    end
-
-    assert_equal({}, request.parameters)
-  end
-
-  test "we have access to the original exception" do
-    mock_rack_env = { "QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2", "rack.input" => "foo" }
-    request = nil
-    request = stub_request(mock_rack_env)
-
-    e = assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
-      # rack will raise a TypeError when parsing this query string
-      request.parameters
-    end
-
-    assert e.original_exception
-    assert_equal e.original_exception.backtrace, e.backtrace
-  end
-
-  test "formats with accept header" do
+  test "formats text/html with accept header" do
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/html'
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
     assert_equal [Mime::HTML], request.formats
+  end
 
+  test "formats blank with accept header" do
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => ''
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
     assert_equal [Mime::HTML], request.formats
+  end
 
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => '',
-                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
+  test "formats XMLHttpRequest with accept header" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
     assert_equal [Mime::JS], request.formats
+  end
 
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8',
-                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
+  test "formats application/xml with accept header" do
+    request = stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8',
+                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest")
     assert_equal [Mime::XML], request.formats
+  end
 
+  test "formats format:text with accept header" do
     request = stub_request
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => :txt })
     assert_equal [Mime::TEXT], request.formats
+  end
 
+  test "formats format:unknown with accept header" do
     request = stub_request
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => :unknown })
     assert_instance_of Mime::NullType, request.format
@@ -630,6 +809,12 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_not request.format.json?
   end
 
+  test "format does not throw exceptions when malformed parameters" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2")
+    assert request.formats
+    assert request.format.html?
+  end
+
   test "formats with xhr request" do
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
@@ -637,6 +822,7 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "ignore_accept_header" do
+    old_ignore_accept_header = ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header
     ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header = true
 
     begin
@@ -666,33 +852,115 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({:format => :json})
       assert_equal [ Mime::JSON ], request.formats
     ensure
-      ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header = false
+      ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header = old_ignore_accept_header
     end
   end
+end
 
-  test "negotiate_mime" do
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/html',
-                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
+class RequestMimeType < BaseRequestTest
+  test "content type" do
+    assert_equal Mime::HTML, stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'text/html').content_mime_type
+  end
 
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
+  test "no content type" do
+    assert_equal nil, stub_request.content_mime_type
+  end
+
+  test "content type is XML" do
+    assert_equal Mime::XML, stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml').content_mime_type
+  end
+
+  test "content type with charset" do
+    assert_equal Mime::XML, stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8').content_mime_type
+  end
+
+  test "user agent" do
+    assert_equal 'TestAgent', stub_request('HTTP_USER_AGENT' => 'TestAgent').user_agent
+  end
+
+  test "negotiate_mime" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/html',
+      'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
+    )
 
     assert_equal nil, request.negotiate_mime([Mime::XML, Mime::JSON])
     assert_equal Mime::HTML, request.negotiate_mime([Mime::XML, Mime::HTML])
     assert_equal Mime::HTML, request.negotiate_mime([Mime::XML, Mime::ALL])
+  end
+
+  test "negotiate_mime with content_type" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8',
+      'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
+    )
 
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8',
-                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
     assert_equal Mime::XML, request.negotiate_mime([Mime::XML, Mime::CSV])
   end
+end
 
-  test "raw_post rewinds rack.input if RAW_POST_DATA is nil" do
-    request = stub_request('rack.input' => StringIO.new("foo"),
-                           'CONTENT_LENGTH' => 3)
-    assert_equal "foo", request.raw_post
-    assert_equal "foo", request.env['rack.input'].read
+class RequestParameters < BaseRequestTest
+  test "parameters" do
+    request = stub_request
+    request.expects(:request_parameters).at_least_once.returns({ "foo" => 1 })
+    request.expects(:query_parameters).at_least_once.returns({ "bar" => 2 })
+
+    assert_equal({"foo" => 1, "bar" => 2}, request.parameters)
+    assert_equal({"foo" => 1}, request.request_parameters)
+    assert_equal({"bar" => 2}, request.query_parameters)
+  end
+
+  test "parameters not accessible after rack parse error" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2")
+
+    2.times do
+      assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+        # rack will raise a TypeError when parsing this query string
+        request.parameters
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "parameters not accessible after rack parse error of invalid UTF8 character" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "foo%81E=1")
+
+    2.times do
+      assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+        # rack will raise a Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError when parsing this query string
+        request.parameters
+      end
+    end
   end
 
+  test "parameters not accessible after rack parse error 1" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'POST',
+      'CONTENT_LENGTH' => "a%=".length,
+      'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8',
+      'rack.input' => StringIO.new("a%=")
+    )
+
+    assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+      # rack will raise a TypeError when parsing this query string
+      request.parameters
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "we have access to the original exception" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2")
+
+    e = assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+      # rack will raise a TypeError when parsing this query string
+      request.parameters
+    end
+
+    assert e.original_exception
+    assert_equal e.original_exception.backtrace, e.backtrace
+  end
+end
+
+
+class RequestParameterFilter < BaseRequestTest
   test "process parameter filter" do
     test_hashes = [
     [{'foo'=>'bar'},{'foo'=>'bar'},%w'food'],
@@ -721,9 +989,14 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "filtered_parameters returns params filtered" do
-    request = stub_request('action_dispatch.request.parameters' =>
-      { 'lifo' => 'Pratik', 'amount' => '420', 'step' => '1' },
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:lifo, :amount])
+    request = stub_request(
+      'action_dispatch.request.parameters' => {
+        'lifo' => 'Pratik',
+        'amount' => '420',
+        'step' => '1'
+      },
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:lifo, :amount]
+    )
 
     params = request.filtered_parameters
     assert_equal "[FILTERED]", params["lifo"]
@@ -732,10 +1005,14 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "filtered_env filters env as a whole" do
-    request = stub_request('action_dispatch.request.parameters' =>
-      { 'amount' => '420', 'step' => '1' }, "RAW_POST_DATA" => "yada yada",
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:lifo, :amount])
-
+    request = stub_request(
+      'action_dispatch.request.parameters' => {
+        'amount' => '420',
+        'step' => '1'
+      },
+      "RAW_POST_DATA" => "yada yada",
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:lifo, :amount]
+    )
     request = stub_request(request.filtered_env)
 
     assert_equal "[FILTERED]", request.raw_post
@@ -745,9 +1022,11 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "filtered_path returns path with filtered query string" do
     %w(; &).each do |sep|
-      request = stub_request('QUERY_STRING' => %w(username=sikachu secret=bd4f21f api_key=b1bc3b3cd352f68d79d7).join(sep),
+      request = stub_request(
+        'QUERY_STRING' => %w(username=sikachu secret=bd4f21f api_key=b1bc3b3cd352f68d79d7).join(sep),
         'PATH_INFO' => '/authenticate',
-        'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret, :api_key])
+        'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret, :api_key]
+      )
 
       path = request.filtered_path
       assert_equal %w(/authenticate?username=sikachu secret=[FILTERED] api_key=[FILTERED]).join(sep), path
@@ -755,56 +1034,40 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "filtered_path should not unescape a genuine '[FILTERED]' value" do
-    request = stub_request('QUERY_STRING' => "secret=bd4f21f&genuine=%5BFILTERED%5D",
+    request = stub_request(
+      'QUERY_STRING' => "secret=bd4f21f&genuine=%5BFILTERED%5D",
       'PATH_INFO' => '/authenticate',
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret])
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret]
+    )
 
     path = request.filtered_path
-    assert_equal "/authenticate?secret=[FILTERED]&genuine=%5BFILTERED%5D", path
+    assert_equal request.script_name + "/authenticate?secret=[FILTERED]&genuine=%5BFILTERED%5D", path
   end
 
   test "filtered_path should preserve duplication of keys in query string" do
-    request = stub_request('QUERY_STRING' => "username=sikachu&secret=bd4f21f&username=fxn",
+    request = stub_request(
+      'QUERY_STRING' => "username=sikachu&secret=bd4f21f&username=fxn",
       'PATH_INFO' => '/authenticate',
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret])
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret]
+    )
 
     path = request.filtered_path
-    assert_equal "/authenticate?username=sikachu&secret=[FILTERED]&username=fxn", path
+    assert_equal request.script_name + "/authenticate?username=sikachu&secret=[FILTERED]&username=fxn", path
   end
 
   test "filtered_path should ignore searchparts" do
-    request = stub_request('QUERY_STRING' => "secret",
+    request = stub_request(
+      'QUERY_STRING' => "secret",
       'PATH_INFO' => '/authenticate',
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret])
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret]
+    )
 
     path = request.filtered_path
-    assert_equal "/authenticate?secret", path
-  end
-
-  test "original_fullpath returns ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
-    request = stub_request('ORIGINAL_FULLPATH' => "/foo?bar")
-
-    path = request.original_fullpath
-    assert_equal "/foo?bar", path
-  end
-
-  test "original_url returns url built using ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
-    request = stub_request('ORIGINAL_FULLPATH' => "/foo?bar",
-                           'HTTP_HOST'         => "example.org",
-                           'rack.url_scheme'   => "http")
-
-    url = request.original_url
-    assert_equal "http://example.org/foo?bar", url
-  end
-
-  test "original_fullpath returns fullpath if ORIGINAL_FULLPATH is not present" do
-    request = stub_request('PATH_INFO'    => "/foo",
-                           'QUERY_STRING' => "bar")
-
-    path = request.original_fullpath
-    assert_equal "/foo?bar", path
+    assert_equal request.script_name + "/authenticate?secret", path
   end
+end
 
+class RequestEtag < BaseRequestTest
   test "if_none_match_etags none" do
     request = stub_request
 
@@ -843,7 +1106,9 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert request.etag_matches?(etag), etag
     end
   end
+end
 
+class RequestVariant < BaseRequestTest
   test "setting variant" do
     request = stub_request
 
@@ -868,16 +1133,4 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       request.variant = "mobile"
     end
   end
-
-protected
-
-  def stub_request(env = {})
-    ip_spoofing_check = env.key?(:ip_spoofing_check) ? env.delete(:ip_spoofing_check) : true
-    @trusted_proxies ||= nil
-    ip_app = ActionDispatch::RemoteIp.new(Proc.new { }, ip_spoofing_check, @trusted_proxies)
-    tld_length = env.key?(:tld_length) ? env.delete(:tld_length) : 1
-    ip_app.call(env)
-    ActionDispatch::Http::URL.tld_length = tld_length
-    ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
-  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
index 959a3bc5cd..48342e252a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'rack/content_length'
 
 class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
@@ -178,6 +180,7 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "read x_frame_options, x_content_type_options and x_xss_protection" do
+    original_default_headers = ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers
     begin
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = {
         'X-Frame-Options' => 'DENY',
@@ -193,11 +196,12 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal('nosniff', resp.headers['X-Content-Type-Options'])
       assert_equal('1;', resp.headers['X-XSS-Protection'])
     ensure
-      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = nil
+      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = original_default_headers
     end
   end
 
   test "read custom default_header" do
+    original_default_headers = ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers
     begin
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = {
         'X-XX-XXXX' => 'Here is my phone number'
@@ -209,7 +213,7 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       assert_equal('Here is my phone number', resp.headers['X-XX-XXXX'])
     ensure
-      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = nil
+      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = original_default_headers
     end
   end
 
@@ -218,9 +222,9 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert @response.respond_to?(:method_missing, true)
   end
 
-  test "can be destructured into status, headers and an enumerable body" do
+  test "can be explicitly destructured into status, headers and an enumerable body" do
     response = ActionDispatch::Response.new(404, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, ['Not Found'])
-    status, headers, body = response
+    status, headers, body = *response
 
     assert_equal 404, status
     assert_equal({ 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, headers)
@@ -229,12 +233,38 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "[response].flatten does not recurse infinitely" do
     Timeout.timeout(1) do # use a timeout to prevent it stalling indefinitely
-      status, headers, body = [@response].flatten
+      status, headers, body = assert_deprecated { [@response].flatten }
       assert_equal @response.status, status
       assert_equal @response.headers, headers
       assert_equal @response.body, body.each.to_a.join
     end
   end
+
+  test "compatibility with Rack::ContentLength" do
+    @response.body = 'Hello'
+    app = lambda { |env| @response.to_a }
+    env = Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")
+
+    status, headers, body = app.call(env)
+    assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
+
+    status, headers, body = Rack::ContentLength.new(app).call(env)
+    assert_equal '5', headers['Content-Length']
+  end
+
+  test "implicit destructuring and Array conversion is deprecated" do
+    response = ActionDispatch::Response.new(404, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, ['Not Found'])
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      status, headers, body = response
+
+      assert_equal 404, status
+      assert_equal({ 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, headers)
+      assert_equal ['Not Found'], body.each.to_a
+    end
+
+    assert_deprecated { response.to_ary }
+  end
 end
 
 class ResponseIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/concerns_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/concerns_test.rb
index 9f37701656..7ef513b0c8 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/concerns_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/concerns_test.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ class RoutingConcernsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = RoutedRackApp.new Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   def test_accessing_concern_from_resources
     get "/posts/1/comments"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb
index 0e488d2b88..c465d56bde 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb
@@ -81,10 +81,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-        def clear!
-          @set.clear!
-        end
-
         def draw(&block)
           @set.draw(&block)
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb
index aea4489852..56ea644f22 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb
@@ -74,10 +74,26 @@ class RoutingAssertionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'query_articles', :action => 'index', :use_query => 'true' }, '/query/articles', { :use_query => 'true' })
   end
 
+  def test_assert_recognizes_raises_message
+    err = assert_raise(Assertion) do
+      assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'secure_articles', :action => 'index' }, 'http://test.host/secure/articles', {}, "This is a really bad msg")
+    end
+
+    assert_match err.message, "This is a really bad msg"
+  end
+
   def test_assert_routing
     assert_routing('/articles', :controller => 'articles', :action => 'index')
   end
 
+  def test_assert_routing_raises_message
+    err = assert_raise(Assertion) do
+      assert_routing('/thisIsNotARoute', { :controller => 'articles', :action => 'edit', :id => '1' }, { :id => '1' }, {}, "This is a really bad msg")
+    end
+
+    assert_match err.message, "This is a really bad msg"
+  end
+
   def test_assert_routing_with_defaults
     assert_routing('/articles/1/edit', { :controller => 'articles', :action => 'edit', :id => '1' }, { :id => '1' })
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
index 1fa2cc6cf2..d141210ad9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  class GrumpyRestrictor
+    def self.matches?(request)
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
   class YoutubeFavoritesRedirector
     def self.call(params, request)
       "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=#{params[:youtube_id]}"
@@ -89,6 +95,24 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     verify_redirect 'http://www.example.com/private/index'
   end
 
+  def test_redirect_with_failing_constraint
+    draw do
+      get 'hi', to: redirect("/foo"), constraints: ::TestRoutingMapper::GrumpyRestrictor
+    end
+
+    get '/hi'
+    assert_equal 404, status
+  end
+
+  def test_redirect_with_passing_constraint
+    draw do
+      get 'hi', to: redirect("/foo"), constraints: ->(req) { true }
+    end
+
+    get '/hi'
+    assert_equal 301, status
+  end
+
   def test_namespace_with_controller_segment
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
       draw do
@@ -99,6 +123,16 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  def test_namespace_without_controller_segment
+    draw do
+      namespace :admin do
+        get 'hello/:controllers/:action'
+      end
+    end
+    get '/admin/hello/foo/new'
+    assert_equal 'foo', @request.params["controllers"]
+  end
+
   def test_session_singleton_resource
     draw do
       resource :session do
@@ -351,8 +385,8 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     draw do
       controller(:global) do
         get 'global/hide_notice'
-        get 'global/export',      :to => :export, :as => :export_request
-        get '/export/:id/:file',  :to => :export, :as => :export_download, :constraints => { :file => /.*/ }
+        get 'global/export',      :action => :export, :as => :export_request
+        get '/export/:id/:file',  :action => :export, :as => :export_download, :constraints => { :file => /.*/ }
         get 'global/:action'
       end
     end
@@ -720,8 +754,8 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     draw do
       resources :replies do
         member do
-          put :answer, :to => :mark_as_answer
-          delete :answer, :to => :unmark_as_answer
+          put :answer, :action => :mark_as_answer
+          delete :answer, :action => :unmark_as_answer
         end
       end
     end
@@ -1031,6 +1065,136 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'users/home#index', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_module_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, module: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'bar/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'bar/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'bar/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/2', foo_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'bar/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_path_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, path: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/bar/posts'
+    assert_equal '/bar/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/bar/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/bar/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/bar/comments/2', foo_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_as_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, as: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', bar_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', bar_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', bar_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/2', bar_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_shallow_path_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, shallow_path: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/bar/comments/2', foo_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_shallow_prefix_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, shallow_prefix: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/2', bar_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_namespace_containing_numbers
     draw do
       namespace :v2 do
@@ -1048,7 +1212,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       controller :articles do
         scope '/articles', :as => 'article' do
           scope :path => '/:title', :title => /[a-z]+/, :as => :with_title do
-            get '/:id', :to => :with_id, :as => ""
+            get '/:id', :action => :with_id, :as => ""
           end
         end
       end
@@ -1295,7 +1459,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def test_scoped_controller_with_namespace_and_action
     draw do
       namespace :account do
-        get ':action/callback', :action => /twitter|github/, :to => "callbacks", :as => :callback
+        get ':action/callback', :action => /twitter|github/, :controller => "callbacks", :as => :callback
       end
     end
 
@@ -1352,7 +1516,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def test_normalize_namespaced_matches
     draw do
       namespace :account do
-        get 'description', :to => :description, :as => "description"
+        get 'description', :action => :description, :as => "description"
       end
     end
 
@@ -1593,7 +1757,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       get "whatever/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
     end
 
-    get 'whatever/foo/bar'
+    get '/whatever/foo/bar'
     assert_equal 'foo#bar', @response.body
 
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/whatever/foo/bar/1',
@@ -1605,10 +1769,10 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       get "whatever/:controller(/:action(/:id))", :id => /\d+/
     end
 
-    get 'whatever/foo/bar/show'
+    get '/whatever/foo/bar/show'
     assert_equal 'foo/bar#show', @response.body
 
-    get 'whatever/foo/bar/show/1'
+    get '/whatever/foo/bar/show/1'
     assert_equal 'foo/bar#show', @response.body
 
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/whatever/foo/bar/show',
@@ -1828,6 +1992,82 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/comments/3/preview', preview_comment_path(:id => '3')
   end
 
+  def test_shallow_nested_resources_inside_resource
+    draw do
+      resource :membership, shallow: true do
+        resources :cards
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/membership/cards'
+    assert_equal 'cards#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/membership/cards', membership_cards_path
+
+    get '/membership/cards/new'
+    assert_equal 'cards#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/membership/cards/new', new_membership_card_path
+
+    post '/membership/cards'
+    assert_equal 'cards#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/cards/1', card_path('1')
+
+    get '/cards/1/edit'
+    assert_equal 'cards#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/cards/1/edit', edit_card_path('1')
+
+    put '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#update', @response.body
+
+    patch '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#destroy', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_shallow_deeply_nested_resources
+    draw do
+      resources :blogs do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/comments/1'
+    assert_equal 'comments#show', @response.body
+
+    assert_equal '/comments/1', comment_path('1')
+    assert_equal '/blogs/new', new_blog_path
+    assert_equal '/blogs/1/posts/new', new_blog_post_path(:blog_id => 1)
+    assert_equal '/blogs/1/posts/2/comments/new', new_blog_post_comment_path(:blog_id => 1, :post_id => 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_direct_children_of_shallow_resources
+    draw do
+      resources :blogs do
+        resources :posts, shallow: true do
+          resources :comments
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    post '/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal 'comments#create', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/posts/1/comments', post_comments_path('1')
+
+    get '/posts/2/comments/new'
+    assert_equal 'comments#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/posts/2/comments/new', new_post_comment_path('2')
+
+    get '/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal 'comments#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/posts/1/comments', post_comments_path('1')
+  end
+
   def test_shallow_nested_resources_within_scope
     draw do
       scope '/hello' do
@@ -1960,7 +2200,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
         resources :invoices do
           get "outstanding" => "invoices#outstanding", :on => :collection
-          get "overdue", :to => :overdue, :on => :collection
+          get "overdue", :action => :overdue, :on => :collection
           get "print" => "invoices#print", :as => :print, :on => :member
           post "preview" => "invoices#preview", :as => :preview, :on => :new
         end
@@ -2048,6 +2288,22 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/api/1.0/users/first.last.xml', api_user_path(:version => '1.0', :id => 'first.last', :format => :xml)
   end
 
+  def test_match_without_via
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      draw do
+        match '/foo/bar', :to => 'files#show'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_match_with_empty_via
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      draw do
+        match '/foo/bar', :to => 'files#show', :via => []
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_glob_parameter_accepts_regexp
     draw do
       get '/:locale/*file.:format', :to => 'files#show', :file => /path\/to\/existing\/file/
@@ -2103,12 +2359,12 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       get "(/user/:username)/photos" => "photos#index"
     end
 
-    get 'user/bob/photos'
+    get '/user/bob/photos'
     assert_equal 'photos#index', @response.body
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/user/bob/photos',
       url_for(:controller => "photos", :action => "index", :username => "bob")
 
-    get 'photos'
+    get '/photos'
     assert_equal 'photos#index', @response.body
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/photos',
       url_for(:controller => "photos", :action => "index", :username => nil)
@@ -2621,7 +2877,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def test_symbolized_path_parameters_is_not_stale
+  def test_path_parameters_is_not_stale
     draw do
       scope '/countries/:country', :constraints => lambda { |params, req| %w(all France).include?(params[:country]) } do
         get '/',       :to => 'countries#index'
@@ -2786,7 +3042,9 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      draw { controller("/feeds") { get '/feeds/:service', :to => :show } }
+      assert_deprecated do
+        draw { controller("/feeds") { get '/feeds/:service', :to => :show } }
+      end
     end
 
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
@@ -2936,7 +3194,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
     get '/downloads/1/1.tar'
     assert_equal 'downloads#show', @response.body
-    assert_equal expected_params, @request.symbolized_path_parameters
+    assert_equal expected_params, @request.path_parameters
     assert_equal '/downloads/1/1.tar', download_path('1')
     assert_equal '/downloads/1/1.tar', download_path('1', '1')
   end
@@ -2953,6 +3211,18 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/foo', foo_root_path
   end
 
+  def test_namespace_as_controller
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo do
+        get '/', to: '/bar#index', as: 'root'
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo'
+    assert_equal 'bar#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/foo', foo_root_path
+  end
+
   def test_trailing_slash
     draw do
       resources :streams
@@ -3033,23 +3303,183 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/admin/posts/1/comments', admin_post_comments_path('1')
   end
 
+  def test_mix_string_to_controller_action
+    draw do
+      get '/projects', controller: 'project_files',
+                       action: 'index',
+                       to: 'comments#index'
+    end
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'comments#index', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_mix_string_to_controller
+    draw do
+      get '/projects', controller: 'project_files',
+                       to: 'comments#index'
+    end
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'comments#index', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_mix_string_to_action
+    draw do
+      get '/projects', action: 'index',
+                       to: 'comments#index'
+    end
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'comments#index', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_mix_symbol_to_controller_action
+    assert_deprecated do
+      draw do
+        get '/projects', controller: 'project_files',
+                         action: 'index',
+                         to: :show
+      end
+    end
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_mix_string_to_controller_action_no_hash
+    assert_deprecated do
+      draw do
+        get '/projects', controller: 'project_files',
+                         action: 'index',
+                         to: 'show'
+      end
+    end
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'show#index', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_shallow_path_and_prefix_are_not_added_to_non_shallow_routes
+    draw do
+      scope shallow_path: 'projects', shallow_prefix: 'project' do
+        resources :projects do
+          resources :files, controller: 'project_files', shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'projects#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects', projects_path
+
+    get '/projects/new'
+    assert_equal 'projects#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/new', new_project_path
+
+    post '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'projects#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/projects/1'
+    assert_equal 'projects#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1', project_path('1')
+
+    get '/projects/1/edit'
+    assert_equal 'projects#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/edit', edit_project_path('1')
+
+    patch '/projects/1'
+    assert_equal 'projects#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/projects/1'
+    assert_equal 'projects#destroy', @response.body
+
+    get '/projects/1/files'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/files', project_files_path('1')
+
+    get '/projects/1/files/new'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/files/new', new_project_file_path('1')
+
+    post '/projects/1/files'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/projects/files/2'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/files/2', project_file_path('2')
+
+    get '/projects/files/2/edit'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/files/2/edit', edit_project_file_path('2')
+
+    patch '/projects/files/2'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/projects/files/2'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#destroy', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_path_is_copied_to_shallow_path
+    draw do
+      scope path: 'foo' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/1', comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_as_is_copied_to_shallow_prefix
+    draw do
+      scope as: 'foo' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/comments/1', foo_comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_shallow_prefix_is_not_overwritten_by_as
+    draw do
+      scope as: 'foo', shallow_prefix: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/comments/1', bar_comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_shallow_path_is_not_overwritten_by_path
+    draw do
+      scope path: 'foo', shallow_path: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/bar/comments/1', comment_path('1')
+  end
+
 private
 
   def draw(&block)
     self.class.stub_controllers do |routes|
-      @app = routes
-      @app.default_url_options = { host: 'www.example.com' }
-      @app.draw(&block)
+      routes.default_url_options = { host: 'www.example.com' }
+      routes.draw(&block)
+      @app = RoutedRackApp.new routes
     end
   end
 
   def url_for(options = {})
-    @app.url_helpers.url_for(options)
+    @app.routes.url_helpers.url_for(options)
   end
 
   def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
     if method.to_s =~ /_(path|url)$/
-      @app.url_helpers.send(method, *args, &block)
+      @app.routes.url_helpers.send(method, *args, &block)
     else
       super
     end
@@ -3076,12 +3506,14 @@ end
 
 class TestAltApp < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   class AltRequest
+    attr_accessor :path_parameters, :path_info, :script_name
+    attr_reader :env
+
     def initialize(env)
+      @path_parameters = {}
       @env = env
-    end
-
-    def path_info
-      "/"
+      @path_info = "/"
+      @script_name = ""
     end
 
     def request_method
@@ -3115,8 +3547,10 @@ class TestAltApp < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get "/" => TestAltApp::AltApp.new
   end
 
+  APP = build_app AltRoutes
+
   def app
-    AltRoutes
+    APP
   end
 
   def test_alt_request_without_header
@@ -3143,15 +3577,16 @@ class TestAppendingRoutes < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def setup
     super
     s = self
-    @app = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-    @app.append do
+    routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    routes.append do
       get '/hello'   => s.simple_app('fail')
       get '/goodbye' => s.simple_app('goodbye')
     end
 
-    @app.draw do
+    routes.draw do
       get '/hello' => s.simple_app('hello')
     end
+    @app = self.class.build_app routes
   end
 
   def test_goodbye_should_be_available
@@ -3180,8 +3615,38 @@ class TestNamespaceWithControllerOption < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   def draw(&block)
-    @app = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-    @app.draw(&block)
+    routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    routes.draw(&block)
+    @app = self.class.build_app routes
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_controller
+    ex = assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+      draw do
+        get '/foo/bar', :action => :index
+      end
+    }
+    assert_match(/Missing :controller/, ex.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_action
+    ex = assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+      assert_deprecated do
+        draw do
+          get '/foo/bar', :to => 'foo'
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    assert_match(/Missing :action/, ex.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_action_on_hash
+    ex = assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+      draw do
+        get '/foo/bar', :to => 'foo#'
+      end
+    }
+    assert_match(/Missing :action/, ex.message)
   end
 
   def test_valid_controller_options_inside_namespace
@@ -3200,7 +3665,7 @@ class TestNamespaceWithControllerOption < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       resources :storage_files, :controller => 'admin/storage_files'
     end
 
-    get 'storage_files'
+    get '/storage_files'
     assert_equal "admin/storage_files#index", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -3225,6 +3690,16 @@ class TestNamespaceWithControllerOption < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
     assert_match "'Admin::StorageFiles' is not a supported controller name", e.message
   end
+
+  def test_warn_with_ruby_constant_syntax_no_colons
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      draw do
+        resources :storage_files, :controller => 'Admin'
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match "'Admin' is not a supported controller name", e.message
+  end
 end
 
 class TestDefaultScope < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -3242,8 +3717,10 @@ class TestDefaultScope < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     resources :posts
   end
 
+  APP = build_app DefaultScopeRoutes
+
   def app
-    DefaultScopeRoutes
+    APP
   end
 
   include DefaultScopeRoutes.url_helpers
@@ -3261,24 +3738,28 @@ class TestHttpMethods < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   RFC3648 = %w(ORDERPATCH)
   RFC3744 = %w(ACL)
   RFC5323 = %w(SEARCH)
+  RFC4791 = %w(MKCALENDAR)
   RFC5789 = %w(PATCH)
 
   def simple_app(response)
     lambda { |env| [ 200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, [response] ] }
   end
 
-  setup do
+  attr_reader :app
+
+  def setup
     s = self
-    @app = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    @app = RoutedRackApp.new routes
 
-    @app.draw do
-      (RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC5789).each do |method|
+    routes.draw do
+      (RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC4791 + RFC5789).each do |method|
         match '/' => s.simple_app(method), :via => method.underscore.to_sym
       end
     end
   end
 
-  (RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC5789).each do |method|
+  (RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC4791 + RFC5789).each do |method|
     test "request method #{method.underscore} can be matched" do
       get '/', nil, 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method
       assert_equal method, @response.body
@@ -3302,10 +3783,11 @@ class TestUriPathEscaping < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
-  test 'escapes generated path segment' do
-    assert_equal '/a%20b/c+d', segment_path(:segment => 'a b/c+d')
+  test 'escapes slash in generated path segment' do
+    assert_equal '/a%20b%2Fc+d', segment_path(:segment => 'a b/c+d')
   end
 
   test 'unescapes recognized path segment' do
@@ -3313,7 +3795,7 @@ class TestUriPathEscaping < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'a b/c+d', @response.body
   end
 
-  test 'escapes generated path splat' do
+  test 'does not escape slash in generated path splat' do
     assert_equal '/a%20b/c+d', splat_path(:splat => 'a b/c+d')
   end
 
@@ -3333,7 +3815,8 @@ class TestUnicodePaths < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test 'recognizes unicode path' do
     get "/#{Rack::Utils.escape("ほげ")}"
@@ -3364,7 +3847,8 @@ class TestMultipleNestedController < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test "controller option which starts with '/' from multiple nested controller" do
     get "/foo/bar/baz"
@@ -3383,7 +3867,8 @@ class TestTildeAndMinusPaths < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test 'recognizes tilde path' do
     get "/~user"
@@ -3410,7 +3895,8 @@ class TestRedirectInterpolation < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test "redirect escapes interpolated parameters with redirect proc" do
     get "/foo/1%3E"
@@ -3452,7 +3938,8 @@ class TestConstraintsAccessingParameters < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test "parameters are reset between constraint checks" do
     get "/bar"
@@ -3472,7 +3959,8 @@ class TestGlobRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   #include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   def test_glob_constraint
     get "/dummy"
@@ -3498,11 +3986,14 @@ class TestOptimizedNamedRoutes < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       get '/post(/:action(/:id))' => ok, as: :posts
       get '/:foo/:foo_type/bars/:id' => ok, as: :bar
       get '/projects/:id.:format' => ok, as: :project
+      get '/pages/:id' => ok, as: :page
+      get '/wiki/*page' => ok, as: :wiki
     end
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test 'enabled when not mounted and default_url_options is empty' do
     assert Routes.url_helpers.optimize_routes_generation?
@@ -3530,6 +4021,26 @@ class TestOptimizedNamedRoutes < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/projects/1.json', Routes.url_helpers.project_path(1, :json)
     assert_equal '/projects/1.json', project_path(1, :json)
   end
+
+  test 'segments with question marks are escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%3Fbar', Routes.url_helpers.page_path('foo?bar')
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%3Fbar', page_path('foo?bar')
+  end
+
+  test 'segments with slashes are escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%2Fbar', Routes.url_helpers.page_path('foo/bar')
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%2Fbar', page_path('foo/bar')
+  end
+
+  test 'glob segments with question marks are escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo%3Fbar', Routes.url_helpers.wiki_path('foo?bar')
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo%3Fbar', wiki_path('foo?bar')
+  end
+
+  test 'glob segments with slashes are not escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo/bar', Routes.url_helpers.wiki_path('foo/bar')
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo/bar', wiki_path('foo/bar')
+  end
 end
 
 class TestNamedRouteUrlHelpers < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -3554,7 +4065,8 @@ class TestNamedRouteUrlHelpers < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
 
@@ -3589,7 +4101,8 @@ class TestUrlConstraints < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test "constraints are copied to defaults when using constraints method" do
     assert_equal 'http://admin.example.com/', admin_root_url
@@ -3643,7 +4156,7 @@ class TestInvalidUrls < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       set.draw do
         get "/bar/:id", :to => redirect("/foo/show/%{id}")
         get "/foo/show(/:id)", :to => "test_invalid_urls/foo#show"
-        get "/foo(/:action(/:id))", :to => "test_invalid_urls/foo"
+        get "/foo(/:action(/:id))", :controller => "test_invalid_urls/foo"
         get "/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
       end
 
@@ -3670,8 +4183,9 @@ class TestOptionalRootSegments < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  APP = build_app Routes
   def app
-    Routes
+    APP
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
@@ -3702,7 +4216,8 @@ class TestPortConstraints < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   def test_integer_port_constraints
     get 'http://www.example.com/integer'
@@ -3750,7 +4265,8 @@ class TestFormatConstraints < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   def test_string_format_constraints
     get 'http://www.example.com/string'
@@ -3797,6 +4313,17 @@ class TestFormatConstraints < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 end
 
+class TestCallableConstraintValidation < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  def test_constraint_with_object_not_callable
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.draw do
+        ok = lambda { |env| [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, []] }
+        get '/test', to: ok, constraints: Object.new
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
 class TestRouteDefaults < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   stub_controllers do |routes|
     Routes = routes
@@ -3806,8 +4333,9 @@ class TestRouteDefaults < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  APP = build_app Routes
   def app
-    Routes
+    APP
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
@@ -3835,8 +4363,9 @@ class TestRackAppRouteGeneration < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  APP = build_app Routes
   def app
-    Routes
+    APP
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
@@ -3861,8 +4390,9 @@ class TestRedirectRouteGeneration < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  APP = build_app Routes
   def app
-    Routes
+    APP
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
@@ -3885,7 +4415,8 @@ class TestUrlGenerationErrors < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb
index b8479e8836..9f810cad01 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb
@@ -148,16 +148,15 @@ class CacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_prevents_session_fixation
     with_test_route_set do
-      get '/get_session_value'
-      assert_response :success
-      assert_equal 'foo: nil', response.body
-      session_id = cookies['_session_id']
+      assert_equal nil, @cache.read('_session_id:0xhax')
 
-      reset!
+      cookies['_session_id'] = '0xhax'
+      get '/set_session_value'
 
-      get '/set_session_value', :_session_id => session_id
       assert_response :success
-      assert_not_equal session_id, cookies['_session_id']
+      assert_not_equal '0xhax', cookies['_session_id']
+      assert_equal nil, @cache.read('_session_id:0xhax')
+      assert_equal({'foo' => 'bar'}, @cache.read("_session_id:#{cookies['_session_id']}"))
     end
   end
 
@@ -169,8 +168,8 @@ class CacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
 
         @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
-          cache = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
-          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore, :key => '_session_id', :cache => cache
+          @cache = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
+          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore, :key => '_session_id', :cache => @cache
           middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions"
         end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
index e99ff46edf..c5cd24d06e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       cookies[SessionKey] = SignedBar
       get '/persistent_session_id'
       assert_response :success
-      assert_equal response.body.size, 32
+      assert_equal 32, response.body.size
       session_id = response.body
 
       get '/get_session_id'
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       cookies[SessionKey] = SignedBar
       get '/persistent_session_id'
       assert_response :success
-      assert_equal response.body.size, 32
+      assert_equal 32, response.body.size
       session_id = response.body
       get '/persistent_session_id'
       assert_equal session_id, response.body
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
       get "/get_session_id"
       sid = response.body
-      assert_equal sid.size, 36
+      assert_equal 36, sid.size
 
       get "/change_session_id"
       assert_not_equal sid, response.body
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
index e53ce4195b..f7a06cfed4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'securerandom'
 
 # You need to start a memcached server inorder to run these tests
 class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -48,6 +49,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal 'foo: "bar"', response.body
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_getting_nil_session_value
@@ -56,6 +59,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal 'foo: nil', response.body
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_getting_session_value_after_session_reset
@@ -75,6 +80,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal 'foo: nil', response.body, "data for this session should have been obliterated from memcached"
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_getting_from_nonexistent_session
@@ -84,6 +91,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_equal 'foo: nil', response.body
         assert_nil cookies['_session_id'], "should only create session on write, not read"
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_setting_session_value_after_session_reset
@@ -105,6 +114,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_not_equal session_id, response.body
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_getting_session_id
@@ -118,6 +129,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal session_id, response.body, "should be able to read session id without accessing the session hash"
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_deserializes_unloaded_class
@@ -132,6 +145,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
           assert_response :success
         end
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_doesnt_write_session_cookie_if_session_id_is_already_exists
@@ -144,6 +159,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal nil, headers['Set-Cookie'], "should not resend the cookie again if session_id cookie is already exists"
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_prevents_session_fixation
@@ -159,6 +176,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_not_equal session_id, cookies['_session_id']
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
   rescue LoadError, RuntimeError, Dalli::DalliError
     $stderr.puts "Skipping MemCacheStoreTest tests. Start memcached and try again."
@@ -172,7 +191,7 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
 
         @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
-          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore, :key => '_session_id'
+          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore, :key => '_session_id', :namespace => "mem_cache_store_test:#{SecureRandom.hex(10)}"
           middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions"
         end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
index 38bd234f37..323fbc285e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
     assert_response 500
     assert_equal "500 error fixture\n", body
-    
+
     get "/bad_params", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
     assert_response 400
     assert_equal "400 error fixture\n", body
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     exceptions_app = lambda do |env|
       assert_kind_of AbstractController::ActionNotFound, env["action_dispatch.exception"]
       assert_equal "/404", env["PATH_INFO"]
+      assert_equal "/not_found_original_exception", env["action_dispatch.original_path"]
       [404, { "Content-Type" => "text/plain" }, ["YOU FAILED BRO"]]
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
index 94969f795a..c3598c5e8e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
@@ -196,6 +196,13 @@ class SSLTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       response.headers['Location']
   end
 
+  def test_redirect_to_host_with_port
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "ssl.example.org:443")
+    get "http://example.org/path?key=value"
+    assert_equal "https://ssl.example.org:443/path?key=value",
+      response.headers['Location']
+  end
+
   def test_redirect_to_secure_host_when_on_subdomain
     self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "ssl.example.org")
     get "http://ssl.example.org/path?key=value"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
index afdda70748..6f7373201c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rbconfig'
+require 'zlib'
 
 module StaticTests
   def test_serves_dynamic_content
@@ -36,6 +37,10 @@ module StaticTests
     assert_html "/foo/index.html", get("/foo")
   end
 
+  def test_serves_file_with_same_name_before_index_in_directory
+    assert_html "/bar.html", get("/bar")
+  end
+
   def test_served_static_file_with_non_english_filename
     jruby_skip "Stop skipping if following bug gets fixed: " \
       "http://jira.codehaus.org/browse/JRUBY-7192"
@@ -106,6 +111,40 @@ module StaticTests
     end
   end
 
+  def test_serves_gzip_files_when_header_set
+    file_name = "/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js"
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'gzip')
+    assert_gzip  file_name, response
+    assert_equal 'application/javascript', response.headers['Content-Type']
+    assert_equal 'Accept-Encoding',        response.headers["Vary"]
+    assert_equal 'gzip',                   response.headers["Content-Encoding"]
+
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'Gzip')
+    assert_gzip  file_name, response
+
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'GZIP')
+    assert_gzip  file_name, response
+
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => '')
+    assert_not_equal 'gzip', response.headers["Content-Encoding"]
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_modify_path_info
+    file_name = "/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js"
+    env = {'PATH_INFO' => file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'gzip'}
+    @app.call(env)
+    assert_equal file_name, env['PATH_INFO']
+  end
+
+  def test_serves_gzip_with_propper_content_type_fallback
+    file_name = "/gzip/foo.zoo"
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'gzip')
+    assert_gzip  file_name, response
+
+    default_response = get(file_name) # no gzip
+    assert_equal default_response.headers['Content-Type'], response.headers['Content-Type']
+  end
+
   # Windows doesn't allow \ / : * ? " < > | in filenames
   unless RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/
     def test_serves_static_file_with_colon
@@ -125,13 +164,20 @@ module StaticTests
 
   private
 
+    def assert_gzip(file_name, response)
+      expected = File.read("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/#{public_path}" + file_name)
+      actual   = Zlib::GzipReader.new(StringIO.new(response.body)).read
+      assert_equal expected, actual
+    end
+
     def assert_html(body, response)
       assert_equal body, response.body
       assert_equal "text/html", response.headers["Content-Type"]
+      assert_nil response.headers["Vary"]
     end
 
-    def get(path)
-      Rack::MockRequest.new(@app).request("GET", path)
+    def get(path, headers = {})
+      Rack::MockRequest.new(@app).request("GET", path, headers)
     end
 
     def with_static_file(file)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/template_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/template_assertions_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c393f937b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/template_assertions_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class AssertTemplateController < ActionController::Base
+  def render_with_partial
+    render partial: 'test/partial'
+  end
+
+  def render_with_template
+    render 'test/hello_world'
+  end
+
+  def render_with_layout
+    @variable_for_layout = nil
+    render 'test/hello_world', layout: "layouts/standard"
+  end
+
+  def render_with_file
+    render file: 'README.rdoc'
+  end
+
+  def render_nothing
+    head :ok
+  end
+end
+
+class AssertTemplateControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  def test_template_reset_between_requests
+    get '/assert_template/render_with_template'
+    assert_template 'test/hello_world'
+
+    get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+    assert_template nil
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_reset_between_requests
+    get '/assert_template/render_with_partial'
+    assert_template partial: 'test/_partial'
+
+    get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+    assert_template partial: nil
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_reset_between_requests
+    get '/assert_template/render_with_layout'
+    assert_template layout: 'layouts/standard'
+
+    get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+    assert_template layout: nil
+  end
+
+  def test_file_reset_between_requests
+    get '/assert_template/render_with_file'
+    assert_template file: 'README.rdoc'
+
+    get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+    assert_template file: nil
+  end
+
+  def test_template_reset_between_requests_when_opening_a_session
+    open_session do |session|
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_with_template'
+      session.assert_template 'test/hello_world'
+
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+      session.assert_template nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_reset_between_requests_when_opening_a_session
+    open_session do |session|
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_with_partial'
+      session.assert_template partial: 'test/_partial'
+
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+      session.assert_template partial: nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_reset_between_requests_when_opening_a_session
+    open_session do |session|
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_with_layout'
+      session.assert_template layout: 'layouts/standard'
+
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+      session.assert_template layout: nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_file_reset_between_requests_when_opening_a_session
+    open_session do |session|
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_with_file'
+      session.assert_template file: 'README.rdoc'
+
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+      session.assert_template file: nil
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
index 72f3d1db0d..55ebbd5143 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       assert_equal "UTF-8", uf.original_filename.encoding.to_s
     end
 
+    def test_filename_should_always_be_in_utf_8
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:filename => 'foo'.encode(Encoding::SHIFT_JIS),
+                                  :tempfile => Object.new)
+      assert_equal "UTF-8", uf.original_filename.encoding.to_s
+    end
+
     def test_content_type
       uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:type => 'foo', :tempfile => Object.new)
       assert_equal 'foo', uf.content_type
@@ -33,6 +39,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       assert_equal 'foo', uf.tempfile
     end
 
+    def test_to_io_returns_the_tempfile
+      tf = Object.new
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:tempfile => tf)
+      assert_equal tf, uf.to_io
+    end
+
     def test_delegates_path_to_tempfile
       tf = Class.new { def path; 'thunderhorse' end }
       uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:tempfile => tf.new)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
index fdea27e2d2..8f79e7bf9a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
@@ -15,15 +15,19 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
     Routes.draw do
       get "/foo", :to => "my_route_generating#index", :as => :foo
 
+      resources :bars
+
       mount MyRouteGeneratingController.action(:index), at: '/bar'
     end
 
+    APP = build_app Routes
+
     def _routes
       Routes
     end
 
     def app
-      Routes
+      APP
     end
 
     test "generating URLS normally" do
@@ -64,18 +68,30 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
 
     test "port is extracted from the host" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8080", protocol: "http://")
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8080", protocol: "//")
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:80/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:80", protocol: "//")
+    end
+
+    test "port option is used" do
+      assert_equal "http://www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com", protocol: "http://", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com", protocol: "//", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:80/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com", protocol: "//", port: 80)
     end
 
     test "port option overrides the host" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "http://", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "//", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:80/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:443", protocol: "//", port: 80)
     end
 
     test "port option disables the host when set to nil" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "http://", port: nil)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "//", port: nil)
     end
 
     test "port option disables the host when set to false" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "http://", port: false)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "//", port: false)
     end
 
     test "keep subdomain when key is true" do
@@ -97,6 +113,22 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
     test "omit subdomain when key is blank" do
       assert_equal "http://example.com/foo", foo_url(subdomain: "")
     end
+
+    test "generating URLs with trailing slashes" do
+      assert_equal "/bars.json", bars_path(
+        trailing_slash: true,
+        format: 'json'
+      )
+    end
+
+    test "generating URLS with querystring and trailing slashes" do
+      assert_equal "/bars.json?a=b", bars_path(
+        trailing_slash: true,
+        a: 'b',
+        format: 'json'
+      )
+    end
+
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant.html+phone.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant.html+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e523b74ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant.html+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<body>
+<%= cache do %><p>PHONE</p><% end %>
+</body>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/bar.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/bar.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67fc57079b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/bar.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/bar.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/bar/index.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/bar/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5bb8f898d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/bar/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/bar/index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1826a7660e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+!function(e,t){"object"==typeof module&&"object"==typeof module.exports?module.exports=e.document?t(e,!0):function(e){if(!e.document)throw new Error("jQuery requires a window with a document");return t(e)}:t(e)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:this,function(e,t){function n(e){var t=e.length,n=it.type(e);return"function"===n||it.isWindow(e)?!1:1===e.nodeType&&t?!0:"array"===n||0===t||"number"==typeof t&&t>0&&t-1 in e}function r(e,t,n){if(it.isFunction(t))return it.grep(e,function(e,r){return!!t.call(e,r,e)!==n});if(t.nodeType)return it.grep(e,function(e){return e===t!==n});if("string"==typeof t){if(ft.test(t))return it.filter(t,e,n);t=it.filter(t,e)}return it.grep(e,function(e){return it.inArray(e,t)>=0!==n})}function i(e,t){do e=e[t];while(e&&1!==e.nodeType);return e}function o(e){var t=xt[e]={};return it.each(e.match(bt)||[],function(e,n){t[n]=!0}),t}function a(){ht.addEventListener?(ht.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.removeEventListener("load",s,!1)):(ht.detachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.detachEvent("onload",s))}function s(){(ht.addEventListener||"load"===event.type||"complete"===ht.readyState)&&(a(),it.ready())}function l(e,t,n){if(void 0===n&&1===e.nodeType){var r="data-"+t.replace(Ct,"-$1").toLowerCase();if(n=e.getAttribute(r),"string"==typeof n){try{n="true"===n?!0:"false"===n?!1:"null"===n?null:+n+""===n?+n:kt.test(n)?it.parseJSON(n):n}catch(i){}it.data(e,t,n)}else n=void 0}return n}function u(e){var t;for(t in e)if(("data"!==t||!it.isEmptyObject(e[t]))&&"toJSON"!==t)return!1;return!0}function c(e,t,n,r){if(it.acceptData(e)){var i,o,a=it.expando,s=e.nodeType,l=s?it.cache:e,u=s?e[a]:e[a]&&a;if(u&&l[u]&&(r||l[u].data)||void 0!==n||"string"!=typeof t)return u||(u=s?e[a]=G.pop()||it.guid++:a),l[u]||(l[u]=s?{}:{toJSON:it.noop}),("object"==typeof t||"function"==typeof t)&&(r?l[u]=it.extend(l[u],t):l[u].data=it.extend(l[u].data,t)),o=l[u],r||(o.data||(o.data={}),o=o.data),void 0!==n&&(o[it.camelCase(t)]=n),"string"==typeof t?(i=o[t],null==i&&(i=o[it.camelCase(t)])):i=o,i}}function d(e,t,n){if(it.acceptData(e)){var r,i,o=e.nodeType,a=o?it.cache:e,s=o?e[it.expando]:it.expando;if(a[s]){if(t&&(r=n?a[s]:a[s].data)){it.isArray(t)?t=t.concat(it.map(t,it.camelCase)):t in r?t=[t]:(t=it.camelCase(t),t=t in r?[t]:t.split(" ")),i=t.length;for(;i--;)delete r[t[i]];if(n?!u(r):!it.isEmptyObject(r))return}(n||(delete a[s].data,u(a[s])))&&(o?it.cleanData([e],!0):nt.deleteExpando||a!=a.window?delete a[s]:a[s]=null)}}}function f(){return!0}function p(){return!1}function h(){try{return ht.activeElement}catch(e){}}function m(e){var t=Mt.split("|"),n=e.createDocumentFragment();if(n.createElement)for(;t.length;)n.createElement(t.pop());return n}function g(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==Et?e.getElementsByTagName(t||"*"):typeof e.querySelectorAll!==Et?e.querySelectorAll(t||"*"):void 0;if(!o)for(o=[],n=e.childNodes||e;null!=(r=n[i]);i++)!t||it.nodeName(r,t)?o.push(r):it.merge(o,g(r,t));return void 0===t||t&&it.nodeName(e,t)?it.merge([e],o):o}function v(e){Dt.test(e.type)&&(e.defaultChecked=e.checked)}function y(e,t){return it.nodeName(e,"table")&&it.nodeName(11!==t.nodeType?t:t.firstChild,"tr")?e.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0]||e.appendChild(e.ownerDocument.createElement("tbody")):e}function b(e){return e.type=(null!==it.find.attr(e,"type"))+"/"+e.type,e}function x(e){var t=Vt.exec(e.type);return t?e.type=t[1]:e.removeAttribute("type"),e}function w(e,t){for(var n,r=0;null!=(n=e[r]);r++)it._data(n,"globalEval",!t||it._data(t[r],"globalEval"))}function T(e,t){if(1===t.nodeType&&it.hasData(e)){var n,r,i,o=it._data(e),a=it._data(t,o),s=o.events;if(s){delete a.handle,a.events={};for(n in s)for(r=0,i=s[n].length;i>r;r++)it.event.add(t,n,s[n][r])}a.data&&(a.data=it.extend({},a.data))}}function E(e,t){var n,r,i;if(1===t.nodeType){if(n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),!nt.noCloneEvent&&t[it.expando]){i=it._data(t);for(r in i.events)it.removeEvent(t,r,i.handle);t.removeAttribute(it.expando)}"script"===n&&t.text!==e.text?(b(t).text=e.text,x(t)):"object"===n?(t.parentNode&&(t.outerHTML=e.outerHTML),nt.html5Clone&&e.innerHTML&&!it.trim(t.innerHTML)&&(t.innerHTML=e.innerHTML)):"input"===n&&Dt.test(e.type)?(t.defaultChecked=t.checked=e.checked,t.value!==e.value&&(t.value=e.value)):"option"===n?t.defaultSelected=t.selected=e.defaultSelected:("input"===n||"textarea"===n)&&(t.defaultValue=e.defaultValue)}}function k(t,n){var r,i=it(n.createElement(t)).appendTo(n.body),o=e.getDefaultComputedStyle&&(r=e.getDefaultComputedStyle(i[0]))?r.display:it.css(i[0],"display");return i.detach(),o}function C(e){var t=ht,n=Zt[e];return n||(n=k(e,t),"none"!==n&&n||(Qt=(Qt||it("<iframe frameborder='0' width='0' height='0'/>")).appendTo(t.documentElement),t=(Qt[0].contentWindow||Qt[0].contentDocument).document,t.write(),t.close(),n=k(e,t),Qt.detach()),Zt[e]=n),n}function N(e,t){return{get:function(){var n=e();if(null!=n)return n?void delete this.get:(this.get=t).apply(this,arguments)}}}function S(e,t){if(t in e)return t;for(var n=t.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+t.slice(1),r=t,i=pn.length;i--;)if(t=pn[i]+n,t in e)return t;return r}function j(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o=[],a=0,s=e.length;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay"),n=r.style.display,t?(o[a]||"none"!==n||(r.style.display=""),""===r.style.display&&jt(r)&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay",C(r.nodeName)))):(i=jt(r),(n&&"none"!==n||!i)&&it._data(r,"olddisplay",i?n:it.css(r,"display"))));for(a=0;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(t&&"none"!==r.style.display&&""!==r.style.display||(r.style.display=t?o[a]||"":"none"));return e}function A(e,t,n){var r=un.exec(t);return r?Math.max(0,r[1]-(n||0))+(r[2]||"px"):t}function D(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o=n===(r?"border":"content")?4:"width"===t?1:0,a=0;4>o;o+=2)"margin"===n&&(a+=it.css(e,n+St[o],!0,i)),r?("content"===n&&(a-=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i)),"margin"!==n&&(a-=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i))):(a+=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i),"padding"!==n&&(a+=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i)));return a}function L(e,t,n){var r=!0,i="width"===t?e.offsetWidth:e.offsetHeight,o=en(e),a=nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,o);if(0>=i||null==i){if(i=tn(e,t,o),(0>i||null==i)&&(i=e.style[t]),rn.test(i))return i;r=a&&(nt.boxSizingReliable()||i===e.style[t]),i=parseFloat(i)||0}return i+D(e,t,n||(a?"border":"content"),r,o)+"px"}function H(e,t,n,r,i){return new H.prototype.init(e,t,n,r,i)}function _(){return setTimeout(function(){hn=void 0}),hn=it.now()}function q(e,t){var n,r={height:e},i=0;for(t=t?1:0;4>i;i+=2-t)n=St[i],r["margin"+n]=r["padding"+n]=e;return t&&(r.opacity=r.width=e),r}function F(e,t,n){for(var r,i=(xn[t]||[]).concat(xn["*"]),o=0,a=i.length;a>o;o++)if(r=i[o].call(n,t,e))return r}function M(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=this,f={},p=e.style,h=e.nodeType&&jt(e),m=it._data(e,"fxshow");n.queue||(s=it._queueHooks(e,"fx"),null==s.unqueued&&(s.unqueued=0,l=s.empty.fire,s.empty.fire=function(){s.unqueued||l()}),s.unqueued++,d.always(function(){d.always(function(){s.unqueued--,it.queue(e,"fx").length||s.empty.fire()})})),1===e.nodeType&&("height"in t||"width"in t)&&(n.overflow=[p.overflow,p.overflowX,p.overflowY],u=it.css(e,"display"),c="none"===u?it._data(e,"olddisplay")||C(e.nodeName):u,"inline"===c&&"none"===it.css(e,"float")&&(nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout&&"inline"!==C(e.nodeName)?p.zoom=1:p.display="inline-block")),n.overflow&&(p.overflow="hidden",nt.shrinkWrapBlocks()||d.always(function(){p.overflow=n.overflow[0],p.overflowX=n.overflow[1],p.overflowY=n.overflow[2]}));for(r in t)if(i=t[r],gn.exec(i)){if(delete t[r],o=o||"toggle"===i,i===(h?"hide":"show")){if("show"!==i||!m||void 0===m[r])continue;h=!0}f[r]=m&&m[r]||it.style(e,r)}else u=void 0;if(it.isEmptyObject(f))"inline"===("none"===u?C(e.nodeName):u)&&(p.display=u);else{m?"hidden"in m&&(h=m.hidden):m=it._data(e,"fxshow",{}),o&&(m.hidden=!h),h?it(e).show():d.done(function(){it(e).hide()}),d.done(function(){var t;it._removeData(e,"fxshow");for(t in f)it.style(e,t,f[t])});for(r in f)a=F(h?m[r]:0,r,d),r in m||(m[r]=a.start,h&&(a.end=a.start,a.start="width"===r||"height"===r?1:0))}}function O(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(n in e)if(r=it.camelCase(n),i=t[r],o=e[n],it.isArray(o)&&(i=o[1],o=e[n]=o[0]),n!==r&&(e[r]=o,delete e[n]),a=it.cssHooks[r],a&&"expand"in a){o=a.expand(o),delete e[r];for(n in o)n in e||(e[n]=o[n],t[n]=i)}else t[r]=i}function R(e,t,n){var r,i,o=0,a=bn.length,s=it.Deferred().always(function(){delete l.elem}),l=function(){if(i)return!1;for(var t=hn||_(),n=Math.max(0,u.startTime+u.duration-t),r=n/u.duration||0,o=1-r,a=0,l=u.tweens.length;l>a;a++)u.tweens[a].run(o);return s.notifyWith(e,[u,o,n]),1>o&&l?n:(s.resolveWith(e,[u]),!1)},u=s.promise({elem:e,props:it.extend({},t),opts:it.extend(!0,{specialEasing:{}},n),originalProperties:t,originalOptions:n,startTime:hn||_(),duration:n.duration,tweens:[],createTween:function(t,n){var r=it.Tween(e,u.opts,t,n,u.opts.specialEasing[t]||u.opts.easing);return u.tweens.push(r),r},stop:function(t){var n=0,r=t?u.tweens.length:0;if(i)return this;for(i=!0;r>n;n++)u.tweens[n].run(1);return t?s.resolveWith(e,[u,t]):s.rejectWith(e,[u,t]),this}}),c=u.props;for(O(c,u.opts.specialEasing);a>o;o++)if(r=bn[o].call(u,e,c,u.opts))return r;return it.map(c,F,u),it.isFunction(u.opts.start)&&u.opts.start.call(e,u),it.fx.timer(it.extend(l,{elem:e,anim:u,queue:u.opts.queue})),u.progress(u.opts.progress).done(u.opts.done,u.opts.complete).fail(u.opts.fail).always(u.opts.always)}function B(e){return function(t,n){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=t,t="*");var r,i=0,o=t.toLowerCase().match(bt)||[];if(it.isFunction(n))for(;r=o[i++];)"+"===r.charAt(0)?(r=r.slice(1)||"*",(e[r]=e[r]||[]).unshift(n)):(e[r]=e[r]||[]).push(n)}}function P(e,t,n,r){function i(s){var l;return o[s]=!0,it.each(e[s]||[],function(e,s){var u=s(t,n,r);return"string"!=typeof u||a||o[u]?a?!(l=u):void 0:(t.dataTypes.unshift(u),i(u),!1)}),l}var o={},a=e===zn;return i(t.dataTypes[0])||!o["*"]&&i("*")}function I(e,t){var n,r,i=it.ajaxSettings.flatOptions||{};for(r in t)void 0!==t[r]&&((i[r]?e:n||(n={}))[r]=t[r]);return n&&it.extend(!0,e,n),e}function W(e,t,n){for(var r,i,o,a,s=e.contents,l=e.dataTypes;"*"===l[0];)l.shift(),void 0===i&&(i=e.mimeType||t.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"));if(i)for(a in s)if(s[a]&&s[a].test(i)){l.unshift(a);break}if(l[0]in n)o=l[0];else{for(a in n){if(!l[0]||e.converters[a+" "+l[0]]){o=a;break}r||(r=a)}o=o||r}return o?(o!==l[0]&&l.unshift(o),n[o]):void 0}function $(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u={},c=e.dataTypes.slice();if(c[1])for(a in e.converters)u[a.toLowerCase()]=e.converters[a];for(o=c.shift();o;)if(e.responseFields[o]&&(n[e.responseFields[o]]=t),!l&&r&&e.dataFilter&&(t=e.dataFilter(t,e.dataType)),l=o,o=c.shift())if("*"===o)o=l;else if("*"!==l&&l!==o){if(a=u[l+" "+o]||u["* "+o],!a)for(i in u)if(s=i.split(" "),s[1]===o&&(a=u[l+" "+s[0]]||u["* "+s[0]])){a===!0?a=u[i]:u[i]!==!0&&(o=s[0],c.unshift(s[1]));break}if(a!==!0)if(a&&e["throws"])t=a(t);else try{t=a(t)}catch(d){return{state:"parsererror",error:a?d:"No conversion from "+l+" to "+o}}}return{state:"success",data:t}}function z(e,t,n,r){var i;if(it.isArray(t))it.each(t,function(t,i){n||Gn.test(e)?r(e,i):z(e+"["+("object"==typeof i?t:"")+"]",i,n,r)});else if(n||"object"!==it.type(t))r(e,t);else for(i in t)z(e+"["+i+"]",t[i],n,r)}function X(){try{return new e.XMLHttpRequest}catch(t){}}function U(){try{return new e.ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}catch(t){}}function V(e){return it.isWindow(e)?e:9===e.nodeType?e.defaultView||e.parentWindow:!1}var G=[],Y=G.slice,J=G.concat,K=G.push,Q=G.indexOf,Z={},et=Z.toString,tt=Z.hasOwnProperty,nt={},rt="1.11.1",it=function(e,t){return new it.fn.init(e,t)},ot=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,at=/^-ms-/,st=/-([\da-z])/gi,lt=function(e,t){return t.toUpperCase()};it.fn=it.prototype={jquery:rt,constructor:it,selector:"",length:0,toArray:function(){return Y.call(this)},get:function(e){return null!=e?0>e?this[e+this.length]:this[e]:Y.call(this)},pushStack:function(e){var t=it.merge(this.constructor(),e);return t.prevObject=this,t.context=this.context,t},each:function(e,t){return it.each(this,e,t)},map:function(e){return this.pushStack(it.map(this,function(t,n){return e.call(t,n,t)}))},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(Y.apply(this,arguments))},first:function(){return this.eq(0)},last:function(){return this.eq(-1)},eq:function(e){var t=this.length,n=+e+(0>e?t:0);return this.pushStack(n>=0&&t>n?[this[n]]:[])},end:function(){return this.prevObject||this.constructor(null)},push:K,sort:G.sort,splice:G.splice},it.extend=it.fn.extend=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a=arguments[0]||{},s=1,l=arguments.length,u=!1;for("boolean"==typeof a&&(u=a,a=arguments[s]||{},s++),"object"==typeof a||it.isFunction(a)||(a={}),s===l&&(a=this,s--);l>s;s++)if(null!=(i=arguments[s]))for(r in i)e=a[r],n=i[r],a!==n&&(u&&n&&(it.isPlainObject(n)||(t=it.isArray(n)))?(t?(t=!1,o=e&&it.isArray(e)?e:[]):o=e&&it.isPlainObject(e)?e:{},a[r]=it.extend(u,o,n)):void 0!==n&&(a[r]=n));return a},it.extend({expando:"jQuery"+(rt+Math.random()).replace(/\D/g,""),isReady:!0,error:function(e){throw new Error(e)},noop:function(){},isFunction:function(e){return"function"===it.type(e)},isArray:Array.isArray||function(e){return"array"===it.type(e)},isWindow:function(e){return null!=e&&e==e.window},isNumeric:function(e){return!it.isArray(e)&&e-parseFloat(e)>=0},isEmptyObject:function(e){var t;for(t in e)return!1;return!0},isPlainObject:function(e){var t;if(!e||"object"!==it.type(e)||e.nodeType||it.isWindow(e))return!1;try{if(e.constructor&&!tt.call(e,"constructor")&&!tt.call(e.constructor.prototype,"isPrototypeOf"))return!1}catch(n){return!1}if(nt.ownLast)for(t in e)return tt.call(e,t);for(t in e);return void 0===t||tt.call(e,t)},type:function(e){return null==e?e+"":"object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e?Z[et.call(e)]||"object":typeof e},globalEval:function(t){t&&it.trim(t)&&(e.execScript||function(t){e.eval.call(e,t)})(t)},camelCase:function(e){return e.replace(at,"ms-").replace(st,lt)},nodeName:function(e,t){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t.toLowerCase()},each:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e);if(r){if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i===!1)break}else if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i===!1)break;return e},trim:function(e){return null==e?"":(e+"").replace(ot,"")},makeArray:function(e,t){var r=t||[];return null!=e&&(n(Object(e))?it.merge(r,"string"==typeof e?[e]:e):K.call(r,e)),r},inArray:function(e,t,n){var r;if(t){if(Q)return Q.call(t,e,n);for(r=t.length,n=n?0>n?Math.max(0,r+n):n:0;r>n;n++)if(n in t&&t[n]===e)return n}return-1},merge:function(e,t){for(var n=+t.length,r=0,i=e.length;n>r;)e[i++]=t[r++];if(n!==n)for(;void 0!==t[r];)e[i++]=t[r++];return e.length=i,e},grep:function(e,t,n){for(var r,i=[],o=0,a=e.length,s=!n;a>o;o++)r=!t(e[o],o),r!==s&&i.push(e[o]);return i},map:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e),l=[];if(s)for(;a>o;o++)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);else for(o in e)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);return J.apply([],l)},guid:1,proxy:function(e,t){var n,r,i;return"string"==typeof t&&(i=e[t],t=e,e=i),it.isFunction(e)?(n=Y.call(arguments,2),r=function(){return e.apply(t||this,n.concat(Y.call(arguments)))},r.guid=e.guid=e.guid||it.guid++,r):void 0},now:function(){return+new Date},support:nt}),it.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error".split(" "),function(e,t){Z["[object "+t+"]"]=t.toLowerCase()});var ut=function(e){function t(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,d,p,h,m;if((t?t.ownerDocument||t:P)!==H&&L(t),t=t||H,n=n||[],!e||"string"!=typeof e)return n;if(1!==(s=t.nodeType)&&9!==s)return[];if(q&&!r){if(i=yt.exec(e))if(a=i[1]){if(9===s){if(o=t.getElementById(a),!o||!o.parentNode)return n;if(o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else if(t.ownerDocument&&(o=t.ownerDocument.getElementById(a))&&R(t,o)&&o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else{if(i[2])return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByTagName(e)),n;if((a=i[3])&&w.getElementsByClassName&&t.getElementsByClassName)return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByClassName(a)),n}if(w.qsa&&(!F||!F.test(e))){if(p=d=B,h=t,m=9===s&&e,1===s&&"object"!==t.nodeName.toLowerCase()){for(u=C(e),(d=t.getAttribute("id"))?p=d.replace(xt,"\\$&"):t.setAttribute("id",p),p="[id='"+p+"'] ",l=u.length;l--;)u[l]=p+f(u[l]);h=bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t,m=u.join(",")}if(m)try{return Z.apply(n,h.querySelectorAll(m)),n}catch(g){}finally{d||t.removeAttribute("id")}}}return S(e.replace(lt,"$1"),t,n,r)}function n(){function e(n,r){return t.push(n+" ")>T.cacheLength&&delete e[t.shift()],e[n+" "]=r}var t=[];return e}function r(e){return e[B]=!0,e}function i(e){var t=H.createElement("div");try{return!!e(t)}catch(n){return!1}finally{t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null}}function o(e,t){for(var n=e.split("|"),r=e.length;r--;)T.attrHandle[n[r]]=t}function a(e,t){var n=t&&e,r=n&&1===e.nodeType&&1===t.nodeType&&(~t.sourceIndex||G)-(~e.sourceIndex||G);if(r)return r;if(n)for(;n=n.nextSibling;)if(n===t)return-1;return e?1:-1}function s(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===n&&t.type===e}}function l(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return("input"===n||"button"===n)&&t.type===e}}function u(e){return r(function(t){return t=+t,r(function(n,r){for(var i,o=e([],n.length,t),a=o.length;a--;)n[i=o[a]]&&(n[i]=!(r[i]=n[i]))})})}function c(e){return e&&typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==V&&e}function d(){}function f(e){for(var t=0,n=e.length,r="";n>t;t++)r+=e[t].value;return r}function p(e,t,n){var r=t.dir,i=n&&"parentNode"===r,o=W++;return t.first?function(t,n,o){for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i)return e(t,n,o)}:function(t,n,a){var s,l,u=[I,o];if(a){for(;t=t[r];)if((1===t.nodeType||i)&&e(t,n,a))return!0}else for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i){if(l=t[B]||(t[B]={}),(s=l[r])&&s[0]===I&&s[1]===o)return u[2]=s[2];if(l[r]=u,u[2]=e(t,n,a))return!0}}}function h(e){return e.length>1?function(t,n,r){for(var i=e.length;i--;)if(!e[i](t,n,r))return!1;return!0}:e[0]}function m(e,n,r){for(var i=0,o=n.length;o>i;i++)t(e,n[i],r);return r}function g(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a=[],s=0,l=e.length,u=null!=t;l>s;s++)(o=e[s])&&(!n||n(o,r,i))&&(a.push(o),u&&t.push(s));return a}function v(e,t,n,i,o,a){return i&&!i[B]&&(i=v(i)),o&&!o[B]&&(o=v(o,a)),r(function(r,a,s,l){var u,c,d,f=[],p=[],h=a.length,v=r||m(t||"*",s.nodeType?[s]:s,[]),y=!e||!r&&t?v:g(v,f,e,s,l),b=n?o||(r?e:h||i)?[]:a:y;if(n&&n(y,b,s,l),i)for(u=g(b,p),i(u,[],s,l),c=u.length;c--;)(d=u[c])&&(b[p[c]]=!(y[p[c]]=d));if(r){if(o||e){if(o){for(u=[],c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&u.push(y[c]=d);o(null,b=[],u,l)}for(c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&(u=o?tt.call(r,d):f[c])>-1&&(r[u]=!(a[u]=d))}}else b=g(b===a?b.splice(h,b.length):b),o?o(null,a,b,l):Z.apply(a,b)})}function y(e){for(var t,n,r,i=e.length,o=T.relative[e[0].type],a=o||T.relative[" "],s=o?1:0,l=p(function(e){return e===t},a,!0),u=p(function(e){return tt.call(t,e)>-1},a,!0),c=[function(e,n,r){return!o&&(r||n!==j)||((t=n).nodeType?l(e,n,r):u(e,n,r))}];i>s;s++)if(n=T.relative[e[s].type])c=[p(h(c),n)];else{if(n=T.filter[e[s].type].apply(null,e[s].matches),n[B]){for(r=++s;i>r&&!T.relative[e[r].type];r++);return v(s>1&&h(c),s>1&&f(e.slice(0,s-1).concat({value:" "===e[s-2].type?"*":""})).replace(lt,"$1"),n,r>s&&y(e.slice(s,r)),i>r&&y(e=e.slice(r)),i>r&&f(e))}c.push(n)}return h(c)}function b(e,n){var i=n.length>0,o=e.length>0,a=function(r,a,s,l,u){var c,d,f,p=0,h="0",m=r&&[],v=[],y=j,b=r||o&&T.find.TAG("*",u),x=I+=null==y?1:Math.random()||.1,w=b.length;for(u&&(j=a!==H&&a);h!==w&&null!=(c=b[h]);h++){if(o&&c){for(d=0;f=e[d++];)if(f(c,a,s)){l.push(c);break}u&&(I=x)}i&&((c=!f&&c)&&p--,r&&m.push(c))}if(p+=h,i&&h!==p){for(d=0;f=n[d++];)f(m,v,a,s);if(r){if(p>0)for(;h--;)m[h]||v[h]||(v[h]=K.call(l));v=g(v)}Z.apply(l,v),u&&!r&&v.length>0&&p+n.length>1&&t.uniqueSort(l)}return u&&(I=x,j=y),m};return i?r(a):a}var x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B="sizzle"+-new Date,P=e.document,I=0,W=0,$=n(),z=n(),X=n(),U=function(e,t){return e===t&&(D=!0),0},V="undefined",G=1<<31,Y={}.hasOwnProperty,J=[],K=J.pop,Q=J.push,Z=J.push,et=J.slice,tt=J.indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(this[t]===e)return t;return-1},nt="checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",rt="[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",it="(?:\\\\.|[\\w-]|[^\\x00-\\xa0])+",ot=it.replace("w","w#"),at="\\["+rt+"*("+it+")(?:"+rt+"*([*^$|!~]?=)"+rt+"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|("+ot+"))|)"+rt+"*\\]",st=":("+it+")(?:\\((('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|"+at+")*)|.*)\\)|)",lt=new RegExp("^"+rt+"+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)"+rt+"+$","g"),ut=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*,"+rt+"*"),ct=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*([>+~]|"+rt+")"+rt+"*"),dt=new RegExp("="+rt+"*([^\\]'\"]*?)"+rt+"*\\]","g"),ft=new RegExp(st),pt=new RegExp("^"+ot+"$"),ht={ID:new RegExp("^#("+it+")"),CLASS:new RegExp("^\\.("+it+")"),TAG:new RegExp("^("+it.replace("w","w*")+")"),ATTR:new RegExp("^"+at),PSEUDO:new RegExp("^"+st),CHILD:new RegExp("^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\("+rt+"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)"+rt+"*(?:([+-]|)"+rt+"*(\\d+)|))"+rt+"*\\)|)","i"),bool:new RegExp("^(?:"+nt+")$","i"),needsContext:new RegExp("^"+rt+"*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\("+rt+"*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)"+rt+"*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)","i")},mt=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,gt=/^h\d$/i,vt=/^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,yt=/^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,bt=/[+~]/,xt=/'|\\/g,wt=new RegExp("\\\\([\\da-f]{1,6}"+rt+"?|("+rt+")|.)","ig"),Tt=function(e,t,n){var r="0x"+t-65536;return r!==r||n?t:0>r?String.fromCharCode(r+65536):String.fromCharCode(r>>10|55296,1023&r|56320)};try{Z.apply(J=et.call(P.childNodes),P.childNodes),J[P.childNodes.length].nodeType}catch(Et){Z={apply:J.length?function(e,t){Q.apply(e,et.call(t))}:function(e,t){for(var n=e.length,r=0;e[n++]=t[r++];);e.length=n-1}}}w=t.support={},k=t.isXML=function(e){var t=e&&(e.ownerDocument||e).documentElement;return t?"HTML"!==t.nodeName:!1},L=t.setDocument=function(e){var t,n=e?e.ownerDocument||e:P,r=n.defaultView;return n!==H&&9===n.nodeType&&n.documentElement?(H=n,_=n.documentElement,q=!k(n),r&&r!==r.top&&(r.addEventListener?r.addEventListener("unload",function(){L()},!1):r.attachEvent&&r.attachEvent("onunload",function(){L()})),w.attributes=i(function(e){return e.className="i",!e.getAttribute("className")}),w.getElementsByTagName=i(function(e){return e.appendChild(n.createComment("")),!e.getElementsByTagName("*").length}),w.getElementsByClassName=vt.test(n.getElementsByClassName)&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<div class='a'></div><div class='a i'></div>",e.firstChild.className="i",2===e.getElementsByClassName("i").length}),w.getById=i(function(e){return _.appendChild(e).id=B,!n.getElementsByName||!n.getElementsByName(B).length}),w.getById?(T.find.ID=function(e,t){if(typeof t.getElementById!==V&&q){var n=t.getElementById(e);return n&&n.parentNode?[n]:[]}},T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){return e.getAttribute("id")===t}}):(delete T.find.ID,T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){var n=typeof e.getAttributeNode!==V&&e.getAttributeNode("id");return n&&n.value===t}}),T.find.TAG=w.getElementsByTagName?function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByTagName!==V?t.getElementsByTagName(e):void 0}:function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=0,o=t.getElementsByTagName(e);if("*"===e){for(;n=o[i++];)1===n.nodeType&&r.push(n);return r}return o},T.find.CLASS=w.getElementsByClassName&&function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByClassName!==V&&q?t.getElementsByClassName(e):void 0},M=[],F=[],(w.qsa=vt.test(n.querySelectorAll))&&(i(function(e){e.innerHTML="<select msallowclip=''><option selected=''></option></select>",e.querySelectorAll("[msallowclip^='']").length&&F.push("[*^$]="+rt+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length||F.push("\\["+rt+"*(?:value|"+nt+")"),e.querySelectorAll(":checked").length||F.push(":checked")}),i(function(e){var t=n.createElement("input");t.setAttribute("type","hidden"),e.appendChild(t).setAttribute("name","D"),e.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length&&F.push("name"+rt+"*[*^$|!~]?="),e.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length||F.push(":enabled",":disabled"),e.querySelectorAll("*,:x"),F.push(",.*:")})),(w.matchesSelector=vt.test(O=_.matches||_.webkitMatchesSelector||_.mozMatchesSelector||_.oMatchesSelector||_.msMatchesSelector))&&i(function(e){w.disconnectedMatch=O.call(e,"div"),O.call(e,"[s!='']:x"),M.push("!=",st)}),F=F.length&&new RegExp(F.join("|")),M=M.length&&new RegExp(M.join("|")),t=vt.test(_.compareDocumentPosition),R=t||vt.test(_.contains)?function(e,t){var n=9===e.nodeType?e.documentElement:e,r=t&&t.parentNode;return e===r||!(!r||1!==r.nodeType||!(n.contains?n.contains(r):e.compareDocumentPosition&&16&e.compareDocumentPosition(r)))}:function(e,t){if(t)for(;t=t.parentNode;)if(t===e)return!0;return!1},U=t?function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r=!e.compareDocumentPosition-!t.compareDocumentPosition;return r?r:(r=(e.ownerDocument||e)===(t.ownerDocument||t)?e.compareDocumentPosition(t):1,1&r||!w.sortDetached&&t.compareDocumentPosition(e)===r?e===n||e.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,e)?-1:t===n||t.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,t)?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0:4&r?-1:1)}:function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r,i=0,o=e.parentNode,s=t.parentNode,l=[e],u=[t];if(!o||!s)return e===n?-1:t===n?1:o?-1:s?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0;if(o===s)return a(e,t);for(r=e;r=r.parentNode;)l.unshift(r);for(r=t;r=r.parentNode;)u.unshift(r);for(;l[i]===u[i];)i++;return i?a(l[i],u[i]):l[i]===P?-1:u[i]===P?1:0},n):H},t.matches=function(e,n){return t(e,null,null,n)},t.matchesSelector=function(e,n){if((e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),n=n.replace(dt,"='$1']"),!(!w.matchesSelector||!q||M&&M.test(n)||F&&F.test(n)))try{var r=O.call(e,n);if(r||w.disconnectedMatch||e.document&&11!==e.document.nodeType)return r}catch(i){}return t(n,H,null,[e]).length>0},t.contains=function(e,t){return(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),R(e,t)},t.attr=function(e,t){(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e);var n=T.attrHandle[t.toLowerCase()],r=n&&Y.call(T.attrHandle,t.toLowerCase())?n(e,t,!q):void 0;return void 0!==r?r:w.attributes||!q?e.getAttribute(t):(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null},t.error=function(e){throw new Error("Syntax error, unrecognized expression: "+e)},t.uniqueSort=function(e){var t,n=[],r=0,i=0;if(D=!w.detectDuplicates,A=!w.sortStable&&e.slice(0),e.sort(U),D){for(;t=e[i++];)t===e[i]&&(r=n.push(i));for(;r--;)e.splice(n[r],1)}return A=null,e},E=t.getText=function(e){var t,n="",r=0,i=e.nodeType;if(i){if(1===i||9===i||11===i){if("string"==typeof e.textContent)return e.textContent;for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)n+=E(e)}else if(3===i||4===i)return e.nodeValue}else for(;t=e[r++];)n+=E(t);return n},T=t.selectors={cacheLength:50,createPseudo:r,match:ht,attrHandle:{},find:{},relative:{">":{dir:"parentNode",first:!0}," ":{dir:"parentNode"},"+":{dir:"previousSibling",first:!0},"~":{dir:"previousSibling"}},preFilter:{ATTR:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].replace(wt,Tt),e[3]=(e[3]||e[4]||e[5]||"").replace(wt,Tt),"~="===e[2]&&(e[3]=" "+e[3]+" "),e.slice(0,4)},CHILD:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].toLowerCase(),"nth"===e[1].slice(0,3)?(e[3]||t.error(e[0]),e[4]=+(e[4]?e[5]+(e[6]||1):2*("even"===e[3]||"odd"===e[3])),e[5]=+(e[7]+e[8]||"odd"===e[3])):e[3]&&t.error(e[0]),e},PSEUDO:function(e){var t,n=!e[6]&&e[2];return ht.CHILD.test(e[0])?null:(e[3]?e[2]=e[4]||e[5]||"":n&&ft.test(n)&&(t=C(n,!0))&&(t=n.indexOf(")",n.length-t)-n.length)&&(e[0]=e[0].slice(0,t),e[2]=n.slice(0,t)),e.slice(0,3))}},filter:{TAG:function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase();return"*"===e?function(){return!0}:function(e){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t}},CLASS:function(e){var t=$[e+" "];return t||(t=new RegExp("(^|"+rt+")"+e+"("+rt+"|$)"))&&$(e,function(e){return t.test("string"==typeof e.className&&e.className||typeof e.getAttribute!==V&&e.getAttribute("class")||"")})},ATTR:function(e,n,r){return function(i){var o=t.attr(i,e);return null==o?"!="===n:n?(o+="","="===n?o===r:"!="===n?o!==r:"^="===n?r&&0===o.indexOf(r):"*="===n?r&&o.indexOf(r)>-1:"$="===n?r&&o.slice(-r.length)===r:"~="===n?(" "+o+" ").indexOf(r)>-1:"|="===n?o===r||o.slice(0,r.length+1)===r+"-":!1):!0}},CHILD:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o="nth"!==e.slice(0,3),a="last"!==e.slice(-4),s="of-type"===t;return 1===r&&0===i?function(e){return!!e.parentNode}:function(t,n,l){var u,c,d,f,p,h,m=o!==a?"nextSibling":"previousSibling",g=t.parentNode,v=s&&t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),y=!l&&!s;if(g){if(o){for(;m;){for(d=t;d=d[m];)if(s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()===v:1===d.nodeType)return!1;h=m="only"===e&&!h&&"nextSibling"}return!0}if(h=[a?g.firstChild:g.lastChild],a&&y){for(c=g[B]||(g[B]={}),u=c[e]||[],p=u[0]===I&&u[1],f=u[0]===I&&u[2],d=p&&g.childNodes[p];d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop();)if(1===d.nodeType&&++f&&d===t){c[e]=[I,p,f];break}}else if(y&&(u=(t[B]||(t[B]={}))[e])&&u[0]===I)f=u[1];else for(;(d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop())&&((s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()!==v:1!==d.nodeType)||!++f||(y&&((d[B]||(d[B]={}))[e]=[I,f]),d!==t)););return f-=i,f===r||f%r===0&&f/r>=0}}},PSEUDO:function(e,n){var i,o=T.pseudos[e]||T.setFilters[e.toLowerCase()]||t.error("unsupported pseudo: "+e);return o[B]?o(n):o.length>1?(i=[e,e,"",n],T.setFilters.hasOwnProperty(e.toLowerCase())?r(function(e,t){for(var r,i=o(e,n),a=i.length;a--;)r=tt.call(e,i[a]),e[r]=!(t[r]=i[a])}):function(e){return o(e,0,i)}):o}},pseudos:{not:r(function(e){var t=[],n=[],i=N(e.replace(lt,"$1"));return i[B]?r(function(e,t,n,r){for(var o,a=i(e,null,r,[]),s=e.length;s--;)(o=a[s])&&(e[s]=!(t[s]=o))}):function(e,r,o){return t[0]=e,i(t,null,o,n),!n.pop()}}),has:r(function(e){return function(n){return t(e,n).length>0}}),contains:r(function(e){return function(t){return(t.textContent||t.innerText||E(t)).indexOf(e)>-1}}),lang:r(function(e){return pt.test(e||"")||t.error("unsupported lang: "+e),e=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase(),function(t){var n;do if(n=q?t.lang:t.getAttribute("xml:lang")||t.getAttribute("lang"))return n=n.toLowerCase(),n===e||0===n.indexOf(e+"-");while((t=t.parentNode)&&1===t.nodeType);return!1}}),target:function(t){var n=e.location&&e.location.hash;return n&&n.slice(1)===t.id},root:function(e){return e===_},focus:function(e){return e===H.activeElement&&(!H.hasFocus||H.hasFocus())&&!!(e.type||e.href||~e.tabIndex)},enabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!1},disabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!0},checked:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&!!e.checked||"option"===t&&!!e.selected},selected:function(e){return e.parentNode&&e.parentNode.selectedIndex,e.selected===!0},empty:function(e){for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)if(e.nodeType<6)return!1;return!0},parent:function(e){return!T.pseudos.empty(e)},header:function(e){return gt.test(e.nodeName)},input:function(e){return mt.test(e.nodeName)},button:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&"button"===e.type||"button"===t},text:function(e){var t;return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&"text"===e.type&&(null==(t=e.getAttribute("type"))||"text"===t.toLowerCase())},first:u(function(){return[0]}),last:u(function(e,t){return[t-1]}),eq:u(function(e,t,n){return[0>n?n+t:n]}),even:u(function(e,t){for(var n=0;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),odd:u(function(e,t){for(var n=1;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),lt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;--r>=0;)e.push(r);return e}),gt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;++r<t;)e.push(r);return e})}},T.pseudos.nth=T.pseudos.eq;for(x in{radio:!0,checkbox:!0,file:!0,password:!0,image:!0})T.pseudos[x]=s(x);for(x in{submit:!0,reset:!0})T.pseudos[x]=l(x);return d.prototype=T.filters=T.pseudos,T.setFilters=new d,C=t.tokenize=function(e,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=z[e+" "];if(c)return n?0:c.slice(0);for(s=e,l=[],u=T.preFilter;s;){(!r||(i=ut.exec(s)))&&(i&&(s=s.slice(i[0].length)||s),l.push(o=[])),r=!1,(i=ct.exec(s))&&(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:i[0].replace(lt," ")}),s=s.slice(r.length));for(a in T.filter)!(i=ht[a].exec(s))||u[a]&&!(i=u[a](i))||(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:a,matches:i}),s=s.slice(r.length));if(!r)break}return n?s.length:s?t.error(e):z(e,l).slice(0)},N=t.compile=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=[],o=X[e+" "];if(!o){for(t||(t=C(e)),n=t.length;n--;)o=y(t[n]),o[B]?r.push(o):i.push(o);o=X(e,b(i,r)),o.selector=e}return o},S=t.select=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u="function"==typeof e&&e,d=!r&&C(e=u.selector||e);if(n=n||[],1===d.length){if(o=d[0]=d[0].slice(0),o.length>2&&"ID"===(a=o[0]).type&&w.getById&&9===t.nodeType&&q&&T.relative[o[1].type]){if(t=(T.find.ID(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),t)||[])[0],!t)return n;u&&(t=t.parentNode),e=e.slice(o.shift().value.length)}for(i=ht.needsContext.test(e)?0:o.length;i--&&(a=o[i],!T.relative[s=a.type]);)if((l=T.find[s])&&(r=l(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),bt.test(o[0].type)&&c(t.parentNode)||t))){if(o.splice(i,1),e=r.length&&f(o),!e)return Z.apply(n,r),n;
+break}}return(u||N(e,d))(r,t,!q,n,bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t),n},w.sortStable=B.split("").sort(U).join("")===B,w.detectDuplicates=!!D,L(),w.sortDetached=i(function(e){return 1&e.compareDocumentPosition(H.createElement("div"))}),i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<a href='#'></a>","#"===e.firstChild.getAttribute("href")})||o("type|href|height|width",function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e.getAttribute(t,"type"===t.toLowerCase()?1:2)}),w.attributes&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<input/>",e.firstChild.setAttribute("value",""),""===e.firstChild.getAttribute("value")})||o("value",function(e,t,n){return n||"input"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase()?void 0:e.defaultValue}),i(function(e){return null==e.getAttribute("disabled")})||o(nt,function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:e[t]===!0?t.toLowerCase():(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null}),t}(e);it.find=ut,it.expr=ut.selectors,it.expr[":"]=it.expr.pseudos,it.unique=ut.uniqueSort,it.text=ut.getText,it.isXMLDoc=ut.isXML,it.contains=ut.contains;var ct=it.expr.match.needsContext,dt=/^<(\w+)\s*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/,ft=/^.[^:#\[\.,]*$/;it.filter=function(e,t,n){var r=t[0];return n&&(e=":not("+e+")"),1===t.length&&1===r.nodeType?it.find.matchesSelector(r,e)?[r]:[]:it.find.matches(e,it.grep(t,function(e){return 1===e.nodeType}))},it.fn.extend({find:function(e){var t,n=[],r=this,i=r.length;if("string"!=typeof e)return this.pushStack(it(e).filter(function(){for(t=0;i>t;t++)if(it.contains(r[t],this))return!0}));for(t=0;i>t;t++)it.find(e,r[t],n);return n=this.pushStack(i>1?it.unique(n):n),n.selector=this.selector?this.selector+" "+e:e,n},filter:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!1))},not:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!0))},is:function(e){return!!r(this,"string"==typeof e&&ct.test(e)?it(e):e||[],!1).length}});var pt,ht=e.document,mt=/^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]*))$/,gt=it.fn.init=function(e,t){var n,r;if(!e)return this;if("string"==typeof e){if(n="<"===e.charAt(0)&&">"===e.charAt(e.length-1)&&e.length>=3?[null,e,null]:mt.exec(e),!n||!n[1]&&t)return!t||t.jquery?(t||pt).find(e):this.constructor(t).find(e);if(n[1]){if(t=t instanceof it?t[0]:t,it.merge(this,it.parseHTML(n[1],t&&t.nodeType?t.ownerDocument||t:ht,!0)),dt.test(n[1])&&it.isPlainObject(t))for(n in t)it.isFunction(this[n])?this[n](t[n]):this.attr(n,t[n]);return this}if(r=ht.getElementById(n[2]),r&&r.parentNode){if(r.id!==n[2])return pt.find(e);this.length=1,this[0]=r}return this.context=ht,this.selector=e,this}return e.nodeType?(this.context=this[0]=e,this.length=1,this):it.isFunction(e)?"undefined"!=typeof pt.ready?pt.ready(e):e(it):(void 0!==e.selector&&(this.selector=e.selector,this.context=e.context),it.makeArray(e,this))};gt.prototype=it.fn,pt=it(ht);var vt=/^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,yt={children:!0,contents:!0,next:!0,prev:!0};it.extend({dir:function(e,t,n){for(var r=[],i=e[t];i&&9!==i.nodeType&&(void 0===n||1!==i.nodeType||!it(i).is(n));)1===i.nodeType&&r.push(i),i=i[t];return r},sibling:function(e,t){for(var n=[];e;e=e.nextSibling)1===e.nodeType&&e!==t&&n.push(e);return n}}),it.fn.extend({has:function(e){var t,n=it(e,this),r=n.length;return this.filter(function(){for(t=0;r>t;t++)if(it.contains(this,n[t]))return!0})},closest:function(e,t){for(var n,r=0,i=this.length,o=[],a=ct.test(e)||"string"!=typeof e?it(e,t||this.context):0;i>r;r++)for(n=this[r];n&&n!==t;n=n.parentNode)if(n.nodeType<11&&(a?a.index(n)>-1:1===n.nodeType&&it.find.matchesSelector(n,e))){o.push(n);break}return this.pushStack(o.length>1?it.unique(o):o)},index:function(e){return e?"string"==typeof e?it.inArray(this[0],it(e)):it.inArray(e.jquery?e[0]:e,this):this[0]&&this[0].parentNode?this.first().prevAll().length:-1},add:function(e,t){return this.pushStack(it.unique(it.merge(this.get(),it(e,t))))},addBack:function(e){return this.add(null==e?this.prevObject:this.prevObject.filter(e))}}),it.each({parent:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&11!==t.nodeType?t:null},parents:function(e){return it.dir(e,"parentNode")},parentsUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"parentNode",n)},next:function(e){return i(e,"nextSibling")},prev:function(e){return i(e,"previousSibling")},nextAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling")},prevAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling")},nextUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling",n)},prevUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling",n)},siblings:function(e){return it.sibling((e.parentNode||{}).firstChild,e)},children:function(e){return it.sibling(e.firstChild)},contents:function(e){return it.nodeName(e,"iframe")?e.contentDocument||e.contentWindow.document:it.merge([],e.childNodes)}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(n,r){var i=it.map(this,t,n);return"Until"!==e.slice(-5)&&(r=n),r&&"string"==typeof r&&(i=it.filter(r,i)),this.length>1&&(yt[e]||(i=it.unique(i)),vt.test(e)&&(i=i.reverse())),this.pushStack(i)}});var bt=/\S+/g,xt={};it.Callbacks=function(e){e="string"==typeof e?xt[e]||o(e):it.extend({},e);var t,n,r,i,a,s,l=[],u=!e.once&&[],c=function(o){for(n=e.memory&&o,r=!0,a=s||0,s=0,i=l.length,t=!0;l&&i>a;a++)if(l[a].apply(o[0],o[1])===!1&&e.stopOnFalse){n=!1;break}t=!1,l&&(u?u.length&&c(u.shift()):n?l=[]:d.disable())},d={add:function(){if(l){var r=l.length;!function o(t){it.each(t,function(t,n){var r=it.type(n);"function"===r?e.unique&&d.has(n)||l.push(n):n&&n.length&&"string"!==r&&o(n)})}(arguments),t?i=l.length:n&&(s=r,c(n))}return this},remove:function(){return l&&it.each(arguments,function(e,n){for(var r;(r=it.inArray(n,l,r))>-1;)l.splice(r,1),t&&(i>=r&&i--,a>=r&&a--)}),this},has:function(e){return e?it.inArray(e,l)>-1:!(!l||!l.length)},empty:function(){return l=[],i=0,this},disable:function(){return l=u=n=void 0,this},disabled:function(){return!l},lock:function(){return u=void 0,n||d.disable(),this},locked:function(){return!u},fireWith:function(e,n){return!l||r&&!u||(n=n||[],n=[e,n.slice?n.slice():n],t?u.push(n):c(n)),this},fire:function(){return d.fireWith(this,arguments),this},fired:function(){return!!r}};return d},it.extend({Deferred:function(e){var t=[["resolve","done",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"resolved"],["reject","fail",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"rejected"],["notify","progress",it.Callbacks("memory")]],n="pending",r={state:function(){return n},always:function(){return i.done(arguments).fail(arguments),this},then:function(){var e=arguments;return it.Deferred(function(n){it.each(t,function(t,o){var a=it.isFunction(e[t])&&e[t];i[o[1]](function(){var e=a&&a.apply(this,arguments);e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?e.promise().done(n.resolve).fail(n.reject).progress(n.notify):n[o[0]+"With"](this===r?n.promise():this,a?[e]:arguments)})}),e=null}).promise()},promise:function(e){return null!=e?it.extend(e,r):r}},i={};return r.pipe=r.then,it.each(t,function(e,o){var a=o[2],s=o[3];r[o[1]]=a.add,s&&a.add(function(){n=s},t[1^e][2].disable,t[2][2].lock),i[o[0]]=function(){return i[o[0]+"With"](this===i?r:this,arguments),this},i[o[0]+"With"]=a.fireWith}),r.promise(i),e&&e.call(i,i),i},when:function(e){var t,n,r,i=0,o=Y.call(arguments),a=o.length,s=1!==a||e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?a:0,l=1===s?e:it.Deferred(),u=function(e,n,r){return function(i){n[e]=this,r[e]=arguments.length>1?Y.call(arguments):i,r===t?l.notifyWith(n,r):--s||l.resolveWith(n,r)}};if(a>1)for(t=new Array(a),n=new Array(a),r=new Array(a);a>i;i++)o[i]&&it.isFunction(o[i].promise)?o[i].promise().done(u(i,r,o)).fail(l.reject).progress(u(i,n,t)):--s;return s||l.resolveWith(r,o),l.promise()}});var wt;it.fn.ready=function(e){return it.ready.promise().done(e),this},it.extend({isReady:!1,readyWait:1,holdReady:function(e){e?it.readyWait++:it.ready(!0)},ready:function(e){if(e===!0?!--it.readyWait:!it.isReady){if(!ht.body)return setTimeout(it.ready);it.isReady=!0,e!==!0&&--it.readyWait>0||(wt.resolveWith(ht,[it]),it.fn.triggerHandler&&(it(ht).triggerHandler("ready"),it(ht).off("ready")))}}}),it.ready.promise=function(t){if(!wt)if(wt=it.Deferred(),"complete"===ht.readyState)setTimeout(it.ready);else if(ht.addEventListener)ht.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.addEventListener("load",s,!1);else{ht.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.attachEvent("onload",s);var n=!1;try{n=null==e.frameElement&&ht.documentElement}catch(r){}n&&n.doScroll&&!function i(){if(!it.isReady){try{n.doScroll("left")}catch(e){return setTimeout(i,50)}a(),it.ready()}}()}return wt.promise(t)};var Tt,Et="undefined";for(Tt in it(nt))break;nt.ownLast="0"!==Tt,nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=!1,it(function(){var e,t,n,r;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="display:inline;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=e=3===t.offsetWidth,e&&(n.style.zoom=1)),n.removeChild(r))}),function(){var e=ht.createElement("div");if(null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete e.test}catch(t){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}e=null}(),it.acceptData=function(e){var t=it.noData[(e.nodeName+" ").toLowerCase()],n=+e.nodeType||1;return 1!==n&&9!==n?!1:!t||t!==!0&&e.getAttribute("classid")===t};var kt=/^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,Ct=/([A-Z])/g;it.extend({cache:{},noData:{"applet ":!0,"embed ":!0,"object ":"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"},hasData:function(e){return e=e.nodeType?it.cache[e[it.expando]]:e[it.expando],!!e&&!u(e)},data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n)},removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t)},_data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n,!0)},_removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t,!0)}}),it.fn.extend({data:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=this[0],a=o&&o.attributes;if(void 0===e){if(this.length&&(i=it.data(o),1===o.nodeType&&!it._data(o,"parsedAttrs"))){for(n=a.length;n--;)a[n]&&(r=a[n].name,0===r.indexOf("data-")&&(r=it.camelCase(r.slice(5)),l(o,r,i[r])));it._data(o,"parsedAttrs",!0)}return i}return"object"==typeof e?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e)}):arguments.length>1?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e,t)}):o?l(o,e,it.data(o,e)):void 0},removeData:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeData(this,e)})}}),it.extend({queue:function(e,t,n){var r;return e?(t=(t||"fx")+"queue",r=it._data(e,t),n&&(!r||it.isArray(n)?r=it._data(e,t,it.makeArray(n)):r.push(n)),r||[]):void 0},dequeue:function(e,t){t=t||"fx";var n=it.queue(e,t),r=n.length,i=n.shift(),o=it._queueHooks(e,t),a=function(){it.dequeue(e,t)};"inprogress"===i&&(i=n.shift(),r--),i&&("fx"===t&&n.unshift("inprogress"),delete o.stop,i.call(e,a,o)),!r&&o&&o.empty.fire()},_queueHooks:function(e,t){var n=t+"queueHooks";return it._data(e,n)||it._data(e,n,{empty:it.Callbacks("once memory").add(function(){it._removeData(e,t+"queue"),it._removeData(e,n)})})}}),it.fn.extend({queue:function(e,t){var n=2;return"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e="fx",n--),arguments.length<n?it.queue(this[0],e):void 0===t?this:this.each(function(){var n=it.queue(this,e,t);it._queueHooks(this,e),"fx"===e&&"inprogress"!==n[0]&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},dequeue:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.dequeue(this,e)})},clearQueue:function(e){return this.queue(e||"fx",[])},promise:function(e,t){var n,r=1,i=it.Deferred(),o=this,a=this.length,s=function(){--r||i.resolveWith(o,[o])};for("string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),e=e||"fx";a--;)n=it._data(o[a],e+"queueHooks"),n&&n.empty&&(r++,n.empty.add(s));return s(),i.promise(t)}});var Nt=/[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/.source,St=["Top","Right","Bottom","Left"],jt=function(e,t){return e=t||e,"none"===it.css(e,"display")||!it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)},At=it.access=function(e,t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=0,l=e.length,u=null==n;if("object"===it.type(n)){i=!0;for(s in n)it.access(e,t,s,n[s],!0,o,a)}else if(void 0!==r&&(i=!0,it.isFunction(r)||(a=!0),u&&(a?(t.call(e,r),t=null):(u=t,t=function(e,t,n){return u.call(it(e),n)})),t))for(;l>s;s++)t(e[s],n,a?r:r.call(e[s],s,t(e[s],n)));return i?e:u?t.call(e):l?t(e[0],n):o},Dt=/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i;!function(){var e=ht.createElement("input"),t=ht.createElement("div"),n=ht.createDocumentFragment();if(t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",nt.leadingWhitespace=3===t.firstChild.nodeType,nt.tbody=!t.getElementsByTagName("tbody").length,nt.htmlSerialize=!!t.getElementsByTagName("link").length,nt.html5Clone="<:nav></:nav>"!==ht.createElement("nav").cloneNode(!0).outerHTML,e.type="checkbox",e.checked=!0,n.appendChild(e),nt.appendChecked=e.checked,t.innerHTML="<textarea>x</textarea>",nt.noCloneChecked=!!t.cloneNode(!0).lastChild.defaultValue,n.appendChild(t),t.innerHTML="<input type='radio' checked='checked' name='t'/>",nt.checkClone=t.cloneNode(!0).cloneNode(!0).lastChild.checked,nt.noCloneEvent=!0,t.attachEvent&&(t.attachEvent("onclick",function(){nt.noCloneEvent=!1}),t.cloneNode(!0).click()),null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete t.test}catch(r){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}}(),function(){var t,n,r=ht.createElement("div");for(t in{submit:!0,change:!0,focusin:!0})n="on"+t,(nt[t+"Bubbles"]=n in e)||(r.setAttribute(n,"t"),nt[t+"Bubbles"]=r.attributes[n].expando===!1);r=null}();var Lt=/^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i,Ht=/^key/,_t=/^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu)|click/,qt=/^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,Ft=/^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)$/;it.event={global:{},add:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it._data(e);if(g){for(n.handler&&(l=n,n=l.handler,i=l.selector),n.guid||(n.guid=it.guid++),(a=g.events)||(a=g.events={}),(c=g.handle)||(c=g.handle=function(e){return typeof it===Et||e&&it.event.triggered===e.type?void 0:it.event.dispatch.apply(c.elem,arguments)},c.elem=e),t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],s=t.length;s--;)o=Ft.exec(t[s])||[],p=m=o[1],h=(o[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p&&(u=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(i?u.delegateType:u.bindType)||p,u=it.event.special[p]||{},d=it.extend({type:p,origType:m,data:r,handler:n,guid:n.guid,selector:i,needsContext:i&&it.expr.match.needsContext.test(i),namespace:h.join(".")},l),(f=a[p])||(f=a[p]=[],f.delegateCount=0,u.setup&&u.setup.call(e,r,h,c)!==!1||(e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener(p,c,!1):e.attachEvent&&e.attachEvent("on"+p,c))),u.add&&(u.add.call(e,d),d.handler.guid||(d.handler.guid=n.guid)),i?f.splice(f.delegateCount++,0,d):f.push(d),it.event.global[p]=!0);e=null}},remove:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it.hasData(e)&&it._data(e);if(g&&(c=g.events)){for(t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],u=t.length;u--;)if(s=Ft.exec(t[u])||[],p=m=s[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p){for(d=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(r?d.delegateType:d.bindType)||p,f=c[p]||[],s=s[2]&&new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"),l=o=f.length;o--;)a=f[o],!i&&m!==a.origType||n&&n.guid!==a.guid||s&&!s.test(a.namespace)||r&&r!==a.selector&&("**"!==r||!a.selector)||(f.splice(o,1),a.selector&&f.delegateCount--,d.remove&&d.remove.call(e,a));l&&!f.length&&(d.teardown&&d.teardown.call(e,h,g.handle)!==!1||it.removeEvent(e,p,g.handle),delete c[p])}else for(p in c)it.event.remove(e,p+t[u],n,r,!0);it.isEmptyObject(c)&&(delete g.handle,it._removeData(e,"events"))}},trigger:function(t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f=[r||ht],p=tt.call(t,"type")?t.type:t,h=tt.call(t,"namespace")?t.namespace.split("."):[];if(s=c=r=r||ht,3!==r.nodeType&&8!==r.nodeType&&!qt.test(p+it.event.triggered)&&(p.indexOf(".")>=0&&(h=p.split("."),p=h.shift(),h.sort()),a=p.indexOf(":")<0&&"on"+p,t=t[it.expando]?t:new it.Event(p,"object"==typeof t&&t),t.isTrigger=i?2:3,t.namespace=h.join("."),t.namespace_re=t.namespace?new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"):null,t.result=void 0,t.target||(t.target=r),n=null==n?[t]:it.makeArray(n,[t]),u=it.event.special[p]||{},i||!u.trigger||u.trigger.apply(r,n)!==!1)){if(!i&&!u.noBubble&&!it.isWindow(r)){for(l=u.delegateType||p,qt.test(l+p)||(s=s.parentNode);s;s=s.parentNode)f.push(s),c=s;c===(r.ownerDocument||ht)&&f.push(c.defaultView||c.parentWindow||e)}for(d=0;(s=f[d++])&&!t.isPropagationStopped();)t.type=d>1?l:u.bindType||p,o=(it._data(s,"events")||{})[t.type]&&it._data(s,"handle"),o&&o.apply(s,n),o=a&&s[a],o&&o.apply&&it.acceptData(s)&&(t.result=o.apply(s,n),t.result===!1&&t.preventDefault());if(t.type=p,!i&&!t.isDefaultPrevented()&&(!u._default||u._default.apply(f.pop(),n)===!1)&&it.acceptData(r)&&a&&r[p]&&!it.isWindow(r)){c=r[a],c&&(r[a]=null),it.event.triggered=p;try{r[p]()}catch(m){}it.event.triggered=void 0,c&&(r[a]=c)}return t.result}},dispatch:function(e){e=it.event.fix(e);var t,n,r,i,o,a=[],s=Y.call(arguments),l=(it._data(this,"events")||{})[e.type]||[],u=it.event.special[e.type]||{};if(s[0]=e,e.delegateTarget=this,!u.preDispatch||u.preDispatch.call(this,e)!==!1){for(a=it.event.handlers.call(this,e,l),t=0;(i=a[t++])&&!e.isPropagationStopped();)for(e.currentTarget=i.elem,o=0;(r=i.handlers[o++])&&!e.isImmediatePropagationStopped();)(!e.namespace_re||e.namespace_re.test(r.namespace))&&(e.handleObj=r,e.data=r.data,n=((it.event.special[r.origType]||{}).handle||r.handler).apply(i.elem,s),void 0!==n&&(e.result=n)===!1&&(e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()));return u.postDispatch&&u.postDispatch.call(this,e),e.result}},handlers:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a=[],s=t.delegateCount,l=e.target;if(s&&l.nodeType&&(!e.button||"click"!==e.type))for(;l!=this;l=l.parentNode||this)if(1===l.nodeType&&(l.disabled!==!0||"click"!==e.type)){for(i=[],o=0;s>o;o++)r=t[o],n=r.selector+" ",void 0===i[n]&&(i[n]=r.needsContext?it(n,this).index(l)>=0:it.find(n,this,null,[l]).length),i[n]&&i.push(r);i.length&&a.push({elem:l,handlers:i})}return s<t.length&&a.push({elem:this,handlers:t.slice(s)}),a},fix:function(e){if(e[it.expando])return e;var t,n,r,i=e.type,o=e,a=this.fixHooks[i];for(a||(this.fixHooks[i]=a=_t.test(i)?this.mouseHooks:Ht.test(i)?this.keyHooks:{}),r=a.props?this.props.concat(a.props):this.props,e=new it.Event(o),t=r.length;t--;)n=r[t],e[n]=o[n];return e.target||(e.target=o.srcElement||ht),3===e.target.nodeType&&(e.target=e.target.parentNode),e.metaKey=!!e.metaKey,a.filter?a.filter(e,o):e},props:"altKey bubbles cancelable ctrlKey currentTarget eventPhase metaKey relatedTarget shiftKey target timeStamp view which".split(" "),fixHooks:{},keyHooks:{props:"char charCode key keyCode".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){return null==e.which&&(e.which=null!=t.charCode?t.charCode:t.keyCode),e}},mouseHooks:{props:"button buttons clientX clientY fromElement offsetX offsetY pageX pageY screenX screenY toElement".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=t.button,a=t.fromElement;return null==e.pageX&&null!=t.clientX&&(r=e.target.ownerDocument||ht,i=r.documentElement,n=r.body,e.pageX=t.clientX+(i&&i.scrollLeft||n&&n.scrollLeft||0)-(i&&i.clientLeft||n&&n.clientLeft||0),e.pageY=t.clientY+(i&&i.scrollTop||n&&n.scrollTop||0)-(i&&i.clientTop||n&&n.clientTop||0)),!e.relatedTarget&&a&&(e.relatedTarget=a===e.target?t.toElement:a),e.which||void 0===o||(e.which=1&o?1:2&o?3:4&o?2:0),e}},special:{load:{noBubble:!0},focus:{trigger:function(){if(this!==h()&&this.focus)try{return this.focus(),!1}catch(e){}},delegateType:"focusin"},blur:{trigger:function(){return this===h()&&this.blur?(this.blur(),!1):void 0},delegateType:"focusout"},click:{trigger:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"input")&&"checkbox"===this.type&&this.click?(this.click(),!1):void 0},_default:function(e){return it.nodeName(e.target,"a")}},beforeunload:{postDispatch:function(e){void 0!==e.result&&e.originalEvent&&(e.originalEvent.returnValue=e.result)}}},simulate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.extend(new it.Event,n,{type:e,isSimulated:!0,originalEvent:{}});r?it.event.trigger(i,null,t):it.event.dispatch.call(t,i),i.isDefaultPrevented()&&n.preventDefault()}},it.removeEvent=ht.removeEventListener?function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener&&e.removeEventListener(t,n,!1)}:function(e,t,n){var r="on"+t;e.detachEvent&&(typeof e[r]===Et&&(e[r]=null),e.detachEvent(r,n))},it.Event=function(e,t){return this instanceof it.Event?(e&&e.type?(this.originalEvent=e,this.type=e.type,this.isDefaultPrevented=e.defaultPrevented||void 0===e.defaultPrevented&&e.returnValue===!1?f:p):this.type=e,t&&it.extend(this,t),this.timeStamp=e&&e.timeStamp||it.now(),void(this[it.expando]=!0)):new it.Event(e,t)},it.Event.prototype={isDefaultPrevented:p,isPropagationStopped:p,isImmediatePropagationStopped:p,preventDefault:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isDefaultPrevented=f,e&&(e.preventDefault?e.preventDefault():e.returnValue=!1)},stopPropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isPropagationStopped=f,e&&(e.stopPropagation&&e.stopPropagation(),e.cancelBubble=!0)},stopImmediatePropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isImmediatePropagationStopped=f,e&&e.stopImmediatePropagation&&e.stopImmediatePropagation(),this.stopPropagation()}},it.each({mouseenter:"mouseover",mouseleave:"mouseout",pointerenter:"pointerover",pointerleave:"pointerout"},function(e,t){it.event.special[e]={delegateType:t,bindType:t,handle:function(e){var n,r=this,i=e.relatedTarget,o=e.handleObj;return(!i||i!==r&&!it.contains(r,i))&&(e.type=o.origType,n=o.handler.apply(this,arguments),e.type=t),n}}}),nt.submitBubbles||(it.event.special.submit={setup:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.add(this,"click._submit keypress._submit",function(e){var t=e.target,n=it.nodeName(t,"input")||it.nodeName(t,"button")?t.form:void 0;n&&!it._data(n,"submitBubbles")&&(it.event.add(n,"submit._submit",function(e){e._submit_bubble=!0}),it._data(n,"submitBubbles",!0))})},postDispatch:function(e){e._submit_bubble&&(delete e._submit_bubble,this.parentNode&&!e.isTrigger&&it.event.simulate("submit",this.parentNode,e,!0))},teardown:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.remove(this,"._submit")}}),nt.changeBubbles||(it.event.special.change={setup:function(){return Lt.test(this.nodeName)?(("checkbox"===this.type||"radio"===this.type)&&(it.event.add(this,"propertychange._change",function(e){"checked"===e.originalEvent.propertyName&&(this._just_changed=!0)}),it.event.add(this,"click._change",function(e){this._just_changed&&!e.isTrigger&&(this._just_changed=!1),it.event.simulate("change",this,e,!0)})),!1):void it.event.add(this,"beforeactivate._change",function(e){var t=e.target;Lt.test(t.nodeName)&&!it._data(t,"changeBubbles")&&(it.event.add(t,"change._change",function(e){!this.parentNode||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||it.event.simulate("change",this.parentNode,e,!0)}),it._data(t,"changeBubbles",!0))})},handle:function(e){var t=e.target;return this!==t||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||"radio"!==t.type&&"checkbox"!==t.type?e.handleObj.handler.apply(this,arguments):void 0},teardown:function(){return it.event.remove(this,"._change"),!Lt.test(this.nodeName)}}),nt.focusinBubbles||it.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(e,t){var n=function(e){it.event.simulate(t,e.target,it.event.fix(e),!0)};it.event.special[t]={setup:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t);i||r.addEventListener(e,n,!0),it._data(r,t,(i||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t)-1;i?it._data(r,t,i):(r.removeEventListener(e,n,!0),it._removeData(r,t))}}}),it.fn.extend({on:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a;if("object"==typeof e){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=n||t,t=void 0);for(o in e)this.on(o,t,n,e[o],i);return this}if(null==n&&null==r?(r=t,n=t=void 0):null==r&&("string"==typeof t?(r=n,n=void 0):(r=n,n=t,t=void 0)),r===!1)r=p;else if(!r)return this;return 1===i&&(a=r,r=function(e){return it().off(e),a.apply(this,arguments)},r.guid=a.guid||(a.guid=it.guid++)),this.each(function(){it.event.add(this,e,r,n,t)})},one:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(e,t,n,r,1)},off:function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(e&&e.preventDefault&&e.handleObj)return r=e.handleObj,it(e.delegateTarget).off(r.namespace?r.origType+"."+r.namespace:r.origType,r.selector,r.handler),this;if("object"==typeof e){for(i in e)this.off(i,t,e[i]);return this}return(t===!1||"function"==typeof t)&&(n=t,t=void 0),n===!1&&(n=p),this.each(function(){it.event.remove(this,e,n,t)})},trigger:function(e,t){return this.each(function(){it.event.trigger(e,t,this)})},triggerHandler:function(e,t){var n=this[0];return n?it.event.trigger(e,t,n,!0):void 0}});var Mt="abbr|article|aside|audio|bdi|canvas|data|datalist|details|figcaption|figure|footer|header|hgroup|mark|meter|nav|output|progress|section|summary|time|video",Ot=/ jQuery\d+="(?:null|\d+)"/g,Rt=new RegExp("<(?:"+Mt+")[\\s/>]","i"),Bt=/^\s+/,Pt=/<(?!area|br|col|embed|hr|img|input|link|meta|param)(([\w:]+)[^>]*)\/>/gi,It=/<([\w:]+)/,Wt=/<tbody/i,$t=/<|&#?\w+;/,zt=/<(?:script|style|link)/i,Xt=/checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,Ut=/^$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i,Vt=/^true\/(.*)/,Gt=/^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g,Yt={option:[1,"<select multiple='multiple'>","</select>"],legend:[1,"<fieldset>","</fieldset>"],area:[1,"<map>","</map>"],param:[1,"<object>","</object>"],thead:[1,"<table>","</table>"],tr:[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"],col:[2,"<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"],td:[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"],_default:nt.htmlSerialize?[0,"",""]:[1,"X<div>","</div>"]},Jt=m(ht),Kt=Jt.appendChild(ht.createElement("div"));Yt.optgroup=Yt.option,Yt.tbody=Yt.tfoot=Yt.colgroup=Yt.caption=Yt.thead,Yt.th=Yt.td,it.extend({clone:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l=it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e);if(nt.html5Clone||it.isXMLDoc(e)||!Rt.test("<"+e.nodeName+">")?o=e.cloneNode(!0):(Kt.innerHTML=e.outerHTML,Kt.removeChild(o=Kt.firstChild)),!(nt.noCloneEvent&&nt.noCloneChecked||1!==e.nodeType&&11!==e.nodeType||it.isXMLDoc(e)))for(r=g(o),s=g(e),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);++a)r[a]&&E(i,r[a]);if(t)if(n)for(s=s||g(e),r=r||g(o),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);a++)T(i,r[a]);else T(e,o);return r=g(o,"script"),r.length>0&&w(r,!l&&g(e,"script")),r=s=i=null,o},buildFragment:function(e,t,n,r){for(var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=e.length,f=m(t),p=[],h=0;d>h;h++)if(o=e[h],o||0===o)if("object"===it.type(o))it.merge(p,o.nodeType?[o]:o);else if($t.test(o)){for(s=s||f.appendChild(t.createElement("div")),l=(It.exec(o)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase(),c=Yt[l]||Yt._default,s.innerHTML=c[1]+o.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>")+c[2],i=c[0];i--;)s=s.lastChild;if(!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(o)&&p.push(t.createTextNode(Bt.exec(o)[0])),!nt.tbody)for(o="table"!==l||Wt.test(o)?"<table>"!==c[1]||Wt.test(o)?0:s:s.firstChild,i=o&&o.childNodes.length;i--;)it.nodeName(u=o.childNodes[i],"tbody")&&!u.childNodes.length&&o.removeChild(u);for(it.merge(p,s.childNodes),s.textContent="";s.firstChild;)s.removeChild(s.firstChild);s=f.lastChild}else p.push(t.createTextNode(o));for(s&&f.removeChild(s),nt.appendChecked||it.grep(g(p,"input"),v),h=0;o=p[h++];)if((!r||-1===it.inArray(o,r))&&(a=it.contains(o.ownerDocument,o),s=g(f.appendChild(o),"script"),a&&w(s),n))for(i=0;o=s[i++];)Ut.test(o.type||"")&&n.push(o);return s=null,f},cleanData:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o,a=0,s=it.expando,l=it.cache,u=nt.deleteExpando,c=it.event.special;null!=(n=e[a]);a++)if((t||it.acceptData(n))&&(i=n[s],o=i&&l[i])){if(o.events)for(r in o.events)c[r]?it.event.remove(n,r):it.removeEvent(n,r,o.handle);l[i]&&(delete l[i],u?delete n[s]:typeof n.removeAttribute!==Et?n.removeAttribute(s):n[s]=null,G.push(i))}}}),it.fn.extend({text:function(e){return At(this,function(e){return void 0===e?it.text(this):this.empty().append((this[0]&&this[0].ownerDocument||ht).createTextNode(e))},null,e,arguments.length)},append:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.appendChild(e)}})},prepend:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.insertBefore(e,t.firstChild)}})},before:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this)})},after:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this.nextSibling)})},remove:function(e,t){for(var n,r=e?it.filter(e,this):this,i=0;null!=(n=r[i]);i++)t||1!==n.nodeType||it.cleanData(g(n)),n.parentNode&&(t&&it.contains(n.ownerDocument,n)&&w(g(n,"script")),n.parentNode.removeChild(n));return this},empty:function(){for(var e,t=0;null!=(e=this[t]);t++){for(1===e.nodeType&&it.cleanData(g(e,!1));e.firstChild;)e.removeChild(e.firstChild);e.options&&it.nodeName(e,"select")&&(e.options.length=0)}return this},clone:function(e,t){return e=null==e?!1:e,t=null==t?e:t,this.map(function(){return it.clone(this,e,t)})},html:function(e){return At(this,function(e){var t=this[0]||{},n=0,r=this.length;if(void 0===e)return 1===t.nodeType?t.innerHTML.replace(Ot,""):void 0;if(!("string"!=typeof e||zt.test(e)||!nt.htmlSerialize&&Rt.test(e)||!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(e)||Yt[(It.exec(e)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase()])){e=e.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>");try{for(;r>n;n++)t=this[n]||{},1===t.nodeType&&(it.cleanData(g(t,!1)),t.innerHTML=e);t=0}catch(i){}}t&&this.empty().append(e)},null,e,arguments.length)},replaceWith:function(){var e=arguments[0];return this.domManip(arguments,function(t){e=this.parentNode,it.cleanData(g(this)),e&&e.replaceChild(t,this)}),e&&(e.length||e.nodeType)?this:this.remove()},detach:function(e){return this.remove(e,!0)},domManip:function(e,t){e=J.apply([],e);var n,r,i,o,a,s,l=0,u=this.length,c=this,d=u-1,f=e[0],p=it.isFunction(f);if(p||u>1&&"string"==typeof f&&!nt.checkClone&&Xt.test(f))return this.each(function(n){var r=c.eq(n);p&&(e[0]=f.call(this,n,r.html())),r.domManip(e,t)});if(u&&(s=it.buildFragment(e,this[0].ownerDocument,!1,this),n=s.firstChild,1===s.childNodes.length&&(s=n),n)){for(o=it.map(g(s,"script"),b),i=o.length;u>l;l++)r=s,l!==d&&(r=it.clone(r,!0,!0),i&&it.merge(o,g(r,"script"))),t.call(this[l],r,l);if(i)for(a=o[o.length-1].ownerDocument,it.map(o,x),l=0;i>l;l++)r=o[l],Ut.test(r.type||"")&&!it._data(r,"globalEval")&&it.contains(a,r)&&(r.src?it._evalUrl&&it._evalUrl(r.src):it.globalEval((r.text||r.textContent||r.innerHTML||"").replace(Gt,"")));s=n=null}return this}}),it.each({appendTo:"append",prependTo:"prepend",insertBefore:"before",insertAfter:"after",replaceAll:"replaceWith"},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e){for(var n,r=0,i=[],o=it(e),a=o.length-1;a>=r;r++)n=r===a?this:this.clone(!0),it(o[r])[t](n),K.apply(i,n.get());return this.pushStack(i)}});var Qt,Zt={};!function(){var e;nt.shrinkWrapBlocks=function(){if(null!=e)return e;e=!1;var t,n,r;return n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style?(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")).style.width="5px",e=3!==t.offsetWidth),n.removeChild(r),e):void 0}}();var en,tn,nn=/^margin/,rn=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(?!px)[a-z%]+$","i"),on=/^(top|right|bottom|left)$/;e.getComputedStyle?(en=function(e){return e.ownerDocument.defaultView.getComputedStyle(e,null)},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n.getPropertyValue(t)||n[t]:void 0,n&&(""!==a||it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)||(a=it.style(e,t)),rn.test(a)&&nn.test(t)&&(r=s.width,i=s.minWidth,o=s.maxWidth,s.minWidth=s.maxWidth=s.width=a,a=n.width,s.width=r,s.minWidth=i,s.maxWidth=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""}):ht.documentElement.currentStyle&&(en=function(e){return e.currentStyle},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n[t]:void 0,null==a&&s&&s[t]&&(a=s[t]),rn.test(a)&&!on.test(t)&&(r=s.left,i=e.runtimeStyle,o=i&&i.left,o&&(i.left=e.currentStyle.left),s.left="fontSize"===t?"1em":a,a=s.pixelLeft+"px",s.left=r,o&&(i.left=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""||"auto"}),function(){function t(){var t,n,r,i;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-top:1%;top:1%;border:1px;padding:1px;width:4px;position:absolute",o=a=!1,l=!0,e.getComputedStyle&&(o="1%"!==(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{}).top,a="4px"===(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{width:"4px"}).width,i=t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")),i.style.cssText=t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:0",i.style.marginRight=i.style.width="0",t.style.width="1px",l=!parseFloat((e.getComputedStyle(i,null)||{}).marginRight)),t.innerHTML="<table><tr><td></td><td>t</td></tr></table>",i=t.getElementsByTagName("td"),i[0].style.cssText="margin:0;border:0;padding:0;display:none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight,s&&(i[0].style.display="",i[1].style.display="none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight),n.removeChild(r))}var n,r,i,o,a,s,l;n=ht.createElement("div"),n.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",i=n.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],r=i&&i.style,r&&(r.cssText="float:left;opacity:.5",nt.opacity="0.5"===r.opacity,nt.cssFloat=!!r.cssFloat,n.style.backgroundClip="content-box",n.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",nt.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===n.style.backgroundClip,nt.boxSizing=""===r.boxSizing||""===r.MozBoxSizing||""===r.WebkitBoxSizing,it.extend(nt,{reliableHiddenOffsets:function(){return null==s&&t(),s
+},boxSizingReliable:function(){return null==a&&t(),a},pixelPosition:function(){return null==o&&t(),o},reliableMarginRight:function(){return null==l&&t(),l}}))}(),it.swap=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a={};for(o in t)a[o]=e.style[o],e.style[o]=t[o];i=n.apply(e,r||[]);for(o in t)e.style[o]=a[o];return i};var an=/alpha\([^)]*\)/i,sn=/opacity\s*=\s*([^)]*)/,ln=/^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,un=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(.*)$","i"),cn=new RegExp("^([+-])=("+Nt+")","i"),dn={position:"absolute",visibility:"hidden",display:"block"},fn={letterSpacing:"0",fontWeight:"400"},pn=["Webkit","O","Moz","ms"];it.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(e,t){if(t){var n=tn(e,"opacity");return""===n?"1":n}}}},cssNumber:{columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{"float":nt.cssFloat?"cssFloat":"styleFloat"},style:function(e,t,n,r){if(e&&3!==e.nodeType&&8!==e.nodeType&&e.style){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t),l=e.style;if(t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(l,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],void 0===n)return a&&"get"in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t];if(o=typeof n,"string"===o&&(i=cn.exec(n))&&(n=(i[1]+1)*i[2]+parseFloat(it.css(e,t)),o="number"),null!=n&&n===n&&("number"!==o||it.cssNumber[s]||(n+="px"),nt.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),!(a&&"set"in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r)))))try{l[t]=n}catch(u){}}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t);return t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(e.style,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],a&&"get"in a&&(o=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===o&&(o=tn(e,t,r)),"normal"===o&&t in fn&&(o=fn[t]),""===n||n?(i=parseFloat(o),n===!0||it.isNumeric(i)?i||0:o):o}}),it.each(["height","width"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]={get:function(e,n,r){return n?ln.test(it.css(e,"display"))&&0===e.offsetWidth?it.swap(e,dn,function(){return L(e,t,r)}):L(e,t,r):void 0},set:function(e,n,r){var i=r&&en(e);return A(e,n,r?D(e,t,r,nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,i),i):0)}}}),nt.opacity||(it.cssHooks.opacity={get:function(e,t){return sn.test((t&&e.currentStyle?e.currentStyle.filter:e.style.filter)||"")?.01*parseFloat(RegExp.$1)+"":t?"1":""},set:function(e,t){var n=e.style,r=e.currentStyle,i=it.isNumeric(t)?"alpha(opacity="+100*t+")":"",o=r&&r.filter||n.filter||"";n.zoom=1,(t>=1||""===t)&&""===it.trim(o.replace(an,""))&&n.removeAttribute&&(n.removeAttribute("filter"),""===t||r&&!r.filter)||(n.filter=an.test(o)?o.replace(an,i):o+" "+i)}}),it.cssHooks.marginRight=N(nt.reliableMarginRight,function(e,t){return t?it.swap(e,{display:"inline-block"},tn,[e,"marginRight"]):void 0}),it.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(e,t){it.cssHooks[e+t]={expand:function(n){for(var r=0,i={},o="string"==typeof n?n.split(" "):[n];4>r;r++)i[e+St[r]+t]=o[r]||o[r-2]||o[0];return i}},nn.test(e)||(it.cssHooks[e+t].set=A)}),it.fn.extend({css:function(e,t){return At(this,function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={},a=0;if(it.isArray(t)){for(r=en(e),i=t.length;i>a;a++)o[t[a]]=it.css(e,t[a],!1,r);return o}return void 0!==n?it.style(e,t,n):it.css(e,t)},e,t,arguments.length>1)},show:function(){return j(this,!0)},hide:function(){return j(this)},toggle:function(e){return"boolean"==typeof e?e?this.show():this.hide():this.each(function(){jt(this)?it(this).show():it(this).hide()})}}),it.Tween=H,H.prototype={constructor:H,init:function(e,t,n,r,i,o){this.elem=e,this.prop=n,this.easing=i||"swing",this.options=t,this.start=this.now=this.cur(),this.end=r,this.unit=o||(it.cssNumber[n]?"":"px")},cur:function(){var e=H.propHooks[this.prop];return e&&e.get?e.get(this):H.propHooks._default.get(this)},run:function(e){var t,n=H.propHooks[this.prop];return this.pos=t=this.options.duration?it.easing[this.easing](e,this.options.duration*e,0,1,this.options.duration):e,this.now=(this.end-this.start)*t+this.start,this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),n&&n.set?n.set(this):H.propHooks._default.set(this),this}},H.prototype.init.prototype=H.prototype,H.propHooks={_default:{get:function(e){var t;return null==e.elem[e.prop]||e.elem.style&&null!=e.elem.style[e.prop]?(t=it.css(e.elem,e.prop,""),t&&"auto"!==t?t:0):e.elem[e.prop]},set:function(e){it.fx.step[e.prop]?it.fx.step[e.prop](e):e.elem.style&&(null!=e.elem.style[it.cssProps[e.prop]]||it.cssHooks[e.prop])?it.style(e.elem,e.prop,e.now+e.unit):e.elem[e.prop]=e.now}}},H.propHooks.scrollTop=H.propHooks.scrollLeft={set:function(e){e.elem.nodeType&&e.elem.parentNode&&(e.elem[e.prop]=e.now)}},it.easing={linear:function(e){return e},swing:function(e){return.5-Math.cos(e*Math.PI)/2}},it.fx=H.prototype.init,it.fx.step={};var hn,mn,gn=/^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,vn=new RegExp("^(?:([+-])=|)("+Nt+")([a-z%]*)$","i"),yn=/queueHooks$/,bn=[M],xn={"*":[function(e,t){var n=this.createTween(e,t),r=n.cur(),i=vn.exec(t),o=i&&i[3]||(it.cssNumber[e]?"":"px"),a=(it.cssNumber[e]||"px"!==o&&+r)&&vn.exec(it.css(n.elem,e)),s=1,l=20;if(a&&a[3]!==o){o=o||a[3],i=i||[],a=+r||1;do s=s||".5",a/=s,it.style(n.elem,e,a+o);while(s!==(s=n.cur()/r)&&1!==s&&--l)}return i&&(a=n.start=+a||+r||0,n.unit=o,n.end=i[1]?a+(i[1]+1)*i[2]:+i[2]),n}]};it.Animation=it.extend(R,{tweener:function(e,t){it.isFunction(e)?(t=e,e=["*"]):e=e.split(" ");for(var n,r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],xn[n]=xn[n]||[],xn[n].unshift(t)},prefilter:function(e,t){t?bn.unshift(e):bn.push(e)}}),it.speed=function(e,t,n){var r=e&&"object"==typeof e?it.extend({},e):{complete:n||!n&&t||it.isFunction(e)&&e,duration:e,easing:n&&t||t&&!it.isFunction(t)&&t};return r.duration=it.fx.off?0:"number"==typeof r.duration?r.duration:r.duration in it.fx.speeds?it.fx.speeds[r.duration]:it.fx.speeds._default,(null==r.queue||r.queue===!0)&&(r.queue="fx"),r.old=r.complete,r.complete=function(){it.isFunction(r.old)&&r.old.call(this),r.queue&&it.dequeue(this,r.queue)},r},it.fn.extend({fadeTo:function(e,t,n,r){return this.filter(jt).css("opacity",0).show().end().animate({opacity:t},e,n,r)},animate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.isEmptyObject(e),o=it.speed(t,n,r),a=function(){var t=R(this,it.extend({},e),o);(i||it._data(this,"finish"))&&t.stop(!0)};return a.finish=a,i||o.queue===!1?this.each(a):this.queue(o.queue,a)},stop:function(e,t,n){var r=function(e){var t=e.stop;delete e.stop,t(n)};return"string"!=typeof e&&(n=t,t=e,e=void 0),t&&e!==!1&&this.queue(e||"fx",[]),this.each(function(){var t=!0,i=null!=e&&e+"queueHooks",o=it.timers,a=it._data(this);if(i)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&r(a[i]);else for(i in a)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&yn.test(i)&&r(a[i]);for(i=o.length;i--;)o[i].elem!==this||null!=e&&o[i].queue!==e||(o[i].anim.stop(n),t=!1,o.splice(i,1));(t||!n)&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},finish:function(e){return e!==!1&&(e=e||"fx"),this.each(function(){var t,n=it._data(this),r=n[e+"queue"],i=n[e+"queueHooks"],o=it.timers,a=r?r.length:0;for(n.finish=!0,it.queue(this,e,[]),i&&i.stop&&i.stop.call(this,!0),t=o.length;t--;)o[t].elem===this&&o[t].queue===e&&(o[t].anim.stop(!0),o.splice(t,1));for(t=0;a>t;t++)r[t]&&r[t].finish&&r[t].finish.call(this);delete n.finish})}}),it.each(["toggle","show","hide"],function(e,t){var n=it.fn[t];it.fn[t]=function(e,r,i){return null==e||"boolean"==typeof e?n.apply(this,arguments):this.animate(q(t,!0),e,r,i)}}),it.each({slideDown:q("show"),slideUp:q("hide"),slideToggle:q("toggle"),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e,n,r){return this.animate(t,e,n,r)}}),it.timers=[],it.fx.tick=function(){var e,t=it.timers,n=0;for(hn=it.now();n<t.length;n++)e=t[n],e()||t[n]!==e||t.splice(n--,1);t.length||it.fx.stop(),hn=void 0},it.fx.timer=function(e){it.timers.push(e),e()?it.fx.start():it.timers.pop()},it.fx.interval=13,it.fx.start=function(){mn||(mn=setInterval(it.fx.tick,it.fx.interval))},it.fx.stop=function(){clearInterval(mn),mn=null},it.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},it.fn.delay=function(e,t){return e=it.fx?it.fx.speeds[e]||e:e,t=t||"fx",this.queue(t,function(t,n){var r=setTimeout(t,e);n.stop=function(){clearTimeout(r)}})},function(){var e,t,n,r,i;t=ht.createElement("div"),t.setAttribute("className","t"),t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",r=t.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],n=ht.createElement("select"),i=n.appendChild(ht.createElement("option")),e=t.getElementsByTagName("input")[0],r.style.cssText="top:1px",nt.getSetAttribute="t"!==t.className,nt.style=/top/.test(r.getAttribute("style")),nt.hrefNormalized="/a"===r.getAttribute("href"),nt.checkOn=!!e.value,nt.optSelected=i.selected,nt.enctype=!!ht.createElement("form").enctype,n.disabled=!0,nt.optDisabled=!i.disabled,e=ht.createElement("input"),e.setAttribute("value",""),nt.input=""===e.getAttribute("value"),e.value="t",e.setAttribute("type","radio"),nt.radioValue="t"===e.value}();var wn=/\r/g;it.fn.extend({val:function(e){var t,n,r,i=this[0];{if(arguments.length)return r=it.isFunction(e),this.each(function(n){var i;1===this.nodeType&&(i=r?e.call(this,n,it(this).val()):e,null==i?i="":"number"==typeof i?i+="":it.isArray(i)&&(i=it.map(i,function(e){return null==e?"":e+""})),t=it.valHooks[this.type]||it.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"set"in t&&void 0!==t.set(this,i,"value")||(this.value=i))});if(i)return t=it.valHooks[i.type]||it.valHooks[i.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"get"in t&&void 0!==(n=t.get(i,"value"))?n:(n=i.value,"string"==typeof n?n.replace(wn,""):null==n?"":n)}}}),it.extend({valHooks:{option:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"value");return null!=t?t:it.trim(it.text(e))}},select:{get:function(e){for(var t,n,r=e.options,i=e.selectedIndex,o="select-one"===e.type||0>i,a=o?null:[],s=o?i+1:r.length,l=0>i?s:o?i:0;s>l;l++)if(n=r[l],!(!n.selected&&l!==i||(nt.optDisabled?n.disabled:null!==n.getAttribute("disabled"))||n.parentNode.disabled&&it.nodeName(n.parentNode,"optgroup"))){if(t=it(n).val(),o)return t;a.push(t)}return a},set:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i=e.options,o=it.makeArray(t),a=i.length;a--;)if(r=i[a],it.inArray(it.valHooks.option.get(r),o)>=0)try{r.selected=n=!0}catch(s){r.scrollHeight}else r.selected=!1;return n||(e.selectedIndex=-1),i}}}}),it.each(["radio","checkbox"],function(){it.valHooks[this]={set:function(e,t){return it.isArray(t)?e.checked=it.inArray(it(e).val(),t)>=0:void 0}},nt.checkOn||(it.valHooks[this].get=function(e){return null===e.getAttribute("value")?"on":e.value})});var Tn,En,kn=it.expr.attrHandle,Cn=/^(?:checked|selected)$/i,Nn=nt.getSetAttribute,Sn=nt.input;it.fn.extend({attr:function(e,t){return At(this,it.attr,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeAttr:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeAttr(this,e)})}}),it.extend({attr:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return typeof e.getAttribute===Et?it.prop(e,t,n):(1===o&&it.isXMLDoc(e)||(t=t.toLowerCase(),r=it.attrHooks[t]||(it.expr.match.bool.test(t)?En:Tn)),void 0===n?r&&"get"in r&&null!==(i=r.get(e,t))?i:(i=it.find.attr(e,t),null==i?void 0:i):null!==n?r&&"set"in r&&void 0!==(i=r.set(e,n,t))?i:(e.setAttribute(t,n+""),n):void it.removeAttr(e,t))},removeAttr:function(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=t&&t.match(bt);if(o&&1===e.nodeType)for(;n=o[i++];)r=it.propFix[n]||n,it.expr.match.bool.test(n)?Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e[r]=!1:e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[r]=!1:it.attr(e,n,""),e.removeAttribute(Nn?n:r)},attrHooks:{type:{set:function(e,t){if(!nt.radioValue&&"radio"===t&&it.nodeName(e,"input")){var n=e.value;return e.setAttribute("type",t),n&&(e.value=n),t}}}}}),En={set:function(e,t,n){return t===!1?it.removeAttr(e,n):Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e.setAttribute(!Nn&&it.propFix[n]||n,n):e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[n]=!0,n}},it.each(it.expr.match.bool.source.match(/\w+/g),function(e,t){var n=kn[t]||it.find.attr;kn[t]=Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(t)?function(e,t,r){var i,o;return r||(o=kn[t],kn[t]=i,i=null!=n(e,t,r)?t.toLowerCase():null,kn[t]=o),i}:function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e[it.camelCase("default-"+t)]?t.toLowerCase():null}}),Sn&&Nn||(it.attrHooks.value={set:function(e,t,n){return it.nodeName(e,"input")?void(e.defaultValue=t):Tn&&Tn.set(e,t,n)}}),Nn||(Tn={set:function(e,t,n){var r=e.getAttributeNode(n);return r||e.setAttributeNode(r=e.ownerDocument.createAttribute(n)),r.value=t+="","value"===n||t===e.getAttribute(n)?t:void 0}},kn.id=kn.name=kn.coords=function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&""!==r.value?r.value:null},it.valHooks.button={get:function(e,t){var n=e.getAttributeNode(t);return n&&n.specified?n.value:void 0},set:Tn.set},it.attrHooks.contenteditable={set:function(e,t,n){Tn.set(e,""===t?!1:t,n)}},it.each(["width","height"],function(e,t){it.attrHooks[t]={set:function(e,n){return""===n?(e.setAttribute(t,"auto"),n):void 0}}})),nt.style||(it.attrHooks.style={get:function(e){return e.style.cssText||void 0},set:function(e,t){return e.style.cssText=t+""}});var jn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button|object)$/i,An=/^(?:a|area)$/i;it.fn.extend({prop:function(e,t){return At(this,it.prop,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeProp:function(e){return e=it.propFix[e]||e,this.each(function(){try{this[e]=void 0,delete this[e]}catch(t){}})}}),it.extend({propFix:{"for":"htmlFor","class":"className"},prop:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==a&&8!==a&&2!==a)return o=1!==a||!it.isXMLDoc(e),o&&(t=it.propFix[t]||t,i=it.propHooks[t]),void 0!==n?i&&"set"in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:e[t]=n:i&&"get"in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:e[t]},propHooks:{tabIndex:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"tabindex");return t?parseInt(t,10):jn.test(e.nodeName)||An.test(e.nodeName)&&e.href?0:-1}}}}),nt.hrefNormalized||it.each(["href","src"],function(e,t){it.propHooks[t]={get:function(e){return e.getAttribute(t,4)}}}),nt.optSelected||(it.propHooks.selected={get:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&(t.selectedIndex,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex),null}}),it.each(["tabIndex","readOnly","maxLength","cellSpacing","cellPadding","rowSpan","colSpan","useMap","frameBorder","contentEditable"],function(){it.propFix[this.toLowerCase()]=this}),nt.enctype||(it.propFix.enctype="encoding");var Dn=/[\t\r\n\f]/g;it.fn.extend({addClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u="string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).addClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):" ")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")<0&&(r+=i+" ");a=it.trim(r),n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},removeClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u=0===arguments.length||"string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).removeClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):"")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)for(;r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")>=0;)r=r.replace(" "+i+" "," ");a=e?it.trim(r):"",n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},toggleClass:function(e,t){var n=typeof e;return"boolean"==typeof t&&"string"===n?t?this.addClass(e):this.removeClass(e):this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(n){it(this).toggleClass(e.call(this,n,this.className,t),t)}:function(){if("string"===n)for(var t,r=0,i=it(this),o=e.match(bt)||[];t=o[r++];)i.hasClass(t)?i.removeClass(t):i.addClass(t);else(n===Et||"boolean"===n)&&(this.className&&it._data(this,"__className__",this.className),this.className=this.className||e===!1?"":it._data(this,"__className__")||"")})},hasClass:function(e){for(var t=" "+e+" ",n=0,r=this.length;r>n;n++)if(1===this[n].nodeType&&(" "+this[n].className+" ").replace(Dn," ").indexOf(t)>=0)return!0;return!1}}),it.each("blur focus focusin focusout load resize scroll unload click dblclick mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave change select submit keydown keypress keyup error contextmenu".split(" "),function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e,n){return arguments.length>0?this.on(t,null,e,n):this.trigger(t)}}),it.fn.extend({hover:function(e,t){return this.mouseenter(e).mouseleave(t||e)},bind:function(e,t,n){return this.on(e,null,t,n)},unbind:function(e,t){return this.off(e,null,t)},delegate:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(t,e,n,r)},undelegate:function(e,t,n){return 1===arguments.length?this.off(e,"**"):this.off(t,e||"**",n)}});var Ln=it.now(),Hn=/\?/,_n=/(,)|(\[|{)|(}|])|"(?:[^"\\\r\n]|\\["\\\/bfnrt]|\\u[\da-fA-F]{4})*"\s*:?|true|false|null|-?(?!0\d)\d+(?:\.\d+|)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/g;it.parseJSON=function(t){if(e.JSON&&e.JSON.parse)return e.JSON.parse(t+"");var n,r=null,i=it.trim(t+"");return i&&!it.trim(i.replace(_n,function(e,t,i,o){return n&&t&&(r=0),0===r?e:(n=i||t,r+=!o-!i,"")}))?Function("return "+i)():it.error("Invalid JSON: "+t)},it.parseXML=function(t){var n,r;if(!t||"string"!=typeof t)return null;try{e.DOMParser?(r=new DOMParser,n=r.parseFromString(t,"text/xml")):(n=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM"),n.async="false",n.loadXML(t))}catch(i){n=void 0}return n&&n.documentElement&&!n.getElementsByTagName("parsererror").length||it.error("Invalid XML: "+t),n};var qn,Fn,Mn=/#.*$/,On=/([?&])_=[^&]*/,Rn=/^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)\r?$/gm,Bn=/^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/,Pn=/^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,In=/^\/\//,Wn=/^([\w.+-]+:)(?:\/\/(?:[^\/?#]*@|)([^\/?#:]*)(?::(\d+)|)|)/,$n={},zn={},Xn="*/".concat("*");try{Fn=location.href}catch(Un){Fn=ht.createElement("a"),Fn.href="",Fn=Fn.href}qn=Wn.exec(Fn.toLowerCase())||[],it.extend({active:0,lastModified:{},etag:{},ajaxSettings:{url:Fn,type:"GET",isLocal:Bn.test(qn[1]),global:!0,processData:!0,async:!0,contentType:"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",accepts:{"*":Xn,text:"text/plain",html:"text/html",xml:"application/xml, text/xml",json:"application/json, text/javascript"},contents:{xml:/xml/,html:/html/,json:/json/},responseFields:{xml:"responseXML",text:"responseText",json:"responseJSON"},converters:{"* text":String,"text html":!0,"text json":it.parseJSON,"text xml":it.parseXML},flatOptions:{url:!0,context:!0}},ajaxSetup:function(e,t){return t?I(I(e,it.ajaxSettings),t):I(it.ajaxSettings,e)},ajaxPrefilter:B($n),ajaxTransport:B(zn),ajax:function(e,t){function n(e,t,n,r){var i,c,v,y,x,T=t;2!==b&&(b=2,s&&clearTimeout(s),u=void 0,a=r||"",w.readyState=e>0?4:0,i=e>=200&&300>e||304===e,n&&(y=W(d,w,n)),y=$(d,y,w,i),i?(d.ifModified&&(x=w.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified"),x&&(it.lastModified[o]=x),x=w.getResponseHeader("etag"),x&&(it.etag[o]=x)),204===e||"HEAD"===d.type?T="nocontent":304===e?T="notmodified":(T=y.state,c=y.data,v=y.error,i=!v)):(v=T,(e||!T)&&(T="error",0>e&&(e=0))),w.status=e,w.statusText=(t||T)+"",i?h.resolveWith(f,[c,T,w]):h.rejectWith(f,[w,T,v]),w.statusCode(g),g=void 0,l&&p.trigger(i?"ajaxSuccess":"ajaxError",[w,d,i?c:v]),m.fireWith(f,[w,T]),l&&(p.trigger("ajaxComplete",[w,d]),--it.active||it.event.trigger("ajaxStop")))}"object"==typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),t=t||{};var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=it.ajaxSetup({},t),f=d.context||d,p=d.context&&(f.nodeType||f.jquery)?it(f):it.event,h=it.Deferred(),m=it.Callbacks("once memory"),g=d.statusCode||{},v={},y={},b=0,x="canceled",w={readyState:0,getResponseHeader:function(e){var t;if(2===b){if(!c)for(c={};t=Rn.exec(a);)c[t[1].toLowerCase()]=t[2];t=c[e.toLowerCase()]}return null==t?null:t},getAllResponseHeaders:function(){return 2===b?a:null},setRequestHeader:function(e,t){var n=e.toLowerCase();return b||(e=y[n]=y[n]||e,v[e]=t),this},overrideMimeType:function(e){return b||(d.mimeType=e),this},statusCode:function(e){var t;if(e)if(2>b)for(t in e)g[t]=[g[t],e[t]];else w.always(e[w.status]);return this},abort:function(e){var t=e||x;return u&&u.abort(t),n(0,t),this}};if(h.promise(w).complete=m.add,w.success=w.done,w.error=w.fail,d.url=((e||d.url||Fn)+"").replace(Mn,"").replace(In,qn[1]+"//"),d.type=t.method||t.type||d.method||d.type,d.dataTypes=it.trim(d.dataType||"*").toLowerCase().match(bt)||[""],null==d.crossDomain&&(r=Wn.exec(d.url.toLowerCase()),d.crossDomain=!(!r||r[1]===qn[1]&&r[2]===qn[2]&&(r[3]||("http:"===r[1]?"80":"443"))===(qn[3]||("http:"===qn[1]?"80":"443")))),d.data&&d.processData&&"string"!=typeof d.data&&(d.data=it.param(d.data,d.traditional)),P($n,d,t,w),2===b)return w;l=d.global,l&&0===it.active++&&it.event.trigger("ajaxStart"),d.type=d.type.toUpperCase(),d.hasContent=!Pn.test(d.type),o=d.url,d.hasContent||(d.data&&(o=d.url+=(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+d.data,delete d.data),d.cache===!1&&(d.url=On.test(o)?o.replace(On,"$1_="+Ln++):o+(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+"_="+Ln++)),d.ifModified&&(it.lastModified[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",it.lastModified[o]),it.etag[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-None-Match",it.etag[o])),(d.data&&d.hasContent&&d.contentType!==!1||t.contentType)&&w.setRequestHeader("Content-Type",d.contentType),w.setRequestHeader("Accept",d.dataTypes[0]&&d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]?d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]+("*"!==d.dataTypes[0]?", "+Xn+"; q=0.01":""):d.accepts["*"]);for(i in d.headers)w.setRequestHeader(i,d.headers[i]);if(d.beforeSend&&(d.beforeSend.call(f,w,d)===!1||2===b))return w.abort();x="abort";for(i in{success:1,error:1,complete:1})w[i](d[i]);if(u=P(zn,d,t,w)){w.readyState=1,l&&p.trigger("ajaxSend",[w,d]),d.async&&d.timeout>0&&(s=setTimeout(function(){w.abort("timeout")},d.timeout));try{b=1,u.send(v,n)}catch(T){if(!(2>b))throw T;n(-1,T)}}else n(-1,"No Transport");return w},getJSON:function(e,t,n){return it.get(e,t,n,"json")},getScript:function(e,t){return it.get(e,void 0,t,"script")}}),it.each(["get","post"],function(e,t){it[t]=function(e,n,r,i){return it.isFunction(n)&&(i=i||r,r=n,n=void 0),it.ajax({url:e,type:t,dataType:i,data:n,success:r})}}),it.each(["ajaxStart","ajaxStop","ajaxComplete","ajaxError","ajaxSuccess","ajaxSend"],function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e){return this.on(t,e)}}),it._evalUrl=function(e){return it.ajax({url:e,type:"GET",dataType:"script",async:!1,global:!1,"throws":!0})},it.fn.extend({wrapAll:function(e){if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).wrapAll(e.call(this,t))});if(this[0]){var t=it(e,this[0].ownerDocument).eq(0).clone(!0);this[0].parentNode&&t.insertBefore(this[0]),t.map(function(){for(var e=this;e.firstChild&&1===e.firstChild.nodeType;)e=e.firstChild;return e}).append(this)}return this},wrapInner:function(e){return this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(t){it(this).wrapInner(e.call(this,t))}:function(){var t=it(this),n=t.contents();n.length?n.wrapAll(e):t.append(e)})},wrap:function(e){var t=it.isFunction(e);return this.each(function(n){it(this).wrapAll(t?e.call(this,n):e)})},unwrap:function(){return this.parent().each(function(){it.nodeName(this,"body")||it(this).replaceWith(this.childNodes)}).end()}}),it.expr.filters.hidden=function(e){return e.offsetWidth<=0&&e.offsetHeight<=0||!nt.reliableHiddenOffsets()&&"none"===(e.style&&e.style.display||it.css(e,"display"))},it.expr.filters.visible=function(e){return!it.expr.filters.hidden(e)};var Vn=/%20/g,Gn=/\[\]$/,Yn=/\r?\n/g,Jn=/^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,Kn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;it.param=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=function(e,t){t=it.isFunction(t)?t():null==t?"":t,r[r.length]=encodeURIComponent(e)+"="+encodeURIComponent(t)};if(void 0===t&&(t=it.ajaxSettings&&it.ajaxSettings.traditional),it.isArray(e)||e.jquery&&!it.isPlainObject(e))it.each(e,function(){i(this.name,this.value)});else for(n in e)z(n,e[n],t,i);return r.join("&").replace(Vn,"+")},it.fn.extend({serialize:function(){return it.param(this.serializeArray())},serializeArray:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=it.prop(this,"elements");return e?it.makeArray(e):this}).filter(function(){var e=this.type;return this.name&&!it(this).is(":disabled")&&Kn.test(this.nodeName)&&!Jn.test(e)&&(this.checked||!Dt.test(e))}).map(function(e,t){var n=it(this).val();return null==n?null:it.isArray(n)?it.map(n,function(e){return{name:t.name,value:e.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}):{name:t.name,value:n.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}).get()}}),it.ajaxSettings.xhr=void 0!==e.ActiveXObject?function(){return!this.isLocal&&/^(get|post|head|put|delete|options)$/i.test(this.type)&&X()||U()}:X;var Qn=0,Zn={},er=it.ajaxSettings.xhr();e.ActiveXObject&&it(e).on("unload",function(){for(var e in Zn)Zn[e](void 0,!0)}),nt.cors=!!er&&"withCredentials"in er,er=nt.ajax=!!er,er&&it.ajaxTransport(function(e){if(!e.crossDomain||nt.cors){var t;return{send:function(n,r){var i,o=e.xhr(),a=++Qn;if(o.open(e.type,e.url,e.async,e.username,e.password),e.xhrFields)for(i in e.xhrFields)o[i]=e.xhrFields[i];e.mimeType&&o.overrideMimeType&&o.overrideMimeType(e.mimeType),e.crossDomain||n["X-Requested-With"]||(n["X-Requested-With"]="XMLHttpRequest");for(i in n)void 0!==n[i]&&o.setRequestHeader(i,n[i]+"");o.send(e.hasContent&&e.data||null),t=function(n,i){var s,l,u;if(t&&(i||4===o.readyState))if(delete Zn[a],t=void 0,o.onreadystatechange=it.noop,i)4!==o.readyState&&o.abort();else{u={},s=o.status,"string"==typeof o.responseText&&(u.text=o.responseText);try{l=o.statusText}catch(c){l=""}s||!e.isLocal||e.crossDomain?1223===s&&(s=204):s=u.text?200:404}u&&r(s,l,u,o.getAllResponseHeaders())},e.async?4===o.readyState?setTimeout(t):o.onreadystatechange=Zn[a]=t:t()},abort:function(){t&&t(void 0,!0)}}}}),it.ajaxSetup({accepts:{script:"text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"},contents:{script:/(?:java|ecma)script/},converters:{"text script":function(e){return it.globalEval(e),e}}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("script",function(e){void 0===e.cache&&(e.cache=!1),e.crossDomain&&(e.type="GET",e.global=!1)}),it.ajaxTransport("script",function(e){if(e.crossDomain){var t,n=ht.head||it("head")[0]||ht.documentElement;return{send:function(r,i){t=ht.createElement("script"),t.async=!0,e.scriptCharset&&(t.charset=e.scriptCharset),t.src=e.url,t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=function(e,n){(n||!t.readyState||/loaded|complete/.test(t.readyState))&&(t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=null,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null,n||i(200,"success"))},n.insertBefore(t,n.firstChild)},abort:function(){t&&t.onload(void 0,!0)}}}});var tr=[],nr=/(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;it.ajaxSetup({jsonp:"callback",jsonpCallback:function(){var e=tr.pop()||it.expando+"_"+Ln++;return this[e]=!0,e}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("json jsonp",function(t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=t.jsonp!==!1&&(nr.test(t.url)?"url":"string"==typeof t.data&&!(t.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&nr.test(t.data)&&"data");return s||"jsonp"===t.dataTypes[0]?(i=t.jsonpCallback=it.isFunction(t.jsonpCallback)?t.jsonpCallback():t.jsonpCallback,s?t[s]=t[s].replace(nr,"$1"+i):t.jsonp!==!1&&(t.url+=(Hn.test(t.url)?"&":"?")+t.jsonp+"="+i),t.converters["script json"]=function(){return a||it.error(i+" was not called"),a[0]},t.dataTypes[0]="json",o=e[i],e[i]=function(){a=arguments},r.always(function(){e[i]=o,t[i]&&(t.jsonpCallback=n.jsonpCallback,tr.push(i)),a&&it.isFunction(o)&&o(a[0]),a=o=void 0}),"script"):void 0}),it.parseHTML=function(e,t,n){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return null;"boolean"==typeof t&&(n=t,t=!1),t=t||ht;var r=dt.exec(e),i=!n&&[];return r?[t.createElement(r[1])]:(r=it.buildFragment([e],t,i),i&&i.length&&it(i).remove(),it.merge([],r.childNodes))};var rr=it.fn.load;it.fn.load=function(e,t,n){if("string"!=typeof e&&rr)return rr.apply(this,arguments);var r,i,o,a=this,s=e.indexOf(" ");return s>=0&&(r=it.trim(e.slice(s,e.length)),e=e.slice(0,s)),it.isFunction(t)?(n=t,t=void 0):t&&"object"==typeof t&&(o="POST"),a.length>0&&it.ajax({url:e,type:o,dataType:"html",data:t}).done(function(e){i=arguments,a.html(r?it("<div>").append(it.parseHTML(e)).find(r):e)}).complete(n&&function(e,t){a.each(n,i||[e.responseText,t,e])}),this},it.expr.filters.animated=function(e){return it.grep(it.timers,function(t){return e===t.elem}).length};var ir=e.document.documentElement;it.offset={setOffset:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=it.css(e,"position"),d=it(e),f={};"static"===c&&(e.style.position="relative"),s=d.offset(),o=it.css(e,"top"),l=it.css(e,"left"),u=("absolute"===c||"fixed"===c)&&it.inArray("auto",[o,l])>-1,u?(r=d.position(),a=r.top,i=r.left):(a=parseFloat(o)||0,i=parseFloat(l)||0),it.isFunction(t)&&(t=t.call(e,n,s)),null!=t.top&&(f.top=t.top-s.top+a),null!=t.left&&(f.left=t.left-s.left+i),"using"in t?t.using.call(e,f):d.css(f)}},it.fn.extend({offset:function(e){if(arguments.length)return void 0===e?this:this.each(function(t){it.offset.setOffset(this,e,t)});var t,n,r={top:0,left:0},i=this[0],o=i&&i.ownerDocument;if(o)return t=o.documentElement,it.contains(t,i)?(typeof i.getBoundingClientRect!==Et&&(r=i.getBoundingClientRect()),n=V(o),{top:r.top+(n.pageYOffset||t.scrollTop)-(t.clientTop||0),left:r.left+(n.pageXOffset||t.scrollLeft)-(t.clientLeft||0)}):r},position:function(){if(this[0]){var e,t,n={top:0,left:0},r=this[0];return"fixed"===it.css(r,"position")?t=r.getBoundingClientRect():(e=this.offsetParent(),t=this.offset(),it.nodeName(e[0],"html")||(n=e.offset()),n.top+=it.css(e[0],"borderTopWidth",!0),n.left+=it.css(e[0],"borderLeftWidth",!0)),{top:t.top-n.top-it.css(r,"marginTop",!0),left:t.left-n.left-it.css(r,"marginLeft",!0)}}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){for(var e=this.offsetParent||ir;e&&!it.nodeName(e,"html")&&"static"===it.css(e,"position");)e=e.offsetParent;return e||ir})}}),it.each({scrollLeft:"pageXOffset",scrollTop:"pageYOffset"},function(e,t){var n=/Y/.test(t);it.fn[e]=function(r){return At(this,function(e,r,i){var o=V(e);return void 0===i?o?t in o?o[t]:o.document.documentElement[r]:e[r]:void(o?o.scrollTo(n?it(o).scrollLeft():i,n?i:it(o).scrollTop()):e[r]=i)},e,r,arguments.length,null)}}),it.each(["top","left"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]=N(nt.pixelPosition,function(e,n){return n?(n=tn(e,t),rn.test(n)?it(e).position()[t]+"px":n):void 0})}),it.each({Height:"height",Width:"width"},function(e,t){it.each({padding:"inner"+e,content:t,"":"outer"+e},function(n,r){it.fn[r]=function(r,i){var o=arguments.length&&(n||"boolean"!=typeof r),a=n||(r===!0||i===!0?"margin":"border");return At(this,function(t,n,r){var i;return it.isWindow(t)?t.document.documentElement["client"+e]:9===t.nodeType?(i=t.documentElement,Math.max(t.body["scroll"+e],i["scroll"+e],t.body["offset"+e],i["offset"+e],i["client"+e])):void 0===r?it.css(t,n,a):it.style(t,n,r,a)},t,o?r:void 0,o,null)}})}),it.fn.size=function(){return this.length},it.fn.andSelf=it.fn.addBack,"function"==typeof define&&define.amd&&define("jquery",[],function(){return it});var or=e.jQuery,ar=e.$;return it.noConflict=function(t){return e.$===it&&(e.$=ar),t&&e.jQuery===it&&(e.jQuery=or),it},typeof t===Et&&(e.jQuery=e.$=it),it}),function(e,t){e.rails!==t&&e.error("jquery-ujs has already been loaded!");var n,r=e(document);e.rails=n={linkClickSelector:"a[data-confirm], a[data-method], a[data-remote], a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonClickSelector:"button[data-remote], button[data-confirm]",inputChangeSelector:"select[data-remote], input[data-remote], textarea[data-remote]",formSubmitSelector:"form",formInputClickSelector:"form input[type=submit], form input[type=image], form button[type=submit], form button:not([type])",disableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:enabled, button[data-disable-with]:enabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:enabled, input[data-disable]:enabled, button[data-disable]:enabled, textarea[data-disable]:enabled",enableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:disabled, button[data-disable-with]:disabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:disabled, input[data-disable]:disabled, button[data-disable]:disabled, textarea[data-disable]:disabled",requiredInputSelector:"input[name][required]:not([disabled]),textarea[name][required]:not([disabled])",fileInputSelector:"input[type=file]",linkDisableSelector:"a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonDisableSelector:"button[data-remote][data-disable-with], button[data-remote][data-disable]",CSRFProtection:function(t){var n=e('meta[name="csrf-token"]').attr("content");n&&t.setRequestHeader("X-CSRF-Token",n)},refreshCSRFTokens:function(){var t=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),n=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content");e('form input[name="'+n+'"]').val(t)},fire:function(t,n,r){var i=e.Event(n);return t.trigger(i,r),i.result!==!1},confirm:function(e){return confirm(e)},ajax:function(t){return e.ajax(t)},href:function(e){return e.attr("href")},handleRemote:function(r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;if(n.fire(r,"ajax:before")){if(s=r.data("cross-domain"),l=s===t?null:s,u=r.data("with-credentials")||null,c=r.data("type")||e.ajaxSettings&&e.ajaxSettings.dataType,r.is("form")){i=r.attr("method"),o=r.attr("action"),a=r.serializeArray();var f=r.data("ujs:submit-button");f&&(a.push(f),r.data("ujs:submit-button",null))}else r.is(n.inputChangeSelector)?(i=r.data("method"),o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):r.is(n.buttonClickSelector)?(i=r.data("method")||"get",o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):(i=r.data("method"),o=n.href(r),a=r.data("params")||null);return d={type:i||"GET",data:a,dataType:c,beforeSend:function(e,i){return i.dataType===t&&e.setRequestHeader("accept","*/*;q=0.5, "+i.accepts.script),n.fire(r,"ajax:beforeSend",[e,i])?void r.trigger("ajax:send",e):!1
+},success:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:success",[e,t,n])},complete:function(e,t){r.trigger("ajax:complete",[e,t])},error:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:error",[e,t,n])},crossDomain:l},u&&(d.xhrFields={withCredentials:u}),o&&(d.url=o),n.ajax(d)}return!1},handleMethod:function(r){var i=n.href(r),o=r.data("method"),a=r.attr("target"),s=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),l=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content"),u=e('<form method="post" action="'+i+'"></form>'),c='<input name="_method" value="'+o+'" type="hidden" />';l!==t&&s!==t&&(c+='<input name="'+l+'" value="'+s+'" type="hidden" />'),a&&u.attr("target",a),u.hide().append(c).appendTo("body"),u.submit()},formElements:function(t,n){return t.is("form")?e(t[0].elements).filter(n):t.find(n)},disableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.disableSelector).each(function(){n.disableFormElement(e(this))})},disableFormElement:function(e){var n,r;n=e.is("button")?"html":"val",r=e.data("disable-with"),e.data("ujs:enable-with",e[n]()),r!==t&&e[n](r),e.prop("disabled",!0)},enableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.enableSelector).each(function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))})},enableFormElement:function(e){var t=e.is("button")?"html":"val";e.data("ujs:enable-with")&&e[t](e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.prop("disabled",!1)},allowAction:function(e){var t,r=e.data("confirm"),i=!1;return r?(n.fire(e,"confirm")&&(i=n.confirm(r),t=n.fire(e,"confirm:complete",[i])),i&&t):!0},blankInputs:function(t,n,r){var i,o,a=e(),s=n||"input,textarea",l=t.find(s);return l.each(function(){if(i=e(this),o=i.is("input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]")?i.is(":checked"):i.val(),!o==!r){if(i.is("input[type=radio]")&&l.filter('input[type=radio]:checked[name="'+i.attr("name")+'"]').length)return!0;a=a.add(i)}}),a.length?a:!1},nonBlankInputs:function(e,t){return n.blankInputs(e,t,!0)},stopEverything:function(t){return e(t.target).trigger("ujs:everythingStopped"),t.stopImmediatePropagation(),!1},disableElement:function(e){var r=e.data("disable-with");e.data("ujs:enable-with",e.html()),r!==t&&e.html(r),e.bind("click.railsDisable",function(e){return n.stopEverything(e)})},enableElement:function(e){e.data("ujs:enable-with")!==t&&(e.html(e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.removeData("ujs:enable-with")),e.unbind("click.railsDisable")}},n.fire(r,"rails:attachBindings")&&(e.ajaxPrefilter(function(e,t,r){e.crossDomain||n.CSRFProtection(r)}),r.delegate(n.linkDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.buttonDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.linkClickSelector,"click.rails",function(r){var i=e(this),o=i.data("method"),a=i.data("params"),s=r.metaKey||r.ctrlKey;if(!n.allowAction(i))return n.stopEverything(r);if(!s&&i.is(n.linkDisableSelector)&&n.disableElement(i),i.data("remote")!==t){if(s&&(!o||"GET"===o)&&!a)return!0;var l=n.handleRemote(i);return l===!1?n.enableElement(i):l.error(function(){n.enableElement(i)}),!1}return i.data("method")?(n.handleMethod(i),!1):void 0}),r.delegate(n.buttonClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);r.is(n.buttonDisableSelector)&&n.disableFormElement(r);var i=n.handleRemote(r);return i===!1?n.enableFormElement(r):i.error(function(){n.enableFormElement(r)}),!1}),r.delegate(n.inputChangeSelector,"change.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);return n.allowAction(r)?(n.handleRemote(r),!1):n.stopEverything(t)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"submit.rails",function(r){var i,o,a=e(this),s=a.data("remote")!==t;if(!n.allowAction(a))return n.stopEverything(r);if(a.attr("novalidate")==t&&(i=n.blankInputs(a,n.requiredInputSelector),i&&n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:required",[i])))return n.stopEverything(r);if(s){if(o=n.nonBlankInputs(a,n.fileInputSelector)){setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13);var l=n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:file",[o]);return l||setTimeout(function(){n.enableFormElements(a)},13),l}return n.handleRemote(a),!1}setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13)}),r.delegate(n.formInputClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);var i=r.attr("name"),o=i?{name:i,value:r.val()}:null;r.closest("form").data("ujs:submit-button",o)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:send.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.disableFormElements(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:complete.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.enableFormElements(e(this))}),e(function(){n.refreshCSRFTokens()}))}(jQuery),function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g,v,y,b,x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B,P,I,W,$,z,X,U,V,G,Y=[].indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(t in this&&this[t]===e)return t;return-1},J={}.hasOwnProperty,K=function(e,t){function n(){this.constructor=e}for(var r in t)J.call(t,r)&&(e[r]=t[r]);return n.prototype=t.prototype,e.prototype=new n,e.__super__=t.prototype,e},Q=[].slice;j={},d=10,$=!1,m=null,S=null,q=null,h=null,V=null,b=function(e){var t;return e=new n(e),B(),c(),F(e),$&&(t=z(e.absolute))?(x(t),w(e)):w(e,W)},z=function(e){var t;return t=j[e],t&&!t.transitionCacheDisabled?t:void 0},g=function(e){return null==e&&(e=!0),$=e},w=function(e,t){return null==t&&(t=function(){return function(){}}(this)),X("page:fetch",{url:e.absolute}),null!=V&&V.abort(),V=new XMLHttpRequest,V.open("GET",e.withoutHashForIE10compatibility(),!0),V.setRequestHeader("Accept","text/html, application/xhtml+xml, application/xml"),V.setRequestHeader("X-XHR-Referer",q),V.onload=function(){var n;return X("page:receive"),(n=H())?(f.apply(null,y(n)),M(),t(),X("page:load")):document.location.href=e.absolute},V.onloadend=function(){return V=null},V.onerror=function(){return document.location.href=e.absolute},V.send()},x=function(e){return null!=V&&V.abort(),f(e.title,e.body),_(e),X("page:restore")},c=function(){var e;return e=new n(m.url),j[e.absolute]={url:e.relative,body:document.body,title:document.title,positionY:window.pageYOffset,positionX:window.pageXOffset,cachedAt:(new Date).getTime(),transitionCacheDisabled:null!=document.querySelector("[data-no-transition-cache]")},p(d)},D=function(e){return null==e&&(e=d),/^[\d]+$/.test(e)?d=parseInt(e):void 0},p=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a;for(r=Object.keys(j),t=r.map(function(e){return j[e].cachedAt}).sort(function(e,t){return t-e}),a=[],i=0,o=r.length;o>i;i++)n=r[i],j[n].cachedAt<=t[e]&&(X("page:expire",j[n]),a.push(delete j[n]));return a},f=function(t,n,r,i){return document.title=t,document.documentElement.replaceChild(n,document.body),null!=r&&e.update(r),i&&v(),m=window.history.state,X("page:change"),X("page:update")},v=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;for(o=Array.prototype.slice.call(document.body.querySelectorAll('script:not([data-turbolinks-eval="false"])')),a=0,l=o.length;l>a;a++)if(i=o[a],""===(c=i.type)||"text/javascript"===c){for(t=document.createElement("script"),d=i.attributes,s=0,u=d.length;u>s;s++)e=d[s],t.setAttribute(e.name,e.value);t.appendChild(document.createTextNode(i.innerHTML)),r=i.parentNode,n=i.nextSibling,r.removeChild(i),r.insertBefore(t,n)}},P=function(e){return e.innerHTML=e.innerHTML.replace(/<noscript[\S\s]*?<\/noscript>/gi,""),e},F=function(e){return(e=new n(e)).absolute!==q?window.history.pushState({turbolinks:!0,url:e.absolute},"",e.absolute):void 0},M=function(){var e,t;return(e=V.getResponseHeader("X-XHR-Redirected-To"))?(e=new n(e),t=e.hasNoHash()?document.location.hash:"",window.history.replaceState(m,"",e.href+t)):void 0},B=function(){return q=document.location.href},R=function(){return window.history.replaceState({turbolinks:!0,url:document.location.href},"",document.location.href)},O=function(){return m=window.history.state},_=function(e){return window.scrollTo(e.positionX,e.positionY)},W=function(){return document.location.hash?document.location.href=document.location.href:window.scrollTo(0,0)},L=function(e){var t,n;return t=(null!=(n=document.cookie.match(new RegExp(e+"=(\\w+)")))?n[1].toUpperCase():void 0)||"",document.cookie=e+"=; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-70 00:00:01 GMT; path=/",t},X=function(e,t){var n;return n=document.createEvent("Events"),t&&(n.data=t),n.initEvent(e,!0,!0),document.dispatchEvent(n)},A=function(){return!X("page:before-change")},H=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;return t=function(){var e;return 400<=(e=V.status)&&600>e},o=function(){return V.getResponseHeader("Content-Type").match(/^(?:text\/html|application\/xhtml\+xml|application\/xml)(?:;|$)/)},r=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o;for(i=e.head.childNodes,o=[],n=0,r=i.length;r>n;n++)t=i[n],null!=("function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("data-turbolinks-track"):void 0)&&o.push(t.getAttribute("src")||t.getAttribute("href"));return o},e=function(e){var t;return S||(S=r(document)),t=r(e),t.length!==S.length||i(t,S).length!==S.length},i=function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(e.length>t.length&&(o=[t,e],e=o[0],t=o[1]),a=[],r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],Y.call(t,n)>=0&&a.push(n);return a},!t()&&o()&&(n=h(V.responseText),n&&!e(n))?n:void 0},y=function(t){var n;return n=t.querySelector("title"),[null!=n?n.textContent:void 0,P(t.body),e.get(t).token,"runScripts"]},e={get:function(e){var t;return null==e&&(e=document),{node:t=e.querySelector('meta[name="csrf-token"]'),token:null!=t&&"function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("content"):void 0}},update:function(e){var t;return t=this.get(),null!=t.token&&null!=e&&t.token!==e?t.node.setAttribute("content",e):void 0}},i=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;t=function(e){return(new DOMParser).parseFromString(e,"text/html")},e=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.documentElement.innerHTML=e,t},n=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.open("replace"),t.write(e),t.close(),t};try{if(window.DOMParser)return i=t("<html><body><p>test"),t}catch(a){return r=a,i=e("<html><body><p>test"),e}finally{if(1!==(null!=i&&null!=(o=i.body)?o.childNodes.length:void 0))return n}},n=function(){function e(t){return this.original=null!=t?t:document.location.href,this.original.constructor===e?this.original:void this._parse()}return e.prototype.withoutHash=function(){return this.href.replace(this.hash,"")},e.prototype.withoutHashForIE10compatibility=function(){return this.withoutHash()},e.prototype.hasNoHash=function(){return 0===this.hash.length},e.prototype._parse=function(){var e;return(null!=this.link?this.link:this.link=document.createElement("a")).href=this.original,e=this.link,this.href=e.href,this.protocol=e.protocol,this.host=e.host,this.hostname=e.hostname,this.port=e.port,this.pathname=e.pathname,this.search=e.search,this.hash=e.hash,this.origin=[this.protocol,"//",this.hostname].join(""),0!==this.port.length&&(this.origin+=":"+this.port),this.relative=[this.pathname,this.search,this.hash].join(""),this.absolute=this.href},e}(),r=function(e){function t(e){return this.link=e,this.link.constructor===t?this.link:(this.original=this.link.href,void t.__super__.constructor.apply(this,arguments))}return K(t,e),t.HTML_EXTENSIONS=["html"],t.allowExtensions=function(){var e,n,r,i;for(n=1<=arguments.length?Q.call(arguments,0):[],r=0,i=n.length;i>r;r++)e=n[r],t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.push(e);return t.HTML_EXTENSIONS},t.prototype.shouldIgnore=function(){return this._crossOrigin()||this._anchored()||this._nonHtml()||this._optOut()||this._target()},t.prototype._crossOrigin=function(){return this.origin!==(new n).origin},t.prototype._anchored=function(){var e;return(this.hash&&this.withoutHash())===(e=new n).withoutHash()||this.href===e.href+"#"},t.prototype._nonHtml=function(){return this.pathname.match(/\.[a-z]+$/g)&&!this.pathname.match(new RegExp("\\.(?:"+t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.join("|")+")?$","g"))},t.prototype._optOut=function(){var e,t;for(t=this.link;!e&&t!==document;)e=null!=t.getAttribute("data-no-turbolink"),t=t.parentNode;return e},t.prototype._target=function(){return 0!==this.link.target.length},t}(n),t=function(){function e(e){this.event=e,this.event.defaultPrevented||(this._extractLink(),this._validForTurbolinks()&&(A()||U(this.link.href),this.event.preventDefault()))}return e.installHandlerLast=function(t){return t.defaultPrevented?void 0:(document.removeEventListener("click",e.handle,!1),document.addEventListener("click",e.handle,!1))},e.handle=function(t){return new e(t)},e.prototype._extractLink=function(){var e;for(e=this.event.target;e.parentNode&&"A"!==e.nodeName;)e=e.parentNode;return"A"===e.nodeName&&0!==e.href.length?this.link=new r(e):void 0},e.prototype._validForTurbolinks=function(){return null!=this.link&&!(this.link.shouldIgnore()||this._nonStandardClick())},e.prototype._nonStandardClick=function(){return this.event.which>1||this.event.metaKey||this.event.ctrlKey||this.event.shiftKey||this.event.altKey},e}(),u=function(e){return setTimeout(e,500)},k=function(){return document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){return X("page:change"),X("page:update")},!0)},N=function(){return"undefined"!=typeof jQuery?jQuery(document).on("ajaxSuccess",function(e,t){return jQuery.trim(t.responseText)?X("page:update"):void 0}):void 0},C=function(e){var t,r;return(null!=(r=e.state)?r.turbolinks:void 0)?(t=j[new n(e.state.url).absolute])?(c(),x(t)):U(e.target.location.href):void 0},E=function(){return R(),O(),h=i(),document.addEventListener("click",t.installHandlerLast,!0),u(function(){return window.addEventListener("popstate",C,!1)})},T=void 0!==window.history.state||navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox\/2[6|7]/),s=window.history&&window.history.pushState&&window.history.replaceState&&T,o=!navigator.userAgent.match(/CriOS\//),I="GET"===(G=L("request_method"))||""===G,l=s&&o&&I,a=document.addEventListener&&document.createEvent,a&&(k(),N()),l?(U=b,E()):U=function(e){return document.location.href=e},this.Turbolinks={visit:U,pagesCached:D,enableTransitionCache:g,allowLinkExtensions:r.allowExtensions,supported:l}}.call(this),function(){}.call(this);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js.gz b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f62c656dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js.gz
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1826a7660e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+!function(e,t){"object"==typeof module&&"object"==typeof module.exports?module.exports=e.document?t(e,!0):function(e){if(!e.document)throw new Error("jQuery requires a window with a document");return t(e)}:t(e)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:this,function(e,t){function n(e){var t=e.length,n=it.type(e);return"function"===n||it.isWindow(e)?!1:1===e.nodeType&&t?!0:"array"===n||0===t||"number"==typeof t&&t>0&&t-1 in e}function r(e,t,n){if(it.isFunction(t))return it.grep(e,function(e,r){return!!t.call(e,r,e)!==n});if(t.nodeType)return it.grep(e,function(e){return e===t!==n});if("string"==typeof t){if(ft.test(t))return it.filter(t,e,n);t=it.filter(t,e)}return it.grep(e,function(e){return it.inArray(e,t)>=0!==n})}function i(e,t){do e=e[t];while(e&&1!==e.nodeType);return e}function o(e){var t=xt[e]={};return it.each(e.match(bt)||[],function(e,n){t[n]=!0}),t}function a(){ht.addEventListener?(ht.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.removeEventListener("load",s,!1)):(ht.detachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.detachEvent("onload",s))}function s(){(ht.addEventListener||"load"===event.type||"complete"===ht.readyState)&&(a(),it.ready())}function l(e,t,n){if(void 0===n&&1===e.nodeType){var r="data-"+t.replace(Ct,"-$1").toLowerCase();if(n=e.getAttribute(r),"string"==typeof n){try{n="true"===n?!0:"false"===n?!1:"null"===n?null:+n+""===n?+n:kt.test(n)?it.parseJSON(n):n}catch(i){}it.data(e,t,n)}else n=void 0}return n}function u(e){var t;for(t in e)if(("data"!==t||!it.isEmptyObject(e[t]))&&"toJSON"!==t)return!1;return!0}function c(e,t,n,r){if(it.acceptData(e)){var i,o,a=it.expando,s=e.nodeType,l=s?it.cache:e,u=s?e[a]:e[a]&&a;if(u&&l[u]&&(r||l[u].data)||void 0!==n||"string"!=typeof t)return u||(u=s?e[a]=G.pop()||it.guid++:a),l[u]||(l[u]=s?{}:{toJSON:it.noop}),("object"==typeof t||"function"==typeof t)&&(r?l[u]=it.extend(l[u],t):l[u].data=it.extend(l[u].data,t)),o=l[u],r||(o.data||(o.data={}),o=o.data),void 0!==n&&(o[it.camelCase(t)]=n),"string"==typeof t?(i=o[t],null==i&&(i=o[it.camelCase(t)])):i=o,i}}function d(e,t,n){if(it.acceptData(e)){var r,i,o=e.nodeType,a=o?it.cache:e,s=o?e[it.expando]:it.expando;if(a[s]){if(t&&(r=n?a[s]:a[s].data)){it.isArray(t)?t=t.concat(it.map(t,it.camelCase)):t in r?t=[t]:(t=it.camelCase(t),t=t in r?[t]:t.split(" ")),i=t.length;for(;i--;)delete r[t[i]];if(n?!u(r):!it.isEmptyObject(r))return}(n||(delete a[s].data,u(a[s])))&&(o?it.cleanData([e],!0):nt.deleteExpando||a!=a.window?delete a[s]:a[s]=null)}}}function f(){return!0}function p(){return!1}function h(){try{return ht.activeElement}catch(e){}}function m(e){var t=Mt.split("|"),n=e.createDocumentFragment();if(n.createElement)for(;t.length;)n.createElement(t.pop());return n}function g(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==Et?e.getElementsByTagName(t||"*"):typeof e.querySelectorAll!==Et?e.querySelectorAll(t||"*"):void 0;if(!o)for(o=[],n=e.childNodes||e;null!=(r=n[i]);i++)!t||it.nodeName(r,t)?o.push(r):it.merge(o,g(r,t));return void 0===t||t&&it.nodeName(e,t)?it.merge([e],o):o}function v(e){Dt.test(e.type)&&(e.defaultChecked=e.checked)}function y(e,t){return it.nodeName(e,"table")&&it.nodeName(11!==t.nodeType?t:t.firstChild,"tr")?e.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0]||e.appendChild(e.ownerDocument.createElement("tbody")):e}function b(e){return e.type=(null!==it.find.attr(e,"type"))+"/"+e.type,e}function x(e){var t=Vt.exec(e.type);return t?e.type=t[1]:e.removeAttribute("type"),e}function w(e,t){for(var n,r=0;null!=(n=e[r]);r++)it._data(n,"globalEval",!t||it._data(t[r],"globalEval"))}function T(e,t){if(1===t.nodeType&&it.hasData(e)){var n,r,i,o=it._data(e),a=it._data(t,o),s=o.events;if(s){delete a.handle,a.events={};for(n in s)for(r=0,i=s[n].length;i>r;r++)it.event.add(t,n,s[n][r])}a.data&&(a.data=it.extend({},a.data))}}function E(e,t){var n,r,i;if(1===t.nodeType){if(n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),!nt.noCloneEvent&&t[it.expando]){i=it._data(t);for(r in i.events)it.removeEvent(t,r,i.handle);t.removeAttribute(it.expando)}"script"===n&&t.text!==e.text?(b(t).text=e.text,x(t)):"object"===n?(t.parentNode&&(t.outerHTML=e.outerHTML),nt.html5Clone&&e.innerHTML&&!it.trim(t.innerHTML)&&(t.innerHTML=e.innerHTML)):"input"===n&&Dt.test(e.type)?(t.defaultChecked=t.checked=e.checked,t.value!==e.value&&(t.value=e.value)):"option"===n?t.defaultSelected=t.selected=e.defaultSelected:("input"===n||"textarea"===n)&&(t.defaultValue=e.defaultValue)}}function k(t,n){var r,i=it(n.createElement(t)).appendTo(n.body),o=e.getDefaultComputedStyle&&(r=e.getDefaultComputedStyle(i[0]))?r.display:it.css(i[0],"display");return i.detach(),o}function C(e){var t=ht,n=Zt[e];return n||(n=k(e,t),"none"!==n&&n||(Qt=(Qt||it("<iframe frameborder='0' width='0' height='0'/>")).appendTo(t.documentElement),t=(Qt[0].contentWindow||Qt[0].contentDocument).document,t.write(),t.close(),n=k(e,t),Qt.detach()),Zt[e]=n),n}function N(e,t){return{get:function(){var n=e();if(null!=n)return n?void delete this.get:(this.get=t).apply(this,arguments)}}}function S(e,t){if(t in e)return t;for(var n=t.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+t.slice(1),r=t,i=pn.length;i--;)if(t=pn[i]+n,t in e)return t;return r}function j(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o=[],a=0,s=e.length;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay"),n=r.style.display,t?(o[a]||"none"!==n||(r.style.display=""),""===r.style.display&&jt(r)&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay",C(r.nodeName)))):(i=jt(r),(n&&"none"!==n||!i)&&it._data(r,"olddisplay",i?n:it.css(r,"display"))));for(a=0;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(t&&"none"!==r.style.display&&""!==r.style.display||(r.style.display=t?o[a]||"":"none"));return e}function A(e,t,n){var r=un.exec(t);return r?Math.max(0,r[1]-(n||0))+(r[2]||"px"):t}function D(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o=n===(r?"border":"content")?4:"width"===t?1:0,a=0;4>o;o+=2)"margin"===n&&(a+=it.css(e,n+St[o],!0,i)),r?("content"===n&&(a-=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i)),"margin"!==n&&(a-=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i))):(a+=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i),"padding"!==n&&(a+=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i)));return a}function L(e,t,n){var r=!0,i="width"===t?e.offsetWidth:e.offsetHeight,o=en(e),a=nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,o);if(0>=i||null==i){if(i=tn(e,t,o),(0>i||null==i)&&(i=e.style[t]),rn.test(i))return i;r=a&&(nt.boxSizingReliable()||i===e.style[t]),i=parseFloat(i)||0}return i+D(e,t,n||(a?"border":"content"),r,o)+"px"}function H(e,t,n,r,i){return new H.prototype.init(e,t,n,r,i)}function _(){return setTimeout(function(){hn=void 0}),hn=it.now()}function q(e,t){var n,r={height:e},i=0;for(t=t?1:0;4>i;i+=2-t)n=St[i],r["margin"+n]=r["padding"+n]=e;return t&&(r.opacity=r.width=e),r}function F(e,t,n){for(var r,i=(xn[t]||[]).concat(xn["*"]),o=0,a=i.length;a>o;o++)if(r=i[o].call(n,t,e))return r}function M(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=this,f={},p=e.style,h=e.nodeType&&jt(e),m=it._data(e,"fxshow");n.queue||(s=it._queueHooks(e,"fx"),null==s.unqueued&&(s.unqueued=0,l=s.empty.fire,s.empty.fire=function(){s.unqueued||l()}),s.unqueued++,d.always(function(){d.always(function(){s.unqueued--,it.queue(e,"fx").length||s.empty.fire()})})),1===e.nodeType&&("height"in t||"width"in t)&&(n.overflow=[p.overflow,p.overflowX,p.overflowY],u=it.css(e,"display"),c="none"===u?it._data(e,"olddisplay")||C(e.nodeName):u,"inline"===c&&"none"===it.css(e,"float")&&(nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout&&"inline"!==C(e.nodeName)?p.zoom=1:p.display="inline-block")),n.overflow&&(p.overflow="hidden",nt.shrinkWrapBlocks()||d.always(function(){p.overflow=n.overflow[0],p.overflowX=n.overflow[1],p.overflowY=n.overflow[2]}));for(r in t)if(i=t[r],gn.exec(i)){if(delete t[r],o=o||"toggle"===i,i===(h?"hide":"show")){if("show"!==i||!m||void 0===m[r])continue;h=!0}f[r]=m&&m[r]||it.style(e,r)}else u=void 0;if(it.isEmptyObject(f))"inline"===("none"===u?C(e.nodeName):u)&&(p.display=u);else{m?"hidden"in m&&(h=m.hidden):m=it._data(e,"fxshow",{}),o&&(m.hidden=!h),h?it(e).show():d.done(function(){it(e).hide()}),d.done(function(){var t;it._removeData(e,"fxshow");for(t in f)it.style(e,t,f[t])});for(r in f)a=F(h?m[r]:0,r,d),r in m||(m[r]=a.start,h&&(a.end=a.start,a.start="width"===r||"height"===r?1:0))}}function O(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(n in e)if(r=it.camelCase(n),i=t[r],o=e[n],it.isArray(o)&&(i=o[1],o=e[n]=o[0]),n!==r&&(e[r]=o,delete e[n]),a=it.cssHooks[r],a&&"expand"in a){o=a.expand(o),delete e[r];for(n in o)n in e||(e[n]=o[n],t[n]=i)}else t[r]=i}function R(e,t,n){var r,i,o=0,a=bn.length,s=it.Deferred().always(function(){delete l.elem}),l=function(){if(i)return!1;for(var t=hn||_(),n=Math.max(0,u.startTime+u.duration-t),r=n/u.duration||0,o=1-r,a=0,l=u.tweens.length;l>a;a++)u.tweens[a].run(o);return s.notifyWith(e,[u,o,n]),1>o&&l?n:(s.resolveWith(e,[u]),!1)},u=s.promise({elem:e,props:it.extend({},t),opts:it.extend(!0,{specialEasing:{}},n),originalProperties:t,originalOptions:n,startTime:hn||_(),duration:n.duration,tweens:[],createTween:function(t,n){var r=it.Tween(e,u.opts,t,n,u.opts.specialEasing[t]||u.opts.easing);return u.tweens.push(r),r},stop:function(t){var n=0,r=t?u.tweens.length:0;if(i)return this;for(i=!0;r>n;n++)u.tweens[n].run(1);return t?s.resolveWith(e,[u,t]):s.rejectWith(e,[u,t]),this}}),c=u.props;for(O(c,u.opts.specialEasing);a>o;o++)if(r=bn[o].call(u,e,c,u.opts))return r;return it.map(c,F,u),it.isFunction(u.opts.start)&&u.opts.start.call(e,u),it.fx.timer(it.extend(l,{elem:e,anim:u,queue:u.opts.queue})),u.progress(u.opts.progress).done(u.opts.done,u.opts.complete).fail(u.opts.fail).always(u.opts.always)}function B(e){return function(t,n){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=t,t="*");var r,i=0,o=t.toLowerCase().match(bt)||[];if(it.isFunction(n))for(;r=o[i++];)"+"===r.charAt(0)?(r=r.slice(1)||"*",(e[r]=e[r]||[]).unshift(n)):(e[r]=e[r]||[]).push(n)}}function P(e,t,n,r){function i(s){var l;return o[s]=!0,it.each(e[s]||[],function(e,s){var u=s(t,n,r);return"string"!=typeof u||a||o[u]?a?!(l=u):void 0:(t.dataTypes.unshift(u),i(u),!1)}),l}var o={},a=e===zn;return i(t.dataTypes[0])||!o["*"]&&i("*")}function I(e,t){var n,r,i=it.ajaxSettings.flatOptions||{};for(r in t)void 0!==t[r]&&((i[r]?e:n||(n={}))[r]=t[r]);return n&&it.extend(!0,e,n),e}function W(e,t,n){for(var r,i,o,a,s=e.contents,l=e.dataTypes;"*"===l[0];)l.shift(),void 0===i&&(i=e.mimeType||t.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"));if(i)for(a in s)if(s[a]&&s[a].test(i)){l.unshift(a);break}if(l[0]in n)o=l[0];else{for(a in n){if(!l[0]||e.converters[a+" "+l[0]]){o=a;break}r||(r=a)}o=o||r}return o?(o!==l[0]&&l.unshift(o),n[o]):void 0}function $(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u={},c=e.dataTypes.slice();if(c[1])for(a in e.converters)u[a.toLowerCase()]=e.converters[a];for(o=c.shift();o;)if(e.responseFields[o]&&(n[e.responseFields[o]]=t),!l&&r&&e.dataFilter&&(t=e.dataFilter(t,e.dataType)),l=o,o=c.shift())if("*"===o)o=l;else if("*"!==l&&l!==o){if(a=u[l+" "+o]||u["* "+o],!a)for(i in u)if(s=i.split(" "),s[1]===o&&(a=u[l+" "+s[0]]||u["* "+s[0]])){a===!0?a=u[i]:u[i]!==!0&&(o=s[0],c.unshift(s[1]));break}if(a!==!0)if(a&&e["throws"])t=a(t);else try{t=a(t)}catch(d){return{state:"parsererror",error:a?d:"No conversion from "+l+" to "+o}}}return{state:"success",data:t}}function z(e,t,n,r){var i;if(it.isArray(t))it.each(t,function(t,i){n||Gn.test(e)?r(e,i):z(e+"["+("object"==typeof i?t:"")+"]",i,n,r)});else if(n||"object"!==it.type(t))r(e,t);else for(i in t)z(e+"["+i+"]",t[i],n,r)}function X(){try{return new e.XMLHttpRequest}catch(t){}}function U(){try{return new e.ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}catch(t){}}function V(e){return it.isWindow(e)?e:9===e.nodeType?e.defaultView||e.parentWindow:!1}var G=[],Y=G.slice,J=G.concat,K=G.push,Q=G.indexOf,Z={},et=Z.toString,tt=Z.hasOwnProperty,nt={},rt="1.11.1",it=function(e,t){return new it.fn.init(e,t)},ot=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,at=/^-ms-/,st=/-([\da-z])/gi,lt=function(e,t){return t.toUpperCase()};it.fn=it.prototype={jquery:rt,constructor:it,selector:"",length:0,toArray:function(){return Y.call(this)},get:function(e){return null!=e?0>e?this[e+this.length]:this[e]:Y.call(this)},pushStack:function(e){var t=it.merge(this.constructor(),e);return t.prevObject=this,t.context=this.context,t},each:function(e,t){return it.each(this,e,t)},map:function(e){return this.pushStack(it.map(this,function(t,n){return e.call(t,n,t)}))},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(Y.apply(this,arguments))},first:function(){return this.eq(0)},last:function(){return this.eq(-1)},eq:function(e){var t=this.length,n=+e+(0>e?t:0);return this.pushStack(n>=0&&t>n?[this[n]]:[])},end:function(){return this.prevObject||this.constructor(null)},push:K,sort:G.sort,splice:G.splice},it.extend=it.fn.extend=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a=arguments[0]||{},s=1,l=arguments.length,u=!1;for("boolean"==typeof a&&(u=a,a=arguments[s]||{},s++),"object"==typeof a||it.isFunction(a)||(a={}),s===l&&(a=this,s--);l>s;s++)if(null!=(i=arguments[s]))for(r in i)e=a[r],n=i[r],a!==n&&(u&&n&&(it.isPlainObject(n)||(t=it.isArray(n)))?(t?(t=!1,o=e&&it.isArray(e)?e:[]):o=e&&it.isPlainObject(e)?e:{},a[r]=it.extend(u,o,n)):void 0!==n&&(a[r]=n));return a},it.extend({expando:"jQuery"+(rt+Math.random()).replace(/\D/g,""),isReady:!0,error:function(e){throw new Error(e)},noop:function(){},isFunction:function(e){return"function"===it.type(e)},isArray:Array.isArray||function(e){return"array"===it.type(e)},isWindow:function(e){return null!=e&&e==e.window},isNumeric:function(e){return!it.isArray(e)&&e-parseFloat(e)>=0},isEmptyObject:function(e){var t;for(t in e)return!1;return!0},isPlainObject:function(e){var t;if(!e||"object"!==it.type(e)||e.nodeType||it.isWindow(e))return!1;try{if(e.constructor&&!tt.call(e,"constructor")&&!tt.call(e.constructor.prototype,"isPrototypeOf"))return!1}catch(n){return!1}if(nt.ownLast)for(t in e)return tt.call(e,t);for(t in e);return void 0===t||tt.call(e,t)},type:function(e){return null==e?e+"":"object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e?Z[et.call(e)]||"object":typeof e},globalEval:function(t){t&&it.trim(t)&&(e.execScript||function(t){e.eval.call(e,t)})(t)},camelCase:function(e){return e.replace(at,"ms-").replace(st,lt)},nodeName:function(e,t){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t.toLowerCase()},each:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e);if(r){if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i===!1)break}else if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i===!1)break;return e},trim:function(e){return null==e?"":(e+"").replace(ot,"")},makeArray:function(e,t){var r=t||[];return null!=e&&(n(Object(e))?it.merge(r,"string"==typeof e?[e]:e):K.call(r,e)),r},inArray:function(e,t,n){var r;if(t){if(Q)return Q.call(t,e,n);for(r=t.length,n=n?0>n?Math.max(0,r+n):n:0;r>n;n++)if(n in t&&t[n]===e)return n}return-1},merge:function(e,t){for(var n=+t.length,r=0,i=e.length;n>r;)e[i++]=t[r++];if(n!==n)for(;void 0!==t[r];)e[i++]=t[r++];return e.length=i,e},grep:function(e,t,n){for(var r,i=[],o=0,a=e.length,s=!n;a>o;o++)r=!t(e[o],o),r!==s&&i.push(e[o]);return i},map:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e),l=[];if(s)for(;a>o;o++)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);else for(o in e)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);return J.apply([],l)},guid:1,proxy:function(e,t){var n,r,i;return"string"==typeof t&&(i=e[t],t=e,e=i),it.isFunction(e)?(n=Y.call(arguments,2),r=function(){return e.apply(t||this,n.concat(Y.call(arguments)))},r.guid=e.guid=e.guid||it.guid++,r):void 0},now:function(){return+new Date},support:nt}),it.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error".split(" "),function(e,t){Z["[object "+t+"]"]=t.toLowerCase()});var ut=function(e){function t(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,d,p,h,m;if((t?t.ownerDocument||t:P)!==H&&L(t),t=t||H,n=n||[],!e||"string"!=typeof e)return n;if(1!==(s=t.nodeType)&&9!==s)return[];if(q&&!r){if(i=yt.exec(e))if(a=i[1]){if(9===s){if(o=t.getElementById(a),!o||!o.parentNode)return n;if(o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else if(t.ownerDocument&&(o=t.ownerDocument.getElementById(a))&&R(t,o)&&o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else{if(i[2])return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByTagName(e)),n;if((a=i[3])&&w.getElementsByClassName&&t.getElementsByClassName)return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByClassName(a)),n}if(w.qsa&&(!F||!F.test(e))){if(p=d=B,h=t,m=9===s&&e,1===s&&"object"!==t.nodeName.toLowerCase()){for(u=C(e),(d=t.getAttribute("id"))?p=d.replace(xt,"\\$&"):t.setAttribute("id",p),p="[id='"+p+"'] ",l=u.length;l--;)u[l]=p+f(u[l]);h=bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t,m=u.join(",")}if(m)try{return Z.apply(n,h.querySelectorAll(m)),n}catch(g){}finally{d||t.removeAttribute("id")}}}return S(e.replace(lt,"$1"),t,n,r)}function n(){function e(n,r){return t.push(n+" ")>T.cacheLength&&delete e[t.shift()],e[n+" "]=r}var t=[];return e}function r(e){return e[B]=!0,e}function i(e){var t=H.createElement("div");try{return!!e(t)}catch(n){return!1}finally{t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null}}function o(e,t){for(var n=e.split("|"),r=e.length;r--;)T.attrHandle[n[r]]=t}function a(e,t){var n=t&&e,r=n&&1===e.nodeType&&1===t.nodeType&&(~t.sourceIndex||G)-(~e.sourceIndex||G);if(r)return r;if(n)for(;n=n.nextSibling;)if(n===t)return-1;return e?1:-1}function s(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===n&&t.type===e}}function l(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return("input"===n||"button"===n)&&t.type===e}}function u(e){return r(function(t){return t=+t,r(function(n,r){for(var i,o=e([],n.length,t),a=o.length;a--;)n[i=o[a]]&&(n[i]=!(r[i]=n[i]))})})}function c(e){return e&&typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==V&&e}function d(){}function f(e){for(var t=0,n=e.length,r="";n>t;t++)r+=e[t].value;return r}function p(e,t,n){var r=t.dir,i=n&&"parentNode"===r,o=W++;return t.first?function(t,n,o){for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i)return e(t,n,o)}:function(t,n,a){var s,l,u=[I,o];if(a){for(;t=t[r];)if((1===t.nodeType||i)&&e(t,n,a))return!0}else for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i){if(l=t[B]||(t[B]={}),(s=l[r])&&s[0]===I&&s[1]===o)return u[2]=s[2];if(l[r]=u,u[2]=e(t,n,a))return!0}}}function h(e){return e.length>1?function(t,n,r){for(var i=e.length;i--;)if(!e[i](t,n,r))return!1;return!0}:e[0]}function m(e,n,r){for(var i=0,o=n.length;o>i;i++)t(e,n[i],r);return r}function g(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a=[],s=0,l=e.length,u=null!=t;l>s;s++)(o=e[s])&&(!n||n(o,r,i))&&(a.push(o),u&&t.push(s));return a}function v(e,t,n,i,o,a){return i&&!i[B]&&(i=v(i)),o&&!o[B]&&(o=v(o,a)),r(function(r,a,s,l){var u,c,d,f=[],p=[],h=a.length,v=r||m(t||"*",s.nodeType?[s]:s,[]),y=!e||!r&&t?v:g(v,f,e,s,l),b=n?o||(r?e:h||i)?[]:a:y;if(n&&n(y,b,s,l),i)for(u=g(b,p),i(u,[],s,l),c=u.length;c--;)(d=u[c])&&(b[p[c]]=!(y[p[c]]=d));if(r){if(o||e){if(o){for(u=[],c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&u.push(y[c]=d);o(null,b=[],u,l)}for(c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&(u=o?tt.call(r,d):f[c])>-1&&(r[u]=!(a[u]=d))}}else b=g(b===a?b.splice(h,b.length):b),o?o(null,a,b,l):Z.apply(a,b)})}function y(e){for(var t,n,r,i=e.length,o=T.relative[e[0].type],a=o||T.relative[" "],s=o?1:0,l=p(function(e){return e===t},a,!0),u=p(function(e){return tt.call(t,e)>-1},a,!0),c=[function(e,n,r){return!o&&(r||n!==j)||((t=n).nodeType?l(e,n,r):u(e,n,r))}];i>s;s++)if(n=T.relative[e[s].type])c=[p(h(c),n)];else{if(n=T.filter[e[s].type].apply(null,e[s].matches),n[B]){for(r=++s;i>r&&!T.relative[e[r].type];r++);return v(s>1&&h(c),s>1&&f(e.slice(0,s-1).concat({value:" "===e[s-2].type?"*":""})).replace(lt,"$1"),n,r>s&&y(e.slice(s,r)),i>r&&y(e=e.slice(r)),i>r&&f(e))}c.push(n)}return h(c)}function b(e,n){var i=n.length>0,o=e.length>0,a=function(r,a,s,l,u){var c,d,f,p=0,h="0",m=r&&[],v=[],y=j,b=r||o&&T.find.TAG("*",u),x=I+=null==y?1:Math.random()||.1,w=b.length;for(u&&(j=a!==H&&a);h!==w&&null!=(c=b[h]);h++){if(o&&c){for(d=0;f=e[d++];)if(f(c,a,s)){l.push(c);break}u&&(I=x)}i&&((c=!f&&c)&&p--,r&&m.push(c))}if(p+=h,i&&h!==p){for(d=0;f=n[d++];)f(m,v,a,s);if(r){if(p>0)for(;h--;)m[h]||v[h]||(v[h]=K.call(l));v=g(v)}Z.apply(l,v),u&&!r&&v.length>0&&p+n.length>1&&t.uniqueSort(l)}return u&&(I=x,j=y),m};return i?r(a):a}var x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B="sizzle"+-new Date,P=e.document,I=0,W=0,$=n(),z=n(),X=n(),U=function(e,t){return e===t&&(D=!0),0},V="undefined",G=1<<31,Y={}.hasOwnProperty,J=[],K=J.pop,Q=J.push,Z=J.push,et=J.slice,tt=J.indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(this[t]===e)return t;return-1},nt="checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",rt="[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",it="(?:\\\\.|[\\w-]|[^\\x00-\\xa0])+",ot=it.replace("w","w#"),at="\\["+rt+"*("+it+")(?:"+rt+"*([*^$|!~]?=)"+rt+"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|("+ot+"))|)"+rt+"*\\]",st=":("+it+")(?:\\((('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|"+at+")*)|.*)\\)|)",lt=new RegExp("^"+rt+"+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)"+rt+"+$","g"),ut=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*,"+rt+"*"),ct=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*([>+~]|"+rt+")"+rt+"*"),dt=new RegExp("="+rt+"*([^\\]'\"]*?)"+rt+"*\\]","g"),ft=new RegExp(st),pt=new RegExp("^"+ot+"$"),ht={ID:new RegExp("^#("+it+")"),CLASS:new RegExp("^\\.("+it+")"),TAG:new RegExp("^("+it.replace("w","w*")+")"),ATTR:new RegExp("^"+at),PSEUDO:new RegExp("^"+st),CHILD:new RegExp("^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\("+rt+"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)"+rt+"*(?:([+-]|)"+rt+"*(\\d+)|))"+rt+"*\\)|)","i"),bool:new RegExp("^(?:"+nt+")$","i"),needsContext:new RegExp("^"+rt+"*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\("+rt+"*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)"+rt+"*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)","i")},mt=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,gt=/^h\d$/i,vt=/^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,yt=/^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,bt=/[+~]/,xt=/'|\\/g,wt=new RegExp("\\\\([\\da-f]{1,6}"+rt+"?|("+rt+")|.)","ig"),Tt=function(e,t,n){var r="0x"+t-65536;return r!==r||n?t:0>r?String.fromCharCode(r+65536):String.fromCharCode(r>>10|55296,1023&r|56320)};try{Z.apply(J=et.call(P.childNodes),P.childNodes),J[P.childNodes.length].nodeType}catch(Et){Z={apply:J.length?function(e,t){Q.apply(e,et.call(t))}:function(e,t){for(var n=e.length,r=0;e[n++]=t[r++];);e.length=n-1}}}w=t.support={},k=t.isXML=function(e){var t=e&&(e.ownerDocument||e).documentElement;return t?"HTML"!==t.nodeName:!1},L=t.setDocument=function(e){var t,n=e?e.ownerDocument||e:P,r=n.defaultView;return n!==H&&9===n.nodeType&&n.documentElement?(H=n,_=n.documentElement,q=!k(n),r&&r!==r.top&&(r.addEventListener?r.addEventListener("unload",function(){L()},!1):r.attachEvent&&r.attachEvent("onunload",function(){L()})),w.attributes=i(function(e){return e.className="i",!e.getAttribute("className")}),w.getElementsByTagName=i(function(e){return e.appendChild(n.createComment("")),!e.getElementsByTagName("*").length}),w.getElementsByClassName=vt.test(n.getElementsByClassName)&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<div class='a'></div><div class='a i'></div>",e.firstChild.className="i",2===e.getElementsByClassName("i").length}),w.getById=i(function(e){return _.appendChild(e).id=B,!n.getElementsByName||!n.getElementsByName(B).length}),w.getById?(T.find.ID=function(e,t){if(typeof t.getElementById!==V&&q){var n=t.getElementById(e);return n&&n.parentNode?[n]:[]}},T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){return e.getAttribute("id")===t}}):(delete T.find.ID,T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){var n=typeof e.getAttributeNode!==V&&e.getAttributeNode("id");return n&&n.value===t}}),T.find.TAG=w.getElementsByTagName?function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByTagName!==V?t.getElementsByTagName(e):void 0}:function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=0,o=t.getElementsByTagName(e);if("*"===e){for(;n=o[i++];)1===n.nodeType&&r.push(n);return r}return o},T.find.CLASS=w.getElementsByClassName&&function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByClassName!==V&&q?t.getElementsByClassName(e):void 0},M=[],F=[],(w.qsa=vt.test(n.querySelectorAll))&&(i(function(e){e.innerHTML="<select msallowclip=''><option selected=''></option></select>",e.querySelectorAll("[msallowclip^='']").length&&F.push("[*^$]="+rt+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length||F.push("\\["+rt+"*(?:value|"+nt+")"),e.querySelectorAll(":checked").length||F.push(":checked")}),i(function(e){var t=n.createElement("input");t.setAttribute("type","hidden"),e.appendChild(t).setAttribute("name","D"),e.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length&&F.push("name"+rt+"*[*^$|!~]?="),e.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length||F.push(":enabled",":disabled"),e.querySelectorAll("*,:x"),F.push(",.*:")})),(w.matchesSelector=vt.test(O=_.matches||_.webkitMatchesSelector||_.mozMatchesSelector||_.oMatchesSelector||_.msMatchesSelector))&&i(function(e){w.disconnectedMatch=O.call(e,"div"),O.call(e,"[s!='']:x"),M.push("!=",st)}),F=F.length&&new RegExp(F.join("|")),M=M.length&&new RegExp(M.join("|")),t=vt.test(_.compareDocumentPosition),R=t||vt.test(_.contains)?function(e,t){var n=9===e.nodeType?e.documentElement:e,r=t&&t.parentNode;return e===r||!(!r||1!==r.nodeType||!(n.contains?n.contains(r):e.compareDocumentPosition&&16&e.compareDocumentPosition(r)))}:function(e,t){if(t)for(;t=t.parentNode;)if(t===e)return!0;return!1},U=t?function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r=!e.compareDocumentPosition-!t.compareDocumentPosition;return r?r:(r=(e.ownerDocument||e)===(t.ownerDocument||t)?e.compareDocumentPosition(t):1,1&r||!w.sortDetached&&t.compareDocumentPosition(e)===r?e===n||e.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,e)?-1:t===n||t.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,t)?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0:4&r?-1:1)}:function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r,i=0,o=e.parentNode,s=t.parentNode,l=[e],u=[t];if(!o||!s)return e===n?-1:t===n?1:o?-1:s?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0;if(o===s)return a(e,t);for(r=e;r=r.parentNode;)l.unshift(r);for(r=t;r=r.parentNode;)u.unshift(r);for(;l[i]===u[i];)i++;return i?a(l[i],u[i]):l[i]===P?-1:u[i]===P?1:0},n):H},t.matches=function(e,n){return t(e,null,null,n)},t.matchesSelector=function(e,n){if((e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),n=n.replace(dt,"='$1']"),!(!w.matchesSelector||!q||M&&M.test(n)||F&&F.test(n)))try{var r=O.call(e,n);if(r||w.disconnectedMatch||e.document&&11!==e.document.nodeType)return r}catch(i){}return t(n,H,null,[e]).length>0},t.contains=function(e,t){return(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),R(e,t)},t.attr=function(e,t){(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e);var n=T.attrHandle[t.toLowerCase()],r=n&&Y.call(T.attrHandle,t.toLowerCase())?n(e,t,!q):void 0;return void 0!==r?r:w.attributes||!q?e.getAttribute(t):(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null},t.error=function(e){throw new Error("Syntax error, unrecognized expression: "+e)},t.uniqueSort=function(e){var t,n=[],r=0,i=0;if(D=!w.detectDuplicates,A=!w.sortStable&&e.slice(0),e.sort(U),D){for(;t=e[i++];)t===e[i]&&(r=n.push(i));for(;r--;)e.splice(n[r],1)}return A=null,e},E=t.getText=function(e){var t,n="",r=0,i=e.nodeType;if(i){if(1===i||9===i||11===i){if("string"==typeof e.textContent)return e.textContent;for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)n+=E(e)}else if(3===i||4===i)return e.nodeValue}else for(;t=e[r++];)n+=E(t);return n},T=t.selectors={cacheLength:50,createPseudo:r,match:ht,attrHandle:{},find:{},relative:{">":{dir:"parentNode",first:!0}," ":{dir:"parentNode"},"+":{dir:"previousSibling",first:!0},"~":{dir:"previousSibling"}},preFilter:{ATTR:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].replace(wt,Tt),e[3]=(e[3]||e[4]||e[5]||"").replace(wt,Tt),"~="===e[2]&&(e[3]=" "+e[3]+" "),e.slice(0,4)},CHILD:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].toLowerCase(),"nth"===e[1].slice(0,3)?(e[3]||t.error(e[0]),e[4]=+(e[4]?e[5]+(e[6]||1):2*("even"===e[3]||"odd"===e[3])),e[5]=+(e[7]+e[8]||"odd"===e[3])):e[3]&&t.error(e[0]),e},PSEUDO:function(e){var t,n=!e[6]&&e[2];return ht.CHILD.test(e[0])?null:(e[3]?e[2]=e[4]||e[5]||"":n&&ft.test(n)&&(t=C(n,!0))&&(t=n.indexOf(")",n.length-t)-n.length)&&(e[0]=e[0].slice(0,t),e[2]=n.slice(0,t)),e.slice(0,3))}},filter:{TAG:function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase();return"*"===e?function(){return!0}:function(e){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t}},CLASS:function(e){var t=$[e+" "];return t||(t=new RegExp("(^|"+rt+")"+e+"("+rt+"|$)"))&&$(e,function(e){return t.test("string"==typeof e.className&&e.className||typeof e.getAttribute!==V&&e.getAttribute("class")||"")})},ATTR:function(e,n,r){return function(i){var o=t.attr(i,e);return null==o?"!="===n:n?(o+="","="===n?o===r:"!="===n?o!==r:"^="===n?r&&0===o.indexOf(r):"*="===n?r&&o.indexOf(r)>-1:"$="===n?r&&o.slice(-r.length)===r:"~="===n?(" "+o+" ").indexOf(r)>-1:"|="===n?o===r||o.slice(0,r.length+1)===r+"-":!1):!0}},CHILD:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o="nth"!==e.slice(0,3),a="last"!==e.slice(-4),s="of-type"===t;return 1===r&&0===i?function(e){return!!e.parentNode}:function(t,n,l){var u,c,d,f,p,h,m=o!==a?"nextSibling":"previousSibling",g=t.parentNode,v=s&&t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),y=!l&&!s;if(g){if(o){for(;m;){for(d=t;d=d[m];)if(s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()===v:1===d.nodeType)return!1;h=m="only"===e&&!h&&"nextSibling"}return!0}if(h=[a?g.firstChild:g.lastChild],a&&y){for(c=g[B]||(g[B]={}),u=c[e]||[],p=u[0]===I&&u[1],f=u[0]===I&&u[2],d=p&&g.childNodes[p];d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop();)if(1===d.nodeType&&++f&&d===t){c[e]=[I,p,f];break}}else if(y&&(u=(t[B]||(t[B]={}))[e])&&u[0]===I)f=u[1];else for(;(d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop())&&((s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()!==v:1!==d.nodeType)||!++f||(y&&((d[B]||(d[B]={}))[e]=[I,f]),d!==t)););return f-=i,f===r||f%r===0&&f/r>=0}}},PSEUDO:function(e,n){var i,o=T.pseudos[e]||T.setFilters[e.toLowerCase()]||t.error("unsupported pseudo: "+e);return o[B]?o(n):o.length>1?(i=[e,e,"",n],T.setFilters.hasOwnProperty(e.toLowerCase())?r(function(e,t){for(var r,i=o(e,n),a=i.length;a--;)r=tt.call(e,i[a]),e[r]=!(t[r]=i[a])}):function(e){return o(e,0,i)}):o}},pseudos:{not:r(function(e){var t=[],n=[],i=N(e.replace(lt,"$1"));return i[B]?r(function(e,t,n,r){for(var o,a=i(e,null,r,[]),s=e.length;s--;)(o=a[s])&&(e[s]=!(t[s]=o))}):function(e,r,o){return t[0]=e,i(t,null,o,n),!n.pop()}}),has:r(function(e){return function(n){return t(e,n).length>0}}),contains:r(function(e){return function(t){return(t.textContent||t.innerText||E(t)).indexOf(e)>-1}}),lang:r(function(e){return pt.test(e||"")||t.error("unsupported lang: "+e),e=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase(),function(t){var n;do if(n=q?t.lang:t.getAttribute("xml:lang")||t.getAttribute("lang"))return n=n.toLowerCase(),n===e||0===n.indexOf(e+"-");while((t=t.parentNode)&&1===t.nodeType);return!1}}),target:function(t){var n=e.location&&e.location.hash;return n&&n.slice(1)===t.id},root:function(e){return e===_},focus:function(e){return e===H.activeElement&&(!H.hasFocus||H.hasFocus())&&!!(e.type||e.href||~e.tabIndex)},enabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!1},disabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!0},checked:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&!!e.checked||"option"===t&&!!e.selected},selected:function(e){return e.parentNode&&e.parentNode.selectedIndex,e.selected===!0},empty:function(e){for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)if(e.nodeType<6)return!1;return!0},parent:function(e){return!T.pseudos.empty(e)},header:function(e){return gt.test(e.nodeName)},input:function(e){return mt.test(e.nodeName)},button:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&"button"===e.type||"button"===t},text:function(e){var t;return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&"text"===e.type&&(null==(t=e.getAttribute("type"))||"text"===t.toLowerCase())},first:u(function(){return[0]}),last:u(function(e,t){return[t-1]}),eq:u(function(e,t,n){return[0>n?n+t:n]}),even:u(function(e,t){for(var n=0;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),odd:u(function(e,t){for(var n=1;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),lt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;--r>=0;)e.push(r);return e}),gt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;++r<t;)e.push(r);return e})}},T.pseudos.nth=T.pseudos.eq;for(x in{radio:!0,checkbox:!0,file:!0,password:!0,image:!0})T.pseudos[x]=s(x);for(x in{submit:!0,reset:!0})T.pseudos[x]=l(x);return d.prototype=T.filters=T.pseudos,T.setFilters=new d,C=t.tokenize=function(e,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=z[e+" "];if(c)return n?0:c.slice(0);for(s=e,l=[],u=T.preFilter;s;){(!r||(i=ut.exec(s)))&&(i&&(s=s.slice(i[0].length)||s),l.push(o=[])),r=!1,(i=ct.exec(s))&&(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:i[0].replace(lt," ")}),s=s.slice(r.length));for(a in T.filter)!(i=ht[a].exec(s))||u[a]&&!(i=u[a](i))||(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:a,matches:i}),s=s.slice(r.length));if(!r)break}return n?s.length:s?t.error(e):z(e,l).slice(0)},N=t.compile=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=[],o=X[e+" "];if(!o){for(t||(t=C(e)),n=t.length;n--;)o=y(t[n]),o[B]?r.push(o):i.push(o);o=X(e,b(i,r)),o.selector=e}return o},S=t.select=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u="function"==typeof e&&e,d=!r&&C(e=u.selector||e);if(n=n||[],1===d.length){if(o=d[0]=d[0].slice(0),o.length>2&&"ID"===(a=o[0]).type&&w.getById&&9===t.nodeType&&q&&T.relative[o[1].type]){if(t=(T.find.ID(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),t)||[])[0],!t)return n;u&&(t=t.parentNode),e=e.slice(o.shift().value.length)}for(i=ht.needsContext.test(e)?0:o.length;i--&&(a=o[i],!T.relative[s=a.type]);)if((l=T.find[s])&&(r=l(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),bt.test(o[0].type)&&c(t.parentNode)||t))){if(o.splice(i,1),e=r.length&&f(o),!e)return Z.apply(n,r),n;
+break}}return(u||N(e,d))(r,t,!q,n,bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t),n},w.sortStable=B.split("").sort(U).join("")===B,w.detectDuplicates=!!D,L(),w.sortDetached=i(function(e){return 1&e.compareDocumentPosition(H.createElement("div"))}),i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<a href='#'></a>","#"===e.firstChild.getAttribute("href")})||o("type|href|height|width",function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e.getAttribute(t,"type"===t.toLowerCase()?1:2)}),w.attributes&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<input/>",e.firstChild.setAttribute("value",""),""===e.firstChild.getAttribute("value")})||o("value",function(e,t,n){return n||"input"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase()?void 0:e.defaultValue}),i(function(e){return null==e.getAttribute("disabled")})||o(nt,function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:e[t]===!0?t.toLowerCase():(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null}),t}(e);it.find=ut,it.expr=ut.selectors,it.expr[":"]=it.expr.pseudos,it.unique=ut.uniqueSort,it.text=ut.getText,it.isXMLDoc=ut.isXML,it.contains=ut.contains;var ct=it.expr.match.needsContext,dt=/^<(\w+)\s*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/,ft=/^.[^:#\[\.,]*$/;it.filter=function(e,t,n){var r=t[0];return n&&(e=":not("+e+")"),1===t.length&&1===r.nodeType?it.find.matchesSelector(r,e)?[r]:[]:it.find.matches(e,it.grep(t,function(e){return 1===e.nodeType}))},it.fn.extend({find:function(e){var t,n=[],r=this,i=r.length;if("string"!=typeof e)return this.pushStack(it(e).filter(function(){for(t=0;i>t;t++)if(it.contains(r[t],this))return!0}));for(t=0;i>t;t++)it.find(e,r[t],n);return n=this.pushStack(i>1?it.unique(n):n),n.selector=this.selector?this.selector+" "+e:e,n},filter:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!1))},not:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!0))},is:function(e){return!!r(this,"string"==typeof e&&ct.test(e)?it(e):e||[],!1).length}});var pt,ht=e.document,mt=/^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]*))$/,gt=it.fn.init=function(e,t){var n,r;if(!e)return this;if("string"==typeof e){if(n="<"===e.charAt(0)&&">"===e.charAt(e.length-1)&&e.length>=3?[null,e,null]:mt.exec(e),!n||!n[1]&&t)return!t||t.jquery?(t||pt).find(e):this.constructor(t).find(e);if(n[1]){if(t=t instanceof it?t[0]:t,it.merge(this,it.parseHTML(n[1],t&&t.nodeType?t.ownerDocument||t:ht,!0)),dt.test(n[1])&&it.isPlainObject(t))for(n in t)it.isFunction(this[n])?this[n](t[n]):this.attr(n,t[n]);return this}if(r=ht.getElementById(n[2]),r&&r.parentNode){if(r.id!==n[2])return pt.find(e);this.length=1,this[0]=r}return this.context=ht,this.selector=e,this}return e.nodeType?(this.context=this[0]=e,this.length=1,this):it.isFunction(e)?"undefined"!=typeof pt.ready?pt.ready(e):e(it):(void 0!==e.selector&&(this.selector=e.selector,this.context=e.context),it.makeArray(e,this))};gt.prototype=it.fn,pt=it(ht);var vt=/^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,yt={children:!0,contents:!0,next:!0,prev:!0};it.extend({dir:function(e,t,n){for(var r=[],i=e[t];i&&9!==i.nodeType&&(void 0===n||1!==i.nodeType||!it(i).is(n));)1===i.nodeType&&r.push(i),i=i[t];return r},sibling:function(e,t){for(var n=[];e;e=e.nextSibling)1===e.nodeType&&e!==t&&n.push(e);return n}}),it.fn.extend({has:function(e){var t,n=it(e,this),r=n.length;return this.filter(function(){for(t=0;r>t;t++)if(it.contains(this,n[t]))return!0})},closest:function(e,t){for(var n,r=0,i=this.length,o=[],a=ct.test(e)||"string"!=typeof e?it(e,t||this.context):0;i>r;r++)for(n=this[r];n&&n!==t;n=n.parentNode)if(n.nodeType<11&&(a?a.index(n)>-1:1===n.nodeType&&it.find.matchesSelector(n,e))){o.push(n);break}return this.pushStack(o.length>1?it.unique(o):o)},index:function(e){return e?"string"==typeof e?it.inArray(this[0],it(e)):it.inArray(e.jquery?e[0]:e,this):this[0]&&this[0].parentNode?this.first().prevAll().length:-1},add:function(e,t){return this.pushStack(it.unique(it.merge(this.get(),it(e,t))))},addBack:function(e){return this.add(null==e?this.prevObject:this.prevObject.filter(e))}}),it.each({parent:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&11!==t.nodeType?t:null},parents:function(e){return it.dir(e,"parentNode")},parentsUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"parentNode",n)},next:function(e){return i(e,"nextSibling")},prev:function(e){return i(e,"previousSibling")},nextAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling")},prevAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling")},nextUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling",n)},prevUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling",n)},siblings:function(e){return it.sibling((e.parentNode||{}).firstChild,e)},children:function(e){return it.sibling(e.firstChild)},contents:function(e){return it.nodeName(e,"iframe")?e.contentDocument||e.contentWindow.document:it.merge([],e.childNodes)}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(n,r){var i=it.map(this,t,n);return"Until"!==e.slice(-5)&&(r=n),r&&"string"==typeof r&&(i=it.filter(r,i)),this.length>1&&(yt[e]||(i=it.unique(i)),vt.test(e)&&(i=i.reverse())),this.pushStack(i)}});var bt=/\S+/g,xt={};it.Callbacks=function(e){e="string"==typeof e?xt[e]||o(e):it.extend({},e);var t,n,r,i,a,s,l=[],u=!e.once&&[],c=function(o){for(n=e.memory&&o,r=!0,a=s||0,s=0,i=l.length,t=!0;l&&i>a;a++)if(l[a].apply(o[0],o[1])===!1&&e.stopOnFalse){n=!1;break}t=!1,l&&(u?u.length&&c(u.shift()):n?l=[]:d.disable())},d={add:function(){if(l){var r=l.length;!function o(t){it.each(t,function(t,n){var r=it.type(n);"function"===r?e.unique&&d.has(n)||l.push(n):n&&n.length&&"string"!==r&&o(n)})}(arguments),t?i=l.length:n&&(s=r,c(n))}return this},remove:function(){return l&&it.each(arguments,function(e,n){for(var r;(r=it.inArray(n,l,r))>-1;)l.splice(r,1),t&&(i>=r&&i--,a>=r&&a--)}),this},has:function(e){return e?it.inArray(e,l)>-1:!(!l||!l.length)},empty:function(){return l=[],i=0,this},disable:function(){return l=u=n=void 0,this},disabled:function(){return!l},lock:function(){return u=void 0,n||d.disable(),this},locked:function(){return!u},fireWith:function(e,n){return!l||r&&!u||(n=n||[],n=[e,n.slice?n.slice():n],t?u.push(n):c(n)),this},fire:function(){return d.fireWith(this,arguments),this},fired:function(){return!!r}};return d},it.extend({Deferred:function(e){var t=[["resolve","done",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"resolved"],["reject","fail",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"rejected"],["notify","progress",it.Callbacks("memory")]],n="pending",r={state:function(){return n},always:function(){return i.done(arguments).fail(arguments),this},then:function(){var e=arguments;return it.Deferred(function(n){it.each(t,function(t,o){var a=it.isFunction(e[t])&&e[t];i[o[1]](function(){var e=a&&a.apply(this,arguments);e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?e.promise().done(n.resolve).fail(n.reject).progress(n.notify):n[o[0]+"With"](this===r?n.promise():this,a?[e]:arguments)})}),e=null}).promise()},promise:function(e){return null!=e?it.extend(e,r):r}},i={};return r.pipe=r.then,it.each(t,function(e,o){var a=o[2],s=o[3];r[o[1]]=a.add,s&&a.add(function(){n=s},t[1^e][2].disable,t[2][2].lock),i[o[0]]=function(){return i[o[0]+"With"](this===i?r:this,arguments),this},i[o[0]+"With"]=a.fireWith}),r.promise(i),e&&e.call(i,i),i},when:function(e){var t,n,r,i=0,o=Y.call(arguments),a=o.length,s=1!==a||e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?a:0,l=1===s?e:it.Deferred(),u=function(e,n,r){return function(i){n[e]=this,r[e]=arguments.length>1?Y.call(arguments):i,r===t?l.notifyWith(n,r):--s||l.resolveWith(n,r)}};if(a>1)for(t=new Array(a),n=new Array(a),r=new Array(a);a>i;i++)o[i]&&it.isFunction(o[i].promise)?o[i].promise().done(u(i,r,o)).fail(l.reject).progress(u(i,n,t)):--s;return s||l.resolveWith(r,o),l.promise()}});var wt;it.fn.ready=function(e){return it.ready.promise().done(e),this},it.extend({isReady:!1,readyWait:1,holdReady:function(e){e?it.readyWait++:it.ready(!0)},ready:function(e){if(e===!0?!--it.readyWait:!it.isReady){if(!ht.body)return setTimeout(it.ready);it.isReady=!0,e!==!0&&--it.readyWait>0||(wt.resolveWith(ht,[it]),it.fn.triggerHandler&&(it(ht).triggerHandler("ready"),it(ht).off("ready")))}}}),it.ready.promise=function(t){if(!wt)if(wt=it.Deferred(),"complete"===ht.readyState)setTimeout(it.ready);else if(ht.addEventListener)ht.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.addEventListener("load",s,!1);else{ht.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.attachEvent("onload",s);var n=!1;try{n=null==e.frameElement&&ht.documentElement}catch(r){}n&&n.doScroll&&!function i(){if(!it.isReady){try{n.doScroll("left")}catch(e){return setTimeout(i,50)}a(),it.ready()}}()}return wt.promise(t)};var Tt,Et="undefined";for(Tt in it(nt))break;nt.ownLast="0"!==Tt,nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=!1,it(function(){var e,t,n,r;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="display:inline;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=e=3===t.offsetWidth,e&&(n.style.zoom=1)),n.removeChild(r))}),function(){var e=ht.createElement("div");if(null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete e.test}catch(t){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}e=null}(),it.acceptData=function(e){var t=it.noData[(e.nodeName+" ").toLowerCase()],n=+e.nodeType||1;return 1!==n&&9!==n?!1:!t||t!==!0&&e.getAttribute("classid")===t};var kt=/^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,Ct=/([A-Z])/g;it.extend({cache:{},noData:{"applet ":!0,"embed ":!0,"object ":"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"},hasData:function(e){return e=e.nodeType?it.cache[e[it.expando]]:e[it.expando],!!e&&!u(e)},data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n)},removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t)},_data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n,!0)},_removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t,!0)}}),it.fn.extend({data:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=this[0],a=o&&o.attributes;if(void 0===e){if(this.length&&(i=it.data(o),1===o.nodeType&&!it._data(o,"parsedAttrs"))){for(n=a.length;n--;)a[n]&&(r=a[n].name,0===r.indexOf("data-")&&(r=it.camelCase(r.slice(5)),l(o,r,i[r])));it._data(o,"parsedAttrs",!0)}return i}return"object"==typeof e?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e)}):arguments.length>1?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e,t)}):o?l(o,e,it.data(o,e)):void 0},removeData:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeData(this,e)})}}),it.extend({queue:function(e,t,n){var r;return e?(t=(t||"fx")+"queue",r=it._data(e,t),n&&(!r||it.isArray(n)?r=it._data(e,t,it.makeArray(n)):r.push(n)),r||[]):void 0},dequeue:function(e,t){t=t||"fx";var n=it.queue(e,t),r=n.length,i=n.shift(),o=it._queueHooks(e,t),a=function(){it.dequeue(e,t)};"inprogress"===i&&(i=n.shift(),r--),i&&("fx"===t&&n.unshift("inprogress"),delete o.stop,i.call(e,a,o)),!r&&o&&o.empty.fire()},_queueHooks:function(e,t){var n=t+"queueHooks";return it._data(e,n)||it._data(e,n,{empty:it.Callbacks("once memory").add(function(){it._removeData(e,t+"queue"),it._removeData(e,n)})})}}),it.fn.extend({queue:function(e,t){var n=2;return"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e="fx",n--),arguments.length<n?it.queue(this[0],e):void 0===t?this:this.each(function(){var n=it.queue(this,e,t);it._queueHooks(this,e),"fx"===e&&"inprogress"!==n[0]&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},dequeue:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.dequeue(this,e)})},clearQueue:function(e){return this.queue(e||"fx",[])},promise:function(e,t){var n,r=1,i=it.Deferred(),o=this,a=this.length,s=function(){--r||i.resolveWith(o,[o])};for("string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),e=e||"fx";a--;)n=it._data(o[a],e+"queueHooks"),n&&n.empty&&(r++,n.empty.add(s));return s(),i.promise(t)}});var Nt=/[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/.source,St=["Top","Right","Bottom","Left"],jt=function(e,t){return e=t||e,"none"===it.css(e,"display")||!it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)},At=it.access=function(e,t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=0,l=e.length,u=null==n;if("object"===it.type(n)){i=!0;for(s in n)it.access(e,t,s,n[s],!0,o,a)}else if(void 0!==r&&(i=!0,it.isFunction(r)||(a=!0),u&&(a?(t.call(e,r),t=null):(u=t,t=function(e,t,n){return u.call(it(e),n)})),t))for(;l>s;s++)t(e[s],n,a?r:r.call(e[s],s,t(e[s],n)));return i?e:u?t.call(e):l?t(e[0],n):o},Dt=/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i;!function(){var e=ht.createElement("input"),t=ht.createElement("div"),n=ht.createDocumentFragment();if(t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",nt.leadingWhitespace=3===t.firstChild.nodeType,nt.tbody=!t.getElementsByTagName("tbody").length,nt.htmlSerialize=!!t.getElementsByTagName("link").length,nt.html5Clone="<:nav></:nav>"!==ht.createElement("nav").cloneNode(!0).outerHTML,e.type="checkbox",e.checked=!0,n.appendChild(e),nt.appendChecked=e.checked,t.innerHTML="<textarea>x</textarea>",nt.noCloneChecked=!!t.cloneNode(!0).lastChild.defaultValue,n.appendChild(t),t.innerHTML="<input type='radio' checked='checked' name='t'/>",nt.checkClone=t.cloneNode(!0).cloneNode(!0).lastChild.checked,nt.noCloneEvent=!0,t.attachEvent&&(t.attachEvent("onclick",function(){nt.noCloneEvent=!1}),t.cloneNode(!0).click()),null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete t.test}catch(r){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}}(),function(){var t,n,r=ht.createElement("div");for(t in{submit:!0,change:!0,focusin:!0})n="on"+t,(nt[t+"Bubbles"]=n in e)||(r.setAttribute(n,"t"),nt[t+"Bubbles"]=r.attributes[n].expando===!1);r=null}();var Lt=/^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i,Ht=/^key/,_t=/^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu)|click/,qt=/^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,Ft=/^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)$/;it.event={global:{},add:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it._data(e);if(g){for(n.handler&&(l=n,n=l.handler,i=l.selector),n.guid||(n.guid=it.guid++),(a=g.events)||(a=g.events={}),(c=g.handle)||(c=g.handle=function(e){return typeof it===Et||e&&it.event.triggered===e.type?void 0:it.event.dispatch.apply(c.elem,arguments)},c.elem=e),t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],s=t.length;s--;)o=Ft.exec(t[s])||[],p=m=o[1],h=(o[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p&&(u=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(i?u.delegateType:u.bindType)||p,u=it.event.special[p]||{},d=it.extend({type:p,origType:m,data:r,handler:n,guid:n.guid,selector:i,needsContext:i&&it.expr.match.needsContext.test(i),namespace:h.join(".")},l),(f=a[p])||(f=a[p]=[],f.delegateCount=0,u.setup&&u.setup.call(e,r,h,c)!==!1||(e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener(p,c,!1):e.attachEvent&&e.attachEvent("on"+p,c))),u.add&&(u.add.call(e,d),d.handler.guid||(d.handler.guid=n.guid)),i?f.splice(f.delegateCount++,0,d):f.push(d),it.event.global[p]=!0);e=null}},remove:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it.hasData(e)&&it._data(e);if(g&&(c=g.events)){for(t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],u=t.length;u--;)if(s=Ft.exec(t[u])||[],p=m=s[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p){for(d=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(r?d.delegateType:d.bindType)||p,f=c[p]||[],s=s[2]&&new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"),l=o=f.length;o--;)a=f[o],!i&&m!==a.origType||n&&n.guid!==a.guid||s&&!s.test(a.namespace)||r&&r!==a.selector&&("**"!==r||!a.selector)||(f.splice(o,1),a.selector&&f.delegateCount--,d.remove&&d.remove.call(e,a));l&&!f.length&&(d.teardown&&d.teardown.call(e,h,g.handle)!==!1||it.removeEvent(e,p,g.handle),delete c[p])}else for(p in c)it.event.remove(e,p+t[u],n,r,!0);it.isEmptyObject(c)&&(delete g.handle,it._removeData(e,"events"))}},trigger:function(t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f=[r||ht],p=tt.call(t,"type")?t.type:t,h=tt.call(t,"namespace")?t.namespace.split("."):[];if(s=c=r=r||ht,3!==r.nodeType&&8!==r.nodeType&&!qt.test(p+it.event.triggered)&&(p.indexOf(".")>=0&&(h=p.split("."),p=h.shift(),h.sort()),a=p.indexOf(":")<0&&"on"+p,t=t[it.expando]?t:new it.Event(p,"object"==typeof t&&t),t.isTrigger=i?2:3,t.namespace=h.join("."),t.namespace_re=t.namespace?new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"):null,t.result=void 0,t.target||(t.target=r),n=null==n?[t]:it.makeArray(n,[t]),u=it.event.special[p]||{},i||!u.trigger||u.trigger.apply(r,n)!==!1)){if(!i&&!u.noBubble&&!it.isWindow(r)){for(l=u.delegateType||p,qt.test(l+p)||(s=s.parentNode);s;s=s.parentNode)f.push(s),c=s;c===(r.ownerDocument||ht)&&f.push(c.defaultView||c.parentWindow||e)}for(d=0;(s=f[d++])&&!t.isPropagationStopped();)t.type=d>1?l:u.bindType||p,o=(it._data(s,"events")||{})[t.type]&&it._data(s,"handle"),o&&o.apply(s,n),o=a&&s[a],o&&o.apply&&it.acceptData(s)&&(t.result=o.apply(s,n),t.result===!1&&t.preventDefault());if(t.type=p,!i&&!t.isDefaultPrevented()&&(!u._default||u._default.apply(f.pop(),n)===!1)&&it.acceptData(r)&&a&&r[p]&&!it.isWindow(r)){c=r[a],c&&(r[a]=null),it.event.triggered=p;try{r[p]()}catch(m){}it.event.triggered=void 0,c&&(r[a]=c)}return t.result}},dispatch:function(e){e=it.event.fix(e);var t,n,r,i,o,a=[],s=Y.call(arguments),l=(it._data(this,"events")||{})[e.type]||[],u=it.event.special[e.type]||{};if(s[0]=e,e.delegateTarget=this,!u.preDispatch||u.preDispatch.call(this,e)!==!1){for(a=it.event.handlers.call(this,e,l),t=0;(i=a[t++])&&!e.isPropagationStopped();)for(e.currentTarget=i.elem,o=0;(r=i.handlers[o++])&&!e.isImmediatePropagationStopped();)(!e.namespace_re||e.namespace_re.test(r.namespace))&&(e.handleObj=r,e.data=r.data,n=((it.event.special[r.origType]||{}).handle||r.handler).apply(i.elem,s),void 0!==n&&(e.result=n)===!1&&(e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()));return u.postDispatch&&u.postDispatch.call(this,e),e.result}},handlers:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a=[],s=t.delegateCount,l=e.target;if(s&&l.nodeType&&(!e.button||"click"!==e.type))for(;l!=this;l=l.parentNode||this)if(1===l.nodeType&&(l.disabled!==!0||"click"!==e.type)){for(i=[],o=0;s>o;o++)r=t[o],n=r.selector+" ",void 0===i[n]&&(i[n]=r.needsContext?it(n,this).index(l)>=0:it.find(n,this,null,[l]).length),i[n]&&i.push(r);i.length&&a.push({elem:l,handlers:i})}return s<t.length&&a.push({elem:this,handlers:t.slice(s)}),a},fix:function(e){if(e[it.expando])return e;var t,n,r,i=e.type,o=e,a=this.fixHooks[i];for(a||(this.fixHooks[i]=a=_t.test(i)?this.mouseHooks:Ht.test(i)?this.keyHooks:{}),r=a.props?this.props.concat(a.props):this.props,e=new it.Event(o),t=r.length;t--;)n=r[t],e[n]=o[n];return e.target||(e.target=o.srcElement||ht),3===e.target.nodeType&&(e.target=e.target.parentNode),e.metaKey=!!e.metaKey,a.filter?a.filter(e,o):e},props:"altKey bubbles cancelable ctrlKey currentTarget eventPhase metaKey relatedTarget shiftKey target timeStamp view which".split(" "),fixHooks:{},keyHooks:{props:"char charCode key keyCode".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){return null==e.which&&(e.which=null!=t.charCode?t.charCode:t.keyCode),e}},mouseHooks:{props:"button buttons clientX clientY fromElement offsetX offsetY pageX pageY screenX screenY toElement".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=t.button,a=t.fromElement;return null==e.pageX&&null!=t.clientX&&(r=e.target.ownerDocument||ht,i=r.documentElement,n=r.body,e.pageX=t.clientX+(i&&i.scrollLeft||n&&n.scrollLeft||0)-(i&&i.clientLeft||n&&n.clientLeft||0),e.pageY=t.clientY+(i&&i.scrollTop||n&&n.scrollTop||0)-(i&&i.clientTop||n&&n.clientTop||0)),!e.relatedTarget&&a&&(e.relatedTarget=a===e.target?t.toElement:a),e.which||void 0===o||(e.which=1&o?1:2&o?3:4&o?2:0),e}},special:{load:{noBubble:!0},focus:{trigger:function(){if(this!==h()&&this.focus)try{return this.focus(),!1}catch(e){}},delegateType:"focusin"},blur:{trigger:function(){return this===h()&&this.blur?(this.blur(),!1):void 0},delegateType:"focusout"},click:{trigger:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"input")&&"checkbox"===this.type&&this.click?(this.click(),!1):void 0},_default:function(e){return it.nodeName(e.target,"a")}},beforeunload:{postDispatch:function(e){void 0!==e.result&&e.originalEvent&&(e.originalEvent.returnValue=e.result)}}},simulate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.extend(new it.Event,n,{type:e,isSimulated:!0,originalEvent:{}});r?it.event.trigger(i,null,t):it.event.dispatch.call(t,i),i.isDefaultPrevented()&&n.preventDefault()}},it.removeEvent=ht.removeEventListener?function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener&&e.removeEventListener(t,n,!1)}:function(e,t,n){var r="on"+t;e.detachEvent&&(typeof e[r]===Et&&(e[r]=null),e.detachEvent(r,n))},it.Event=function(e,t){return this instanceof it.Event?(e&&e.type?(this.originalEvent=e,this.type=e.type,this.isDefaultPrevented=e.defaultPrevented||void 0===e.defaultPrevented&&e.returnValue===!1?f:p):this.type=e,t&&it.extend(this,t),this.timeStamp=e&&e.timeStamp||it.now(),void(this[it.expando]=!0)):new it.Event(e,t)},it.Event.prototype={isDefaultPrevented:p,isPropagationStopped:p,isImmediatePropagationStopped:p,preventDefault:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isDefaultPrevented=f,e&&(e.preventDefault?e.preventDefault():e.returnValue=!1)},stopPropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isPropagationStopped=f,e&&(e.stopPropagation&&e.stopPropagation(),e.cancelBubble=!0)},stopImmediatePropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isImmediatePropagationStopped=f,e&&e.stopImmediatePropagation&&e.stopImmediatePropagation(),this.stopPropagation()}},it.each({mouseenter:"mouseover",mouseleave:"mouseout",pointerenter:"pointerover",pointerleave:"pointerout"},function(e,t){it.event.special[e]={delegateType:t,bindType:t,handle:function(e){var n,r=this,i=e.relatedTarget,o=e.handleObj;return(!i||i!==r&&!it.contains(r,i))&&(e.type=o.origType,n=o.handler.apply(this,arguments),e.type=t),n}}}),nt.submitBubbles||(it.event.special.submit={setup:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.add(this,"click._submit keypress._submit",function(e){var t=e.target,n=it.nodeName(t,"input")||it.nodeName(t,"button")?t.form:void 0;n&&!it._data(n,"submitBubbles")&&(it.event.add(n,"submit._submit",function(e){e._submit_bubble=!0}),it._data(n,"submitBubbles",!0))})},postDispatch:function(e){e._submit_bubble&&(delete e._submit_bubble,this.parentNode&&!e.isTrigger&&it.event.simulate("submit",this.parentNode,e,!0))},teardown:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.remove(this,"._submit")}}),nt.changeBubbles||(it.event.special.change={setup:function(){return Lt.test(this.nodeName)?(("checkbox"===this.type||"radio"===this.type)&&(it.event.add(this,"propertychange._change",function(e){"checked"===e.originalEvent.propertyName&&(this._just_changed=!0)}),it.event.add(this,"click._change",function(e){this._just_changed&&!e.isTrigger&&(this._just_changed=!1),it.event.simulate("change",this,e,!0)})),!1):void it.event.add(this,"beforeactivate._change",function(e){var t=e.target;Lt.test(t.nodeName)&&!it._data(t,"changeBubbles")&&(it.event.add(t,"change._change",function(e){!this.parentNode||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||it.event.simulate("change",this.parentNode,e,!0)}),it._data(t,"changeBubbles",!0))})},handle:function(e){var t=e.target;return this!==t||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||"radio"!==t.type&&"checkbox"!==t.type?e.handleObj.handler.apply(this,arguments):void 0},teardown:function(){return it.event.remove(this,"._change"),!Lt.test(this.nodeName)}}),nt.focusinBubbles||it.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(e,t){var n=function(e){it.event.simulate(t,e.target,it.event.fix(e),!0)};it.event.special[t]={setup:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t);i||r.addEventListener(e,n,!0),it._data(r,t,(i||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t)-1;i?it._data(r,t,i):(r.removeEventListener(e,n,!0),it._removeData(r,t))}}}),it.fn.extend({on:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a;if("object"==typeof e){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=n||t,t=void 0);for(o in e)this.on(o,t,n,e[o],i);return this}if(null==n&&null==r?(r=t,n=t=void 0):null==r&&("string"==typeof t?(r=n,n=void 0):(r=n,n=t,t=void 0)),r===!1)r=p;else if(!r)return this;return 1===i&&(a=r,r=function(e){return it().off(e),a.apply(this,arguments)},r.guid=a.guid||(a.guid=it.guid++)),this.each(function(){it.event.add(this,e,r,n,t)})},one:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(e,t,n,r,1)},off:function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(e&&e.preventDefault&&e.handleObj)return r=e.handleObj,it(e.delegateTarget).off(r.namespace?r.origType+"."+r.namespace:r.origType,r.selector,r.handler),this;if("object"==typeof e){for(i in e)this.off(i,t,e[i]);return this}return(t===!1||"function"==typeof t)&&(n=t,t=void 0),n===!1&&(n=p),this.each(function(){it.event.remove(this,e,n,t)})},trigger:function(e,t){return this.each(function(){it.event.trigger(e,t,this)})},triggerHandler:function(e,t){var n=this[0];return n?it.event.trigger(e,t,n,!0):void 0}});var Mt="abbr|article|aside|audio|bdi|canvas|data|datalist|details|figcaption|figure|footer|header|hgroup|mark|meter|nav|output|progress|section|summary|time|video",Ot=/ jQuery\d+="(?:null|\d+)"/g,Rt=new RegExp("<(?:"+Mt+")[\\s/>]","i"),Bt=/^\s+/,Pt=/<(?!area|br|col|embed|hr|img|input|link|meta|param)(([\w:]+)[^>]*)\/>/gi,It=/<([\w:]+)/,Wt=/<tbody/i,$t=/<|&#?\w+;/,zt=/<(?:script|style|link)/i,Xt=/checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,Ut=/^$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i,Vt=/^true\/(.*)/,Gt=/^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g,Yt={option:[1,"<select multiple='multiple'>","</select>"],legend:[1,"<fieldset>","</fieldset>"],area:[1,"<map>","</map>"],param:[1,"<object>","</object>"],thead:[1,"<table>","</table>"],tr:[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"],col:[2,"<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"],td:[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"],_default:nt.htmlSerialize?[0,"",""]:[1,"X<div>","</div>"]},Jt=m(ht),Kt=Jt.appendChild(ht.createElement("div"));Yt.optgroup=Yt.option,Yt.tbody=Yt.tfoot=Yt.colgroup=Yt.caption=Yt.thead,Yt.th=Yt.td,it.extend({clone:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l=it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e);if(nt.html5Clone||it.isXMLDoc(e)||!Rt.test("<"+e.nodeName+">")?o=e.cloneNode(!0):(Kt.innerHTML=e.outerHTML,Kt.removeChild(o=Kt.firstChild)),!(nt.noCloneEvent&&nt.noCloneChecked||1!==e.nodeType&&11!==e.nodeType||it.isXMLDoc(e)))for(r=g(o),s=g(e),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);++a)r[a]&&E(i,r[a]);if(t)if(n)for(s=s||g(e),r=r||g(o),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);a++)T(i,r[a]);else T(e,o);return r=g(o,"script"),r.length>0&&w(r,!l&&g(e,"script")),r=s=i=null,o},buildFragment:function(e,t,n,r){for(var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=e.length,f=m(t),p=[],h=0;d>h;h++)if(o=e[h],o||0===o)if("object"===it.type(o))it.merge(p,o.nodeType?[o]:o);else if($t.test(o)){for(s=s||f.appendChild(t.createElement("div")),l=(It.exec(o)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase(),c=Yt[l]||Yt._default,s.innerHTML=c[1]+o.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>")+c[2],i=c[0];i--;)s=s.lastChild;if(!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(o)&&p.push(t.createTextNode(Bt.exec(o)[0])),!nt.tbody)for(o="table"!==l||Wt.test(o)?"<table>"!==c[1]||Wt.test(o)?0:s:s.firstChild,i=o&&o.childNodes.length;i--;)it.nodeName(u=o.childNodes[i],"tbody")&&!u.childNodes.length&&o.removeChild(u);for(it.merge(p,s.childNodes),s.textContent="";s.firstChild;)s.removeChild(s.firstChild);s=f.lastChild}else p.push(t.createTextNode(o));for(s&&f.removeChild(s),nt.appendChecked||it.grep(g(p,"input"),v),h=0;o=p[h++];)if((!r||-1===it.inArray(o,r))&&(a=it.contains(o.ownerDocument,o),s=g(f.appendChild(o),"script"),a&&w(s),n))for(i=0;o=s[i++];)Ut.test(o.type||"")&&n.push(o);return s=null,f},cleanData:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o,a=0,s=it.expando,l=it.cache,u=nt.deleteExpando,c=it.event.special;null!=(n=e[a]);a++)if((t||it.acceptData(n))&&(i=n[s],o=i&&l[i])){if(o.events)for(r in o.events)c[r]?it.event.remove(n,r):it.removeEvent(n,r,o.handle);l[i]&&(delete l[i],u?delete n[s]:typeof n.removeAttribute!==Et?n.removeAttribute(s):n[s]=null,G.push(i))}}}),it.fn.extend({text:function(e){return At(this,function(e){return void 0===e?it.text(this):this.empty().append((this[0]&&this[0].ownerDocument||ht).createTextNode(e))},null,e,arguments.length)},append:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.appendChild(e)}})},prepend:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.insertBefore(e,t.firstChild)}})},before:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this)})},after:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this.nextSibling)})},remove:function(e,t){for(var n,r=e?it.filter(e,this):this,i=0;null!=(n=r[i]);i++)t||1!==n.nodeType||it.cleanData(g(n)),n.parentNode&&(t&&it.contains(n.ownerDocument,n)&&w(g(n,"script")),n.parentNode.removeChild(n));return this},empty:function(){for(var e,t=0;null!=(e=this[t]);t++){for(1===e.nodeType&&it.cleanData(g(e,!1));e.firstChild;)e.removeChild(e.firstChild);e.options&&it.nodeName(e,"select")&&(e.options.length=0)}return this},clone:function(e,t){return e=null==e?!1:e,t=null==t?e:t,this.map(function(){return it.clone(this,e,t)})},html:function(e){return At(this,function(e){var t=this[0]||{},n=0,r=this.length;if(void 0===e)return 1===t.nodeType?t.innerHTML.replace(Ot,""):void 0;if(!("string"!=typeof e||zt.test(e)||!nt.htmlSerialize&&Rt.test(e)||!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(e)||Yt[(It.exec(e)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase()])){e=e.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>");try{for(;r>n;n++)t=this[n]||{},1===t.nodeType&&(it.cleanData(g(t,!1)),t.innerHTML=e);t=0}catch(i){}}t&&this.empty().append(e)},null,e,arguments.length)},replaceWith:function(){var e=arguments[0];return this.domManip(arguments,function(t){e=this.parentNode,it.cleanData(g(this)),e&&e.replaceChild(t,this)}),e&&(e.length||e.nodeType)?this:this.remove()},detach:function(e){return this.remove(e,!0)},domManip:function(e,t){e=J.apply([],e);var n,r,i,o,a,s,l=0,u=this.length,c=this,d=u-1,f=e[0],p=it.isFunction(f);if(p||u>1&&"string"==typeof f&&!nt.checkClone&&Xt.test(f))return this.each(function(n){var r=c.eq(n);p&&(e[0]=f.call(this,n,r.html())),r.domManip(e,t)});if(u&&(s=it.buildFragment(e,this[0].ownerDocument,!1,this),n=s.firstChild,1===s.childNodes.length&&(s=n),n)){for(o=it.map(g(s,"script"),b),i=o.length;u>l;l++)r=s,l!==d&&(r=it.clone(r,!0,!0),i&&it.merge(o,g(r,"script"))),t.call(this[l],r,l);if(i)for(a=o[o.length-1].ownerDocument,it.map(o,x),l=0;i>l;l++)r=o[l],Ut.test(r.type||"")&&!it._data(r,"globalEval")&&it.contains(a,r)&&(r.src?it._evalUrl&&it._evalUrl(r.src):it.globalEval((r.text||r.textContent||r.innerHTML||"").replace(Gt,"")));s=n=null}return this}}),it.each({appendTo:"append",prependTo:"prepend",insertBefore:"before",insertAfter:"after",replaceAll:"replaceWith"},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e){for(var n,r=0,i=[],o=it(e),a=o.length-1;a>=r;r++)n=r===a?this:this.clone(!0),it(o[r])[t](n),K.apply(i,n.get());return this.pushStack(i)}});var Qt,Zt={};!function(){var e;nt.shrinkWrapBlocks=function(){if(null!=e)return e;e=!1;var t,n,r;return n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style?(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")).style.width="5px",e=3!==t.offsetWidth),n.removeChild(r),e):void 0}}();var en,tn,nn=/^margin/,rn=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(?!px)[a-z%]+$","i"),on=/^(top|right|bottom|left)$/;e.getComputedStyle?(en=function(e){return e.ownerDocument.defaultView.getComputedStyle(e,null)},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n.getPropertyValue(t)||n[t]:void 0,n&&(""!==a||it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)||(a=it.style(e,t)),rn.test(a)&&nn.test(t)&&(r=s.width,i=s.minWidth,o=s.maxWidth,s.minWidth=s.maxWidth=s.width=a,a=n.width,s.width=r,s.minWidth=i,s.maxWidth=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""}):ht.documentElement.currentStyle&&(en=function(e){return e.currentStyle},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n[t]:void 0,null==a&&s&&s[t]&&(a=s[t]),rn.test(a)&&!on.test(t)&&(r=s.left,i=e.runtimeStyle,o=i&&i.left,o&&(i.left=e.currentStyle.left),s.left="fontSize"===t?"1em":a,a=s.pixelLeft+"px",s.left=r,o&&(i.left=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""||"auto"}),function(){function t(){var t,n,r,i;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-top:1%;top:1%;border:1px;padding:1px;width:4px;position:absolute",o=a=!1,l=!0,e.getComputedStyle&&(o="1%"!==(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{}).top,a="4px"===(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{width:"4px"}).width,i=t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")),i.style.cssText=t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:0",i.style.marginRight=i.style.width="0",t.style.width="1px",l=!parseFloat((e.getComputedStyle(i,null)||{}).marginRight)),t.innerHTML="<table><tr><td></td><td>t</td></tr></table>",i=t.getElementsByTagName("td"),i[0].style.cssText="margin:0;border:0;padding:0;display:none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight,s&&(i[0].style.display="",i[1].style.display="none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight),n.removeChild(r))}var n,r,i,o,a,s,l;n=ht.createElement("div"),n.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",i=n.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],r=i&&i.style,r&&(r.cssText="float:left;opacity:.5",nt.opacity="0.5"===r.opacity,nt.cssFloat=!!r.cssFloat,n.style.backgroundClip="content-box",n.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",nt.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===n.style.backgroundClip,nt.boxSizing=""===r.boxSizing||""===r.MozBoxSizing||""===r.WebkitBoxSizing,it.extend(nt,{reliableHiddenOffsets:function(){return null==s&&t(),s
+},boxSizingReliable:function(){return null==a&&t(),a},pixelPosition:function(){return null==o&&t(),o},reliableMarginRight:function(){return null==l&&t(),l}}))}(),it.swap=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a={};for(o in t)a[o]=e.style[o],e.style[o]=t[o];i=n.apply(e,r||[]);for(o in t)e.style[o]=a[o];return i};var an=/alpha\([^)]*\)/i,sn=/opacity\s*=\s*([^)]*)/,ln=/^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,un=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(.*)$","i"),cn=new RegExp("^([+-])=("+Nt+")","i"),dn={position:"absolute",visibility:"hidden",display:"block"},fn={letterSpacing:"0",fontWeight:"400"},pn=["Webkit","O","Moz","ms"];it.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(e,t){if(t){var n=tn(e,"opacity");return""===n?"1":n}}}},cssNumber:{columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{"float":nt.cssFloat?"cssFloat":"styleFloat"},style:function(e,t,n,r){if(e&&3!==e.nodeType&&8!==e.nodeType&&e.style){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t),l=e.style;if(t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(l,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],void 0===n)return a&&"get"in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t];if(o=typeof n,"string"===o&&(i=cn.exec(n))&&(n=(i[1]+1)*i[2]+parseFloat(it.css(e,t)),o="number"),null!=n&&n===n&&("number"!==o||it.cssNumber[s]||(n+="px"),nt.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),!(a&&"set"in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r)))))try{l[t]=n}catch(u){}}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t);return t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(e.style,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],a&&"get"in a&&(o=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===o&&(o=tn(e,t,r)),"normal"===o&&t in fn&&(o=fn[t]),""===n||n?(i=parseFloat(o),n===!0||it.isNumeric(i)?i||0:o):o}}),it.each(["height","width"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]={get:function(e,n,r){return n?ln.test(it.css(e,"display"))&&0===e.offsetWidth?it.swap(e,dn,function(){return L(e,t,r)}):L(e,t,r):void 0},set:function(e,n,r){var i=r&&en(e);return A(e,n,r?D(e,t,r,nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,i),i):0)}}}),nt.opacity||(it.cssHooks.opacity={get:function(e,t){return sn.test((t&&e.currentStyle?e.currentStyle.filter:e.style.filter)||"")?.01*parseFloat(RegExp.$1)+"":t?"1":""},set:function(e,t){var n=e.style,r=e.currentStyle,i=it.isNumeric(t)?"alpha(opacity="+100*t+")":"",o=r&&r.filter||n.filter||"";n.zoom=1,(t>=1||""===t)&&""===it.trim(o.replace(an,""))&&n.removeAttribute&&(n.removeAttribute("filter"),""===t||r&&!r.filter)||(n.filter=an.test(o)?o.replace(an,i):o+" "+i)}}),it.cssHooks.marginRight=N(nt.reliableMarginRight,function(e,t){return t?it.swap(e,{display:"inline-block"},tn,[e,"marginRight"]):void 0}),it.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(e,t){it.cssHooks[e+t]={expand:function(n){for(var r=0,i={},o="string"==typeof n?n.split(" "):[n];4>r;r++)i[e+St[r]+t]=o[r]||o[r-2]||o[0];return i}},nn.test(e)||(it.cssHooks[e+t].set=A)}),it.fn.extend({css:function(e,t){return At(this,function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={},a=0;if(it.isArray(t)){for(r=en(e),i=t.length;i>a;a++)o[t[a]]=it.css(e,t[a],!1,r);return o}return void 0!==n?it.style(e,t,n):it.css(e,t)},e,t,arguments.length>1)},show:function(){return j(this,!0)},hide:function(){return j(this)},toggle:function(e){return"boolean"==typeof e?e?this.show():this.hide():this.each(function(){jt(this)?it(this).show():it(this).hide()})}}),it.Tween=H,H.prototype={constructor:H,init:function(e,t,n,r,i,o){this.elem=e,this.prop=n,this.easing=i||"swing",this.options=t,this.start=this.now=this.cur(),this.end=r,this.unit=o||(it.cssNumber[n]?"":"px")},cur:function(){var e=H.propHooks[this.prop];return e&&e.get?e.get(this):H.propHooks._default.get(this)},run:function(e){var t,n=H.propHooks[this.prop];return this.pos=t=this.options.duration?it.easing[this.easing](e,this.options.duration*e,0,1,this.options.duration):e,this.now=(this.end-this.start)*t+this.start,this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),n&&n.set?n.set(this):H.propHooks._default.set(this),this}},H.prototype.init.prototype=H.prototype,H.propHooks={_default:{get:function(e){var t;return null==e.elem[e.prop]||e.elem.style&&null!=e.elem.style[e.prop]?(t=it.css(e.elem,e.prop,""),t&&"auto"!==t?t:0):e.elem[e.prop]},set:function(e){it.fx.step[e.prop]?it.fx.step[e.prop](e):e.elem.style&&(null!=e.elem.style[it.cssProps[e.prop]]||it.cssHooks[e.prop])?it.style(e.elem,e.prop,e.now+e.unit):e.elem[e.prop]=e.now}}},H.propHooks.scrollTop=H.propHooks.scrollLeft={set:function(e){e.elem.nodeType&&e.elem.parentNode&&(e.elem[e.prop]=e.now)}},it.easing={linear:function(e){return e},swing:function(e){return.5-Math.cos(e*Math.PI)/2}},it.fx=H.prototype.init,it.fx.step={};var hn,mn,gn=/^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,vn=new RegExp("^(?:([+-])=|)("+Nt+")([a-z%]*)$","i"),yn=/queueHooks$/,bn=[M],xn={"*":[function(e,t){var n=this.createTween(e,t),r=n.cur(),i=vn.exec(t),o=i&&i[3]||(it.cssNumber[e]?"":"px"),a=(it.cssNumber[e]||"px"!==o&&+r)&&vn.exec(it.css(n.elem,e)),s=1,l=20;if(a&&a[3]!==o){o=o||a[3],i=i||[],a=+r||1;do s=s||".5",a/=s,it.style(n.elem,e,a+o);while(s!==(s=n.cur()/r)&&1!==s&&--l)}return i&&(a=n.start=+a||+r||0,n.unit=o,n.end=i[1]?a+(i[1]+1)*i[2]:+i[2]),n}]};it.Animation=it.extend(R,{tweener:function(e,t){it.isFunction(e)?(t=e,e=["*"]):e=e.split(" ");for(var n,r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],xn[n]=xn[n]||[],xn[n].unshift(t)},prefilter:function(e,t){t?bn.unshift(e):bn.push(e)}}),it.speed=function(e,t,n){var r=e&&"object"==typeof e?it.extend({},e):{complete:n||!n&&t||it.isFunction(e)&&e,duration:e,easing:n&&t||t&&!it.isFunction(t)&&t};return r.duration=it.fx.off?0:"number"==typeof r.duration?r.duration:r.duration in it.fx.speeds?it.fx.speeds[r.duration]:it.fx.speeds._default,(null==r.queue||r.queue===!0)&&(r.queue="fx"),r.old=r.complete,r.complete=function(){it.isFunction(r.old)&&r.old.call(this),r.queue&&it.dequeue(this,r.queue)},r},it.fn.extend({fadeTo:function(e,t,n,r){return this.filter(jt).css("opacity",0).show().end().animate({opacity:t},e,n,r)},animate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.isEmptyObject(e),o=it.speed(t,n,r),a=function(){var t=R(this,it.extend({},e),o);(i||it._data(this,"finish"))&&t.stop(!0)};return a.finish=a,i||o.queue===!1?this.each(a):this.queue(o.queue,a)},stop:function(e,t,n){var r=function(e){var t=e.stop;delete e.stop,t(n)};return"string"!=typeof e&&(n=t,t=e,e=void 0),t&&e!==!1&&this.queue(e||"fx",[]),this.each(function(){var t=!0,i=null!=e&&e+"queueHooks",o=it.timers,a=it._data(this);if(i)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&r(a[i]);else for(i in a)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&yn.test(i)&&r(a[i]);for(i=o.length;i--;)o[i].elem!==this||null!=e&&o[i].queue!==e||(o[i].anim.stop(n),t=!1,o.splice(i,1));(t||!n)&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},finish:function(e){return e!==!1&&(e=e||"fx"),this.each(function(){var t,n=it._data(this),r=n[e+"queue"],i=n[e+"queueHooks"],o=it.timers,a=r?r.length:0;for(n.finish=!0,it.queue(this,e,[]),i&&i.stop&&i.stop.call(this,!0),t=o.length;t--;)o[t].elem===this&&o[t].queue===e&&(o[t].anim.stop(!0),o.splice(t,1));for(t=0;a>t;t++)r[t]&&r[t].finish&&r[t].finish.call(this);delete n.finish})}}),it.each(["toggle","show","hide"],function(e,t){var n=it.fn[t];it.fn[t]=function(e,r,i){return null==e||"boolean"==typeof e?n.apply(this,arguments):this.animate(q(t,!0),e,r,i)}}),it.each({slideDown:q("show"),slideUp:q("hide"),slideToggle:q("toggle"),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e,n,r){return this.animate(t,e,n,r)}}),it.timers=[],it.fx.tick=function(){var e,t=it.timers,n=0;for(hn=it.now();n<t.length;n++)e=t[n],e()||t[n]!==e||t.splice(n--,1);t.length||it.fx.stop(),hn=void 0},it.fx.timer=function(e){it.timers.push(e),e()?it.fx.start():it.timers.pop()},it.fx.interval=13,it.fx.start=function(){mn||(mn=setInterval(it.fx.tick,it.fx.interval))},it.fx.stop=function(){clearInterval(mn),mn=null},it.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},it.fn.delay=function(e,t){return e=it.fx?it.fx.speeds[e]||e:e,t=t||"fx",this.queue(t,function(t,n){var r=setTimeout(t,e);n.stop=function(){clearTimeout(r)}})},function(){var e,t,n,r,i;t=ht.createElement("div"),t.setAttribute("className","t"),t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",r=t.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],n=ht.createElement("select"),i=n.appendChild(ht.createElement("option")),e=t.getElementsByTagName("input")[0],r.style.cssText="top:1px",nt.getSetAttribute="t"!==t.className,nt.style=/top/.test(r.getAttribute("style")),nt.hrefNormalized="/a"===r.getAttribute("href"),nt.checkOn=!!e.value,nt.optSelected=i.selected,nt.enctype=!!ht.createElement("form").enctype,n.disabled=!0,nt.optDisabled=!i.disabled,e=ht.createElement("input"),e.setAttribute("value",""),nt.input=""===e.getAttribute("value"),e.value="t",e.setAttribute("type","radio"),nt.radioValue="t"===e.value}();var wn=/\r/g;it.fn.extend({val:function(e){var t,n,r,i=this[0];{if(arguments.length)return r=it.isFunction(e),this.each(function(n){var i;1===this.nodeType&&(i=r?e.call(this,n,it(this).val()):e,null==i?i="":"number"==typeof i?i+="":it.isArray(i)&&(i=it.map(i,function(e){return null==e?"":e+""})),t=it.valHooks[this.type]||it.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"set"in t&&void 0!==t.set(this,i,"value")||(this.value=i))});if(i)return t=it.valHooks[i.type]||it.valHooks[i.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"get"in t&&void 0!==(n=t.get(i,"value"))?n:(n=i.value,"string"==typeof n?n.replace(wn,""):null==n?"":n)}}}),it.extend({valHooks:{option:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"value");return null!=t?t:it.trim(it.text(e))}},select:{get:function(e){for(var t,n,r=e.options,i=e.selectedIndex,o="select-one"===e.type||0>i,a=o?null:[],s=o?i+1:r.length,l=0>i?s:o?i:0;s>l;l++)if(n=r[l],!(!n.selected&&l!==i||(nt.optDisabled?n.disabled:null!==n.getAttribute("disabled"))||n.parentNode.disabled&&it.nodeName(n.parentNode,"optgroup"))){if(t=it(n).val(),o)return t;a.push(t)}return a},set:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i=e.options,o=it.makeArray(t),a=i.length;a--;)if(r=i[a],it.inArray(it.valHooks.option.get(r),o)>=0)try{r.selected=n=!0}catch(s){r.scrollHeight}else r.selected=!1;return n||(e.selectedIndex=-1),i}}}}),it.each(["radio","checkbox"],function(){it.valHooks[this]={set:function(e,t){return it.isArray(t)?e.checked=it.inArray(it(e).val(),t)>=0:void 0}},nt.checkOn||(it.valHooks[this].get=function(e){return null===e.getAttribute("value")?"on":e.value})});var Tn,En,kn=it.expr.attrHandle,Cn=/^(?:checked|selected)$/i,Nn=nt.getSetAttribute,Sn=nt.input;it.fn.extend({attr:function(e,t){return At(this,it.attr,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeAttr:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeAttr(this,e)})}}),it.extend({attr:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return typeof e.getAttribute===Et?it.prop(e,t,n):(1===o&&it.isXMLDoc(e)||(t=t.toLowerCase(),r=it.attrHooks[t]||(it.expr.match.bool.test(t)?En:Tn)),void 0===n?r&&"get"in r&&null!==(i=r.get(e,t))?i:(i=it.find.attr(e,t),null==i?void 0:i):null!==n?r&&"set"in r&&void 0!==(i=r.set(e,n,t))?i:(e.setAttribute(t,n+""),n):void it.removeAttr(e,t))},removeAttr:function(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=t&&t.match(bt);if(o&&1===e.nodeType)for(;n=o[i++];)r=it.propFix[n]||n,it.expr.match.bool.test(n)?Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e[r]=!1:e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[r]=!1:it.attr(e,n,""),e.removeAttribute(Nn?n:r)},attrHooks:{type:{set:function(e,t){if(!nt.radioValue&&"radio"===t&&it.nodeName(e,"input")){var n=e.value;return e.setAttribute("type",t),n&&(e.value=n),t}}}}}),En={set:function(e,t,n){return t===!1?it.removeAttr(e,n):Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e.setAttribute(!Nn&&it.propFix[n]||n,n):e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[n]=!0,n}},it.each(it.expr.match.bool.source.match(/\w+/g),function(e,t){var n=kn[t]||it.find.attr;kn[t]=Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(t)?function(e,t,r){var i,o;return r||(o=kn[t],kn[t]=i,i=null!=n(e,t,r)?t.toLowerCase():null,kn[t]=o),i}:function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e[it.camelCase("default-"+t)]?t.toLowerCase():null}}),Sn&&Nn||(it.attrHooks.value={set:function(e,t,n){return it.nodeName(e,"input")?void(e.defaultValue=t):Tn&&Tn.set(e,t,n)}}),Nn||(Tn={set:function(e,t,n){var r=e.getAttributeNode(n);return r||e.setAttributeNode(r=e.ownerDocument.createAttribute(n)),r.value=t+="","value"===n||t===e.getAttribute(n)?t:void 0}},kn.id=kn.name=kn.coords=function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&""!==r.value?r.value:null},it.valHooks.button={get:function(e,t){var n=e.getAttributeNode(t);return n&&n.specified?n.value:void 0},set:Tn.set},it.attrHooks.contenteditable={set:function(e,t,n){Tn.set(e,""===t?!1:t,n)}},it.each(["width","height"],function(e,t){it.attrHooks[t]={set:function(e,n){return""===n?(e.setAttribute(t,"auto"),n):void 0}}})),nt.style||(it.attrHooks.style={get:function(e){return e.style.cssText||void 0},set:function(e,t){return e.style.cssText=t+""}});var jn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button|object)$/i,An=/^(?:a|area)$/i;it.fn.extend({prop:function(e,t){return At(this,it.prop,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeProp:function(e){return e=it.propFix[e]||e,this.each(function(){try{this[e]=void 0,delete this[e]}catch(t){}})}}),it.extend({propFix:{"for":"htmlFor","class":"className"},prop:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==a&&8!==a&&2!==a)return o=1!==a||!it.isXMLDoc(e),o&&(t=it.propFix[t]||t,i=it.propHooks[t]),void 0!==n?i&&"set"in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:e[t]=n:i&&"get"in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:e[t]},propHooks:{tabIndex:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"tabindex");return t?parseInt(t,10):jn.test(e.nodeName)||An.test(e.nodeName)&&e.href?0:-1}}}}),nt.hrefNormalized||it.each(["href","src"],function(e,t){it.propHooks[t]={get:function(e){return e.getAttribute(t,4)}}}),nt.optSelected||(it.propHooks.selected={get:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&(t.selectedIndex,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex),null}}),it.each(["tabIndex","readOnly","maxLength","cellSpacing","cellPadding","rowSpan","colSpan","useMap","frameBorder","contentEditable"],function(){it.propFix[this.toLowerCase()]=this}),nt.enctype||(it.propFix.enctype="encoding");var Dn=/[\t\r\n\f]/g;it.fn.extend({addClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u="string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).addClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):" ")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")<0&&(r+=i+" ");a=it.trim(r),n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},removeClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u=0===arguments.length||"string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).removeClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):"")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)for(;r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")>=0;)r=r.replace(" "+i+" "," ");a=e?it.trim(r):"",n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},toggleClass:function(e,t){var n=typeof e;return"boolean"==typeof t&&"string"===n?t?this.addClass(e):this.removeClass(e):this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(n){it(this).toggleClass(e.call(this,n,this.className,t),t)}:function(){if("string"===n)for(var t,r=0,i=it(this),o=e.match(bt)||[];t=o[r++];)i.hasClass(t)?i.removeClass(t):i.addClass(t);else(n===Et||"boolean"===n)&&(this.className&&it._data(this,"__className__",this.className),this.className=this.className||e===!1?"":it._data(this,"__className__")||"")})},hasClass:function(e){for(var t=" "+e+" ",n=0,r=this.length;r>n;n++)if(1===this[n].nodeType&&(" "+this[n].className+" ").replace(Dn," ").indexOf(t)>=0)return!0;return!1}}),it.each("blur focus focusin focusout load resize scroll unload click dblclick mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave change select submit keydown keypress keyup error contextmenu".split(" "),function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e,n){return arguments.length>0?this.on(t,null,e,n):this.trigger(t)}}),it.fn.extend({hover:function(e,t){return this.mouseenter(e).mouseleave(t||e)},bind:function(e,t,n){return this.on(e,null,t,n)},unbind:function(e,t){return this.off(e,null,t)},delegate:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(t,e,n,r)},undelegate:function(e,t,n){return 1===arguments.length?this.off(e,"**"):this.off(t,e||"**",n)}});var Ln=it.now(),Hn=/\?/,_n=/(,)|(\[|{)|(}|])|"(?:[^"\\\r\n]|\\["\\\/bfnrt]|\\u[\da-fA-F]{4})*"\s*:?|true|false|null|-?(?!0\d)\d+(?:\.\d+|)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/g;it.parseJSON=function(t){if(e.JSON&&e.JSON.parse)return e.JSON.parse(t+"");var n,r=null,i=it.trim(t+"");return i&&!it.trim(i.replace(_n,function(e,t,i,o){return n&&t&&(r=0),0===r?e:(n=i||t,r+=!o-!i,"")}))?Function("return "+i)():it.error("Invalid JSON: "+t)},it.parseXML=function(t){var n,r;if(!t||"string"!=typeof t)return null;try{e.DOMParser?(r=new DOMParser,n=r.parseFromString(t,"text/xml")):(n=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM"),n.async="false",n.loadXML(t))}catch(i){n=void 0}return n&&n.documentElement&&!n.getElementsByTagName("parsererror").length||it.error("Invalid XML: "+t),n};var qn,Fn,Mn=/#.*$/,On=/([?&])_=[^&]*/,Rn=/^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)\r?$/gm,Bn=/^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/,Pn=/^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,In=/^\/\//,Wn=/^([\w.+-]+:)(?:\/\/(?:[^\/?#]*@|)([^\/?#:]*)(?::(\d+)|)|)/,$n={},zn={},Xn="*/".concat("*");try{Fn=location.href}catch(Un){Fn=ht.createElement("a"),Fn.href="",Fn=Fn.href}qn=Wn.exec(Fn.toLowerCase())||[],it.extend({active:0,lastModified:{},etag:{},ajaxSettings:{url:Fn,type:"GET",isLocal:Bn.test(qn[1]),global:!0,processData:!0,async:!0,contentType:"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",accepts:{"*":Xn,text:"text/plain",html:"text/html",xml:"application/xml, text/xml",json:"application/json, text/javascript"},contents:{xml:/xml/,html:/html/,json:/json/},responseFields:{xml:"responseXML",text:"responseText",json:"responseJSON"},converters:{"* text":String,"text html":!0,"text json":it.parseJSON,"text xml":it.parseXML},flatOptions:{url:!0,context:!0}},ajaxSetup:function(e,t){return t?I(I(e,it.ajaxSettings),t):I(it.ajaxSettings,e)},ajaxPrefilter:B($n),ajaxTransport:B(zn),ajax:function(e,t){function n(e,t,n,r){var i,c,v,y,x,T=t;2!==b&&(b=2,s&&clearTimeout(s),u=void 0,a=r||"",w.readyState=e>0?4:0,i=e>=200&&300>e||304===e,n&&(y=W(d,w,n)),y=$(d,y,w,i),i?(d.ifModified&&(x=w.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified"),x&&(it.lastModified[o]=x),x=w.getResponseHeader("etag"),x&&(it.etag[o]=x)),204===e||"HEAD"===d.type?T="nocontent":304===e?T="notmodified":(T=y.state,c=y.data,v=y.error,i=!v)):(v=T,(e||!T)&&(T="error",0>e&&(e=0))),w.status=e,w.statusText=(t||T)+"",i?h.resolveWith(f,[c,T,w]):h.rejectWith(f,[w,T,v]),w.statusCode(g),g=void 0,l&&p.trigger(i?"ajaxSuccess":"ajaxError",[w,d,i?c:v]),m.fireWith(f,[w,T]),l&&(p.trigger("ajaxComplete",[w,d]),--it.active||it.event.trigger("ajaxStop")))}"object"==typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),t=t||{};var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=it.ajaxSetup({},t),f=d.context||d,p=d.context&&(f.nodeType||f.jquery)?it(f):it.event,h=it.Deferred(),m=it.Callbacks("once memory"),g=d.statusCode||{},v={},y={},b=0,x="canceled",w={readyState:0,getResponseHeader:function(e){var t;if(2===b){if(!c)for(c={};t=Rn.exec(a);)c[t[1].toLowerCase()]=t[2];t=c[e.toLowerCase()]}return null==t?null:t},getAllResponseHeaders:function(){return 2===b?a:null},setRequestHeader:function(e,t){var n=e.toLowerCase();return b||(e=y[n]=y[n]||e,v[e]=t),this},overrideMimeType:function(e){return b||(d.mimeType=e),this},statusCode:function(e){var t;if(e)if(2>b)for(t in e)g[t]=[g[t],e[t]];else w.always(e[w.status]);return this},abort:function(e){var t=e||x;return u&&u.abort(t),n(0,t),this}};if(h.promise(w).complete=m.add,w.success=w.done,w.error=w.fail,d.url=((e||d.url||Fn)+"").replace(Mn,"").replace(In,qn[1]+"//"),d.type=t.method||t.type||d.method||d.type,d.dataTypes=it.trim(d.dataType||"*").toLowerCase().match(bt)||[""],null==d.crossDomain&&(r=Wn.exec(d.url.toLowerCase()),d.crossDomain=!(!r||r[1]===qn[1]&&r[2]===qn[2]&&(r[3]||("http:"===r[1]?"80":"443"))===(qn[3]||("http:"===qn[1]?"80":"443")))),d.data&&d.processData&&"string"!=typeof d.data&&(d.data=it.param(d.data,d.traditional)),P($n,d,t,w),2===b)return w;l=d.global,l&&0===it.active++&&it.event.trigger("ajaxStart"),d.type=d.type.toUpperCase(),d.hasContent=!Pn.test(d.type),o=d.url,d.hasContent||(d.data&&(o=d.url+=(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+d.data,delete d.data),d.cache===!1&&(d.url=On.test(o)?o.replace(On,"$1_="+Ln++):o+(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+"_="+Ln++)),d.ifModified&&(it.lastModified[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",it.lastModified[o]),it.etag[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-None-Match",it.etag[o])),(d.data&&d.hasContent&&d.contentType!==!1||t.contentType)&&w.setRequestHeader("Content-Type",d.contentType),w.setRequestHeader("Accept",d.dataTypes[0]&&d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]?d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]+("*"!==d.dataTypes[0]?", "+Xn+"; q=0.01":""):d.accepts["*"]);for(i in d.headers)w.setRequestHeader(i,d.headers[i]);if(d.beforeSend&&(d.beforeSend.call(f,w,d)===!1||2===b))return w.abort();x="abort";for(i in{success:1,error:1,complete:1})w[i](d[i]);if(u=P(zn,d,t,w)){w.readyState=1,l&&p.trigger("ajaxSend",[w,d]),d.async&&d.timeout>0&&(s=setTimeout(function(){w.abort("timeout")},d.timeout));try{b=1,u.send(v,n)}catch(T){if(!(2>b))throw T;n(-1,T)}}else n(-1,"No Transport");return w},getJSON:function(e,t,n){return it.get(e,t,n,"json")},getScript:function(e,t){return it.get(e,void 0,t,"script")}}),it.each(["get","post"],function(e,t){it[t]=function(e,n,r,i){return it.isFunction(n)&&(i=i||r,r=n,n=void 0),it.ajax({url:e,type:t,dataType:i,data:n,success:r})}}),it.each(["ajaxStart","ajaxStop","ajaxComplete","ajaxError","ajaxSuccess","ajaxSend"],function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e){return this.on(t,e)}}),it._evalUrl=function(e){return it.ajax({url:e,type:"GET",dataType:"script",async:!1,global:!1,"throws":!0})},it.fn.extend({wrapAll:function(e){if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).wrapAll(e.call(this,t))});if(this[0]){var t=it(e,this[0].ownerDocument).eq(0).clone(!0);this[0].parentNode&&t.insertBefore(this[0]),t.map(function(){for(var e=this;e.firstChild&&1===e.firstChild.nodeType;)e=e.firstChild;return e}).append(this)}return this},wrapInner:function(e){return this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(t){it(this).wrapInner(e.call(this,t))}:function(){var t=it(this),n=t.contents();n.length?n.wrapAll(e):t.append(e)})},wrap:function(e){var t=it.isFunction(e);return this.each(function(n){it(this).wrapAll(t?e.call(this,n):e)})},unwrap:function(){return this.parent().each(function(){it.nodeName(this,"body")||it(this).replaceWith(this.childNodes)}).end()}}),it.expr.filters.hidden=function(e){return e.offsetWidth<=0&&e.offsetHeight<=0||!nt.reliableHiddenOffsets()&&"none"===(e.style&&e.style.display||it.css(e,"display"))},it.expr.filters.visible=function(e){return!it.expr.filters.hidden(e)};var Vn=/%20/g,Gn=/\[\]$/,Yn=/\r?\n/g,Jn=/^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,Kn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;it.param=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=function(e,t){t=it.isFunction(t)?t():null==t?"":t,r[r.length]=encodeURIComponent(e)+"="+encodeURIComponent(t)};if(void 0===t&&(t=it.ajaxSettings&&it.ajaxSettings.traditional),it.isArray(e)||e.jquery&&!it.isPlainObject(e))it.each(e,function(){i(this.name,this.value)});else for(n in e)z(n,e[n],t,i);return r.join("&").replace(Vn,"+")},it.fn.extend({serialize:function(){return it.param(this.serializeArray())},serializeArray:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=it.prop(this,"elements");return e?it.makeArray(e):this}).filter(function(){var e=this.type;return this.name&&!it(this).is(":disabled")&&Kn.test(this.nodeName)&&!Jn.test(e)&&(this.checked||!Dt.test(e))}).map(function(e,t){var n=it(this).val();return null==n?null:it.isArray(n)?it.map(n,function(e){return{name:t.name,value:e.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}):{name:t.name,value:n.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}).get()}}),it.ajaxSettings.xhr=void 0!==e.ActiveXObject?function(){return!this.isLocal&&/^(get|post|head|put|delete|options)$/i.test(this.type)&&X()||U()}:X;var Qn=0,Zn={},er=it.ajaxSettings.xhr();e.ActiveXObject&&it(e).on("unload",function(){for(var e in Zn)Zn[e](void 0,!0)}),nt.cors=!!er&&"withCredentials"in er,er=nt.ajax=!!er,er&&it.ajaxTransport(function(e){if(!e.crossDomain||nt.cors){var t;return{send:function(n,r){var i,o=e.xhr(),a=++Qn;if(o.open(e.type,e.url,e.async,e.username,e.password),e.xhrFields)for(i in e.xhrFields)o[i]=e.xhrFields[i];e.mimeType&&o.overrideMimeType&&o.overrideMimeType(e.mimeType),e.crossDomain||n["X-Requested-With"]||(n["X-Requested-With"]="XMLHttpRequest");for(i in n)void 0!==n[i]&&o.setRequestHeader(i,n[i]+"");o.send(e.hasContent&&e.data||null),t=function(n,i){var s,l,u;if(t&&(i||4===o.readyState))if(delete Zn[a],t=void 0,o.onreadystatechange=it.noop,i)4!==o.readyState&&o.abort();else{u={},s=o.status,"string"==typeof o.responseText&&(u.text=o.responseText);try{l=o.statusText}catch(c){l=""}s||!e.isLocal||e.crossDomain?1223===s&&(s=204):s=u.text?200:404}u&&r(s,l,u,o.getAllResponseHeaders())},e.async?4===o.readyState?setTimeout(t):o.onreadystatechange=Zn[a]=t:t()},abort:function(){t&&t(void 0,!0)}}}}),it.ajaxSetup({accepts:{script:"text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"},contents:{script:/(?:java|ecma)script/},converters:{"text script":function(e){return it.globalEval(e),e}}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("script",function(e){void 0===e.cache&&(e.cache=!1),e.crossDomain&&(e.type="GET",e.global=!1)}),it.ajaxTransport("script",function(e){if(e.crossDomain){var t,n=ht.head||it("head")[0]||ht.documentElement;return{send:function(r,i){t=ht.createElement("script"),t.async=!0,e.scriptCharset&&(t.charset=e.scriptCharset),t.src=e.url,t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=function(e,n){(n||!t.readyState||/loaded|complete/.test(t.readyState))&&(t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=null,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null,n||i(200,"success"))},n.insertBefore(t,n.firstChild)},abort:function(){t&&t.onload(void 0,!0)}}}});var tr=[],nr=/(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;it.ajaxSetup({jsonp:"callback",jsonpCallback:function(){var e=tr.pop()||it.expando+"_"+Ln++;return this[e]=!0,e}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("json jsonp",function(t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=t.jsonp!==!1&&(nr.test(t.url)?"url":"string"==typeof t.data&&!(t.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&nr.test(t.data)&&"data");return s||"jsonp"===t.dataTypes[0]?(i=t.jsonpCallback=it.isFunction(t.jsonpCallback)?t.jsonpCallback():t.jsonpCallback,s?t[s]=t[s].replace(nr,"$1"+i):t.jsonp!==!1&&(t.url+=(Hn.test(t.url)?"&":"?")+t.jsonp+"="+i),t.converters["script json"]=function(){return a||it.error(i+" was not called"),a[0]},t.dataTypes[0]="json",o=e[i],e[i]=function(){a=arguments},r.always(function(){e[i]=o,t[i]&&(t.jsonpCallback=n.jsonpCallback,tr.push(i)),a&&it.isFunction(o)&&o(a[0]),a=o=void 0}),"script"):void 0}),it.parseHTML=function(e,t,n){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return null;"boolean"==typeof t&&(n=t,t=!1),t=t||ht;var r=dt.exec(e),i=!n&&[];return r?[t.createElement(r[1])]:(r=it.buildFragment([e],t,i),i&&i.length&&it(i).remove(),it.merge([],r.childNodes))};var rr=it.fn.load;it.fn.load=function(e,t,n){if("string"!=typeof e&&rr)return rr.apply(this,arguments);var r,i,o,a=this,s=e.indexOf(" ");return s>=0&&(r=it.trim(e.slice(s,e.length)),e=e.slice(0,s)),it.isFunction(t)?(n=t,t=void 0):t&&"object"==typeof t&&(o="POST"),a.length>0&&it.ajax({url:e,type:o,dataType:"html",data:t}).done(function(e){i=arguments,a.html(r?it("<div>").append(it.parseHTML(e)).find(r):e)}).complete(n&&function(e,t){a.each(n,i||[e.responseText,t,e])}),this},it.expr.filters.animated=function(e){return it.grep(it.timers,function(t){return e===t.elem}).length};var ir=e.document.documentElement;it.offset={setOffset:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=it.css(e,"position"),d=it(e),f={};"static"===c&&(e.style.position="relative"),s=d.offset(),o=it.css(e,"top"),l=it.css(e,"left"),u=("absolute"===c||"fixed"===c)&&it.inArray("auto",[o,l])>-1,u?(r=d.position(),a=r.top,i=r.left):(a=parseFloat(o)||0,i=parseFloat(l)||0),it.isFunction(t)&&(t=t.call(e,n,s)),null!=t.top&&(f.top=t.top-s.top+a),null!=t.left&&(f.left=t.left-s.left+i),"using"in t?t.using.call(e,f):d.css(f)}},it.fn.extend({offset:function(e){if(arguments.length)return void 0===e?this:this.each(function(t){it.offset.setOffset(this,e,t)});var t,n,r={top:0,left:0},i=this[0],o=i&&i.ownerDocument;if(o)return t=o.documentElement,it.contains(t,i)?(typeof i.getBoundingClientRect!==Et&&(r=i.getBoundingClientRect()),n=V(o),{top:r.top+(n.pageYOffset||t.scrollTop)-(t.clientTop||0),left:r.left+(n.pageXOffset||t.scrollLeft)-(t.clientLeft||0)}):r},position:function(){if(this[0]){var e,t,n={top:0,left:0},r=this[0];return"fixed"===it.css(r,"position")?t=r.getBoundingClientRect():(e=this.offsetParent(),t=this.offset(),it.nodeName(e[0],"html")||(n=e.offset()),n.top+=it.css(e[0],"borderTopWidth",!0),n.left+=it.css(e[0],"borderLeftWidth",!0)),{top:t.top-n.top-it.css(r,"marginTop",!0),left:t.left-n.left-it.css(r,"marginLeft",!0)}}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){for(var e=this.offsetParent||ir;e&&!it.nodeName(e,"html")&&"static"===it.css(e,"position");)e=e.offsetParent;return e||ir})}}),it.each({scrollLeft:"pageXOffset",scrollTop:"pageYOffset"},function(e,t){var n=/Y/.test(t);it.fn[e]=function(r){return At(this,function(e,r,i){var o=V(e);return void 0===i?o?t in o?o[t]:o.document.documentElement[r]:e[r]:void(o?o.scrollTo(n?it(o).scrollLeft():i,n?i:it(o).scrollTop()):e[r]=i)},e,r,arguments.length,null)}}),it.each(["top","left"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]=N(nt.pixelPosition,function(e,n){return n?(n=tn(e,t),rn.test(n)?it(e).position()[t]+"px":n):void 0})}),it.each({Height:"height",Width:"width"},function(e,t){it.each({padding:"inner"+e,content:t,"":"outer"+e},function(n,r){it.fn[r]=function(r,i){var o=arguments.length&&(n||"boolean"!=typeof r),a=n||(r===!0||i===!0?"margin":"border");return At(this,function(t,n,r){var i;return it.isWindow(t)?t.document.documentElement["client"+e]:9===t.nodeType?(i=t.documentElement,Math.max(t.body["scroll"+e],i["scroll"+e],t.body["offset"+e],i["offset"+e],i["client"+e])):void 0===r?it.css(t,n,a):it.style(t,n,r,a)},t,o?r:void 0,o,null)}})}),it.fn.size=function(){return this.length},it.fn.andSelf=it.fn.addBack,"function"==typeof define&&define.amd&&define("jquery",[],function(){return it});var or=e.jQuery,ar=e.$;return it.noConflict=function(t){return e.$===it&&(e.$=ar),t&&e.jQuery===it&&(e.jQuery=or),it},typeof t===Et&&(e.jQuery=e.$=it),it}),function(e,t){e.rails!==t&&e.error("jquery-ujs has already been loaded!");var n,r=e(document);e.rails=n={linkClickSelector:"a[data-confirm], a[data-method], a[data-remote], a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonClickSelector:"button[data-remote], button[data-confirm]",inputChangeSelector:"select[data-remote], input[data-remote], textarea[data-remote]",formSubmitSelector:"form",formInputClickSelector:"form input[type=submit], form input[type=image], form button[type=submit], form button:not([type])",disableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:enabled, button[data-disable-with]:enabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:enabled, input[data-disable]:enabled, button[data-disable]:enabled, textarea[data-disable]:enabled",enableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:disabled, button[data-disable-with]:disabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:disabled, input[data-disable]:disabled, button[data-disable]:disabled, textarea[data-disable]:disabled",requiredInputSelector:"input[name][required]:not([disabled]),textarea[name][required]:not([disabled])",fileInputSelector:"input[type=file]",linkDisableSelector:"a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonDisableSelector:"button[data-remote][data-disable-with], button[data-remote][data-disable]",CSRFProtection:function(t){var n=e('meta[name="csrf-token"]').attr("content");n&&t.setRequestHeader("X-CSRF-Token",n)},refreshCSRFTokens:function(){var t=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),n=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content");e('form input[name="'+n+'"]').val(t)},fire:function(t,n,r){var i=e.Event(n);return t.trigger(i,r),i.result!==!1},confirm:function(e){return confirm(e)},ajax:function(t){return e.ajax(t)},href:function(e){return e.attr("href")},handleRemote:function(r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;if(n.fire(r,"ajax:before")){if(s=r.data("cross-domain"),l=s===t?null:s,u=r.data("with-credentials")||null,c=r.data("type")||e.ajaxSettings&&e.ajaxSettings.dataType,r.is("form")){i=r.attr("method"),o=r.attr("action"),a=r.serializeArray();var f=r.data("ujs:submit-button");f&&(a.push(f),r.data("ujs:submit-button",null))}else r.is(n.inputChangeSelector)?(i=r.data("method"),o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):r.is(n.buttonClickSelector)?(i=r.data("method")||"get",o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):(i=r.data("method"),o=n.href(r),a=r.data("params")||null);return d={type:i||"GET",data:a,dataType:c,beforeSend:function(e,i){return i.dataType===t&&e.setRequestHeader("accept","*/*;q=0.5, "+i.accepts.script),n.fire(r,"ajax:beforeSend",[e,i])?void r.trigger("ajax:send",e):!1
+},success:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:success",[e,t,n])},complete:function(e,t){r.trigger("ajax:complete",[e,t])},error:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:error",[e,t,n])},crossDomain:l},u&&(d.xhrFields={withCredentials:u}),o&&(d.url=o),n.ajax(d)}return!1},handleMethod:function(r){var i=n.href(r),o=r.data("method"),a=r.attr("target"),s=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),l=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content"),u=e('<form method="post" action="'+i+'"></form>'),c='<input name="_method" value="'+o+'" type="hidden" />';l!==t&&s!==t&&(c+='<input name="'+l+'" value="'+s+'" type="hidden" />'),a&&u.attr("target",a),u.hide().append(c).appendTo("body"),u.submit()},formElements:function(t,n){return t.is("form")?e(t[0].elements).filter(n):t.find(n)},disableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.disableSelector).each(function(){n.disableFormElement(e(this))})},disableFormElement:function(e){var n,r;n=e.is("button")?"html":"val",r=e.data("disable-with"),e.data("ujs:enable-with",e[n]()),r!==t&&e[n](r),e.prop("disabled",!0)},enableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.enableSelector).each(function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))})},enableFormElement:function(e){var t=e.is("button")?"html":"val";e.data("ujs:enable-with")&&e[t](e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.prop("disabled",!1)},allowAction:function(e){var t,r=e.data("confirm"),i=!1;return r?(n.fire(e,"confirm")&&(i=n.confirm(r),t=n.fire(e,"confirm:complete",[i])),i&&t):!0},blankInputs:function(t,n,r){var i,o,a=e(),s=n||"input,textarea",l=t.find(s);return l.each(function(){if(i=e(this),o=i.is("input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]")?i.is(":checked"):i.val(),!o==!r){if(i.is("input[type=radio]")&&l.filter('input[type=radio]:checked[name="'+i.attr("name")+'"]').length)return!0;a=a.add(i)}}),a.length?a:!1},nonBlankInputs:function(e,t){return n.blankInputs(e,t,!0)},stopEverything:function(t){return e(t.target).trigger("ujs:everythingStopped"),t.stopImmediatePropagation(),!1},disableElement:function(e){var r=e.data("disable-with");e.data("ujs:enable-with",e.html()),r!==t&&e.html(r),e.bind("click.railsDisable",function(e){return n.stopEverything(e)})},enableElement:function(e){e.data("ujs:enable-with")!==t&&(e.html(e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.removeData("ujs:enable-with")),e.unbind("click.railsDisable")}},n.fire(r,"rails:attachBindings")&&(e.ajaxPrefilter(function(e,t,r){e.crossDomain||n.CSRFProtection(r)}),r.delegate(n.linkDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.buttonDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.linkClickSelector,"click.rails",function(r){var i=e(this),o=i.data("method"),a=i.data("params"),s=r.metaKey||r.ctrlKey;if(!n.allowAction(i))return n.stopEverything(r);if(!s&&i.is(n.linkDisableSelector)&&n.disableElement(i),i.data("remote")!==t){if(s&&(!o||"GET"===o)&&!a)return!0;var l=n.handleRemote(i);return l===!1?n.enableElement(i):l.error(function(){n.enableElement(i)}),!1}return i.data("method")?(n.handleMethod(i),!1):void 0}),r.delegate(n.buttonClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);r.is(n.buttonDisableSelector)&&n.disableFormElement(r);var i=n.handleRemote(r);return i===!1?n.enableFormElement(r):i.error(function(){n.enableFormElement(r)}),!1}),r.delegate(n.inputChangeSelector,"change.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);return n.allowAction(r)?(n.handleRemote(r),!1):n.stopEverything(t)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"submit.rails",function(r){var i,o,a=e(this),s=a.data("remote")!==t;if(!n.allowAction(a))return n.stopEverything(r);if(a.attr("novalidate")==t&&(i=n.blankInputs(a,n.requiredInputSelector),i&&n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:required",[i])))return n.stopEverything(r);if(s){if(o=n.nonBlankInputs(a,n.fileInputSelector)){setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13);var l=n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:file",[o]);return l||setTimeout(function(){n.enableFormElements(a)},13),l}return n.handleRemote(a),!1}setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13)}),r.delegate(n.formInputClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);var i=r.attr("name"),o=i?{name:i,value:r.val()}:null;r.closest("form").data("ujs:submit-button",o)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:send.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.disableFormElements(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:complete.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.enableFormElements(e(this))}),e(function(){n.refreshCSRFTokens()}))}(jQuery),function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g,v,y,b,x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B,P,I,W,$,z,X,U,V,G,Y=[].indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(t in this&&this[t]===e)return t;return-1},J={}.hasOwnProperty,K=function(e,t){function n(){this.constructor=e}for(var r in t)J.call(t,r)&&(e[r]=t[r]);return n.prototype=t.prototype,e.prototype=new n,e.__super__=t.prototype,e},Q=[].slice;j={},d=10,$=!1,m=null,S=null,q=null,h=null,V=null,b=function(e){var t;return e=new n(e),B(),c(),F(e),$&&(t=z(e.absolute))?(x(t),w(e)):w(e,W)},z=function(e){var t;return t=j[e],t&&!t.transitionCacheDisabled?t:void 0},g=function(e){return null==e&&(e=!0),$=e},w=function(e,t){return null==t&&(t=function(){return function(){}}(this)),X("page:fetch",{url:e.absolute}),null!=V&&V.abort(),V=new XMLHttpRequest,V.open("GET",e.withoutHashForIE10compatibility(),!0),V.setRequestHeader("Accept","text/html, application/xhtml+xml, application/xml"),V.setRequestHeader("X-XHR-Referer",q),V.onload=function(){var n;return X("page:receive"),(n=H())?(f.apply(null,y(n)),M(),t(),X("page:load")):document.location.href=e.absolute},V.onloadend=function(){return V=null},V.onerror=function(){return document.location.href=e.absolute},V.send()},x=function(e){return null!=V&&V.abort(),f(e.title,e.body),_(e),X("page:restore")},c=function(){var e;return e=new n(m.url),j[e.absolute]={url:e.relative,body:document.body,title:document.title,positionY:window.pageYOffset,positionX:window.pageXOffset,cachedAt:(new Date).getTime(),transitionCacheDisabled:null!=document.querySelector("[data-no-transition-cache]")},p(d)},D=function(e){return null==e&&(e=d),/^[\d]+$/.test(e)?d=parseInt(e):void 0},p=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a;for(r=Object.keys(j),t=r.map(function(e){return j[e].cachedAt}).sort(function(e,t){return t-e}),a=[],i=0,o=r.length;o>i;i++)n=r[i],j[n].cachedAt<=t[e]&&(X("page:expire",j[n]),a.push(delete j[n]));return a},f=function(t,n,r,i){return document.title=t,document.documentElement.replaceChild(n,document.body),null!=r&&e.update(r),i&&v(),m=window.history.state,X("page:change"),X("page:update")},v=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;for(o=Array.prototype.slice.call(document.body.querySelectorAll('script:not([data-turbolinks-eval="false"])')),a=0,l=o.length;l>a;a++)if(i=o[a],""===(c=i.type)||"text/javascript"===c){for(t=document.createElement("script"),d=i.attributes,s=0,u=d.length;u>s;s++)e=d[s],t.setAttribute(e.name,e.value);t.appendChild(document.createTextNode(i.innerHTML)),r=i.parentNode,n=i.nextSibling,r.removeChild(i),r.insertBefore(t,n)}},P=function(e){return e.innerHTML=e.innerHTML.replace(/<noscript[\S\s]*?<\/noscript>/gi,""),e},F=function(e){return(e=new n(e)).absolute!==q?window.history.pushState({turbolinks:!0,url:e.absolute},"",e.absolute):void 0},M=function(){var e,t;return(e=V.getResponseHeader("X-XHR-Redirected-To"))?(e=new n(e),t=e.hasNoHash()?document.location.hash:"",window.history.replaceState(m,"",e.href+t)):void 0},B=function(){return q=document.location.href},R=function(){return window.history.replaceState({turbolinks:!0,url:document.location.href},"",document.location.href)},O=function(){return m=window.history.state},_=function(e){return window.scrollTo(e.positionX,e.positionY)},W=function(){return document.location.hash?document.location.href=document.location.href:window.scrollTo(0,0)},L=function(e){var t,n;return t=(null!=(n=document.cookie.match(new RegExp(e+"=(\\w+)")))?n[1].toUpperCase():void 0)||"",document.cookie=e+"=; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-70 00:00:01 GMT; path=/",t},X=function(e,t){var n;return n=document.createEvent("Events"),t&&(n.data=t),n.initEvent(e,!0,!0),document.dispatchEvent(n)},A=function(){return!X("page:before-change")},H=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;return t=function(){var e;return 400<=(e=V.status)&&600>e},o=function(){return V.getResponseHeader("Content-Type").match(/^(?:text\/html|application\/xhtml\+xml|application\/xml)(?:;|$)/)},r=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o;for(i=e.head.childNodes,o=[],n=0,r=i.length;r>n;n++)t=i[n],null!=("function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("data-turbolinks-track"):void 0)&&o.push(t.getAttribute("src")||t.getAttribute("href"));return o},e=function(e){var t;return S||(S=r(document)),t=r(e),t.length!==S.length||i(t,S).length!==S.length},i=function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(e.length>t.length&&(o=[t,e],e=o[0],t=o[1]),a=[],r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],Y.call(t,n)>=0&&a.push(n);return a},!t()&&o()&&(n=h(V.responseText),n&&!e(n))?n:void 0},y=function(t){var n;return n=t.querySelector("title"),[null!=n?n.textContent:void 0,P(t.body),e.get(t).token,"runScripts"]},e={get:function(e){var t;return null==e&&(e=document),{node:t=e.querySelector('meta[name="csrf-token"]'),token:null!=t&&"function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("content"):void 0}},update:function(e){var t;return t=this.get(),null!=t.token&&null!=e&&t.token!==e?t.node.setAttribute("content",e):void 0}},i=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;t=function(e){return(new DOMParser).parseFromString(e,"text/html")},e=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.documentElement.innerHTML=e,t},n=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.open("replace"),t.write(e),t.close(),t};try{if(window.DOMParser)return i=t("<html><body><p>test"),t}catch(a){return r=a,i=e("<html><body><p>test"),e}finally{if(1!==(null!=i&&null!=(o=i.body)?o.childNodes.length:void 0))return n}},n=function(){function e(t){return this.original=null!=t?t:document.location.href,this.original.constructor===e?this.original:void this._parse()}return e.prototype.withoutHash=function(){return this.href.replace(this.hash,"")},e.prototype.withoutHashForIE10compatibility=function(){return this.withoutHash()},e.prototype.hasNoHash=function(){return 0===this.hash.length},e.prototype._parse=function(){var e;return(null!=this.link?this.link:this.link=document.createElement("a")).href=this.original,e=this.link,this.href=e.href,this.protocol=e.protocol,this.host=e.host,this.hostname=e.hostname,this.port=e.port,this.pathname=e.pathname,this.search=e.search,this.hash=e.hash,this.origin=[this.protocol,"//",this.hostname].join(""),0!==this.port.length&&(this.origin+=":"+this.port),this.relative=[this.pathname,this.search,this.hash].join(""),this.absolute=this.href},e}(),r=function(e){function t(e){return this.link=e,this.link.constructor===t?this.link:(this.original=this.link.href,void t.__super__.constructor.apply(this,arguments))}return K(t,e),t.HTML_EXTENSIONS=["html"],t.allowExtensions=function(){var e,n,r,i;for(n=1<=arguments.length?Q.call(arguments,0):[],r=0,i=n.length;i>r;r++)e=n[r],t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.push(e);return t.HTML_EXTENSIONS},t.prototype.shouldIgnore=function(){return this._crossOrigin()||this._anchored()||this._nonHtml()||this._optOut()||this._target()},t.prototype._crossOrigin=function(){return this.origin!==(new n).origin},t.prototype._anchored=function(){var e;return(this.hash&&this.withoutHash())===(e=new n).withoutHash()||this.href===e.href+"#"},t.prototype._nonHtml=function(){return this.pathname.match(/\.[a-z]+$/g)&&!this.pathname.match(new RegExp("\\.(?:"+t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.join("|")+")?$","g"))},t.prototype._optOut=function(){var e,t;for(t=this.link;!e&&t!==document;)e=null!=t.getAttribute("data-no-turbolink"),t=t.parentNode;return e},t.prototype._target=function(){return 0!==this.link.target.length},t}(n),t=function(){function e(e){this.event=e,this.event.defaultPrevented||(this._extractLink(),this._validForTurbolinks()&&(A()||U(this.link.href),this.event.preventDefault()))}return e.installHandlerLast=function(t){return t.defaultPrevented?void 0:(document.removeEventListener("click",e.handle,!1),document.addEventListener("click",e.handle,!1))},e.handle=function(t){return new e(t)},e.prototype._extractLink=function(){var e;for(e=this.event.target;e.parentNode&&"A"!==e.nodeName;)e=e.parentNode;return"A"===e.nodeName&&0!==e.href.length?this.link=new r(e):void 0},e.prototype._validForTurbolinks=function(){return null!=this.link&&!(this.link.shouldIgnore()||this._nonStandardClick())},e.prototype._nonStandardClick=function(){return this.event.which>1||this.event.metaKey||this.event.ctrlKey||this.event.shiftKey||this.event.altKey},e}(),u=function(e){return setTimeout(e,500)},k=function(){return document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){return X("page:change"),X("page:update")},!0)},N=function(){return"undefined"!=typeof jQuery?jQuery(document).on("ajaxSuccess",function(e,t){return jQuery.trim(t.responseText)?X("page:update"):void 0}):void 0},C=function(e){var t,r;return(null!=(r=e.state)?r.turbolinks:void 0)?(t=j[new n(e.state.url).absolute])?(c(),x(t)):U(e.target.location.href):void 0},E=function(){return R(),O(),h=i(),document.addEventListener("click",t.installHandlerLast,!0),u(function(){return window.addEventListener("popstate",C,!1)})},T=void 0!==window.history.state||navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox\/2[6|7]/),s=window.history&&window.history.pushState&&window.history.replaceState&&T,o=!navigator.userAgent.match(/CriOS\//),I="GET"===(G=L("request_method"))||""===G,l=s&&o&&I,a=document.addEventListener&&document.createEvent,a&&(k(),N()),l?(U=b,E()):U=function(e){return document.location.href=e},this.Turbolinks={visit:U,pagesCached:D,enableTransitionCache:g,allowLinkExtensions:r.allowExtensions,supported:l}}.call(this),function(){}.call(this);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo.gz b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f62c656dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo.gz
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/edit.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/edit.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index ae82dfa4fc..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/edit.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Edit world!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/new.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/new.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 96c8f1b88b..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/new.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-New world!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_invalid_resource_with_template.xml.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_invalid_resource_with_template.xml.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index bf5869ed22..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_invalid_resource_with_template.xml.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<content>I should not be displayed</content>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_options_with_template.xml.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_options_with_template.xml.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index b313017913..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_options_with_template.xml.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<customer-name><%= @customer.name %></customer-name>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource.js.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource.js.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4417680bce..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource.js.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-alert("Hi");
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource_with_block.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource_with_block.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6769dd60bd..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource_with_block.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello world!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3225efc49a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-HTML
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7fa41dce66..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-JSON
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_counter.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_counter.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index fd245bfc70..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_counter.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= counter_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index d8220afeda..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello: <%= customer.name rescue "Anonymous" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3435979dba..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= customer_counter.name %><%= customer_counter_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter_with_as.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter_with_as.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1241eb604d..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter_with_as.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= client.name %><%= client_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_greeting.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_greeting.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6acbcb20c4..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_greeting.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= greeting %>: <%= customer_greeting.name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_with_var.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_with_var.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 00047dd20e..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_with_var.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= customer.name %> <%= customer.name %> <%= customer.name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1cc8d41475..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello <%= name %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 790ee896db..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :partial => "test/second_json_partial" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_form.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_form.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 01107f1cb2..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_form.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= form.label :title %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_greeting.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_greeting.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index fc54a36f2a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_greeting.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= greeting %>: <%= hash_greeting[:first_name] %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_object.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_object.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 34a92c6a56..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_object.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<%= hash_object[:first_name] %>
-<%= hash_object[:first_name].reverse %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hello.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hello.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index ef52f632d1..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hello.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-xm.hello
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_labelling_form.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_labelling_form.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b95763165..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_labelling_form.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= labelling_form.label :title %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 666efadbb6..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-Before (<%= name %>)
-<%= yield %>
-After
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a03a64e31..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Inside from partial (<%= name %>)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b54875782..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= "partial.html.erb" %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index cc3a91c89f..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= partial_name_local_variable %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index a44b3eed40..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-only partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only_html.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only_html.html
deleted file mode 100644
index d2d630bd40..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only_html.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-only html partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_partial.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_partial.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index ee0d5037b6..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_partial.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<%= render 'test/partial' %>
-partial with partial
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_person.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_person.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index b2e5688956..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_person.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-Second: <%= name %>
-Third: <%= @name %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index f9a93728fe..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-<p>First paragraph</p>
-<p>Second paragraph</p>
-<p>Third paragraph</p>
-<p>Fourth paragraph</p>
-<p>Fifth paragraph</p>
-<p>Sixth paragraph</p>
-<p>Seventh paragraph</p>
-<p>Eight paragraph</p>
-<p>Ninth paragraph</p>
-<p>Tenth paragraph</p>
-<%= raise "error here!" %>
-<p>Eleventh paragraph</p>
-<p>Twelfth paragraph</p>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ebb7f1afd..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Third level
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/action_talk_to_layout.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/action_talk_to_layout.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 36e896daa8..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/action_talk_to_layout.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<% @title = "Talking to the layout" -%>
-Action was here!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index ac44bc0d81..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render(:layout => "layout_for_partial", :partial => "partial_for_use_in_layout", :locals => { :name => "David" }) %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/capturing.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/capturing.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1addaa40d9..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/capturing.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<% days = capture do %>
-  Dreamy days
-<% end %>
-<%= days %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/change_priority.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/change_priority.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5618977d05..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/change_priority.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :partial => "test/json_change_priority", formats: :json %>
-HTML Template, but <%= render :partial => "test/changing_priority" %> partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fb829f54c..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<% content_for :title do -%>Putting stuff in the title!<% end -%>Great stuff!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_concatenated.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_concatenated.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index e65f629574..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_concatenated.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-<% content_for :title, "Putting stuff "
-   content_for :title, "in the title!" -%>
-Great stuff!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_with_parameter.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_with_parameter.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index aeb6f73ce0..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_with_parameter.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<% content_for :title, "Putting stuff in the title!" -%>
-Great stuff!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/formatted_html_erb.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/formatted_html_erb.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c64efabd8..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/formatted_html_erb.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-formatted html erb
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 62fb0293f0..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<p>This is grand!</p>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.xml.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.xml.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 62fb0293f0..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.xml.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<p>This is grand!</p>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello,world.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello,world.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index bc8fa5e0ca..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello,world.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello w*rld!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index a471553941..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-xml.html do
-  xml.p "Hello #{@name}"
-  xml << render(:file => "test/greeting")
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_container.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_container.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index e48d75c405..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_container.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-xml.test do
-  render :partial => 'hello', :locals => { :xm => xml }
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_from_rxml.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_from_rxml.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index 619a97ba96..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_from_rxml.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-xml.html do
-  xml.p "Hello"
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_layout_false.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_layout_false.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6769dd60bd..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_layout_false.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello world!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1bbc2b7f09..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :partial => "test/first_json_partial", formats: :json %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hyphen-ated.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hyphen-ated.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index cd0875583a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hyphen-ated.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello world!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/list.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/list.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a4bda58ee..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/list.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= @test_unchanged = 'goodbye' %><%= render :partial => 'customer', :collection => @customers %><%= @test_unchanged %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/non_erb_block_content_for.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/non_erb_block_content_for.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index d539a425a4..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/non_erb_block_content_for.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-content_for :title do
-  'Putting stuff in the title!'
-end
-xml << "Great stuff!"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/potential_conflicts.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/potential_conflicts.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index a5e964e359..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/potential_conflicts.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-First: <%= @name %>
-<%= render :partial => "person", :locals => { :name => "Stephan" } -%>
-Fourth: <%= @name %>
-Fifth: <%= name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/proper_block_detection.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/proper_block_detection.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index b55efbb25d..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/proper_block_detection.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= @todo %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_from_template.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_from_template.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index fde9f4bb64..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_from_template.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :file => @path %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b4900acc5..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= secret ||= 'one' %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.da.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.da.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0740b2d07c..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.da.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hey HTML!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a11845cfe..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello HTML!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_js_template_without_layout.js.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_js_template_without_layout.js.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 892ae5eca2..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_js_template_without_layout.js.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-alert('hello');
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1461b95186..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render partial: 'test/_directory/partial_with_locales', locals: {'name' => 'Jane'} %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_to_string_test.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_to_string_test.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e267e8634..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_to_string_test.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-The value of foo is: ::<%= @foo %>::
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_two_partials.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_two_partials.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3db6025860..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_two_partials.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :partial => 'partial', :locals => {'first' => '1'} %>
-<%= render :partial => 'partial', :locals => {'second' => '2'} %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/using_layout_around_block.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/using_layout_around_block.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d6661df9a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/using_layout_around_block.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render(:layout => "layout_for_partial", :locals => { :name => "David" }) do %>Inside from block<% end %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_html_partial.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_html_partial.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index d84d909d64..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_html_partial.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<strong><%= render :partial => "partial_only_html" %></strong>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7502364cf5..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<strong><%= render :partial => "partial_only" %></strong>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.text.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.text.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f068ebf27..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.text.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-**<%= render :partial => "partial_only" %>**
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_xml_template.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_xml_template.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index e54a7cd001..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_xml_template.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :template => "test/greeting", :formats => :xml %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67fc57079b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/bar.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar/index.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5bb8f898d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/bar/index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1826a7660e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+!function(e,t){"object"==typeof module&&"object"==typeof module.exports?module.exports=e.document?t(e,!0):function(e){if(!e.document)throw new Error("jQuery requires a window with a document");return t(e)}:t(e)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:this,function(e,t){function n(e){var t=e.length,n=it.type(e);return"function"===n||it.isWindow(e)?!1:1===e.nodeType&&t?!0:"array"===n||0===t||"number"==typeof t&&t>0&&t-1 in e}function r(e,t,n){if(it.isFunction(t))return it.grep(e,function(e,r){return!!t.call(e,r,e)!==n});if(t.nodeType)return it.grep(e,function(e){return e===t!==n});if("string"==typeof t){if(ft.test(t))return it.filter(t,e,n);t=it.filter(t,e)}return it.grep(e,function(e){return it.inArray(e,t)>=0!==n})}function i(e,t){do e=e[t];while(e&&1!==e.nodeType);return e}function o(e){var t=xt[e]={};return it.each(e.match(bt)||[],function(e,n){t[n]=!0}),t}function a(){ht.addEventListener?(ht.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.removeEventListener("load",s,!1)):(ht.detachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.detachEvent("onload",s))}function s(){(ht.addEventListener||"load"===event.type||"complete"===ht.readyState)&&(a(),it.ready())}function l(e,t,n){if(void 0===n&&1===e.nodeType){var r="data-"+t.replace(Ct,"-$1").toLowerCase();if(n=e.getAttribute(r),"string"==typeof n){try{n="true"===n?!0:"false"===n?!1:"null"===n?null:+n+""===n?+n:kt.test(n)?it.parseJSON(n):n}catch(i){}it.data(e,t,n)}else n=void 0}return n}function u(e){var t;for(t in e)if(("data"!==t||!it.isEmptyObject(e[t]))&&"toJSON"!==t)return!1;return!0}function c(e,t,n,r){if(it.acceptData(e)){var i,o,a=it.expando,s=e.nodeType,l=s?it.cache:e,u=s?e[a]:e[a]&&a;if(u&&l[u]&&(r||l[u].data)||void 0!==n||"string"!=typeof t)return u||(u=s?e[a]=G.pop()||it.guid++:a),l[u]||(l[u]=s?{}:{toJSON:it.noop}),("object"==typeof t||"function"==typeof t)&&(r?l[u]=it.extend(l[u],t):l[u].data=it.extend(l[u].data,t)),o=l[u],r||(o.data||(o.data={}),o=o.data),void 0!==n&&(o[it.camelCase(t)]=n),"string"==typeof t?(i=o[t],null==i&&(i=o[it.camelCase(t)])):i=o,i}}function d(e,t,n){if(it.acceptData(e)){var r,i,o=e.nodeType,a=o?it.cache:e,s=o?e[it.expando]:it.expando;if(a[s]){if(t&&(r=n?a[s]:a[s].data)){it.isArray(t)?t=t.concat(it.map(t,it.camelCase)):t in r?t=[t]:(t=it.camelCase(t),t=t in r?[t]:t.split(" ")),i=t.length;for(;i--;)delete r[t[i]];if(n?!u(r):!it.isEmptyObject(r))return}(n||(delete a[s].data,u(a[s])))&&(o?it.cleanData([e],!0):nt.deleteExpando||a!=a.window?delete a[s]:a[s]=null)}}}function f(){return!0}function p(){return!1}function h(){try{return ht.activeElement}catch(e){}}function m(e){var t=Mt.split("|"),n=e.createDocumentFragment();if(n.createElement)for(;t.length;)n.createElement(t.pop());return n}function g(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==Et?e.getElementsByTagName(t||"*"):typeof e.querySelectorAll!==Et?e.querySelectorAll(t||"*"):void 0;if(!o)for(o=[],n=e.childNodes||e;null!=(r=n[i]);i++)!t||it.nodeName(r,t)?o.push(r):it.merge(o,g(r,t));return void 0===t||t&&it.nodeName(e,t)?it.merge([e],o):o}function v(e){Dt.test(e.type)&&(e.defaultChecked=e.checked)}function y(e,t){return it.nodeName(e,"table")&&it.nodeName(11!==t.nodeType?t:t.firstChild,"tr")?e.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0]||e.appendChild(e.ownerDocument.createElement("tbody")):e}function b(e){return e.type=(null!==it.find.attr(e,"type"))+"/"+e.type,e}function x(e){var t=Vt.exec(e.type);return t?e.type=t[1]:e.removeAttribute("type"),e}function w(e,t){for(var n,r=0;null!=(n=e[r]);r++)it._data(n,"globalEval",!t||it._data(t[r],"globalEval"))}function T(e,t){if(1===t.nodeType&&it.hasData(e)){var n,r,i,o=it._data(e),a=it._data(t,o),s=o.events;if(s){delete a.handle,a.events={};for(n in s)for(r=0,i=s[n].length;i>r;r++)it.event.add(t,n,s[n][r])}a.data&&(a.data=it.extend({},a.data))}}function E(e,t){var n,r,i;if(1===t.nodeType){if(n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),!nt.noCloneEvent&&t[it.expando]){i=it._data(t);for(r in i.events)it.removeEvent(t,r,i.handle);t.removeAttribute(it.expando)}"script"===n&&t.text!==e.text?(b(t).text=e.text,x(t)):"object"===n?(t.parentNode&&(t.outerHTML=e.outerHTML),nt.html5Clone&&e.innerHTML&&!it.trim(t.innerHTML)&&(t.innerHTML=e.innerHTML)):"input"===n&&Dt.test(e.type)?(t.defaultChecked=t.checked=e.checked,t.value!==e.value&&(t.value=e.value)):"option"===n?t.defaultSelected=t.selected=e.defaultSelected:("input"===n||"textarea"===n)&&(t.defaultValue=e.defaultValue)}}function k(t,n){var r,i=it(n.createElement(t)).appendTo(n.body),o=e.getDefaultComputedStyle&&(r=e.getDefaultComputedStyle(i[0]))?r.display:it.css(i[0],"display");return i.detach(),o}function C(e){var t=ht,n=Zt[e];return n||(n=k(e,t),"none"!==n&&n||(Qt=(Qt||it("<iframe frameborder='0' width='0' height='0'/>")).appendTo(t.documentElement),t=(Qt[0].contentWindow||Qt[0].contentDocument).document,t.write(),t.close(),n=k(e,t),Qt.detach()),Zt[e]=n),n}function N(e,t){return{get:function(){var n=e();if(null!=n)return n?void delete this.get:(this.get=t).apply(this,arguments)}}}function S(e,t){if(t in e)return t;for(var n=t.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+t.slice(1),r=t,i=pn.length;i--;)if(t=pn[i]+n,t in e)return t;return r}function j(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o=[],a=0,s=e.length;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay"),n=r.style.display,t?(o[a]||"none"!==n||(r.style.display=""),""===r.style.display&&jt(r)&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay",C(r.nodeName)))):(i=jt(r),(n&&"none"!==n||!i)&&it._data(r,"olddisplay",i?n:it.css(r,"display"))));for(a=0;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(t&&"none"!==r.style.display&&""!==r.style.display||(r.style.display=t?o[a]||"":"none"));return e}function A(e,t,n){var r=un.exec(t);return r?Math.max(0,r[1]-(n||0))+(r[2]||"px"):t}function D(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o=n===(r?"border":"content")?4:"width"===t?1:0,a=0;4>o;o+=2)"margin"===n&&(a+=it.css(e,n+St[o],!0,i)),r?("content"===n&&(a-=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i)),"margin"!==n&&(a-=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i))):(a+=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i),"padding"!==n&&(a+=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i)));return a}function L(e,t,n){var r=!0,i="width"===t?e.offsetWidth:e.offsetHeight,o=en(e),a=nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,o);if(0>=i||null==i){if(i=tn(e,t,o),(0>i||null==i)&&(i=e.style[t]),rn.test(i))return i;r=a&&(nt.boxSizingReliable()||i===e.style[t]),i=parseFloat(i)||0}return i+D(e,t,n||(a?"border":"content"),r,o)+"px"}function H(e,t,n,r,i){return new H.prototype.init(e,t,n,r,i)}function _(){return setTimeout(function(){hn=void 0}),hn=it.now()}function q(e,t){var n,r={height:e},i=0;for(t=t?1:0;4>i;i+=2-t)n=St[i],r["margin"+n]=r["padding"+n]=e;return t&&(r.opacity=r.width=e),r}function F(e,t,n){for(var r,i=(xn[t]||[]).concat(xn["*"]),o=0,a=i.length;a>o;o++)if(r=i[o].call(n,t,e))return r}function M(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=this,f={},p=e.style,h=e.nodeType&&jt(e),m=it._data(e,"fxshow");n.queue||(s=it._queueHooks(e,"fx"),null==s.unqueued&&(s.unqueued=0,l=s.empty.fire,s.empty.fire=function(){s.unqueued||l()}),s.unqueued++,d.always(function(){d.always(function(){s.unqueued--,it.queue(e,"fx").length||s.empty.fire()})})),1===e.nodeType&&("height"in t||"width"in t)&&(n.overflow=[p.overflow,p.overflowX,p.overflowY],u=it.css(e,"display"),c="none"===u?it._data(e,"olddisplay")||C(e.nodeName):u,"inline"===c&&"none"===it.css(e,"float")&&(nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout&&"inline"!==C(e.nodeName)?p.zoom=1:p.display="inline-block")),n.overflow&&(p.overflow="hidden",nt.shrinkWrapBlocks()||d.always(function(){p.overflow=n.overflow[0],p.overflowX=n.overflow[1],p.overflowY=n.overflow[2]}));for(r in t)if(i=t[r],gn.exec(i)){if(delete t[r],o=o||"toggle"===i,i===(h?"hide":"show")){if("show"!==i||!m||void 0===m[r])continue;h=!0}f[r]=m&&m[r]||it.style(e,r)}else u=void 0;if(it.isEmptyObject(f))"inline"===("none"===u?C(e.nodeName):u)&&(p.display=u);else{m?"hidden"in m&&(h=m.hidden):m=it._data(e,"fxshow",{}),o&&(m.hidden=!h),h?it(e).show():d.done(function(){it(e).hide()}),d.done(function(){var t;it._removeData(e,"fxshow");for(t in f)it.style(e,t,f[t])});for(r in f)a=F(h?m[r]:0,r,d),r in m||(m[r]=a.start,h&&(a.end=a.start,a.start="width"===r||"height"===r?1:0))}}function O(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(n in e)if(r=it.camelCase(n),i=t[r],o=e[n],it.isArray(o)&&(i=o[1],o=e[n]=o[0]),n!==r&&(e[r]=o,delete e[n]),a=it.cssHooks[r],a&&"expand"in a){o=a.expand(o),delete e[r];for(n in o)n in e||(e[n]=o[n],t[n]=i)}else t[r]=i}function R(e,t,n){var r,i,o=0,a=bn.length,s=it.Deferred().always(function(){delete l.elem}),l=function(){if(i)return!1;for(var t=hn||_(),n=Math.max(0,u.startTime+u.duration-t),r=n/u.duration||0,o=1-r,a=0,l=u.tweens.length;l>a;a++)u.tweens[a].run(o);return s.notifyWith(e,[u,o,n]),1>o&&l?n:(s.resolveWith(e,[u]),!1)},u=s.promise({elem:e,props:it.extend({},t),opts:it.extend(!0,{specialEasing:{}},n),originalProperties:t,originalOptions:n,startTime:hn||_(),duration:n.duration,tweens:[],createTween:function(t,n){var r=it.Tween(e,u.opts,t,n,u.opts.specialEasing[t]||u.opts.easing);return u.tweens.push(r),r},stop:function(t){var n=0,r=t?u.tweens.length:0;if(i)return this;for(i=!0;r>n;n++)u.tweens[n].run(1);return t?s.resolveWith(e,[u,t]):s.rejectWith(e,[u,t]),this}}),c=u.props;for(O(c,u.opts.specialEasing);a>o;o++)if(r=bn[o].call(u,e,c,u.opts))return r;return it.map(c,F,u),it.isFunction(u.opts.start)&&u.opts.start.call(e,u),it.fx.timer(it.extend(l,{elem:e,anim:u,queue:u.opts.queue})),u.progress(u.opts.progress).done(u.opts.done,u.opts.complete).fail(u.opts.fail).always(u.opts.always)}function B(e){return function(t,n){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=t,t="*");var r,i=0,o=t.toLowerCase().match(bt)||[];if(it.isFunction(n))for(;r=o[i++];)"+"===r.charAt(0)?(r=r.slice(1)||"*",(e[r]=e[r]||[]).unshift(n)):(e[r]=e[r]||[]).push(n)}}function P(e,t,n,r){function i(s){var l;return o[s]=!0,it.each(e[s]||[],function(e,s){var u=s(t,n,r);return"string"!=typeof u||a||o[u]?a?!(l=u):void 0:(t.dataTypes.unshift(u),i(u),!1)}),l}var o={},a=e===zn;return i(t.dataTypes[0])||!o["*"]&&i("*")}function I(e,t){var n,r,i=it.ajaxSettings.flatOptions||{};for(r in t)void 0!==t[r]&&((i[r]?e:n||(n={}))[r]=t[r]);return n&&it.extend(!0,e,n),e}function W(e,t,n){for(var r,i,o,a,s=e.contents,l=e.dataTypes;"*"===l[0];)l.shift(),void 0===i&&(i=e.mimeType||t.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"));if(i)for(a in s)if(s[a]&&s[a].test(i)){l.unshift(a);break}if(l[0]in n)o=l[0];else{for(a in n){if(!l[0]||e.converters[a+" "+l[0]]){o=a;break}r||(r=a)}o=o||r}return o?(o!==l[0]&&l.unshift(o),n[o]):void 0}function $(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u={},c=e.dataTypes.slice();if(c[1])for(a in e.converters)u[a.toLowerCase()]=e.converters[a];for(o=c.shift();o;)if(e.responseFields[o]&&(n[e.responseFields[o]]=t),!l&&r&&e.dataFilter&&(t=e.dataFilter(t,e.dataType)),l=o,o=c.shift())if("*"===o)o=l;else if("*"!==l&&l!==o){if(a=u[l+" "+o]||u["* "+o],!a)for(i in u)if(s=i.split(" "),s[1]===o&&(a=u[l+" "+s[0]]||u["* "+s[0]])){a===!0?a=u[i]:u[i]!==!0&&(o=s[0],c.unshift(s[1]));break}if(a!==!0)if(a&&e["throws"])t=a(t);else try{t=a(t)}catch(d){return{state:"parsererror",error:a?d:"No conversion from "+l+" to "+o}}}return{state:"success",data:t}}function z(e,t,n,r){var i;if(it.isArray(t))it.each(t,function(t,i){n||Gn.test(e)?r(e,i):z(e+"["+("object"==typeof i?t:"")+"]",i,n,r)});else if(n||"object"!==it.type(t))r(e,t);else for(i in t)z(e+"["+i+"]",t[i],n,r)}function X(){try{return new e.XMLHttpRequest}catch(t){}}function U(){try{return new e.ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}catch(t){}}function V(e){return it.isWindow(e)?e:9===e.nodeType?e.defaultView||e.parentWindow:!1}var G=[],Y=G.slice,J=G.concat,K=G.push,Q=G.indexOf,Z={},et=Z.toString,tt=Z.hasOwnProperty,nt={},rt="1.11.1",it=function(e,t){return new it.fn.init(e,t)},ot=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,at=/^-ms-/,st=/-([\da-z])/gi,lt=function(e,t){return t.toUpperCase()};it.fn=it.prototype={jquery:rt,constructor:it,selector:"",length:0,toArray:function(){return Y.call(this)},get:function(e){return null!=e?0>e?this[e+this.length]:this[e]:Y.call(this)},pushStack:function(e){var t=it.merge(this.constructor(),e);return t.prevObject=this,t.context=this.context,t},each:function(e,t){return it.each(this,e,t)},map:function(e){return this.pushStack(it.map(this,function(t,n){return e.call(t,n,t)}))},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(Y.apply(this,arguments))},first:function(){return this.eq(0)},last:function(){return this.eq(-1)},eq:function(e){var t=this.length,n=+e+(0>e?t:0);return this.pushStack(n>=0&&t>n?[this[n]]:[])},end:function(){return this.prevObject||this.constructor(null)},push:K,sort:G.sort,splice:G.splice},it.extend=it.fn.extend=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a=arguments[0]||{},s=1,l=arguments.length,u=!1;for("boolean"==typeof a&&(u=a,a=arguments[s]||{},s++),"object"==typeof a||it.isFunction(a)||(a={}),s===l&&(a=this,s--);l>s;s++)if(null!=(i=arguments[s]))for(r in i)e=a[r],n=i[r],a!==n&&(u&&n&&(it.isPlainObject(n)||(t=it.isArray(n)))?(t?(t=!1,o=e&&it.isArray(e)?e:[]):o=e&&it.isPlainObject(e)?e:{},a[r]=it.extend(u,o,n)):void 0!==n&&(a[r]=n));return a},it.extend({expando:"jQuery"+(rt+Math.random()).replace(/\D/g,""),isReady:!0,error:function(e){throw new Error(e)},noop:function(){},isFunction:function(e){return"function"===it.type(e)},isArray:Array.isArray||function(e){return"array"===it.type(e)},isWindow:function(e){return null!=e&&e==e.window},isNumeric:function(e){return!it.isArray(e)&&e-parseFloat(e)>=0},isEmptyObject:function(e){var t;for(t in e)return!1;return!0},isPlainObject:function(e){var t;if(!e||"object"!==it.type(e)||e.nodeType||it.isWindow(e))return!1;try{if(e.constructor&&!tt.call(e,"constructor")&&!tt.call(e.constructor.prototype,"isPrototypeOf"))return!1}catch(n){return!1}if(nt.ownLast)for(t in e)return tt.call(e,t);for(t in e);return void 0===t||tt.call(e,t)},type:function(e){return null==e?e+"":"object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e?Z[et.call(e)]||"object":typeof e},globalEval:function(t){t&&it.trim(t)&&(e.execScript||function(t){e.eval.call(e,t)})(t)},camelCase:function(e){return e.replace(at,"ms-").replace(st,lt)},nodeName:function(e,t){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t.toLowerCase()},each:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e);if(r){if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i===!1)break}else if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i===!1)break;return e},trim:function(e){return null==e?"":(e+"").replace(ot,"")},makeArray:function(e,t){var r=t||[];return null!=e&&(n(Object(e))?it.merge(r,"string"==typeof e?[e]:e):K.call(r,e)),r},inArray:function(e,t,n){var r;if(t){if(Q)return Q.call(t,e,n);for(r=t.length,n=n?0>n?Math.max(0,r+n):n:0;r>n;n++)if(n in t&&t[n]===e)return n}return-1},merge:function(e,t){for(var n=+t.length,r=0,i=e.length;n>r;)e[i++]=t[r++];if(n!==n)for(;void 0!==t[r];)e[i++]=t[r++];return e.length=i,e},grep:function(e,t,n){for(var r,i=[],o=0,a=e.length,s=!n;a>o;o++)r=!t(e[o],o),r!==s&&i.push(e[o]);return i},map:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e),l=[];if(s)for(;a>o;o++)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);else for(o in e)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);return J.apply([],l)},guid:1,proxy:function(e,t){var n,r,i;return"string"==typeof t&&(i=e[t],t=e,e=i),it.isFunction(e)?(n=Y.call(arguments,2),r=function(){return e.apply(t||this,n.concat(Y.call(arguments)))},r.guid=e.guid=e.guid||it.guid++,r):void 0},now:function(){return+new Date},support:nt}),it.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error".split(" "),function(e,t){Z["[object "+t+"]"]=t.toLowerCase()});var ut=function(e){function t(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,d,p,h,m;if((t?t.ownerDocument||t:P)!==H&&L(t),t=t||H,n=n||[],!e||"string"!=typeof e)return n;if(1!==(s=t.nodeType)&&9!==s)return[];if(q&&!r){if(i=yt.exec(e))if(a=i[1]){if(9===s){if(o=t.getElementById(a),!o||!o.parentNode)return n;if(o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else if(t.ownerDocument&&(o=t.ownerDocument.getElementById(a))&&R(t,o)&&o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else{if(i[2])return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByTagName(e)),n;if((a=i[3])&&w.getElementsByClassName&&t.getElementsByClassName)return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByClassName(a)),n}if(w.qsa&&(!F||!F.test(e))){if(p=d=B,h=t,m=9===s&&e,1===s&&"object"!==t.nodeName.toLowerCase()){for(u=C(e),(d=t.getAttribute("id"))?p=d.replace(xt,"\\$&"):t.setAttribute("id",p),p="[id='"+p+"'] ",l=u.length;l--;)u[l]=p+f(u[l]);h=bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t,m=u.join(",")}if(m)try{return Z.apply(n,h.querySelectorAll(m)),n}catch(g){}finally{d||t.removeAttribute("id")}}}return S(e.replace(lt,"$1"),t,n,r)}function n(){function e(n,r){return t.push(n+" ")>T.cacheLength&&delete e[t.shift()],e[n+" "]=r}var t=[];return e}function r(e){return e[B]=!0,e}function i(e){var t=H.createElement("div");try{return!!e(t)}catch(n){return!1}finally{t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null}}function o(e,t){for(var n=e.split("|"),r=e.length;r--;)T.attrHandle[n[r]]=t}function a(e,t){var n=t&&e,r=n&&1===e.nodeType&&1===t.nodeType&&(~t.sourceIndex||G)-(~e.sourceIndex||G);if(r)return r;if(n)for(;n=n.nextSibling;)if(n===t)return-1;return e?1:-1}function s(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===n&&t.type===e}}function l(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return("input"===n||"button"===n)&&t.type===e}}function u(e){return r(function(t){return t=+t,r(function(n,r){for(var i,o=e([],n.length,t),a=o.length;a--;)n[i=o[a]]&&(n[i]=!(r[i]=n[i]))})})}function c(e){return e&&typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==V&&e}function d(){}function f(e){for(var t=0,n=e.length,r="";n>t;t++)r+=e[t].value;return r}function p(e,t,n){var r=t.dir,i=n&&"parentNode"===r,o=W++;return t.first?function(t,n,o){for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i)return e(t,n,o)}:function(t,n,a){var s,l,u=[I,o];if(a){for(;t=t[r];)if((1===t.nodeType||i)&&e(t,n,a))return!0}else for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i){if(l=t[B]||(t[B]={}),(s=l[r])&&s[0]===I&&s[1]===o)return u[2]=s[2];if(l[r]=u,u[2]=e(t,n,a))return!0}}}function h(e){return e.length>1?function(t,n,r){for(var i=e.length;i--;)if(!e[i](t,n,r))return!1;return!0}:e[0]}function m(e,n,r){for(var i=0,o=n.length;o>i;i++)t(e,n[i],r);return r}function g(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a=[],s=0,l=e.length,u=null!=t;l>s;s++)(o=e[s])&&(!n||n(o,r,i))&&(a.push(o),u&&t.push(s));return a}function v(e,t,n,i,o,a){return i&&!i[B]&&(i=v(i)),o&&!o[B]&&(o=v(o,a)),r(function(r,a,s,l){var u,c,d,f=[],p=[],h=a.length,v=r||m(t||"*",s.nodeType?[s]:s,[]),y=!e||!r&&t?v:g(v,f,e,s,l),b=n?o||(r?e:h||i)?[]:a:y;if(n&&n(y,b,s,l),i)for(u=g(b,p),i(u,[],s,l),c=u.length;c--;)(d=u[c])&&(b[p[c]]=!(y[p[c]]=d));if(r){if(o||e){if(o){for(u=[],c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&u.push(y[c]=d);o(null,b=[],u,l)}for(c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&(u=o?tt.call(r,d):f[c])>-1&&(r[u]=!(a[u]=d))}}else b=g(b===a?b.splice(h,b.length):b),o?o(null,a,b,l):Z.apply(a,b)})}function y(e){for(var t,n,r,i=e.length,o=T.relative[e[0].type],a=o||T.relative[" "],s=o?1:0,l=p(function(e){return e===t},a,!0),u=p(function(e){return tt.call(t,e)>-1},a,!0),c=[function(e,n,r){return!o&&(r||n!==j)||((t=n).nodeType?l(e,n,r):u(e,n,r))}];i>s;s++)if(n=T.relative[e[s].type])c=[p(h(c),n)];else{if(n=T.filter[e[s].type].apply(null,e[s].matches),n[B]){for(r=++s;i>r&&!T.relative[e[r].type];r++);return v(s>1&&h(c),s>1&&f(e.slice(0,s-1).concat({value:" "===e[s-2].type?"*":""})).replace(lt,"$1"),n,r>s&&y(e.slice(s,r)),i>r&&y(e=e.slice(r)),i>r&&f(e))}c.push(n)}return h(c)}function b(e,n){var i=n.length>0,o=e.length>0,a=function(r,a,s,l,u){var c,d,f,p=0,h="0",m=r&&[],v=[],y=j,b=r||o&&T.find.TAG("*",u),x=I+=null==y?1:Math.random()||.1,w=b.length;for(u&&(j=a!==H&&a);h!==w&&null!=(c=b[h]);h++){if(o&&c){for(d=0;f=e[d++];)if(f(c,a,s)){l.push(c);break}u&&(I=x)}i&&((c=!f&&c)&&p--,r&&m.push(c))}if(p+=h,i&&h!==p){for(d=0;f=n[d++];)f(m,v,a,s);if(r){if(p>0)for(;h--;)m[h]||v[h]||(v[h]=K.call(l));v=g(v)}Z.apply(l,v),u&&!r&&v.length>0&&p+n.length>1&&t.uniqueSort(l)}return u&&(I=x,j=y),m};return i?r(a):a}var x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B="sizzle"+-new Date,P=e.document,I=0,W=0,$=n(),z=n(),X=n(),U=function(e,t){return e===t&&(D=!0),0},V="undefined",G=1<<31,Y={}.hasOwnProperty,J=[],K=J.pop,Q=J.push,Z=J.push,et=J.slice,tt=J.indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(this[t]===e)return t;return-1},nt="checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",rt="[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",it="(?:\\\\.|[\\w-]|[^\\x00-\\xa0])+",ot=it.replace("w","w#"),at="\\["+rt+"*("+it+")(?:"+rt+"*([*^$|!~]?=)"+rt+"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|("+ot+"))|)"+rt+"*\\]",st=":("+it+")(?:\\((('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|"+at+")*)|.*)\\)|)",lt=new RegExp("^"+rt+"+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)"+rt+"+$","g"),ut=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*,"+rt+"*"),ct=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*([>+~]|"+rt+")"+rt+"*"),dt=new RegExp("="+rt+"*([^\\]'\"]*?)"+rt+"*\\]","g"),ft=new RegExp(st),pt=new RegExp("^"+ot+"$"),ht={ID:new RegExp("^#("+it+")"),CLASS:new RegExp("^\\.("+it+")"),TAG:new RegExp("^("+it.replace("w","w*")+")"),ATTR:new RegExp("^"+at),PSEUDO:new RegExp("^"+st),CHILD:new RegExp("^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\("+rt+"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)"+rt+"*(?:([+-]|)"+rt+"*(\\d+)|))"+rt+"*\\)|)","i"),bool:new RegExp("^(?:"+nt+")$","i"),needsContext:new RegExp("^"+rt+"*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\("+rt+"*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)"+rt+"*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)","i")},mt=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,gt=/^h\d$/i,vt=/^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,yt=/^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,bt=/[+~]/,xt=/'|\\/g,wt=new RegExp("\\\\([\\da-f]{1,6}"+rt+"?|("+rt+")|.)","ig"),Tt=function(e,t,n){var r="0x"+t-65536;return r!==r||n?t:0>r?String.fromCharCode(r+65536):String.fromCharCode(r>>10|55296,1023&r|56320)};try{Z.apply(J=et.call(P.childNodes),P.childNodes),J[P.childNodes.length].nodeType}catch(Et){Z={apply:J.length?function(e,t){Q.apply(e,et.call(t))}:function(e,t){for(var n=e.length,r=0;e[n++]=t[r++];);e.length=n-1}}}w=t.support={},k=t.isXML=function(e){var t=e&&(e.ownerDocument||e).documentElement;return t?"HTML"!==t.nodeName:!1},L=t.setDocument=function(e){var t,n=e?e.ownerDocument||e:P,r=n.defaultView;return n!==H&&9===n.nodeType&&n.documentElement?(H=n,_=n.documentElement,q=!k(n),r&&r!==r.top&&(r.addEventListener?r.addEventListener("unload",function(){L()},!1):r.attachEvent&&r.attachEvent("onunload",function(){L()})),w.attributes=i(function(e){return e.className="i",!e.getAttribute("className")}),w.getElementsByTagName=i(function(e){return e.appendChild(n.createComment("")),!e.getElementsByTagName("*").length}),w.getElementsByClassName=vt.test(n.getElementsByClassName)&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<div class='a'></div><div class='a i'></div>",e.firstChild.className="i",2===e.getElementsByClassName("i").length}),w.getById=i(function(e){return _.appendChild(e).id=B,!n.getElementsByName||!n.getElementsByName(B).length}),w.getById?(T.find.ID=function(e,t){if(typeof t.getElementById!==V&&q){var n=t.getElementById(e);return n&&n.parentNode?[n]:[]}},T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){return e.getAttribute("id")===t}}):(delete T.find.ID,T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){var n=typeof e.getAttributeNode!==V&&e.getAttributeNode("id");return n&&n.value===t}}),T.find.TAG=w.getElementsByTagName?function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByTagName!==V?t.getElementsByTagName(e):void 0}:function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=0,o=t.getElementsByTagName(e);if("*"===e){for(;n=o[i++];)1===n.nodeType&&r.push(n);return r}return o},T.find.CLASS=w.getElementsByClassName&&function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByClassName!==V&&q?t.getElementsByClassName(e):void 0},M=[],F=[],(w.qsa=vt.test(n.querySelectorAll))&&(i(function(e){e.innerHTML="<select msallowclip=''><option selected=''></option></select>",e.querySelectorAll("[msallowclip^='']").length&&F.push("[*^$]="+rt+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length||F.push("\\["+rt+"*(?:value|"+nt+")"),e.querySelectorAll(":checked").length||F.push(":checked")}),i(function(e){var t=n.createElement("input");t.setAttribute("type","hidden"),e.appendChild(t).setAttribute("name","D"),e.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length&&F.push("name"+rt+"*[*^$|!~]?="),e.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length||F.push(":enabled",":disabled"),e.querySelectorAll("*,:x"),F.push(",.*:")})),(w.matchesSelector=vt.test(O=_.matches||_.webkitMatchesSelector||_.mozMatchesSelector||_.oMatchesSelector||_.msMatchesSelector))&&i(function(e){w.disconnectedMatch=O.call(e,"div"),O.call(e,"[s!='']:x"),M.push("!=",st)}),F=F.length&&new RegExp(F.join("|")),M=M.length&&new RegExp(M.join("|")),t=vt.test(_.compareDocumentPosition),R=t||vt.test(_.contains)?function(e,t){var n=9===e.nodeType?e.documentElement:e,r=t&&t.parentNode;return e===r||!(!r||1!==r.nodeType||!(n.contains?n.contains(r):e.compareDocumentPosition&&16&e.compareDocumentPosition(r)))}:function(e,t){if(t)for(;t=t.parentNode;)if(t===e)return!0;return!1},U=t?function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r=!e.compareDocumentPosition-!t.compareDocumentPosition;return r?r:(r=(e.ownerDocument||e)===(t.ownerDocument||t)?e.compareDocumentPosition(t):1,1&r||!w.sortDetached&&t.compareDocumentPosition(e)===r?e===n||e.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,e)?-1:t===n||t.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,t)?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0:4&r?-1:1)}:function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r,i=0,o=e.parentNode,s=t.parentNode,l=[e],u=[t];if(!o||!s)return e===n?-1:t===n?1:o?-1:s?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0;if(o===s)return a(e,t);for(r=e;r=r.parentNode;)l.unshift(r);for(r=t;r=r.parentNode;)u.unshift(r);for(;l[i]===u[i];)i++;return i?a(l[i],u[i]):l[i]===P?-1:u[i]===P?1:0},n):H},t.matches=function(e,n){return t(e,null,null,n)},t.matchesSelector=function(e,n){if((e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),n=n.replace(dt,"='$1']"),!(!w.matchesSelector||!q||M&&M.test(n)||F&&F.test(n)))try{var r=O.call(e,n);if(r||w.disconnectedMatch||e.document&&11!==e.document.nodeType)return r}catch(i){}return t(n,H,null,[e]).length>0},t.contains=function(e,t){return(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),R(e,t)},t.attr=function(e,t){(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e);var n=T.attrHandle[t.toLowerCase()],r=n&&Y.call(T.attrHandle,t.toLowerCase())?n(e,t,!q):void 0;return void 0!==r?r:w.attributes||!q?e.getAttribute(t):(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null},t.error=function(e){throw new Error("Syntax error, unrecognized expression: "+e)},t.uniqueSort=function(e){var t,n=[],r=0,i=0;if(D=!w.detectDuplicates,A=!w.sortStable&&e.slice(0),e.sort(U),D){for(;t=e[i++];)t===e[i]&&(r=n.push(i));for(;r--;)e.splice(n[r],1)}return A=null,e},E=t.getText=function(e){var t,n="",r=0,i=e.nodeType;if(i){if(1===i||9===i||11===i){if("string"==typeof e.textContent)return e.textContent;for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)n+=E(e)}else if(3===i||4===i)return e.nodeValue}else for(;t=e[r++];)n+=E(t);return n},T=t.selectors={cacheLength:50,createPseudo:r,match:ht,attrHandle:{},find:{},relative:{">":{dir:"parentNode",first:!0}," ":{dir:"parentNode"},"+":{dir:"previousSibling",first:!0},"~":{dir:"previousSibling"}},preFilter:{ATTR:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].replace(wt,Tt),e[3]=(e[3]||e[4]||e[5]||"").replace(wt,Tt),"~="===e[2]&&(e[3]=" "+e[3]+" "),e.slice(0,4)},CHILD:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].toLowerCase(),"nth"===e[1].slice(0,3)?(e[3]||t.error(e[0]),e[4]=+(e[4]?e[5]+(e[6]||1):2*("even"===e[3]||"odd"===e[3])),e[5]=+(e[7]+e[8]||"odd"===e[3])):e[3]&&t.error(e[0]),e},PSEUDO:function(e){var t,n=!e[6]&&e[2];return ht.CHILD.test(e[0])?null:(e[3]?e[2]=e[4]||e[5]||"":n&&ft.test(n)&&(t=C(n,!0))&&(t=n.indexOf(")",n.length-t)-n.length)&&(e[0]=e[0].slice(0,t),e[2]=n.slice(0,t)),e.slice(0,3))}},filter:{TAG:function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase();return"*"===e?function(){return!0}:function(e){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t}},CLASS:function(e){var t=$[e+" "];return t||(t=new RegExp("(^|"+rt+")"+e+"("+rt+"|$)"))&&$(e,function(e){return t.test("string"==typeof e.className&&e.className||typeof e.getAttribute!==V&&e.getAttribute("class")||"")})},ATTR:function(e,n,r){return function(i){var o=t.attr(i,e);return null==o?"!="===n:n?(o+="","="===n?o===r:"!="===n?o!==r:"^="===n?r&&0===o.indexOf(r):"*="===n?r&&o.indexOf(r)>-1:"$="===n?r&&o.slice(-r.length)===r:"~="===n?(" "+o+" ").indexOf(r)>-1:"|="===n?o===r||o.slice(0,r.length+1)===r+"-":!1):!0}},CHILD:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o="nth"!==e.slice(0,3),a="last"!==e.slice(-4),s="of-type"===t;return 1===r&&0===i?function(e){return!!e.parentNode}:function(t,n,l){var u,c,d,f,p,h,m=o!==a?"nextSibling":"previousSibling",g=t.parentNode,v=s&&t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),y=!l&&!s;if(g){if(o){for(;m;){for(d=t;d=d[m];)if(s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()===v:1===d.nodeType)return!1;h=m="only"===e&&!h&&"nextSibling"}return!0}if(h=[a?g.firstChild:g.lastChild],a&&y){for(c=g[B]||(g[B]={}),u=c[e]||[],p=u[0]===I&&u[1],f=u[0]===I&&u[2],d=p&&g.childNodes[p];d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop();)if(1===d.nodeType&&++f&&d===t){c[e]=[I,p,f];break}}else if(y&&(u=(t[B]||(t[B]={}))[e])&&u[0]===I)f=u[1];else for(;(d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop())&&((s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()!==v:1!==d.nodeType)||!++f||(y&&((d[B]||(d[B]={}))[e]=[I,f]),d!==t)););return f-=i,f===r||f%r===0&&f/r>=0}}},PSEUDO:function(e,n){var i,o=T.pseudos[e]||T.setFilters[e.toLowerCase()]||t.error("unsupported pseudo: "+e);return o[B]?o(n):o.length>1?(i=[e,e,"",n],T.setFilters.hasOwnProperty(e.toLowerCase())?r(function(e,t){for(var r,i=o(e,n),a=i.length;a--;)r=tt.call(e,i[a]),e[r]=!(t[r]=i[a])}):function(e){return o(e,0,i)}):o}},pseudos:{not:r(function(e){var t=[],n=[],i=N(e.replace(lt,"$1"));return i[B]?r(function(e,t,n,r){for(var o,a=i(e,null,r,[]),s=e.length;s--;)(o=a[s])&&(e[s]=!(t[s]=o))}):function(e,r,o){return t[0]=e,i(t,null,o,n),!n.pop()}}),has:r(function(e){return function(n){return t(e,n).length>0}}),contains:r(function(e){return function(t){return(t.textContent||t.innerText||E(t)).indexOf(e)>-1}}),lang:r(function(e){return pt.test(e||"")||t.error("unsupported lang: "+e),e=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase(),function(t){var n;do if(n=q?t.lang:t.getAttribute("xml:lang")||t.getAttribute("lang"))return n=n.toLowerCase(),n===e||0===n.indexOf(e+"-");while((t=t.parentNode)&&1===t.nodeType);return!1}}),target:function(t){var n=e.location&&e.location.hash;return n&&n.slice(1)===t.id},root:function(e){return e===_},focus:function(e){return e===H.activeElement&&(!H.hasFocus||H.hasFocus())&&!!(e.type||e.href||~e.tabIndex)},enabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!1},disabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!0},checked:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&!!e.checked||"option"===t&&!!e.selected},selected:function(e){return e.parentNode&&e.parentNode.selectedIndex,e.selected===!0},empty:function(e){for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)if(e.nodeType<6)return!1;return!0},parent:function(e){return!T.pseudos.empty(e)},header:function(e){return gt.test(e.nodeName)},input:function(e){return mt.test(e.nodeName)},button:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&"button"===e.type||"button"===t},text:function(e){var t;return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&"text"===e.type&&(null==(t=e.getAttribute("type"))||"text"===t.toLowerCase())},first:u(function(){return[0]}),last:u(function(e,t){return[t-1]}),eq:u(function(e,t,n){return[0>n?n+t:n]}),even:u(function(e,t){for(var n=0;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),odd:u(function(e,t){for(var n=1;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),lt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;--r>=0;)e.push(r);return e}),gt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;++r<t;)e.push(r);return e})}},T.pseudos.nth=T.pseudos.eq;for(x in{radio:!0,checkbox:!0,file:!0,password:!0,image:!0})T.pseudos[x]=s(x);for(x in{submit:!0,reset:!0})T.pseudos[x]=l(x);return d.prototype=T.filters=T.pseudos,T.setFilters=new d,C=t.tokenize=function(e,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=z[e+" "];if(c)return n?0:c.slice(0);for(s=e,l=[],u=T.preFilter;s;){(!r||(i=ut.exec(s)))&&(i&&(s=s.slice(i[0].length)||s),l.push(o=[])),r=!1,(i=ct.exec(s))&&(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:i[0].replace(lt," ")}),s=s.slice(r.length));for(a in T.filter)!(i=ht[a].exec(s))||u[a]&&!(i=u[a](i))||(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:a,matches:i}),s=s.slice(r.length));if(!r)break}return n?s.length:s?t.error(e):z(e,l).slice(0)},N=t.compile=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=[],o=X[e+" "];if(!o){for(t||(t=C(e)),n=t.length;n--;)o=y(t[n]),o[B]?r.push(o):i.push(o);o=X(e,b(i,r)),o.selector=e}return o},S=t.select=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u="function"==typeof e&&e,d=!r&&C(e=u.selector||e);if(n=n||[],1===d.length){if(o=d[0]=d[0].slice(0),o.length>2&&"ID"===(a=o[0]).type&&w.getById&&9===t.nodeType&&q&&T.relative[o[1].type]){if(t=(T.find.ID(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),t)||[])[0],!t)return n;u&&(t=t.parentNode),e=e.slice(o.shift().value.length)}for(i=ht.needsContext.test(e)?0:o.length;i--&&(a=o[i],!T.relative[s=a.type]);)if((l=T.find[s])&&(r=l(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),bt.test(o[0].type)&&c(t.parentNode)||t))){if(o.splice(i,1),e=r.length&&f(o),!e)return Z.apply(n,r),n;
+break}}return(u||N(e,d))(r,t,!q,n,bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t),n},w.sortStable=B.split("").sort(U).join("")===B,w.detectDuplicates=!!D,L(),w.sortDetached=i(function(e){return 1&e.compareDocumentPosition(H.createElement("div"))}),i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<a href='#'></a>","#"===e.firstChild.getAttribute("href")})||o("type|href|height|width",function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e.getAttribute(t,"type"===t.toLowerCase()?1:2)}),w.attributes&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<input/>",e.firstChild.setAttribute("value",""),""===e.firstChild.getAttribute("value")})||o("value",function(e,t,n){return n||"input"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase()?void 0:e.defaultValue}),i(function(e){return null==e.getAttribute("disabled")})||o(nt,function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:e[t]===!0?t.toLowerCase():(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null}),t}(e);it.find=ut,it.expr=ut.selectors,it.expr[":"]=it.expr.pseudos,it.unique=ut.uniqueSort,it.text=ut.getText,it.isXMLDoc=ut.isXML,it.contains=ut.contains;var ct=it.expr.match.needsContext,dt=/^<(\w+)\s*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/,ft=/^.[^:#\[\.,]*$/;it.filter=function(e,t,n){var r=t[0];return n&&(e=":not("+e+")"),1===t.length&&1===r.nodeType?it.find.matchesSelector(r,e)?[r]:[]:it.find.matches(e,it.grep(t,function(e){return 1===e.nodeType}))},it.fn.extend({find:function(e){var t,n=[],r=this,i=r.length;if("string"!=typeof e)return this.pushStack(it(e).filter(function(){for(t=0;i>t;t++)if(it.contains(r[t],this))return!0}));for(t=0;i>t;t++)it.find(e,r[t],n);return n=this.pushStack(i>1?it.unique(n):n),n.selector=this.selector?this.selector+" "+e:e,n},filter:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!1))},not:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!0))},is:function(e){return!!r(this,"string"==typeof e&&ct.test(e)?it(e):e||[],!1).length}});var pt,ht=e.document,mt=/^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]*))$/,gt=it.fn.init=function(e,t){var n,r;if(!e)return this;if("string"==typeof e){if(n="<"===e.charAt(0)&&">"===e.charAt(e.length-1)&&e.length>=3?[null,e,null]:mt.exec(e),!n||!n[1]&&t)return!t||t.jquery?(t||pt).find(e):this.constructor(t).find(e);if(n[1]){if(t=t instanceof it?t[0]:t,it.merge(this,it.parseHTML(n[1],t&&t.nodeType?t.ownerDocument||t:ht,!0)),dt.test(n[1])&&it.isPlainObject(t))for(n in t)it.isFunction(this[n])?this[n](t[n]):this.attr(n,t[n]);return this}if(r=ht.getElementById(n[2]),r&&r.parentNode){if(r.id!==n[2])return pt.find(e);this.length=1,this[0]=r}return this.context=ht,this.selector=e,this}return e.nodeType?(this.context=this[0]=e,this.length=1,this):it.isFunction(e)?"undefined"!=typeof pt.ready?pt.ready(e):e(it):(void 0!==e.selector&&(this.selector=e.selector,this.context=e.context),it.makeArray(e,this))};gt.prototype=it.fn,pt=it(ht);var vt=/^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,yt={children:!0,contents:!0,next:!0,prev:!0};it.extend({dir:function(e,t,n){for(var r=[],i=e[t];i&&9!==i.nodeType&&(void 0===n||1!==i.nodeType||!it(i).is(n));)1===i.nodeType&&r.push(i),i=i[t];return r},sibling:function(e,t){for(var n=[];e;e=e.nextSibling)1===e.nodeType&&e!==t&&n.push(e);return n}}),it.fn.extend({has:function(e){var t,n=it(e,this),r=n.length;return this.filter(function(){for(t=0;r>t;t++)if(it.contains(this,n[t]))return!0})},closest:function(e,t){for(var n,r=0,i=this.length,o=[],a=ct.test(e)||"string"!=typeof e?it(e,t||this.context):0;i>r;r++)for(n=this[r];n&&n!==t;n=n.parentNode)if(n.nodeType<11&&(a?a.index(n)>-1:1===n.nodeType&&it.find.matchesSelector(n,e))){o.push(n);break}return this.pushStack(o.length>1?it.unique(o):o)},index:function(e){return e?"string"==typeof e?it.inArray(this[0],it(e)):it.inArray(e.jquery?e[0]:e,this):this[0]&&this[0].parentNode?this.first().prevAll().length:-1},add:function(e,t){return this.pushStack(it.unique(it.merge(this.get(),it(e,t))))},addBack:function(e){return this.add(null==e?this.prevObject:this.prevObject.filter(e))}}),it.each({parent:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&11!==t.nodeType?t:null},parents:function(e){return it.dir(e,"parentNode")},parentsUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"parentNode",n)},next:function(e){return i(e,"nextSibling")},prev:function(e){return i(e,"previousSibling")},nextAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling")},prevAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling")},nextUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling",n)},prevUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling",n)},siblings:function(e){return it.sibling((e.parentNode||{}).firstChild,e)},children:function(e){return it.sibling(e.firstChild)},contents:function(e){return it.nodeName(e,"iframe")?e.contentDocument||e.contentWindow.document:it.merge([],e.childNodes)}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(n,r){var i=it.map(this,t,n);return"Until"!==e.slice(-5)&&(r=n),r&&"string"==typeof r&&(i=it.filter(r,i)),this.length>1&&(yt[e]||(i=it.unique(i)),vt.test(e)&&(i=i.reverse())),this.pushStack(i)}});var bt=/\S+/g,xt={};it.Callbacks=function(e){e="string"==typeof e?xt[e]||o(e):it.extend({},e);var t,n,r,i,a,s,l=[],u=!e.once&&[],c=function(o){for(n=e.memory&&o,r=!0,a=s||0,s=0,i=l.length,t=!0;l&&i>a;a++)if(l[a].apply(o[0],o[1])===!1&&e.stopOnFalse){n=!1;break}t=!1,l&&(u?u.length&&c(u.shift()):n?l=[]:d.disable())},d={add:function(){if(l){var r=l.length;!function o(t){it.each(t,function(t,n){var r=it.type(n);"function"===r?e.unique&&d.has(n)||l.push(n):n&&n.length&&"string"!==r&&o(n)})}(arguments),t?i=l.length:n&&(s=r,c(n))}return this},remove:function(){return l&&it.each(arguments,function(e,n){for(var r;(r=it.inArray(n,l,r))>-1;)l.splice(r,1),t&&(i>=r&&i--,a>=r&&a--)}),this},has:function(e){return e?it.inArray(e,l)>-1:!(!l||!l.length)},empty:function(){return l=[],i=0,this},disable:function(){return l=u=n=void 0,this},disabled:function(){return!l},lock:function(){return u=void 0,n||d.disable(),this},locked:function(){return!u},fireWith:function(e,n){return!l||r&&!u||(n=n||[],n=[e,n.slice?n.slice():n],t?u.push(n):c(n)),this},fire:function(){return d.fireWith(this,arguments),this},fired:function(){return!!r}};return d},it.extend({Deferred:function(e){var t=[["resolve","done",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"resolved"],["reject","fail",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"rejected"],["notify","progress",it.Callbacks("memory")]],n="pending",r={state:function(){return n},always:function(){return i.done(arguments).fail(arguments),this},then:function(){var e=arguments;return it.Deferred(function(n){it.each(t,function(t,o){var a=it.isFunction(e[t])&&e[t];i[o[1]](function(){var e=a&&a.apply(this,arguments);e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?e.promise().done(n.resolve).fail(n.reject).progress(n.notify):n[o[0]+"With"](this===r?n.promise():this,a?[e]:arguments)})}),e=null}).promise()},promise:function(e){return null!=e?it.extend(e,r):r}},i={};return r.pipe=r.then,it.each(t,function(e,o){var a=o[2],s=o[3];r[o[1]]=a.add,s&&a.add(function(){n=s},t[1^e][2].disable,t[2][2].lock),i[o[0]]=function(){return i[o[0]+"With"](this===i?r:this,arguments),this},i[o[0]+"With"]=a.fireWith}),r.promise(i),e&&e.call(i,i),i},when:function(e){var t,n,r,i=0,o=Y.call(arguments),a=o.length,s=1!==a||e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?a:0,l=1===s?e:it.Deferred(),u=function(e,n,r){return function(i){n[e]=this,r[e]=arguments.length>1?Y.call(arguments):i,r===t?l.notifyWith(n,r):--s||l.resolveWith(n,r)}};if(a>1)for(t=new Array(a),n=new Array(a),r=new Array(a);a>i;i++)o[i]&&it.isFunction(o[i].promise)?o[i].promise().done(u(i,r,o)).fail(l.reject).progress(u(i,n,t)):--s;return s||l.resolveWith(r,o),l.promise()}});var wt;it.fn.ready=function(e){return it.ready.promise().done(e),this},it.extend({isReady:!1,readyWait:1,holdReady:function(e){e?it.readyWait++:it.ready(!0)},ready:function(e){if(e===!0?!--it.readyWait:!it.isReady){if(!ht.body)return setTimeout(it.ready);it.isReady=!0,e!==!0&&--it.readyWait>0||(wt.resolveWith(ht,[it]),it.fn.triggerHandler&&(it(ht).triggerHandler("ready"),it(ht).off("ready")))}}}),it.ready.promise=function(t){if(!wt)if(wt=it.Deferred(),"complete"===ht.readyState)setTimeout(it.ready);else if(ht.addEventListener)ht.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.addEventListener("load",s,!1);else{ht.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.attachEvent("onload",s);var n=!1;try{n=null==e.frameElement&&ht.documentElement}catch(r){}n&&n.doScroll&&!function i(){if(!it.isReady){try{n.doScroll("left")}catch(e){return setTimeout(i,50)}a(),it.ready()}}()}return wt.promise(t)};var Tt,Et="undefined";for(Tt in it(nt))break;nt.ownLast="0"!==Tt,nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=!1,it(function(){var e,t,n,r;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="display:inline;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=e=3===t.offsetWidth,e&&(n.style.zoom=1)),n.removeChild(r))}),function(){var e=ht.createElement("div");if(null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete e.test}catch(t){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}e=null}(),it.acceptData=function(e){var t=it.noData[(e.nodeName+" ").toLowerCase()],n=+e.nodeType||1;return 1!==n&&9!==n?!1:!t||t!==!0&&e.getAttribute("classid")===t};var kt=/^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,Ct=/([A-Z])/g;it.extend({cache:{},noData:{"applet ":!0,"embed ":!0,"object ":"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"},hasData:function(e){return e=e.nodeType?it.cache[e[it.expando]]:e[it.expando],!!e&&!u(e)},data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n)},removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t)},_data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n,!0)},_removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t,!0)}}),it.fn.extend({data:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=this[0],a=o&&o.attributes;if(void 0===e){if(this.length&&(i=it.data(o),1===o.nodeType&&!it._data(o,"parsedAttrs"))){for(n=a.length;n--;)a[n]&&(r=a[n].name,0===r.indexOf("data-")&&(r=it.camelCase(r.slice(5)),l(o,r,i[r])));it._data(o,"parsedAttrs",!0)}return i}return"object"==typeof e?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e)}):arguments.length>1?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e,t)}):o?l(o,e,it.data(o,e)):void 0},removeData:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeData(this,e)})}}),it.extend({queue:function(e,t,n){var r;return e?(t=(t||"fx")+"queue",r=it._data(e,t),n&&(!r||it.isArray(n)?r=it._data(e,t,it.makeArray(n)):r.push(n)),r||[]):void 0},dequeue:function(e,t){t=t||"fx";var n=it.queue(e,t),r=n.length,i=n.shift(),o=it._queueHooks(e,t),a=function(){it.dequeue(e,t)};"inprogress"===i&&(i=n.shift(),r--),i&&("fx"===t&&n.unshift("inprogress"),delete o.stop,i.call(e,a,o)),!r&&o&&o.empty.fire()},_queueHooks:function(e,t){var n=t+"queueHooks";return it._data(e,n)||it._data(e,n,{empty:it.Callbacks("once memory").add(function(){it._removeData(e,t+"queue"),it._removeData(e,n)})})}}),it.fn.extend({queue:function(e,t){var n=2;return"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e="fx",n--),arguments.length<n?it.queue(this[0],e):void 0===t?this:this.each(function(){var n=it.queue(this,e,t);it._queueHooks(this,e),"fx"===e&&"inprogress"!==n[0]&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},dequeue:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.dequeue(this,e)})},clearQueue:function(e){return this.queue(e||"fx",[])},promise:function(e,t){var n,r=1,i=it.Deferred(),o=this,a=this.length,s=function(){--r||i.resolveWith(o,[o])};for("string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),e=e||"fx";a--;)n=it._data(o[a],e+"queueHooks"),n&&n.empty&&(r++,n.empty.add(s));return s(),i.promise(t)}});var Nt=/[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/.source,St=["Top","Right","Bottom","Left"],jt=function(e,t){return e=t||e,"none"===it.css(e,"display")||!it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)},At=it.access=function(e,t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=0,l=e.length,u=null==n;if("object"===it.type(n)){i=!0;for(s in n)it.access(e,t,s,n[s],!0,o,a)}else if(void 0!==r&&(i=!0,it.isFunction(r)||(a=!0),u&&(a?(t.call(e,r),t=null):(u=t,t=function(e,t,n){return u.call(it(e),n)})),t))for(;l>s;s++)t(e[s],n,a?r:r.call(e[s],s,t(e[s],n)));return i?e:u?t.call(e):l?t(e[0],n):o},Dt=/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i;!function(){var e=ht.createElement("input"),t=ht.createElement("div"),n=ht.createDocumentFragment();if(t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",nt.leadingWhitespace=3===t.firstChild.nodeType,nt.tbody=!t.getElementsByTagName("tbody").length,nt.htmlSerialize=!!t.getElementsByTagName("link").length,nt.html5Clone="<:nav></:nav>"!==ht.createElement("nav").cloneNode(!0).outerHTML,e.type="checkbox",e.checked=!0,n.appendChild(e),nt.appendChecked=e.checked,t.innerHTML="<textarea>x</textarea>",nt.noCloneChecked=!!t.cloneNode(!0).lastChild.defaultValue,n.appendChild(t),t.innerHTML="<input type='radio' checked='checked' name='t'/>",nt.checkClone=t.cloneNode(!0).cloneNode(!0).lastChild.checked,nt.noCloneEvent=!0,t.attachEvent&&(t.attachEvent("onclick",function(){nt.noCloneEvent=!1}),t.cloneNode(!0).click()),null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete t.test}catch(r){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}}(),function(){var t,n,r=ht.createElement("div");for(t in{submit:!0,change:!0,focusin:!0})n="on"+t,(nt[t+"Bubbles"]=n in e)||(r.setAttribute(n,"t"),nt[t+"Bubbles"]=r.attributes[n].expando===!1);r=null}();var Lt=/^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i,Ht=/^key/,_t=/^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu)|click/,qt=/^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,Ft=/^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)$/;it.event={global:{},add:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it._data(e);if(g){for(n.handler&&(l=n,n=l.handler,i=l.selector),n.guid||(n.guid=it.guid++),(a=g.events)||(a=g.events={}),(c=g.handle)||(c=g.handle=function(e){return typeof it===Et||e&&it.event.triggered===e.type?void 0:it.event.dispatch.apply(c.elem,arguments)},c.elem=e),t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],s=t.length;s--;)o=Ft.exec(t[s])||[],p=m=o[1],h=(o[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p&&(u=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(i?u.delegateType:u.bindType)||p,u=it.event.special[p]||{},d=it.extend({type:p,origType:m,data:r,handler:n,guid:n.guid,selector:i,needsContext:i&&it.expr.match.needsContext.test(i),namespace:h.join(".")},l),(f=a[p])||(f=a[p]=[],f.delegateCount=0,u.setup&&u.setup.call(e,r,h,c)!==!1||(e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener(p,c,!1):e.attachEvent&&e.attachEvent("on"+p,c))),u.add&&(u.add.call(e,d),d.handler.guid||(d.handler.guid=n.guid)),i?f.splice(f.delegateCount++,0,d):f.push(d),it.event.global[p]=!0);e=null}},remove:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it.hasData(e)&&it._data(e);if(g&&(c=g.events)){for(t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],u=t.length;u--;)if(s=Ft.exec(t[u])||[],p=m=s[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p){for(d=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(r?d.delegateType:d.bindType)||p,f=c[p]||[],s=s[2]&&new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"),l=o=f.length;o--;)a=f[o],!i&&m!==a.origType||n&&n.guid!==a.guid||s&&!s.test(a.namespace)||r&&r!==a.selector&&("**"!==r||!a.selector)||(f.splice(o,1),a.selector&&f.delegateCount--,d.remove&&d.remove.call(e,a));l&&!f.length&&(d.teardown&&d.teardown.call(e,h,g.handle)!==!1||it.removeEvent(e,p,g.handle),delete c[p])}else for(p in c)it.event.remove(e,p+t[u],n,r,!0);it.isEmptyObject(c)&&(delete g.handle,it._removeData(e,"events"))}},trigger:function(t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f=[r||ht],p=tt.call(t,"type")?t.type:t,h=tt.call(t,"namespace")?t.namespace.split("."):[];if(s=c=r=r||ht,3!==r.nodeType&&8!==r.nodeType&&!qt.test(p+it.event.triggered)&&(p.indexOf(".")>=0&&(h=p.split("."),p=h.shift(),h.sort()),a=p.indexOf(":")<0&&"on"+p,t=t[it.expando]?t:new it.Event(p,"object"==typeof t&&t),t.isTrigger=i?2:3,t.namespace=h.join("."),t.namespace_re=t.namespace?new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"):null,t.result=void 0,t.target||(t.target=r),n=null==n?[t]:it.makeArray(n,[t]),u=it.event.special[p]||{},i||!u.trigger||u.trigger.apply(r,n)!==!1)){if(!i&&!u.noBubble&&!it.isWindow(r)){for(l=u.delegateType||p,qt.test(l+p)||(s=s.parentNode);s;s=s.parentNode)f.push(s),c=s;c===(r.ownerDocument||ht)&&f.push(c.defaultView||c.parentWindow||e)}for(d=0;(s=f[d++])&&!t.isPropagationStopped();)t.type=d>1?l:u.bindType||p,o=(it._data(s,"events")||{})[t.type]&&it._data(s,"handle"),o&&o.apply(s,n),o=a&&s[a],o&&o.apply&&it.acceptData(s)&&(t.result=o.apply(s,n),t.result===!1&&t.preventDefault());if(t.type=p,!i&&!t.isDefaultPrevented()&&(!u._default||u._default.apply(f.pop(),n)===!1)&&it.acceptData(r)&&a&&r[p]&&!it.isWindow(r)){c=r[a],c&&(r[a]=null),it.event.triggered=p;try{r[p]()}catch(m){}it.event.triggered=void 0,c&&(r[a]=c)}return t.result}},dispatch:function(e){e=it.event.fix(e);var t,n,r,i,o,a=[],s=Y.call(arguments),l=(it._data(this,"events")||{})[e.type]||[],u=it.event.special[e.type]||{};if(s[0]=e,e.delegateTarget=this,!u.preDispatch||u.preDispatch.call(this,e)!==!1){for(a=it.event.handlers.call(this,e,l),t=0;(i=a[t++])&&!e.isPropagationStopped();)for(e.currentTarget=i.elem,o=0;(r=i.handlers[o++])&&!e.isImmediatePropagationStopped();)(!e.namespace_re||e.namespace_re.test(r.namespace))&&(e.handleObj=r,e.data=r.data,n=((it.event.special[r.origType]||{}).handle||r.handler).apply(i.elem,s),void 0!==n&&(e.result=n)===!1&&(e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()));return u.postDispatch&&u.postDispatch.call(this,e),e.result}},handlers:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a=[],s=t.delegateCount,l=e.target;if(s&&l.nodeType&&(!e.button||"click"!==e.type))for(;l!=this;l=l.parentNode||this)if(1===l.nodeType&&(l.disabled!==!0||"click"!==e.type)){for(i=[],o=0;s>o;o++)r=t[o],n=r.selector+" ",void 0===i[n]&&(i[n]=r.needsContext?it(n,this).index(l)>=0:it.find(n,this,null,[l]).length),i[n]&&i.push(r);i.length&&a.push({elem:l,handlers:i})}return s<t.length&&a.push({elem:this,handlers:t.slice(s)}),a},fix:function(e){if(e[it.expando])return e;var t,n,r,i=e.type,o=e,a=this.fixHooks[i];for(a||(this.fixHooks[i]=a=_t.test(i)?this.mouseHooks:Ht.test(i)?this.keyHooks:{}),r=a.props?this.props.concat(a.props):this.props,e=new it.Event(o),t=r.length;t--;)n=r[t],e[n]=o[n];return e.target||(e.target=o.srcElement||ht),3===e.target.nodeType&&(e.target=e.target.parentNode),e.metaKey=!!e.metaKey,a.filter?a.filter(e,o):e},props:"altKey bubbles cancelable ctrlKey currentTarget eventPhase metaKey relatedTarget shiftKey target timeStamp view which".split(" "),fixHooks:{},keyHooks:{props:"char charCode key keyCode".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){return null==e.which&&(e.which=null!=t.charCode?t.charCode:t.keyCode),e}},mouseHooks:{props:"button buttons clientX clientY fromElement offsetX offsetY pageX pageY screenX screenY toElement".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=t.button,a=t.fromElement;return null==e.pageX&&null!=t.clientX&&(r=e.target.ownerDocument||ht,i=r.documentElement,n=r.body,e.pageX=t.clientX+(i&&i.scrollLeft||n&&n.scrollLeft||0)-(i&&i.clientLeft||n&&n.clientLeft||0),e.pageY=t.clientY+(i&&i.scrollTop||n&&n.scrollTop||0)-(i&&i.clientTop||n&&n.clientTop||0)),!e.relatedTarget&&a&&(e.relatedTarget=a===e.target?t.toElement:a),e.which||void 0===o||(e.which=1&o?1:2&o?3:4&o?2:0),e}},special:{load:{noBubble:!0},focus:{trigger:function(){if(this!==h()&&this.focus)try{return this.focus(),!1}catch(e){}},delegateType:"focusin"},blur:{trigger:function(){return this===h()&&this.blur?(this.blur(),!1):void 0},delegateType:"focusout"},click:{trigger:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"input")&&"checkbox"===this.type&&this.click?(this.click(),!1):void 0},_default:function(e){return it.nodeName(e.target,"a")}},beforeunload:{postDispatch:function(e){void 0!==e.result&&e.originalEvent&&(e.originalEvent.returnValue=e.result)}}},simulate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.extend(new it.Event,n,{type:e,isSimulated:!0,originalEvent:{}});r?it.event.trigger(i,null,t):it.event.dispatch.call(t,i),i.isDefaultPrevented()&&n.preventDefault()}},it.removeEvent=ht.removeEventListener?function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener&&e.removeEventListener(t,n,!1)}:function(e,t,n){var r="on"+t;e.detachEvent&&(typeof e[r]===Et&&(e[r]=null),e.detachEvent(r,n))},it.Event=function(e,t){return this instanceof it.Event?(e&&e.type?(this.originalEvent=e,this.type=e.type,this.isDefaultPrevented=e.defaultPrevented||void 0===e.defaultPrevented&&e.returnValue===!1?f:p):this.type=e,t&&it.extend(this,t),this.timeStamp=e&&e.timeStamp||it.now(),void(this[it.expando]=!0)):new it.Event(e,t)},it.Event.prototype={isDefaultPrevented:p,isPropagationStopped:p,isImmediatePropagationStopped:p,preventDefault:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isDefaultPrevented=f,e&&(e.preventDefault?e.preventDefault():e.returnValue=!1)},stopPropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isPropagationStopped=f,e&&(e.stopPropagation&&e.stopPropagation(),e.cancelBubble=!0)},stopImmediatePropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isImmediatePropagationStopped=f,e&&e.stopImmediatePropagation&&e.stopImmediatePropagation(),this.stopPropagation()}},it.each({mouseenter:"mouseover",mouseleave:"mouseout",pointerenter:"pointerover",pointerleave:"pointerout"},function(e,t){it.event.special[e]={delegateType:t,bindType:t,handle:function(e){var n,r=this,i=e.relatedTarget,o=e.handleObj;return(!i||i!==r&&!it.contains(r,i))&&(e.type=o.origType,n=o.handler.apply(this,arguments),e.type=t),n}}}),nt.submitBubbles||(it.event.special.submit={setup:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.add(this,"click._submit keypress._submit",function(e){var t=e.target,n=it.nodeName(t,"input")||it.nodeName(t,"button")?t.form:void 0;n&&!it._data(n,"submitBubbles")&&(it.event.add(n,"submit._submit",function(e){e._submit_bubble=!0}),it._data(n,"submitBubbles",!0))})},postDispatch:function(e){e._submit_bubble&&(delete e._submit_bubble,this.parentNode&&!e.isTrigger&&it.event.simulate("submit",this.parentNode,e,!0))},teardown:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.remove(this,"._submit")}}),nt.changeBubbles||(it.event.special.change={setup:function(){return Lt.test(this.nodeName)?(("checkbox"===this.type||"radio"===this.type)&&(it.event.add(this,"propertychange._change",function(e){"checked"===e.originalEvent.propertyName&&(this._just_changed=!0)}),it.event.add(this,"click._change",function(e){this._just_changed&&!e.isTrigger&&(this._just_changed=!1),it.event.simulate("change",this,e,!0)})),!1):void it.event.add(this,"beforeactivate._change",function(e){var t=e.target;Lt.test(t.nodeName)&&!it._data(t,"changeBubbles")&&(it.event.add(t,"change._change",function(e){!this.parentNode||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||it.event.simulate("change",this.parentNode,e,!0)}),it._data(t,"changeBubbles",!0))})},handle:function(e){var t=e.target;return this!==t||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||"radio"!==t.type&&"checkbox"!==t.type?e.handleObj.handler.apply(this,arguments):void 0},teardown:function(){return it.event.remove(this,"._change"),!Lt.test(this.nodeName)}}),nt.focusinBubbles||it.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(e,t){var n=function(e){it.event.simulate(t,e.target,it.event.fix(e),!0)};it.event.special[t]={setup:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t);i||r.addEventListener(e,n,!0),it._data(r,t,(i||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t)-1;i?it._data(r,t,i):(r.removeEventListener(e,n,!0),it._removeData(r,t))}}}),it.fn.extend({on:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a;if("object"==typeof e){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=n||t,t=void 0);for(o in e)this.on(o,t,n,e[o],i);return this}if(null==n&&null==r?(r=t,n=t=void 0):null==r&&("string"==typeof t?(r=n,n=void 0):(r=n,n=t,t=void 0)),r===!1)r=p;else if(!r)return this;return 1===i&&(a=r,r=function(e){return it().off(e),a.apply(this,arguments)},r.guid=a.guid||(a.guid=it.guid++)),this.each(function(){it.event.add(this,e,r,n,t)})},one:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(e,t,n,r,1)},off:function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(e&&e.preventDefault&&e.handleObj)return r=e.handleObj,it(e.delegateTarget).off(r.namespace?r.origType+"."+r.namespace:r.origType,r.selector,r.handler),this;if("object"==typeof e){for(i in e)this.off(i,t,e[i]);return this}return(t===!1||"function"==typeof t)&&(n=t,t=void 0),n===!1&&(n=p),this.each(function(){it.event.remove(this,e,n,t)})},trigger:function(e,t){return this.each(function(){it.event.trigger(e,t,this)})},triggerHandler:function(e,t){var n=this[0];return n?it.event.trigger(e,t,n,!0):void 0}});var Mt="abbr|article|aside|audio|bdi|canvas|data|datalist|details|figcaption|figure|footer|header|hgroup|mark|meter|nav|output|progress|section|summary|time|video",Ot=/ jQuery\d+="(?:null|\d+)"/g,Rt=new RegExp("<(?:"+Mt+")[\\s/>]","i"),Bt=/^\s+/,Pt=/<(?!area|br|col|embed|hr|img|input|link|meta|param)(([\w:]+)[^>]*)\/>/gi,It=/<([\w:]+)/,Wt=/<tbody/i,$t=/<|&#?\w+;/,zt=/<(?:script|style|link)/i,Xt=/checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,Ut=/^$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i,Vt=/^true\/(.*)/,Gt=/^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g,Yt={option:[1,"<select multiple='multiple'>","</select>"],legend:[1,"<fieldset>","</fieldset>"],area:[1,"<map>","</map>"],param:[1,"<object>","</object>"],thead:[1,"<table>","</table>"],tr:[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"],col:[2,"<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"],td:[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"],_default:nt.htmlSerialize?[0,"",""]:[1,"X<div>","</div>"]},Jt=m(ht),Kt=Jt.appendChild(ht.createElement("div"));Yt.optgroup=Yt.option,Yt.tbody=Yt.tfoot=Yt.colgroup=Yt.caption=Yt.thead,Yt.th=Yt.td,it.extend({clone:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l=it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e);if(nt.html5Clone||it.isXMLDoc(e)||!Rt.test("<"+e.nodeName+">")?o=e.cloneNode(!0):(Kt.innerHTML=e.outerHTML,Kt.removeChild(o=Kt.firstChild)),!(nt.noCloneEvent&&nt.noCloneChecked||1!==e.nodeType&&11!==e.nodeType||it.isXMLDoc(e)))for(r=g(o),s=g(e),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);++a)r[a]&&E(i,r[a]);if(t)if(n)for(s=s||g(e),r=r||g(o),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);a++)T(i,r[a]);else T(e,o);return r=g(o,"script"),r.length>0&&w(r,!l&&g(e,"script")),r=s=i=null,o},buildFragment:function(e,t,n,r){for(var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=e.length,f=m(t),p=[],h=0;d>h;h++)if(o=e[h],o||0===o)if("object"===it.type(o))it.merge(p,o.nodeType?[o]:o);else if($t.test(o)){for(s=s||f.appendChild(t.createElement("div")),l=(It.exec(o)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase(),c=Yt[l]||Yt._default,s.innerHTML=c[1]+o.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>")+c[2],i=c[0];i--;)s=s.lastChild;if(!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(o)&&p.push(t.createTextNode(Bt.exec(o)[0])),!nt.tbody)for(o="table"!==l||Wt.test(o)?"<table>"!==c[1]||Wt.test(o)?0:s:s.firstChild,i=o&&o.childNodes.length;i--;)it.nodeName(u=o.childNodes[i],"tbody")&&!u.childNodes.length&&o.removeChild(u);for(it.merge(p,s.childNodes),s.textContent="";s.firstChild;)s.removeChild(s.firstChild);s=f.lastChild}else p.push(t.createTextNode(o));for(s&&f.removeChild(s),nt.appendChecked||it.grep(g(p,"input"),v),h=0;o=p[h++];)if((!r||-1===it.inArray(o,r))&&(a=it.contains(o.ownerDocument,o),s=g(f.appendChild(o),"script"),a&&w(s),n))for(i=0;o=s[i++];)Ut.test(o.type||"")&&n.push(o);return s=null,f},cleanData:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o,a=0,s=it.expando,l=it.cache,u=nt.deleteExpando,c=it.event.special;null!=(n=e[a]);a++)if((t||it.acceptData(n))&&(i=n[s],o=i&&l[i])){if(o.events)for(r in o.events)c[r]?it.event.remove(n,r):it.removeEvent(n,r,o.handle);l[i]&&(delete l[i],u?delete n[s]:typeof n.removeAttribute!==Et?n.removeAttribute(s):n[s]=null,G.push(i))}}}),it.fn.extend({text:function(e){return At(this,function(e){return void 0===e?it.text(this):this.empty().append((this[0]&&this[0].ownerDocument||ht).createTextNode(e))},null,e,arguments.length)},append:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.appendChild(e)}})},prepend:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.insertBefore(e,t.firstChild)}})},before:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this)})},after:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this.nextSibling)})},remove:function(e,t){for(var n,r=e?it.filter(e,this):this,i=0;null!=(n=r[i]);i++)t||1!==n.nodeType||it.cleanData(g(n)),n.parentNode&&(t&&it.contains(n.ownerDocument,n)&&w(g(n,"script")),n.parentNode.removeChild(n));return this},empty:function(){for(var e,t=0;null!=(e=this[t]);t++){for(1===e.nodeType&&it.cleanData(g(e,!1));e.firstChild;)e.removeChild(e.firstChild);e.options&&it.nodeName(e,"select")&&(e.options.length=0)}return this},clone:function(e,t){return e=null==e?!1:e,t=null==t?e:t,this.map(function(){return it.clone(this,e,t)})},html:function(e){return At(this,function(e){var t=this[0]||{},n=0,r=this.length;if(void 0===e)return 1===t.nodeType?t.innerHTML.replace(Ot,""):void 0;if(!("string"!=typeof e||zt.test(e)||!nt.htmlSerialize&&Rt.test(e)||!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(e)||Yt[(It.exec(e)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase()])){e=e.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>");try{for(;r>n;n++)t=this[n]||{},1===t.nodeType&&(it.cleanData(g(t,!1)),t.innerHTML=e);t=0}catch(i){}}t&&this.empty().append(e)},null,e,arguments.length)},replaceWith:function(){var e=arguments[0];return this.domManip(arguments,function(t){e=this.parentNode,it.cleanData(g(this)),e&&e.replaceChild(t,this)}),e&&(e.length||e.nodeType)?this:this.remove()},detach:function(e){return this.remove(e,!0)},domManip:function(e,t){e=J.apply([],e);var n,r,i,o,a,s,l=0,u=this.length,c=this,d=u-1,f=e[0],p=it.isFunction(f);if(p||u>1&&"string"==typeof f&&!nt.checkClone&&Xt.test(f))return this.each(function(n){var r=c.eq(n);p&&(e[0]=f.call(this,n,r.html())),r.domManip(e,t)});if(u&&(s=it.buildFragment(e,this[0].ownerDocument,!1,this),n=s.firstChild,1===s.childNodes.length&&(s=n),n)){for(o=it.map(g(s,"script"),b),i=o.length;u>l;l++)r=s,l!==d&&(r=it.clone(r,!0,!0),i&&it.merge(o,g(r,"script"))),t.call(this[l],r,l);if(i)for(a=o[o.length-1].ownerDocument,it.map(o,x),l=0;i>l;l++)r=o[l],Ut.test(r.type||"")&&!it._data(r,"globalEval")&&it.contains(a,r)&&(r.src?it._evalUrl&&it._evalUrl(r.src):it.globalEval((r.text||r.textContent||r.innerHTML||"").replace(Gt,"")));s=n=null}return this}}),it.each({appendTo:"append",prependTo:"prepend",insertBefore:"before",insertAfter:"after",replaceAll:"replaceWith"},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e){for(var n,r=0,i=[],o=it(e),a=o.length-1;a>=r;r++)n=r===a?this:this.clone(!0),it(o[r])[t](n),K.apply(i,n.get());return this.pushStack(i)}});var Qt,Zt={};!function(){var e;nt.shrinkWrapBlocks=function(){if(null!=e)return e;e=!1;var t,n,r;return n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style?(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")).style.width="5px",e=3!==t.offsetWidth),n.removeChild(r),e):void 0}}();var en,tn,nn=/^margin/,rn=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(?!px)[a-z%]+$","i"),on=/^(top|right|bottom|left)$/;e.getComputedStyle?(en=function(e){return e.ownerDocument.defaultView.getComputedStyle(e,null)},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n.getPropertyValue(t)||n[t]:void 0,n&&(""!==a||it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)||(a=it.style(e,t)),rn.test(a)&&nn.test(t)&&(r=s.width,i=s.minWidth,o=s.maxWidth,s.minWidth=s.maxWidth=s.width=a,a=n.width,s.width=r,s.minWidth=i,s.maxWidth=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""}):ht.documentElement.currentStyle&&(en=function(e){return e.currentStyle},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n[t]:void 0,null==a&&s&&s[t]&&(a=s[t]),rn.test(a)&&!on.test(t)&&(r=s.left,i=e.runtimeStyle,o=i&&i.left,o&&(i.left=e.currentStyle.left),s.left="fontSize"===t?"1em":a,a=s.pixelLeft+"px",s.left=r,o&&(i.left=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""||"auto"}),function(){function t(){var t,n,r,i;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-top:1%;top:1%;border:1px;padding:1px;width:4px;position:absolute",o=a=!1,l=!0,e.getComputedStyle&&(o="1%"!==(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{}).top,a="4px"===(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{width:"4px"}).width,i=t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")),i.style.cssText=t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:0",i.style.marginRight=i.style.width="0",t.style.width="1px",l=!parseFloat((e.getComputedStyle(i,null)||{}).marginRight)),t.innerHTML="<table><tr><td></td><td>t</td></tr></table>",i=t.getElementsByTagName("td"),i[0].style.cssText="margin:0;border:0;padding:0;display:none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight,s&&(i[0].style.display="",i[1].style.display="none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight),n.removeChild(r))}var n,r,i,o,a,s,l;n=ht.createElement("div"),n.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",i=n.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],r=i&&i.style,r&&(r.cssText="float:left;opacity:.5",nt.opacity="0.5"===r.opacity,nt.cssFloat=!!r.cssFloat,n.style.backgroundClip="content-box",n.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",nt.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===n.style.backgroundClip,nt.boxSizing=""===r.boxSizing||""===r.MozBoxSizing||""===r.WebkitBoxSizing,it.extend(nt,{reliableHiddenOffsets:function(){return null==s&&t(),s
+},boxSizingReliable:function(){return null==a&&t(),a},pixelPosition:function(){return null==o&&t(),o},reliableMarginRight:function(){return null==l&&t(),l}}))}(),it.swap=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a={};for(o in t)a[o]=e.style[o],e.style[o]=t[o];i=n.apply(e,r||[]);for(o in t)e.style[o]=a[o];return i};var an=/alpha\([^)]*\)/i,sn=/opacity\s*=\s*([^)]*)/,ln=/^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,un=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(.*)$","i"),cn=new RegExp("^([+-])=("+Nt+")","i"),dn={position:"absolute",visibility:"hidden",display:"block"},fn={letterSpacing:"0",fontWeight:"400"},pn=["Webkit","O","Moz","ms"];it.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(e,t){if(t){var n=tn(e,"opacity");return""===n?"1":n}}}},cssNumber:{columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{"float":nt.cssFloat?"cssFloat":"styleFloat"},style:function(e,t,n,r){if(e&&3!==e.nodeType&&8!==e.nodeType&&e.style){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t),l=e.style;if(t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(l,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],void 0===n)return a&&"get"in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t];if(o=typeof n,"string"===o&&(i=cn.exec(n))&&(n=(i[1]+1)*i[2]+parseFloat(it.css(e,t)),o="number"),null!=n&&n===n&&("number"!==o||it.cssNumber[s]||(n+="px"),nt.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),!(a&&"set"in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r)))))try{l[t]=n}catch(u){}}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t);return t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(e.style,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],a&&"get"in a&&(o=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===o&&(o=tn(e,t,r)),"normal"===o&&t in fn&&(o=fn[t]),""===n||n?(i=parseFloat(o),n===!0||it.isNumeric(i)?i||0:o):o}}),it.each(["height","width"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]={get:function(e,n,r){return n?ln.test(it.css(e,"display"))&&0===e.offsetWidth?it.swap(e,dn,function(){return L(e,t,r)}):L(e,t,r):void 0},set:function(e,n,r){var i=r&&en(e);return A(e,n,r?D(e,t,r,nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,i),i):0)}}}),nt.opacity||(it.cssHooks.opacity={get:function(e,t){return sn.test((t&&e.currentStyle?e.currentStyle.filter:e.style.filter)||"")?.01*parseFloat(RegExp.$1)+"":t?"1":""},set:function(e,t){var n=e.style,r=e.currentStyle,i=it.isNumeric(t)?"alpha(opacity="+100*t+")":"",o=r&&r.filter||n.filter||"";n.zoom=1,(t>=1||""===t)&&""===it.trim(o.replace(an,""))&&n.removeAttribute&&(n.removeAttribute("filter"),""===t||r&&!r.filter)||(n.filter=an.test(o)?o.replace(an,i):o+" "+i)}}),it.cssHooks.marginRight=N(nt.reliableMarginRight,function(e,t){return t?it.swap(e,{display:"inline-block"},tn,[e,"marginRight"]):void 0}),it.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(e,t){it.cssHooks[e+t]={expand:function(n){for(var r=0,i={},o="string"==typeof n?n.split(" "):[n];4>r;r++)i[e+St[r]+t]=o[r]||o[r-2]||o[0];return i}},nn.test(e)||(it.cssHooks[e+t].set=A)}),it.fn.extend({css:function(e,t){return At(this,function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={},a=0;if(it.isArray(t)){for(r=en(e),i=t.length;i>a;a++)o[t[a]]=it.css(e,t[a],!1,r);return o}return void 0!==n?it.style(e,t,n):it.css(e,t)},e,t,arguments.length>1)},show:function(){return j(this,!0)},hide:function(){return j(this)},toggle:function(e){return"boolean"==typeof e?e?this.show():this.hide():this.each(function(){jt(this)?it(this).show():it(this).hide()})}}),it.Tween=H,H.prototype={constructor:H,init:function(e,t,n,r,i,o){this.elem=e,this.prop=n,this.easing=i||"swing",this.options=t,this.start=this.now=this.cur(),this.end=r,this.unit=o||(it.cssNumber[n]?"":"px")},cur:function(){var e=H.propHooks[this.prop];return e&&e.get?e.get(this):H.propHooks._default.get(this)},run:function(e){var t,n=H.propHooks[this.prop];return this.pos=t=this.options.duration?it.easing[this.easing](e,this.options.duration*e,0,1,this.options.duration):e,this.now=(this.end-this.start)*t+this.start,this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),n&&n.set?n.set(this):H.propHooks._default.set(this),this}},H.prototype.init.prototype=H.prototype,H.propHooks={_default:{get:function(e){var t;return null==e.elem[e.prop]||e.elem.style&&null!=e.elem.style[e.prop]?(t=it.css(e.elem,e.prop,""),t&&"auto"!==t?t:0):e.elem[e.prop]},set:function(e){it.fx.step[e.prop]?it.fx.step[e.prop](e):e.elem.style&&(null!=e.elem.style[it.cssProps[e.prop]]||it.cssHooks[e.prop])?it.style(e.elem,e.prop,e.now+e.unit):e.elem[e.prop]=e.now}}},H.propHooks.scrollTop=H.propHooks.scrollLeft={set:function(e){e.elem.nodeType&&e.elem.parentNode&&(e.elem[e.prop]=e.now)}},it.easing={linear:function(e){return e},swing:function(e){return.5-Math.cos(e*Math.PI)/2}},it.fx=H.prototype.init,it.fx.step={};var hn,mn,gn=/^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,vn=new RegExp("^(?:([+-])=|)("+Nt+")([a-z%]*)$","i"),yn=/queueHooks$/,bn=[M],xn={"*":[function(e,t){var n=this.createTween(e,t),r=n.cur(),i=vn.exec(t),o=i&&i[3]||(it.cssNumber[e]?"":"px"),a=(it.cssNumber[e]||"px"!==o&&+r)&&vn.exec(it.css(n.elem,e)),s=1,l=20;if(a&&a[3]!==o){o=o||a[3],i=i||[],a=+r||1;do s=s||".5",a/=s,it.style(n.elem,e,a+o);while(s!==(s=n.cur()/r)&&1!==s&&--l)}return i&&(a=n.start=+a||+r||0,n.unit=o,n.end=i[1]?a+(i[1]+1)*i[2]:+i[2]),n}]};it.Animation=it.extend(R,{tweener:function(e,t){it.isFunction(e)?(t=e,e=["*"]):e=e.split(" ");for(var n,r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],xn[n]=xn[n]||[],xn[n].unshift(t)},prefilter:function(e,t){t?bn.unshift(e):bn.push(e)}}),it.speed=function(e,t,n){var r=e&&"object"==typeof e?it.extend({},e):{complete:n||!n&&t||it.isFunction(e)&&e,duration:e,easing:n&&t||t&&!it.isFunction(t)&&t};return r.duration=it.fx.off?0:"number"==typeof r.duration?r.duration:r.duration in it.fx.speeds?it.fx.speeds[r.duration]:it.fx.speeds._default,(null==r.queue||r.queue===!0)&&(r.queue="fx"),r.old=r.complete,r.complete=function(){it.isFunction(r.old)&&r.old.call(this),r.queue&&it.dequeue(this,r.queue)},r},it.fn.extend({fadeTo:function(e,t,n,r){return this.filter(jt).css("opacity",0).show().end().animate({opacity:t},e,n,r)},animate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.isEmptyObject(e),o=it.speed(t,n,r),a=function(){var t=R(this,it.extend({},e),o);(i||it._data(this,"finish"))&&t.stop(!0)};return a.finish=a,i||o.queue===!1?this.each(a):this.queue(o.queue,a)},stop:function(e,t,n){var r=function(e){var t=e.stop;delete e.stop,t(n)};return"string"!=typeof e&&(n=t,t=e,e=void 0),t&&e!==!1&&this.queue(e||"fx",[]),this.each(function(){var t=!0,i=null!=e&&e+"queueHooks",o=it.timers,a=it._data(this);if(i)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&r(a[i]);else for(i in a)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&yn.test(i)&&r(a[i]);for(i=o.length;i--;)o[i].elem!==this||null!=e&&o[i].queue!==e||(o[i].anim.stop(n),t=!1,o.splice(i,1));(t||!n)&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},finish:function(e){return e!==!1&&(e=e||"fx"),this.each(function(){var t,n=it._data(this),r=n[e+"queue"],i=n[e+"queueHooks"],o=it.timers,a=r?r.length:0;for(n.finish=!0,it.queue(this,e,[]),i&&i.stop&&i.stop.call(this,!0),t=o.length;t--;)o[t].elem===this&&o[t].queue===e&&(o[t].anim.stop(!0),o.splice(t,1));for(t=0;a>t;t++)r[t]&&r[t].finish&&r[t].finish.call(this);delete n.finish})}}),it.each(["toggle","show","hide"],function(e,t){var n=it.fn[t];it.fn[t]=function(e,r,i){return null==e||"boolean"==typeof e?n.apply(this,arguments):this.animate(q(t,!0),e,r,i)}}),it.each({slideDown:q("show"),slideUp:q("hide"),slideToggle:q("toggle"),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e,n,r){return this.animate(t,e,n,r)}}),it.timers=[],it.fx.tick=function(){var e,t=it.timers,n=0;for(hn=it.now();n<t.length;n++)e=t[n],e()||t[n]!==e||t.splice(n--,1);t.length||it.fx.stop(),hn=void 0},it.fx.timer=function(e){it.timers.push(e),e()?it.fx.start():it.timers.pop()},it.fx.interval=13,it.fx.start=function(){mn||(mn=setInterval(it.fx.tick,it.fx.interval))},it.fx.stop=function(){clearInterval(mn),mn=null},it.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},it.fn.delay=function(e,t){return e=it.fx?it.fx.speeds[e]||e:e,t=t||"fx",this.queue(t,function(t,n){var r=setTimeout(t,e);n.stop=function(){clearTimeout(r)}})},function(){var e,t,n,r,i;t=ht.createElement("div"),t.setAttribute("className","t"),t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",r=t.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],n=ht.createElement("select"),i=n.appendChild(ht.createElement("option")),e=t.getElementsByTagName("input")[0],r.style.cssText="top:1px",nt.getSetAttribute="t"!==t.className,nt.style=/top/.test(r.getAttribute("style")),nt.hrefNormalized="/a"===r.getAttribute("href"),nt.checkOn=!!e.value,nt.optSelected=i.selected,nt.enctype=!!ht.createElement("form").enctype,n.disabled=!0,nt.optDisabled=!i.disabled,e=ht.createElement("input"),e.setAttribute("value",""),nt.input=""===e.getAttribute("value"),e.value="t",e.setAttribute("type","radio"),nt.radioValue="t"===e.value}();var wn=/\r/g;it.fn.extend({val:function(e){var t,n,r,i=this[0];{if(arguments.length)return r=it.isFunction(e),this.each(function(n){var i;1===this.nodeType&&(i=r?e.call(this,n,it(this).val()):e,null==i?i="":"number"==typeof i?i+="":it.isArray(i)&&(i=it.map(i,function(e){return null==e?"":e+""})),t=it.valHooks[this.type]||it.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"set"in t&&void 0!==t.set(this,i,"value")||(this.value=i))});if(i)return t=it.valHooks[i.type]||it.valHooks[i.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"get"in t&&void 0!==(n=t.get(i,"value"))?n:(n=i.value,"string"==typeof n?n.replace(wn,""):null==n?"":n)}}}),it.extend({valHooks:{option:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"value");return null!=t?t:it.trim(it.text(e))}},select:{get:function(e){for(var t,n,r=e.options,i=e.selectedIndex,o="select-one"===e.type||0>i,a=o?null:[],s=o?i+1:r.length,l=0>i?s:o?i:0;s>l;l++)if(n=r[l],!(!n.selected&&l!==i||(nt.optDisabled?n.disabled:null!==n.getAttribute("disabled"))||n.parentNode.disabled&&it.nodeName(n.parentNode,"optgroup"))){if(t=it(n).val(),o)return t;a.push(t)}return a},set:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i=e.options,o=it.makeArray(t),a=i.length;a--;)if(r=i[a],it.inArray(it.valHooks.option.get(r),o)>=0)try{r.selected=n=!0}catch(s){r.scrollHeight}else r.selected=!1;return n||(e.selectedIndex=-1),i}}}}),it.each(["radio","checkbox"],function(){it.valHooks[this]={set:function(e,t){return it.isArray(t)?e.checked=it.inArray(it(e).val(),t)>=0:void 0}},nt.checkOn||(it.valHooks[this].get=function(e){return null===e.getAttribute("value")?"on":e.value})});var Tn,En,kn=it.expr.attrHandle,Cn=/^(?:checked|selected)$/i,Nn=nt.getSetAttribute,Sn=nt.input;it.fn.extend({attr:function(e,t){return At(this,it.attr,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeAttr:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeAttr(this,e)})}}),it.extend({attr:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return typeof e.getAttribute===Et?it.prop(e,t,n):(1===o&&it.isXMLDoc(e)||(t=t.toLowerCase(),r=it.attrHooks[t]||(it.expr.match.bool.test(t)?En:Tn)),void 0===n?r&&"get"in r&&null!==(i=r.get(e,t))?i:(i=it.find.attr(e,t),null==i?void 0:i):null!==n?r&&"set"in r&&void 0!==(i=r.set(e,n,t))?i:(e.setAttribute(t,n+""),n):void it.removeAttr(e,t))},removeAttr:function(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=t&&t.match(bt);if(o&&1===e.nodeType)for(;n=o[i++];)r=it.propFix[n]||n,it.expr.match.bool.test(n)?Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e[r]=!1:e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[r]=!1:it.attr(e,n,""),e.removeAttribute(Nn?n:r)},attrHooks:{type:{set:function(e,t){if(!nt.radioValue&&"radio"===t&&it.nodeName(e,"input")){var n=e.value;return e.setAttribute("type",t),n&&(e.value=n),t}}}}}),En={set:function(e,t,n){return t===!1?it.removeAttr(e,n):Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e.setAttribute(!Nn&&it.propFix[n]||n,n):e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[n]=!0,n}},it.each(it.expr.match.bool.source.match(/\w+/g),function(e,t){var n=kn[t]||it.find.attr;kn[t]=Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(t)?function(e,t,r){var i,o;return r||(o=kn[t],kn[t]=i,i=null!=n(e,t,r)?t.toLowerCase():null,kn[t]=o),i}:function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e[it.camelCase("default-"+t)]?t.toLowerCase():null}}),Sn&&Nn||(it.attrHooks.value={set:function(e,t,n){return it.nodeName(e,"input")?void(e.defaultValue=t):Tn&&Tn.set(e,t,n)}}),Nn||(Tn={set:function(e,t,n){var r=e.getAttributeNode(n);return r||e.setAttributeNode(r=e.ownerDocument.createAttribute(n)),r.value=t+="","value"===n||t===e.getAttribute(n)?t:void 0}},kn.id=kn.name=kn.coords=function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&""!==r.value?r.value:null},it.valHooks.button={get:function(e,t){var n=e.getAttributeNode(t);return n&&n.specified?n.value:void 0},set:Tn.set},it.attrHooks.contenteditable={set:function(e,t,n){Tn.set(e,""===t?!1:t,n)}},it.each(["width","height"],function(e,t){it.attrHooks[t]={set:function(e,n){return""===n?(e.setAttribute(t,"auto"),n):void 0}}})),nt.style||(it.attrHooks.style={get:function(e){return e.style.cssText||void 0},set:function(e,t){return e.style.cssText=t+""}});var jn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button|object)$/i,An=/^(?:a|area)$/i;it.fn.extend({prop:function(e,t){return At(this,it.prop,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeProp:function(e){return e=it.propFix[e]||e,this.each(function(){try{this[e]=void 0,delete this[e]}catch(t){}})}}),it.extend({propFix:{"for":"htmlFor","class":"className"},prop:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==a&&8!==a&&2!==a)return o=1!==a||!it.isXMLDoc(e),o&&(t=it.propFix[t]||t,i=it.propHooks[t]),void 0!==n?i&&"set"in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:e[t]=n:i&&"get"in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:e[t]},propHooks:{tabIndex:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"tabindex");return t?parseInt(t,10):jn.test(e.nodeName)||An.test(e.nodeName)&&e.href?0:-1}}}}),nt.hrefNormalized||it.each(["href","src"],function(e,t){it.propHooks[t]={get:function(e){return e.getAttribute(t,4)}}}),nt.optSelected||(it.propHooks.selected={get:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&(t.selectedIndex,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex),null}}),it.each(["tabIndex","readOnly","maxLength","cellSpacing","cellPadding","rowSpan","colSpan","useMap","frameBorder","contentEditable"],function(){it.propFix[this.toLowerCase()]=this}),nt.enctype||(it.propFix.enctype="encoding");var Dn=/[\t\r\n\f]/g;it.fn.extend({addClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u="string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).addClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):" ")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")<0&&(r+=i+" ");a=it.trim(r),n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},removeClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u=0===arguments.length||"string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).removeClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):"")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)for(;r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")>=0;)r=r.replace(" "+i+" "," ");a=e?it.trim(r):"",n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},toggleClass:function(e,t){var n=typeof e;return"boolean"==typeof t&&"string"===n?t?this.addClass(e):this.removeClass(e):this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(n){it(this).toggleClass(e.call(this,n,this.className,t),t)}:function(){if("string"===n)for(var t,r=0,i=it(this),o=e.match(bt)||[];t=o[r++];)i.hasClass(t)?i.removeClass(t):i.addClass(t);else(n===Et||"boolean"===n)&&(this.className&&it._data(this,"__className__",this.className),this.className=this.className||e===!1?"":it._data(this,"__className__")||"")})},hasClass:function(e){for(var t=" "+e+" ",n=0,r=this.length;r>n;n++)if(1===this[n].nodeType&&(" "+this[n].className+" ").replace(Dn," ").indexOf(t)>=0)return!0;return!1}}),it.each("blur focus focusin focusout load resize scroll unload click dblclick mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave change select submit keydown keypress keyup error contextmenu".split(" "),function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e,n){return arguments.length>0?this.on(t,null,e,n):this.trigger(t)}}),it.fn.extend({hover:function(e,t){return this.mouseenter(e).mouseleave(t||e)},bind:function(e,t,n){return this.on(e,null,t,n)},unbind:function(e,t){return this.off(e,null,t)},delegate:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(t,e,n,r)},undelegate:function(e,t,n){return 1===arguments.length?this.off(e,"**"):this.off(t,e||"**",n)}});var Ln=it.now(),Hn=/\?/,_n=/(,)|(\[|{)|(}|])|"(?:[^"\\\r\n]|\\["\\\/bfnrt]|\\u[\da-fA-F]{4})*"\s*:?|true|false|null|-?(?!0\d)\d+(?:\.\d+|)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/g;it.parseJSON=function(t){if(e.JSON&&e.JSON.parse)return e.JSON.parse(t+"");var n,r=null,i=it.trim(t+"");return i&&!it.trim(i.replace(_n,function(e,t,i,o){return n&&t&&(r=0),0===r?e:(n=i||t,r+=!o-!i,"")}))?Function("return "+i)():it.error("Invalid JSON: "+t)},it.parseXML=function(t){var n,r;if(!t||"string"!=typeof t)return null;try{e.DOMParser?(r=new DOMParser,n=r.parseFromString(t,"text/xml")):(n=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM"),n.async="false",n.loadXML(t))}catch(i){n=void 0}return n&&n.documentElement&&!n.getElementsByTagName("parsererror").length||it.error("Invalid XML: "+t),n};var qn,Fn,Mn=/#.*$/,On=/([?&])_=[^&]*/,Rn=/^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)\r?$/gm,Bn=/^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/,Pn=/^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,In=/^\/\//,Wn=/^([\w.+-]+:)(?:\/\/(?:[^\/?#]*@|)([^\/?#:]*)(?::(\d+)|)|)/,$n={},zn={},Xn="*/".concat("*");try{Fn=location.href}catch(Un){Fn=ht.createElement("a"),Fn.href="",Fn=Fn.href}qn=Wn.exec(Fn.toLowerCase())||[],it.extend({active:0,lastModified:{},etag:{},ajaxSettings:{url:Fn,type:"GET",isLocal:Bn.test(qn[1]),global:!0,processData:!0,async:!0,contentType:"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",accepts:{"*":Xn,text:"text/plain",html:"text/html",xml:"application/xml, text/xml",json:"application/json, text/javascript"},contents:{xml:/xml/,html:/html/,json:/json/},responseFields:{xml:"responseXML",text:"responseText",json:"responseJSON"},converters:{"* text":String,"text html":!0,"text json":it.parseJSON,"text xml":it.parseXML},flatOptions:{url:!0,context:!0}},ajaxSetup:function(e,t){return t?I(I(e,it.ajaxSettings),t):I(it.ajaxSettings,e)},ajaxPrefilter:B($n),ajaxTransport:B(zn),ajax:function(e,t){function n(e,t,n,r){var i,c,v,y,x,T=t;2!==b&&(b=2,s&&clearTimeout(s),u=void 0,a=r||"",w.readyState=e>0?4:0,i=e>=200&&300>e||304===e,n&&(y=W(d,w,n)),y=$(d,y,w,i),i?(d.ifModified&&(x=w.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified"),x&&(it.lastModified[o]=x),x=w.getResponseHeader("etag"),x&&(it.etag[o]=x)),204===e||"HEAD"===d.type?T="nocontent":304===e?T="notmodified":(T=y.state,c=y.data,v=y.error,i=!v)):(v=T,(e||!T)&&(T="error",0>e&&(e=0))),w.status=e,w.statusText=(t||T)+"",i?h.resolveWith(f,[c,T,w]):h.rejectWith(f,[w,T,v]),w.statusCode(g),g=void 0,l&&p.trigger(i?"ajaxSuccess":"ajaxError",[w,d,i?c:v]),m.fireWith(f,[w,T]),l&&(p.trigger("ajaxComplete",[w,d]),--it.active||it.event.trigger("ajaxStop")))}"object"==typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),t=t||{};var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=it.ajaxSetup({},t),f=d.context||d,p=d.context&&(f.nodeType||f.jquery)?it(f):it.event,h=it.Deferred(),m=it.Callbacks("once memory"),g=d.statusCode||{},v={},y={},b=0,x="canceled",w={readyState:0,getResponseHeader:function(e){var t;if(2===b){if(!c)for(c={};t=Rn.exec(a);)c[t[1].toLowerCase()]=t[2];t=c[e.toLowerCase()]}return null==t?null:t},getAllResponseHeaders:function(){return 2===b?a:null},setRequestHeader:function(e,t){var n=e.toLowerCase();return b||(e=y[n]=y[n]||e,v[e]=t),this},overrideMimeType:function(e){return b||(d.mimeType=e),this},statusCode:function(e){var t;if(e)if(2>b)for(t in e)g[t]=[g[t],e[t]];else w.always(e[w.status]);return this},abort:function(e){var t=e||x;return u&&u.abort(t),n(0,t),this}};if(h.promise(w).complete=m.add,w.success=w.done,w.error=w.fail,d.url=((e||d.url||Fn)+"").replace(Mn,"").replace(In,qn[1]+"//"),d.type=t.method||t.type||d.method||d.type,d.dataTypes=it.trim(d.dataType||"*").toLowerCase().match(bt)||[""],null==d.crossDomain&&(r=Wn.exec(d.url.toLowerCase()),d.crossDomain=!(!r||r[1]===qn[1]&&r[2]===qn[2]&&(r[3]||("http:"===r[1]?"80":"443"))===(qn[3]||("http:"===qn[1]?"80":"443")))),d.data&&d.processData&&"string"!=typeof d.data&&(d.data=it.param(d.data,d.traditional)),P($n,d,t,w),2===b)return w;l=d.global,l&&0===it.active++&&it.event.trigger("ajaxStart"),d.type=d.type.toUpperCase(),d.hasContent=!Pn.test(d.type),o=d.url,d.hasContent||(d.data&&(o=d.url+=(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+d.data,delete d.data),d.cache===!1&&(d.url=On.test(o)?o.replace(On,"$1_="+Ln++):o+(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+"_="+Ln++)),d.ifModified&&(it.lastModified[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",it.lastModified[o]),it.etag[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-None-Match",it.etag[o])),(d.data&&d.hasContent&&d.contentType!==!1||t.contentType)&&w.setRequestHeader("Content-Type",d.contentType),w.setRequestHeader("Accept",d.dataTypes[0]&&d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]?d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]+("*"!==d.dataTypes[0]?", "+Xn+"; q=0.01":""):d.accepts["*"]);for(i in d.headers)w.setRequestHeader(i,d.headers[i]);if(d.beforeSend&&(d.beforeSend.call(f,w,d)===!1||2===b))return w.abort();x="abort";for(i in{success:1,error:1,complete:1})w[i](d[i]);if(u=P(zn,d,t,w)){w.readyState=1,l&&p.trigger("ajaxSend",[w,d]),d.async&&d.timeout>0&&(s=setTimeout(function(){w.abort("timeout")},d.timeout));try{b=1,u.send(v,n)}catch(T){if(!(2>b))throw T;n(-1,T)}}else n(-1,"No Transport");return w},getJSON:function(e,t,n){return it.get(e,t,n,"json")},getScript:function(e,t){return it.get(e,void 0,t,"script")}}),it.each(["get","post"],function(e,t){it[t]=function(e,n,r,i){return it.isFunction(n)&&(i=i||r,r=n,n=void 0),it.ajax({url:e,type:t,dataType:i,data:n,success:r})}}),it.each(["ajaxStart","ajaxStop","ajaxComplete","ajaxError","ajaxSuccess","ajaxSend"],function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e){return this.on(t,e)}}),it._evalUrl=function(e){return it.ajax({url:e,type:"GET",dataType:"script",async:!1,global:!1,"throws":!0})},it.fn.extend({wrapAll:function(e){if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).wrapAll(e.call(this,t))});if(this[0]){var t=it(e,this[0].ownerDocument).eq(0).clone(!0);this[0].parentNode&&t.insertBefore(this[0]),t.map(function(){for(var e=this;e.firstChild&&1===e.firstChild.nodeType;)e=e.firstChild;return e}).append(this)}return this},wrapInner:function(e){return this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(t){it(this).wrapInner(e.call(this,t))}:function(){var t=it(this),n=t.contents();n.length?n.wrapAll(e):t.append(e)})},wrap:function(e){var t=it.isFunction(e);return this.each(function(n){it(this).wrapAll(t?e.call(this,n):e)})},unwrap:function(){return this.parent().each(function(){it.nodeName(this,"body")||it(this).replaceWith(this.childNodes)}).end()}}),it.expr.filters.hidden=function(e){return e.offsetWidth<=0&&e.offsetHeight<=0||!nt.reliableHiddenOffsets()&&"none"===(e.style&&e.style.display||it.css(e,"display"))},it.expr.filters.visible=function(e){return!it.expr.filters.hidden(e)};var Vn=/%20/g,Gn=/\[\]$/,Yn=/\r?\n/g,Jn=/^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,Kn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;it.param=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=function(e,t){t=it.isFunction(t)?t():null==t?"":t,r[r.length]=encodeURIComponent(e)+"="+encodeURIComponent(t)};if(void 0===t&&(t=it.ajaxSettings&&it.ajaxSettings.traditional),it.isArray(e)||e.jquery&&!it.isPlainObject(e))it.each(e,function(){i(this.name,this.value)});else for(n in e)z(n,e[n],t,i);return r.join("&").replace(Vn,"+")},it.fn.extend({serialize:function(){return it.param(this.serializeArray())},serializeArray:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=it.prop(this,"elements");return e?it.makeArray(e):this}).filter(function(){var e=this.type;return this.name&&!it(this).is(":disabled")&&Kn.test(this.nodeName)&&!Jn.test(e)&&(this.checked||!Dt.test(e))}).map(function(e,t){var n=it(this).val();return null==n?null:it.isArray(n)?it.map(n,function(e){return{name:t.name,value:e.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}):{name:t.name,value:n.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}).get()}}),it.ajaxSettings.xhr=void 0!==e.ActiveXObject?function(){return!this.isLocal&&/^(get|post|head|put|delete|options)$/i.test(this.type)&&X()||U()}:X;var Qn=0,Zn={},er=it.ajaxSettings.xhr();e.ActiveXObject&&it(e).on("unload",function(){for(var e in Zn)Zn[e](void 0,!0)}),nt.cors=!!er&&"withCredentials"in er,er=nt.ajax=!!er,er&&it.ajaxTransport(function(e){if(!e.crossDomain||nt.cors){var t;return{send:function(n,r){var i,o=e.xhr(),a=++Qn;if(o.open(e.type,e.url,e.async,e.username,e.password),e.xhrFields)for(i in e.xhrFields)o[i]=e.xhrFields[i];e.mimeType&&o.overrideMimeType&&o.overrideMimeType(e.mimeType),e.crossDomain||n["X-Requested-With"]||(n["X-Requested-With"]="XMLHttpRequest");for(i in n)void 0!==n[i]&&o.setRequestHeader(i,n[i]+"");o.send(e.hasContent&&e.data||null),t=function(n,i){var s,l,u;if(t&&(i||4===o.readyState))if(delete Zn[a],t=void 0,o.onreadystatechange=it.noop,i)4!==o.readyState&&o.abort();else{u={},s=o.status,"string"==typeof o.responseText&&(u.text=o.responseText);try{l=o.statusText}catch(c){l=""}s||!e.isLocal||e.crossDomain?1223===s&&(s=204):s=u.text?200:404}u&&r(s,l,u,o.getAllResponseHeaders())},e.async?4===o.readyState?setTimeout(t):o.onreadystatechange=Zn[a]=t:t()},abort:function(){t&&t(void 0,!0)}}}}),it.ajaxSetup({accepts:{script:"text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"},contents:{script:/(?:java|ecma)script/},converters:{"text script":function(e){return it.globalEval(e),e}}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("script",function(e){void 0===e.cache&&(e.cache=!1),e.crossDomain&&(e.type="GET",e.global=!1)}),it.ajaxTransport("script",function(e){if(e.crossDomain){var t,n=ht.head||it("head")[0]||ht.documentElement;return{send:function(r,i){t=ht.createElement("script"),t.async=!0,e.scriptCharset&&(t.charset=e.scriptCharset),t.src=e.url,t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=function(e,n){(n||!t.readyState||/loaded|complete/.test(t.readyState))&&(t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=null,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null,n||i(200,"success"))},n.insertBefore(t,n.firstChild)},abort:function(){t&&t.onload(void 0,!0)}}}});var tr=[],nr=/(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;it.ajaxSetup({jsonp:"callback",jsonpCallback:function(){var e=tr.pop()||it.expando+"_"+Ln++;return this[e]=!0,e}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("json jsonp",function(t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=t.jsonp!==!1&&(nr.test(t.url)?"url":"string"==typeof t.data&&!(t.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&nr.test(t.data)&&"data");return s||"jsonp"===t.dataTypes[0]?(i=t.jsonpCallback=it.isFunction(t.jsonpCallback)?t.jsonpCallback():t.jsonpCallback,s?t[s]=t[s].replace(nr,"$1"+i):t.jsonp!==!1&&(t.url+=(Hn.test(t.url)?"&":"?")+t.jsonp+"="+i),t.converters["script json"]=function(){return a||it.error(i+" was not called"),a[0]},t.dataTypes[0]="json",o=e[i],e[i]=function(){a=arguments},r.always(function(){e[i]=o,t[i]&&(t.jsonpCallback=n.jsonpCallback,tr.push(i)),a&&it.isFunction(o)&&o(a[0]),a=o=void 0}),"script"):void 0}),it.parseHTML=function(e,t,n){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return null;"boolean"==typeof t&&(n=t,t=!1),t=t||ht;var r=dt.exec(e),i=!n&&[];return r?[t.createElement(r[1])]:(r=it.buildFragment([e],t,i),i&&i.length&&it(i).remove(),it.merge([],r.childNodes))};var rr=it.fn.load;it.fn.load=function(e,t,n){if("string"!=typeof e&&rr)return rr.apply(this,arguments);var r,i,o,a=this,s=e.indexOf(" ");return s>=0&&(r=it.trim(e.slice(s,e.length)),e=e.slice(0,s)),it.isFunction(t)?(n=t,t=void 0):t&&"object"==typeof t&&(o="POST"),a.length>0&&it.ajax({url:e,type:o,dataType:"html",data:t}).done(function(e){i=arguments,a.html(r?it("<div>").append(it.parseHTML(e)).find(r):e)}).complete(n&&function(e,t){a.each(n,i||[e.responseText,t,e])}),this},it.expr.filters.animated=function(e){return it.grep(it.timers,function(t){return e===t.elem}).length};var ir=e.document.documentElement;it.offset={setOffset:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=it.css(e,"position"),d=it(e),f={};"static"===c&&(e.style.position="relative"),s=d.offset(),o=it.css(e,"top"),l=it.css(e,"left"),u=("absolute"===c||"fixed"===c)&&it.inArray("auto",[o,l])>-1,u?(r=d.position(),a=r.top,i=r.left):(a=parseFloat(o)||0,i=parseFloat(l)||0),it.isFunction(t)&&(t=t.call(e,n,s)),null!=t.top&&(f.top=t.top-s.top+a),null!=t.left&&(f.left=t.left-s.left+i),"using"in t?t.using.call(e,f):d.css(f)}},it.fn.extend({offset:function(e){if(arguments.length)return void 0===e?this:this.each(function(t){it.offset.setOffset(this,e,t)});var t,n,r={top:0,left:0},i=this[0],o=i&&i.ownerDocument;if(o)return t=o.documentElement,it.contains(t,i)?(typeof i.getBoundingClientRect!==Et&&(r=i.getBoundingClientRect()),n=V(o),{top:r.top+(n.pageYOffset||t.scrollTop)-(t.clientTop||0),left:r.left+(n.pageXOffset||t.scrollLeft)-(t.clientLeft||0)}):r},position:function(){if(this[0]){var e,t,n={top:0,left:0},r=this[0];return"fixed"===it.css(r,"position")?t=r.getBoundingClientRect():(e=this.offsetParent(),t=this.offset(),it.nodeName(e[0],"html")||(n=e.offset()),n.top+=it.css(e[0],"borderTopWidth",!0),n.left+=it.css(e[0],"borderLeftWidth",!0)),{top:t.top-n.top-it.css(r,"marginTop",!0),left:t.left-n.left-it.css(r,"marginLeft",!0)}}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){for(var e=this.offsetParent||ir;e&&!it.nodeName(e,"html")&&"static"===it.css(e,"position");)e=e.offsetParent;return e||ir})}}),it.each({scrollLeft:"pageXOffset",scrollTop:"pageYOffset"},function(e,t){var n=/Y/.test(t);it.fn[e]=function(r){return At(this,function(e,r,i){var o=V(e);return void 0===i?o?t in o?o[t]:o.document.documentElement[r]:e[r]:void(o?o.scrollTo(n?it(o).scrollLeft():i,n?i:it(o).scrollTop()):e[r]=i)},e,r,arguments.length,null)}}),it.each(["top","left"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]=N(nt.pixelPosition,function(e,n){return n?(n=tn(e,t),rn.test(n)?it(e).position()[t]+"px":n):void 0})}),it.each({Height:"height",Width:"width"},function(e,t){it.each({padding:"inner"+e,content:t,"":"outer"+e},function(n,r){it.fn[r]=function(r,i){var o=arguments.length&&(n||"boolean"!=typeof r),a=n||(r===!0||i===!0?"margin":"border");return At(this,function(t,n,r){var i;return it.isWindow(t)?t.document.documentElement["client"+e]:9===t.nodeType?(i=t.documentElement,Math.max(t.body["scroll"+e],i["scroll"+e],t.body["offset"+e],i["offset"+e],i["client"+e])):void 0===r?it.css(t,n,a):it.style(t,n,r,a)},t,o?r:void 0,o,null)}})}),it.fn.size=function(){return this.length},it.fn.andSelf=it.fn.addBack,"function"==typeof define&&define.amd&&define("jquery",[],function(){return it});var or=e.jQuery,ar=e.$;return it.noConflict=function(t){return e.$===it&&(e.$=ar),t&&e.jQuery===it&&(e.jQuery=or),it},typeof t===Et&&(e.jQuery=e.$=it),it}),function(e,t){e.rails!==t&&e.error("jquery-ujs has already been loaded!");var n,r=e(document);e.rails=n={linkClickSelector:"a[data-confirm], a[data-method], a[data-remote], a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonClickSelector:"button[data-remote], button[data-confirm]",inputChangeSelector:"select[data-remote], input[data-remote], textarea[data-remote]",formSubmitSelector:"form",formInputClickSelector:"form input[type=submit], form input[type=image], form button[type=submit], form button:not([type])",disableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:enabled, button[data-disable-with]:enabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:enabled, input[data-disable]:enabled, button[data-disable]:enabled, textarea[data-disable]:enabled",enableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:disabled, button[data-disable-with]:disabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:disabled, input[data-disable]:disabled, button[data-disable]:disabled, textarea[data-disable]:disabled",requiredInputSelector:"input[name][required]:not([disabled]),textarea[name][required]:not([disabled])",fileInputSelector:"input[type=file]",linkDisableSelector:"a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonDisableSelector:"button[data-remote][data-disable-with], button[data-remote][data-disable]",CSRFProtection:function(t){var n=e('meta[name="csrf-token"]').attr("content");n&&t.setRequestHeader("X-CSRF-Token",n)},refreshCSRFTokens:function(){var t=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),n=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content");e('form input[name="'+n+'"]').val(t)},fire:function(t,n,r){var i=e.Event(n);return t.trigger(i,r),i.result!==!1},confirm:function(e){return confirm(e)},ajax:function(t){return e.ajax(t)},href:function(e){return e.attr("href")},handleRemote:function(r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;if(n.fire(r,"ajax:before")){if(s=r.data("cross-domain"),l=s===t?null:s,u=r.data("with-credentials")||null,c=r.data("type")||e.ajaxSettings&&e.ajaxSettings.dataType,r.is("form")){i=r.attr("method"),o=r.attr("action"),a=r.serializeArray();var f=r.data("ujs:submit-button");f&&(a.push(f),r.data("ujs:submit-button",null))}else r.is(n.inputChangeSelector)?(i=r.data("method"),o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):r.is(n.buttonClickSelector)?(i=r.data("method")||"get",o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):(i=r.data("method"),o=n.href(r),a=r.data("params")||null);return d={type:i||"GET",data:a,dataType:c,beforeSend:function(e,i){return i.dataType===t&&e.setRequestHeader("accept","*/*;q=0.5, "+i.accepts.script),n.fire(r,"ajax:beforeSend",[e,i])?void r.trigger("ajax:send",e):!1
+},success:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:success",[e,t,n])},complete:function(e,t){r.trigger("ajax:complete",[e,t])},error:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:error",[e,t,n])},crossDomain:l},u&&(d.xhrFields={withCredentials:u}),o&&(d.url=o),n.ajax(d)}return!1},handleMethod:function(r){var i=n.href(r),o=r.data("method"),a=r.attr("target"),s=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),l=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content"),u=e('<form method="post" action="'+i+'"></form>'),c='<input name="_method" value="'+o+'" type="hidden" />';l!==t&&s!==t&&(c+='<input name="'+l+'" value="'+s+'" type="hidden" />'),a&&u.attr("target",a),u.hide().append(c).appendTo("body"),u.submit()},formElements:function(t,n){return t.is("form")?e(t[0].elements).filter(n):t.find(n)},disableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.disableSelector).each(function(){n.disableFormElement(e(this))})},disableFormElement:function(e){var n,r;n=e.is("button")?"html":"val",r=e.data("disable-with"),e.data("ujs:enable-with",e[n]()),r!==t&&e[n](r),e.prop("disabled",!0)},enableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.enableSelector).each(function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))})},enableFormElement:function(e){var t=e.is("button")?"html":"val";e.data("ujs:enable-with")&&e[t](e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.prop("disabled",!1)},allowAction:function(e){var t,r=e.data("confirm"),i=!1;return r?(n.fire(e,"confirm")&&(i=n.confirm(r),t=n.fire(e,"confirm:complete",[i])),i&&t):!0},blankInputs:function(t,n,r){var i,o,a=e(),s=n||"input,textarea",l=t.find(s);return l.each(function(){if(i=e(this),o=i.is("input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]")?i.is(":checked"):i.val(),!o==!r){if(i.is("input[type=radio]")&&l.filter('input[type=radio]:checked[name="'+i.attr("name")+'"]').length)return!0;a=a.add(i)}}),a.length?a:!1},nonBlankInputs:function(e,t){return n.blankInputs(e,t,!0)},stopEverything:function(t){return e(t.target).trigger("ujs:everythingStopped"),t.stopImmediatePropagation(),!1},disableElement:function(e){var r=e.data("disable-with");e.data("ujs:enable-with",e.html()),r!==t&&e.html(r),e.bind("click.railsDisable",function(e){return n.stopEverything(e)})},enableElement:function(e){e.data("ujs:enable-with")!==t&&(e.html(e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.removeData("ujs:enable-with")),e.unbind("click.railsDisable")}},n.fire(r,"rails:attachBindings")&&(e.ajaxPrefilter(function(e,t,r){e.crossDomain||n.CSRFProtection(r)}),r.delegate(n.linkDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.buttonDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.linkClickSelector,"click.rails",function(r){var i=e(this),o=i.data("method"),a=i.data("params"),s=r.metaKey||r.ctrlKey;if(!n.allowAction(i))return n.stopEverything(r);if(!s&&i.is(n.linkDisableSelector)&&n.disableElement(i),i.data("remote")!==t){if(s&&(!o||"GET"===o)&&!a)return!0;var l=n.handleRemote(i);return l===!1?n.enableElement(i):l.error(function(){n.enableElement(i)}),!1}return i.data("method")?(n.handleMethod(i),!1):void 0}),r.delegate(n.buttonClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);r.is(n.buttonDisableSelector)&&n.disableFormElement(r);var i=n.handleRemote(r);return i===!1?n.enableFormElement(r):i.error(function(){n.enableFormElement(r)}),!1}),r.delegate(n.inputChangeSelector,"change.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);return n.allowAction(r)?(n.handleRemote(r),!1):n.stopEverything(t)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"submit.rails",function(r){var i,o,a=e(this),s=a.data("remote")!==t;if(!n.allowAction(a))return n.stopEverything(r);if(a.attr("novalidate")==t&&(i=n.blankInputs(a,n.requiredInputSelector),i&&n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:required",[i])))return n.stopEverything(r);if(s){if(o=n.nonBlankInputs(a,n.fileInputSelector)){setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13);var l=n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:file",[o]);return l||setTimeout(function(){n.enableFormElements(a)},13),l}return n.handleRemote(a),!1}setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13)}),r.delegate(n.formInputClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);var i=r.attr("name"),o=i?{name:i,value:r.val()}:null;r.closest("form").data("ujs:submit-button",o)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:send.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.disableFormElements(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:complete.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.enableFormElements(e(this))}),e(function(){n.refreshCSRFTokens()}))}(jQuery),function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g,v,y,b,x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B,P,I,W,$,z,X,U,V,G,Y=[].indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(t in this&&this[t]===e)return t;return-1},J={}.hasOwnProperty,K=function(e,t){function n(){this.constructor=e}for(var r in t)J.call(t,r)&&(e[r]=t[r]);return n.prototype=t.prototype,e.prototype=new n,e.__super__=t.prototype,e},Q=[].slice;j={},d=10,$=!1,m=null,S=null,q=null,h=null,V=null,b=function(e){var t;return e=new n(e),B(),c(),F(e),$&&(t=z(e.absolute))?(x(t),w(e)):w(e,W)},z=function(e){var t;return t=j[e],t&&!t.transitionCacheDisabled?t:void 0},g=function(e){return null==e&&(e=!0),$=e},w=function(e,t){return null==t&&(t=function(){return function(){}}(this)),X("page:fetch",{url:e.absolute}),null!=V&&V.abort(),V=new XMLHttpRequest,V.open("GET",e.withoutHashForIE10compatibility(),!0),V.setRequestHeader("Accept","text/html, application/xhtml+xml, application/xml"),V.setRequestHeader("X-XHR-Referer",q),V.onload=function(){var n;return X("page:receive"),(n=H())?(f.apply(null,y(n)),M(),t(),X("page:load")):document.location.href=e.absolute},V.onloadend=function(){return V=null},V.onerror=function(){return document.location.href=e.absolute},V.send()},x=function(e){return null!=V&&V.abort(),f(e.title,e.body),_(e),X("page:restore")},c=function(){var e;return e=new n(m.url),j[e.absolute]={url:e.relative,body:document.body,title:document.title,positionY:window.pageYOffset,positionX:window.pageXOffset,cachedAt:(new Date).getTime(),transitionCacheDisabled:null!=document.querySelector("[data-no-transition-cache]")},p(d)},D=function(e){return null==e&&(e=d),/^[\d]+$/.test(e)?d=parseInt(e):void 0},p=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a;for(r=Object.keys(j),t=r.map(function(e){return j[e].cachedAt}).sort(function(e,t){return t-e}),a=[],i=0,o=r.length;o>i;i++)n=r[i],j[n].cachedAt<=t[e]&&(X("page:expire",j[n]),a.push(delete j[n]));return a},f=function(t,n,r,i){return document.title=t,document.documentElement.replaceChild(n,document.body),null!=r&&e.update(r),i&&v(),m=window.history.state,X("page:change"),X("page:update")},v=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;for(o=Array.prototype.slice.call(document.body.querySelectorAll('script:not([data-turbolinks-eval="false"])')),a=0,l=o.length;l>a;a++)if(i=o[a],""===(c=i.type)||"text/javascript"===c){for(t=document.createElement("script"),d=i.attributes,s=0,u=d.length;u>s;s++)e=d[s],t.setAttribute(e.name,e.value);t.appendChild(document.createTextNode(i.innerHTML)),r=i.parentNode,n=i.nextSibling,r.removeChild(i),r.insertBefore(t,n)}},P=function(e){return e.innerHTML=e.innerHTML.replace(/<noscript[\S\s]*?<\/noscript>/gi,""),e},F=function(e){return(e=new n(e)).absolute!==q?window.history.pushState({turbolinks:!0,url:e.absolute},"",e.absolute):void 0},M=function(){var e,t;return(e=V.getResponseHeader("X-XHR-Redirected-To"))?(e=new n(e),t=e.hasNoHash()?document.location.hash:"",window.history.replaceState(m,"",e.href+t)):void 0},B=function(){return q=document.location.href},R=function(){return window.history.replaceState({turbolinks:!0,url:document.location.href},"",document.location.href)},O=function(){return m=window.history.state},_=function(e){return window.scrollTo(e.positionX,e.positionY)},W=function(){return document.location.hash?document.location.href=document.location.href:window.scrollTo(0,0)},L=function(e){var t,n;return t=(null!=(n=document.cookie.match(new RegExp(e+"=(\\w+)")))?n[1].toUpperCase():void 0)||"",document.cookie=e+"=; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-70 00:00:01 GMT; path=/",t},X=function(e,t){var n;return n=document.createEvent("Events"),t&&(n.data=t),n.initEvent(e,!0,!0),document.dispatchEvent(n)},A=function(){return!X("page:before-change")},H=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;return t=function(){var e;return 400<=(e=V.status)&&600>e},o=function(){return V.getResponseHeader("Content-Type").match(/^(?:text\/html|application\/xhtml\+xml|application\/xml)(?:;|$)/)},r=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o;for(i=e.head.childNodes,o=[],n=0,r=i.length;r>n;n++)t=i[n],null!=("function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("data-turbolinks-track"):void 0)&&o.push(t.getAttribute("src")||t.getAttribute("href"));return o},e=function(e){var t;return S||(S=r(document)),t=r(e),t.length!==S.length||i(t,S).length!==S.length},i=function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(e.length>t.length&&(o=[t,e],e=o[0],t=o[1]),a=[],r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],Y.call(t,n)>=0&&a.push(n);return a},!t()&&o()&&(n=h(V.responseText),n&&!e(n))?n:void 0},y=function(t){var n;return n=t.querySelector("title"),[null!=n?n.textContent:void 0,P(t.body),e.get(t).token,"runScripts"]},e={get:function(e){var t;return null==e&&(e=document),{node:t=e.querySelector('meta[name="csrf-token"]'),token:null!=t&&"function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("content"):void 0}},update:function(e){var t;return t=this.get(),null!=t.token&&null!=e&&t.token!==e?t.node.setAttribute("content",e):void 0}},i=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;t=function(e){return(new DOMParser).parseFromString(e,"text/html")},e=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.documentElement.innerHTML=e,t},n=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.open("replace"),t.write(e),t.close(),t};try{if(window.DOMParser)return i=t("<html><body><p>test"),t}catch(a){return r=a,i=e("<html><body><p>test"),e}finally{if(1!==(null!=i&&null!=(o=i.body)?o.childNodes.length:void 0))return n}},n=function(){function e(t){return this.original=null!=t?t:document.location.href,this.original.constructor===e?this.original:void this._parse()}return e.prototype.withoutHash=function(){return this.href.replace(this.hash,"")},e.prototype.withoutHashForIE10compatibility=function(){return this.withoutHash()},e.prototype.hasNoHash=function(){return 0===this.hash.length},e.prototype._parse=function(){var e;return(null!=this.link?this.link:this.link=document.createElement("a")).href=this.original,e=this.link,this.href=e.href,this.protocol=e.protocol,this.host=e.host,this.hostname=e.hostname,this.port=e.port,this.pathname=e.pathname,this.search=e.search,this.hash=e.hash,this.origin=[this.protocol,"//",this.hostname].join(""),0!==this.port.length&&(this.origin+=":"+this.port),this.relative=[this.pathname,this.search,this.hash].join(""),this.absolute=this.href},e}(),r=function(e){function t(e){return this.link=e,this.link.constructor===t?this.link:(this.original=this.link.href,void t.__super__.constructor.apply(this,arguments))}return K(t,e),t.HTML_EXTENSIONS=["html"],t.allowExtensions=function(){var e,n,r,i;for(n=1<=arguments.length?Q.call(arguments,0):[],r=0,i=n.length;i>r;r++)e=n[r],t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.push(e);return t.HTML_EXTENSIONS},t.prototype.shouldIgnore=function(){return this._crossOrigin()||this._anchored()||this._nonHtml()||this._optOut()||this._target()},t.prototype._crossOrigin=function(){return this.origin!==(new n).origin},t.prototype._anchored=function(){var e;return(this.hash&&this.withoutHash())===(e=new n).withoutHash()||this.href===e.href+"#"},t.prototype._nonHtml=function(){return this.pathname.match(/\.[a-z]+$/g)&&!this.pathname.match(new RegExp("\\.(?:"+t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.join("|")+")?$","g"))},t.prototype._optOut=function(){var e,t;for(t=this.link;!e&&t!==document;)e=null!=t.getAttribute("data-no-turbolink"),t=t.parentNode;return e},t.prototype._target=function(){return 0!==this.link.target.length},t}(n),t=function(){function e(e){this.event=e,this.event.defaultPrevented||(this._extractLink(),this._validForTurbolinks()&&(A()||U(this.link.href),this.event.preventDefault()))}return e.installHandlerLast=function(t){return t.defaultPrevented?void 0:(document.removeEventListener("click",e.handle,!1),document.addEventListener("click",e.handle,!1))},e.handle=function(t){return new e(t)},e.prototype._extractLink=function(){var e;for(e=this.event.target;e.parentNode&&"A"!==e.nodeName;)e=e.parentNode;return"A"===e.nodeName&&0!==e.href.length?this.link=new r(e):void 0},e.prototype._validForTurbolinks=function(){return null!=this.link&&!(this.link.shouldIgnore()||this._nonStandardClick())},e.prototype._nonStandardClick=function(){return this.event.which>1||this.event.metaKey||this.event.ctrlKey||this.event.shiftKey||this.event.altKey},e}(),u=function(e){return setTimeout(e,500)},k=function(){return document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){return X("page:change"),X("page:update")},!0)},N=function(){return"undefined"!=typeof jQuery?jQuery(document).on("ajaxSuccess",function(e,t){return jQuery.trim(t.responseText)?X("page:update"):void 0}):void 0},C=function(e){var t,r;return(null!=(r=e.state)?r.turbolinks:void 0)?(t=j[new n(e.state.url).absolute])?(c(),x(t)):U(e.target.location.href):void 0},E=function(){return R(),O(),h=i(),document.addEventListener("click",t.installHandlerLast,!0),u(function(){return window.addEventListener("popstate",C,!1)})},T=void 0!==window.history.state||navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox\/2[6|7]/),s=window.history&&window.history.pushState&&window.history.replaceState&&T,o=!navigator.userAgent.match(/CriOS\//),I="GET"===(G=L("request_method"))||""===G,l=s&&o&&I,a=document.addEventListener&&document.createEvent,a&&(k(),N()),l?(U=b,E()):U=function(e){return document.location.href=e},this.Turbolinks={visit:U,pagesCached:D,enableTransitionCache:g,allowLinkExtensions:r.allowExtensions,supported:l}}.call(this),function(){}.call(this);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js.gz b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f62c656dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js.gz
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1826a7660e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+!function(e,t){"object"==typeof module&&"object"==typeof module.exports?module.exports=e.document?t(e,!0):function(e){if(!e.document)throw new Error("jQuery requires a window with a document");return t(e)}:t(e)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:this,function(e,t){function n(e){var t=e.length,n=it.type(e);return"function"===n||it.isWindow(e)?!1:1===e.nodeType&&t?!0:"array"===n||0===t||"number"==typeof t&&t>0&&t-1 in e}function r(e,t,n){if(it.isFunction(t))return it.grep(e,function(e,r){return!!t.call(e,r,e)!==n});if(t.nodeType)return it.grep(e,function(e){return e===t!==n});if("string"==typeof t){if(ft.test(t))return it.filter(t,e,n);t=it.filter(t,e)}return it.grep(e,function(e){return it.inArray(e,t)>=0!==n})}function i(e,t){do e=e[t];while(e&&1!==e.nodeType);return e}function o(e){var t=xt[e]={};return it.each(e.match(bt)||[],function(e,n){t[n]=!0}),t}function a(){ht.addEventListener?(ht.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.removeEventListener("load",s,!1)):(ht.detachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.detachEvent("onload",s))}function s(){(ht.addEventListener||"load"===event.type||"complete"===ht.readyState)&&(a(),it.ready())}function l(e,t,n){if(void 0===n&&1===e.nodeType){var r="data-"+t.replace(Ct,"-$1").toLowerCase();if(n=e.getAttribute(r),"string"==typeof n){try{n="true"===n?!0:"false"===n?!1:"null"===n?null:+n+""===n?+n:kt.test(n)?it.parseJSON(n):n}catch(i){}it.data(e,t,n)}else n=void 0}return n}function u(e){var t;for(t in e)if(("data"!==t||!it.isEmptyObject(e[t]))&&"toJSON"!==t)return!1;return!0}function c(e,t,n,r){if(it.acceptData(e)){var i,o,a=it.expando,s=e.nodeType,l=s?it.cache:e,u=s?e[a]:e[a]&&a;if(u&&l[u]&&(r||l[u].data)||void 0!==n||"string"!=typeof t)return u||(u=s?e[a]=G.pop()||it.guid++:a),l[u]||(l[u]=s?{}:{toJSON:it.noop}),("object"==typeof t||"function"==typeof t)&&(r?l[u]=it.extend(l[u],t):l[u].data=it.extend(l[u].data,t)),o=l[u],r||(o.data||(o.data={}),o=o.data),void 0!==n&&(o[it.camelCase(t)]=n),"string"==typeof t?(i=o[t],null==i&&(i=o[it.camelCase(t)])):i=o,i}}function d(e,t,n){if(it.acceptData(e)){var r,i,o=e.nodeType,a=o?it.cache:e,s=o?e[it.expando]:it.expando;if(a[s]){if(t&&(r=n?a[s]:a[s].data)){it.isArray(t)?t=t.concat(it.map(t,it.camelCase)):t in r?t=[t]:(t=it.camelCase(t),t=t in r?[t]:t.split(" ")),i=t.length;for(;i--;)delete r[t[i]];if(n?!u(r):!it.isEmptyObject(r))return}(n||(delete a[s].data,u(a[s])))&&(o?it.cleanData([e],!0):nt.deleteExpando||a!=a.window?delete a[s]:a[s]=null)}}}function f(){return!0}function p(){return!1}function h(){try{return ht.activeElement}catch(e){}}function m(e){var t=Mt.split("|"),n=e.createDocumentFragment();if(n.createElement)for(;t.length;)n.createElement(t.pop());return n}function g(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==Et?e.getElementsByTagName(t||"*"):typeof e.querySelectorAll!==Et?e.querySelectorAll(t||"*"):void 0;if(!o)for(o=[],n=e.childNodes||e;null!=(r=n[i]);i++)!t||it.nodeName(r,t)?o.push(r):it.merge(o,g(r,t));return void 0===t||t&&it.nodeName(e,t)?it.merge([e],o):o}function v(e){Dt.test(e.type)&&(e.defaultChecked=e.checked)}function y(e,t){return it.nodeName(e,"table")&&it.nodeName(11!==t.nodeType?t:t.firstChild,"tr")?e.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0]||e.appendChild(e.ownerDocument.createElement("tbody")):e}function b(e){return e.type=(null!==it.find.attr(e,"type"))+"/"+e.type,e}function x(e){var t=Vt.exec(e.type);return t?e.type=t[1]:e.removeAttribute("type"),e}function w(e,t){for(var n,r=0;null!=(n=e[r]);r++)it._data(n,"globalEval",!t||it._data(t[r],"globalEval"))}function T(e,t){if(1===t.nodeType&&it.hasData(e)){var n,r,i,o=it._data(e),a=it._data(t,o),s=o.events;if(s){delete a.handle,a.events={};for(n in s)for(r=0,i=s[n].length;i>r;r++)it.event.add(t,n,s[n][r])}a.data&&(a.data=it.extend({},a.data))}}function E(e,t){var n,r,i;if(1===t.nodeType){if(n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),!nt.noCloneEvent&&t[it.expando]){i=it._data(t);for(r in i.events)it.removeEvent(t,r,i.handle);t.removeAttribute(it.expando)}"script"===n&&t.text!==e.text?(b(t).text=e.text,x(t)):"object"===n?(t.parentNode&&(t.outerHTML=e.outerHTML),nt.html5Clone&&e.innerHTML&&!it.trim(t.innerHTML)&&(t.innerHTML=e.innerHTML)):"input"===n&&Dt.test(e.type)?(t.defaultChecked=t.checked=e.checked,t.value!==e.value&&(t.value=e.value)):"option"===n?t.defaultSelected=t.selected=e.defaultSelected:("input"===n||"textarea"===n)&&(t.defaultValue=e.defaultValue)}}function k(t,n){var r,i=it(n.createElement(t)).appendTo(n.body),o=e.getDefaultComputedStyle&&(r=e.getDefaultComputedStyle(i[0]))?r.display:it.css(i[0],"display");return i.detach(),o}function C(e){var t=ht,n=Zt[e];return n||(n=k(e,t),"none"!==n&&n||(Qt=(Qt||it("<iframe frameborder='0' width='0' height='0'/>")).appendTo(t.documentElement),t=(Qt[0].contentWindow||Qt[0].contentDocument).document,t.write(),t.close(),n=k(e,t),Qt.detach()),Zt[e]=n),n}function N(e,t){return{get:function(){var n=e();if(null!=n)return n?void delete this.get:(this.get=t).apply(this,arguments)}}}function S(e,t){if(t in e)return t;for(var n=t.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+t.slice(1),r=t,i=pn.length;i--;)if(t=pn[i]+n,t in e)return t;return r}function j(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o=[],a=0,s=e.length;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay"),n=r.style.display,t?(o[a]||"none"!==n||(r.style.display=""),""===r.style.display&&jt(r)&&(o[a]=it._data(r,"olddisplay",C(r.nodeName)))):(i=jt(r),(n&&"none"!==n||!i)&&it._data(r,"olddisplay",i?n:it.css(r,"display"))));for(a=0;s>a;a++)r=e[a],r.style&&(t&&"none"!==r.style.display&&""!==r.style.display||(r.style.display=t?o[a]||"":"none"));return e}function A(e,t,n){var r=un.exec(t);return r?Math.max(0,r[1]-(n||0))+(r[2]||"px"):t}function D(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o=n===(r?"border":"content")?4:"width"===t?1:0,a=0;4>o;o+=2)"margin"===n&&(a+=it.css(e,n+St[o],!0,i)),r?("content"===n&&(a-=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i)),"margin"!==n&&(a-=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i))):(a+=it.css(e,"padding"+St[o],!0,i),"padding"!==n&&(a+=it.css(e,"border"+St[o]+"Width",!0,i)));return a}function L(e,t,n){var r=!0,i="width"===t?e.offsetWidth:e.offsetHeight,o=en(e),a=nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,o);if(0>=i||null==i){if(i=tn(e,t,o),(0>i||null==i)&&(i=e.style[t]),rn.test(i))return i;r=a&&(nt.boxSizingReliable()||i===e.style[t]),i=parseFloat(i)||0}return i+D(e,t,n||(a?"border":"content"),r,o)+"px"}function H(e,t,n,r,i){return new H.prototype.init(e,t,n,r,i)}function _(){return setTimeout(function(){hn=void 0}),hn=it.now()}function q(e,t){var n,r={height:e},i=0;for(t=t?1:0;4>i;i+=2-t)n=St[i],r["margin"+n]=r["padding"+n]=e;return t&&(r.opacity=r.width=e),r}function F(e,t,n){for(var r,i=(xn[t]||[]).concat(xn["*"]),o=0,a=i.length;a>o;o++)if(r=i[o].call(n,t,e))return r}function M(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=this,f={},p=e.style,h=e.nodeType&&jt(e),m=it._data(e,"fxshow");n.queue||(s=it._queueHooks(e,"fx"),null==s.unqueued&&(s.unqueued=0,l=s.empty.fire,s.empty.fire=function(){s.unqueued||l()}),s.unqueued++,d.always(function(){d.always(function(){s.unqueued--,it.queue(e,"fx").length||s.empty.fire()})})),1===e.nodeType&&("height"in t||"width"in t)&&(n.overflow=[p.overflow,p.overflowX,p.overflowY],u=it.css(e,"display"),c="none"===u?it._data(e,"olddisplay")||C(e.nodeName):u,"inline"===c&&"none"===it.css(e,"float")&&(nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout&&"inline"!==C(e.nodeName)?p.zoom=1:p.display="inline-block")),n.overflow&&(p.overflow="hidden",nt.shrinkWrapBlocks()||d.always(function(){p.overflow=n.overflow[0],p.overflowX=n.overflow[1],p.overflowY=n.overflow[2]}));for(r in t)if(i=t[r],gn.exec(i)){if(delete t[r],o=o||"toggle"===i,i===(h?"hide":"show")){if("show"!==i||!m||void 0===m[r])continue;h=!0}f[r]=m&&m[r]||it.style(e,r)}else u=void 0;if(it.isEmptyObject(f))"inline"===("none"===u?C(e.nodeName):u)&&(p.display=u);else{m?"hidden"in m&&(h=m.hidden):m=it._data(e,"fxshow",{}),o&&(m.hidden=!h),h?it(e).show():d.done(function(){it(e).hide()}),d.done(function(){var t;it._removeData(e,"fxshow");for(t in f)it.style(e,t,f[t])});for(r in f)a=F(h?m[r]:0,r,d),r in m||(m[r]=a.start,h&&(a.end=a.start,a.start="width"===r||"height"===r?1:0))}}function O(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(n in e)if(r=it.camelCase(n),i=t[r],o=e[n],it.isArray(o)&&(i=o[1],o=e[n]=o[0]),n!==r&&(e[r]=o,delete e[n]),a=it.cssHooks[r],a&&"expand"in a){o=a.expand(o),delete e[r];for(n in o)n in e||(e[n]=o[n],t[n]=i)}else t[r]=i}function R(e,t,n){var r,i,o=0,a=bn.length,s=it.Deferred().always(function(){delete l.elem}),l=function(){if(i)return!1;for(var t=hn||_(),n=Math.max(0,u.startTime+u.duration-t),r=n/u.duration||0,o=1-r,a=0,l=u.tweens.length;l>a;a++)u.tweens[a].run(o);return s.notifyWith(e,[u,o,n]),1>o&&l?n:(s.resolveWith(e,[u]),!1)},u=s.promise({elem:e,props:it.extend({},t),opts:it.extend(!0,{specialEasing:{}},n),originalProperties:t,originalOptions:n,startTime:hn||_(),duration:n.duration,tweens:[],createTween:function(t,n){var r=it.Tween(e,u.opts,t,n,u.opts.specialEasing[t]||u.opts.easing);return u.tweens.push(r),r},stop:function(t){var n=0,r=t?u.tweens.length:0;if(i)return this;for(i=!0;r>n;n++)u.tweens[n].run(1);return t?s.resolveWith(e,[u,t]):s.rejectWith(e,[u,t]),this}}),c=u.props;for(O(c,u.opts.specialEasing);a>o;o++)if(r=bn[o].call(u,e,c,u.opts))return r;return it.map(c,F,u),it.isFunction(u.opts.start)&&u.opts.start.call(e,u),it.fx.timer(it.extend(l,{elem:e,anim:u,queue:u.opts.queue})),u.progress(u.opts.progress).done(u.opts.done,u.opts.complete).fail(u.opts.fail).always(u.opts.always)}function B(e){return function(t,n){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=t,t="*");var r,i=0,o=t.toLowerCase().match(bt)||[];if(it.isFunction(n))for(;r=o[i++];)"+"===r.charAt(0)?(r=r.slice(1)||"*",(e[r]=e[r]||[]).unshift(n)):(e[r]=e[r]||[]).push(n)}}function P(e,t,n,r){function i(s){var l;return o[s]=!0,it.each(e[s]||[],function(e,s){var u=s(t,n,r);return"string"!=typeof u||a||o[u]?a?!(l=u):void 0:(t.dataTypes.unshift(u),i(u),!1)}),l}var o={},a=e===zn;return i(t.dataTypes[0])||!o["*"]&&i("*")}function I(e,t){var n,r,i=it.ajaxSettings.flatOptions||{};for(r in t)void 0!==t[r]&&((i[r]?e:n||(n={}))[r]=t[r]);return n&&it.extend(!0,e,n),e}function W(e,t,n){for(var r,i,o,a,s=e.contents,l=e.dataTypes;"*"===l[0];)l.shift(),void 0===i&&(i=e.mimeType||t.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"));if(i)for(a in s)if(s[a]&&s[a].test(i)){l.unshift(a);break}if(l[0]in n)o=l[0];else{for(a in n){if(!l[0]||e.converters[a+" "+l[0]]){o=a;break}r||(r=a)}o=o||r}return o?(o!==l[0]&&l.unshift(o),n[o]):void 0}function $(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u={},c=e.dataTypes.slice();if(c[1])for(a in e.converters)u[a.toLowerCase()]=e.converters[a];for(o=c.shift();o;)if(e.responseFields[o]&&(n[e.responseFields[o]]=t),!l&&r&&e.dataFilter&&(t=e.dataFilter(t,e.dataType)),l=o,o=c.shift())if("*"===o)o=l;else if("*"!==l&&l!==o){if(a=u[l+" "+o]||u["* "+o],!a)for(i in u)if(s=i.split(" "),s[1]===o&&(a=u[l+" "+s[0]]||u["* "+s[0]])){a===!0?a=u[i]:u[i]!==!0&&(o=s[0],c.unshift(s[1]));break}if(a!==!0)if(a&&e["throws"])t=a(t);else try{t=a(t)}catch(d){return{state:"parsererror",error:a?d:"No conversion from "+l+" to "+o}}}return{state:"success",data:t}}function z(e,t,n,r){var i;if(it.isArray(t))it.each(t,function(t,i){n||Gn.test(e)?r(e,i):z(e+"["+("object"==typeof i?t:"")+"]",i,n,r)});else if(n||"object"!==it.type(t))r(e,t);else for(i in t)z(e+"["+i+"]",t[i],n,r)}function X(){try{return new e.XMLHttpRequest}catch(t){}}function U(){try{return new e.ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}catch(t){}}function V(e){return it.isWindow(e)?e:9===e.nodeType?e.defaultView||e.parentWindow:!1}var G=[],Y=G.slice,J=G.concat,K=G.push,Q=G.indexOf,Z={},et=Z.toString,tt=Z.hasOwnProperty,nt={},rt="1.11.1",it=function(e,t){return new it.fn.init(e,t)},ot=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,at=/^-ms-/,st=/-([\da-z])/gi,lt=function(e,t){return t.toUpperCase()};it.fn=it.prototype={jquery:rt,constructor:it,selector:"",length:0,toArray:function(){return Y.call(this)},get:function(e){return null!=e?0>e?this[e+this.length]:this[e]:Y.call(this)},pushStack:function(e){var t=it.merge(this.constructor(),e);return t.prevObject=this,t.context=this.context,t},each:function(e,t){return it.each(this,e,t)},map:function(e){return this.pushStack(it.map(this,function(t,n){return e.call(t,n,t)}))},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(Y.apply(this,arguments))},first:function(){return this.eq(0)},last:function(){return this.eq(-1)},eq:function(e){var t=this.length,n=+e+(0>e?t:0);return this.pushStack(n>=0&&t>n?[this[n]]:[])},end:function(){return this.prevObject||this.constructor(null)},push:K,sort:G.sort,splice:G.splice},it.extend=it.fn.extend=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a=arguments[0]||{},s=1,l=arguments.length,u=!1;for("boolean"==typeof a&&(u=a,a=arguments[s]||{},s++),"object"==typeof a||it.isFunction(a)||(a={}),s===l&&(a=this,s--);l>s;s++)if(null!=(i=arguments[s]))for(r in i)e=a[r],n=i[r],a!==n&&(u&&n&&(it.isPlainObject(n)||(t=it.isArray(n)))?(t?(t=!1,o=e&&it.isArray(e)?e:[]):o=e&&it.isPlainObject(e)?e:{},a[r]=it.extend(u,o,n)):void 0!==n&&(a[r]=n));return a},it.extend({expando:"jQuery"+(rt+Math.random()).replace(/\D/g,""),isReady:!0,error:function(e){throw new Error(e)},noop:function(){},isFunction:function(e){return"function"===it.type(e)},isArray:Array.isArray||function(e){return"array"===it.type(e)},isWindow:function(e){return null!=e&&e==e.window},isNumeric:function(e){return!it.isArray(e)&&e-parseFloat(e)>=0},isEmptyObject:function(e){var t;for(t in e)return!1;return!0},isPlainObject:function(e){var t;if(!e||"object"!==it.type(e)||e.nodeType||it.isWindow(e))return!1;try{if(e.constructor&&!tt.call(e,"constructor")&&!tt.call(e.constructor.prototype,"isPrototypeOf"))return!1}catch(n){return!1}if(nt.ownLast)for(t in e)return tt.call(e,t);for(t in e);return void 0===t||tt.call(e,t)},type:function(e){return null==e?e+"":"object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e?Z[et.call(e)]||"object":typeof e},globalEval:function(t){t&&it.trim(t)&&(e.execScript||function(t){e.eval.call(e,t)})(t)},camelCase:function(e){return e.replace(at,"ms-").replace(st,lt)},nodeName:function(e,t){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t.toLowerCase()},each:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e);if(r){if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.apply(e[o],r),i===!1)break}else if(s)for(;a>o&&(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i!==!1);o++);else for(o in e)if(i=t.call(e[o],o,e[o]),i===!1)break;return e},trim:function(e){return null==e?"":(e+"").replace(ot,"")},makeArray:function(e,t){var r=t||[];return null!=e&&(n(Object(e))?it.merge(r,"string"==typeof e?[e]:e):K.call(r,e)),r},inArray:function(e,t,n){var r;if(t){if(Q)return Q.call(t,e,n);for(r=t.length,n=n?0>n?Math.max(0,r+n):n:0;r>n;n++)if(n in t&&t[n]===e)return n}return-1},merge:function(e,t){for(var n=+t.length,r=0,i=e.length;n>r;)e[i++]=t[r++];if(n!==n)for(;void 0!==t[r];)e[i++]=t[r++];return e.length=i,e},grep:function(e,t,n){for(var r,i=[],o=0,a=e.length,s=!n;a>o;o++)r=!t(e[o],o),r!==s&&i.push(e[o]);return i},map:function(e,t,r){var i,o=0,a=e.length,s=n(e),l=[];if(s)for(;a>o;o++)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);else for(o in e)i=t(e[o],o,r),null!=i&&l.push(i);return J.apply([],l)},guid:1,proxy:function(e,t){var n,r,i;return"string"==typeof t&&(i=e[t],t=e,e=i),it.isFunction(e)?(n=Y.call(arguments,2),r=function(){return e.apply(t||this,n.concat(Y.call(arguments)))},r.guid=e.guid=e.guid||it.guid++,r):void 0},now:function(){return+new Date},support:nt}),it.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error".split(" "),function(e,t){Z["[object "+t+"]"]=t.toLowerCase()});var ut=function(e){function t(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,d,p,h,m;if((t?t.ownerDocument||t:P)!==H&&L(t),t=t||H,n=n||[],!e||"string"!=typeof e)return n;if(1!==(s=t.nodeType)&&9!==s)return[];if(q&&!r){if(i=yt.exec(e))if(a=i[1]){if(9===s){if(o=t.getElementById(a),!o||!o.parentNode)return n;if(o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else if(t.ownerDocument&&(o=t.ownerDocument.getElementById(a))&&R(t,o)&&o.id===a)return n.push(o),n}else{if(i[2])return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByTagName(e)),n;if((a=i[3])&&w.getElementsByClassName&&t.getElementsByClassName)return Z.apply(n,t.getElementsByClassName(a)),n}if(w.qsa&&(!F||!F.test(e))){if(p=d=B,h=t,m=9===s&&e,1===s&&"object"!==t.nodeName.toLowerCase()){for(u=C(e),(d=t.getAttribute("id"))?p=d.replace(xt,"\\$&"):t.setAttribute("id",p),p="[id='"+p+"'] ",l=u.length;l--;)u[l]=p+f(u[l]);h=bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t,m=u.join(",")}if(m)try{return Z.apply(n,h.querySelectorAll(m)),n}catch(g){}finally{d||t.removeAttribute("id")}}}return S(e.replace(lt,"$1"),t,n,r)}function n(){function e(n,r){return t.push(n+" ")>T.cacheLength&&delete e[t.shift()],e[n+" "]=r}var t=[];return e}function r(e){return e[B]=!0,e}function i(e){var t=H.createElement("div");try{return!!e(t)}catch(n){return!1}finally{t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null}}function o(e,t){for(var n=e.split("|"),r=e.length;r--;)T.attrHandle[n[r]]=t}function a(e,t){var n=t&&e,r=n&&1===e.nodeType&&1===t.nodeType&&(~t.sourceIndex||G)-(~e.sourceIndex||G);if(r)return r;if(n)for(;n=n.nextSibling;)if(n===t)return-1;return e?1:-1}function s(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===n&&t.type===e}}function l(e){return function(t){var n=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();return("input"===n||"button"===n)&&t.type===e}}function u(e){return r(function(t){return t=+t,r(function(n,r){for(var i,o=e([],n.length,t),a=o.length;a--;)n[i=o[a]]&&(n[i]=!(r[i]=n[i]))})})}function c(e){return e&&typeof e.getElementsByTagName!==V&&e}function d(){}function f(e){for(var t=0,n=e.length,r="";n>t;t++)r+=e[t].value;return r}function p(e,t,n){var r=t.dir,i=n&&"parentNode"===r,o=W++;return t.first?function(t,n,o){for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i)return e(t,n,o)}:function(t,n,a){var s,l,u=[I,o];if(a){for(;t=t[r];)if((1===t.nodeType||i)&&e(t,n,a))return!0}else for(;t=t[r];)if(1===t.nodeType||i){if(l=t[B]||(t[B]={}),(s=l[r])&&s[0]===I&&s[1]===o)return u[2]=s[2];if(l[r]=u,u[2]=e(t,n,a))return!0}}}function h(e){return e.length>1?function(t,n,r){for(var i=e.length;i--;)if(!e[i](t,n,r))return!1;return!0}:e[0]}function m(e,n,r){for(var i=0,o=n.length;o>i;i++)t(e,n[i],r);return r}function g(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a=[],s=0,l=e.length,u=null!=t;l>s;s++)(o=e[s])&&(!n||n(o,r,i))&&(a.push(o),u&&t.push(s));return a}function v(e,t,n,i,o,a){return i&&!i[B]&&(i=v(i)),o&&!o[B]&&(o=v(o,a)),r(function(r,a,s,l){var u,c,d,f=[],p=[],h=a.length,v=r||m(t||"*",s.nodeType?[s]:s,[]),y=!e||!r&&t?v:g(v,f,e,s,l),b=n?o||(r?e:h||i)?[]:a:y;if(n&&n(y,b,s,l),i)for(u=g(b,p),i(u,[],s,l),c=u.length;c--;)(d=u[c])&&(b[p[c]]=!(y[p[c]]=d));if(r){if(o||e){if(o){for(u=[],c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&u.push(y[c]=d);o(null,b=[],u,l)}for(c=b.length;c--;)(d=b[c])&&(u=o?tt.call(r,d):f[c])>-1&&(r[u]=!(a[u]=d))}}else b=g(b===a?b.splice(h,b.length):b),o?o(null,a,b,l):Z.apply(a,b)})}function y(e){for(var t,n,r,i=e.length,o=T.relative[e[0].type],a=o||T.relative[" "],s=o?1:0,l=p(function(e){return e===t},a,!0),u=p(function(e){return tt.call(t,e)>-1},a,!0),c=[function(e,n,r){return!o&&(r||n!==j)||((t=n).nodeType?l(e,n,r):u(e,n,r))}];i>s;s++)if(n=T.relative[e[s].type])c=[p(h(c),n)];else{if(n=T.filter[e[s].type].apply(null,e[s].matches),n[B]){for(r=++s;i>r&&!T.relative[e[r].type];r++);return v(s>1&&h(c),s>1&&f(e.slice(0,s-1).concat({value:" "===e[s-2].type?"*":""})).replace(lt,"$1"),n,r>s&&y(e.slice(s,r)),i>r&&y(e=e.slice(r)),i>r&&f(e))}c.push(n)}return h(c)}function b(e,n){var i=n.length>0,o=e.length>0,a=function(r,a,s,l,u){var c,d,f,p=0,h="0",m=r&&[],v=[],y=j,b=r||o&&T.find.TAG("*",u),x=I+=null==y?1:Math.random()||.1,w=b.length;for(u&&(j=a!==H&&a);h!==w&&null!=(c=b[h]);h++){if(o&&c){for(d=0;f=e[d++];)if(f(c,a,s)){l.push(c);break}u&&(I=x)}i&&((c=!f&&c)&&p--,r&&m.push(c))}if(p+=h,i&&h!==p){for(d=0;f=n[d++];)f(m,v,a,s);if(r){if(p>0)for(;h--;)m[h]||v[h]||(v[h]=K.call(l));v=g(v)}Z.apply(l,v),u&&!r&&v.length>0&&p+n.length>1&&t.uniqueSort(l)}return u&&(I=x,j=y),m};return i?r(a):a}var x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B="sizzle"+-new Date,P=e.document,I=0,W=0,$=n(),z=n(),X=n(),U=function(e,t){return e===t&&(D=!0),0},V="undefined",G=1<<31,Y={}.hasOwnProperty,J=[],K=J.pop,Q=J.push,Z=J.push,et=J.slice,tt=J.indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(this[t]===e)return t;return-1},nt="checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",rt="[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",it="(?:\\\\.|[\\w-]|[^\\x00-\\xa0])+",ot=it.replace("w","w#"),at="\\["+rt+"*("+it+")(?:"+rt+"*([*^$|!~]?=)"+rt+"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|("+ot+"))|)"+rt+"*\\]",st=":("+it+")(?:\\((('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|"+at+")*)|.*)\\)|)",lt=new RegExp("^"+rt+"+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)"+rt+"+$","g"),ut=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*,"+rt+"*"),ct=new RegExp("^"+rt+"*([>+~]|"+rt+")"+rt+"*"),dt=new RegExp("="+rt+"*([^\\]'\"]*?)"+rt+"*\\]","g"),ft=new RegExp(st),pt=new RegExp("^"+ot+"$"),ht={ID:new RegExp("^#("+it+")"),CLASS:new RegExp("^\\.("+it+")"),TAG:new RegExp("^("+it.replace("w","w*")+")"),ATTR:new RegExp("^"+at),PSEUDO:new RegExp("^"+st),CHILD:new RegExp("^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\("+rt+"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)"+rt+"*(?:([+-]|)"+rt+"*(\\d+)|))"+rt+"*\\)|)","i"),bool:new RegExp("^(?:"+nt+")$","i"),needsContext:new RegExp("^"+rt+"*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\("+rt+"*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)"+rt+"*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)","i")},mt=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,gt=/^h\d$/i,vt=/^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,yt=/^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,bt=/[+~]/,xt=/'|\\/g,wt=new RegExp("\\\\([\\da-f]{1,6}"+rt+"?|("+rt+")|.)","ig"),Tt=function(e,t,n){var r="0x"+t-65536;return r!==r||n?t:0>r?String.fromCharCode(r+65536):String.fromCharCode(r>>10|55296,1023&r|56320)};try{Z.apply(J=et.call(P.childNodes),P.childNodes),J[P.childNodes.length].nodeType}catch(Et){Z={apply:J.length?function(e,t){Q.apply(e,et.call(t))}:function(e,t){for(var n=e.length,r=0;e[n++]=t[r++];);e.length=n-1}}}w=t.support={},k=t.isXML=function(e){var t=e&&(e.ownerDocument||e).documentElement;return t?"HTML"!==t.nodeName:!1},L=t.setDocument=function(e){var t,n=e?e.ownerDocument||e:P,r=n.defaultView;return n!==H&&9===n.nodeType&&n.documentElement?(H=n,_=n.documentElement,q=!k(n),r&&r!==r.top&&(r.addEventListener?r.addEventListener("unload",function(){L()},!1):r.attachEvent&&r.attachEvent("onunload",function(){L()})),w.attributes=i(function(e){return e.className="i",!e.getAttribute("className")}),w.getElementsByTagName=i(function(e){return e.appendChild(n.createComment("")),!e.getElementsByTagName("*").length}),w.getElementsByClassName=vt.test(n.getElementsByClassName)&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<div class='a'></div><div class='a i'></div>",e.firstChild.className="i",2===e.getElementsByClassName("i").length}),w.getById=i(function(e){return _.appendChild(e).id=B,!n.getElementsByName||!n.getElementsByName(B).length}),w.getById?(T.find.ID=function(e,t){if(typeof t.getElementById!==V&&q){var n=t.getElementById(e);return n&&n.parentNode?[n]:[]}},T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){return e.getAttribute("id")===t}}):(delete T.find.ID,T.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt);return function(e){var n=typeof e.getAttributeNode!==V&&e.getAttributeNode("id");return n&&n.value===t}}),T.find.TAG=w.getElementsByTagName?function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByTagName!==V?t.getElementsByTagName(e):void 0}:function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=0,o=t.getElementsByTagName(e);if("*"===e){for(;n=o[i++];)1===n.nodeType&&r.push(n);return r}return o},T.find.CLASS=w.getElementsByClassName&&function(e,t){return typeof t.getElementsByClassName!==V&&q?t.getElementsByClassName(e):void 0},M=[],F=[],(w.qsa=vt.test(n.querySelectorAll))&&(i(function(e){e.innerHTML="<select msallowclip=''><option selected=''></option></select>",e.querySelectorAll("[msallowclip^='']").length&&F.push("[*^$]="+rt+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length||F.push("\\["+rt+"*(?:value|"+nt+")"),e.querySelectorAll(":checked").length||F.push(":checked")}),i(function(e){var t=n.createElement("input");t.setAttribute("type","hidden"),e.appendChild(t).setAttribute("name","D"),e.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length&&F.push("name"+rt+"*[*^$|!~]?="),e.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length||F.push(":enabled",":disabled"),e.querySelectorAll("*,:x"),F.push(",.*:")})),(w.matchesSelector=vt.test(O=_.matches||_.webkitMatchesSelector||_.mozMatchesSelector||_.oMatchesSelector||_.msMatchesSelector))&&i(function(e){w.disconnectedMatch=O.call(e,"div"),O.call(e,"[s!='']:x"),M.push("!=",st)}),F=F.length&&new RegExp(F.join("|")),M=M.length&&new RegExp(M.join("|")),t=vt.test(_.compareDocumentPosition),R=t||vt.test(_.contains)?function(e,t){var n=9===e.nodeType?e.documentElement:e,r=t&&t.parentNode;return e===r||!(!r||1!==r.nodeType||!(n.contains?n.contains(r):e.compareDocumentPosition&&16&e.compareDocumentPosition(r)))}:function(e,t){if(t)for(;t=t.parentNode;)if(t===e)return!0;return!1},U=t?function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r=!e.compareDocumentPosition-!t.compareDocumentPosition;return r?r:(r=(e.ownerDocument||e)===(t.ownerDocument||t)?e.compareDocumentPosition(t):1,1&r||!w.sortDetached&&t.compareDocumentPosition(e)===r?e===n||e.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,e)?-1:t===n||t.ownerDocument===P&&R(P,t)?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0:4&r?-1:1)}:function(e,t){if(e===t)return D=!0,0;var r,i=0,o=e.parentNode,s=t.parentNode,l=[e],u=[t];if(!o||!s)return e===n?-1:t===n?1:o?-1:s?1:A?tt.call(A,e)-tt.call(A,t):0;if(o===s)return a(e,t);for(r=e;r=r.parentNode;)l.unshift(r);for(r=t;r=r.parentNode;)u.unshift(r);for(;l[i]===u[i];)i++;return i?a(l[i],u[i]):l[i]===P?-1:u[i]===P?1:0},n):H},t.matches=function(e,n){return t(e,null,null,n)},t.matchesSelector=function(e,n){if((e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),n=n.replace(dt,"='$1']"),!(!w.matchesSelector||!q||M&&M.test(n)||F&&F.test(n)))try{var r=O.call(e,n);if(r||w.disconnectedMatch||e.document&&11!==e.document.nodeType)return r}catch(i){}return t(n,H,null,[e]).length>0},t.contains=function(e,t){return(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e),R(e,t)},t.attr=function(e,t){(e.ownerDocument||e)!==H&&L(e);var n=T.attrHandle[t.toLowerCase()],r=n&&Y.call(T.attrHandle,t.toLowerCase())?n(e,t,!q):void 0;return void 0!==r?r:w.attributes||!q?e.getAttribute(t):(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null},t.error=function(e){throw new Error("Syntax error, unrecognized expression: "+e)},t.uniqueSort=function(e){var t,n=[],r=0,i=0;if(D=!w.detectDuplicates,A=!w.sortStable&&e.slice(0),e.sort(U),D){for(;t=e[i++];)t===e[i]&&(r=n.push(i));for(;r--;)e.splice(n[r],1)}return A=null,e},E=t.getText=function(e){var t,n="",r=0,i=e.nodeType;if(i){if(1===i||9===i||11===i){if("string"==typeof e.textContent)return e.textContent;for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)n+=E(e)}else if(3===i||4===i)return e.nodeValue}else for(;t=e[r++];)n+=E(t);return n},T=t.selectors={cacheLength:50,createPseudo:r,match:ht,attrHandle:{},find:{},relative:{">":{dir:"parentNode",first:!0}," ":{dir:"parentNode"},"+":{dir:"previousSibling",first:!0},"~":{dir:"previousSibling"}},preFilter:{ATTR:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].replace(wt,Tt),e[3]=(e[3]||e[4]||e[5]||"").replace(wt,Tt),"~="===e[2]&&(e[3]=" "+e[3]+" "),e.slice(0,4)},CHILD:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].toLowerCase(),"nth"===e[1].slice(0,3)?(e[3]||t.error(e[0]),e[4]=+(e[4]?e[5]+(e[6]||1):2*("even"===e[3]||"odd"===e[3])),e[5]=+(e[7]+e[8]||"odd"===e[3])):e[3]&&t.error(e[0]),e},PSEUDO:function(e){var t,n=!e[6]&&e[2];return ht.CHILD.test(e[0])?null:(e[3]?e[2]=e[4]||e[5]||"":n&&ft.test(n)&&(t=C(n,!0))&&(t=n.indexOf(")",n.length-t)-n.length)&&(e[0]=e[0].slice(0,t),e[2]=n.slice(0,t)),e.slice(0,3))}},filter:{TAG:function(e){var t=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase();return"*"===e?function(){return!0}:function(e){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t}},CLASS:function(e){var t=$[e+" "];return t||(t=new RegExp("(^|"+rt+")"+e+"("+rt+"|$)"))&&$(e,function(e){return t.test("string"==typeof e.className&&e.className||typeof e.getAttribute!==V&&e.getAttribute("class")||"")})},ATTR:function(e,n,r){return function(i){var o=t.attr(i,e);return null==o?"!="===n:n?(o+="","="===n?o===r:"!="===n?o!==r:"^="===n?r&&0===o.indexOf(r):"*="===n?r&&o.indexOf(r)>-1:"$="===n?r&&o.slice(-r.length)===r:"~="===n?(" "+o+" ").indexOf(r)>-1:"|="===n?o===r||o.slice(0,r.length+1)===r+"-":!1):!0}},CHILD:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o="nth"!==e.slice(0,3),a="last"!==e.slice(-4),s="of-type"===t;return 1===r&&0===i?function(e){return!!e.parentNode}:function(t,n,l){var u,c,d,f,p,h,m=o!==a?"nextSibling":"previousSibling",g=t.parentNode,v=s&&t.nodeName.toLowerCase(),y=!l&&!s;if(g){if(o){for(;m;){for(d=t;d=d[m];)if(s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()===v:1===d.nodeType)return!1;h=m="only"===e&&!h&&"nextSibling"}return!0}if(h=[a?g.firstChild:g.lastChild],a&&y){for(c=g[B]||(g[B]={}),u=c[e]||[],p=u[0]===I&&u[1],f=u[0]===I&&u[2],d=p&&g.childNodes[p];d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop();)if(1===d.nodeType&&++f&&d===t){c[e]=[I,p,f];break}}else if(y&&(u=(t[B]||(t[B]={}))[e])&&u[0]===I)f=u[1];else for(;(d=++p&&d&&d[m]||(f=p=0)||h.pop())&&((s?d.nodeName.toLowerCase()!==v:1!==d.nodeType)||!++f||(y&&((d[B]||(d[B]={}))[e]=[I,f]),d!==t)););return f-=i,f===r||f%r===0&&f/r>=0}}},PSEUDO:function(e,n){var i,o=T.pseudos[e]||T.setFilters[e.toLowerCase()]||t.error("unsupported pseudo: "+e);return o[B]?o(n):o.length>1?(i=[e,e,"",n],T.setFilters.hasOwnProperty(e.toLowerCase())?r(function(e,t){for(var r,i=o(e,n),a=i.length;a--;)r=tt.call(e,i[a]),e[r]=!(t[r]=i[a])}):function(e){return o(e,0,i)}):o}},pseudos:{not:r(function(e){var t=[],n=[],i=N(e.replace(lt,"$1"));return i[B]?r(function(e,t,n,r){for(var o,a=i(e,null,r,[]),s=e.length;s--;)(o=a[s])&&(e[s]=!(t[s]=o))}):function(e,r,o){return t[0]=e,i(t,null,o,n),!n.pop()}}),has:r(function(e){return function(n){return t(e,n).length>0}}),contains:r(function(e){return function(t){return(t.textContent||t.innerText||E(t)).indexOf(e)>-1}}),lang:r(function(e){return pt.test(e||"")||t.error("unsupported lang: "+e),e=e.replace(wt,Tt).toLowerCase(),function(t){var n;do if(n=q?t.lang:t.getAttribute("xml:lang")||t.getAttribute("lang"))return n=n.toLowerCase(),n===e||0===n.indexOf(e+"-");while((t=t.parentNode)&&1===t.nodeType);return!1}}),target:function(t){var n=e.location&&e.location.hash;return n&&n.slice(1)===t.id},root:function(e){return e===_},focus:function(e){return e===H.activeElement&&(!H.hasFocus||H.hasFocus())&&!!(e.type||e.href||~e.tabIndex)},enabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!1},disabled:function(e){return e.disabled===!0},checked:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&!!e.checked||"option"===t&&!!e.selected},selected:function(e){return e.parentNode&&e.parentNode.selectedIndex,e.selected===!0},empty:function(e){for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling)if(e.nodeType<6)return!1;return!0},parent:function(e){return!T.pseudos.empty(e)},header:function(e){return gt.test(e.nodeName)},input:function(e){return mt.test(e.nodeName)},button:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&"button"===e.type||"button"===t},text:function(e){var t;return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&"text"===e.type&&(null==(t=e.getAttribute("type"))||"text"===t.toLowerCase())},first:u(function(){return[0]}),last:u(function(e,t){return[t-1]}),eq:u(function(e,t,n){return[0>n?n+t:n]}),even:u(function(e,t){for(var n=0;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),odd:u(function(e,t){for(var n=1;t>n;n+=2)e.push(n);return e}),lt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;--r>=0;)e.push(r);return e}),gt:u(function(e,t,n){for(var r=0>n?n+t:n;++r<t;)e.push(r);return e})}},T.pseudos.nth=T.pseudos.eq;for(x in{radio:!0,checkbox:!0,file:!0,password:!0,image:!0})T.pseudos[x]=s(x);for(x in{submit:!0,reset:!0})T.pseudos[x]=l(x);return d.prototype=T.filters=T.pseudos,T.setFilters=new d,C=t.tokenize=function(e,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=z[e+" "];if(c)return n?0:c.slice(0);for(s=e,l=[],u=T.preFilter;s;){(!r||(i=ut.exec(s)))&&(i&&(s=s.slice(i[0].length)||s),l.push(o=[])),r=!1,(i=ct.exec(s))&&(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:i[0].replace(lt," ")}),s=s.slice(r.length));for(a in T.filter)!(i=ht[a].exec(s))||u[a]&&!(i=u[a](i))||(r=i.shift(),o.push({value:r,type:a,matches:i}),s=s.slice(r.length));if(!r)break}return n?s.length:s?t.error(e):z(e,l).slice(0)},N=t.compile=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=[],o=X[e+" "];if(!o){for(t||(t=C(e)),n=t.length;n--;)o=y(t[n]),o[B]?r.push(o):i.push(o);o=X(e,b(i,r)),o.selector=e}return o},S=t.select=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,l,u="function"==typeof e&&e,d=!r&&C(e=u.selector||e);if(n=n||[],1===d.length){if(o=d[0]=d[0].slice(0),o.length>2&&"ID"===(a=o[0]).type&&w.getById&&9===t.nodeType&&q&&T.relative[o[1].type]){if(t=(T.find.ID(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),t)||[])[0],!t)return n;u&&(t=t.parentNode),e=e.slice(o.shift().value.length)}for(i=ht.needsContext.test(e)?0:o.length;i--&&(a=o[i],!T.relative[s=a.type]);)if((l=T.find[s])&&(r=l(a.matches[0].replace(wt,Tt),bt.test(o[0].type)&&c(t.parentNode)||t))){if(o.splice(i,1),e=r.length&&f(o),!e)return Z.apply(n,r),n;
+break}}return(u||N(e,d))(r,t,!q,n,bt.test(e)&&c(t.parentNode)||t),n},w.sortStable=B.split("").sort(U).join("")===B,w.detectDuplicates=!!D,L(),w.sortDetached=i(function(e){return 1&e.compareDocumentPosition(H.createElement("div"))}),i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<a href='#'></a>","#"===e.firstChild.getAttribute("href")})||o("type|href|height|width",function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e.getAttribute(t,"type"===t.toLowerCase()?1:2)}),w.attributes&&i(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<input/>",e.firstChild.setAttribute("value",""),""===e.firstChild.getAttribute("value")})||o("value",function(e,t,n){return n||"input"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase()?void 0:e.defaultValue}),i(function(e){return null==e.getAttribute("disabled")})||o(nt,function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:e[t]===!0?t.toLowerCase():(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null}),t}(e);it.find=ut,it.expr=ut.selectors,it.expr[":"]=it.expr.pseudos,it.unique=ut.uniqueSort,it.text=ut.getText,it.isXMLDoc=ut.isXML,it.contains=ut.contains;var ct=it.expr.match.needsContext,dt=/^<(\w+)\s*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/,ft=/^.[^:#\[\.,]*$/;it.filter=function(e,t,n){var r=t[0];return n&&(e=":not("+e+")"),1===t.length&&1===r.nodeType?it.find.matchesSelector(r,e)?[r]:[]:it.find.matches(e,it.grep(t,function(e){return 1===e.nodeType}))},it.fn.extend({find:function(e){var t,n=[],r=this,i=r.length;if("string"!=typeof e)return this.pushStack(it(e).filter(function(){for(t=0;i>t;t++)if(it.contains(r[t],this))return!0}));for(t=0;i>t;t++)it.find(e,r[t],n);return n=this.pushStack(i>1?it.unique(n):n),n.selector=this.selector?this.selector+" "+e:e,n},filter:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!1))},not:function(e){return this.pushStack(r(this,e||[],!0))},is:function(e){return!!r(this,"string"==typeof e&&ct.test(e)?it(e):e||[],!1).length}});var pt,ht=e.document,mt=/^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]*))$/,gt=it.fn.init=function(e,t){var n,r;if(!e)return this;if("string"==typeof e){if(n="<"===e.charAt(0)&&">"===e.charAt(e.length-1)&&e.length>=3?[null,e,null]:mt.exec(e),!n||!n[1]&&t)return!t||t.jquery?(t||pt).find(e):this.constructor(t).find(e);if(n[1]){if(t=t instanceof it?t[0]:t,it.merge(this,it.parseHTML(n[1],t&&t.nodeType?t.ownerDocument||t:ht,!0)),dt.test(n[1])&&it.isPlainObject(t))for(n in t)it.isFunction(this[n])?this[n](t[n]):this.attr(n,t[n]);return this}if(r=ht.getElementById(n[2]),r&&r.parentNode){if(r.id!==n[2])return pt.find(e);this.length=1,this[0]=r}return this.context=ht,this.selector=e,this}return e.nodeType?(this.context=this[0]=e,this.length=1,this):it.isFunction(e)?"undefined"!=typeof pt.ready?pt.ready(e):e(it):(void 0!==e.selector&&(this.selector=e.selector,this.context=e.context),it.makeArray(e,this))};gt.prototype=it.fn,pt=it(ht);var vt=/^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,yt={children:!0,contents:!0,next:!0,prev:!0};it.extend({dir:function(e,t,n){for(var r=[],i=e[t];i&&9!==i.nodeType&&(void 0===n||1!==i.nodeType||!it(i).is(n));)1===i.nodeType&&r.push(i),i=i[t];return r},sibling:function(e,t){for(var n=[];e;e=e.nextSibling)1===e.nodeType&&e!==t&&n.push(e);return n}}),it.fn.extend({has:function(e){var t,n=it(e,this),r=n.length;return this.filter(function(){for(t=0;r>t;t++)if(it.contains(this,n[t]))return!0})},closest:function(e,t){for(var n,r=0,i=this.length,o=[],a=ct.test(e)||"string"!=typeof e?it(e,t||this.context):0;i>r;r++)for(n=this[r];n&&n!==t;n=n.parentNode)if(n.nodeType<11&&(a?a.index(n)>-1:1===n.nodeType&&it.find.matchesSelector(n,e))){o.push(n);break}return this.pushStack(o.length>1?it.unique(o):o)},index:function(e){return e?"string"==typeof e?it.inArray(this[0],it(e)):it.inArray(e.jquery?e[0]:e,this):this[0]&&this[0].parentNode?this.first().prevAll().length:-1},add:function(e,t){return this.pushStack(it.unique(it.merge(this.get(),it(e,t))))},addBack:function(e){return this.add(null==e?this.prevObject:this.prevObject.filter(e))}}),it.each({parent:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&11!==t.nodeType?t:null},parents:function(e){return it.dir(e,"parentNode")},parentsUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"parentNode",n)},next:function(e){return i(e,"nextSibling")},prev:function(e){return i(e,"previousSibling")},nextAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling")},prevAll:function(e){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling")},nextUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"nextSibling",n)},prevUntil:function(e,t,n){return it.dir(e,"previousSibling",n)},siblings:function(e){return it.sibling((e.parentNode||{}).firstChild,e)},children:function(e){return it.sibling(e.firstChild)},contents:function(e){return it.nodeName(e,"iframe")?e.contentDocument||e.contentWindow.document:it.merge([],e.childNodes)}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(n,r){var i=it.map(this,t,n);return"Until"!==e.slice(-5)&&(r=n),r&&"string"==typeof r&&(i=it.filter(r,i)),this.length>1&&(yt[e]||(i=it.unique(i)),vt.test(e)&&(i=i.reverse())),this.pushStack(i)}});var bt=/\S+/g,xt={};it.Callbacks=function(e){e="string"==typeof e?xt[e]||o(e):it.extend({},e);var t,n,r,i,a,s,l=[],u=!e.once&&[],c=function(o){for(n=e.memory&&o,r=!0,a=s||0,s=0,i=l.length,t=!0;l&&i>a;a++)if(l[a].apply(o[0],o[1])===!1&&e.stopOnFalse){n=!1;break}t=!1,l&&(u?u.length&&c(u.shift()):n?l=[]:d.disable())},d={add:function(){if(l){var r=l.length;!function o(t){it.each(t,function(t,n){var r=it.type(n);"function"===r?e.unique&&d.has(n)||l.push(n):n&&n.length&&"string"!==r&&o(n)})}(arguments),t?i=l.length:n&&(s=r,c(n))}return this},remove:function(){return l&&it.each(arguments,function(e,n){for(var r;(r=it.inArray(n,l,r))>-1;)l.splice(r,1),t&&(i>=r&&i--,a>=r&&a--)}),this},has:function(e){return e?it.inArray(e,l)>-1:!(!l||!l.length)},empty:function(){return l=[],i=0,this},disable:function(){return l=u=n=void 0,this},disabled:function(){return!l},lock:function(){return u=void 0,n||d.disable(),this},locked:function(){return!u},fireWith:function(e,n){return!l||r&&!u||(n=n||[],n=[e,n.slice?n.slice():n],t?u.push(n):c(n)),this},fire:function(){return d.fireWith(this,arguments),this},fired:function(){return!!r}};return d},it.extend({Deferred:function(e){var t=[["resolve","done",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"resolved"],["reject","fail",it.Callbacks("once memory"),"rejected"],["notify","progress",it.Callbacks("memory")]],n="pending",r={state:function(){return n},always:function(){return i.done(arguments).fail(arguments),this},then:function(){var e=arguments;return it.Deferred(function(n){it.each(t,function(t,o){var a=it.isFunction(e[t])&&e[t];i[o[1]](function(){var e=a&&a.apply(this,arguments);e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?e.promise().done(n.resolve).fail(n.reject).progress(n.notify):n[o[0]+"With"](this===r?n.promise():this,a?[e]:arguments)})}),e=null}).promise()},promise:function(e){return null!=e?it.extend(e,r):r}},i={};return r.pipe=r.then,it.each(t,function(e,o){var a=o[2],s=o[3];r[o[1]]=a.add,s&&a.add(function(){n=s},t[1^e][2].disable,t[2][2].lock),i[o[0]]=function(){return i[o[0]+"With"](this===i?r:this,arguments),this},i[o[0]+"With"]=a.fireWith}),r.promise(i),e&&e.call(i,i),i},when:function(e){var t,n,r,i=0,o=Y.call(arguments),a=o.length,s=1!==a||e&&it.isFunction(e.promise)?a:0,l=1===s?e:it.Deferred(),u=function(e,n,r){return function(i){n[e]=this,r[e]=arguments.length>1?Y.call(arguments):i,r===t?l.notifyWith(n,r):--s||l.resolveWith(n,r)}};if(a>1)for(t=new Array(a),n=new Array(a),r=new Array(a);a>i;i++)o[i]&&it.isFunction(o[i].promise)?o[i].promise().done(u(i,r,o)).fail(l.reject).progress(u(i,n,t)):--s;return s||l.resolveWith(r,o),l.promise()}});var wt;it.fn.ready=function(e){return it.ready.promise().done(e),this},it.extend({isReady:!1,readyWait:1,holdReady:function(e){e?it.readyWait++:it.ready(!0)},ready:function(e){if(e===!0?!--it.readyWait:!it.isReady){if(!ht.body)return setTimeout(it.ready);it.isReady=!0,e!==!0&&--it.readyWait>0||(wt.resolveWith(ht,[it]),it.fn.triggerHandler&&(it(ht).triggerHandler("ready"),it(ht).off("ready")))}}}),it.ready.promise=function(t){if(!wt)if(wt=it.Deferred(),"complete"===ht.readyState)setTimeout(it.ready);else if(ht.addEventListener)ht.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s,!1),e.addEventListener("load",s,!1);else{ht.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",s),e.attachEvent("onload",s);var n=!1;try{n=null==e.frameElement&&ht.documentElement}catch(r){}n&&n.doScroll&&!function i(){if(!it.isReady){try{n.doScroll("left")}catch(e){return setTimeout(i,50)}a(),it.ready()}}()}return wt.promise(t)};var Tt,Et="undefined";for(Tt in it(nt))break;nt.ownLast="0"!==Tt,nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=!1,it(function(){var e,t,n,r;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="display:inline;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",nt.inlineBlockNeedsLayout=e=3===t.offsetWidth,e&&(n.style.zoom=1)),n.removeChild(r))}),function(){var e=ht.createElement("div");if(null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete e.test}catch(t){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}e=null}(),it.acceptData=function(e){var t=it.noData[(e.nodeName+" ").toLowerCase()],n=+e.nodeType||1;return 1!==n&&9!==n?!1:!t||t!==!0&&e.getAttribute("classid")===t};var kt=/^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,Ct=/([A-Z])/g;it.extend({cache:{},noData:{"applet ":!0,"embed ":!0,"object ":"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"},hasData:function(e){return e=e.nodeType?it.cache[e[it.expando]]:e[it.expando],!!e&&!u(e)},data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n)},removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t)},_data:function(e,t,n){return c(e,t,n,!0)},_removeData:function(e,t){return d(e,t,!0)}}),it.fn.extend({data:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=this[0],a=o&&o.attributes;if(void 0===e){if(this.length&&(i=it.data(o),1===o.nodeType&&!it._data(o,"parsedAttrs"))){for(n=a.length;n--;)a[n]&&(r=a[n].name,0===r.indexOf("data-")&&(r=it.camelCase(r.slice(5)),l(o,r,i[r])));it._data(o,"parsedAttrs",!0)}return i}return"object"==typeof e?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e)}):arguments.length>1?this.each(function(){it.data(this,e,t)}):o?l(o,e,it.data(o,e)):void 0},removeData:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeData(this,e)})}}),it.extend({queue:function(e,t,n){var r;return e?(t=(t||"fx")+"queue",r=it._data(e,t),n&&(!r||it.isArray(n)?r=it._data(e,t,it.makeArray(n)):r.push(n)),r||[]):void 0},dequeue:function(e,t){t=t||"fx";var n=it.queue(e,t),r=n.length,i=n.shift(),o=it._queueHooks(e,t),a=function(){it.dequeue(e,t)};"inprogress"===i&&(i=n.shift(),r--),i&&("fx"===t&&n.unshift("inprogress"),delete o.stop,i.call(e,a,o)),!r&&o&&o.empty.fire()},_queueHooks:function(e,t){var n=t+"queueHooks";return it._data(e,n)||it._data(e,n,{empty:it.Callbacks("once memory").add(function(){it._removeData(e,t+"queue"),it._removeData(e,n)})})}}),it.fn.extend({queue:function(e,t){var n=2;return"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e="fx",n--),arguments.length<n?it.queue(this[0],e):void 0===t?this:this.each(function(){var n=it.queue(this,e,t);it._queueHooks(this,e),"fx"===e&&"inprogress"!==n[0]&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},dequeue:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.dequeue(this,e)})},clearQueue:function(e){return this.queue(e||"fx",[])},promise:function(e,t){var n,r=1,i=it.Deferred(),o=this,a=this.length,s=function(){--r||i.resolveWith(o,[o])};for("string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),e=e||"fx";a--;)n=it._data(o[a],e+"queueHooks"),n&&n.empty&&(r++,n.empty.add(s));return s(),i.promise(t)}});var Nt=/[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/.source,St=["Top","Right","Bottom","Left"],jt=function(e,t){return e=t||e,"none"===it.css(e,"display")||!it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)},At=it.access=function(e,t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=0,l=e.length,u=null==n;if("object"===it.type(n)){i=!0;for(s in n)it.access(e,t,s,n[s],!0,o,a)}else if(void 0!==r&&(i=!0,it.isFunction(r)||(a=!0),u&&(a?(t.call(e,r),t=null):(u=t,t=function(e,t,n){return u.call(it(e),n)})),t))for(;l>s;s++)t(e[s],n,a?r:r.call(e[s],s,t(e[s],n)));return i?e:u?t.call(e):l?t(e[0],n):o},Dt=/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i;!function(){var e=ht.createElement("input"),t=ht.createElement("div"),n=ht.createDocumentFragment();if(t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",nt.leadingWhitespace=3===t.firstChild.nodeType,nt.tbody=!t.getElementsByTagName("tbody").length,nt.htmlSerialize=!!t.getElementsByTagName("link").length,nt.html5Clone="<:nav></:nav>"!==ht.createElement("nav").cloneNode(!0).outerHTML,e.type="checkbox",e.checked=!0,n.appendChild(e),nt.appendChecked=e.checked,t.innerHTML="<textarea>x</textarea>",nt.noCloneChecked=!!t.cloneNode(!0).lastChild.defaultValue,n.appendChild(t),t.innerHTML="<input type='radio' checked='checked' name='t'/>",nt.checkClone=t.cloneNode(!0).cloneNode(!0).lastChild.checked,nt.noCloneEvent=!0,t.attachEvent&&(t.attachEvent("onclick",function(){nt.noCloneEvent=!1}),t.cloneNode(!0).click()),null==nt.deleteExpando){nt.deleteExpando=!0;try{delete t.test}catch(r){nt.deleteExpando=!1}}}(),function(){var t,n,r=ht.createElement("div");for(t in{submit:!0,change:!0,focusin:!0})n="on"+t,(nt[t+"Bubbles"]=n in e)||(r.setAttribute(n,"t"),nt[t+"Bubbles"]=r.attributes[n].expando===!1);r=null}();var Lt=/^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i,Ht=/^key/,_t=/^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu)|click/,qt=/^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,Ft=/^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)$/;it.event={global:{},add:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it._data(e);if(g){for(n.handler&&(l=n,n=l.handler,i=l.selector),n.guid||(n.guid=it.guid++),(a=g.events)||(a=g.events={}),(c=g.handle)||(c=g.handle=function(e){return typeof it===Et||e&&it.event.triggered===e.type?void 0:it.event.dispatch.apply(c.elem,arguments)},c.elem=e),t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],s=t.length;s--;)o=Ft.exec(t[s])||[],p=m=o[1],h=(o[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p&&(u=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(i?u.delegateType:u.bindType)||p,u=it.event.special[p]||{},d=it.extend({type:p,origType:m,data:r,handler:n,guid:n.guid,selector:i,needsContext:i&&it.expr.match.needsContext.test(i),namespace:h.join(".")},l),(f=a[p])||(f=a[p]=[],f.delegateCount=0,u.setup&&u.setup.call(e,r,h,c)!==!1||(e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener(p,c,!1):e.attachEvent&&e.attachEvent("on"+p,c))),u.add&&(u.add.call(e,d),d.handler.guid||(d.handler.guid=n.guid)),i?f.splice(f.delegateCount++,0,d):f.push(d),it.event.global[p]=!0);e=null}},remove:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it.hasData(e)&&it._data(e);if(g&&(c=g.events)){for(t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],u=t.length;u--;)if(s=Ft.exec(t[u])||[],p=m=s[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p){for(d=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(r?d.delegateType:d.bindType)||p,f=c[p]||[],s=s[2]&&new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"),l=o=f.length;o--;)a=f[o],!i&&m!==a.origType||n&&n.guid!==a.guid||s&&!s.test(a.namespace)||r&&r!==a.selector&&("**"!==r||!a.selector)||(f.splice(o,1),a.selector&&f.delegateCount--,d.remove&&d.remove.call(e,a));l&&!f.length&&(d.teardown&&d.teardown.call(e,h,g.handle)!==!1||it.removeEvent(e,p,g.handle),delete c[p])}else for(p in c)it.event.remove(e,p+t[u],n,r,!0);it.isEmptyObject(c)&&(delete g.handle,it._removeData(e,"events"))}},trigger:function(t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f=[r||ht],p=tt.call(t,"type")?t.type:t,h=tt.call(t,"namespace")?t.namespace.split("."):[];if(s=c=r=r||ht,3!==r.nodeType&&8!==r.nodeType&&!qt.test(p+it.event.triggered)&&(p.indexOf(".")>=0&&(h=p.split("."),p=h.shift(),h.sort()),a=p.indexOf(":")<0&&"on"+p,t=t[it.expando]?t:new it.Event(p,"object"==typeof t&&t),t.isTrigger=i?2:3,t.namespace=h.join("."),t.namespace_re=t.namespace?new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"):null,t.result=void 0,t.target||(t.target=r),n=null==n?[t]:it.makeArray(n,[t]),u=it.event.special[p]||{},i||!u.trigger||u.trigger.apply(r,n)!==!1)){if(!i&&!u.noBubble&&!it.isWindow(r)){for(l=u.delegateType||p,qt.test(l+p)||(s=s.parentNode);s;s=s.parentNode)f.push(s),c=s;c===(r.ownerDocument||ht)&&f.push(c.defaultView||c.parentWindow||e)}for(d=0;(s=f[d++])&&!t.isPropagationStopped();)t.type=d>1?l:u.bindType||p,o=(it._data(s,"events")||{})[t.type]&&it._data(s,"handle"),o&&o.apply(s,n),o=a&&s[a],o&&o.apply&&it.acceptData(s)&&(t.result=o.apply(s,n),t.result===!1&&t.preventDefault());if(t.type=p,!i&&!t.isDefaultPrevented()&&(!u._default||u._default.apply(f.pop(),n)===!1)&&it.acceptData(r)&&a&&r[p]&&!it.isWindow(r)){c=r[a],c&&(r[a]=null),it.event.triggered=p;try{r[p]()}catch(m){}it.event.triggered=void 0,c&&(r[a]=c)}return t.result}},dispatch:function(e){e=it.event.fix(e);var t,n,r,i,o,a=[],s=Y.call(arguments),l=(it._data(this,"events")||{})[e.type]||[],u=it.event.special[e.type]||{};if(s[0]=e,e.delegateTarget=this,!u.preDispatch||u.preDispatch.call(this,e)!==!1){for(a=it.event.handlers.call(this,e,l),t=0;(i=a[t++])&&!e.isPropagationStopped();)for(e.currentTarget=i.elem,o=0;(r=i.handlers[o++])&&!e.isImmediatePropagationStopped();)(!e.namespace_re||e.namespace_re.test(r.namespace))&&(e.handleObj=r,e.data=r.data,n=((it.event.special[r.origType]||{}).handle||r.handler).apply(i.elem,s),void 0!==n&&(e.result=n)===!1&&(e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()));return u.postDispatch&&u.postDispatch.call(this,e),e.result}},handlers:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a=[],s=t.delegateCount,l=e.target;if(s&&l.nodeType&&(!e.button||"click"!==e.type))for(;l!=this;l=l.parentNode||this)if(1===l.nodeType&&(l.disabled!==!0||"click"!==e.type)){for(i=[],o=0;s>o;o++)r=t[o],n=r.selector+" ",void 0===i[n]&&(i[n]=r.needsContext?it(n,this).index(l)>=0:it.find(n,this,null,[l]).length),i[n]&&i.push(r);i.length&&a.push({elem:l,handlers:i})}return s<t.length&&a.push({elem:this,handlers:t.slice(s)}),a},fix:function(e){if(e[it.expando])return e;var t,n,r,i=e.type,o=e,a=this.fixHooks[i];for(a||(this.fixHooks[i]=a=_t.test(i)?this.mouseHooks:Ht.test(i)?this.keyHooks:{}),r=a.props?this.props.concat(a.props):this.props,e=new it.Event(o),t=r.length;t--;)n=r[t],e[n]=o[n];return e.target||(e.target=o.srcElement||ht),3===e.target.nodeType&&(e.target=e.target.parentNode),e.metaKey=!!e.metaKey,a.filter?a.filter(e,o):e},props:"altKey bubbles cancelable ctrlKey currentTarget eventPhase metaKey relatedTarget shiftKey target timeStamp view which".split(" "),fixHooks:{},keyHooks:{props:"char charCode key keyCode".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){return null==e.which&&(e.which=null!=t.charCode?t.charCode:t.keyCode),e}},mouseHooks:{props:"button buttons clientX clientY fromElement offsetX offsetY pageX pageY screenX screenY toElement".split(" "),filter:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o=t.button,a=t.fromElement;return null==e.pageX&&null!=t.clientX&&(r=e.target.ownerDocument||ht,i=r.documentElement,n=r.body,e.pageX=t.clientX+(i&&i.scrollLeft||n&&n.scrollLeft||0)-(i&&i.clientLeft||n&&n.clientLeft||0),e.pageY=t.clientY+(i&&i.scrollTop||n&&n.scrollTop||0)-(i&&i.clientTop||n&&n.clientTop||0)),!e.relatedTarget&&a&&(e.relatedTarget=a===e.target?t.toElement:a),e.which||void 0===o||(e.which=1&o?1:2&o?3:4&o?2:0),e}},special:{load:{noBubble:!0},focus:{trigger:function(){if(this!==h()&&this.focus)try{return this.focus(),!1}catch(e){}},delegateType:"focusin"},blur:{trigger:function(){return this===h()&&this.blur?(this.blur(),!1):void 0},delegateType:"focusout"},click:{trigger:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"input")&&"checkbox"===this.type&&this.click?(this.click(),!1):void 0},_default:function(e){return it.nodeName(e.target,"a")}},beforeunload:{postDispatch:function(e){void 0!==e.result&&e.originalEvent&&(e.originalEvent.returnValue=e.result)}}},simulate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.extend(new it.Event,n,{type:e,isSimulated:!0,originalEvent:{}});r?it.event.trigger(i,null,t):it.event.dispatch.call(t,i),i.isDefaultPrevented()&&n.preventDefault()}},it.removeEvent=ht.removeEventListener?function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener&&e.removeEventListener(t,n,!1)}:function(e,t,n){var r="on"+t;e.detachEvent&&(typeof e[r]===Et&&(e[r]=null),e.detachEvent(r,n))},it.Event=function(e,t){return this instanceof it.Event?(e&&e.type?(this.originalEvent=e,this.type=e.type,this.isDefaultPrevented=e.defaultPrevented||void 0===e.defaultPrevented&&e.returnValue===!1?f:p):this.type=e,t&&it.extend(this,t),this.timeStamp=e&&e.timeStamp||it.now(),void(this[it.expando]=!0)):new it.Event(e,t)},it.Event.prototype={isDefaultPrevented:p,isPropagationStopped:p,isImmediatePropagationStopped:p,preventDefault:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isDefaultPrevented=f,e&&(e.preventDefault?e.preventDefault():e.returnValue=!1)},stopPropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isPropagationStopped=f,e&&(e.stopPropagation&&e.stopPropagation(),e.cancelBubble=!0)},stopImmediatePropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isImmediatePropagationStopped=f,e&&e.stopImmediatePropagation&&e.stopImmediatePropagation(),this.stopPropagation()}},it.each({mouseenter:"mouseover",mouseleave:"mouseout",pointerenter:"pointerover",pointerleave:"pointerout"},function(e,t){it.event.special[e]={delegateType:t,bindType:t,handle:function(e){var n,r=this,i=e.relatedTarget,o=e.handleObj;return(!i||i!==r&&!it.contains(r,i))&&(e.type=o.origType,n=o.handler.apply(this,arguments),e.type=t),n}}}),nt.submitBubbles||(it.event.special.submit={setup:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.add(this,"click._submit keypress._submit",function(e){var t=e.target,n=it.nodeName(t,"input")||it.nodeName(t,"button")?t.form:void 0;n&&!it._data(n,"submitBubbles")&&(it.event.add(n,"submit._submit",function(e){e._submit_bubble=!0}),it._data(n,"submitBubbles",!0))})},postDispatch:function(e){e._submit_bubble&&(delete e._submit_bubble,this.parentNode&&!e.isTrigger&&it.event.simulate("submit",this.parentNode,e,!0))},teardown:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.remove(this,"._submit")}}),nt.changeBubbles||(it.event.special.change={setup:function(){return Lt.test(this.nodeName)?(("checkbox"===this.type||"radio"===this.type)&&(it.event.add(this,"propertychange._change",function(e){"checked"===e.originalEvent.propertyName&&(this._just_changed=!0)}),it.event.add(this,"click._change",function(e){this._just_changed&&!e.isTrigger&&(this._just_changed=!1),it.event.simulate("change",this,e,!0)})),!1):void it.event.add(this,"beforeactivate._change",function(e){var t=e.target;Lt.test(t.nodeName)&&!it._data(t,"changeBubbles")&&(it.event.add(t,"change._change",function(e){!this.parentNode||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||it.event.simulate("change",this.parentNode,e,!0)}),it._data(t,"changeBubbles",!0))})},handle:function(e){var t=e.target;return this!==t||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||"radio"!==t.type&&"checkbox"!==t.type?e.handleObj.handler.apply(this,arguments):void 0},teardown:function(){return it.event.remove(this,"._change"),!Lt.test(this.nodeName)}}),nt.focusinBubbles||it.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(e,t){var n=function(e){it.event.simulate(t,e.target,it.event.fix(e),!0)};it.event.special[t]={setup:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t);i||r.addEventListener(e,n,!0),it._data(r,t,(i||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t)-1;i?it._data(r,t,i):(r.removeEventListener(e,n,!0),it._removeData(r,t))}}}),it.fn.extend({on:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a;if("object"==typeof e){"string"!=typeof t&&(n=n||t,t=void 0);for(o in e)this.on(o,t,n,e[o],i);return this}if(null==n&&null==r?(r=t,n=t=void 0):null==r&&("string"==typeof t?(r=n,n=void 0):(r=n,n=t,t=void 0)),r===!1)r=p;else if(!r)return this;return 1===i&&(a=r,r=function(e){return it().off(e),a.apply(this,arguments)},r.guid=a.guid||(a.guid=it.guid++)),this.each(function(){it.event.add(this,e,r,n,t)})},one:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(e,t,n,r,1)},off:function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(e&&e.preventDefault&&e.handleObj)return r=e.handleObj,it(e.delegateTarget).off(r.namespace?r.origType+"."+r.namespace:r.origType,r.selector,r.handler),this;if("object"==typeof e){for(i in e)this.off(i,t,e[i]);return this}return(t===!1||"function"==typeof t)&&(n=t,t=void 0),n===!1&&(n=p),this.each(function(){it.event.remove(this,e,n,t)})},trigger:function(e,t){return this.each(function(){it.event.trigger(e,t,this)})},triggerHandler:function(e,t){var n=this[0];return n?it.event.trigger(e,t,n,!0):void 0}});var Mt="abbr|article|aside|audio|bdi|canvas|data|datalist|details|figcaption|figure|footer|header|hgroup|mark|meter|nav|output|progress|section|summary|time|video",Ot=/ jQuery\d+="(?:null|\d+)"/g,Rt=new RegExp("<(?:"+Mt+")[\\s/>]","i"),Bt=/^\s+/,Pt=/<(?!area|br|col|embed|hr|img|input|link|meta|param)(([\w:]+)[^>]*)\/>/gi,It=/<([\w:]+)/,Wt=/<tbody/i,$t=/<|&#?\w+;/,zt=/<(?:script|style|link)/i,Xt=/checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,Ut=/^$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i,Vt=/^true\/(.*)/,Gt=/^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g,Yt={option:[1,"<select multiple='multiple'>","</select>"],legend:[1,"<fieldset>","</fieldset>"],area:[1,"<map>","</map>"],param:[1,"<object>","</object>"],thead:[1,"<table>","</table>"],tr:[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"],col:[2,"<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"],td:[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"],_default:nt.htmlSerialize?[0,"",""]:[1,"X<div>","</div>"]},Jt=m(ht),Kt=Jt.appendChild(ht.createElement("div"));Yt.optgroup=Yt.option,Yt.tbody=Yt.tfoot=Yt.colgroup=Yt.caption=Yt.thead,Yt.th=Yt.td,it.extend({clone:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l=it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e);if(nt.html5Clone||it.isXMLDoc(e)||!Rt.test("<"+e.nodeName+">")?o=e.cloneNode(!0):(Kt.innerHTML=e.outerHTML,Kt.removeChild(o=Kt.firstChild)),!(nt.noCloneEvent&&nt.noCloneChecked||1!==e.nodeType&&11!==e.nodeType||it.isXMLDoc(e)))for(r=g(o),s=g(e),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);++a)r[a]&&E(i,r[a]);if(t)if(n)for(s=s||g(e),r=r||g(o),a=0;null!=(i=s[a]);a++)T(i,r[a]);else T(e,o);return r=g(o,"script"),r.length>0&&w(r,!l&&g(e,"script")),r=s=i=null,o},buildFragment:function(e,t,n,r){for(var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=e.length,f=m(t),p=[],h=0;d>h;h++)if(o=e[h],o||0===o)if("object"===it.type(o))it.merge(p,o.nodeType?[o]:o);else if($t.test(o)){for(s=s||f.appendChild(t.createElement("div")),l=(It.exec(o)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase(),c=Yt[l]||Yt._default,s.innerHTML=c[1]+o.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>")+c[2],i=c[0];i--;)s=s.lastChild;if(!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(o)&&p.push(t.createTextNode(Bt.exec(o)[0])),!nt.tbody)for(o="table"!==l||Wt.test(o)?"<table>"!==c[1]||Wt.test(o)?0:s:s.firstChild,i=o&&o.childNodes.length;i--;)it.nodeName(u=o.childNodes[i],"tbody")&&!u.childNodes.length&&o.removeChild(u);for(it.merge(p,s.childNodes),s.textContent="";s.firstChild;)s.removeChild(s.firstChild);s=f.lastChild}else p.push(t.createTextNode(o));for(s&&f.removeChild(s),nt.appendChecked||it.grep(g(p,"input"),v),h=0;o=p[h++];)if((!r||-1===it.inArray(o,r))&&(a=it.contains(o.ownerDocument,o),s=g(f.appendChild(o),"script"),a&&w(s),n))for(i=0;o=s[i++];)Ut.test(o.type||"")&&n.push(o);return s=null,f},cleanData:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o,a=0,s=it.expando,l=it.cache,u=nt.deleteExpando,c=it.event.special;null!=(n=e[a]);a++)if((t||it.acceptData(n))&&(i=n[s],o=i&&l[i])){if(o.events)for(r in o.events)c[r]?it.event.remove(n,r):it.removeEvent(n,r,o.handle);l[i]&&(delete l[i],u?delete n[s]:typeof n.removeAttribute!==Et?n.removeAttribute(s):n[s]=null,G.push(i))}}}),it.fn.extend({text:function(e){return At(this,function(e){return void 0===e?it.text(this):this.empty().append((this[0]&&this[0].ownerDocument||ht).createTextNode(e))},null,e,arguments.length)},append:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.appendChild(e)}})},prepend:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=y(this,e);t.insertBefore(e,t.firstChild)}})},before:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this)})},after:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this.nextSibling)})},remove:function(e,t){for(var n,r=e?it.filter(e,this):this,i=0;null!=(n=r[i]);i++)t||1!==n.nodeType||it.cleanData(g(n)),n.parentNode&&(t&&it.contains(n.ownerDocument,n)&&w(g(n,"script")),n.parentNode.removeChild(n));return this},empty:function(){for(var e,t=0;null!=(e=this[t]);t++){for(1===e.nodeType&&it.cleanData(g(e,!1));e.firstChild;)e.removeChild(e.firstChild);e.options&&it.nodeName(e,"select")&&(e.options.length=0)}return this},clone:function(e,t){return e=null==e?!1:e,t=null==t?e:t,this.map(function(){return it.clone(this,e,t)})},html:function(e){return At(this,function(e){var t=this[0]||{},n=0,r=this.length;if(void 0===e)return 1===t.nodeType?t.innerHTML.replace(Ot,""):void 0;if(!("string"!=typeof e||zt.test(e)||!nt.htmlSerialize&&Rt.test(e)||!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(e)||Yt[(It.exec(e)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase()])){e=e.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>");try{for(;r>n;n++)t=this[n]||{},1===t.nodeType&&(it.cleanData(g(t,!1)),t.innerHTML=e);t=0}catch(i){}}t&&this.empty().append(e)},null,e,arguments.length)},replaceWith:function(){var e=arguments[0];return this.domManip(arguments,function(t){e=this.parentNode,it.cleanData(g(this)),e&&e.replaceChild(t,this)}),e&&(e.length||e.nodeType)?this:this.remove()},detach:function(e){return this.remove(e,!0)},domManip:function(e,t){e=J.apply([],e);var n,r,i,o,a,s,l=0,u=this.length,c=this,d=u-1,f=e[0],p=it.isFunction(f);if(p||u>1&&"string"==typeof f&&!nt.checkClone&&Xt.test(f))return this.each(function(n){var r=c.eq(n);p&&(e[0]=f.call(this,n,r.html())),r.domManip(e,t)});if(u&&(s=it.buildFragment(e,this[0].ownerDocument,!1,this),n=s.firstChild,1===s.childNodes.length&&(s=n),n)){for(o=it.map(g(s,"script"),b),i=o.length;u>l;l++)r=s,l!==d&&(r=it.clone(r,!0,!0),i&&it.merge(o,g(r,"script"))),t.call(this[l],r,l);if(i)for(a=o[o.length-1].ownerDocument,it.map(o,x),l=0;i>l;l++)r=o[l],Ut.test(r.type||"")&&!it._data(r,"globalEval")&&it.contains(a,r)&&(r.src?it._evalUrl&&it._evalUrl(r.src):it.globalEval((r.text||r.textContent||r.innerHTML||"").replace(Gt,"")));s=n=null}return this}}),it.each({appendTo:"append",prependTo:"prepend",insertBefore:"before",insertAfter:"after",replaceAll:"replaceWith"},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e){for(var n,r=0,i=[],o=it(e),a=o.length-1;a>=r;r++)n=r===a?this:this.clone(!0),it(o[r])[t](n),K.apply(i,n.get());return this.pushStack(i)}});var Qt,Zt={};!function(){var e;nt.shrinkWrapBlocks=function(){if(null!=e)return e;e=!1;var t,n,r;return n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style?(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),typeof t.style.zoom!==Et&&(t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:1px;width:1px;zoom:1",t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")).style.width="5px",e=3!==t.offsetWidth),n.removeChild(r),e):void 0}}();var en,tn,nn=/^margin/,rn=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(?!px)[a-z%]+$","i"),on=/^(top|right|bottom|left)$/;e.getComputedStyle?(en=function(e){return e.ownerDocument.defaultView.getComputedStyle(e,null)},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n.getPropertyValue(t)||n[t]:void 0,n&&(""!==a||it.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)||(a=it.style(e,t)),rn.test(a)&&nn.test(t)&&(r=s.width,i=s.minWidth,o=s.maxWidth,s.minWidth=s.maxWidth=s.width=a,a=n.width,s.width=r,s.minWidth=i,s.maxWidth=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""}):ht.documentElement.currentStyle&&(en=function(e){return e.currentStyle},tn=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return n=n||en(e),a=n?n[t]:void 0,null==a&&s&&s[t]&&(a=s[t]),rn.test(a)&&!on.test(t)&&(r=s.left,i=e.runtimeStyle,o=i&&i.left,o&&(i.left=e.currentStyle.left),s.left="fontSize"===t?"1em":a,a=s.pixelLeft+"px",s.left=r,o&&(i.left=o)),void 0===a?a:a+""||"auto"}),function(){function t(){var t,n,r,i;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-top:1%;top:1%;border:1px;padding:1px;width:4px;position:absolute",o=a=!1,l=!0,e.getComputedStyle&&(o="1%"!==(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{}).top,a="4px"===(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{width:"4px"}).width,i=t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")),i.style.cssText=t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:0",i.style.marginRight=i.style.width="0",t.style.width="1px",l=!parseFloat((e.getComputedStyle(i,null)||{}).marginRight)),t.innerHTML="<table><tr><td></td><td>t</td></tr></table>",i=t.getElementsByTagName("td"),i[0].style.cssText="margin:0;border:0;padding:0;display:none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight,s&&(i[0].style.display="",i[1].style.display="none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight),n.removeChild(r))}var n,r,i,o,a,s,l;n=ht.createElement("div"),n.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",i=n.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],r=i&&i.style,r&&(r.cssText="float:left;opacity:.5",nt.opacity="0.5"===r.opacity,nt.cssFloat=!!r.cssFloat,n.style.backgroundClip="content-box",n.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",nt.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===n.style.backgroundClip,nt.boxSizing=""===r.boxSizing||""===r.MozBoxSizing||""===r.WebkitBoxSizing,it.extend(nt,{reliableHiddenOffsets:function(){return null==s&&t(),s
+},boxSizingReliable:function(){return null==a&&t(),a},pixelPosition:function(){return null==o&&t(),o},reliableMarginRight:function(){return null==l&&t(),l}}))}(),it.swap=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a={};for(o in t)a[o]=e.style[o],e.style[o]=t[o];i=n.apply(e,r||[]);for(o in t)e.style[o]=a[o];return i};var an=/alpha\([^)]*\)/i,sn=/opacity\s*=\s*([^)]*)/,ln=/^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,un=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(.*)$","i"),cn=new RegExp("^([+-])=("+Nt+")","i"),dn={position:"absolute",visibility:"hidden",display:"block"},fn={letterSpacing:"0",fontWeight:"400"},pn=["Webkit","O","Moz","ms"];it.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(e,t){if(t){var n=tn(e,"opacity");return""===n?"1":n}}}},cssNumber:{columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{"float":nt.cssFloat?"cssFloat":"styleFloat"},style:function(e,t,n,r){if(e&&3!==e.nodeType&&8!==e.nodeType&&e.style){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t),l=e.style;if(t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(l,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],void 0===n)return a&&"get"in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t];if(o=typeof n,"string"===o&&(i=cn.exec(n))&&(n=(i[1]+1)*i[2]+parseFloat(it.css(e,t)),o="number"),null!=n&&n===n&&("number"!==o||it.cssNumber[s]||(n+="px"),nt.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),!(a&&"set"in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r)))))try{l[t]=n}catch(u){}}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t);return t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(e.style,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],a&&"get"in a&&(o=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===o&&(o=tn(e,t,r)),"normal"===o&&t in fn&&(o=fn[t]),""===n||n?(i=parseFloat(o),n===!0||it.isNumeric(i)?i||0:o):o}}),it.each(["height","width"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]={get:function(e,n,r){return n?ln.test(it.css(e,"display"))&&0===e.offsetWidth?it.swap(e,dn,function(){return L(e,t,r)}):L(e,t,r):void 0},set:function(e,n,r){var i=r&&en(e);return A(e,n,r?D(e,t,r,nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,i),i):0)}}}),nt.opacity||(it.cssHooks.opacity={get:function(e,t){return sn.test((t&&e.currentStyle?e.currentStyle.filter:e.style.filter)||"")?.01*parseFloat(RegExp.$1)+"":t?"1":""},set:function(e,t){var n=e.style,r=e.currentStyle,i=it.isNumeric(t)?"alpha(opacity="+100*t+")":"",o=r&&r.filter||n.filter||"";n.zoom=1,(t>=1||""===t)&&""===it.trim(o.replace(an,""))&&n.removeAttribute&&(n.removeAttribute("filter"),""===t||r&&!r.filter)||(n.filter=an.test(o)?o.replace(an,i):o+" "+i)}}),it.cssHooks.marginRight=N(nt.reliableMarginRight,function(e,t){return t?it.swap(e,{display:"inline-block"},tn,[e,"marginRight"]):void 0}),it.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(e,t){it.cssHooks[e+t]={expand:function(n){for(var r=0,i={},o="string"==typeof n?n.split(" "):[n];4>r;r++)i[e+St[r]+t]=o[r]||o[r-2]||o[0];return i}},nn.test(e)||(it.cssHooks[e+t].set=A)}),it.fn.extend({css:function(e,t){return At(this,function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={},a=0;if(it.isArray(t)){for(r=en(e),i=t.length;i>a;a++)o[t[a]]=it.css(e,t[a],!1,r);return o}return void 0!==n?it.style(e,t,n):it.css(e,t)},e,t,arguments.length>1)},show:function(){return j(this,!0)},hide:function(){return j(this)},toggle:function(e){return"boolean"==typeof e?e?this.show():this.hide():this.each(function(){jt(this)?it(this).show():it(this).hide()})}}),it.Tween=H,H.prototype={constructor:H,init:function(e,t,n,r,i,o){this.elem=e,this.prop=n,this.easing=i||"swing",this.options=t,this.start=this.now=this.cur(),this.end=r,this.unit=o||(it.cssNumber[n]?"":"px")},cur:function(){var e=H.propHooks[this.prop];return e&&e.get?e.get(this):H.propHooks._default.get(this)},run:function(e){var t,n=H.propHooks[this.prop];return this.pos=t=this.options.duration?it.easing[this.easing](e,this.options.duration*e,0,1,this.options.duration):e,this.now=(this.end-this.start)*t+this.start,this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),n&&n.set?n.set(this):H.propHooks._default.set(this),this}},H.prototype.init.prototype=H.prototype,H.propHooks={_default:{get:function(e){var t;return null==e.elem[e.prop]||e.elem.style&&null!=e.elem.style[e.prop]?(t=it.css(e.elem,e.prop,""),t&&"auto"!==t?t:0):e.elem[e.prop]},set:function(e){it.fx.step[e.prop]?it.fx.step[e.prop](e):e.elem.style&&(null!=e.elem.style[it.cssProps[e.prop]]||it.cssHooks[e.prop])?it.style(e.elem,e.prop,e.now+e.unit):e.elem[e.prop]=e.now}}},H.propHooks.scrollTop=H.propHooks.scrollLeft={set:function(e){e.elem.nodeType&&e.elem.parentNode&&(e.elem[e.prop]=e.now)}},it.easing={linear:function(e){return e},swing:function(e){return.5-Math.cos(e*Math.PI)/2}},it.fx=H.prototype.init,it.fx.step={};var hn,mn,gn=/^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,vn=new RegExp("^(?:([+-])=|)("+Nt+")([a-z%]*)$","i"),yn=/queueHooks$/,bn=[M],xn={"*":[function(e,t){var n=this.createTween(e,t),r=n.cur(),i=vn.exec(t),o=i&&i[3]||(it.cssNumber[e]?"":"px"),a=(it.cssNumber[e]||"px"!==o&&+r)&&vn.exec(it.css(n.elem,e)),s=1,l=20;if(a&&a[3]!==o){o=o||a[3],i=i||[],a=+r||1;do s=s||".5",a/=s,it.style(n.elem,e,a+o);while(s!==(s=n.cur()/r)&&1!==s&&--l)}return i&&(a=n.start=+a||+r||0,n.unit=o,n.end=i[1]?a+(i[1]+1)*i[2]:+i[2]),n}]};it.Animation=it.extend(R,{tweener:function(e,t){it.isFunction(e)?(t=e,e=["*"]):e=e.split(" ");for(var n,r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],xn[n]=xn[n]||[],xn[n].unshift(t)},prefilter:function(e,t){t?bn.unshift(e):bn.push(e)}}),it.speed=function(e,t,n){var r=e&&"object"==typeof e?it.extend({},e):{complete:n||!n&&t||it.isFunction(e)&&e,duration:e,easing:n&&t||t&&!it.isFunction(t)&&t};return r.duration=it.fx.off?0:"number"==typeof r.duration?r.duration:r.duration in it.fx.speeds?it.fx.speeds[r.duration]:it.fx.speeds._default,(null==r.queue||r.queue===!0)&&(r.queue="fx"),r.old=r.complete,r.complete=function(){it.isFunction(r.old)&&r.old.call(this),r.queue&&it.dequeue(this,r.queue)},r},it.fn.extend({fadeTo:function(e,t,n,r){return this.filter(jt).css("opacity",0).show().end().animate({opacity:t},e,n,r)},animate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.isEmptyObject(e),o=it.speed(t,n,r),a=function(){var t=R(this,it.extend({},e),o);(i||it._data(this,"finish"))&&t.stop(!0)};return a.finish=a,i||o.queue===!1?this.each(a):this.queue(o.queue,a)},stop:function(e,t,n){var r=function(e){var t=e.stop;delete e.stop,t(n)};return"string"!=typeof e&&(n=t,t=e,e=void 0),t&&e!==!1&&this.queue(e||"fx",[]),this.each(function(){var t=!0,i=null!=e&&e+"queueHooks",o=it.timers,a=it._data(this);if(i)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&r(a[i]);else for(i in a)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&yn.test(i)&&r(a[i]);for(i=o.length;i--;)o[i].elem!==this||null!=e&&o[i].queue!==e||(o[i].anim.stop(n),t=!1,o.splice(i,1));(t||!n)&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},finish:function(e){return e!==!1&&(e=e||"fx"),this.each(function(){var t,n=it._data(this),r=n[e+"queue"],i=n[e+"queueHooks"],o=it.timers,a=r?r.length:0;for(n.finish=!0,it.queue(this,e,[]),i&&i.stop&&i.stop.call(this,!0),t=o.length;t--;)o[t].elem===this&&o[t].queue===e&&(o[t].anim.stop(!0),o.splice(t,1));for(t=0;a>t;t++)r[t]&&r[t].finish&&r[t].finish.call(this);delete n.finish})}}),it.each(["toggle","show","hide"],function(e,t){var n=it.fn[t];it.fn[t]=function(e,r,i){return null==e||"boolean"==typeof e?n.apply(this,arguments):this.animate(q(t,!0),e,r,i)}}),it.each({slideDown:q("show"),slideUp:q("hide"),slideToggle:q("toggle"),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e,n,r){return this.animate(t,e,n,r)}}),it.timers=[],it.fx.tick=function(){var e,t=it.timers,n=0;for(hn=it.now();n<t.length;n++)e=t[n],e()||t[n]!==e||t.splice(n--,1);t.length||it.fx.stop(),hn=void 0},it.fx.timer=function(e){it.timers.push(e),e()?it.fx.start():it.timers.pop()},it.fx.interval=13,it.fx.start=function(){mn||(mn=setInterval(it.fx.tick,it.fx.interval))},it.fx.stop=function(){clearInterval(mn),mn=null},it.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},it.fn.delay=function(e,t){return e=it.fx?it.fx.speeds[e]||e:e,t=t||"fx",this.queue(t,function(t,n){var r=setTimeout(t,e);n.stop=function(){clearTimeout(r)}})},function(){var e,t,n,r,i;t=ht.createElement("div"),t.setAttribute("className","t"),t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",r=t.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],n=ht.createElement("select"),i=n.appendChild(ht.createElement("option")),e=t.getElementsByTagName("input")[0],r.style.cssText="top:1px",nt.getSetAttribute="t"!==t.className,nt.style=/top/.test(r.getAttribute("style")),nt.hrefNormalized="/a"===r.getAttribute("href"),nt.checkOn=!!e.value,nt.optSelected=i.selected,nt.enctype=!!ht.createElement("form").enctype,n.disabled=!0,nt.optDisabled=!i.disabled,e=ht.createElement("input"),e.setAttribute("value",""),nt.input=""===e.getAttribute("value"),e.value="t",e.setAttribute("type","radio"),nt.radioValue="t"===e.value}();var wn=/\r/g;it.fn.extend({val:function(e){var t,n,r,i=this[0];{if(arguments.length)return r=it.isFunction(e),this.each(function(n){var i;1===this.nodeType&&(i=r?e.call(this,n,it(this).val()):e,null==i?i="":"number"==typeof i?i+="":it.isArray(i)&&(i=it.map(i,function(e){return null==e?"":e+""})),t=it.valHooks[this.type]||it.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"set"in t&&void 0!==t.set(this,i,"value")||(this.value=i))});if(i)return t=it.valHooks[i.type]||it.valHooks[i.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"get"in t&&void 0!==(n=t.get(i,"value"))?n:(n=i.value,"string"==typeof n?n.replace(wn,""):null==n?"":n)}}}),it.extend({valHooks:{option:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"value");return null!=t?t:it.trim(it.text(e))}},select:{get:function(e){for(var t,n,r=e.options,i=e.selectedIndex,o="select-one"===e.type||0>i,a=o?null:[],s=o?i+1:r.length,l=0>i?s:o?i:0;s>l;l++)if(n=r[l],!(!n.selected&&l!==i||(nt.optDisabled?n.disabled:null!==n.getAttribute("disabled"))||n.parentNode.disabled&&it.nodeName(n.parentNode,"optgroup"))){if(t=it(n).val(),o)return t;a.push(t)}return a},set:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i=e.options,o=it.makeArray(t),a=i.length;a--;)if(r=i[a],it.inArray(it.valHooks.option.get(r),o)>=0)try{r.selected=n=!0}catch(s){r.scrollHeight}else r.selected=!1;return n||(e.selectedIndex=-1),i}}}}),it.each(["radio","checkbox"],function(){it.valHooks[this]={set:function(e,t){return it.isArray(t)?e.checked=it.inArray(it(e).val(),t)>=0:void 0}},nt.checkOn||(it.valHooks[this].get=function(e){return null===e.getAttribute("value")?"on":e.value})});var Tn,En,kn=it.expr.attrHandle,Cn=/^(?:checked|selected)$/i,Nn=nt.getSetAttribute,Sn=nt.input;it.fn.extend({attr:function(e,t){return At(this,it.attr,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeAttr:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeAttr(this,e)})}}),it.extend({attr:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return typeof e.getAttribute===Et?it.prop(e,t,n):(1===o&&it.isXMLDoc(e)||(t=t.toLowerCase(),r=it.attrHooks[t]||(it.expr.match.bool.test(t)?En:Tn)),void 0===n?r&&"get"in r&&null!==(i=r.get(e,t))?i:(i=it.find.attr(e,t),null==i?void 0:i):null!==n?r&&"set"in r&&void 0!==(i=r.set(e,n,t))?i:(e.setAttribute(t,n+""),n):void it.removeAttr(e,t))},removeAttr:function(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=t&&t.match(bt);if(o&&1===e.nodeType)for(;n=o[i++];)r=it.propFix[n]||n,it.expr.match.bool.test(n)?Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e[r]=!1:e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[r]=!1:it.attr(e,n,""),e.removeAttribute(Nn?n:r)},attrHooks:{type:{set:function(e,t){if(!nt.radioValue&&"radio"===t&&it.nodeName(e,"input")){var n=e.value;return e.setAttribute("type",t),n&&(e.value=n),t}}}}}),En={set:function(e,t,n){return t===!1?it.removeAttr(e,n):Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e.setAttribute(!Nn&&it.propFix[n]||n,n):e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[n]=!0,n}},it.each(it.expr.match.bool.source.match(/\w+/g),function(e,t){var n=kn[t]||it.find.attr;kn[t]=Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(t)?function(e,t,r){var i,o;return r||(o=kn[t],kn[t]=i,i=null!=n(e,t,r)?t.toLowerCase():null,kn[t]=o),i}:function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e[it.camelCase("default-"+t)]?t.toLowerCase():null}}),Sn&&Nn||(it.attrHooks.value={set:function(e,t,n){return it.nodeName(e,"input")?void(e.defaultValue=t):Tn&&Tn.set(e,t,n)}}),Nn||(Tn={set:function(e,t,n){var r=e.getAttributeNode(n);return r||e.setAttributeNode(r=e.ownerDocument.createAttribute(n)),r.value=t+="","value"===n||t===e.getAttribute(n)?t:void 0}},kn.id=kn.name=kn.coords=function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&""!==r.value?r.value:null},it.valHooks.button={get:function(e,t){var n=e.getAttributeNode(t);return n&&n.specified?n.value:void 0},set:Tn.set},it.attrHooks.contenteditable={set:function(e,t,n){Tn.set(e,""===t?!1:t,n)}},it.each(["width","height"],function(e,t){it.attrHooks[t]={set:function(e,n){return""===n?(e.setAttribute(t,"auto"),n):void 0}}})),nt.style||(it.attrHooks.style={get:function(e){return e.style.cssText||void 0},set:function(e,t){return e.style.cssText=t+""}});var jn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button|object)$/i,An=/^(?:a|area)$/i;it.fn.extend({prop:function(e,t){return At(this,it.prop,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeProp:function(e){return e=it.propFix[e]||e,this.each(function(){try{this[e]=void 0,delete this[e]}catch(t){}})}}),it.extend({propFix:{"for":"htmlFor","class":"className"},prop:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==a&&8!==a&&2!==a)return o=1!==a||!it.isXMLDoc(e),o&&(t=it.propFix[t]||t,i=it.propHooks[t]),void 0!==n?i&&"set"in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:e[t]=n:i&&"get"in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:e[t]},propHooks:{tabIndex:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"tabindex");return t?parseInt(t,10):jn.test(e.nodeName)||An.test(e.nodeName)&&e.href?0:-1}}}}),nt.hrefNormalized||it.each(["href","src"],function(e,t){it.propHooks[t]={get:function(e){return e.getAttribute(t,4)}}}),nt.optSelected||(it.propHooks.selected={get:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&(t.selectedIndex,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex),null}}),it.each(["tabIndex","readOnly","maxLength","cellSpacing","cellPadding","rowSpan","colSpan","useMap","frameBorder","contentEditable"],function(){it.propFix[this.toLowerCase()]=this}),nt.enctype||(it.propFix.enctype="encoding");var Dn=/[\t\r\n\f]/g;it.fn.extend({addClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u="string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).addClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):" ")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")<0&&(r+=i+" ");a=it.trim(r),n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},removeClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u=0===arguments.length||"string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).removeClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):"")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)for(;r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")>=0;)r=r.replace(" "+i+" "," ");a=e?it.trim(r):"",n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},toggleClass:function(e,t){var n=typeof e;return"boolean"==typeof t&&"string"===n?t?this.addClass(e):this.removeClass(e):this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(n){it(this).toggleClass(e.call(this,n,this.className,t),t)}:function(){if("string"===n)for(var t,r=0,i=it(this),o=e.match(bt)||[];t=o[r++];)i.hasClass(t)?i.removeClass(t):i.addClass(t);else(n===Et||"boolean"===n)&&(this.className&&it._data(this,"__className__",this.className),this.className=this.className||e===!1?"":it._data(this,"__className__")||"")})},hasClass:function(e){for(var t=" "+e+" ",n=0,r=this.length;r>n;n++)if(1===this[n].nodeType&&(" "+this[n].className+" ").replace(Dn," ").indexOf(t)>=0)return!0;return!1}}),it.each("blur focus focusin focusout load resize scroll unload click dblclick mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave change select submit keydown keypress keyup error contextmenu".split(" "),function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e,n){return arguments.length>0?this.on(t,null,e,n):this.trigger(t)}}),it.fn.extend({hover:function(e,t){return this.mouseenter(e).mouseleave(t||e)},bind:function(e,t,n){return this.on(e,null,t,n)},unbind:function(e,t){return this.off(e,null,t)},delegate:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(t,e,n,r)},undelegate:function(e,t,n){return 1===arguments.length?this.off(e,"**"):this.off(t,e||"**",n)}});var Ln=it.now(),Hn=/\?/,_n=/(,)|(\[|{)|(}|])|"(?:[^"\\\r\n]|\\["\\\/bfnrt]|\\u[\da-fA-F]{4})*"\s*:?|true|false|null|-?(?!0\d)\d+(?:\.\d+|)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/g;it.parseJSON=function(t){if(e.JSON&&e.JSON.parse)return e.JSON.parse(t+"");var n,r=null,i=it.trim(t+"");return i&&!it.trim(i.replace(_n,function(e,t,i,o){return n&&t&&(r=0),0===r?e:(n=i||t,r+=!o-!i,"")}))?Function("return "+i)():it.error("Invalid JSON: "+t)},it.parseXML=function(t){var n,r;if(!t||"string"!=typeof t)return null;try{e.DOMParser?(r=new DOMParser,n=r.parseFromString(t,"text/xml")):(n=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM"),n.async="false",n.loadXML(t))}catch(i){n=void 0}return n&&n.documentElement&&!n.getElementsByTagName("parsererror").length||it.error("Invalid XML: "+t),n};var qn,Fn,Mn=/#.*$/,On=/([?&])_=[^&]*/,Rn=/^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)\r?$/gm,Bn=/^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/,Pn=/^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,In=/^\/\//,Wn=/^([\w.+-]+:)(?:\/\/(?:[^\/?#]*@|)([^\/?#:]*)(?::(\d+)|)|)/,$n={},zn={},Xn="*/".concat("*");try{Fn=location.href}catch(Un){Fn=ht.createElement("a"),Fn.href="",Fn=Fn.href}qn=Wn.exec(Fn.toLowerCase())||[],it.extend({active:0,lastModified:{},etag:{},ajaxSettings:{url:Fn,type:"GET",isLocal:Bn.test(qn[1]),global:!0,processData:!0,async:!0,contentType:"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",accepts:{"*":Xn,text:"text/plain",html:"text/html",xml:"application/xml, text/xml",json:"application/json, text/javascript"},contents:{xml:/xml/,html:/html/,json:/json/},responseFields:{xml:"responseXML",text:"responseText",json:"responseJSON"},converters:{"* text":String,"text html":!0,"text json":it.parseJSON,"text xml":it.parseXML},flatOptions:{url:!0,context:!0}},ajaxSetup:function(e,t){return t?I(I(e,it.ajaxSettings),t):I(it.ajaxSettings,e)},ajaxPrefilter:B($n),ajaxTransport:B(zn),ajax:function(e,t){function n(e,t,n,r){var i,c,v,y,x,T=t;2!==b&&(b=2,s&&clearTimeout(s),u=void 0,a=r||"",w.readyState=e>0?4:0,i=e>=200&&300>e||304===e,n&&(y=W(d,w,n)),y=$(d,y,w,i),i?(d.ifModified&&(x=w.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified"),x&&(it.lastModified[o]=x),x=w.getResponseHeader("etag"),x&&(it.etag[o]=x)),204===e||"HEAD"===d.type?T="nocontent":304===e?T="notmodified":(T=y.state,c=y.data,v=y.error,i=!v)):(v=T,(e||!T)&&(T="error",0>e&&(e=0))),w.status=e,w.statusText=(t||T)+"",i?h.resolveWith(f,[c,T,w]):h.rejectWith(f,[w,T,v]),w.statusCode(g),g=void 0,l&&p.trigger(i?"ajaxSuccess":"ajaxError",[w,d,i?c:v]),m.fireWith(f,[w,T]),l&&(p.trigger("ajaxComplete",[w,d]),--it.active||it.event.trigger("ajaxStop")))}"object"==typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),t=t||{};var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d=it.ajaxSetup({},t),f=d.context||d,p=d.context&&(f.nodeType||f.jquery)?it(f):it.event,h=it.Deferred(),m=it.Callbacks("once memory"),g=d.statusCode||{},v={},y={},b=0,x="canceled",w={readyState:0,getResponseHeader:function(e){var t;if(2===b){if(!c)for(c={};t=Rn.exec(a);)c[t[1].toLowerCase()]=t[2];t=c[e.toLowerCase()]}return null==t?null:t},getAllResponseHeaders:function(){return 2===b?a:null},setRequestHeader:function(e,t){var n=e.toLowerCase();return b||(e=y[n]=y[n]||e,v[e]=t),this},overrideMimeType:function(e){return b||(d.mimeType=e),this},statusCode:function(e){var t;if(e)if(2>b)for(t in e)g[t]=[g[t],e[t]];else w.always(e[w.status]);return this},abort:function(e){var t=e||x;return u&&u.abort(t),n(0,t),this}};if(h.promise(w).complete=m.add,w.success=w.done,w.error=w.fail,d.url=((e||d.url||Fn)+"").replace(Mn,"").replace(In,qn[1]+"//"),d.type=t.method||t.type||d.method||d.type,d.dataTypes=it.trim(d.dataType||"*").toLowerCase().match(bt)||[""],null==d.crossDomain&&(r=Wn.exec(d.url.toLowerCase()),d.crossDomain=!(!r||r[1]===qn[1]&&r[2]===qn[2]&&(r[3]||("http:"===r[1]?"80":"443"))===(qn[3]||("http:"===qn[1]?"80":"443")))),d.data&&d.processData&&"string"!=typeof d.data&&(d.data=it.param(d.data,d.traditional)),P($n,d,t,w),2===b)return w;l=d.global,l&&0===it.active++&&it.event.trigger("ajaxStart"),d.type=d.type.toUpperCase(),d.hasContent=!Pn.test(d.type),o=d.url,d.hasContent||(d.data&&(o=d.url+=(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+d.data,delete d.data),d.cache===!1&&(d.url=On.test(o)?o.replace(On,"$1_="+Ln++):o+(Hn.test(o)?"&":"?")+"_="+Ln++)),d.ifModified&&(it.lastModified[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",it.lastModified[o]),it.etag[o]&&w.setRequestHeader("If-None-Match",it.etag[o])),(d.data&&d.hasContent&&d.contentType!==!1||t.contentType)&&w.setRequestHeader("Content-Type",d.contentType),w.setRequestHeader("Accept",d.dataTypes[0]&&d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]?d.accepts[d.dataTypes[0]]+("*"!==d.dataTypes[0]?", "+Xn+"; q=0.01":""):d.accepts["*"]);for(i in d.headers)w.setRequestHeader(i,d.headers[i]);if(d.beforeSend&&(d.beforeSend.call(f,w,d)===!1||2===b))return w.abort();x="abort";for(i in{success:1,error:1,complete:1})w[i](d[i]);if(u=P(zn,d,t,w)){w.readyState=1,l&&p.trigger("ajaxSend",[w,d]),d.async&&d.timeout>0&&(s=setTimeout(function(){w.abort("timeout")},d.timeout));try{b=1,u.send(v,n)}catch(T){if(!(2>b))throw T;n(-1,T)}}else n(-1,"No Transport");return w},getJSON:function(e,t,n){return it.get(e,t,n,"json")},getScript:function(e,t){return it.get(e,void 0,t,"script")}}),it.each(["get","post"],function(e,t){it[t]=function(e,n,r,i){return it.isFunction(n)&&(i=i||r,r=n,n=void 0),it.ajax({url:e,type:t,dataType:i,data:n,success:r})}}),it.each(["ajaxStart","ajaxStop","ajaxComplete","ajaxError","ajaxSuccess","ajaxSend"],function(e,t){it.fn[t]=function(e){return this.on(t,e)}}),it._evalUrl=function(e){return it.ajax({url:e,type:"GET",dataType:"script",async:!1,global:!1,"throws":!0})},it.fn.extend({wrapAll:function(e){if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).wrapAll(e.call(this,t))});if(this[0]){var t=it(e,this[0].ownerDocument).eq(0).clone(!0);this[0].parentNode&&t.insertBefore(this[0]),t.map(function(){for(var e=this;e.firstChild&&1===e.firstChild.nodeType;)e=e.firstChild;return e}).append(this)}return this},wrapInner:function(e){return this.each(it.isFunction(e)?function(t){it(this).wrapInner(e.call(this,t))}:function(){var t=it(this),n=t.contents();n.length?n.wrapAll(e):t.append(e)})},wrap:function(e){var t=it.isFunction(e);return this.each(function(n){it(this).wrapAll(t?e.call(this,n):e)})},unwrap:function(){return this.parent().each(function(){it.nodeName(this,"body")||it(this).replaceWith(this.childNodes)}).end()}}),it.expr.filters.hidden=function(e){return e.offsetWidth<=0&&e.offsetHeight<=0||!nt.reliableHiddenOffsets()&&"none"===(e.style&&e.style.display||it.css(e,"display"))},it.expr.filters.visible=function(e){return!it.expr.filters.hidden(e)};var Vn=/%20/g,Gn=/\[\]$/,Yn=/\r?\n/g,Jn=/^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,Kn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;it.param=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=function(e,t){t=it.isFunction(t)?t():null==t?"":t,r[r.length]=encodeURIComponent(e)+"="+encodeURIComponent(t)};if(void 0===t&&(t=it.ajaxSettings&&it.ajaxSettings.traditional),it.isArray(e)||e.jquery&&!it.isPlainObject(e))it.each(e,function(){i(this.name,this.value)});else for(n in e)z(n,e[n],t,i);return r.join("&").replace(Vn,"+")},it.fn.extend({serialize:function(){return it.param(this.serializeArray())},serializeArray:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=it.prop(this,"elements");return e?it.makeArray(e):this}).filter(function(){var e=this.type;return this.name&&!it(this).is(":disabled")&&Kn.test(this.nodeName)&&!Jn.test(e)&&(this.checked||!Dt.test(e))}).map(function(e,t){var n=it(this).val();return null==n?null:it.isArray(n)?it.map(n,function(e){return{name:t.name,value:e.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}):{name:t.name,value:n.replace(Yn,"\r\n")}}).get()}}),it.ajaxSettings.xhr=void 0!==e.ActiveXObject?function(){return!this.isLocal&&/^(get|post|head|put|delete|options)$/i.test(this.type)&&X()||U()}:X;var Qn=0,Zn={},er=it.ajaxSettings.xhr();e.ActiveXObject&&it(e).on("unload",function(){for(var e in Zn)Zn[e](void 0,!0)}),nt.cors=!!er&&"withCredentials"in er,er=nt.ajax=!!er,er&&it.ajaxTransport(function(e){if(!e.crossDomain||nt.cors){var t;return{send:function(n,r){var i,o=e.xhr(),a=++Qn;if(o.open(e.type,e.url,e.async,e.username,e.password),e.xhrFields)for(i in e.xhrFields)o[i]=e.xhrFields[i];e.mimeType&&o.overrideMimeType&&o.overrideMimeType(e.mimeType),e.crossDomain||n["X-Requested-With"]||(n["X-Requested-With"]="XMLHttpRequest");for(i in n)void 0!==n[i]&&o.setRequestHeader(i,n[i]+"");o.send(e.hasContent&&e.data||null),t=function(n,i){var s,l,u;if(t&&(i||4===o.readyState))if(delete Zn[a],t=void 0,o.onreadystatechange=it.noop,i)4!==o.readyState&&o.abort();else{u={},s=o.status,"string"==typeof o.responseText&&(u.text=o.responseText);try{l=o.statusText}catch(c){l=""}s||!e.isLocal||e.crossDomain?1223===s&&(s=204):s=u.text?200:404}u&&r(s,l,u,o.getAllResponseHeaders())},e.async?4===o.readyState?setTimeout(t):o.onreadystatechange=Zn[a]=t:t()},abort:function(){t&&t(void 0,!0)}}}}),it.ajaxSetup({accepts:{script:"text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"},contents:{script:/(?:java|ecma)script/},converters:{"text script":function(e){return it.globalEval(e),e}}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("script",function(e){void 0===e.cache&&(e.cache=!1),e.crossDomain&&(e.type="GET",e.global=!1)}),it.ajaxTransport("script",function(e){if(e.crossDomain){var t,n=ht.head||it("head")[0]||ht.documentElement;return{send:function(r,i){t=ht.createElement("script"),t.async=!0,e.scriptCharset&&(t.charset=e.scriptCharset),t.src=e.url,t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=function(e,n){(n||!t.readyState||/loaded|complete/.test(t.readyState))&&(t.onload=t.onreadystatechange=null,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null,n||i(200,"success"))},n.insertBefore(t,n.firstChild)},abort:function(){t&&t.onload(void 0,!0)}}}});var tr=[],nr=/(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;it.ajaxSetup({jsonp:"callback",jsonpCallback:function(){var e=tr.pop()||it.expando+"_"+Ln++;return this[e]=!0,e}}),it.ajaxPrefilter("json jsonp",function(t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=t.jsonp!==!1&&(nr.test(t.url)?"url":"string"==typeof t.data&&!(t.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&nr.test(t.data)&&"data");return s||"jsonp"===t.dataTypes[0]?(i=t.jsonpCallback=it.isFunction(t.jsonpCallback)?t.jsonpCallback():t.jsonpCallback,s?t[s]=t[s].replace(nr,"$1"+i):t.jsonp!==!1&&(t.url+=(Hn.test(t.url)?"&":"?")+t.jsonp+"="+i),t.converters["script json"]=function(){return a||it.error(i+" was not called"),a[0]},t.dataTypes[0]="json",o=e[i],e[i]=function(){a=arguments},r.always(function(){e[i]=o,t[i]&&(t.jsonpCallback=n.jsonpCallback,tr.push(i)),a&&it.isFunction(o)&&o(a[0]),a=o=void 0}),"script"):void 0}),it.parseHTML=function(e,t,n){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return null;"boolean"==typeof t&&(n=t,t=!1),t=t||ht;var r=dt.exec(e),i=!n&&[];return r?[t.createElement(r[1])]:(r=it.buildFragment([e],t,i),i&&i.length&&it(i).remove(),it.merge([],r.childNodes))};var rr=it.fn.load;it.fn.load=function(e,t,n){if("string"!=typeof e&&rr)return rr.apply(this,arguments);var r,i,o,a=this,s=e.indexOf(" ");return s>=0&&(r=it.trim(e.slice(s,e.length)),e=e.slice(0,s)),it.isFunction(t)?(n=t,t=void 0):t&&"object"==typeof t&&(o="POST"),a.length>0&&it.ajax({url:e,type:o,dataType:"html",data:t}).done(function(e){i=arguments,a.html(r?it("<div>").append(it.parseHTML(e)).find(r):e)}).complete(n&&function(e,t){a.each(n,i||[e.responseText,t,e])}),this},it.expr.filters.animated=function(e){return it.grep(it.timers,function(t){return e===t.elem}).length};var ir=e.document.documentElement;it.offset={setOffset:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c=it.css(e,"position"),d=it(e),f={};"static"===c&&(e.style.position="relative"),s=d.offset(),o=it.css(e,"top"),l=it.css(e,"left"),u=("absolute"===c||"fixed"===c)&&it.inArray("auto",[o,l])>-1,u?(r=d.position(),a=r.top,i=r.left):(a=parseFloat(o)||0,i=parseFloat(l)||0),it.isFunction(t)&&(t=t.call(e,n,s)),null!=t.top&&(f.top=t.top-s.top+a),null!=t.left&&(f.left=t.left-s.left+i),"using"in t?t.using.call(e,f):d.css(f)}},it.fn.extend({offset:function(e){if(arguments.length)return void 0===e?this:this.each(function(t){it.offset.setOffset(this,e,t)});var t,n,r={top:0,left:0},i=this[0],o=i&&i.ownerDocument;if(o)return t=o.documentElement,it.contains(t,i)?(typeof i.getBoundingClientRect!==Et&&(r=i.getBoundingClientRect()),n=V(o),{top:r.top+(n.pageYOffset||t.scrollTop)-(t.clientTop||0),left:r.left+(n.pageXOffset||t.scrollLeft)-(t.clientLeft||0)}):r},position:function(){if(this[0]){var e,t,n={top:0,left:0},r=this[0];return"fixed"===it.css(r,"position")?t=r.getBoundingClientRect():(e=this.offsetParent(),t=this.offset(),it.nodeName(e[0],"html")||(n=e.offset()),n.top+=it.css(e[0],"borderTopWidth",!0),n.left+=it.css(e[0],"borderLeftWidth",!0)),{top:t.top-n.top-it.css(r,"marginTop",!0),left:t.left-n.left-it.css(r,"marginLeft",!0)}}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){for(var e=this.offsetParent||ir;e&&!it.nodeName(e,"html")&&"static"===it.css(e,"position");)e=e.offsetParent;return e||ir})}}),it.each({scrollLeft:"pageXOffset",scrollTop:"pageYOffset"},function(e,t){var n=/Y/.test(t);it.fn[e]=function(r){return At(this,function(e,r,i){var o=V(e);return void 0===i?o?t in o?o[t]:o.document.documentElement[r]:e[r]:void(o?o.scrollTo(n?it(o).scrollLeft():i,n?i:it(o).scrollTop()):e[r]=i)},e,r,arguments.length,null)}}),it.each(["top","left"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]=N(nt.pixelPosition,function(e,n){return n?(n=tn(e,t),rn.test(n)?it(e).position()[t]+"px":n):void 0})}),it.each({Height:"height",Width:"width"},function(e,t){it.each({padding:"inner"+e,content:t,"":"outer"+e},function(n,r){it.fn[r]=function(r,i){var o=arguments.length&&(n||"boolean"!=typeof r),a=n||(r===!0||i===!0?"margin":"border");return At(this,function(t,n,r){var i;return it.isWindow(t)?t.document.documentElement["client"+e]:9===t.nodeType?(i=t.documentElement,Math.max(t.body["scroll"+e],i["scroll"+e],t.body["offset"+e],i["offset"+e],i["client"+e])):void 0===r?it.css(t,n,a):it.style(t,n,r,a)},t,o?r:void 0,o,null)}})}),it.fn.size=function(){return this.length},it.fn.andSelf=it.fn.addBack,"function"==typeof define&&define.amd&&define("jquery",[],function(){return it});var or=e.jQuery,ar=e.$;return it.noConflict=function(t){return e.$===it&&(e.$=ar),t&&e.jQuery===it&&(e.jQuery=or),it},typeof t===Et&&(e.jQuery=e.$=it),it}),function(e,t){e.rails!==t&&e.error("jquery-ujs has already been loaded!");var n,r=e(document);e.rails=n={linkClickSelector:"a[data-confirm], a[data-method], a[data-remote], a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonClickSelector:"button[data-remote], button[data-confirm]",inputChangeSelector:"select[data-remote], input[data-remote], textarea[data-remote]",formSubmitSelector:"form",formInputClickSelector:"form input[type=submit], form input[type=image], form button[type=submit], form button:not([type])",disableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:enabled, button[data-disable-with]:enabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:enabled, input[data-disable]:enabled, button[data-disable]:enabled, textarea[data-disable]:enabled",enableSelector:"input[data-disable-with]:disabled, button[data-disable-with]:disabled, textarea[data-disable-with]:disabled, input[data-disable]:disabled, button[data-disable]:disabled, textarea[data-disable]:disabled",requiredInputSelector:"input[name][required]:not([disabled]),textarea[name][required]:not([disabled])",fileInputSelector:"input[type=file]",linkDisableSelector:"a[data-disable-with], a[data-disable]",buttonDisableSelector:"button[data-remote][data-disable-with], button[data-remote][data-disable]",CSRFProtection:function(t){var n=e('meta[name="csrf-token"]').attr("content");n&&t.setRequestHeader("X-CSRF-Token",n)},refreshCSRFTokens:function(){var t=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),n=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content");e('form input[name="'+n+'"]').val(t)},fire:function(t,n,r){var i=e.Event(n);return t.trigger(i,r),i.result!==!1},confirm:function(e){return confirm(e)},ajax:function(t){return e.ajax(t)},href:function(e){return e.attr("href")},handleRemote:function(r){var i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;if(n.fire(r,"ajax:before")){if(s=r.data("cross-domain"),l=s===t?null:s,u=r.data("with-credentials")||null,c=r.data("type")||e.ajaxSettings&&e.ajaxSettings.dataType,r.is("form")){i=r.attr("method"),o=r.attr("action"),a=r.serializeArray();var f=r.data("ujs:submit-button");f&&(a.push(f),r.data("ujs:submit-button",null))}else r.is(n.inputChangeSelector)?(i=r.data("method"),o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):r.is(n.buttonClickSelector)?(i=r.data("method")||"get",o=r.data("url"),a=r.serialize(),r.data("params")&&(a=a+"&"+r.data("params"))):(i=r.data("method"),o=n.href(r),a=r.data("params")||null);return d={type:i||"GET",data:a,dataType:c,beforeSend:function(e,i){return i.dataType===t&&e.setRequestHeader("accept","*/*;q=0.5, "+i.accepts.script),n.fire(r,"ajax:beforeSend",[e,i])?void r.trigger("ajax:send",e):!1
+},success:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:success",[e,t,n])},complete:function(e,t){r.trigger("ajax:complete",[e,t])},error:function(e,t,n){r.trigger("ajax:error",[e,t,n])},crossDomain:l},u&&(d.xhrFields={withCredentials:u}),o&&(d.url=o),n.ajax(d)}return!1},handleMethod:function(r){var i=n.href(r),o=r.data("method"),a=r.attr("target"),s=e("meta[name=csrf-token]").attr("content"),l=e("meta[name=csrf-param]").attr("content"),u=e('<form method="post" action="'+i+'"></form>'),c='<input name="_method" value="'+o+'" type="hidden" />';l!==t&&s!==t&&(c+='<input name="'+l+'" value="'+s+'" type="hidden" />'),a&&u.attr("target",a),u.hide().append(c).appendTo("body"),u.submit()},formElements:function(t,n){return t.is("form")?e(t[0].elements).filter(n):t.find(n)},disableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.disableSelector).each(function(){n.disableFormElement(e(this))})},disableFormElement:function(e){var n,r;n=e.is("button")?"html":"val",r=e.data("disable-with"),e.data("ujs:enable-with",e[n]()),r!==t&&e[n](r),e.prop("disabled",!0)},enableFormElements:function(t){n.formElements(t,n.enableSelector).each(function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))})},enableFormElement:function(e){var t=e.is("button")?"html":"val";e.data("ujs:enable-with")&&e[t](e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.prop("disabled",!1)},allowAction:function(e){var t,r=e.data("confirm"),i=!1;return r?(n.fire(e,"confirm")&&(i=n.confirm(r),t=n.fire(e,"confirm:complete",[i])),i&&t):!0},blankInputs:function(t,n,r){var i,o,a=e(),s=n||"input,textarea",l=t.find(s);return l.each(function(){if(i=e(this),o=i.is("input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]")?i.is(":checked"):i.val(),!o==!r){if(i.is("input[type=radio]")&&l.filter('input[type=radio]:checked[name="'+i.attr("name")+'"]').length)return!0;a=a.add(i)}}),a.length?a:!1},nonBlankInputs:function(e,t){return n.blankInputs(e,t,!0)},stopEverything:function(t){return e(t.target).trigger("ujs:everythingStopped"),t.stopImmediatePropagation(),!1},disableElement:function(e){var r=e.data("disable-with");e.data("ujs:enable-with",e.html()),r!==t&&e.html(r),e.bind("click.railsDisable",function(e){return n.stopEverything(e)})},enableElement:function(e){e.data("ujs:enable-with")!==t&&(e.html(e.data("ujs:enable-with")),e.removeData("ujs:enable-with")),e.unbind("click.railsDisable")}},n.fire(r,"rails:attachBindings")&&(e.ajaxPrefilter(function(e,t,r){e.crossDomain||n.CSRFProtection(r)}),r.delegate(n.linkDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.buttonDisableSelector,"ajax:complete",function(){n.enableFormElement(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.linkClickSelector,"click.rails",function(r){var i=e(this),o=i.data("method"),a=i.data("params"),s=r.metaKey||r.ctrlKey;if(!n.allowAction(i))return n.stopEverything(r);if(!s&&i.is(n.linkDisableSelector)&&n.disableElement(i),i.data("remote")!==t){if(s&&(!o||"GET"===o)&&!a)return!0;var l=n.handleRemote(i);return l===!1?n.enableElement(i):l.error(function(){n.enableElement(i)}),!1}return i.data("method")?(n.handleMethod(i),!1):void 0}),r.delegate(n.buttonClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);r.is(n.buttonDisableSelector)&&n.disableFormElement(r);var i=n.handleRemote(r);return i===!1?n.enableFormElement(r):i.error(function(){n.enableFormElement(r)}),!1}),r.delegate(n.inputChangeSelector,"change.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);return n.allowAction(r)?(n.handleRemote(r),!1):n.stopEverything(t)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"submit.rails",function(r){var i,o,a=e(this),s=a.data("remote")!==t;if(!n.allowAction(a))return n.stopEverything(r);if(a.attr("novalidate")==t&&(i=n.blankInputs(a,n.requiredInputSelector),i&&n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:required",[i])))return n.stopEverything(r);if(s){if(o=n.nonBlankInputs(a,n.fileInputSelector)){setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13);var l=n.fire(a,"ajax:aborted:file",[o]);return l||setTimeout(function(){n.enableFormElements(a)},13),l}return n.handleRemote(a),!1}setTimeout(function(){n.disableFormElements(a)},13)}),r.delegate(n.formInputClickSelector,"click.rails",function(t){var r=e(this);if(!n.allowAction(r))return n.stopEverything(t);var i=r.attr("name"),o=i?{name:i,value:r.val()}:null;r.closest("form").data("ujs:submit-button",o)}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:send.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.disableFormElements(e(this))}),r.delegate(n.formSubmitSelector,"ajax:complete.rails",function(t){this==t.target&&n.enableFormElements(e(this))}),e(function(){n.refreshCSRFTokens()}))}(jQuery),function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g,v,y,b,x,w,T,E,k,C,N,S,j,A,D,L,H,_,q,F,M,O,R,B,P,I,W,$,z,X,U,V,G,Y=[].indexOf||function(e){for(var t=0,n=this.length;n>t;t++)if(t in this&&this[t]===e)return t;return-1},J={}.hasOwnProperty,K=function(e,t){function n(){this.constructor=e}for(var r in t)J.call(t,r)&&(e[r]=t[r]);return n.prototype=t.prototype,e.prototype=new n,e.__super__=t.prototype,e},Q=[].slice;j={},d=10,$=!1,m=null,S=null,q=null,h=null,V=null,b=function(e){var t;return e=new n(e),B(),c(),F(e),$&&(t=z(e.absolute))?(x(t),w(e)):w(e,W)},z=function(e){var t;return t=j[e],t&&!t.transitionCacheDisabled?t:void 0},g=function(e){return null==e&&(e=!0),$=e},w=function(e,t){return null==t&&(t=function(){return function(){}}(this)),X("page:fetch",{url:e.absolute}),null!=V&&V.abort(),V=new XMLHttpRequest,V.open("GET",e.withoutHashForIE10compatibility(),!0),V.setRequestHeader("Accept","text/html, application/xhtml+xml, application/xml"),V.setRequestHeader("X-XHR-Referer",q),V.onload=function(){var n;return X("page:receive"),(n=H())?(f.apply(null,y(n)),M(),t(),X("page:load")):document.location.href=e.absolute},V.onloadend=function(){return V=null},V.onerror=function(){return document.location.href=e.absolute},V.send()},x=function(e){return null!=V&&V.abort(),f(e.title,e.body),_(e),X("page:restore")},c=function(){var e;return e=new n(m.url),j[e.absolute]={url:e.relative,body:document.body,title:document.title,positionY:window.pageYOffset,positionX:window.pageXOffset,cachedAt:(new Date).getTime(),transitionCacheDisabled:null!=document.querySelector("[data-no-transition-cache]")},p(d)},D=function(e){return null==e&&(e=d),/^[\d]+$/.test(e)?d=parseInt(e):void 0},p=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a;for(r=Object.keys(j),t=r.map(function(e){return j[e].cachedAt}).sort(function(e,t){return t-e}),a=[],i=0,o=r.length;o>i;i++)n=r[i],j[n].cachedAt<=t[e]&&(X("page:expire",j[n]),a.push(delete j[n]));return a},f=function(t,n,r,i){return document.title=t,document.documentElement.replaceChild(n,document.body),null!=r&&e.update(r),i&&v(),m=window.history.state,X("page:change"),X("page:update")},v=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a,s,l,u,c,d;for(o=Array.prototype.slice.call(document.body.querySelectorAll('script:not([data-turbolinks-eval="false"])')),a=0,l=o.length;l>a;a++)if(i=o[a],""===(c=i.type)||"text/javascript"===c){for(t=document.createElement("script"),d=i.attributes,s=0,u=d.length;u>s;s++)e=d[s],t.setAttribute(e.name,e.value);t.appendChild(document.createTextNode(i.innerHTML)),r=i.parentNode,n=i.nextSibling,r.removeChild(i),r.insertBefore(t,n)}},P=function(e){return e.innerHTML=e.innerHTML.replace(/<noscript[\S\s]*?<\/noscript>/gi,""),e},F=function(e){return(e=new n(e)).absolute!==q?window.history.pushState({turbolinks:!0,url:e.absolute},"",e.absolute):void 0},M=function(){var e,t;return(e=V.getResponseHeader("X-XHR-Redirected-To"))?(e=new n(e),t=e.hasNoHash()?document.location.hash:"",window.history.replaceState(m,"",e.href+t)):void 0},B=function(){return q=document.location.href},R=function(){return window.history.replaceState({turbolinks:!0,url:document.location.href},"",document.location.href)},O=function(){return m=window.history.state},_=function(e){return window.scrollTo(e.positionX,e.positionY)},W=function(){return document.location.hash?document.location.href=document.location.href:window.scrollTo(0,0)},L=function(e){var t,n;return t=(null!=(n=document.cookie.match(new RegExp(e+"=(\\w+)")))?n[1].toUpperCase():void 0)||"",document.cookie=e+"=; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-70 00:00:01 GMT; path=/",t},X=function(e,t){var n;return n=document.createEvent("Events"),t&&(n.data=t),n.initEvent(e,!0,!0),document.dispatchEvent(n)},A=function(){return!X("page:before-change")},H=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;return t=function(){var e;return 400<=(e=V.status)&&600>e},o=function(){return V.getResponseHeader("Content-Type").match(/^(?:text\/html|application\/xhtml\+xml|application\/xml)(?:;|$)/)},r=function(e){var t,n,r,i,o;for(i=e.head.childNodes,o=[],n=0,r=i.length;r>n;n++)t=i[n],null!=("function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("data-turbolinks-track"):void 0)&&o.push(t.getAttribute("src")||t.getAttribute("href"));return o},e=function(e){var t;return S||(S=r(document)),t=r(e),t.length!==S.length||i(t,S).length!==S.length},i=function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(e.length>t.length&&(o=[t,e],e=o[0],t=o[1]),a=[],r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],Y.call(t,n)>=0&&a.push(n);return a},!t()&&o()&&(n=h(V.responseText),n&&!e(n))?n:void 0},y=function(t){var n;return n=t.querySelector("title"),[null!=n?n.textContent:void 0,P(t.body),e.get(t).token,"runScripts"]},e={get:function(e){var t;return null==e&&(e=document),{node:t=e.querySelector('meta[name="csrf-token"]'),token:null!=t&&"function"==typeof t.getAttribute?t.getAttribute("content"):void 0}},update:function(e){var t;return t=this.get(),null!=t.token&&null!=e&&t.token!==e?t.node.setAttribute("content",e):void 0}},i=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o;t=function(e){return(new DOMParser).parseFromString(e,"text/html")},e=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.documentElement.innerHTML=e,t},n=function(e){var t;return t=document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(""),t.open("replace"),t.write(e),t.close(),t};try{if(window.DOMParser)return i=t("<html><body><p>test"),t}catch(a){return r=a,i=e("<html><body><p>test"),e}finally{if(1!==(null!=i&&null!=(o=i.body)?o.childNodes.length:void 0))return n}},n=function(){function e(t){return this.original=null!=t?t:document.location.href,this.original.constructor===e?this.original:void this._parse()}return e.prototype.withoutHash=function(){return this.href.replace(this.hash,"")},e.prototype.withoutHashForIE10compatibility=function(){return this.withoutHash()},e.prototype.hasNoHash=function(){return 0===this.hash.length},e.prototype._parse=function(){var e;return(null!=this.link?this.link:this.link=document.createElement("a")).href=this.original,e=this.link,this.href=e.href,this.protocol=e.protocol,this.host=e.host,this.hostname=e.hostname,this.port=e.port,this.pathname=e.pathname,this.search=e.search,this.hash=e.hash,this.origin=[this.protocol,"//",this.hostname].join(""),0!==this.port.length&&(this.origin+=":"+this.port),this.relative=[this.pathname,this.search,this.hash].join(""),this.absolute=this.href},e}(),r=function(e){function t(e){return this.link=e,this.link.constructor===t?this.link:(this.original=this.link.href,void t.__super__.constructor.apply(this,arguments))}return K(t,e),t.HTML_EXTENSIONS=["html"],t.allowExtensions=function(){var e,n,r,i;for(n=1<=arguments.length?Q.call(arguments,0):[],r=0,i=n.length;i>r;r++)e=n[r],t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.push(e);return t.HTML_EXTENSIONS},t.prototype.shouldIgnore=function(){return this._crossOrigin()||this._anchored()||this._nonHtml()||this._optOut()||this._target()},t.prototype._crossOrigin=function(){return this.origin!==(new n).origin},t.prototype._anchored=function(){var e;return(this.hash&&this.withoutHash())===(e=new n).withoutHash()||this.href===e.href+"#"},t.prototype._nonHtml=function(){return this.pathname.match(/\.[a-z]+$/g)&&!this.pathname.match(new RegExp("\\.(?:"+t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.join("|")+")?$","g"))},t.prototype._optOut=function(){var e,t;for(t=this.link;!e&&t!==document;)e=null!=t.getAttribute("data-no-turbolink"),t=t.parentNode;return e},t.prototype._target=function(){return 0!==this.link.target.length},t}(n),t=function(){function e(e){this.event=e,this.event.defaultPrevented||(this._extractLink(),this._validForTurbolinks()&&(A()||U(this.link.href),this.event.preventDefault()))}return e.installHandlerLast=function(t){return t.defaultPrevented?void 0:(document.removeEventListener("click",e.handle,!1),document.addEventListener("click",e.handle,!1))},e.handle=function(t){return new e(t)},e.prototype._extractLink=function(){var e;for(e=this.event.target;e.parentNode&&"A"!==e.nodeName;)e=e.parentNode;return"A"===e.nodeName&&0!==e.href.length?this.link=new r(e):void 0},e.prototype._validForTurbolinks=function(){return null!=this.link&&!(this.link.shouldIgnore()||this._nonStandardClick())},e.prototype._nonStandardClick=function(){return this.event.which>1||this.event.metaKey||this.event.ctrlKey||this.event.shiftKey||this.event.altKey},e}(),u=function(e){return setTimeout(e,500)},k=function(){return document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){return X("page:change"),X("page:update")},!0)},N=function(){return"undefined"!=typeof jQuery?jQuery(document).on("ajaxSuccess",function(e,t){return jQuery.trim(t.responseText)?X("page:update"):void 0}):void 0},C=function(e){var t,r;return(null!=(r=e.state)?r.turbolinks:void 0)?(t=j[new n(e.state.url).absolute])?(c(),x(t)):U(e.target.location.href):void 0},E=function(){return R(),O(),h=i(),document.addEventListener("click",t.installHandlerLast,!0),u(function(){return window.addEventListener("popstate",C,!1)})},T=void 0!==window.history.state||navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox\/2[6|7]/),s=window.history&&window.history.pushState&&window.history.replaceState&&T,o=!navigator.userAgent.match(/CriOS\//),I="GET"===(G=L("request_method"))||""===G,l=s&&o&&I,a=document.addEventListener&&document.createEvent,a&&(k(),N()),l?(U=b,E()):U=function(e){return document.location.href=e},this.Turbolinks={visit:U,pagesCached:D,enableTransitionCache:g,allowLinkExtensions:r.allowExtensions,supported:l}}.call(this),function(){}.call(this);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo.gz b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f62c656dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo.gz
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb
index ce02104181..9dfdfc23ed 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           '/:controller/*foo/bar'        => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)/bar\Z},
         }.each do |path, expected|
           define_method(:"test_to_regexp_#{path}") do
-            strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+            strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
               path,
               { :controller => /.+/ },
               ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           '/:controller/*foo/bar'        => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)/bar},
         }.each do |path, expected|
           define_method(:"test_to_non_anchored_regexp_#{path}") do
-            strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+            strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
               path,
               { :controller => /.+/ },
               ["/", ".", "?"],
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           '/:controller/*foo/bar'        => %w{ controller foo },
         }.each do |path, expected|
           define_method(:"test_names_#{path}") do
-            strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+            strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
               path,
               { :controller => /.+/ },
               ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -75,12 +75,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
         end
 
-        def test_to_raise_exception_with_bad_expression
-          assert_raise(ArgumentError, "Bad expression: []") { Pattern.new [] }
-        end
-
         def test_to_regexp_with_extended_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/:name',
             { :name => /
               #ROFL
@@ -101,13 +97,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
             ['/:foo(/:bar)', %w{ bar }],
             ['/:foo(/:bar)/:lol(/:baz)', %w{ bar baz }],
           ].each do |pattern, list|
-            path = Pattern.new pattern
+            path = Pattern.from_string pattern
             assert_equal list.sort, path.optional_names.sort
           end
         end
 
         def test_to_regexp_match_non_optional
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/:name',
             { :name => /\d+/ },
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -118,7 +114,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_to_regexp_with_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/:name',
             { :name => /(tender|love)/ },
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -131,7 +127,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def test_ast_sets_regular_expressions
           requirements = { :name => /(tender|love)/, :value => /./ }
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/:name/:value',
             requirements,
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -148,7 +144,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_data_with_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/:name',
             { :name => /(tender|love)/ },
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -160,7 +156,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_data_with_multi_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/:name/:id',
             { :name => /t(((ender|love)))()/ },
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -175,7 +171,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def test_star_with_custom_re
           z = /\d+/
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/*foo',
             { :foo => z },
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -185,7 +181,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_insensitive_regexp_with_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/:name/aaron',
             { :name => /(tender|love)/i },
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -197,7 +193,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_to_regexp_with_strexp
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new('/:controller', { }, ["/", ".", "?"])
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build('/:controller', { }, ["/", ".", "?"])
           path = Pattern.new strexp
           x = %r{\A/([^/.?]+)\Z}
 
@@ -205,20 +201,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_to_regexp_defaults
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
           expected = %r{\A/([^/.?]+)(?:/([^/.?]+)(?:/([^/.?]+))?)?\Z}
           assert_equal expected, path.to_regexp
         end
 
         def test_failed_match
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
           uri = 'content'
 
           assert_not path =~ uri
         end
 
         def test_match_controller
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
           uri = '/content'
 
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -230,7 +226,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_controller_action
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
           uri = '/content/list'
 
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -242,7 +238,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_controller_action_id
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
           uri = '/content/list/10'
 
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -254,7 +250,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_literal
-          path = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+          path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
 
           uri = '/books'
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -264,7 +260,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_literal_with_action
-          path = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+          path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
 
           uri = '/books/list'
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -274,7 +270,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_literal_with_action_and_format
-          path = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+          path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
 
           uri = '/books/list.rss'
           match = path =~ uri
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb
index cbe6284714..21d867aca0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class TestRoute < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       def test_initialize
         app      = Object.new
-        path     = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+        path     = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
         defaults = {}
         route    = Route.new("name", app, path, {}, defaults)
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_route_adds_itself_as_memo
         app      = Object.new
-        path     = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+        path     = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
         defaults = {}
         route    = Route.new("name", app, path, {}, defaults)
 
@@ -26,21 +26,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_ip_address
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/messages/:id(.:format)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/messages/:id(.:format)'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, {:ip => '192.168.1.1'},
                           { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar' })
         assert_equal '192.168.1.1', route.ip
       end
 
       def test_default_ip
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/messages/:id(.:format)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/messages/:id(.:format)'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, {},
                           { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar' })
         assert_equal(//, route.ip)
       end
 
       def test_format_with_star
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller/*extra'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller/*extra'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, {},
                           { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar' })
         assert_equal '/foo/himom', route.format({
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_connects_all_match
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, {:action => 'bar'}, { :controller => 'foo' })
 
         assert_equal '/foo/bar/10', route.format({
@@ -61,21 +61,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_extras_are_not_included_if_optional
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/page/:id(/:action)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/page/:id(/:action)'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, { }, { :action => 'show' })
 
         assert_equal '/page/10', route.format({ :id => 10 })
       end
 
       def test_extras_are_not_included_if_optional_with_parameter
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '(/sections/:section)/pages/:id'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '(/sections/:section)/pages/:id'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, { }, { :action => 'show' })
 
         assert_equal '/pages/10', route.format({:id => 10})
       end
 
       def test_extras_are_not_included_if_optional_parameter_is_nil
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '(/sections/:section)/pages/:id'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '(/sections/:section)/pages/:id'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, { }, { :action => 'show' })
 
         assert_equal '/pages/10', route.format({:id => 10, :section => nil})
@@ -85,10 +85,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         constraints = {:required_defaults => [:controller, :action]}
         defaults = {:controller=>"pages", :action=>"show"}
 
-        path = Path::Pattern.new "/page/:id(/:action)(.:format)"
+        path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/page/:id(/:action)(.:format)"
         specific = Route.new "name", nil, path, constraints, defaults
 
-        path = Path::Pattern.new "/:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)"
+        path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)"
         generic = Route.new "name", nil, path, constraints
 
         knowledge = {:id=>20, :controller=>"pages", :action=>"show"}
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/router/strexp_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/router/strexp_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ccdfb7b4d..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/router/strexp_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-module ActionDispatch
-  module Journey
-    class Router
-      class TestStrexp < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-        def test_many_names
-          exp = Strexp.new(
-            "/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))",
-            {:controller=>/.+?/},
-            ["/", ".", "?"],
-            true)
-
-          assert_equal ["controller", "action", "id", "format"], exp.names
-        end
-
-        def test_names
-          {
-            "/bar(.:format)"    => %w{ format },
-            ":format"           => %w{ format },
-            ":format-"          => %w{ format },
-            ":format0"          => %w{ format0 },
-            ":format1,:format2" => %w{ format1 format2 },
-          }.each do |string, expected|
-            exp = Strexp.new(string, {}, ["/", ".", "?"])
-            assert_equal expected, exp.names
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb
index 93348f4647..9b2b85ec73 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# coding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 module ActionDispatch
@@ -5,17 +6,25 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class Router
       class TestUtils < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         def test_path_escape
-          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d", Utils.escape_path("a/b c+d")
+          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d%25", Utils.escape_path("a/b c+d%")
+        end
+
+        def test_segment_escape
+          assert_equal "a%2Fb%20c+d%25", Utils.escape_segment("a/b c+d%")
         end
 
         def test_fragment_escape
-          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d?e", Utils.escape_fragment("a/b c+d?e")
+          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d%25?e", Utils.escape_fragment("a/b c+d%?e")
         end
 
         def test_uri_unescape
           assert_equal "a/b c+d", Utils.unescape_uri("a%2Fb%20c+d")
         end
 
+        def test_uri_unescape_with_utf8_string
+          assert_equal "Šašinková", Utils.unescape_uri("%C5%A0a%C5%A1inkov%C3%A1".force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII))
+        end
+
         def test_normalize_path_not_greedy
           assert_equal "/foo%20bar%20baz", Utils.normalize_path("/foo%20bar%20baz")
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
index a286f77633..8e90d4100f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
@@ -4,24 +4,15 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey
     class TestRouter < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      # TODO : clean up routing tests so we don't need this hack
-      class StubDispatcher < Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher; end
-
       attr_reader :routes
 
       def setup
-        @app       = StubDispatcher.new
+        @app       = Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher.new({})
         @routes    = Routes.new
-        @router    = Router.new(@routes, {})
+        @router    = Router.new(@routes)
         @formatter = Formatter.new(@routes)
       end
 
-      def test_request_class_reader
-        klass = Object.new
-        router = Router.new(routes, :request_class => klass)
-        assert_equal klass, router.request_class
-      end
-
       class FakeRequestFeeler < Struct.new(:env, :called)
         def new env
           self.env = env
@@ -39,33 +30,33 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_dashes
-        router = Router.new(routes, {})
+        router = Router.new(routes)
 
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/foo-bar-baz', {}, ['/.?']
+        exp = Router::Strexp.build '/foo-bar-baz', {}, ['/.?']
         path  = Path::Pattern.new exp
 
         routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {:id => nil}, {}
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo-bar-baz'
         called = false
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           called = true
         end
         assert called
       end
 
       def test_unicode
-        router = Router.new(routes, {})
+        router = Router.new(routes)
 
         #match the escaped version of /ほげ
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/%E3%81%BB%E3%81%92', {}, ['/.?']
+        exp = Router::Strexp.build '/%E3%81%BB%E3%81%92', {}, ['/.?']
         path  = Path::Pattern.new exp
 
         routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {:id => nil}, {}
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/%E3%81%BB%E3%81%92'
         called = false
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           called = true
         end
         assert called
@@ -73,17 +64,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_request_class_and_requirements_success
         klass  = FakeRequestFeeler.new nil
-        router = Router.new(routes, {:request_class => klass })
+        router = Router.new(routes)
 
         requirements = { :hello => /world/ }
 
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
+        exp = Router::Strexp.build '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
         path  = Path::Pattern.new exp
 
         routes.add_route nil, path, requirements, {:id => nil}, {}
 
-        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/10'
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        env = rails_env({'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/10'}, klass)
+        router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal({:id => '10'}, params)
         end
 
@@ -93,17 +84,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_request_class_and_requirements_fail
         klass  = FakeRequestFeeler.new nil
-        router = Router.new(routes, {:request_class => klass })
+        router = Router.new(routes)
 
         requirements = { :hello => /mom/ }
 
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
+        exp = Router::Strexp.build '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
         path  = Path::Pattern.new exp
 
         router.routes.add_route nil, path, requirements, {:id => nil}, {}
 
-        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/10'
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        env = rails_env({'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/10'}, klass)
+        router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           flunk 'route should not be found'
         end
 
@@ -111,24 +102,29 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert_equal env.env, klass.env
       end
 
-      class CustomPathRequest < Router::NullReq
+      class CustomPathRequest < ActionDispatch::Request
         def path_info
           env['custom.path_info']
         end
+
+        def path_info=(x)
+          env['custom.path_info'] = x
+        end
       end
 
       def test_request_class_overrides_path_info
-        router = Router.new(routes, {:request_class => CustomPathRequest })
+        router = Router.new(routes)
 
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/bar', {}, ['/.?']
+        exp = Router::Strexp.build '/bar', {}, ['/.?']
         path = Path::Pattern.new exp
 
         routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, {}
 
-        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo', 'custom.path_info' => '/bar'
+        env = rails_env({'PATH_INFO' => '/foo',
+                         'custom.path_info' => '/bar'}, CustomPathRequest)
 
         recognized = false
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           recognized = true
         end
 
@@ -137,14 +133,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_regexp_first_precedence
         add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/whois/:domain", {:domain => /\w+\.[\w\.]+/}, ['/', '.', '?']),
-          Router::Strexp.new("/whois/:id(.:format)", {}, ['/', '.', '?'])
+          Router::Strexp.build("/whois/:domain", {:domain => /\w+\.[\w\.]+/}, ['/', '.', '?']),
+          Router::Strexp.build("/whois/:id(.:format)", {}, ['/', '.', '?'])
         ]
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/whois/example.com'
 
         list = []
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           list << r
         end
         assert_equal 2, list.length
@@ -156,50 +152,50 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_required_parts_verified_are_anchored
         add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
+          Router::Strexp.build("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
         ]
 
         assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) do
-          @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
+          @formatter.generate(nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
         end
       end
 
       def test_required_parts_are_verified_when_building
         add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d+/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
+          Router::Strexp.build("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d+/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
         ]
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
         assert_equal '/foo/10', path
 
         assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) do
-          @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => 'aa' }, { })
+          @formatter.generate(nil, { :id => 'aa' }, { })
         end
       end
 
       def test_only_required_parts_are_verified
         add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo(/:id)", {:id => /\d/}, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
+          Router::Strexp.build("/foo(/:id)", {:id => /\d/}, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
         ]
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
         assert_equal '/foo/10', path
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { }, { })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { }, { })
         assert_equal '/foo', path
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => 'aa' }, { })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :id => 'aa' }, { })
         assert_equal '/foo/aa', path
       end
 
       def test_knows_what_parts_are_missing_from_named_route
         route_name = "gorby_thunderhorse"
-        pattern = Router::Strexp.new("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d+/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
+        pattern = Router::Strexp.build("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d+/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
         path = Path::Pattern.new pattern
         @router.routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, route_name
 
         error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) do
-          @formatter.generate(:path_info, route_name, { }, { })
+          @formatter.generate(route_name, { }, { })
         end
 
         assert_match(/missing required keys: \[:id\]/, error.message)
@@ -207,42 +203,43 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_X_Cascade
         add_routes @router, [ "/messages(.:format)" ]
-        resp = @router.call({ 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'GET', 'PATH_INFO' => '/lol' })
+        resp = @router.serve(rails_env({ 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'GET', 'PATH_INFO' => '/lol' }))
         assert_equal ['Not Found'], resp.last
         assert_equal 'pass', resp[1]['X-Cascade']
         assert_equal 404, resp.first
       end
 
       def test_clear_trailing_slash_from_script_name_on_root_unanchored_routes
-        strexp = Router::Strexp.new("/", {}, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new strexp
+        route_set = Routing::RouteSet.new
+        mapper = Routing::Mapper.new route_set
+
         app    = lambda { |env| [200, {}, ['success!']] }
-        @router.routes.add_route(app, path, {}, {}, {})
+        mapper.get '/weblog', :to => app
 
         env  = rack_env('SCRIPT_NAME' => '', 'PATH_INFO' => '/weblog')
-        resp = @router.call(env)
+        resp = route_set.call env
         assert_equal ['success!'], resp.last
         assert_equal '', env['SCRIPT_NAME']
       end
 
       def test_defaults_merge_correctly
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/foo(/:id)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/foo(/:id)'
         @router.routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {:id => nil}, {}
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/10'
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal({:id => '10'}, params)
         end
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo'
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal({:id => nil}, params)
         end
       end
 
       def test_recognize_with_unbound_regexp
         add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo", { }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
+          Router::Strexp.build("/foo", { }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
         ]
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/bar'
@@ -255,7 +252,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_bound_regexp_keeps_path_info
         add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo", { }, ['/', '.', '?'], true)
+          Router::Strexp.build("/foo", { }, ['/', '.', '?'], true)
         ]
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo'
@@ -287,14 +284,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def test_required_part_in_recall
         add_routes @router, [ "/messages/:a/:b" ]
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :a => 'a' }, { :b => 'b' })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :a => 'a' }, { :b => 'b' })
         assert_equal "/messages/a/b", path
       end
 
       def test_splat_in_recall
         add_routes @router, [ "/*path" ]
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { }, { :path => 'b' })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { }, { :path => 'b' })
         assert_equal "/b", path
       end
 
@@ -304,35 +301,35 @@ module ActionDispatch
           "/messages/:id(.:format)"
         ]
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => 10 }, { :action => 'index' })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :id => 10 }, { :action => 'index' })
         assert_equal "/messages/index/10", path
       end
 
       def test_nil_path_parts_are_ignored
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new "/:controller(/:action(.:format))"
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string "/:controller(/:action(.:format))"
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
         params = { :controller => "tasks", :format => nil }
         extras = { :action => 'lol' }
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, params, extras)
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, params, extras)
         assert_equal '/tasks', path
       end
 
       def test_generate_slash
         params = [ [:controller, "tasks"],
                    [:action, "show"] ]
-        str = Router::Strexp.new("/", Hash[params], ['/', '.', '?'], true)
+        str = Router::Strexp.build("/", Hash[params], ['/', '.', '?'], true)
         path  = Path::Pattern.new str
 
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, Hash[params], {})
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, Hash[params], {})
         assert_equal '/', path
       end
 
       def test_generate_calls_param_proc
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action)'
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
         parameterized = []
@@ -340,7 +337,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
                    [:action, "show"] ]
 
         @formatter.generate(
-          :path_info,
           nil,
           Hash[params],
           {},
@@ -350,31 +346,42 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_generate_id
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action)'
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
         path, params = @formatter.generate(
-          :path_info, nil, {:id=>1, :controller=>"tasks", :action=>"show"}, {})
+          nil, {:id=>1, :controller=>"tasks", :action=>"show"}, {})
         assert_equal '/tasks/show', path
         assert_equal({:id => 1}, params)
       end
 
       def test_generate_escapes
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action)'
+        @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
+
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil,
+          { :controller        => "tasks",
+                 :action            => "a/b c+d",
+        }, {})
+        assert_equal '/tasks/a%2Fb%20c+d', path
+      end
+
+      def test_generate_escapes_with_namespaced_controller
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action)'
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info,
-          nil, { :controller        => "tasks",
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(
+          nil, { :controller        => "admin/tasks",
                  :action            => "a/b c+d",
         }, {})
-        assert_equal '/tasks/a/b%20c+d', path
+        assert_equal '/admin/tasks/a%2Fb%20c+d', path
       end
 
       def test_generate_extra_params
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action)'
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
-        path, params = @formatter.generate(:path_info,
+        path, params = @formatter.generate(
           nil, { :id                => 1,
                  :controller        => "tasks",
                  :action            => "show",
@@ -385,10 +392,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_generate_uses_recall_if_needed
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
-        path, params = @formatter.generate(:path_info,
+        path, params = @formatter.generate(
           nil,
           {:controller =>"tasks", :id => 10},
           {:action     =>"index"})
@@ -397,10 +404,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_generate_with_name
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action)'
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
-        path, params = @formatter.generate(:path_info,
+        path, params = @formatter.generate(
           "tasks",
           {:controller=>"tasks"},
           {:controller=>"tasks", :action=>"index"})
@@ -414,14 +421,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         '/content/show/10'  => { :controller => 'content', :action => 'show', :id => "10" },
       }.each do |request_path, expected|
         define_method("test_recognize_#{expected.keys.map(&:to_s).join('_')}") do
-          path  = Path::Pattern.new "/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
+          path  = Path::Pattern.from_string "/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
           app   = Object.new
           route = @router.routes.add_route(app, path, {}, {}, {})
 
           env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => request_path
           called   = false
 
-          @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+          @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
             assert_equal route, r
             assert_equal(expected, params)
             called = true
@@ -436,14 +443,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         :splat   => ['/segment/a/b%20c+d', { :segment => 'segment', :splat => 'a/b c+d' }]
       }.each do |name, (request_path, expected)|
         define_method("test_recognize_#{name}") do
-          path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:segment/*splat'
+          path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:segment/*splat'
           app   = Object.new
           route = @router.routes.add_route(app, path, {}, {}, {})
 
           env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => request_path
           called   = false
 
-          @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+          @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
             assert_equal route, r
             assert_equal(expected, params)
             called = true
@@ -454,7 +461,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_namespaced_controller
-        strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+        strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
           "/:controller(/:action(/:id))",
           { :controller => /.+?/ },
           ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -471,7 +478,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           :id         => '10'
         }
 
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal route, r
           assert_equal(expected, params)
           called = true
@@ -480,14 +487,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_recognize_literal
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+        path   = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
         app    = Object.new
         route  = @router.routes.add_route(app, path, {}, {:controller => 'books'})
 
         env    = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss'
         expected = { :controller => 'books', :action => 'list', :format => 'rss' }
         called = false
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal route, r
           assert_equal(expected, params)
           called = true
@@ -496,8 +503,27 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert called
       end
 
+      def test_recognize_head_route
+        path   = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+        app    = Object.new
+        conditions = { request_method: 'HEAD' }
+        @router.routes.add_route(app, path, conditions, {})
+
+        env = rails_env(
+          'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss',
+          'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'HEAD'
+        )
+
+        called = false
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
+          called = true
+        end
+
+        assert called
+      end
+
       def test_recognize_head_request_as_get_route
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+        path   = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
         app    = Object.new
         conditions = {
           :request_method => 'GET'
@@ -508,7 +534,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
                         "REQUEST_METHOD"    => "HEAD"
 
         called = false
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           called = true
         end
 
@@ -516,23 +542,28 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_recognize_cares_about_verbs
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+        path   = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
         app    = Object.new
-        conditions = {
-          :request_method => 'GET'
-        }
+        conditions = { request_method: 'GET' }
         @router.routes.add_route(app, path, conditions, {})
 
+        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss',
+                        "REQUEST_METHOD" => "POST"
+
+        called = false
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
+          called = true
+        end
+
+        assert_not called
+
         conditions = conditions.dup
         conditions[:request_method] = 'POST'
 
         post = @router.routes.add_route(app, path, conditions, {})
 
-        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss',
-                        "REQUEST_METHOD"    => "POST"
-
         called = false
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal post, r
           called = true
         end
@@ -544,15 +575,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def add_routes router, paths
         paths.each do |path|
-          path  = Path::Pattern.new path
+          if String === path
+            path  = Path::Pattern.from_string path
+          else
+            path  = Path::Pattern.new path
+          end
           router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
         end
       end
 
-      RailsEnv = Struct.new(:env)
-
-      def rails_env env
-        RailsEnv.new rack_env env
+      def rails_env env, klass = ActionDispatch::Request
+        klass.new(rack_env(env))
       end
 
       def rack_env env
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/routes_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/routes_test.rb
index 25e0321d31..a4efc82b8c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/routes_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/routes_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class TestRoutes < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       def test_clear
         routes = Routes.new
-        exp    = Router::Strexp.new '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
+        exp    = Router::Strexp.build '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
         path   = Path::Pattern.new exp
         requirements = { :hello => /world/ }
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_ast
         routes = Routes.new
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new '/hello'
+        path   = Path::Pattern.from_string '/hello'
 
         routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, {}
         ast = routes.ast
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_simulator_changes
         routes = Routes.new
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new '/hello'
+        path   = Path::Pattern.from_string '/hello'
 
         routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, {}
         sim = routes.simulator
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #def add_route app, path, conditions, defaults, name = nil
         routes = Routes.new
 
-        one   = Path::Pattern.new '/hello'
-        two   = Path::Pattern.new '/aaron'
+        one   = Path::Pattern.from_string '/hello'
+        two   = Path::Pattern.from_string '/aaron'
 
         routes.add_route nil, one, {}, {}, 'aaron'
         routes.add_route nil, two, {}, {}, 'aaron'
diff --git a/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb b/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
index b8b51d86c2..ce9522d12a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
@@ -28,30 +28,6 @@ class Customer < Struct.new(:name, :id)
   end
 end
 
-class ValidatedCustomer < Customer
-  def errors
-    if name =~ /Sikachu/i
-      []
-    else
-      [{:name => "is invalid"}]
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-module Quiz
-  class Question < Struct.new(:name, :id)
-    extend ActiveModel::Naming
-    include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-    def persisted?
-      id.present?
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Store < Question
-  end
-end
-
 class Post < Struct.new(:title, :author_name, :body, :secret, :persisted, :written_on, :cost)
   extend ActiveModel::Naming
   include ActiveModel::Conversion
@@ -95,24 +71,3 @@ class Comment
 
   attr_accessor :body
 end
-
-module Blog
-  def self.use_relative_model_naming?
-    true
-  end
-
-  class Post < Struct.new(:title, :id)
-    extend ActiveModel::Naming
-    include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-    def persisted?
-      id.present?
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class RenderJsonTestException < Exception
-  def as_json(options = nil)
-    { :error => self.class.name, :message => self.to_s }
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/routing/helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/routing/helper_test.rb
index 0028aaa629..09ca7ff73b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/routing/helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/routing/helper_test.rb
@@ -26,6 +26,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
           x.new.pond_duck_path Duck.new
         end
       end
+
+      def test_path_deprecation
+        rs = ::ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+        rs.draw do
+          resources :ducks
+        end
+
+        x = Class.new {
+          include rs.url_helpers(false)
+        }
+        assert_deprecated do
+          assert_equal '/ducks', x.new.ducks_path
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/CHANGELOG.md b/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
index 30dbc20f18..5e0b134ba4 100644
--- a/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,304 +1,184 @@
-*   Added `config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations` to define whether an
-    error should be raised for missing translations.
+*   Add support for ARIA attributes in tags.
 
-    Fixes #13196.
-
-    *Kassio Borges*
-
-*   Improved ERB dependency detection. New argument types and formattings for the `render`
-    calls can be matched.
-
-    Fixes #13074, #13116.
-
-    *João Britto*
-
-*   Use `display:none` instead of `display:inline` for hidden fields.
-
-    Fixes #6403.
-
-    *Gaelian Ditchburn*
-
-*   The `video_tag` helper accepts a number as `:size`.
-
-    The `:size` option of the `video_tag` helper now can be specified
-    with a stringified number. The `width` and `height` attributes of
-    the generated tag will be the same.
-
-    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*
-
-*   A Cycle object should accept an array and cycle through it as it would with a set of
-    comma-separated objects.
-
-        arr = [1,2,3]
-        cycle(arr) # => '1'
-        cycle(arr) # => '2'
-        cycle(arr) # => '3'
-
-    Previously, it would return the array as a string, because it took the array as a
-    single object:
-
-        arr = [1,2,3]
-        cycle(arr) # => '[1,2,3]'
-        cycle(arr) # => '[1,2,3]'
-        cycle(arr) # => '[1,2,3]'
-
-    *Kristian Freeman*
+    Example:
 
-*   Label tags generated by collection helpers only inherit the `:index` and
-    `:namespace` from the input, because only these attributes modifies the
-    `for` attribute of the label. Also, the input attributes don't have
-    precedence over the label attributes anymore.
+        <%= f.text_field :name, aria: { required: "true", hidden: "false" } %>
 
-    Before:
+    now generates:
 
-        collection = [[1, true, { class: 'foo' }]]
-        f.collection_check_boxes :options, collection, :second, :first do |b|
-          b.label(class: 'my_custom_class')
-        end
+         <input aria-hidden="false" aria-required="true" id="user_name" name="user[name]" type="text">
 
-        # => <label class="foo" for="user_active_true">1</label>
+    *Paola Garcia Casadiego*
 
-    After:
+*   Provide a `builder` object when using the `label` form helper in block form.
 
-        collection = [[1, true, { class: 'foo' }]]
-        f.collection_check_boxes :options, collection, :second, :first do |b|
-          b.label(class: 'my_custom_class')
-        end
+    The new `builder` object responds to `translation`, allowing I18n fallback support
+    when you want to customize how a particular label is presented.
 
-        # => <label class="my_custom_class" for="user_active_true">1</label>
+    *Alex Robbin*
 
-    *Andriel Nuernberg*
+*   Add I18n support for input/textarea placeholder text.
 
-*   Fixed a long-standing bug in `json_escape` that causes quotation marks to be stripped.
-    This method also escapes the \u2028 and \u2029 unicode newline characters which are
-    treated as \n in JavaScript. This matches the behaviour of the AS::JSON encoder. (The
-    original change in the encoder was introduced in #10534.)
+    Placeholder I18n follows the same convention as `label` I18n.
 
-    *Godfrey Chan*
+    *Alex Robbin*
 
-*   `ActionView::MissingTemplate` includes underscore when raised for a partial.
+*   Fix that render layout: 'messages/layout' should also be added to the dependency tracker tree.
 
-    Fixes #13002.
+    *DHH*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   Add `PartialIteration` object used when rendering collections.
 
-*   Use `set_backtrace` instead of instance variable `@backtrace` in ActionView exceptions.
+    The iteration object is available as the local variable
+    `#{template_name}_iteration` when rendering partials with collections.
 
-    *Shimpei Makimoto*
+    It gives access to the `size` of the collection being iterated over,
+    the current `index` and two convenience methods `first?` and `last?`.
 
-*   Fix `simple_format` escapes own output when passing `sanitize: true`.
+    *Joel Junström*, *Lucas Uyezu*
 
-    *Paul Seidemann*
+*   Return an absolute instead of relative path from an asset url in the case
+    of the `asset_host` proc returning nil.
 
-*   Ensure `ActionView::Digestor.cache` is correctly cleaned up when
-    combining recursive templates with `ActionView::Resolver.caching = false`.
+    *Jolyon Pawlyn*
 
-    *wyaeld*
+*   Fix `html_escape_once` to properly handle hex escape sequences (e.g. &#x1a2b;).
 
-*   Fix `collection_check_boxes` generated hidden input to use the name attribute provided
-    in the options hash.
+    *John F. Douthat*
 
-    *Angel N. Sciortino*
+*   Added String support for min and max properties for date field helpers.
 
-*   Fix some edge cases for AV `select` helper with `:selected` option.
+    *Todd Bealmear*
 
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+*   The `highlight` helper now accepts a block to be used instead of the `highlighter`
+    option.
 
-*   Ability to pass a block to the `select` helper.
+    *Lucas Mazza*
 
-    Example:
+*   The `except` and `highlight` helpers now accept regular expressions.
 
-        <%= select(report, "campaign_ids") do %>
-          <% available_campaigns.each do |c| -%>
-            <%= content_tag(:option, c.name, value: c.id, data: { tags: c.tags.to_json }) %>
-          <% end -%>
-        <% end -%>
+    *Jan Szumiec*
 
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+*   Flatten the array parameter in `safe_join`, so it behaves consistently with
+    `Array#join`.
 
-*   Handle `:namespace` form option in collection labels.
+    *Paul Grayson*
 
-    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
+*   Honor `html_safe` on array elements in tag values, as we do for plain string
+    values.
 
-*   Fix `form_for` when both `namespace` and `as` options are present.
+    *Paul Grayson*
 
-    `as` option no longer overwrites `namespace` option when generating
-    html id attribute of the form element.
+*   Add `ActionView::Template::Handler.unregister_template_handler`.
 
-    *Adam Niedzielski*
+    It performs the opposite of `ActionView::Template::Handler.register_template_handler`.
 
-*   Fix `excerpt` when `:separator` is `nil`.
+    *Zuhao Wan*
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+*   Bring `cache_digest` rake tasks up-to-date with the latest API changes.
 
-*   Only cache template digests if `config.cache_template_loading` is true.
+    *Jiri Pospisil*
 
-    *Josh Lauer*, *Justin Ridgewell*
+*   Allow custom `:host` option to be passed to `asset_url` helper that
+    overwrites `config.action_controller.asset_host` for particular asset.
 
-*   Fixed a bug where the lookup details were not being taken into account
-    when caching the digest of a template - changes to the details now
-    cause a different cache key to be used.
+    *Hubert Łępicki*
 
-    *Daniel Schierbeck*
+*   Deprecate `AbstractController::Base.parent_prefixes`.
+    Override `AbstractController::Base.local_prefixes` when you want to change
+    where to find views.
 
-*   Added an `extname` hash option for `javascript_include_tag` method.
+    *Nick Sutterer*
 
-    Before:
+*   Take label values into account when doing I18n lookups for model attributes.
 
-        javascript_include_tag('templates.jst')
-        # => <script src="/javascripts/templates.jst.js"></script>
+    The following:
 
-    After:
+        # form.html.erb
+        <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+          <%= f.label :type, value: "long" %>
+        <% end %>
 
-        javascript_include_tag('templates.jst', extname: false )
-        # => <script src="/javascripts/templates.jst"></script>
+        # en.yml
+        en:
+          activerecord:
+            attributes:
+              post/long: "Long-form Post"
 
-    *Nathan Stitt*
+    Used to simply return "long", but now it will return "Long-form
+    Post".
 
-*   Fix `current_page?` when the URL contains escaped characters and the
-    original URL is using the hexadecimal lowercased.
+    *Joshua Cody*
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Fix `text_area` to behave like `text_field` when `nil` is given as
-    value.
+*   Change `asset_path` to use File.join to create proper paths:
 
     Before:
 
-        f.text_field :field, value: nil #=> <input value="">
-        f.text_area :field, value: nil  #=> <textarea>value of field</textarea>
+        https://some.host.com//assets/some.js
 
     After:
 
-        f.text_area :field, value: nil  #=> <textarea></textarea>
-
-    *Joel Cogen*
-
-*   Element of the `grouped_options_for_select` can
-    optionally contain html attributes as the last element of the array.
-
-        grouped_options_for_select(
-          [["North America", [['United States','US'],"Canada"], data: { foo: 'bar' }]]
-        )
-
-    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
-
-*   Fix default rendered format problem when calling `render` without :content_type option.
-    It should return :html. Fix #11393.
+        https://some.host.com/assets/some.js
 
-    *Gleb Mazovetskiy*, *Oleg*, *kennyj*
+    *Peter Schröder*
 
-*   Fix `link_to` with block and url hashes.
+*   Change `favicon_link_tag` default mimetype from `image/vnd.microsoft.icon` to
+    `image/x-icon`.
 
     Before:
 
-        link_to(action: 'bar', controller: 'foo') { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
-        # => "<a action=\"bar\" controller=\"foo\"><span>Example site</span></a>"
+        #=> favicon_link_tag 'myicon.ico'
+        <link href="/assets/myicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
 
     After:
 
-        link_to(action: 'bar', controller: 'foo') { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
-        # => "<a href=\"/foo/bar\"><span>Example site</span></a>"
+        #=> favicon_link_tag 'myicon.ico'
+        <link href="/assets/myicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />
 
-    *Murahashi Sanemat Kenichi*
+    *Geoffroy Lorieux*
 
-*   Fix "Stack Level Too Deep" error when redering recursive partials.
+*   Remove wrapping div with inline styles for hidden form fields.
 
-    Fixes #11340.
+    We are dropping HTML 4.01 and XHTML strict compliance since input tags directly
+    inside a form are valid HTML5, and the absence of inline styles help in validating
+    for Content Security Policy.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    *Joost Baaij*
 
-*   Added an `enforce_utf8` hash option for `form_tag` method.
+*   `collection_check_boxes` respects `:index` option for the hidden filed name.
 
-    Control to output a hidden input tag with name `utf8` without monkey
-    patching.
+    Fixes #14147.
 
-    Before:
-
-        form_tag
-        # => '<form>..<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />..</form>'
-
-    After:
-
-        form_tag
-        # => '<form>..<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />..</form>'
-
-        form_tag({}, { :enforce_utf8 => false })
-        # => '<form>....</form>'
-
-    *ma2gedev*
-
-*   Remove the deprecated `include_seconds` argument from `distance_of_time_in_words`,
-    pass in an `:include_seconds` hash option to use this feature.
-
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
-
-*   Remove deprecated block passing to `FormBuilder#new`.
-
-    *Vipul A M*
-
-*   Pick `DateField` `DateTimeField` and `ColorField` values from stringified options allowing use of symbol keys with helpers.
-
-    *Jon Rowe*
-
-*   Remove the deprecated `prompt` argument from `grouped_options_for_select`,
-    pass in a `:prompt` hash option to use this feature.
-
-    *kennyj*
-
-*   Always escape the result of `link_to_unless` method.
-
-    Before:
-
-        link_to_unless(true, '<b>Showing</b>', 'github.com')
-        # => "<b>Showing</b>"
-
-    After:
-
-        link_to_unless(true, '<b>Showing</b>', 'github.com')
-        # => "&lt;b&gt;Showing&lt;/b&gt;"
-
-    *dtaniwaki*
+    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
 
-*   Use a case insensitive URI Regexp for #asset_path.
+*   `date_select` helper with option `with_css_classes: true` does not overwrite other classes.
 
-    This fix a problem where the same asset path using different case are generating
-    different URIs.
+    *Izumi Wong-Horiuchi*
 
-    Before:
+*   `number_to_percentage` does not crash with `Float::NAN` or `Float::INFINITY`
+    as input.
 
-        image_tag("HTTP://google.com")
-        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"/assets/HTTP://google.com\" />"
-        image_tag("http://google.com")
-        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"http://google.com\" />"
+    Fixes #14405.
 
-    After:
-
-        image_tag("HTTP://google.com")
-        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"HTTP://google.com\" />"
-        image_tag("http://google.com")
-        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"http://google.com\" />"
-
-    *David Celis*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Element of the `collection_check_boxes` and `collection_radio_buttons` can
-    optionally contain html attributes as the last element of the array.
+*   Add `include_hidden` option to `collection_check_boxes` helper.
 
     *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
 
-*   Update the HTML `BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES` in `ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper`
-    to conform to the latest HTML 5.1 spec. Add attributes `allowfullscreen`,
-    `default`, `inert`, `sortable`, `truespeed`, `typemustmatch`. Fix attribute
-    `seamless` (previously misspelled `seemless`).
+*   Fixed a problem where the default options for the `button_tag` helper is not
+    applied correctly.
 
-    *Alex Peattie*
+    Fixes #14254.
 
-*   Fix an issue where partials with a number in the filename weren't being digested for cache dependencies.
+    *Sergey Prikhodko*
 
-    *Bryan Ricker*
+*   Take variants into account when calculating template digests in ActionView::Digestor.
 
-*   First release, ActionView extracted from ActionPack
+    The arguments to ActionView::Digestor#digest are now being passed as a hash
+    to support variants and allow more flexibility in the future. The support for
+    regular (required) arguments is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.0 or later.
 
-    *Piotr Sarnacki*, *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
+    *Piotr Chmolowski, Łukasz Strzałkowski*
 
-Please check [4-0-stable (ActionPack's CHANGELOG)](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionview/README.rdoc b/actionview/README.rdoc
index 35f805346c..5bb62c7562 100644
--- a/actionview/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionview/README.rdoc
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc b/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
index 104b3e288d..6c4e5e983a 100644
--- a/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
+++ b/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The easiest way to run the unit tests is through Rake. The default task runs
 the entire test suite for all classes. For more information, checkout the
 full array of rake tasks with "rake -T"
 
-Rake can be found at http://rake.rubyforge.org
+Rake can be found at http://docs.seattlerb.org/rake/.
 
 == Running by hand
 
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ which can be further narrowed down to one test:
 == Dependency on Active Record and database setup
 
 Test cases in the test/activerecord/ directory depend on having
-activerecord and sqlite installed. If Active Record is not in
-actionview/../activerecord directory, or the sqlite rubygem is not installed,
+activerecord and sqlite3 installed. If Active Record is not in
+actionview/../activerecord directory, or the sqlite3 rubygem is not installed,
 these tests are skipped.
 
 Other tests are runnable from a fresh copy of actionview without any configuration.
diff --git a/actionview/actionview.gemspec b/actionview/actionview.gemspec
index e45dd04225..69c8326c51 100644
--- a/actionview/actionview.gemspec
+++ b/actionview/actionview.gemspec
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.add_dependency 'builder',       '~> 3.1'
   s.add_dependency 'erubis',        '~> 2.7.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-html-sanitizer', '~> 1.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-dom-testing', '~> 1.0', '>= 1.0.2'
 
   s.add_development_dependency 'actionpack',  version
   s.add_development_dependency 'activemodel', version
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
index 50712e0830..6a1837c6e2 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
@@ -86,7 +86,6 @@ module ActionView
     super
     ActionView::Helpers.eager_load!
     ActionView::Template.eager_load!
-    HTML.eager_load!
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
index 455ce531ae..d1bade0d3d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ require 'action_view/lookup_context'
 module ActionView #:nodoc:
   # = Action View Base
   #
-  # Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a <tt>.erb</tt> extension then it uses a mixture of ERB
-  # (included in Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a <tt>.builder</tt> extension then Jim Weirich's Builder::XmlMarkup library is used.
+  # Action View templates can be written in several ways.
+  # If the template file has a <tt>.erb</tt> extension, then it uses the erubis[https://rubygems.org/gems/erubis]
+  # template system which can embed Ruby into an HTML document.
+  # If the template file has a <tt>.builder</tt> extension, then Jim Weirich's Builder::XmlMarkup library is used.
   #
   # == ERB
   #
@@ -66,15 +68,6 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
   #   Headline: <%= headline %>
   #   First name: <%= person.first_name %>
   #
-  # If you need to find out whether a certain local variable has been assigned a value in a particular render call,
-  # you need to use the following pattern:
-  #
-  #   <% if local_assigns.has_key? :headline %>
-  #     Headline: <%= headline %>
-  #   <% end %>
-  #
-  # Testing using <tt>defined? headline</tt> will not work. This is an implementation restriction.
-  #
   # === Template caching
   #
   # By default, Rails will compile each template to a method in order to render it. When you alter a template,
@@ -131,7 +124,8 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # More builder documentation can be found at http://builder.rubyforge.org.
+  # For more information on Builder please consult the [source
+  # code](https://github.com/jimweirich/builder).
   class Base
     include Helpers, ::ERB::Util, Context
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb
index 0ccf2515c5..e34bdd4a46 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb
@@ -53,6 +53,12 @@ module ActionView
         \s*                          # followed by optional spaces
       /x
 
+      # Part of any hash containing the :layout key
+      LAYOUT_HASH_KEY = /
+        (?:\blayout:|:layout\s*=>)   # layout key in either old or new style hash syntax
+        \s*                          # followed by optional spaces
+      /x
+
       # Matches:
       #   partial: "comments/comment", collection: @all_comments => "comments/comment"
       #   (object: @single_comment, partial: "comments/comment") => "comments/comment"
@@ -65,9 +71,9 @@ module ActionView
       #    topics          => "topics/topic"
       #   (message.topics) => "topics/topic"
       RENDER_ARGUMENTS = /\A
-        (?:\s*\(?\s*)                             # optional opening paren surrounded by spaces
-        (?:.*?#{PARTIAL_HASH_KEY})?               # optional hash, up to the partial key declaration
-        (?:#{STRING}|#{VARIABLE_OR_METHOD_CHAIN}) # finally, the dependency name of interest
+        (?:\s*\(?\s*)                                  # optional opening paren surrounded by spaces
+        (?:.*?#{PARTIAL_HASH_KEY}|#{LAYOUT_HASH_KEY})? # optional hash, up to the partial or layout key declaration
+        (?:#{STRING}|#{VARIABLE_OR_METHOD_CHAIN})      # finally, the dependency name of interest
       /xm
 
       def self.call(name, template)
@@ -85,8 +91,8 @@ module ActionView
       attr_reader :name, :template
       private :name, :template
 
-      private
 
+      private
         def source
           template.source
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
index 5570e2a8dc..1f103786cb 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
@@ -9,54 +9,61 @@ module ActionView
     @@digest_monitor = Monitor.new
 
     class << self
-      def digest(name, format, finder, options = {})
-        details_key = finder.details_key.hash
-        dependencies = Array.wrap(options[:dependencies])
-        cache_key = ([name, details_key, format] + dependencies).join('.')
+      # Supported options:
+      #
+      # * <tt>name</tt>   - Template name
+      # * <tt>finder</tt>  - An instance of ActionView::LookupContext
+      # * <tt>dependencies</tt>  - An array of dependent views
+      # * <tt>partial</tt>  - Specifies whether the template is a partial
+      def digest(options)
+        options.assert_valid_keys(:name, :finder, :dependencies, :partial)
+
+        cache_key = ([ options[:name], options[:finder].details_key.hash ].compact + Array.wrap(options[:dependencies])).join('.')
 
         # this is a correctly done double-checked locking idiom
         # (ThreadSafe::Cache's lookups have volatile semantics)
         @@cache[cache_key] || @@digest_monitor.synchronize do
           @@cache.fetch(cache_key) do # re-check under lock
-            compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, name, format, finder, options)
+            compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, options)
           end
         end
       end
 
       private
-      def compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, name, format, finder, options) # called under @@digest_monitor lock
-        klass = if options[:partial] || name.include?("/_")
-          # Prevent re-entry or else recursive templates will blow the stack.
-          # There is no need to worry about other threads seeing the +false+ value,
-          # as they will then have to wait for this thread to let go of the @@digest_monitor lock.
-          pre_stored = @@cache.put_if_absent(cache_key, false).nil? # put_if_absent returns nil on insertion
-          PartialDigestor
-        else
-          Digestor
-        end
+        def compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, options) # called under @@digest_monitor lock
+          klass = if options[:partial] || options[:name].include?("/_")
+            # Prevent re-entry or else recursive templates will blow the stack.
+            # There is no need to worry about other threads seeing the +false+ value,
+            # as they will then have to wait for this thread to let go of the @@digest_monitor lock.
+            pre_stored = @@cache.put_if_absent(cache_key, false).nil? # put_if_absent returns nil on insertion
+            PartialDigestor
+          else
+            Digestor
+          end
 
-        digest = klass.new(name, format, finder, options).digest
-        # Store the actual digest if config.cache_template_loading is true
-        @@cache[cache_key] = stored_digest = digest if ActionView::Resolver.caching?
-        digest
-      ensure
-        # something went wrong or ActionView::Resolver.caching? is false, make sure not to corrupt the @@cache
-        @@cache.delete_pair(cache_key, false) if pre_stored && !stored_digest 
-      end
+          digest = klass.new(options).digest
+          # Store the actual digest if config.cache_template_loading is true
+          @@cache[cache_key] = stored_digest = digest if ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+          digest
+        ensure
+          # something went wrong or ActionView::Resolver.caching? is false, make sure not to corrupt the @@cache
+          @@cache.delete_pair(cache_key, false) if pre_stored && !stored_digest
+        end
     end
 
-    attr_reader :name, :format, :finder, :options
+    attr_reader :name, :finder, :options
 
-    def initialize(name, format, finder, options={})
-      @name, @format, @finder, @options = name, format, finder, options
+    def initialize(options)
+      @name, @finder = options.values_at(:name, :finder)
+      @options = options.except(:name, :finder)
     end
 
     def digest
       Digest::MD5.hexdigest("#{source}-#{dependency_digest}").tap do |digest|
-        logger.try :info, "Cache digest for #{name}.#{format}: #{digest}"
+        logger.try :debug, "  Cache digest for #{template.inspect}: #{digest}"
       end
     rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
-      logger.try :error, "Couldn't find template for digesting: #{name}.#{format}"
+      logger.try :error, "  Couldn't find template for digesting: #{name}"
       ''
     end
 
@@ -68,13 +75,12 @@ module ActionView
 
     def nested_dependencies
       dependencies.collect do |dependency|
-        dependencies = PartialDigestor.new(dependency, format, finder).nested_dependencies
+        dependencies = PartialDigestor.new(name: dependency, finder: finder).nested_dependencies
         dependencies.any? ? { dependency => dependencies } : dependency
       end
     end
 
     private
-
       def logger
         ActionView::Base.logger
       end
@@ -88,7 +94,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       def template
-        @template ||= finder.find(logical_name, [], partial?, formats: [ format ])
+        @template ||= finder.disable_cache { finder.find(logical_name, [], partial?) }
       end
 
       def source
@@ -97,7 +103,7 @@ module ActionView
 
       def dependency_digest
         template_digests = dependencies.collect do |template_name|
-          Digestor.digest(template_name, format, finder, partial: true)
+          Digestor.digest(name: template_name, finder: finder, partial: true)
         end
 
         (template_digests + injected_dependencies).join("-")
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1f506866e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActionView
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Action View as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 2
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "beta1"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
index aa49f1edc1..b7fdc16a9d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module ActionView
   # = Action View Asset Tag Helpers
   module Helpers #:nodoc:
     # This module provides methods for generating HTML that links views to assets such
-    # as images, javascripts, stylesheets, and feeds. These methods do not verify
+    # as images, JavaScripts, stylesheets, and feeds. These methods do not verify
     # the assets exist before linking to them:
     #
     #   image_tag("rails.png")
@@ -142,22 +142,29 @@ module ActionView
         )
       end
 
-      # Returns a link loading a favicon file. You may specify a different file
-      # in the first argument. The helper accepts an additional options hash where
-      # you can override "rel" and "type".
+      # Returns a link tag for a favicon managed by the asset pipeline.
       #
-      # ==== Options
+      # If a page has no link like the one generated by this helper, browsers
+      # ask for <tt>/favicon.ico</tt> automatically, and cache the file if the
+      # request succeeds. If the favicon changes it is hard to get it updated.
       #
-      # * <tt>:rel</tt>   - Specify the relation of this link, defaults to 'shortcut icon'
-      # * <tt>:type</tt>  - Override the auto-generated mime type, defaults to 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon'
+      # To have better control applications may let the asset pipeline manage
+      # their favicon storing the file under <tt>app/assets/images</tt>, and
+      # using this helper to generate its corresponding link tag.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
+      # The helper gets the name of the favicon file as first argument, which
+      # defaults to "favicon.ico", and also supports +:rel+ and +:type+ options
+      # to override their defaults, "shortcut icon" and "image/x-icon"
+      # respectively:
+      #
+      #   favicon_link_tag
+      #   # => <link href="/assets/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />
       #
       #   favicon_link_tag 'myicon.ico'
-      #   # => <link href="/assets/myicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
+      #   # => <link href="/assets/myicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />
       #
-      # Mobile Safari looks for a different <link> tag, pointing to an image that
-      # will be used if you add the page to the home screen of an iPod Touch, iPhone, or iPad.
+      # Mobile Safari looks for a different link tag, pointing to an image that
+      # will be used if you add the page to the home screen of an iOS device.
       # The following call would generate such a tag:
       #
       #   favicon_link_tag 'mb-icon.png', rel: 'apple-touch-icon', type: 'image/png'
@@ -165,7 +172,7 @@ module ActionView
       def favicon_link_tag(source='favicon.ico', options={})
         tag('link', {
           :rel  => 'shortcut icon',
-          :type => 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon',
+          :type => 'image/x-icon',
           :href => path_to_image(source)
         }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys))
       end
@@ -211,7 +218,7 @@ module ActionView
         tag("img", options)
       end
 
-      # Returns a string suitable for an html image tag alt attribute.
+      # Returns a string suitable for an HTML image tag alt attribute.
       # The +src+ argument is meant to be an image file path.
       # The method removes the basename of the file path and the digest,
       # if any. It also removes hyphens and underscores from file names and
@@ -232,7 +239,7 @@ module ActionView
         File.basename(src, '.*').sub(/-[[:xdigit:]]{32}\z/, '').tr('-_', ' ').capitalize
       end
 
-      # Returns an html video tag for the +sources+. If +sources+ is a string,
+      # Returns an HTML video tag for the +sources+. If +sources+ is a string,
       # a single video tag will be returned. If +sources+ is an array, a video
       # tag with nested source tags for each source will be returned. The
       # +sources+ can be full paths or files that exists in your public videos
@@ -251,19 +258,19 @@ module ActionView
       # ==== Examples
       #
       #   video_tag("trailer")
-      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer" />
+      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer"></video>
       #   video_tag("trailer.ogg")
-      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.ogg" />
+      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.ogg"></video>
       #   video_tag("trailer.ogg", controls: true, autobuffer: true)
-      #   # => <video autobuffer="autobuffer" controls="controls" src="/videos/trailer.ogg" />
+      #   # => <video autobuffer="autobuffer" controls="controls" src="/videos/trailer.ogg" ></video>
       #   video_tag("trailer.m4v", size: "16x10", poster: "screenshot.png")
-      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.m4v" width="16" height="10" poster="/assets/screenshot.png" />
+      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.m4v" width="16" height="10" poster="/assets/screenshot.png"></video>
       #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", size: "16x16")
-      #   # => <video src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16" height="16" />
+      #   # => <video src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16" height="16"></video>
       #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", size: "16")
-      #   # => <video height="16" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16" />
+      #   # => <video height="16" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16"></video>
       #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", height: '32', width: '32')
-      #   # => <video height="32" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="32" />
+      #   # => <video height="32" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="32"></video>
       #   video_tag("trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv")
       #   # => <video><source src="/videos/trailer.ogg" /><source src="/videos/trailer.flv" /></video>
       #   video_tag(["trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv"])
@@ -282,11 +289,11 @@ module ActionView
       # your public audios directory.
       #
       #   audio_tag("sound")
-      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound" />
+      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound"></audio>
       #   audio_tag("sound.wav")
-      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound.wav" />
+      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound.wav"></audio>
       #   audio_tag("sound.wav", autoplay: true, controls: true)
-      #   # => <audio autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/audios/sound.wav" />
+      #   # => <audio autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/audios/sound.wav"></audio>
       #   audio_tag("sound.wav", "sound.mid")
       #   # => <audio><source src="/audios/sound.wav" /><source src="/audios/sound.mid" /></audio>
       def audio_tag(*sources)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
index c830ab23e3..9e8d005ec7 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
@@ -88,9 +88,12 @@ module ActionView
     # still sending assets for plain HTTP requests from asset hosts. If you don't
     # have SSL certificates for each of the asset hosts this technique allows you
     # to avoid warnings in the client about mixed media.
+    # Note that the request parameter might not be supplied, e.g. when the assets
+    # are precompiled via a Rake task. Make sure to use a Proc instead of a lambda,
+    # since a Proc allows missing parameters and sets them to nil.
     #
     #   config.action_controller.asset_host = Proc.new { |source, request|
-    #     if request.ssl?
+    #     if request && request.ssl?
     #       "#{request.protocol}#{request.host_with_port}"
     #     else
     #       "#{request.protocol}assets.example.com"
@@ -113,13 +116,13 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # All other asset *_path helpers delegate through this method.
       #
-      #   asset_path "application.js"                     # => /application.js
-      #   asset_path "application", type: :javascript     # => /javascripts/application.js
-      #   asset_path "application", type: :stylesheet     # => /stylesheets/application.css
+      #   asset_path "application.js"                     # => /assets/application.js
+      #   asset_path "application", type: :javascript     # => /assets/application.js
+      #   asset_path "application", type: :stylesheet     # => /assets/application.css
       #   asset_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js" # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js
       def asset_path(source, options = {})
-        source = source.to_s
         return "" unless source.present?
+        source = source.to_s
         return source if source =~ URI_REGEXP
 
         tail, source = source[/([\?#].+)$/], source.sub(/([\?#].+)$/, '')
@@ -134,11 +137,11 @@ module ActionView
 
         relative_url_root = defined?(config.relative_url_root) && config.relative_url_root
         if relative_url_root
-          source = "#{relative_url_root}#{source}" unless source.starts_with?("#{relative_url_root}/")
+          source = File.join(relative_url_root, source) unless source.starts_with?("#{relative_url_root}/")
         end
 
         if host = compute_asset_host(source, options)
-          source = "#{host}#{source}"
+          source = File.join(host, source)
         end
 
         "#{source}#{tail}"
@@ -147,7 +150,14 @@ module ActionView
 
       # Computes the full URL to an asset in the public directory. This
       # will use +asset_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors
-      # will be the same.
+      # will be the same. If :host options is set, it overwrites global
+      # +config.action_controller.asset_host+ setting.
+      #
+      # All other options provided are forwarded to +asset_path+ call.
+      #
+      #   asset_url "application.js"                                 # => http://example.com/assets/application.js
+      #   asset_url "application.js", host: "http://cdn.example.com" # => http://cdn.example.com/assets/application.js
+      #
       def asset_url(source, options = {})
         path_to_asset(source, options.merge(:protocol => :request))
       end
@@ -191,8 +201,8 @@ module ActionView
       # (proc or otherwise).
       def compute_asset_host(source = "", options = {})
         request = self.request if respond_to?(:request)
-        host = config.asset_host if defined? config.asset_host
-        host ||= request.base_url if request && options[:protocol] == :request
+        host = options[:host]
+        host ||= config.asset_host if defined? config.asset_host
 
         if host.respond_to?(:call)
           arity = host.respond_to?(:arity) ? host.arity : host.method(:call).arity
@@ -203,6 +213,7 @@ module ActionView
           host = host % (Zlib.crc32(source) % 4)
         end
 
+        host ||= request.base_url if request && options[:protocol] == :request
         return unless host
 
         if host =~ URI_REGEXP
@@ -220,13 +231,13 @@ module ActionView
         end
       end
 
-      # Computes the path to a javascript asset in the public javascripts directory.
+      # Computes the path to a JavaScript asset in the public javascripts directory.
       # If the +source+ filename has no extension, .js will be appended (except for explicit URIs)
       # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
-      # Used internally by javascript_include_tag to build the script path.
+      # Used internally by +javascript_include_tag+ to build the script path.
       #
-      #   javascript_path "xmlhr"                              # => /javascripts/xmlhr.js
-      #   javascript_path "dir/xmlhr.js"                       # => /javascripts/dir/xmlhr.js
+      #   javascript_path "xmlhr"                              # => /assets/xmlhr.js
+      #   javascript_path "dir/xmlhr.js"                       # => /assets/dir/xmlhr.js
       #   javascript_path "/dir/xmlhr"                         # => /dir/xmlhr.js
       #   javascript_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr"    # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr
       #   javascript_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js" # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js
@@ -235,7 +246,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
       alias_method :path_to_javascript, :javascript_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with a javascript_path named route
 
-      # Computes the full URL to a javascript asset in the public javascripts directory.
+      # Computes the full URL to a JavaScript asset in the public javascripts directory.
       # This will use +javascript_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
       def javascript_url(source, options = {})
         url_to_asset(source, {type: :javascript}.merge!(options))
@@ -243,12 +254,12 @@ module ActionView
       alias_method :url_to_javascript, :javascript_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with a javascript_url named route
 
       # Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the public stylesheets directory.
-      # If the +source+ filename has no extension, <tt>.css</tt> will be appended (except for explicit URIs).
+      # If the +source+ filename has no extension, .css will be appended (except for explicit URIs).
       # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
       # Used internally by +stylesheet_link_tag+ to build the stylesheet path.
       #
-      #   stylesheet_path "style"                                  # => /stylesheets/style.css
-      #   stylesheet_path "dir/style.css"                          # => /stylesheets/dir/style.css
+      #   stylesheet_path "style"                                  # => /assets/style.css
+      #   stylesheet_path "dir/style.css"                          # => /assets/dir/style.css
       #   stylesheet_path "/dir/style.css"                         # => /dir/style.css
       #   stylesheet_path "http://www.example.com/css/style"       # => http://www.example.com/css/style
       #   stylesheet_path "http://www.example.com/css/style.css"   # => http://www.example.com/css/style.css
@@ -334,9 +345,9 @@ module ActionView
       # Computes the path to a font asset.
       # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
       #
-      #   font_path("font")                                           # => /assets/font
-      #   font_path("font.ttf")                                       # => /assets/font.ttf
-      #   font_path("dir/font.ttf")                                   # => /assets/dir/font.ttf
+      #   font_path("font")                                           # => /fonts/font
+      #   font_path("font.ttf")                                       # => /fonts/font.ttf
+      #   font_path("dir/font.ttf")                                   # => /fonts/dir/font.ttf
       #   font_path("/dir/font.ttf")                                  # => /dir/font.ttf
       #   font_path("http://www.example.com/dir/font.ttf")            # => http://www.example.com/dir/font.ttf
       def font_path(source, options = {})
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
index af70a4242a..227ad4cdfa 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module ActionView
       # Full usage example:
       #
       #   config/routes.rb:
-      #     Basecamp::Application.routes.draw do
+      #     Rails.application.routes.draw do
       #       resources :posts
       #       root to: "posts#index"
       #     end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
index b3af1d4da4..4db8930a26 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActionView
       # The best way to use this is by doing key-based cache expiration
       # on top of a cache store like Memcached that'll automatically
       # kick out old entries. For more on key-based expiration, see:
-      # http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works
+      # http://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works
       #
       # When using this method, you list the cache dependency as the name of the cache, like so:
       #
@@ -165,10 +165,10 @@ module ActionView
 
       def fragment_name_with_digest(name) #:nodoc:
         if @virtual_path
-          [
-            *Array(name.is_a?(Hash) ? controller.url_for(name).split("://").last : name),
-            Digestor.digest(@virtual_path, formats.last.to_sym, lookup_context, dependencies: view_cache_dependencies)
-          ]
+          names  = Array(name.is_a?(Hash) ? controller.url_for(name).split("://").last : name)
+          digest = Digestor.digest name: @virtual_path, finder: lookup_context, dependencies: view_cache_dependencies
+
+          [ *names, digest ]
         else
           name
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
index 5afe435459..75d1634b2e 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
@@ -202,15 +202,6 @@ module ActionView
       ensure
         self.output_buffer = old_buffer
       end
-
-      # Add the output buffer to the response body and start a new one.
-      def flush_output_buffer #:nodoc:
-        if output_buffer && !output_buffer.empty?
-          response.stream.write output_buffer
-          self.output_buffer = output_buffer.respond_to?(:clone_empty) ? output_buffer.clone_empty : output_buffer[0, 0]
-          nil
-        end
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
index 3d091c4a00..9272bb5c10 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ module ActionView
     #   the <tt>select_month</tt> method would use simply "date" (which can be overwritten using <tt>:prefix</tt>) instead
     #   of \date[month].
     module DateHelper
+      MINUTES_IN_YEAR = 525600
+      MINUTES_IN_QUARTER_YEAR = 131400
+      MINUTES_IN_THREE_QUARTERS_YEAR = 394200
+
       # Reports the approximate distance in time between two Time, Date or DateTime objects or integers as seconds.
       # Pass <tt>include_seconds: true</tt> if you want more detailed approximations when distance < 1 min, 29 secs.
       # Distances are reported based on the following table:
@@ -120,11 +124,11 @@ module ActionView
               else
                 minutes_with_offset = distance_in_minutes
               end
-              remainder                   = (minutes_with_offset % 525600)
-              distance_in_years           = (minutes_with_offset.div 525600)
-              if remainder < 131400
+              remainder                   = (minutes_with_offset % MINUTES_IN_YEAR)
+              distance_in_years           = (minutes_with_offset.div MINUTES_IN_YEAR)
+              if remainder < MINUTES_IN_QUARTER_YEAR
                 locale.t(:about_x_years,  :count => distance_in_years)
-              elsif remainder < 394200
+              elsif remainder < MINUTES_IN_THREE_QUARTERS_YEAR
                 locale.t(:over_x_years,   :count => distance_in_years)
               else
                 locale.t(:almost_x_years, :count => distance_in_years + 1)
@@ -149,8 +153,8 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # Note that you cannot pass a <tt>Numeric</tt> value to <tt>time_ago_in_words</tt>.
       #
-      def time_ago_in_words(from_time, include_seconds_or_options = {})
-        distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, Time.now, include_seconds_or_options)
+      def time_ago_in_words(from_time, options = {})
+        distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, Time.now, options)
       end
 
       alias_method :distance_of_time_in_words_to_now, :time_ago_in_words
@@ -169,6 +173,9 @@ module ActionView
       #   "2 - February" instead of "February").
       # * <tt>:use_month_names</tt>   - Set to an array with 12 month names if you want to customize month names.
       #   Note: You can also use Rails' i18n functionality for this.
+      # * <tt>:month_format_string</tt> - Set to a format string. The string gets passed keys +:number+ (integer)
+      #   and +:name+ (string). A format string would be something like "%{name} (%<number>02d)" for example.
+      #   See <tt>Kernel.sprintf</tt> for documentation on format sequences.
       # * <tt>:date_separator</tt>    - Specifies a string to separate the date fields. Default is "" (i.e. nothing).
       # * <tt>:start_year</tt>        - Set the start year for the year select. Default is <tt>Date.today.year - 5</tt>if
       #   you are creating new record. While editing existing record, <tt>:start_year</tt> defaults to
@@ -323,7 +330,7 @@ module ActionView
         Tags::DatetimeSelect.new(object_name, method, self, options, html_options).render
       end
 
-      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, minute, and second) pre-selected with the
+      # Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, minute, and second) pre-selected with the
       # +datetime+. It's also possible to explicitly set the order of the tags using the <tt>:order</tt> option with
       # an array of symbols <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt> and <tt>:day</tt> in the desired order. If you do not
       # supply a Symbol, it will be appended onto the <tt>:order</tt> passed in. You can also add
@@ -372,7 +379,7 @@ module ActionView
         DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_datetime
       end
 
-      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the +date+.
+      # Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the +date+.
       # It's possible to explicitly set the order of the tags using the <tt>:order</tt> option with an array of
       # symbols <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt> and <tt>:day</tt> in the desired order.
       # If the array passed to the <tt>:order</tt> option does not contain all the three symbols, all tags will be hidden.
@@ -411,7 +418,7 @@ module ActionView
         DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_date
       end
 
-      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for hour and minute).
+      # Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for hour and minute).
       # You can set <tt>:time_separator</tt> key to format the output, and
       # the <tt>:include_seconds</tt> option to include an input for seconds.
       #
@@ -628,7 +635,7 @@ module ActionView
         DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_year
       end
 
-      # Returns an html time tag for the given date or time.
+      # Returns an HTML time tag for the given date or time.
       #
       #   time_tag Date.today  # =>
       #     <time datetime="2010-11-04">November 04, 2010</time>
@@ -850,24 +857,36 @@ module ActionView
           I18n.translate(key, :locale => @options[:locale])
         end
 
-        # Lookup month name for number.
-        #  month_name(1) => "January"
+        # Looks up month names by number (1-based):
+        #
+        #   month_name(1) # => "January"
+        #
+        # If the <tt>:use_month_numbers</tt> option is passed:
+        #
+        #   month_name(1) # => 1
+        #
+        # If the <tt>:use_two_month_numbers</tt> option is passed:
+        #
+        #   month_name(1) # => '01'
+        #
+        # If the <tt>:add_month_numbers</tt> option is passed:
+        #
+        #   month_name(1) # => "1 - January"
         #
-        # If <tt>:use_month_numbers</tt> option is passed
-        #  month_name(1) => 1
+        # If the <tt>:month_format_string</tt> option is passed:
         #
-        # If <tt>:use_two_month_numbers</tt> option is passed
-        #  month_name(1) => '01'
+        #   month_name(1) # => "January (01)"
         #
-        # If <tt>:add_month_numbers</tt> option is passed
-        #  month_name(1) => "1 - January"
+        # depending on the format string.
         def month_name(number)
           if @options[:use_month_numbers]
             number
           elsif @options[:use_two_digit_numbers]
-            sprintf "%02d", number
+            '%02d' % number
           elsif @options[:add_month_numbers]
             "#{number} - #{month_names[number]}"
+          elsif format_string = @options[:month_format_string]
+            format_string % {number: number, name: month_names[number]}
           else
             month_names[number]
           end
@@ -895,7 +914,7 @@ module ActionView
           build_select(type, build_options(selected, options))
         end
 
-        # Build select option html from date value and options.
+        # Build select option HTML from date value and options.
         #  build_options(15, start: 1, end: 31)
         #  => "<option value="1">1</option>
         #      <option value="2">2</option>
@@ -935,7 +954,7 @@ module ActionView
           (select_options.join("\n") + "\n").html_safe
         end
 
-        # Builds select tag from date type and html select options.
+        # Builds select tag from date type and HTML select options.
         #  build_select(:month, "<option value="1">January</option>...")
         #  => "<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">
         #        <option value="1">January</option>...
@@ -946,7 +965,7 @@ module ActionView
             :name => input_name_from_type(type)
           }.merge!(@html_options)
           select_options[:disabled] = 'disabled' if @options[:disabled]
-          select_options[:class] = type if @options[:with_css_classes]
+          select_options[:class] = [select_options[:class], type].compact.join(' ') if @options[:with_css_classes]
 
           select_html = "\n"
           select_html << content_tag(:option, '', :value => '') + "\n" if @options[:include_blank]
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
index c29c1b1eea..ba47eee9ba 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
@@ -11,24 +11,20 @@ module ActionView
       # If the object cannot be converted to YAML using +to_yaml+, +inspect+ will be called instead.
       # Useful for inspecting an object at the time of rendering.
       #
-      #   @user = User.new({ username: 'testing', password: 'xyz', age: 42}) %>
+      #   @user = User.new({ username: 'testing', password: 'xyz', age: 42})
       #   debug(@user)
       #   # =>
       #   <pre class='debug_dump'>--- !ruby/object:User
       #   attributes:
-      #   &nbsp; updated_at:
-      #   &nbsp; username: testing
-      #
-      #   &nbsp; age: 42
-      #   &nbsp; password: xyz
-      #   &nbsp; created_at:
-      #   attributes_cache: {}
-      #
-      #   new_record: true
+      #     updated_at:
+      #     username: testing
+      #     age: 42
+      #     password: xyz
+      #     created_at:
       #   </pre>
       def debug(object)
         Marshal::dump(object)
-        object = ERB::Util.html_escape(object.to_yaml).gsub("  ", "&nbsp; ").html_safe
+        object = ERB::Util.html_escape(object.to_yaml)
         content_tag(:pre, object, :class => "debug_dump")
       rescue Exception  # errors from Marshal or YAML
         # Object couldn't be dumped, perhaps because of singleton methods -- this is the fallback
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
index 5235962f9f..09843ca70d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ module ActionView
       # will get expanded to
       #
       #   <%= text_field :person, :first_name %>
-      # which results in an html <tt><input></tt> tag whose +name+ attribute is
+      # which results in an HTML <tt><input></tt> tag whose +name+ attribute is
       # <tt>person[first_name]</tt>. This means that when the form is submitted,
       # the value entered by the user will be available in the controller as
       # <tt>params[:person][:first_name]</tt>.
@@ -434,7 +434,8 @@ module ActionView
         output  = capture(builder, &block)
         html_options[:multipart] ||= builder.multipart?
 
-        form_tag(options[:url] || {}, html_options) { output }
+        html_options = html_options_for_form(options[:url] || {}, html_options)
+        form_tag_with_body(html_options, output)
       end
 
       def apply_form_for_options!(record, object, options) #:nodoc:
@@ -449,7 +450,11 @@ module ActionView
           method: method
         )
 
-        options[:url] ||= polymorphic_path(record, format: options.delete(:format))
+        options[:url] ||= if options.key?(:format)
+                            polymorphic_path(record, format: options.delete(:format))
+                          else
+                            polymorphic_path(record, {})
+                          end
       end
       private :apply_form_for_options!
 
@@ -457,7 +462,7 @@ module ActionView
       # doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable
       # for specifying additional model objects in the same form.
       #
-      # Although the usage and purpose of +field_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
+      # Although the usage and purpose of +fields_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
       # its method signature is slightly different. Like +form_for+, it yields
       # a FormBuilder object associated with a particular model object to a block,
       # and within the block allows methods to be called on the builder to
@@ -477,7 +482,7 @@ module ActionView
       #       Admin?  : <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
       #     <% end %>
       #
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #     <%= person_form.submit %>
       #   <% end %>
       #
       # In this case, the checkbox field will be represented by an HTML +input+
@@ -746,6 +751,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   label(:post, :terms) do
       #     'Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.'.html_safe
       #   end
+      #   # => <label for="post_terms">Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.</label>
       def label(object_name, method, content_or_options = nil, options = nil, &block)
         Tags::Label.new(object_name, method, self, content_or_options, options).render(&block)
       end
@@ -1007,6 +1013,18 @@ module ActionView
       #   date_field("user", "born_on", value: "1984-05-12")
       #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" value="1984-05-12" />
       #
+      # You can create values for the "min" and "max" attributes by passing
+      # instances of Date or Time to the options hash.
+      #
+      #   date_field("user", "born_on", min: Date.today)
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" min="2014-05-20" />
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass a String formatted as an ISO8601 date as the
+      # values for "min" and "max."
+      #
+      #   date_field("user", "born_on", min: "2014-05-20")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" min="2014-05-20" />
+      #
       def date_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::DateField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -1024,6 +1042,18 @@ module ActionView
       #   time_field("task", "started_at")
       #   # => <input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" />
       #
+      # You can create values for the "min" and "max" attributes by passing
+      # instances of Date or Time to the options hash.
+      #
+      #   time_field("task", "started_at", min: Time.now)
+      #   # => <input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" min="01:00:00.000" />
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass a String formatted as an ISO8601 time as the
+      # values for "min" and "max."
+      #
+      #   time_field("task", "started_at", min: "01:00:00")
+      #   # => <input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" min="01:00:00.000" />
+      #
       def time_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::TimeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -1041,6 +1071,18 @@ module ActionView
       #   datetime_field("user", "born_on")
       #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" value="1984-01-12T00:00:00.000+0000" />
       #
+      # You can create values for the "min" and "max" attributes by passing
+      # instances of Date or Time to the options hash.
+      #
+      #   datetime_field("user", "born_on", min: Date.today)
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" min="2014-05-20T00:00:00.000+0000" />
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass a String formatted as an ISO8601 datetime
+      # with UTC offset as the values for "min" and "max."
+      #
+      #   datetime_field("user", "born_on", min: "2014-05-20T00:00:00+0000")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" min="2014-05-20T00:00:00.000+0000" />
+      #
       def datetime_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::DatetimeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -1058,6 +1100,18 @@ module ActionView
       #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on")
       #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" value="1984-01-12T00:00:00" />
       #
+      # You can create values for the "min" and "max" attributes by passing
+      # instances of Date or Time to the options hash.
+      #
+      #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on", min: Date.today)
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" min="2014-05-20T00:00:00.000" />
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass a String formatted as an ISO8601 datetime as
+      # the values for "min" and "max."
+      #
+      #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on", min: "2014-05-20T00:00:00")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" min="2014-05-20T00:00:00.000" />
+      #
       def datetime_local_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::DatetimeLocalField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -1268,7 +1322,7 @@ module ActionView
       # doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable
       # for specifying additional model objects in the same form.
       #
-      # Although the usage and purpose of +field_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
+      # Although the usage and purpose of +fields_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
       # its method signature is slightly different. Like +form_for+, it yields
       # a FormBuilder object associated with a particular model object to a block,
       # and within the block allows methods to be called on the builder to
@@ -1809,8 +1863,8 @@ module ActionView
           object = convert_to_model(@object)
           key    = object ? (object.persisted? ? :update : :create) : :submit
 
-          model = if object.class.respond_to?(:model_name)
-            object.class.model_name.human
+          model = if object.respond_to?(:model_name)
+            object.model_name.human
           else
             @object_name.to_s.humanize
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
index f625a9ff49..83b07a00d4 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
@@ -14,81 +14,81 @@ module ActionView
     #
     # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - set to true or a prompt string if the first option element of the select element is a blank. Useful if there is not a default value required for the select element.
     #
-    #   select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {include_blank: true})
+    #     select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {include_blank: true})
     #
-    # could become:
+    #   could become:
     #
-    #   <select name="post[category]">
-    #     <option></option>
-    #     <option>joke</option>
-    #     <option>poem</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="post[category]">
+    #       <option></option>
+    #       <option>joke</option>
+    #       <option>poem</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
-    # Another common case is a select tag for a <tt>belongs_to</tt>-associated object.
+    #   Another common case is a select tag for a <tt>belongs_to</tt>-associated object.
     #
-    # Example with @post.person_id => 2:
+    #   Example with <tt>@post.person_id => 2</tt>:
     #
-    #   select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: 'None'})
+    #     select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: 'None'})
     #
-    # could become:
+    #   could become:
     #
-    #   <select name="post[person_id]">
-    #     <option value="">None</option>
-    #     <option value="1">David</option>
-    #     <option value="2" selected="selected">Sam</option>
-    #     <option value="3">Tobias</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="post[person_id]">
+    #       <option value="">None</option>
+    #       <option value="1">David</option>
+    #       <option value="2" selected="selected">Sam</option>
+    #       <option value="3">Tobias</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
     # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this prepends an option with a generic prompt -- "Please select" -- or the given prompt string.
     #
-    #   select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {prompt: 'Select Person'})
+    #     select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {prompt: 'Select Person'})
     #
-    # could become:
+    #   could become:
     #
-    #   <select name="post[person_id]">
-    #     <option value="">Select Person</option>
-    #     <option value="1">David</option>
-    #     <option value="2">Sam</option>
-    #     <option value="3">Tobias</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="post[person_id]">
+    #       <option value="">Select Person</option>
+    #       <option value="1">David</option>
+    #       <option value="2">Sam</option>
+    #       <option value="3">Tobias</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
-    # Like the other form helpers, +select+ can accept an <tt>:index</tt> option to manually set the ID used in the resulting output. Unlike other helpers, +select+ expects this
-    # option to be in the +html_options+ parameter.
+    # * <tt>:index</tt> - like the other form helpers, +select+ can accept an <tt>:index</tt> option to manually set the ID used in the resulting output. Unlike other helpers, +select+ expects this
+    #   option to be in the +html_options+ parameter.
     #
-    #   select("album[]", "genre", %w[rap rock country], {}, { index: nil })
+    #     select("album[]", "genre", %w[rap rock country], {}, { index: nil })
     #
-    # becomes:
+    #   becomes:
     #
-    #   <select name="album[][genre]" id="album__genre">
-    #     <option value="rap">rap</option>
-    #     <option value="rock">rock</option>
-    #     <option value="country">country</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="album[][genre]" id="album__genre">
+    #       <option value="rap">rap</option>
+    #       <option value="rock">rock</option>
+    #       <option value="country">country</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
     # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - can be a single value or an array of values that will be disabled options in the final output.
     #
-    #   select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {disabled: 'restricted'})
+    #     select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {disabled: 'restricted'})
     #
-    # could become:
+    #   could become:
     #
-    #   <select name="post[category]">
-    #     <option></option>
-    #     <option>joke</option>
-    #     <option>poem</option>
-    #     <option disabled="disabled">restricted</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="post[category]">
+    #       <option></option>
+    #       <option>joke</option>
+    #       <option>poem</option>
+    #       <option disabled="disabled">restricted</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
-    # When used with the <tt>collection_select</tt> helper, <tt>:disabled</tt> can also be a Proc that identifies those options that should be disabled.
+    #   When used with the <tt>collection_select</tt> helper, <tt>:disabled</tt> can also be a Proc that identifies those options that should be disabled.
     #
-    #   collection_select(:post, :category_id, Category.all, :id, :name, {disabled: lambda{|category| category.archived? }})
+    #     collection_select(:post, :category_id, Category.all, :id, :name, {disabled: lambda{|category| category.archived? }})
     #
-    # If the categories "2008 stuff" and "Christmas" return true when the method <tt>archived?</tt> is called, this would return:
-    #   <select name="post[category_id]">
-    #     <option value="1" disabled="disabled">2008 stuff</option>
-    #     <option value="2" disabled="disabled">Christmas</option>
-    #     <option value="3">Jokes</option>
-    #     <option value="4">Poems</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #   If the categories "2008 stuff" and "Christmas" return true when the method <tt>archived?</tt> is called, this would return:
+    #     <select name="post[category_id]">
+    #       <option value="1" disabled="disabled">2008 stuff</option>
+    #       <option value="2" disabled="disabled">Christmas</option>
+    #       <option value="3">Jokes</option>
+    #       <option value="4">Poems</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
     module FormOptionsHelper
       # ERB::Util can mask some helpers like textilize. Make sure to include them.
@@ -152,11 +152,9 @@ module ActionView
       # To prevent this the helper generates an auxiliary hidden field before
       # every multiple select. The hidden field has the same name as multiple select and blank value.
       #
-      # This way, the client either sends only the hidden field (representing
-      # the deselected multiple select box), or both fields. Since the HTML specification
-      # says key/value pairs have to be sent in the same order they appear in the
-      # form, and parameters extraction gets the last occurrence of any repeated
-      # key in the query string, that works for ordinary forms.
+      # <b>Note:</b> The client either sends only the hidden field (representing
+      # the deselected multiple select box), or both fields. This means that the resulting array
+      # always contains a blank string.
       #
       # In case if you don't want the helper to generate this hidden field you can specify
       # <tt>include_hidden: false</tt> option.
@@ -316,7 +314,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <option>MasterCard</option>
       #   # => <option selected="selected">Discover</option>
       #
-      # You can optionally provide html attributes as the last element of the array.
+      # You can optionally provide HTML attributes as the last element of the array.
       #
       #   options_for_select([ "Denmark", ["USA", {class: 'bold'}], "Sweden" ], ["USA", "Sweden"])
       #   # => <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
@@ -360,8 +358,8 @@ module ActionView
           html_attributes = option_html_attributes(element)
           text, value = option_text_and_value(element).map { |item| item.to_s }
 
-          html_attributes[:selected] = option_value_selected?(value, selected)
-          html_attributes[:disabled] = disabled && option_value_selected?(value, disabled)
+          html_attributes[:selected] ||= option_value_selected?(value, selected)
+          html_attributes[:disabled] ||= disabled && option_value_selected?(value, disabled)
           html_attributes[:value] = value
 
           content_tag_string(:option, text, html_attributes)
@@ -463,21 +461,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       # Returns a string of <tt><option></tt> tags, like <tt>options_for_select</tt>, but
-      # wraps them with <tt><optgroup></tt> tags.
-      #
-      # Parameters:
-      # * +grouped_options+ - Accepts a nested array or hash of strings. The first value serves as the
-      #   <tt><optgroup></tt> label while the second value must be an array of options. The second value can be a
-      #   nested array of text-value pairs. See <tt>options_for_select</tt> for more info.
-      #    Ex. ["North America",[["United States","US"],["Canada","CA"]]]
-      # * +selected_key+ - A value equal to the +value+ attribute for one of the <tt><option></tt> tags,
-      #   which will have the +selected+ attribute set. Note: It is possible for this value to match multiple options
-      #   as you might have the same option in multiple groups. Each will then get <tt>selected="selected"</tt>.
-      #
-      # Options:
-      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this
-      #   prepends an option with a generic prompt - "Please select" - or the given prompt string.
-      # * <tt>:divider</tt> - the divider for the options groups.
+      # wraps them with <tt><optgroup></tt> tags:
       #
       #   grouped_options = [
       #    ['North America',
@@ -504,22 +488,36 @@ module ActionView
       #     <option value="France">France</option>
       #   </optgroup>
       #
-      #   grouped_options = [
-      #     [['United States','US'], 'Canada'],
-      #     ['Denmark','Germany','France']
-      #   ]
-      #   grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options, nil, divider: '---------')
+      # Parameters:
+      # * +grouped_options+ - Accepts a nested array or hash of strings. The first value serves as the
+      #   <tt><optgroup></tt> label while the second value must be an array of options. The second value can be a
+      #   nested array of text-value pairs. See <tt>options_for_select</tt> for more info.
+      #    Ex. ["North America",[["United States","US"],["Canada","CA"]]]
+      # * +selected_key+ - A value equal to the +value+ attribute for one of the <tt><option></tt> tags,
+      #   which will have the +selected+ attribute set. Note: It is possible for this value to match multiple options
+      #   as you might have the same option in multiple groups. Each will then get <tt>selected="selected"</tt>.
       #
-      # Possible output:
-      #   <optgroup label="---------">
-      #     <option value="US">United States</option>
-      #     <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
-      #   </optgroup>
-      #   <optgroup label="---------">
-      #     <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
-      #     <option value="Germany">Germany</option>
-      #     <option value="France">France</option>
-      #   </optgroup>
+      # Options:
+      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this
+      #   prepends an option with a generic prompt - "Please select" - or the given prompt string.
+      # * <tt>:divider</tt> - the divider for the options groups.
+      #
+      #     grouped_options = [
+      #       [['United States','US'], 'Canada'],
+      #       ['Denmark','Germany','France']
+      #     ]
+      #     grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options, nil, divider: '---------')
+      #
+      #   Possible output:
+      #     <optgroup label="---------">
+      #       <option value="US">United States</option>
+      #       <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
+      #     </optgroup>
+      #     <optgroup label="---------">
+      #       <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
+      #       <option value="Germany">Germany</option>
+      #       <option value="France">France</option>
+      #     </optgroup>
       #
       # <b>Note:</b> Only the <tt><optgroup></tt> and <tt><option></tt> tags are returned, so you still have to
       # wrap the output in an appropriate <tt><select></tt> tag.
@@ -635,7 +633,7 @@ module ActionView
       # even use the label as wrapper, as in the example above.
       #
       # The builder methods <tt>label</tt> and <tt>radio_button</tt> also accept
-      # extra html options:
+      # extra HTML options:
       #   collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
       #     b.label(class: "radio_button") { b.radio_button(class: "radio_button") }
       #   end
@@ -698,7 +696,7 @@ module ActionView
       # use the label as wrapper, as in the example above.
       #
       # The builder methods <tt>label</tt> and <tt>check_box</tt> also accept
-      # extra html options:
+      # extra HTML options:
       #   collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
       #     b.label(class: "check_box") { b.check_box(class: "check_box") }
       #   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
index 80f066b3be..7d1cdc5a68 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ module ActionView
       #   This is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms get the
       #   authenticity token from the <tt>meta</tt> tag, so embedding is unnecessary unless you
       #   support browsers without JavaScript.
-      # * A list of parameters to feed to the URL the form will be posted to.
       # * <tt>:remote</tt> - If set to true, will allow the Unobtrusive JavaScript drivers to control the
       #   submit behavior. By default this behavior is an ajax submit.
       # * <tt>:enforce_utf8</tt> - If set to false, a hidden input with name utf8 is not output.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   form_tag('/posts')
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module ActionView
       def form_tag(url_for_options = {}, options = {}, &block)
         html_options = html_options_for_form(url_for_options, options)
         if block_given?
-          form_tag_in_block(html_options, &block)
+          form_tag_with_body(html_options, capture(&block))
         else
           form_tag_html(html_options)
         end
@@ -82,14 +82,18 @@ module ActionView
       # ==== Options
       # * <tt>:multiple</tt> - If set to true the selection will allow multiple choices.
       # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - If set to true, an empty option will be created.
-      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - Create a prompt option with blank value and the text asking user to select something
+      # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - If set to true, an empty option will be created. If set to a string, the string will be used as the option's content and the value will be empty.
+      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - Create a prompt option with blank value and the text asking user to select something.
+      # * <tt>:selected</tt> - Provide a default selected value. It should be of the exact type as the provided options.
       # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name")
       #   # <select id="people" name="people"><option value="1">David</option></select>
       #
+      #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), selected: ["1", "David"]
+      #   # <select id="people" name="people"><option value="1" selected="selected">David</option></select>
+      #
       #   select_tag "people", "<option>David</option>".html_safe
       #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option>David</option></select>
       #
@@ -105,13 +109,16 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <select id="locations" name="locations"><option>Home</option><option selected='selected'>Work</option>
       #   #    <option>Out</option></select>
       #
-      #   select_tag "access", "<option>Read</option><option>Write</option>".html_safe, multiple: true, class: 'form_input'
-      #   # => <select class="form_input" id="access" multiple="multiple" name="access[]"><option>Read</option>
+      #   select_tag "access", "<option>Read</option><option>Write</option>".html_safe, multiple: true, class: 'form_input', id: 'unique_id'
+      #   # => <select class="form_input" id="unique_id" multiple="multiple" name="access[]"><option>Read</option>
       #   #    <option>Write</option></select>
       #
       #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), include_blank: true
       #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option value=""></option><option value="1">David</option></select>
       #
+      #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), include_blank: "All"
+      #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option value="">All</option><option value="1">David</option></select>
+      #
       #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), prompt: "Select something"
       #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option value="">Select something</option><option value="1">David</option></select>
       #
@@ -465,17 +472,23 @@ module ActionView
       #   #     <strong>Ask me!</strong>
       #   #    </button>
       #
-      #   button_tag "Checkout", data: { :disable_with => "Please wait..." }
+      #   button_tag "Checkout", data: { disable_with: "Please wait..." }
       #   # => <button data-disable-with="Please wait..." name="button" type="submit">Checkout</button>
       #
       def button_tag(content_or_options = nil, options = nil, &block)
-        options = content_or_options if block_given? && content_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
-        options ||= {}
-        options = options.stringify_keys
+        if content_or_options.is_a? Hash
+          options = content_or_options
+        else
+          options ||= {}
+        end
 
-        options.reverse_merge! 'name' => 'button', 'type' => 'submit'
+        options = { 'name' => 'button', 'type' => 'submit' }.merge!(options.stringify_keys)
 
-        content_tag :button, content_or_options || 'Button', options, &block
+        if block_given?
+          content_tag :button, options, &block
+        else
+          content_tag :button, content_or_options || 'Button', options
+        end
       end
 
       # Displays an image which when clicked will submit the form.
@@ -495,19 +508,19 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   image_submit_tag("login.png")
-      #   # => <input alt="Login" src="/images/login.png" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Login" src="/assets/login.png" type="image" />
       #
       #   image_submit_tag("purchase.png", disabled: true)
-      #   # => <input alt="Purchase" disabled="disabled" src="/images/purchase.png" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Purchase" disabled="disabled" src="/assets/purchase.png" type="image" />
       #
       #   image_submit_tag("search.png", class: 'search_button', alt: 'Find')
-      #   # => <input alt="Find" class="search_button" src="/images/search.png" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Find" class="search_button" src="/assets/search.png" type="image" />
       #
       #   image_submit_tag("agree.png", disabled: true, class: "agree_disagree_button")
-      #   # => <input alt="Agree" class="agree_disagree_button" disabled="disabled" src="/images/agree.png" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Agree" class="agree_disagree_button" disabled="disabled" src="/assets/agree.png" type="image" />
       #
       #   image_submit_tag("save.png", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
-      #   # => <input alt="Save" src="/images/save.png" data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Save" src="/assets/save.png" data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="image" />
       def image_submit_tag(source, options = {})
         options = options.stringify_keys
         tag :input, { "alt" => image_alt(source), "type" => "image", "src" => path_to_image(source) }.update(options)
@@ -544,6 +557,19 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   color_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="color" />
+      #
+      #   color_field_tag 'color', '#DEF726'
+      #   # => <input id="color" name="color" type="color" value="#DEF726" />
+      #
+      #   color_field_tag 'color', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="color" name="color" type="color" />
+      #
+      #   color_field_tag 'color', '#DEF726', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="color" name="color" type="color" value="#DEF726" />
       def color_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
         text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "color"))
       end
@@ -552,6 +578,19 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   search_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="search" />
+      #
+      #   search_field_tag 'search', 'Enter your search query here'
+      #   # => <input id="search" name="search" type="search" value="Enter your search query here" />
+      #
+      #   search_field_tag 'search', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="search" name="search" type="search" />
+      #
+      #   search_field_tag 'search', 'Enter your search query here', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="search" name="search" type="search" value="Enter your search query here" />
       def search_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
         text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "search"))
       end
@@ -560,6 +599,19 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   telephone_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="tel" />
+      #
+      #   telephone_field_tag 'tel', '0123456789'
+      #   # => <input id="tel" name="tel" type="tel" value="0123456789" />
+      #
+      #   telephone_field_tag 'tel', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="tel" name="tel" type="tel" />
+      #
+      #   telephone_field_tag 'tel', '0123456789', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="tel" name="tel" type="tel" value="0123456789" />
       def telephone_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
         text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "tel"))
       end
@@ -569,6 +621,19 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   date_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="date" />
+      #
+      #   date_field_tag 'date', '01/01/2014'
+      #   # => <input id="date" name="date" type="date" value="01/01/2014" />
+      #
+      #   date_field_tag 'date', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="date" name="date" type="date" />
+      #
+      #   date_field_tag 'date', '01/01/2014', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="date" name="date" type="date" value="01/01/2014" />
       def date_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
         text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "date"))
       end
@@ -632,6 +697,19 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   url_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="url" />
+      #
+      #   url_field_tag 'url', 'http://rubyonrails.org'
+      #   # => <input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="http://rubyonrails.org" />
+      #
+      #   url_field_tag 'url', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="url" name="url" type="url" />
+      #
+      #   url_field_tag 'url', 'http://rubyonrails.org', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="url" name="url" type="url" value="http://rubyonrails.org" />
       def url_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
         text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "url"))
       end
@@ -640,6 +718,19 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   email_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="email" />
+      #
+      #   email_field_tag 'email', 'email@example.com'
+      #   # => <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="email@example.com" />
+      #
+      #   email_field_tag 'email', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="email" name="email" type="email" />
+      #
+      #   email_field_tag 'email', 'email@example.com', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="email" name="email" type="email" value="email@example.com" />
       def email_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
         text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "email"))
       end
@@ -651,12 +742,40 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
       # * <tt>:in</tt> - A range specifying the <tt>:min</tt> and
       #   <tt>:max</tt> values.
+      # * <tt>:within</tt> - Same as <tt>:in</tt>.
       # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
       # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
       #
       # ==== Examples
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity'
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', '1'
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" type="number" value="1" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="quantity" name="quantity" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, min: 1
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, max: 9
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" max="9" type="number" />
+      #
       #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, in: 1...10
       #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="9" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, within: 1...10
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="9" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, min: 1, max: 10
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="9" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, min: 1, max: 10, step: 2
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="9" step="2" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', '1', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="quantity" name="quantity" type="number" value="1" />
       def number_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
         options = options.stringify_keys
         options["type"] ||= "number"
@@ -677,7 +796,10 @@ module ActionView
       # Creates the hidden UTF8 enforcer tag. Override this method in a helper
       # to customize the tag.
       def utf8_enforcer_tag
-        tag(:input, :type => "hidden", :name => "utf8", :value => "&#x2713;".html_safe)
+        # Use raw HTML to ensure the value is written as an HTML entity; it
+        # needs to be the right character regardless of which encoding the
+        # browser infers.
+        '<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />'.html_safe
       end
 
       private
@@ -720,9 +842,11 @@ module ActionView
               method_tag(method) + token_tag(authenticity_token)
           end
 
-          enforce_utf8 = html_options.delete("enforce_utf8") { true }
-          tags = (enforce_utf8 ? utf8_enforcer_tag : ''.html_safe) << method_tag
-          content_tag(:div, tags, :style => 'display:none')
+          if html_options.delete("enforce_utf8") { true }
+            utf8_enforcer_tag + method_tag
+          else
+            method_tag
+          end
         end
 
         def form_tag_html(html_options)
@@ -730,8 +854,7 @@ module ActionView
           tag(:form, html_options, true) + extra_tags
         end
 
-        def form_tag_in_block(html_options, &block)
-          content = capture(&block)
+        def form_tag_with_body(html_options, content)
           output = form_tag_html(html_options)
           output << content
           output.safe_concat("</form>")
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
index e475d5b018..629c447f3f 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,13 @@ module ActionView
       # tag.
       #
       #   javascript_tag "alert('All is good')", defer: 'defer'
-      #   # => <script defer="defer">alert('All is good')</script>
+      # 
+      # Returns: 
+      #   <script defer="defer">
+      #   //<![CDATA[
+      #   alert('All is good')
+      #   //]]>
+      #   </script>
       #
       # Instead of passing the content as an argument, you can also use a block
       # in which case, you pass your +html_options+ as the first parameter.
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
index ad825cd1f1..7220bded3c 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
@@ -266,14 +266,8 @@ module ActionView
       #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2)                        # => 1.2 MB
       #   number_to_human_size(483989, precision: 2)                         # => 470 KB
       #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2, separator: ',')        # => 1,2 MB
-      #
-      # Non-significant zeros after the fractional separator are
-      # stripped out by default (set
-      # <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to +false+ to change
-      # that):
-      #
-      #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5)        # => "1.1229 TB"
-      #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)            # => "500 MB"
+      #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5)                  # => "1.1228 TB"
+      #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)                      # => "500 MB"
       def number_to_human_size(number, options = {})
         delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_human_size, number, options)
       end
@@ -343,11 +337,15 @@ module ActionView
       #                           separator: ',',
       #                           significant: false)                   # => "1,2 Million"
       #
+      #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)                      # => "500 Million"
+      #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant: false)              # => "12.345 Billion"
+      #
       # Non-significant zeros after the decimal separator are stripped
       # out by default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to
       # +false+ to change that):
-      #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant_digits: 6)       # => "12.345 Billion"
-      #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)                  # => "500 Million"
+      #
+      # number_to_human(12.00001)                                       # => "12"
+      # number_to_human(12.00001, strip_insignificant_zeros: false)     # => "12.0"
       #
       # ==== Custom Unit Quantifiers
       #
@@ -384,20 +382,29 @@ module ActionView
 
       def delegate_number_helper_method(method, number, options)
         return unless number
-        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
+        options = escape_unsafe_options(options.symbolize_keys)
 
         wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
           ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.public_send(method, number, options)
         }
       end
 
-      def escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options)
-        options[:separator] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:separator]) if options[:separator] && !options[:separator].html_safe?
-        options[:delimiter] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:delimiter]) if options[:delimiter] && !options[:delimiter].html_safe?
-        options[:unit]      = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:unit]) if options[:unit] && !options[:unit].html_safe?
+      def escape_unsafe_options(options)
+        options[:format]          = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:format]) if options[:format]
+        options[:negative_format] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:negative_format]) if options[:negative_format]
+        options[:separator]       = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:separator]) if options[:separator]
+        options[:delimiter]       = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:delimiter]) if options[:delimiter]
+        options[:unit]            = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:unit]) if options[:unit] && !options[:unit].html_safe?
+        options[:units]           = escape_units(options[:units]) if options[:units] && Hash === options[:units]
         options
       end
 
+      def escape_units(units)
+        Hash[units.map do |k, v|
+          [k, ERB::Util.html_escape(v)]
+        end]
+      end
+
       def wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, raise_on_invalid, &block)
         valid_float = valid_float?(number)
         raise InvalidNumberError, number if raise_on_invalid && !valid_float
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
index 60a4478c26..1c2a400245 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
         stringish.to_s.html_safe
       end
 
-      # This method returns a html safe string similar to what <tt>Array#join</tt>
-      # would return. All items in the array, including the supplied separator, are
-      # html escaped unless they are html safe, and the returned string is marked
-      # as html safe.
+      # This method returns an HTML safe string similar to what <tt>Array#join</tt>
+      # would return. The array is flattened, and all items, including
+      # the supplied separator, are HTML escaped unless they are HTML
+      # safe, and the returned string is marked as HTML safe.
       #
       #   safe_join(["<p>foo</p>".html_safe, "<p>bar</p>"], "<br />")
       #   # => "<p>foo</p>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;bar&lt;/p&gt;"
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       #   # => "<p>foo</p><br /><p>bar</p>"
       #
       def safe_join(array, sep=$,)
-        sep = ERB::Util.html_escape(sep)
+        sep = ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(sep)
 
-        array.map { |i| ERB::Util.html_escape(i) }.join(sep).html_safe
+        array.flatten.map! { |i| ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(i) }.join(sep).html_safe
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
index 458086de96..e11670e00d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,14 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:file</tt> - Renders an explicit template file (this used to be the old default), add :locals to pass in those.
       # * <tt>:inline</tt> - Renders an inline template similar to how it's done in the controller.
       # * <tt>:text</tt> - Renders the text passed in out.
+      # * <tt>:plain</tt> - Renders the text passed in out. Setting the content
+      #   type as <tt>text/plain</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:html</tt> - Renders the HTML safe string passed in out, otherwise
+      #   performs HTML escape on the string first. Setting the content type as
+      #   <tt>text/html</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:body</tt> - Renders the text passed in, and inherits the content
+      #   type of <tt>text/html</tt> from <tt>ActionDispatch::Response</tt>
+      #   object.
       #
       # If no options hash is passed or :update specified, the default is to render a partial and use the second parameter
       # as the locals hash.
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
index e5cb843670..4f2db0a0c4 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+require 'rails-html-sanitizer'
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Sanitize Helpers
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ module ActionView
     # These helper methods extend Action View making them callable within your template files.
     module SanitizeHelper
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-      # This +sanitize+ helper will html encode all tags and strip all attributes that
+      # This +sanitize+ helper will HTML encode all tags and strip all attributes that
       # aren't specifically allowed.
       #
       # It also strips href/src tags with invalid protocols, like javascript: especially.
@@ -27,7 +28,29 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   <%= sanitize @article.body %>
       #
-      # Custom Use (only the mentioned tags and attributes are allowed, nothing else)
+      # Custom Use - Custom Scrubber
+      # (supply a Loofah::Scrubber that does the sanitization)
+      #
+      # scrubber can either wrap a block:
+      # scrubber = Loofah::Scrubber.new do |node|
+      #   node.text = "dawn of cats"
+      # end
+      #
+      # or be a subclass of Loofah::Scrubber which responds to scrub:
+      # class KittyApocalypse < Loofah::Scrubber
+      #   def scrub(node)
+      #     node.text = "dawn of cats"
+      #   end
+      # end
+      # scrubber = KittyApocalypse.new
+      #
+      # <%= sanitize @article.body, scrubber: scrubber %>
+      #
+      # A custom scrubber takes precedence over custom tags and attributes
+      # Learn more about scrubbers here: https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah
+      #
+      # Custom Use - tags and attributes
+      # (only the mentioned tags and attributes are allowed, nothing else)
       #
       #   <%= sanitize @article.body, tags: %w(table tr td), attributes: %w(id class style) %>
       #
@@ -48,7 +71,7 @@ module ActionView
       # Change allowed default attributes
       #
       #   class Application < Rails::Application
-      #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_attributes = 'id', 'class', 'style'
+      #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_attributes = ['id', 'class', 'style']
       #   end
       #
       # Please note that sanitizing user-provided text does not guarantee that the
@@ -65,9 +88,9 @@ module ActionView
         self.class.white_list_sanitizer.sanitize_css(style)
       end
 
-      # Strips all HTML tags from the +html+, including comments. This uses the
-      # html-scanner tokenizer and so its HTML parsing ability is limited by
-      # that of html-scanner.
+      # Strips all HTML tags from the +html+, including comments. This uses
+      # Nokogiri for tokenization (via Loofah) and so its HTML parsing ability
+      # is limited by that of Nokogiri.
       #
       #   strip_tags("Strip <i>these</i> tags!")
       #   # => Strip these tags!
@@ -98,47 +121,21 @@ module ActionView
       module ClassMethods #:nodoc:
         attr_writer :full_sanitizer, :link_sanitizer, :white_list_sanitizer
 
-        def sanitized_protocol_separator
-          white_list_sanitizer.protocol_separator
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_uri_attributes
-          white_list_sanitizer.uri_attributes
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_bad_tags
-          white_list_sanitizer.bad_tags
+        # Vendors the full, link and white list sanitizers.
+        # Provided strictly for compabitility and can be removed in Rails 5.
+        def sanitizer_vendor
+          Rails::Html::Sanitizer
         end
 
         def sanitized_allowed_tags
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_tags
+          sanitizer_vendor.white_list_sanitizer.allowed_tags
         end
 
         def sanitized_allowed_attributes
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_attributes
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_allowed_css_properties
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_css_properties
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_allowed_css_keywords
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_css_keywords
+          sanitizer_vendor.white_list_sanitizer.allowed_attributes
         end
 
-        def sanitized_shorthand_css_properties
-          white_list_sanitizer.shorthand_css_properties
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_allowed_protocols
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_protocols
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_protocol_separator=(value)
-          white_list_sanitizer.protocol_separator = value
-        end
-
-        # Gets the HTML::FullSanitizer instance used by +strip_tags+. Replace with
+        # Gets the Rails::Html::FullSanitizer instance used by +strip_tags+. Replace with
         # any object that responds to +sanitize+.
         #
         #   class Application < Rails::Application
@@ -146,21 +143,21 @@ module ActionView
         #   end
         #
         def full_sanitizer
-          @full_sanitizer ||= HTML::FullSanitizer.new
+          @full_sanitizer ||= sanitizer_vendor.full_sanitizer.new
         end
 
-        # Gets the HTML::LinkSanitizer instance used by +strip_links+. Replace with
-        # any object that responds to +sanitize+.
+        # Gets the Rails::Html::LinkSanitizer instance used by +strip_links+.
+        # Replace with any object that responds to +sanitize+.
         #
         #   class Application < Rails::Application
         #     config.action_view.link_sanitizer = MySpecialSanitizer.new
         #   end
         #
         def link_sanitizer
-          @link_sanitizer ||= HTML::LinkSanitizer.new
+          @link_sanitizer ||= sanitizer_vendor.link_sanitizer.new
         end
 
-        # Gets the HTML::WhiteListSanitizer instance used by sanitize and +sanitize_css+.
+        # Gets the Rails::Html::WhiteListSanitizer instance used by sanitize and +sanitize_css+.
         # Replace with any object that responds to +sanitize+.
         #
         #   class Application < Rails::Application
@@ -168,88 +165,32 @@ module ActionView
         #   end
         #
         def white_list_sanitizer
-          @white_list_sanitizer ||= HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-        end
-
-        # Adds valid HTML attributes that the +sanitize+ helper checks for URIs.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_uri_attributes = 'lowsrc', 'target'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_uri_attributes=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.uri_attributes.merge(attributes)
+          @white_list_sanitizer ||= sanitizer_vendor.white_list_sanitizer.new
         end
 
-        # Adds to the Set of 'bad' tags for the +sanitize+ helper.
+        ##
+        # :method: sanitized_allowed_tags=
         #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_bad_tags = 'embed', 'object'
-        #   end
+        # :call-seq: sanitized_allowed_tags=(tags)
         #
-        def sanitized_bad_tags=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.bad_tags.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed tags for the +sanitize+ helper.
+        # Replaces the allowed tags for the +sanitize+ helper.
         #
         #   class Application < Rails::Application
         #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_tags = 'table', 'tr', 'td'
         #   end
         #
-        def sanitized_allowed_tags=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_tags.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed HTML attributes for the +sanitize+ helper.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_attributes = 'onclick', 'longdesc'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_allowed_attributes=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_attributes.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed CSS properties for the #sanitize and +sanitize_css+ helpers.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_css_properties = 'expression'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_allowed_css_properties=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_css_properties.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed CSS keywords for the +sanitize+ and +sanitize_css+ helpers.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_css_keywords = 'expression'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_allowed_css_keywords=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_css_keywords.merge(attributes)
-        end
 
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed shorthand CSS properties for the +sanitize+ and +sanitize_css+ helpers.
+        ##
+        # :method: sanitized_allowed_attributes=
         #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_shorthand_css_properties = 'expression'
-        #   end
+        # :call-seq: sanitized_allowed_attributes=(attributes)
         #
-        def sanitized_shorthand_css_properties=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.shorthand_css_properties.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed protocols for the +sanitize+ helper.
+        # Replaces the allowed HTML attributes for the +sanitize+ helper.
         #
         #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_protocols = 'ssh', 'feed'
+        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_attributes = ['onclick', 'longdesc']
         #   end
         #
-        def sanitized_allowed_protocols=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_protocols.merge(attributes)
-        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
index 3528381781..c20800598f 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ module ActionView
     module TagHelper
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       include CaptureHelper
+      include OutputSafetyHelper
 
       BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES = %w(disabled readonly multiple checked autobuffer
                            autoplay controls loop selected hidden scoped async
@@ -19,6 +20,8 @@ module ActionView
 
       BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.merge(BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.map {|attribute| attribute.to_sym })
 
+      TAG_PREFIXES = ['aria', 'data', :aria, :data].to_set
+
       PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS = {
         :textarea => "\n"
       }
@@ -42,7 +45,8 @@ module ActionView
       # For example, a key +user_id+ would render as <tt>data-user-id</tt> and
       # thus accessed as <tt>dataset.userId</tt>.
       #
-      # Values are encoded to JSON, with the exception of strings and symbols.
+      # Values are encoded to JSON, with the exception of strings, symbols and
+      # BigDecimals.
       # This may come in handy when using jQuery's HTML5-aware <tt>.data()</tt>
       # from 1.4.3.
       #
@@ -56,6 +60,9 @@ module ActionView
       #   tag("input", type: 'text', disabled: true)
       #   # => <input type="text" disabled="disabled" />
       #
+      #   tag("input", type: 'text', class: ["strong", "highlight"])
+      #   # => <input class="strong highlight" type="text" />
+      #
       #   tag("img", src: "open & shut.png")
       #   # => <img src="open &amp; shut.png" />
       #
@@ -75,7 +82,7 @@ module ActionView
       # Set escape to false to disable attribute value escaping.
       #
       # ==== Options
-      # The +options+ hash is used with attributes with no value like (<tt>disabled</tt> and
+      # The +options+ hash can be used with attributes with no value like (<tt>disabled</tt> and
       # <tt>readonly</tt>), which you can give a value of true in the +options+ hash. You can use
       # symbols or strings for the attribute names.
       #
@@ -84,6 +91,8 @@ module ActionView
       #    # => <p>Hello world!</p>
       #   content_tag(:div, content_tag(:p, "Hello world!"), class: "strong")
       #    # => <div class="strong"><p>Hello world!</p></div>
+      #   content_tag(:div, "Hello world!", class: ["strong", "highlight"])
+      #    # => <div class="strong highlight">Hello world!</div>
       #   content_tag("select", options, multiple: true)
       #    # => <select multiple="multiple">...options...</select>
       #
@@ -133,7 +142,7 @@ module ActionView
 
         def content_tag_string(name, content, options, escape = true)
           tag_options = tag_options(options, escape) if options
-          content     = ERB::Util.h(content) if escape
+          content     = ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(content) if escape
           "<#{name}#{tag_options}>#{PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS[name.to_sym]}#{content}</#{name}>".html_safe
         end
 
@@ -141,9 +150,9 @@ module ActionView
           return if options.blank?
           attrs = []
           options.each_pair do |key, value|
-            if key.to_s == 'data' && value.is_a?(Hash)
+            if TAG_PREFIXES.include?(key) && value.is_a?(Hash)
               value.each_pair do |k, v|
-                attrs << data_tag_option(k, v, escape)
+                attrs << prefix_tag_option(key, k, v, escape)
               end
             elsif BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.include?(key)
               attrs << boolean_tag_option(key) if value
@@ -154,8 +163,8 @@ module ActionView
           " #{attrs.sort! * ' '}" unless attrs.empty?
         end
 
-        def data_tag_option(key, value, escape)
-          key   = "data-#{key.to_s.dasherize}"
+        def prefix_tag_option(prefix, key, value, escape)
+          key = "#{prefix}-#{key.to_s.dasherize}"
           unless value.is_a?(String) || value.is_a?(Symbol) || value.is_a?(BigDecimal)
             value = value.to_json
           end
@@ -167,8 +176,11 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         def tag_option(key, value, escape)
-          value = value.join(" ") if value.is_a?(Array)
-          value = ERB::Util.h(value) if escape
+          if value.is_a?(Array)
+            value = escape ? safe_join(value, " ") : value.join(" ")
+          else
+            value = escape ? ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(value) : value
+          end
           %(#{key}="#{value}")
         end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
index 9b77ebeb1b..6242a2a085 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
@@ -27,10 +27,11 @@ module ActionView
 
           # Append a hidden field to make sure something will be sent back to the
           # server if all check boxes are unchecked.
-          hidden_name = @html_options[:name] || "#{tag_name}[]"
-          hidden = @template_object.hidden_field_tag(hidden_name, "", :id => nil)
-
-          rendered_collection + hidden
+          if @options.fetch(:include_hidden, true)
+            rendered_collection + hidden_field
+          else
+            rendered_collection
+          end
         end
 
         private
@@ -38,6 +39,18 @@ module ActionView
         def render_component(builder)
           builder.check_box + builder.label
         end
+
+        def hidden_field
+          hidden_name = @html_options[:name]
+
+          hidden_name ||= if @options.has_key?(:index)
+            "#{tag_name_with_index(@options[:index])}[]"
+          else
+            "#{tag_name}[]"
+          end
+
+          @template_object.hidden_field_tag(hidden_name, "", id: nil)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
index 991f32cea2..8050638363 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ module ActionView
         def default_html_options_for_collection(item, value) #:nodoc:
           html_options = @html_options.dup
 
-          [:checked, :selected, :disabled].each do |option|
+          [:checked, :selected, :disabled, :readonly].each do |option|
             current_value = @options[option]
             next if current_value.nil?
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
index 25e7e05ec6..b2cee9d198 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ module ActionView
         def render
           options = @options.stringify_keys
           options["value"] ||= format_date(value(object))
-          options["min"] = format_date(options["min"])
-          options["max"] = format_date(options["max"])
+          options["min"] = format_date(datetime_value(options["min"]))
+          options["max"] = format_date(datetime_value(options["max"]))
           @options = options
           super
         end
@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@ module ActionView
           def format_date(value)
             value.try(:strftime, "%Y-%m-%dT%T.%L%z")
           end
+
+          def datetime_value(value)
+            if value.is_a? String
+              DateTime.parse(value) rescue nil
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
index 35d3ba8434..08a23e497e 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,39 @@ module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class Label < Base # :nodoc:
+        class LabelBuilder # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :object
+
+          def initialize(template_object, object_name, method_name, object, tag_value)
+            @template_object = template_object
+            @object_name = object_name
+            @method_name = method_name
+            @object = object
+            @tag_value = tag_value
+          end
+
+          def translation
+            method_and_value = @tag_value.present? ? "#{@method_name}.#{@tag_value}" : @method_name
+            @object_name.gsub!(/\[(.*)_attributes\]\[\d+\]/, '.\1')
+
+            if object.respond_to?(:to_model)
+              key = object.model_name.i18n_key
+              i18n_default = ["#{key}.#{method_and_value}".to_sym, ""]
+            end
+
+            i18n_default ||= ""
+            content = I18n.t("#{@object_name}.#{method_and_value}", :default => i18n_default, :scope => "helpers.label").presence
+
+            content ||= if object && object.class.respond_to?(:human_attribute_name)
+                          object.class.human_attribute_name(method_and_value)
+                        end
+
+            content ||= @method_name.humanize
+
+            content
+          end
+        end
+
         def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, content_or_options = nil, options = nil)
           options ||= {}
 
@@ -32,33 +65,24 @@ module ActionView
           options.delete("namespace")
           options["for"] = name_and_id["id"] unless options.key?("for")
 
-          if block_given?
-            content = @template_object.capture(&block)
-          else
-            content = if @content.blank?
-                        @object_name.gsub!(/\[(.*)_attributes\]\[\d\]/, '.\1')
-                        method_and_value = tag_value.present? ? "#{@method_name}.#{tag_value}" : @method_name
-
-                        if object.respond_to?(:to_model)
-                          key = object.class.model_name.i18n_key
-                          i18n_default = ["#{key}.#{method_and_value}".to_sym, ""]
-                        end
+          builder = LabelBuilder.new(@template_object, @object_name, @method_name, @object, tag_value)
 
-                        i18n_default ||= ""
-                        I18n.t("#{@object_name}.#{method_and_value}", :default => i18n_default, :scope => "helpers.label").presence
-                      else
-                        @content.to_s
-                      end
-
-            content ||= if object && object.class.respond_to?(:human_attribute_name)
-                          object.class.human_attribute_name(@method_name)
-                        end
-
-            content ||= @method_name.humanize
+          content = if block_given?
+            @template_object.capture(builder, &block)
+          elsif @content.present?
+            @content.to_s
+          else
+            render_component(builder)
           end
 
           label_tag(name_and_id["id"], content, options)
         end
+
+        private
+
+          def render_component(builder)
+            builder.translation
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae67bc13af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags # :nodoc:
+      module Placeholderable # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(*)
+          super
+
+          if tag_value = @options[:placeholder]
+            placeholder = tag_value if tag_value.is_a?(String)
+
+            object_name = @object_name.gsub(/\[(.*)_attributes\]\[\d+\]/, '.\1')
+            method_and_value = tag_value.is_a?(TrueClass) ? @method_name : "#{@method_name}.#{tag_value}"
+
+            if object.respond_to?(:to_model)
+              key = object.class.model_name.i18n_key
+              i18n_default = ["#{key}.#{method_and_value}".to_sym, ""]
+            end
+
+            i18n_default ||= ""
+            placeholder ||= I18n.t("#{object_name}.#{method_and_value}", :default => i18n_default, :scope => "helpers.placeholder").presence
+
+            placeholder ||= if object && object.class.respond_to?(:human_attribute_name)
+                          object.class.human_attribute_name(method_and_value)
+                        end
+
+            placeholder ||= @method_name.humanize
+
+            @options[:placeholder] = placeholder
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
index 00881d9978..180900cc8d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module ActionView
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class Select < Base # :nodoc:
         def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, choices, options, html_options)
-          @choices = block_given? ? template_object.capture { yield } : choices
+          @choices = block_given? ? template_object.capture { yield || "" } : choices
           @choices = @choices.to_a if @choices.is_a?(Range)
 
           @html_options = html_options
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
index 9ee83ee7c2..69038c1498 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
+require 'action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable'
+
 module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class TextArea < Base # :nodoc:
+        include Placeholderable
+
         def render
           options = @options.stringify_keys
           add_default_name_and_id(options)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
index e910879ebf..5c576a20ca 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
+require 'action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable'
+
 module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class TextField < Base # :nodoc:
+        include Placeholderable
+
         def render
           options = @options.stringify_keys
           options["size"] = options["maxlength"] unless options.key?("size")
           options["type"] ||= field_type
           options["value"] = options.fetch("value") { value_before_type_cast(object) } unless field_type == "file"
-          options["value"] &&= ERB::Util.html_escape(options["value"])
           add_default_name_and_id(options)
           tag("input", options)
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
index 7cfbca5b6f..b859653bc9 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
@@ -103,11 +103,14 @@ module ActionView
       # Highlights one or more +phrases+ everywhere in +text+ by inserting it into
       # a <tt>:highlighter</tt> string. The highlighter can be specialized by passing <tt>:highlighter</tt>
       # as a single-quoted string with <tt>\1</tt> where the phrase is to be inserted (defaults to
-      # '<mark>\1</mark>')
+      # '<mark>\1</mark>') or passing a block that receives each matched term.
       #
       #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails')
       #   # => You searched for: <mark>rails</mark>
       #
+      #   highlight('You searched for: rails', /for|rails/)
+      #   # => You searched <mark>for</mark>: <mark>rails</mark>
+      #
       #   highlight('You searched for: ruby, rails, dhh', 'actionpack')
       #   # => You searched for: ruby, rails, dhh
       #
@@ -116,15 +119,25 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails', highlighter: '<a href="search?q=\1">\1</a>')
       #   # => You searched for: <a href="search?q=rails">rails</a>
+      #
+      #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails') { |match| link_to(search_path(q: match, match)) }
+      #   # => You searched for: <a href="search?q=rails">rails</a>
       def highlight(text, phrases, options = {})
         text = sanitize(text) if options.fetch(:sanitize, true)
 
         if text.blank? || phrases.blank?
           text
         else
-          highlighter = options.fetch(:highlighter, '<mark>\1</mark>')
-          match = Array(phrases).map { |p| Regexp.escape(p) }.join('|')
-          text.gsub(/(#{match})(?![^<]*?>)/i, highlighter)
+          match = Array(phrases).map do |p|
+            Regexp === p ? p.to_s : Regexp.escape(p)
+          end.join('|')
+
+          if block_given?
+            text.gsub(/(#{match})(?![^<]*?>)/i) { |found| yield found }
+          else
+            highlighter = options.fetch(:highlighter, '<mark>\1</mark>')
+            text.gsub(/(#{match})(?![^<]*?>)/i, highlighter)
+          end
         end.html_safe
       end
 
@@ -155,9 +168,13 @@ module ActionView
       def excerpt(text, phrase, options = {})
         return unless text && phrase
 
-        separator = options[:separator] || ''
-        phrase    = Regexp.escape(phrase)
-        regex     = /#{phrase}/i
+        separator = options.fetch(:separator, nil) || ""
+        case phrase
+        when Regexp
+          regex = phrase
+        else
+          regex = /#{Regexp.escape(phrase)}/i
+        end
 
         return unless matches = text.match(regex)
         phrase = matches[0]
@@ -171,7 +188,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
         end
 
-        first_part, second_part = text.split(regex, 2)
+        first_part, second_part = text.split(phrase, 2)
 
         prefix, first_part   = cut_excerpt_part(:first, first_part, separator, options)
         postfix, second_part = cut_excerpt_part(:second, second_part, separator, options)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
index 0bc40874d9..c2fda42396 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
 require 'i18n/exceptions'
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Translation Helpers
   module Helpers
     module TranslationHelper
+      include TagHelper
       # Delegates to <tt>I18n#translate</tt> but also performs three additional functions.
       #
-      # First, it will ensure that any thrown +MissingTranslation+ messages will be turned 
+      # First, it will ensure that any thrown +MissingTranslation+ messages will be turned
       # into inline spans that:
       #
       #   * have a "translation-missing" class set,
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@ module ActionView
       # naming convention helps to identify translations that include HTML tags so that
       # you know what kind of output to expect when you call translate in a template.
       def translate(key, options = {})
+        options = options.dup
         options[:default] = wrap_translate_defaults(options[:default]) if options[:default]
 
         # If the user has specified rescue_format then pass it all through, otherwise use
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
index 3ccace1274..c3be47133c 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   to using GET. If <tt>href: '#'</tt> is used and the user has JavaScript
       #   disabled clicking the link will have no effect. If you are relying on the
       #   POST behavior, you should check for it in your controller's action by using
-      #   the request object's methods for <tt>post?</tt>, <tt>delete?</tt>, <tt>:patch</tt>, or <tt>put?</tt>.
+      #   the request object's methods for <tt>post?</tt>, <tt>delete?</tt>, <tt>patch?</tt>, or <tt>put?</tt>.
       # * <tt>remote: true</tt> - This will allow the unobtrusive JavaScript
       #   driver to make an Ajax request to the URL in question instead of following
       #   the link. The drivers each provide mechanisms for listening for the
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ module ActionView
             inner_tags.safe_concat tag(:input, type: "hidden", name: param_name, value: value.to_param)
           end
         end
-        content_tag('form', content_tag('div', inner_tags), form_options)
+        content_tag('form', inner_tags, form_options)
       end
 
       # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
@@ -389,15 +389,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   # If not...
       #   # => <a href="/accounts/signup">Reply</a>
       def link_to_unless(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
-        if condition
-          if block_given?
-            block.arity <= 1 ? capture(name, &block) : capture(name, options, html_options, &block)
-          else
-            ERB::Util.html_escape(name)
-          end
-        else
-          link_to(name, options, html_options)
-        end
+        link_to_if !condition, name, options, html_options, &block
       end
 
       # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
@@ -421,7 +413,15 @@ module ActionView
       #   # If they are logged in...
       #   # => <a href="/accounts/show/3">my_username</a>
       def link_to_if(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
-        link_to_unless !condition, name, options, html_options, &block
+        if condition
+          link_to(name, options, html_options)
+        else
+          if block_given?
+            block.arity <= 1 ? capture(name, &block) : capture(name, options, html_options, &block)
+          else
+            ERB::Util.html_escape(name)
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       # Creates a mailto link tag to the specified +email_address+, which is
@@ -462,8 +462,6 @@ module ActionView
       #          <strong>Email me:</strong> <span>me@domain.com</span>
       #        </a>
       def mail_to(email_address, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
-        email_address = ERB::Util.html_escape(email_address)
-
         html_options, name = name, nil if block_given?
         html_options = (html_options || {}).stringify_keys
 
@@ -471,11 +469,11 @@ module ActionView
           option = html_options.delete(item) || next
           "#{item}=#{Rack::Utils.escape_path(option)}"
         }.compact
-        extras = extras.empty? ? '' : '?' + ERB::Util.html_escape(extras.join('&'))
+        extras = extras.empty? ? '' : '?' + extras.join('&')
 
-        html_options["href"] = "mailto:#{email_address}#{extras}".html_safe
+        html_options["href"] = "mailto:#{email_address}#{extras}"
 
-        content_tag(:a, name || email_address.html_safe, html_options, &block)
+        content_tag(:a, name || email_address, html_options, &block)
       end
 
       # True if the current request URI was generated by the given +options+.
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
index ffa67649da..9ee05bd816 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def _include_layout?(options)
-      (options.keys & [:text, :inline, :partial]).empty? || options.key?(:layout)
+      (options.keys & [:body, :text, :plain, :html, :inline, :partial]).empty? || options.key?(:layout)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
index 6c8d9cb5bf..9047dbdd85 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def render_template(event)
-      return unless logger.info?
-      message = "  Rendered #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:identifier])}"
-      message << " within #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:layout])}" if event.payload[:layout]
-      message << " (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
-      info(message)
+      info do
+        message = "  Rendered #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:identifier])}"
+        message << " within #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:layout])}" if event.payload[:layout]
+        message << " (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
+      end
     end
     alias :render_partial :render_template
     alias :render_collection :render_template
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
index 76c9890776..ea687d9cca 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
@@ -66,10 +66,7 @@ module ActionView
       def self.get(details)
         if details[:formats]
           details = details.dup
-          syms    = Set.new Mime::SET.symbols
-          details[:formats] = details[:formats].select { |v|
-            syms.include? v
-          }
+          details[:formats] &= Mime::SET.symbols
         end
         @details_keys[details] ||= new
       end
@@ -114,7 +111,7 @@ module ActionView
     module ViewPaths
       attr_reader :view_paths, :html_fallback_for_js
 
-      # Whenever setting view paths, makes a copy so we can manipulate then in
+      # Whenever setting view paths, makes a copy so that we can manipulate them in
       # instance objects as we wish.
       def view_paths=(paths)
         @view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new(Array(paths))
@@ -134,7 +131,8 @@ module ActionView
       end
       alias :template_exists? :exists?
 
-      # Add fallbacks to the view paths. Useful in cases you are rendering a :file.
+      # Adds fallbacks to the view paths. Useful in cases when you are rendering
+      # a :file.
       def with_fallbacks
         added_resolvers = 0
         self.class.fallbacks.each do |resolver|
@@ -159,7 +157,14 @@ module ActionView
       def detail_args_for(options)
         return @details, details_key if options.empty? # most common path.
         user_details = @details.merge(options)
-        [user_details, DetailsKey.get(user_details)]
+
+        if @cache
+          details_key = DetailsKey.get(user_details)
+        else
+          details_key = nil
+        end
+
+        [user_details, details_key]
       end
 
       # Support legacy foo.erb names even though we now ignore .erb
@@ -220,7 +225,7 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     # Overload locale= to also set the I18n.locale. If the current I18n.config object responds
-    # to original_config, it means that it's has a copy of the original I18n configuration and it's
+    # to original_config, it means that it has a copy of the original I18n configuration and it's
     # acting as proxy, which we need to skip.
     def locale=(value)
       if value
@@ -231,7 +236,7 @@ module ActionView
       super(@skip_default_locale ? I18n.locale : default_locale)
     end
 
-    # A method which only uses the first format in the formats array for layout lookup.
+    # Uses the first format in the formats array for layout lookup.
     def with_layout_format
       if formats.size == 1
         yield
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb
index e09ebd60df..d42e436b17 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class)
-      (record_or_class.is_a?(Class) ? record_or_class : convert_to_model(record_or_class).class).model_name
+      convert_to_model(record_or_class).model_name
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
index 73c19a0ae2..1f122f9bc6 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
@@ -29,8 +29,9 @@ module ActionView
 
     def extract_details(options)
       @lookup_context.registered_details.each_with_object({}) do |key, details|
-        next unless value = options[key]
-        details[key] = Array(value)
+        value = options[key]
+
+        details[key] = Array(value) if value
       end
     end
 
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ module ActionView
     def prepend_formats(formats)
       formats = Array(formats)
       return if formats.empty? || @lookup_context.html_fallback_for_js
+
       @lookup_context.formats = formats | @lookup_context.formats
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
index 36f17f01fd..0407632435 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,33 @@
 require 'thread_safe'
 
 module ActionView
+  class PartialIteration
+    # The number of iterations that will be done by the partial.
+    attr_reader :size
+
+    # The current iteration of the partial.
+    attr_reader :index
+
+    def initialize(size)
+      @size  = size
+      @index = 0
+    end
+
+    # Check if this is the first iteration of the partial.
+    def first?
+      index == 0
+    end
+
+    # Check if this is the last iteration of the partial.
+    def last?
+      index == size - 1
+    end
+
+    def iterate! # :nodoc:
+      @index += 1
+    end
+  end
+
   # = Action View Partials
   #
   # There's also a convenience method for rendering sub templates within the current controller that depends on a
@@ -56,8 +83,12 @@ module ActionView
   #   <%= render partial: "ad", collection: @advertisements %>
   #
   # This will render "advertiser/_ad.html.erb" and pass the local variable +ad+ to the template for display. An
-  # iteration counter will automatically be made available to the template with a name of the form
-  # +partial_name_counter+. In the case of the example above, the template would be fed +ad_counter+.
+  # iteration object will automatically be made available to the template with a name of the form
+  # +partial_name_iteration+. The iteration object has knowledge about which index the current object has in
+  # the collection and the total size of the collection. The iteration object also has two convenience methods,
+  # +first?+ and +last?+. In the case of the example above, the template would be fed +ad_iteration+.
+  # For backwards compatibility the +partial_name_counter+ is still present and is mapped to the iteration's
+  # +index+ method.
   #
   # The <tt>:as</tt> option may be used when rendering partials.
   #
@@ -281,6 +312,8 @@ module ActionView
       end
     end
 
+    private
+
     def render_collection
       return nil if @collection.blank?
 
@@ -322,25 +355,27 @@ module ActionView
     # respond to +to_partial_path+ in order to setup the path.
     def setup(context, options, block)
       @view   = context
-      partial = options[:partial]
-
       @options = options
-      @locals  = options[:locals] || {}
       @block   = block
+
+      @locals  = options[:locals] || {}
       @details = extract_details(options)
 
       prepend_formats(options[:formats])
 
+      partial = options[:partial]
+
       if String === partial
         @object     = options[:object]
+        @collection = collection_from_options
         @path       = partial
-        @collection = collection
       else
         @object = partial
+        @collection = collection_from_object || collection_from_options
 
-        if @collection = collection_from_object || collection
+        if @collection
           paths = @collection_data = @collection.map { |o| partial_path(o) }
-          @path = paths.uniq.size == 1 ? paths.first : nil
+          @path = paths.uniq.one? ? paths.first : nil
         else
           @path = partial_path
         end
@@ -352,7 +387,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       if @path
-        @variable, @variable_counter = retrieve_variable(@path, as)
+        @variable, @variable_counter, @variable_iteration = retrieve_variable(@path, as)
         @template_keys = retrieve_template_keys
       else
         paths.map! { |path| retrieve_variable(path, as).unshift(path) }
@@ -361,7 +396,7 @@ module ActionView
       self
     end
 
-    def collection
+    def collection_from_options
       if @options.key?(:collection)
         collection = @options[:collection]
         collection.respond_to?(:to_ary) ? collection.to_ary : []
@@ -373,9 +408,7 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def find_partial
-      if path = @path
-        find_template(path, @template_keys)
-      end
+      find_template(@path, @template_keys) if @path
     end
 
     def find_template(path, locals)
@@ -385,19 +418,22 @@ module ActionView
 
     def collection_with_template
       view, locals, template = @view, @locals, @template
-      as, counter = @variable, @variable_counter
+      as, counter, iteration = @variable, @variable_counter, @variable_iteration
 
       if layout = @options[:layout]
         layout = find_template(layout, @template_keys)
       end
 
-      index = -1
+      partial_iteration = PartialIteration.new(@collection.size)
+      locals[iteration] = partial_iteration
+
       @collection.map do |object|
-        locals[as]      = object
-        locals[counter] = (index += 1)
+        locals[as]        = object
+        locals[counter]   = partial_iteration.index
 
         content = template.render(view, locals)
         content = layout.render(view, locals) { content } if layout
+        partial_iteration.iterate!
         content
       end
     end
@@ -407,16 +443,20 @@ module ActionView
       cache = {}
       keys  = @locals.keys
 
-      index = -1
+      partial_iteration = PartialIteration.new(@collection.size)
+
       @collection.map do |object|
-        index += 1
-        path, as, counter = collection_data[index]
+        index = partial_iteration.index
+        path, as, counter, iteration = collection_data[index]
 
-        locals[as]      = object
-        locals[counter] = index
+        locals[as]        = object
+        locals[counter]   = index
+        locals[iteration] = partial_iteration
 
         template = (cache[path] ||= find_template(path, keys + [as, counter]))
-        template.render(view, locals)
+        content = template.render(view, locals)
+        partial_iteration.iterate!
+        content
       end
     end
 
@@ -466,8 +506,11 @@ module ActionView
 
     def retrieve_template_keys
       keys = @locals.keys
-      keys << @variable         if @object || @collection
-      keys << @variable_counter if @collection
+      keys << @variable if @object || @collection
+      if @collection
+        keys << @variable_counter
+        keys << @variable_iteration
+      end
       keys
     end
 
@@ -477,8 +520,11 @@ module ActionView
         raise_invalid_identifier(path) unless base =~ /\A_?([a-z]\w*)(\.\w+)*\z/
         $1.to_sym
       end
-      variable_counter = :"#{variable}_counter" if @collection
-      [variable, variable_counter]
+      if @collection
+        variable_counter = :"#{variable}_counter"
+        variable_iteration = :"#{variable}_iteration"
+      end
+      [variable, variable_counter, variable_iteration]
     end
 
     IDENTIFIER_ERROR_MESSAGE = "The partial name (%s) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
index 668831dff3..f3a48ecfa0 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
@@ -6,23 +6,28 @@ module ActionView
       @view    = context
       @details = extract_details(options)
       template = determine_template(options)
-      context  = @lookup_context
 
       prepend_formats(template.formats)
 
-      unless context.rendered_format
-        context.rendered_format = template.formats.first || formats.first
-      end
+      @lookup_context.rendered_format ||= (template.formats.first || formats.first)
 
       render_template(template, options[:layout], options[:locals])
     end
 
+    private
+
     # Determine the template to be rendered using the given options.
-    def determine_template(options) #:nodoc:
+    def determine_template(options)
       keys = options.fetch(:locals, {}).keys
 
-      if options.key?(:text)
+      if options.key?(:body)
+        Template::Text.new(options[:body])
+      elsif options.key?(:text)
         Template::Text.new(options[:text], formats.first)
+      elsif options.key?(:plain)
+        Template::Text.new(options[:plain])
+      elsif options.key?(:html)
+        Template::HTML.new(options[:html], formats.first)
       elsif options.key?(:file)
         with_fallbacks { find_template(options[:file], nil, false, keys, @details) }
       elsif options.key?(:inline)
@@ -35,7 +40,7 @@ module ActionView
           find_template(options[:template], options[:prefixes], false, keys, @details)
         end
       else
-        raise ArgumentError, "You invoked render but did not give any of :partial, :template, :inline, :file or :text option."
+        raise ArgumentError, "You invoked render but did not give any of :partial, :template, :inline, :file, :plain, :text or :body option."
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
index 7c17220d14..81d5836a8c 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
@@ -35,12 +35,13 @@ module ActionView
     module ClassMethods
       def view_context_class
         @view_context_class ||= begin
-          routes = respond_to?(:_routes) && _routes
+          include_path_helpers = supports_path?
+          routes  = respond_to?(:_routes)  && _routes
           helpers = respond_to?(:_helpers) && _helpers
 
           Class.new(ActionView::Base) do
             if routes
-              include routes.url_helpers
+              include routes.url_helpers(include_path_helpers)
               include routes.mounted_helpers
             end
 
@@ -62,8 +63,8 @@ module ActionView
     #
     # The view class must have the following methods:
     # View.new[lookup_context, assigns, controller]
-    #   Create a new ActionView instance for a controller
-    # View#render[options]
+    #   Create a new ActionView instance for a controller and we can also pass the arguments.
+    # View#render(option)
     #   Returns String with the rendered template
     #
     # Override this method in a module to change the default behavior.
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       # Assign the rendered format to lookup context.
-      def _process_format(format) #:nodoc:
+      def _process_format(format, options = {}) #:nodoc:
         super
         lookup_context.formats = [format.to_sym]
         lookup_context.rendered_format = lookup_context.formats.first
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb
index 33be06cbf7..75febb8652 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes'
+
 module ActionView
   module RoutingUrlFor
 
@@ -77,16 +79,22 @@ module ActionView
       case options
       when String
         options
-      when nil, Hash
-        options ||= {}
-        options = { :only_path => options[:host].nil? }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)
-        super
+      when nil
+        super({:only_path => true})
+      when Hash
+        options = options.symbolize_keys
+        options[:only_path] = options[:host].nil? unless options.key?(:only_path)
+        super(options)
       when :back
         _back_url
+      when Symbol
+        ActionDispatch::Routing::PolymorphicRoutes::HelperMethodBuilder.path.handle_string_call self, options
       when Array
         polymorphic_path(options, options.extract_options!)
+      when Class
+        ActionDispatch::Routing::PolymorphicRoutes::HelperMethodBuilder.path.handle_class_call self, options
       else
-        polymorphic_path(options)
+        ActionDispatch::Routing::PolymorphicRoutes::HelperMethodBuilder.path.handle_model_call self, options
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake b/actionview/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake
index 1b9426c0e5..b39f7d583b 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake
@@ -2,16 +2,20 @@ namespace :cache_digests do
   desc 'Lookup nested dependencies for TEMPLATE (like messages/show or comments/_comment.html)'
   task :nested_dependencies => :environment do
     abort 'You must provide TEMPLATE for the task to run' unless ENV['TEMPLATE'].present?
-    template, format = ENV['TEMPLATE'].split(".")
-    format ||= :html
-    puts JSON.pretty_generate ActionView::Digestor.new(template, format, ApplicationController.new.lookup_context).nested_dependencies
+    puts JSON.pretty_generate ActionView::Digestor.new(name: template_name, finder: finder).nested_dependencies
   end
 
   desc 'Lookup first-level dependencies for TEMPLATE (like messages/show or comments/_comment.html)'
   task :dependencies => :environment do
     abort 'You must provide TEMPLATE for the task to run' unless ENV['TEMPLATE'].present?
-    template, format = ENV['TEMPLATE'].split(".")
-    format ||= :html
-    puts JSON.pretty_generate ActionView::Digestor.new(template, format, ApplicationController.new.lookup_context).dependencies
+    puts JSON.pretty_generate ActionView::Digestor.new(name: template_name, finder: finder).dependencies
+  end
+
+  def template_name
+    ENV['TEMPLATE'].split('.', 2).first
+  end
+
+  def finder
+    ApplicationController.new.lookup_context
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
index 9b0619f1aa..eb0f2e8a57 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
@@ -90,13 +90,14 @@ module ActionView
     eager_autoload do
       autoload :Error
       autoload :Handlers
+      autoload :HTML
       autoload :Text
       autoload :Types
     end
 
     extend Template::Handlers
 
-    attr_accessor :locals, :formats, :virtual_path
+    attr_accessor :locals, :formats, :variants, :virtual_path
 
     attr_reader :source, :identifier, :handler, :original_encoding, :updated_at
 
@@ -122,6 +123,7 @@ module ActionView
       @virtual_path      = details[:virtual_path]
       @updated_at        = details[:updated_at] || Time.now
       @formats           = Array(format).map { |f| f.respond_to?(:ref) ? f.ref : f  }
+      @variants          = [details[:variant]]
       @compile_mutex     = Mutex.new
     end
 
@@ -240,7 +242,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
 
           instrument("!compile_template") do
-            compile(view, mod)
+            compile(mod)
           end
 
           # Just discard the source if we have a virtual path. This
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ module ActionView
       # encode the source into <tt>Encoding.default_internal</tt>.
       # In general, this means that templates will be UTF-8 inside of Rails,
       # regardless of the original source encoding.
-      def compile(view, mod) #:nodoc:
+      def compile(mod) #:nodoc:
         encode!
         method_name = self.method_name
         code = @handler.call(self)
@@ -291,18 +293,8 @@ module ActionView
           raise WrongEncodingError.new(@source, Encoding.default_internal)
         end
 
-        begin
-          mod.module_eval(source, identifier, 0)
-          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Finalizer[method_name, mod])
-        rescue => e # errors from template code
-          if logger = (view && view.logger)
-            logger.debug "ERROR: compiling #{method_name} RAISED #{e}"
-            logger.debug "Function body: #{source}"
-            logger.debug "Backtrace: #{e.backtrace.join("\n")}"
-          end
-
-          raise ActionView::Template::Error.new(self, e)
-        end
+        mod.module_eval(source, identifier, 0)
+        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Finalizer[method_name, mod])
       end
 
       def handle_render_error(view, e) #:nodoc:
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
index d9cddc0040..33bfcb458c 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
@@ -32,6 +32,15 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
         @@template_extensions = nil
       end
 
+      # Opposite to register_template_handler.
+      def unregister_template_handler(*extensions)
+        extensions.each do |extension|
+          handler = @@template_handlers.delete extension.to_sym
+          @@default_template_handlers = nil if @@default_template_handlers == handler
+        end
+        @@template_extensions = nil
+      end
+
       def template_handler_extensions
         @@template_handlers.keys.map {|key| key.to_s }.sort
       end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0321f819b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+module ActionView #:nodoc:
+  # = Action View HTML Template
+  class Template
+    class HTML #:nodoc:
+      attr_accessor :type
+
+      def initialize(string, type = nil)
+        @string = string.to_s
+        @type   = Types[type] || type if type
+        @type ||= Types[:html]
+      end
+
+      def identifier
+        'html template'
+      end
+
+      def inspect
+        'html template'
+      end
+
+      def to_str
+        ERB::Util.h(@string)
+      end
+
+      def render(*args)
+        to_str
+      end
+
+      def formats
+        [@type.respond_to?(:ref) ? @type.ref : @type.to_s]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
index 3a3b74cdd5..d29d020c17 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
@@ -154,7 +154,8 @@ module ActionView
       cached = nil
       templates.each do |t|
         t.locals         = locals
-        t.formats        = details[:formats] || [:html] if t.formats.empty?
+        t.formats        = details[:formats]  || [:html] if t.formats.empty?
+        t.variants       = details[:variants] || []      if t.variants.empty?
         t.virtual_path ||= (cached ||= build_path(*path_info))
       end
     end
@@ -180,25 +181,41 @@ module ActionView
     def query(path, details, formats)
       query = build_query(path, details)
 
-      # deals with case-insensitive file systems.
-      sanitizer = Hash.new { |h,dir| h[dir] = Dir["#{dir}/*"] }
-
-      template_paths = Dir[query].reject { |filename|
-        File.directory?(filename) ||
-          !sanitizer[File.dirname(filename)].include?(filename)
-      }
+      template_paths = find_template_paths query
 
       template_paths.map { |template|
-        handler, format = extract_handler_and_format(template, formats)
-        contents = File.binread template
+        handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(template, formats)
+        contents = File.binread(template)
 
         Template.new(contents, File.expand_path(template), handler,
           :virtual_path => path.virtual,
           :format       => format,
-          :updated_at   => mtime(template))
+          :variant      => variant,
+          :updated_at   => mtime(template)
+        )
       }
     end
 
+    if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.2.0'
+      def find_template_paths(query)
+        Dir[query].reject { |filename|
+          File.directory?(filename) ||
+            # deals with case-insensitive file systems.
+            !File.fnmatch(query, filename, File::FNM_EXTGLOB)
+        }
+      end
+    else
+      def find_template_paths(query)
+        # deals with case-insensitive file systems.
+        sanitizer = Hash.new { |h,dir| h[dir] = Dir["#{dir}/*"] }
+
+        Dir[query].reject { |filename|
+          File.directory?(filename) ||
+            !sanitizer[File.dirname(filename)].include?(filename)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
     # Helper for building query glob string based on resolver's pattern.
     def build_query(path, details)
       query = @pattern.dup
@@ -225,10 +242,10 @@ module ActionView
       File.mtime(p)
     end
 
-    # Extract handler and formats from path. If a format cannot be a found neither
+    # Extract handler, formats and variant from path. If a format cannot be found neither
     # from the path, or the handler, we should return the array of formats given
     # to the resolver.
-    def extract_handler_and_format(path, default_formats)
+    def extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(path, default_formats)
       pieces = File.basename(path).split(".")
       pieces.shift
 
@@ -240,10 +257,10 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       handler = Template.handler_for_extension(extension)
-      format  = pieces.last && pieces.last.split(EXTENSIONS[:variants], 2).first # remove variant from format
+      format, variant = pieces.last.split(EXTENSIONS[:variants], 2) if pieces.last
       format  &&= Template::Types[format]
 
-      [handler, format]
+      [handler, format, variant]
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
index 859c7bc3ce..04f5b8d17a 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       end
 
       def formats
-        [@type.to_sym]
+        [@type.respond_to?(:ref) ? @type.ref : @type.to_s]
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
index 3145446114..af34d2ce5a 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ require 'action_controller'
 require 'action_controller/test_case'
 require 'action_view'
 
+require 'rails-dom-testing'
+
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Test Case
   class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@ module ActionView
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
       include ActionDispatch::Assertions, ActionDispatch::TestProcess
+      include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions
       include ActionController::TemplateAssertions
       include ActionView::Context
 
@@ -99,7 +102,9 @@ module ActionView
       def setup_with_controller
         @controller = ActionView::TestCase::TestController.new
         @request = @controller.request
-        @output_buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new
+        # empty string ensures buffer has UTF-8 encoding as
+        # new without arguments returns ASCII-8BIT encoded buffer like String#new
+        @output_buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new ''
         @rendered = ''
 
         make_test_case_available_to_view!
@@ -151,11 +156,9 @@ module ActionView
 
     private
 
-      # Support the selector assertions
-      #
       # Need to experiment if this priority is the best one: rendered => output_buffer
-      def response_from_page
-        HTML::Document.new(@rendered.blank? ? @output_buffer : @rendered).root
+      def document_root_element
+        Nokogiri::HTML::Document.parse(@rendered.blank? ? @output_buffer : @rendered).root
       end
 
       def say_no_to_protect_against_forgery!
@@ -235,7 +238,9 @@ module ActionView
         :@options,
         :@test_passed,
         :@view,
-        :@view_context_class
+        :@view_context_class,
+        :@_subscribers,
+        :@html_document
       ]
 
       def _user_defined_ivars
@@ -258,7 +263,7 @@ module ActionView
 
       def method_missing(selector, *args)
         if @controller.respond_to?(:_routes) &&
-          ( @controller._routes.named_routes.helpers.include?(selector) ||
+          ( @controller._routes.named_routes.route_defined?(selector) ||
             @controller._routes.mounted_helpers.method_defined?(selector) )
           @controller.__send__(selector, *args)
         else
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
index af53ad3b25..dfb7d463b4 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
@@ -30,9 +30,13 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       @hash.each do |_path, array|
         source, updated_at = array
         next unless _path =~ query
-        handler, format = extract_handler_and_format(_path, formats)
+        handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(_path, formats)
         templates << Template.new(source, _path, handler,
-          :virtual_path => path.virtual, :format => format, :updated_at => updated_at)
+          :virtual_path => path.virtual,
+          :format => format,
+          :variant => variant,
+          :updated_at => updated_at
+        )
       end
 
       templates.sort_by {|t| -t.identifier.match(/^#{query}$/).captures.reject(&:blank?).size }
@@ -41,8 +45,8 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
 
   class NullResolver < PathResolver
     def query(path, exts, formats)
-      handler, format = extract_handler_and_format(path, formats)
-      [ActionView::Template.new("Template generated by Null Resolver", path, handler, :virtual_path => path, :format => format)]
+      handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(path, formats)
+      [ActionView::Template.new("Template generated by Null Resolver", path, handler, :virtual_path => path, :format => format, :variant => variant)]
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 775b827529..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/html-scanner"
-
-module HTML
-  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
-
-  eager_autoload do
-    autoload :CDATA, 'html/node'
-    autoload :Document, 'html/document'
-    autoload :FullSanitizer, 'html/sanitizer'
-    autoload :LinkSanitizer, 'html/sanitizer'
-    autoload :Node, 'html/node'
-    autoload :Sanitizer, 'html/sanitizer'
-    autoload :Selector, 'html/selector'
-    autoload :Tag, 'html/node'
-    autoload :Text, 'html/node'
-    autoload :Tokenizer, 'html/tokenizer'
-    autoload :Version, 'html/version'
-    autoload :WhiteListSanitizer, 'html/sanitizer'
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 386820300a..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-require 'html/tokenizer'
-require 'html/node'
-require 'html/selector'
-require 'html/sanitizer'
-
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-  # A top-level HTML document. You give it a body of text, and it will parse that
-  # text into a tree of nodes.
-  class Document #:nodoc:
-
-    # The root of the parsed document.
-    attr_reader :root
-
-    # Create a new Document from the given text.
-    def initialize(text, strict=false, xml=false)
-      tokenizer = Tokenizer.new(text)
-      @root = Node.new(nil)
-      node_stack = [ @root ]
-      while token = tokenizer.next
-        node = Node.parse(node_stack.last, tokenizer.line, tokenizer.position, token, strict)
-
-        node_stack.last.children << node unless node.tag? && node.closing == :close
-        if node.tag?
-          if node_stack.length > 1 && node.closing == :close
-            if node_stack.last.name == node.name
-              if node_stack.last.children.empty?
-                node_stack.last.children << Text.new(node_stack.last, node.line, node.position, "")
-              end
-              node_stack.pop
-            else
-              open_start = node_stack.last.position - 20
-              open_start = 0 if open_start < 0
-              close_start = node.position - 20
-              close_start = 0 if close_start < 0
-              msg = <<EOF.strip
-ignoring attempt to close #{node_stack.last.name} with #{node.name}
-  opened at byte #{node_stack.last.position}, line #{node_stack.last.line}
-  closed at byte #{node.position}, line #{node.line}
-  attributes at open: #{node_stack.last.attributes.inspect}
-  text around open: #{text[open_start,40].inspect}
-  text around close: #{text[close_start,40].inspect}
-EOF
-              strict ? raise(msg) : warn(msg)
-            end
-          elsif !node.childless?(xml) && node.closing != :close
-            node_stack.push node
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Search the tree for (and return) the first node that matches the given
-    # conditions. The conditions are interpreted differently for different node
-    # types, see HTML::Text#find and HTML::Tag#find.
-    def find(conditions)
-      @root.find(conditions)
-    end
-
-    # Search the tree for (and return) all nodes that match the given
-    # conditions. The conditions are interpreted differently for different node
-    # types, see HTML::Text#find and HTML::Tag#find.
-    def find_all(conditions)
-      @root.find_all(conditions)
-    end
-
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 27f0f2f6f8..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,532 +0,0 @@
-require 'strscan'
-
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-
-  class Conditions < Hash #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(hash)
-      super()
-      hash = { :content => hash } unless Hash === hash
-      hash = keys_to_symbols(hash)
-      hash.each do |k,v|
-        case k
-          when :tag, :content then
-            # keys are valid, and require no further processing
-          when :attributes then
-            hash[k] = keys_to_strings(v)
-          when :parent, :child, :ancestor, :descendant, :sibling, :before,
-                  :after
-            hash[k] = Conditions.new(v)
-          when :children
-            hash[k] = v = keys_to_symbols(v)
-            v.each do |key,value|
-              case key
-                when :count, :greater_than, :less_than
-                  # keys are valid, and require no further processing
-                when :only
-                  v[key] = Conditions.new(value)
-                else
-                  raise "illegal key #{key.inspect} => #{value.inspect}"
-              end
-            end
-          else
-            raise "illegal key #{k.inspect} => #{v.inspect}"
-        end
-      end
-      update hash
-    end
-
-    private
-
-      def keys_to_strings(hash)
-        Hash[hash.keys.map {|k| [k.to_s, hash[k]]}]
-      end
-
-      def keys_to_symbols(hash)
-        Hash[hash.keys.map do |k|
-          raise "illegal key #{k.inspect}" unless k.respond_to?(:to_sym)
-          [k.to_sym, hash[k]]
-        end]
-      end
-  end
-
-  # The base class of all nodes, textual and otherwise, in an HTML document.
-  class Node #:nodoc:
-    # The array of children of this node. Not all nodes have children.
-    attr_reader :children
-
-    # The parent node of this node. All nodes have a parent, except for the
-    # root node.
-    attr_reader :parent
-
-    # The line number of the input where this node was begun
-    attr_reader :line
-
-    # The byte position in the input where this node was begun
-    attr_reader :position
-
-    # Create a new node as a child of the given parent.
-    def initialize(parent, line=0, pos=0)
-      @parent = parent
-      @children = []
-      @line, @position = line, pos
-    end
-
-    # Returns a textual representation of the node.
-    def to_s
-      @children.join()
-    end
-
-    # Returns false (subclasses must override this to provide specific matching
-    # behavior.) +conditions+ may be of any type.
-    def match(conditions)
-      false
-    end
-
-    # Search the children of this node for the first node for which #find
-    # returns non +nil+. Returns the result of the #find call that succeeded.
-    def find(conditions)
-      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-      @children.each do |child|
-        node = child.find(conditions)
-        return node if node
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-    # Search for all nodes that match the given conditions, and return them
-    # as an array.
-    def find_all(conditions)
-      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-
-      matches = []
-      matches << self if match(conditions)
-      @children.each do |child|
-        matches.concat child.find_all(conditions)
-      end
-      matches
-    end
-
-    # Returns +false+. Subclasses may override this if they define a kind of
-    # tag.
-    def tag?
-      false
-    end
-
-    def validate_conditions(conditions)
-      Conditions === conditions ? conditions : Conditions.new(conditions)
-    end
-
-    def ==(node)
-      return false unless self.class == node.class && children.size == node.children.size
-
-      equivalent = true
-
-      children.size.times do |i|
-        equivalent &&= children[i] == node.children[i]
-      end
-
-      equivalent
-    end
-
-    class <<self
-      def parse(parent, line, pos, content, strict=true)
-        if content !~ /^<\S/
-          Text.new(parent, line, pos, content)
-        else
-          scanner = StringScanner.new(content)
-
-          unless scanner.skip(/</)
-            if strict
-              raise "expected <"
-            else
-              return Text.new(parent, line, pos, content)
-            end
-          end
-
-          if scanner.skip(/!\[CDATA\[/)
-            unless scanner.skip_until(/\]\]>/)
-              if strict
-                raise "expected ]]> (got #{scanner.rest.inspect} for #{content})"
-              else
-                scanner.skip_until(/\Z/)
-              end
-            end
-
-            return CDATA.new(parent, line, pos, scanner.pre_match.gsub(/<!\[CDATA\[/, ''))
-          end
-
-          closing = ( scanner.scan(/\//) ? :close : nil )
-          return Text.new(parent, line, pos, content) unless name = scanner.scan(/[^\s!>\/]+/)
-          name.downcase!
-
-          unless closing
-            scanner.skip(/\s*/)
-            attributes = {}
-            while attr = scanner.scan(/[-\w:]+/)
-              value = true
-              if scanner.scan(/\s*=\s*/)
-                if delim = scanner.scan(/['"]/)
-                  value = ""
-                  while text = scanner.scan(/[^#{delim}\\]+|./)
-                    case text
-                      when "\\" then
-                        value << text
-                        break if scanner.eos?
-                        value << scanner.getch
-                      when delim
-                        break
-                      else value << text
-                    end
-                  end
-                else
-                  value = scanner.scan(/[^\s>\/]+/)
-                end
-              end
-              attributes[attr.downcase] = value
-              scanner.skip(/\s*/)
-            end
-
-            closing = ( scanner.scan(/\//) ? :self : nil )
-          end
-
-          unless scanner.scan(/\s*>/)
-            if strict
-              raise "expected > (got #{scanner.rest.inspect} for #{content}, #{attributes.inspect})"
-            else
-              # throw away all text until we find what we're looking for
-              scanner.skip_until(/>/) or scanner.terminate
-            end
-          end
-
-          Tag.new(parent, line, pos, name, attributes, closing)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A node that represents text, rather than markup.
-  class Text < Node #:nodoc:
-
-    attr_reader :content
-
-    # Creates a new text node as a child of the given parent, with the given
-    # content.
-    def initialize(parent, line, pos, content)
-      super(parent, line, pos)
-      @content = content
-    end
-
-    # Returns the content of this node.
-    def to_s
-      @content
-    end
-
-    # Returns +self+ if this node meets the given conditions. Text nodes support
-    # conditions of the following kinds:
-    #
-    # * if +conditions+ is a string, it must be a substring of the node's
-    #   content
-    # * if +conditions+ is a regular expression, it must match the node's
-    #   content
-    # * if +conditions+ is a hash, it must contain a <tt>:content</tt> key that
-    #   is either a string or a regexp, and which is interpreted as described
-    #   above.
-    def find(conditions)
-      match(conditions) && self
-    end
-
-    # Returns non-+nil+ if this node meets the given conditions, or +nil+
-    # otherwise. See the discussion of #find for the valid conditions.
-    def match(conditions)
-      case conditions
-        when String
-          @content == conditions
-        when Regexp
-          @content =~ conditions
-        when Hash
-          conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-
-          # Text nodes only have :content, :parent, :ancestor
-          unless (conditions.keys - [:content, :parent, :ancestor]).empty?
-            return false
-          end
-
-          match(conditions[:content])
-        else
-          nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    def ==(node)
-      return false unless super
-      content == node.content
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A CDATA node is simply a text node with a specialized way of displaying
-  # itself.
-  class CDATA < Text #:nodoc:
-    def to_s
-      "<![CDATA[#{super}]]>"
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A Tag is any node that represents markup. It may be an opening tag, a
-  # closing tag, or a self-closing tag. It has a name, and may have a hash of
-  # attributes.
-  class Tag < Node #:nodoc:
-
-    # Either +nil+, <tt>:close</tt>, or <tt>:self</tt>
-    attr_reader :closing
-
-    # Either +nil+, or a hash of attributes for this node.
-    attr_reader :attributes
-
-    # The name of this tag.
-    attr_reader :name
-
-    # Create a new node as a child of the given parent, using the given content
-    # to describe the node. It will be parsed and the node name, attributes and
-    # closing status extracted.
-    def initialize(parent, line, pos, name, attributes, closing)
-      super(parent, line, pos)
-      @name = name
-      @attributes = attributes
-      @closing = closing
-    end
-
-    # A convenience for obtaining an attribute of the node. Returns +nil+ if
-    # the node has no attributes.
-    def [](attr)
-      @attributes ? @attributes[attr] : nil
-    end
-
-    # Returns non-+nil+ if this tag can contain child nodes.
-    def childless?(xml = false)
-      return false if xml && @closing.nil?
-      !@closing.nil? ||
-        @name =~ /^(img|br|hr|link|meta|area|base|basefont|
-                    col|frame|input|isindex|param)$/ox
-    end
-
-    # Returns a textual representation of the node
-    def to_s
-      if @closing == :close
-        "</#{@name}>"
-      else
-        s = "<#{@name}"
-        @attributes.each do |k,v|
-          s << " #{k}"
-          s << "=\"#{v}\"" if String === v
-        end
-        s << " /" if @closing == :self
-        s << ">"
-        @children.each { |child| s << child.to_s }
-        s << "</#{@name}>" if @closing != :self && !@children.empty?
-        s
-      end
-    end
-
-    # If either the node or any of its children meet the given conditions, the
-    # matching node is returned. Otherwise, +nil+ is returned. (See the
-    # description of the valid conditions in the +match+ method.)
-    def find(conditions)
-      match(conditions) && self || super
-    end
-
-    # Returns +true+, indicating that this node represents an HTML tag.
-    def tag?
-      true
-    end
-
-    # Returns +true+ if the node meets any of the given conditions. The
-    # +conditions+ parameter must be a hash of any of the following keys
-    # (all are optional):
-    #
-    # * <tt>:tag</tt>: the node name must match the corresponding value
-    # * <tt>:attributes</tt>: a hash. The node's values must match the
-    #   corresponding values in the hash.
-    # * <tt>:parent</tt>: a hash. The node's parent must match the
-    #   corresponding hash.
-    # * <tt>:child</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's immediate children
-    #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:ancestor</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's ancestors must
-    #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:descendant</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's descendants
-    #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:sibling</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's siblings must
-    #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:after</tt>: a hash. The node must be after any sibling meeting
-    #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-    # * <tt>:before</tt>: a hash. The node must be before any sibling meeting
-    #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-    # * <tt>:children</tt>: a hash, for counting children of a node. Accepts the
-    #   keys:
-    # ** <tt>:count</tt>: either a number or a range which must equal (or
-    #    include) the number of children that match.
-    # ** <tt>:less_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be less than
-    #    this number.
-    # ** <tt>:greater_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be
-    #    greater than this number.
-    # ** <tt>:only</tt>: another hash consisting of the keys to use
-    #    to match on the children, and only matching children will be
-    #    counted.
-    #
-    # Conditions are matched using the following algorithm:
-    #
-    # * if the condition is a string, it must be a substring of the value.
-    # * if the condition is a regexp, it must match the value.
-    # * if the condition is a number, the value must match number.to_s.
-    # * if the condition is +true+, the value must not be +nil+.
-    # * if the condition is +false+ or +nil+, the value must be +nil+.
-    #
-    # Usage:
-    #
-    #   # test if the node is a "span" tag
-    #   node.match tag: "span"
-    #
-    #   # test if the node's parent is a "div"
-    #   node.match parent: { tag: "div" }
-    #
-    #   # test if any of the node's ancestors are "table" tags
-    #   node.match ancestor: { tag: "table" }
-    #
-    #   # test if any of the node's immediate children are "em" tags
-    #   node.match child: { tag: "em" }
-    #
-    #   # test if any of the node's descendants are "strong" tags
-    #   node.match descendant: { tag: "strong" }
-    #
-    #   # test if the node has between 2 and 4 span tags as immediate children
-    #   node.match children: { count: 2..4, only: { tag: "span" } }
-    #
-    #   # get funky: test to see if the node is a "div", has a "ul" ancestor
-    #   # and an "li" parent (with "class" = "enum"), and whether or not it has
-    #   # a "span" descendant that contains # text matching /hello world/:
-    #   node.match tag: "div",
-    #              ancestor: { tag: "ul" },
-    #              parent: { tag: "li",
-    #                           attributes: { class: "enum" } },
-    #              descendant: { tag: "span",
-    #                               child: /hello world/ }
-    def match(conditions)
-      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-      # check content of child nodes
-      if conditions[:content]
-        if children.empty?
-          return false unless match_condition("", conditions[:content])
-        else
-          return false unless children.find { |child| child.match(conditions[:content]) }
-        end
-      end
-
-      # test the name
-      return false unless match_condition(@name, conditions[:tag]) if conditions[:tag]
-
-      # test attributes
-      (conditions[:attributes] || {}).each do |key, value|
-        return false unless match_condition(self[key], value)
-      end
-
-      # test parent
-      return false unless parent.match(conditions[:parent]) if conditions[:parent]
-
-      # test children
-      return false unless children.find { |child| child.match(conditions[:child]) } if conditions[:child]
-
-      # test ancestors
-      if conditions[:ancestor]
-        return false unless catch :found do
-          p = self
-          throw :found, true if p.match(conditions[:ancestor]) while p = p.parent
-        end
-      end
-
-      # test descendants
-      if conditions[:descendant]
-        return false unless children.find do |child|
-          # test the child
-          child.match(conditions[:descendant]) ||
-          # test the child's descendants
-          child.match(:descendant => conditions[:descendant])
-        end
-      end
-
-      # count children
-      if opts = conditions[:children]
-        matches = children.select do |c|
-          (c.kind_of?(HTML::Tag) and (c.closing == :self or ! c.childless?))
-        end
-
-        matches = matches.select { |c| c.match(opts[:only]) } if opts[:only]
-        opts.each do |key, value|
-          next if key == :only
-          case key
-            when :count
-              if Integer === value
-                return false if matches.length != value
-              else
-                return false unless value.include?(matches.length)
-              end
-            when :less_than
-              return false unless matches.length < value
-            when :greater_than
-              return false unless matches.length > value
-            else raise "unknown count condition #{key}"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # test siblings
-      if conditions[:sibling] || conditions[:before] || conditions[:after]
-        siblings = parent ? parent.children : []
-        self_index = siblings.index(self)
-
-        if conditions[:sibling]
-          return false unless siblings.detect do |s|
-            s != self && s.match(conditions[:sibling])
-          end
-        end
-
-        if conditions[:before]
-          return false unless siblings[self_index+1..-1].detect do |s|
-            s != self && s.match(conditions[:before])
-          end
-        end
-
-        if conditions[:after]
-          return false unless siblings[0,self_index].detect do |s|
-            s != self && s.match(conditions[:after])
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      true
-    end
-
-    def ==(node)
-      return false unless super
-      return false unless closing == node.closing && self.name == node.name
-      attributes == node.attributes
-    end
-
-    private
-      # Match the given value to the given condition.
-      def match_condition(value, condition)
-        case condition
-          when String
-            value && value == condition
-          when Regexp
-            value && value.match(condition)
-          when Numeric
-            value == condition.to_s
-          when true
-            !value.nil?
-          when false, nil
-            value.nil?
-          else
-            false
-        end
-      end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ed34eecf55..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
-require 'set'
-require 'cgi'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
-
-module HTML
-  class Sanitizer
-    def sanitize(text, options = {})
-      validate_options(options)
-      return text unless sanitizeable?(text)
-      tokenize(text, options).join
-    end
-
-    def sanitizeable?(text)
-      !(text.nil? || text.empty? || !text.index("<"))
-    end
-
-  protected
-    def tokenize(text, options)
-      tokenizer = HTML::Tokenizer.new(text)
-      result = []
-      while token = tokenizer.next
-        node = Node.parse(nil, 0, 0, token, false)
-        process_node node, result, options
-      end
-      result
-    end
-
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << node.to_s
-    end
-
-    def validate_options(options)
-      if options[:tags] && !options[:tags].is_a?(Enumerable)
-        raise ArgumentError, "You should pass :tags as an Enumerable"
-      end
-
-      if options[:attributes] && !options[:attributes].is_a?(Enumerable)
-        raise ArgumentError, "You should pass :attributes as an Enumerable"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class FullSanitizer < Sanitizer
-    def sanitize(text, options = {})
-      result = super
-      # strip any comments, and if they have a newline at the end (ie. line with
-      # only a comment) strip that too
-      result = result.gsub(/<!--(.*?)-->[\n]?/m, "") if (result && result =~ /<!--(.*?)-->[\n]?/m)
-      # Recurse - handle all dirty nested tags
-      result == text ? result : sanitize(result, options)
-    end
-
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << node.to_s if node.class == HTML::Text
-    end
-  end
-
-  class LinkSanitizer < FullSanitizer
-    cattr_accessor :included_tags, :instance_writer => false
-    self.included_tags = Set.new(%w(a href))
-
-    def sanitizeable?(text)
-      !(text.nil? || text.empty? || !((text.index("<a") || text.index("<href")) && text.index(">")))
-    end
-
-  protected
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << node.to_s unless node.is_a?(HTML::Tag) && included_tags.include?(node.name)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class WhiteListSanitizer < Sanitizer
-    [:protocol_separator, :uri_attributes, :allowed_attributes, :allowed_tags, :allowed_protocols, :bad_tags,
-     :allowed_css_properties, :allowed_css_keywords, :shorthand_css_properties].each do |attr|
-      class_attribute attr, :instance_writer => false
-    end
-
-    # A regular expression of the valid characters used to separate protocols like
-    # the ':' in 'http://foo.com'
-    self.protocol_separator     = /:|(&#0*58)|(&#x70)|(&#x0*3a)|(%|&#37;)3A/i
-
-    # Specifies a Set of HTML attributes that can have URIs.
-    self.uri_attributes         = Set.new(%w(href src cite action longdesc xlink:href lowsrc))
-
-    # Specifies a Set of 'bad' tags that the #sanitize helper will remove completely, as opposed
-    # to just escaping harmless tags like &lt;font&gt;
-    self.bad_tags               = Set.new(%w(script))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of tags that the #sanitize helper will allow unscathed.
-    self.allowed_tags           = Set.new(%w(strong em b i p code pre tt samp kbd var sub
-      sup dfn cite big small address hr br div span h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 ul ol li dl dt dd abbr
-      acronym a img blockquote del ins))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of html attributes that the #sanitize helper will leave
-    # in the allowed tag.
-    self.allowed_attributes     = Set.new(%w(href src width height alt cite datetime title class name xml:lang abbr))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css properties that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
-    self.allowed_protocols      = Set.new(%w(ed2k ftp http https irc mailto news gopher nntp telnet webcal xmpp callto
-      feed svn urn aim rsync tag ssh sftp rtsp afs))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css properties that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
-    self.allowed_css_properties = Set.new(%w(azimuth background-color border-bottom-color border-collapse
-      border-color border-left-color border-right-color border-top-color clear color cursor direction display
-      elevation float font font-family font-size font-style font-variant font-weight height letter-spacing line-height
-      overflow pause pause-after pause-before pitch pitch-range richness speak speak-header speak-numeral speak-punctuation
-      speech-rate stress text-align text-decoration text-indent unicode-bidi vertical-align voice-family volume white-space
-      width))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css keywords that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
-    self.allowed_css_keywords   = Set.new(%w(auto aqua black block blue bold both bottom brown center
-      collapse dashed dotted fuchsia gray green !important italic left lime maroon medium none navy normal
-      nowrap olive pointer purple red right solid silver teal top transparent underline white yellow))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of allowed shorthand css properties for the #sanitize and #sanitize_css helpers.
-    self.shorthand_css_properties = Set.new(%w(background border margin padding))
-
-    # Sanitizes a block of css code. Used by #sanitize when it comes across a style attribute
-    def sanitize_css(style)
-      # disallow urls
-      style = style.to_s.gsub(/url\s*\(\s*[^\s)]+?\s*\)\s*/, ' ')
-
-      # gauntlet
-      if style !~ /\A([:,;#%.\sa-zA-Z0-9!]|\w-\w|\'[\s\w]+\'|\"[\s\w]+\"|\([\d,\s]+\))*\z/ ||
-          style !~ /\A(\s*[-\w]+\s*:\s*[^:;]*(;|$)\s*)*\z/
-        return ''
-      end
-
-      clean = []
-      style.scan(/([-\w]+)\s*:\s*([^:;]*)/) do |prop,val|
-        if allowed_css_properties.include?(prop.downcase)
-          clean <<  prop + ': ' + val + ';'
-        elsif shorthand_css_properties.include?(prop.split('-')[0].downcase)
-          unless val.split().any? do |keyword|
-            !allowed_css_keywords.include?(keyword) &&
-              keyword !~ /\A(#[0-9a-f]+|rgb\(\d+%?,\d*%?,?\d*%?\)?|\d{0,2}\.?\d{0,2}(cm|em|ex|in|mm|pc|pt|px|%|,|\))?)\z/
-          end
-            clean << prop + ': ' + val + ';'
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      clean.join(' ')
-    end
-
-  protected
-    def tokenize(text, options)
-      options[:parent] = []
-      options[:attributes] ||= allowed_attributes
-      options[:tags]       ||= allowed_tags
-      super
-    end
-
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << case node
-        when HTML::Tag
-          if node.closing == :close
-            options[:parent].shift
-          else
-            options[:parent].unshift node.name
-          end
-
-          process_attributes_for node, options
-
-          options[:tags].include?(node.name) ? node : nil
-        else
-          bad_tags.include?(options[:parent].first) ? nil : node.to_s.gsub(/</, "&lt;")
-      end
-    end
-
-    def process_attributes_for(node, options)
-      return unless node.attributes
-      node.attributes.keys.each do |attr_name|
-        value = node.attributes[attr_name].to_s
-
-        if !options[:attributes].include?(attr_name) || contains_bad_protocols?(attr_name, value)
-          node.attributes.delete(attr_name)
-        else
-          node.attributes[attr_name] = attr_name == 'style' ? sanitize_css(value) : CGI::escapeHTML(CGI::unescapeHTML(value))
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def contains_bad_protocols?(attr_name, value)
-      uri_attributes.include?(attr_name) &&
-      (value =~ /(^[^\/:]*):|(&#0*58)|(&#x70)|(&#x0*3a)|(%|&#37;)3A/i && !allowed_protocols.include?(value.split(protocol_separator).first.downcase.strip))
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index dfdd724b9b..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,830 +0,0 @@
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
-# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
-#++
-
-module HTML
-
-  # Selects HTML elements using CSS 2 selectors.
-  #
-  # The +Selector+ class uses CSS selector expressions to match and select
-  # HTML elements.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "form.login[action=/login]"
-  # creates a new selector that matches any +form+ element with the class
-  # +login+ and an attribute +action+ with the value <tt>/login</tt>.
-  #
-  # === Matching Elements
-  #
-  # Use the #match method to determine if an element matches the selector.
-  #
-  # For simple selectors, the method returns an array with that element,
-  # or +nil+ if the element does not match. For complex selectors (see below)
-  # the method returns an array with all matched elements, of +nil+ if no
-  # match found.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   if selector.match(element)
-  #     puts "Element is a login form"
-  #   end
-  #
-  # === Selecting Elements
-  #
-  # Use the #select method to select all matching elements starting with
-  # one element and going through all children in depth-first order.
-  #
-  # This method returns an array of all matching elements, an empty array
-  # if no match is found
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "input[type=text]"
-  #   matches = selector.select(element)
-  #   matches.each do |match|
-  #     puts "Found text field with name #{match.attributes['name']}"
-  #   end
-  #
-  # === Expressions
-  #
-  # Selectors can match elements using any of the following criteria:
-  # * <tt>name</tt> -- Match an element based on its name (tag name).
-  #   For example, <tt>p</tt> to match a paragraph. You can use <tt>*</tt>
-  #   to match any element.
-  # * <tt>#</tt><tt>id</tt> -- Match an element based on its identifier (the
-  #   <tt>id</tt> attribute). For example, <tt>#</tt><tt>page</tt>.
-  # * <tt>.class</tt> -- Match an element based on its class name, all
-  #   class names if more than one specified.
-  # * <tt>[attr]</tt> -- Match an element that has the specified attribute.
-  # * <tt>[attr=value]</tt> -- Match an element that has the specified
-  #   attribute and value. (More operators are supported see below)
-  # * <tt>:pseudo-class</tt> -- Match an element based on a pseudo class,
-  #   such as <tt>:nth-child</tt> and <tt>:empty</tt>.
-  # * <tt>:not(expr)</tt> -- Match an element that does not match the
-  #   negation expression.
-  #
-  # When using a combination of the above, the element name comes first
-  # followed by identifier, class names, attributes, pseudo classes and
-  # negation in any order. Do not separate these parts with spaces!
-  # Space separation is used for descendant selectors.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "form.login[action=/login]"
-  # The matched element must be of type +form+ and have the class +login+.
-  # It may have other classes, but the class +login+ is required to match.
-  # It must also have an attribute called +action+ with the value
-  # <tt>/login</tt>.
-  #
-  # This selector will match the following element:
-  #   <form class="login form" method="post" action="/login">
-  # but will not match the element:
-  #   <form method="post" action="/logout">
-  #
-  # === Attribute Values
-  #
-  # Several operators are supported for matching attributes:
-  # * <tt>name</tt> -- The element must have an attribute with that name.
-  # * <tt>name=value</tt> -- The element must have an attribute with that
-  #   name and value.
-  # * <tt>name^=value</tt> -- The attribute value must start with the
-  #   specified value.
-  # * <tt>name$=value</tt> -- The attribute value must end with the
-  #   specified value.
-  # * <tt>name*=value</tt> -- The attribute value must contain the
-  #   specified value.
-  # * <tt>name~=word</tt> -- The attribute value must contain the specified
-  #   word (space separated).
-  # * <tt>name|=word</tt> -- The attribute value must start with specified
-  #   word.
-  #
-  # For example, the following two selectors match the same element:
-  #   #my_id
-  #   [id=my_id]
-  # and so do the following two selectors:
-  #   .my_class
-  #   [class~=my_class]
-  #
-  # === Alternatives, siblings, children
-  #
-  # Complex selectors use a combination of expressions to match elements:
-  # * <tt>expr1 expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   if it has some parent element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1 > expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   if it is the child of an element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1 + expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   if it immediately follows an element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1 ~ expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   that comes after an element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1, expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the first expression,
-  #   or against the second expression.
-  #
-  # Since children and sibling selectors may match more than one element given
-  # the first element, the #match method may return more than one match.
-  #
-  # === Pseudo classes
-  #
-  # Pseudo classes were introduced in CSS 3. They are most often used to select
-  # elements in a given position:
-  # * <tt>:root</tt> -- Match the element only if it is the root element
-  #   (no parent element).
-  # * <tt>:empty</tt> -- Match the element only if it has no child elements,
-  #   and no text content.
-  # * <tt>:content(string)</tt> -- Match the element only if it has <tt>string</tt>
-  #   as its text content (ignoring leading and trailing whitespace).
-  # * <tt>:only-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the only child (element)
-  #   of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:only-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the only child (element)
-  #   of its parent element and its type.
-  # * <tt>:first-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
-  #   of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:first-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
-  #   of its parent element of its type.
-  # * <tt>:last-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the last child (element)
-  #   of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:last-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the last child (element)
-  #   of its parent element of its type.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the b-th child (element)
-  #   of its parent element. The value <tt>b</tt> specifies its index, starting with 1.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(an+b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the b-th child (element)
-  #   in each group of <tt>a</tt> child elements of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(-an+b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
-  #   in each group of <tt>a</tt> child elements, up to the first <tt>b</tt> child
-  #   elements of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(odd)</tt> -- Match element in the odd position (i.e. first, third).
-  #   Same as <tt>:nth-child(2n+1)</tt>.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(even)</tt> -- Match element in the even position (i.e. second,
-  #   fourth). Same as <tt>:nth-child(2n+2)</tt>.
-  # * <tt>:nth-of-type(..)</tt> -- As above, but only counts elements of its type.
-  # * <tt>:nth-last-child(..)</tt> -- As above, but counts from the last child.
-  # * <tt>:nth-last-of-type(..)</tt> -- As above, but counts from the last child and
-  #   only elements of its type.
-  # * <tt>:not(selector)</tt> -- Match the element only if the element does not
-  #   match the simple selector.
-  #
-  # As you can see, <tt>:nth-child</tt> pseudo class and its variant can get quite
-  # tricky and the CSS specification doesn't do a much better job explaining it.
-  # But after reading the examples and trying a few combinations, it's easy to
-  # figure out.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   table tr:nth-child(odd)
-  # Selects every second row in the table starting with the first one.
-  #
-  #   div p:nth-child(4)
-  # Selects the fourth paragraph in the +div+, but not if the +div+ contains
-  # other elements, since those are also counted.
-  #
-  #   div p:nth-of-type(4)
-  # Selects the fourth paragraph in the +div+, counting only paragraphs, and
-  # ignoring all other elements.
-  #
-  #   div p:nth-of-type(-n+4)
-  # Selects the first four paragraphs, ignoring all others.
-  #
-  # And you can always select an element that matches one set of rules but
-  # not another using <tt>:not</tt>. For example:
-  #   p:not(.post)
-  # Matches all paragraphs that do not have the class <tt>.post</tt>.
-  #
-  # === Substitution Values
-  #
-  # You can use substitution with identifiers, class names and element values.
-  # A substitution takes the form of a question mark (<tt>?</tt>) and uses the
-  # next value in the argument list following the CSS expression.
-  #
-  # The substitution value may be a string or a regular expression. All other
-  # values are converted to strings.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "#?", /^\d+$/
-  # matches any element whose identifier consists of one or more digits.
-  #
-  # See http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/
-  class Selector
-
-
-    # An invalid selector.
-    class InvalidSelectorError < StandardError #:nodoc:
-    end
-
-
-    class << self
-
-      # :call-seq:
-      #   Selector.for_class(cls) => selector
-      #
-      # Creates a new selector for the given class name.
-      def for_class(cls)
-        self.new([".?", cls])
-      end
-
-
-      # :call-seq:
-      #   Selector.for_id(id) => selector
-      #
-      # Creates a new selector for the given id.
-      def for_id(id)
-        self.new(["#?", id])
-      end
-
-    end
-
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   Selector.new(string, [values ...]) => selector
-    #
-    # Creates a new selector from a CSS 2 selector expression.
-    #
-    # The first argument is the selector expression. All other arguments
-    # are used for value substitution.
-    #
-    # Throws InvalidSelectorError is the selector expression is invalid.
-    def initialize(selector, *values)
-      raise ArgumentError, "CSS expression cannot be empty" if selector.empty?
-      @source = ""
-      values = values[0] if values.size == 1 && values[0].is_a?(Array)
-
-      # We need a copy to determine if we failed to parse, and also
-      # preserve the original pass by-ref statement.
-      statement = selector.strip.dup
-
-      # Create a simple selector, along with negation.
-      simple_selector(statement, values).each { |name, value| instance_variable_set("@#{name}", value) }
-
-      @alternates = []
-      @depends = nil
-
-      # Alternative selector.
-      if statement.sub!(/^\s*,\s*/, "")
-        second = Selector.new(statement, values)
-        @alternates << second
-        # If there are alternate selectors, we group them in the top selector.
-        if alternates = second.instance_variable_get(:@alternates)
-          second.instance_variable_set(:@alternates, [])
-          @alternates.concat alternates
-        end
-        @source << " , " << second.to_s
-      # Sibling selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
-      # match element immediately following this one.
-      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*\+\s*/, "")
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          if element = next_element(element)
-            second.match(element, first)
-          end
-        end
-        @source << " + " << second.to_s
-      # Adjacent selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
-      # match all elements following this one.
-      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*~\s*/, "")
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          matches = []
-          while element = next_element(element)
-            if subset = second.match(element, first)
-              if first && !subset.empty?
-                matches << subset.first
-                break
-              else
-                matches.concat subset
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
-        end
-        @source << " ~ " << second.to_s
-      # Child selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
-      # match a child element of this one.
-      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*>\s*/, "")
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          matches = []
-          element.children.each do |child|
-            if child.tag? && subset = second.match(child, first)
-              if first && !subset.empty?
-                matches << subset.first
-                break
-              else
-                matches.concat subset
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
-        end
-        @source << " > " << second.to_s
-      # Descendant selector: create a dependency into second selector that
-      # will match all descendant elements of this one. Note,
-      elsif statement =~ /^\s+\S+/ && statement != selector
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          matches = []
-          stack = element.children.reverse
-          while node = stack.pop
-            next unless node.tag?
-            if subset = second.match(node, first)
-              if first && !subset.empty?
-                matches << subset.first
-                break
-              else
-                matches.concat subset
-              end
-            elsif children = node.children
-              stack.concat children.reverse
-            end
-          end
-          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
-        end
-        @source << " " << second.to_s
-      else
-        # The last selector is where we check that we parsed
-        # all the parts.
-        unless statement.empty? || statement.strip.empty?
-          raise ArgumentError, "Invalid selector: #{statement}"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   match(element, first?) => array or nil
-    #
-    # Matches an element against the selector.
-    #
-    # For a simple selector this method returns an array with the
-    # element if the element matches, nil otherwise.
-    #
-    # For a complex selector (sibling and descendant) this method
-    # returns an array with all matching elements, nil if no match is
-    # found.
-    #
-    # Use +first_only=true+ if you are only interested in the first element.
-    #
-    # For example:
-    #   if selector.match(element)
-    #     puts "Element is a login form"
-    #   end
-    def match(element, first_only = false)
-      # Match element if no element name or element name same as element name
-      if matched = (!@tag_name || @tag_name == element.name)
-        # No match if one of the attribute matches failed
-        for attr in @attributes
-          if element.attributes[attr[0]] !~ attr[1]
-            matched = false
-            break
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Pseudo class matches (nth-child, empty, etc).
-      if matched
-        for pseudo in @pseudo
-          unless pseudo.call(element)
-            matched = false
-            break
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Negation. Same rules as above, but we fail if a match is made.
-      if matched && @negation
-        for negation in @negation
-          if negation[:tag_name] == element.name
-            matched = false
-          else
-            for attr in negation[:attributes]
-              if element.attributes[attr[0]] =~ attr[1]
-                matched = false
-                break
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          if matched
-            for pseudo in negation[:pseudo]
-              if pseudo.call(element)
-                matched = false
-                break
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          break unless matched
-        end
-      end
-
-      # If element matched but depends on another element (child,
-      # sibling, etc), apply the dependent matches instead.
-      if matched && @depends
-        matches = @depends.call(element, first_only)
-      else
-        matches = matched ? [element] : nil
-      end
-
-      # If this selector is part of the group, try all the alternative
-      # selectors (unless first_only).
-      if !first_only || !matches
-        @alternates.each do |alternate|
-          break if matches && first_only
-          if subset = alternate.match(element, first_only)
-            if matches
-              matches.concat subset
-            else
-              matches = subset
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      matches
-    end
-
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   select(root) => array
-    #
-    # Selects and returns an array with all matching elements, beginning
-    # with one node and traversing through all children depth-first.
-    # Returns an empty array if no match is found.
-    #
-    # The root node may be any element in the document, or the document
-    # itself.
-    #
-    # For example:
-    #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "input[type=text]"
-    #   matches = selector.select(element)
-    #   matches.each do |match|
-    #     puts "Found text field with name #{match.attributes['name']}"
-    #   end
-    def select(root)
-      matches = []
-      stack = [root]
-      while node = stack.pop
-        if node.tag? && subset = match(node, false)
-          subset.each do |match|
-            matches << match unless matches.any? { |item| item.equal?(match) }
-          end
-        elsif children = node.children
-          stack.concat children.reverse
-        end
-      end
-      matches
-    end
-
-
-    # Similar to #select but returns the first matching element. Returns +nil+
-    # if no element matches the selector.
-    def select_first(root)
-      stack = [root]
-      while node = stack.pop
-        if node.tag? && subset = match(node, true)
-          return subset.first if !subset.empty?
-        elsif children = node.children
-          stack.concat children.reverse
-        end
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-
-    def to_s #:nodoc:
-      @source
-    end
-
-
-    # Returns the next element after this one. Skips sibling text nodes.
-    #
-    # With the +name+ argument, returns the next element with that name,
-    # skipping other sibling elements.
-    def next_element(element, name = nil)
-      if siblings = element.parent.children
-        found = false
-        siblings.each do |node|
-          if node.equal?(element)
-            found = true
-          elsif found && node.tag?
-            return node if (name.nil? || node.name == name)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-
-  protected
-
-
-    # Creates a simple selector given the statement and array of
-    # substitution values.
-    #
-    # Returns a hash with the values +tag_name+, +attributes+,
-    # +pseudo+ (classes) and +negation+.
-    #
-    # Called the first time with +can_negate+ true to allow
-    # negation. Called a second time with false since negation
-    # cannot be negated.
-    def simple_selector(statement, values, can_negate = true)
-      tag_name = nil
-      attributes = []
-      pseudo = []
-      negation = []
-
-      # Element name. (Note that in negation, this can come at
-      # any order, but for simplicity we allow if only first).
-      statement.sub!(/^(\*|[[:alpha:]][\w\-]*)/) do |match|
-        match.strip!
-        tag_name = match.downcase unless match == "*"
-        @source << match
-        "" # Remove
-      end
-
-      # Get identifier, class, attribute name, pseudo or negation.
-      while true
-        # Element identifier.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^#(\?|[\w\-]+)/) do
-          id = $1
-          if id == "?"
-            id = values.shift
-          end
-          @source << "##{id}"
-          id = Regexp.new("^#{Regexp.escape(id.to_s)}$") unless id.is_a?(Regexp)
-          attributes << ["id", id]
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Class name.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^\.([\w\-]+)/) do
-          class_name = $1
-          @source << ".#{class_name}"
-          class_name = Regexp.new("(^|\s)#{Regexp.escape(class_name)}($|\s)") unless class_name.is_a?(Regexp)
-          attributes << ["class", class_name]
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Attribute value.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^\[\s*([[:alpha:]][\w\-:]*)\s*((?:[~|^$*])?=)?\s*('[^']*'|"[^*]"|[^\]]*)\s*\]/) do
-          name, equality, value = $1, $2, $3
-          if value == "?"
-            value = values.shift
-          else
-            # Handle single and double quotes.
-            value.strip!
-            if (value[0] == ?" || value[0] == ?') && value[0] == value[-1]
-              value = value[1..-2]
-            end
-          end
-          @source << "[#{name}#{equality}'#{value}']"
-          attributes << [name.downcase.strip, attribute_match(equality, value)]
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Root element only.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:root/) do
-          pseudo << lambda do |element|
-            element.parent.nil? || !element.parent.tag?
-          end
-          @source << ":root"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Nth-child including last and of-type.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:nth-(last-)?(child|of-type)\((odd|even|(\d+|\?)|(-?\d*|\?)?n([+\-]\d+|\?)?)\)/) do |match|
-          reverse = $1 == "last-"
-          of_type = $2 == "of-type"
-          @source << ":nth-#{$1}#{$2}("
-          case $3
-            when "odd"
-              pseudo << nth_child(2, 1, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << "odd)"
-            when "even"
-              pseudo << nth_child(2, 2, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << "even)"
-            when /^(\d+|\?)$/  # b only
-              b = ($1 == "?" ? values.shift : $1).to_i
-              pseudo << nth_child(0, b, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << "#{b})"
-            when /^(-?\d*|\?)?n([+\-]\d+|\?)?$/
-              a = ($1 == "?" ? values.shift :
-                   $1 == "" ? 1 : $1 == "-" ? -1 : $1).to_i
-              b = ($2 == "?" ? values.shift : $2).to_i
-              pseudo << nth_child(a, b, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << (b >= 0 ? "#{a}n+#{b})" : "#{a}n#{b})")
-            else
-              raise ArgumentError, "Invalid nth-child #{match}"
-          end
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-        # First/last child (of type).
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:(first|last)-(child|of-type)/) do
-          reverse = $1 == "last"
-          of_type = $2 == "of-type"
-          pseudo << nth_child(0, 1, of_type, reverse)
-          @source << ":#{$1}-#{$2}"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-        # Only child (of type).
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:only-(child|of-type)/) do
-          of_type = $1 == "of-type"
-          pseudo << only_child(of_type)
-          @source << ":only-#{$1}"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Empty: no child elements or meaningful content (whitespaces
-        # are ignored).
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:empty/) do
-          pseudo << lambda do |element|
-            empty = true
-            for child in element.children
-              if child.tag? || !child.content.strip.empty?
-                empty = false
-                break
-              end
-            end
-            empty
-          end
-          @source << ":empty"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-        # Content: match the text content of the element, stripping
-        # leading and trailing spaces.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:content\(\s*(\?|'[^']*'|"[^"]*"|[^)]*)\s*\)/) do
-          content = $1
-          if content == "?"
-            content = values.shift
-          elsif (content[0] == ?" || content[0] == ?') && content[0] == content[-1]
-            content = content[1..-2]
-          end
-          @source << ":content('#{content}')"
-          content = Regexp.new("^#{Regexp.escape(content.to_s)}$") unless content.is_a?(Regexp)
-          pseudo << lambda do |element|
-            text = ""
-            for child in element.children
-              unless child.tag?
-                text << child.content
-              end
-            end
-            text.strip =~ content
-          end
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Negation. Create another simple selector to handle it.
-        if statement.sub!(/^:not\(\s*/, "")
-          raise ArgumentError, "Double negatives are not missing feature" unless can_negate
-          @source << ":not("
-          negation << simple_selector(statement, values, false)
-          raise ArgumentError, "Negation not closed" unless statement.sub!(/^\s*\)/, "")
-          @source << ")"
-          next
-        end
-
-        # No match: moving on.
-        break
-      end
-
-      # Return hash. The keys are mapped to instance variables.
-      {:tag_name=>tag_name, :attributes=>attributes, :pseudo=>pseudo, :negation=>negation}
-    end
-
-
-    # Create a regular expression to match an attribute value based
-    # on the equality operator (=, ^=, |=, etc).
-    def attribute_match(equality, value)
-      regexp = value.is_a?(Regexp) ? value : Regexp.escape(value.to_s)
-      case equality
-        when "=" then
-          # Match the attribute value in full
-          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}$")
-        when "~=" then
-          # Match a space-separated word within the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("(^|\s)#{regexp}($|\s)")
-        when "^="
-          # Match the beginning of the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}")
-        when "$="
-          # Match the end of the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("#{regexp}$")
-        when "*="
-          # Match substring of the attribute value
-          regexp.is_a?(Regexp) ? regexp : Regexp.new(regexp)
-        when "|=" then
-          # Match the first space-separated item of the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}($|\s)")
-        else
-          raise InvalidSelectorError, "Invalid operation/value" unless value.empty?
-          # Match all attributes values (existence check)
-          //
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Returns a lambda that can match an element against the nth-child
-    # pseudo class, given the following arguments:
-    # * +a+ -- Value of a part.
-    # * +b+ -- Value of b part.
-    # * +of_type+ -- True to test only elements of this type (of-type).
-    # * +reverse+ -- True to count in reverse order (last-).
-    def nth_child(a, b, of_type, reverse)
-      # a = 0 means select at index b, if b = 0 nothing selected
-      return lambda { |element| false } if a == 0 && b == 0
-      # a < 0 and b < 0 will never match against an index
-      return lambda { |element| false } if a < 0 && b < 0
-      b = a + b + 1 if b < 0   # b < 0 just picks last element from each group
-      b -= 1 unless b == 0  # b == 0 is same as b == 1, otherwise zero based
-      lambda do |element|
-        # Element must be inside parent element.
-        return false unless element.parent && element.parent.tag?
-        index = 0
-        # Get siblings, reverse if counting from last.
-        siblings = element.parent.children
-        siblings = siblings.reverse if reverse
-        # Match element name if of-type, otherwise ignore name.
-        name = of_type ? element.name : nil
-        found = false
-        for child in siblings
-          # Skip text nodes/comments.
-          if child.tag? && (name == nil || child.name == name)
-            if a == 0
-              # Shortcut when a == 0 no need to go past count
-              if index == b
-                found = child.equal?(element)
-                break
-              end
-            elsif a < 0
-              # Only look for first b elements
-              break if index > b
-              if child.equal?(element)
-                found = (index % a) == 0
-                break
-              end
-            else
-              # Otherwise, break if child found and count ==  an+b
-              if child.equal?(element)
-                found = (index % a) == b
-                break
-              end
-            end
-            index += 1
-          end
-        end
-        found
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Creates a only child lambda. Pass +of-type+ to only look at
-    # elements of its type.
-    def only_child(of_type)
-      lambda do |element|
-        # Element must be inside parent element.
-        return false unless element.parent && element.parent.tag?
-        name = of_type ? element.name : nil
-        other = false
-        for child in element.parent.children
-          # Skip text nodes/comments.
-          if child.tag? && (name == nil || child.name == name)
-            unless child.equal?(element)
-              other = true
-              break
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        !other
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Called to create a dependent selector (sibling, descendant, etc).
-    # Passes the remainder of the statement that will be reduced to zero
-    # eventually, and array of substitution values.
-    #
-    # This method is called from four places, so it helps to put it here
-    # for reuse. The only logic deals with the need to detect comma
-    # separators (alternate) and apply them to the selector group of the
-    # top selector.
-    def next_selector(statement, values)
-      second = Selector.new(statement, values)
-      # If there are alternate selectors, we group them in the top selector.
-      if alternates = second.instance_variable_get(:@alternates)
-        second.instance_variable_set(:@alternates, [])
-        @alternates.concat alternates
-      end
-      second
-    end
-
-  end
-
-
-  # See HTML::Selector.new
-  def self.selector(statement, *values)
-    Selector.new(statement, *values)
-  end
-
-
-  class Tag
-
-    def select(selector, *values)
-      selector = HTML::Selector.new(selector, values)
-      selector.select(self)
-    end
-
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index adf4e45930..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-require 'strscan'
-
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-
-  # A simple HTML tokenizer. It simply breaks a stream of text into tokens, where each
-  # token is a string. Each string represents either "text", or an HTML element.
-  #
-  # This currently assumes valid XHTML, which means no free < or > characters.
-  #
-  # Usage:
-  #
-  #   tokenizer = HTML::Tokenizer.new(text)
-  #   while token = tokenizer.next
-  #     p token
-  #   end
-  class Tokenizer #:nodoc:
-
-    # The current (byte) position in the text
-    attr_reader :position
-
-    # The current line number
-    attr_reader :line
-
-    # Create a new Tokenizer for the given text.
-    def initialize(text)
-      text.encode!
-      @scanner = StringScanner.new(text)
-      @position = 0
-      @line = 0
-      @current_line = 1
-    end
-
-    # Returns the next token in the sequence, or +nil+ if there are no more tokens in
-    # the stream.
-    def next
-      return nil if @scanner.eos?
-      @position = @scanner.pos
-      @line = @current_line
-      if @scanner.check(/<\S/)
-        update_current_line(scan_tag)
-      else
-        update_current_line(scan_text)
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-
-      # Treat the text at the current position as a tag, and scan it. Supports
-      # comments, doctype tags, and regular tags, and ignores less-than and
-      # greater-than characters within quoted strings.
-      def scan_tag
-        tag = @scanner.getch
-        if @scanner.scan(/!--/) # comment
-          tag << @scanner.matched
-          tag << (@scanner.scan_until(/--\s*>/) || @scanner.scan_until(/\Z/))
-        elsif @scanner.scan(/!\[CDATA\[/)
-          tag << @scanner.matched
-          tag << (@scanner.scan_until(/\]\]>/) || @scanner.scan_until(/\Z/))
-        elsif @scanner.scan(/!/) # doctype
-          tag << @scanner.matched
-          tag << consume_quoted_regions
-        else
-          tag << consume_quoted_regions
-        end
-        tag
-      end
-
-      # Scan all text up to the next < character and return it.
-      def scan_text
-        "#{@scanner.getch}#{@scanner.scan(/[^<]*/)}"
-      end
-
-      # Counts the number of newlines in the text and updates the current line
-      # accordingly.
-      def update_current_line(text)
-        text.scan(/\r?\n/) { @current_line += 1 }
-      end
-
-      # Skips over quoted strings, so that less-than and greater-than characters
-      # within the strings are ignored.
-      def consume_quoted_regions
-        text = ""
-        loop do
-          match = @scanner.scan_until(/['"<>]/) or break
-
-          delim = @scanner.matched
-          if delim == "<"
-            match = match.chop
-            @scanner.pos -= 1
-          end
-
-          text << match
-          break if delim == "<" || delim == ">"
-
-          # consume the quoted region
-          while match = @scanner.scan_until(/[\\#{delim}]/)
-            text << match
-            break if @scanner.matched == delim
-            break if @scanner.eos?
-            text << @scanner.getch # skip the escaped character
-          end
-        end
-        text
-      end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d645c3e14..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-  module Version #:nodoc:
-
-    MAJOR = 0
-    MINOR = 5
-    TINY  = 3
-
-    STRING = [ MAJOR, MINOR, TINY ].join(".")
-
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb
index edb6d8f116..f55d3fdaef 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActionView
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionView as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionView as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.1.0.beta1"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActionView.version.segments
-    STRING = ActionView.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
index 6c349feb1d..80a41f2418 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
@@ -14,27 +14,38 @@ module ActionView
              :locale, :locale=, :to => :lookup_context
 
     module ClassMethods
-      def parent_prefixes
-        @parent_prefixes ||= begin
-          parent_controller = superclass
-          prefixes = []
-
-          until parent_controller.abstract?
-            prefixes << parent_controller.controller_path
-            parent_controller = parent_controller.superclass
-          end
+      def _prefixes # :nodoc:
+        @_prefixes ||= begin
+          deprecated_prefixes = handle_deprecated_parent_prefixes
+          if deprecated_prefixes
+            deprecated_prefixes
+          else
+            return local_prefixes if superclass.abstract?
 
-          prefixes
+            local_prefixes + superclass._prefixes
+          end
         end
       end
+
+      private
+
+      # Override this method in your controller if you want to change paths prefixes for finding views.
+      # Prefixes defined here will still be added to parents' <tt>._prefixes</tt>.
+      def local_prefixes
+        [controller_path]
+      end
+
+      def handle_deprecated_parent_prefixes # TODO: remove in 4.3/5.0.
+        return unless respond_to?(:parent_prefixes)
+
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Overriding ActionController::Base::parent_prefixes is deprecated, override .local_prefixes instead."
+        local_prefixes + parent_prefixes
+      end
     end
 
     # The prefixes used in render "foo" shortcuts.
-    def _prefixes
-      @_prefixes ||= begin
-        parent_prefixes = self.class.parent_prefixes
-        parent_prefixes.dup.unshift(controller_path)
-      end
+    def _prefixes # :nodoc:
+      self.class._prefixes
     end
 
     # LookupContext is the object responsible to hold all information required to lookup
diff --git a/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 9eae3a4fbd..923e637f11 100644
--- a/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -274,7 +274,6 @@ ActionView::RoutingUrlFor.send(:include, ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor)
 
 module ActionController
   class Base
-    include ActionController::Testing
     # This stub emulates the Railtie including the URL helpers from a Rails application
     include SharedTestRoutes.url_helpers
     include SharedTestRoutes.mounted_helpers
@@ -339,3 +338,10 @@ end
 def jruby_skip(message = '')
   skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
+
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
+
+# FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+# remove this method call.
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.my_tests_are_order_dependent!
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
index 40d3b17131..e653b12d32 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
@@ -150,6 +150,54 @@ module AbstractController
       end
     end
 
+    class OverridingLocalPrefixes < AbstractController::Base
+      include AbstractController::Rendering
+      include ActionView::Rendering
+      append_view_path File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "views"))
+
+      def index
+        render
+      end
+
+      def self.local_prefixes
+        # this would usually return "abstract_controller/testing/overriding_local_prefixes"
+        super + ["abstract_controller/testing/me3"]
+      end
+
+      class Inheriting < self
+      end
+    end
+
+    class OverridingLocalPrefixesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase # TODO: remove me in 5.0/4.3.
+      test "overriding .local_prefixes adds prefix" do
+        @controller = OverridingLocalPrefixes.new
+        @controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello from me3/index.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test ".local_prefixes is inherited" do
+        @controller = OverridingLocalPrefixes::Inheriting.new
+        @controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello from me3/index.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+    end
+
+    class DeprecatedParentPrefixes < OverridingLocalPrefixes
+      def self.parent_prefixes
+        ["abstract_controller/testing/me3"]
+      end
+    end
+
+    class DeprecatedParentPrefixesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase # TODO: remove me in 5.0/4.3.
+      test "overriding .parent_prefixes is deprecated" do
+        @controller = DeprecatedParentPrefixes.new
+        assert_deprecated do
+          @controller.process(:index)
+        end
+        assert_equal "Hello from me3/index.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+    end
+
     # Test rendering with layouts
     # ====
     # self._layout is used when defined
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
index f9d8c916d9..d09f91c1e2 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
@@ -60,42 +60,42 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       def test_render_template
-        @controller.process(:template)
+        assert_equal "With Template", @controller.process(:template)
         assert_equal "With Template", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_file
-        @controller.process(:file)
+        assert_equal "With File", @controller.process(:file)
         assert_equal "With File", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_inline
-        @controller.process(:inline)
+        assert_equal "With Inline", @controller.process(:inline)
         assert_equal "With Inline", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_text
-        @controller.process(:text)
+        assert_equal "With Text", @controller.process(:text)
         assert_equal "With Text", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_default
-        @controller.process(:default)
+        assert_equal "With Default", @controller.process(:default)
         assert_equal "With Default", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_string
-        @controller.process(:string)
+        assert_equal "With String", @controller.process(:string)
         assert_equal "With String", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_symbol
-        @controller.process(:symbol)
+        assert_equal "With Symbol", @controller.process(:symbol)
         assert_equal "With Symbol", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_string_with_path
-        @controller.process(:string_with_path)
+        assert_equal "With String With Path", @controller.process(:string_with_path)
         assert_equal "With String With Path", @controller.response_body
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
index b44f57a23e..bd345fe873 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
@@ -6,9 +6,6 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 # method has access to the view_paths array when looking for a layout to automatically assign.
 old_load_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
 
-ActionView::Template::register_template_handler :mab,
-  lambda { |template| template.source.inspect }
-
 ActionController::Base.view_paths = [ File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/' ]
 
 class LayoutTest < ActionController::Base
@@ -17,6 +14,15 @@ class LayoutTest < ActionController::Base
   self.view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths.dup
 end
 
+module TemplateHandlerHelper
+  def with_template_handler(*extensions, handler)
+    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler(*extensions, handler)
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler(*extensions)
+  end
+end
+
 # Restore view_paths to previous value
 ActionController::Base.view_paths = old_load_paths
 
@@ -39,6 +45,8 @@ class MultipleExtensions < LayoutTest
 end
 
 class LayoutAutoDiscoveryTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  include TemplateHandlerHelper
+
   def setup
     super
     @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
@@ -57,10 +65,12 @@ class LayoutAutoDiscoveryTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_third_party_template_library_auto_discovers_layout
-    @controller = ThirdPartyTemplateLibraryController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_response :success
-    assert_equal 'layouts/third_party_template_library.mab', @response.body
+    with_template_handler :mab, lambda { |template| template.source.inspect } do
+      @controller = ThirdPartyTemplateLibraryController.new
+      get :hello
+      assert_response :success
+      assert_equal 'layouts/third_party_template_library.mab', @response.body
+    end
   end
 
   def test_namespaced_controllers_auto_detect_layouts1
@@ -135,6 +145,7 @@ end
 
 class LayoutSetInResponseTest < ActionController::TestCase
   include ActionView::Template::Handlers
+  include TemplateHandlerHelper
 
   def test_layout_set_when_using_default_layout
     @controller = DefaultLayoutController.new
@@ -191,9 +202,11 @@ class LayoutSetInResponseTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_layout_set_when_using_render
-    @controller = SetsLayoutInRenderController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/third_party_template_library"
+    with_template_handler :mab, lambda { |template| template.source.inspect } do
+      @controller = SetsLayoutInRenderController.new
+      get :hello
+      assert_template :layout => "layouts/third_party_template_library"
+    end
   end
 
   def test_layout_is_not_set_when_none_rendered
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
index 45b8049b83..b3b51ae583 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
@@ -536,6 +536,14 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
     render :partial => "customer_with_var", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :as => :customer
   end
 
+  def partial_collection_with_iteration
+    render partial: "customer_iteration", collection: [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary"), Customer.new('christine') ]
+  end
+
+  def partial_collection_with_as_and_iteration
+    render partial: "customer_iteration_with_as", collection: [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary"), Customer.new('christine') ], as: :client
+  end
+
   def partial_collection_with_counter
     render :partial => "customer_counter", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
   end
@@ -720,6 +728,11 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "Elastica", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_render_process
+    get :render_action_hello_world_as_string
+    assert_equal ["Hello world!"], @controller.process(:render_action_hello_world_as_string)
+  end
+
   # :ported:
   def test_render_from_variable
     get :render_hello_world_from_variable
@@ -834,7 +847,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_render_text_with_nil
     get :render_text_with_nil
     assert_response 200
-    assert_equal ' ', @response.body
+    assert_equal '', @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -1022,7 +1035,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_rendering_nothing_on_layout
     get :rendering_nothing_on_layout
-    assert_equal " ", @response.body
+    assert_equal '', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_render_to_string_doesnt_break_assigns
@@ -1232,6 +1245,16 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "david david davidmary mary mary", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_partial_collection_with_iteration
+    get :partial_collection_with_iteration
+    assert_equal "3-0: david-first3-1: mary3-2: christine-last", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_collection_with_as_and_iteration
+    get :partial_collection_with_as_and_iteration
+    assert_equal "3-0: david-first3-1: mary3-2: christine-last", @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_partial_collection_with_counter
     get :partial_collection_with_counter
     assert_equal "david0mary1", @response.body
@@ -1332,4 +1355,3 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "Before (Anthony)\nInside from partial (Anthony)\nAfter\nBefore (David)\nInside from partial (David)\nAfter\nBefore (Ramm)\nInside from partial (Ramm)\nAfter", @response.body
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb b/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
index 95fbb112c0..cca55c9af4 100644
--- a/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class ActiveRecordTestConnector
         end
       end
 
-      # Load actionpack sqlite tables
+      # Load actionpack sqlite3 tables
       def load_schema
         File.read(File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/fixtures/db_definitions/sqlite.sql").split(';').each do |sql|
           ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql) unless sql.blank?
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
index 368bec1c70..469adff39a 100644
--- a/actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ ActionController::Base.send :include, ActiveRecord::Railties::ControllerRuntime
 
 class ControllerRuntimeLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class LogSubscriberController < ActionController::Base
-    respond_to :html
-
     def show
       render :inline => "<%= Project.all %>"
     end
@@ -20,8 +18,8 @@ class ControllerRuntimeLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     def create
       ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.runtime += 100
-      project = Project.last
-      respond_with(project, location: url_for(action: :show))
+      Project.last
+      redirect_to "/"
     end
 
     def redirect
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
index 0a9628da8d..0a62f49f35 100644
--- a/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
@@ -59,12 +59,13 @@ class FormHelperActiveRecordTest < ActionView::TestCase
   protected
 
   def hidden_fields(method = nil)
-    txt =  %{<div style="display:none">}
-    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+    txt = %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+
     if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
       txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
     end
-    txt << %{</div>}
+
+    txt
   end
 
   def form_text(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, remote = nil, multipart = nil, method = nil)
@@ -88,4 +89,4 @@ class FormHelperActiveRecordTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     form_text(action, id, html_class, remote, multipart, method) + hidden_fields(method) + contents + "</form>"
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
index afb714484b..4e94304796 100644
--- a/actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ class ModelDelegator < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 class ModelDelegate
-  def self.model_name
-    ActiveModel::Name.new(self)
+  def model_name
+    ActiveModel::Name.new(self.class)
   end
 
   def to_param
@@ -74,25 +74,77 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @blog_blog = Blog::Blog.new
   end
 
+  def assert_url(url, args)
+    host = self.class.default_url_options[:host]
+
+    assert_equal url.sub(/http:\/\/#{host}/, ''), polymorphic_path(args)
+    assert_equal url, polymorphic_url(args)
+    assert_equal url, url_for(args)
+  end
+
+  def test_string
+    with_test_routes do
+      # FIXME: why are these different? Symbol case passes through to
+      # `polymorphic_url`, but the String case doesn't.
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url("projects")
+      assert_equal "projects", url_for("projects")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_string_with_options
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects?id=10", polymorphic_url("projects", :id => 10)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", :projects
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_with_options
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects?id=10", polymorphic_url(:projects, :id => 10)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_passing_routes_proxy
     with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
       proxy = ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesProxy.new(_routes, self)
       @blog_post.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url([proxy, @blog_post])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", [proxy, @blog_post]
     end
   end
 
   def test_namespaced_model
     with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
       @blog_post.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url(@blog_post)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", @blog_post
     end
   end
 
   def test_namespaced_model_with_name_the_same_as_namespace
     with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
       @blog_blog.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}", polymorphic_url(@blog_blog)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}", @blog_blog
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_polymorphic_url_with_2_objects
+    with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
+      @blog_blog.save
+      @blog_post.save
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url([@blog_blog, @blog_post])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_polymorphic_url_with_3_objects
+    with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
+      @blog_blog.save
+      @blog_post.save
+      @fax.save
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}/posts/#{@blog_post.id}/faxes/#{@fax.id}", polymorphic_url([@blog_blog, @blog_post, @fax])
     end
   end
 
@@ -100,41 +152,121 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
       @blog_post.save
       @blog_blog.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url([@blog_blog, @blog_post])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", [@blog_blog, @blog_post]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_nil
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI." do
+      exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
         polymorphic_url(nil)
       end
+      assert_equal "Nil location provided. Can't build URI.", exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_empty_list
+    with_test_routes do
+      exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+        polymorphic_url([])
+      end
+      assert_equal "Nil location provided. Can't build URI.", exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_nil_id
+    with_test_routes do
+      exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+        polymorphic_url({ :id => nil })
+      end
+      assert_equal "Nil location provided. Can't build URI.", exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_entirely_nil_list
+    with_test_routes do
+      exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+        @series.save
+        polymorphic_url([nil, nil])
+      end
+      assert_equal "Nil location provided. Can't build URI.", exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_nil_in_list_for_resource_that_could_be_top_level_or_nested
+    with_top_level_and_nested_routes do
+      @blog_post.save
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url([nil, @blog_post])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_nil_in_list_does_not_generate_invalid_link
+    with_top_level_and_nested_routes do
+      exception = assert_raise NoMethodError do
+        @series.save
+        polymorphic_url([nil, @series])
+      end
+      assert_match(/undefined method `series_url' for/, exception.message)
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_record
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}", polymorphic_url(@project)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}", @project
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_class
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url(@project.class)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", @project.class
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_class_list_of_one
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", [@project.class]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_class_with_options
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects?foo=bar", polymorphic_url(@project.class, { :foo => :bar })
+      assert_equal "/projects?foo=bar", polymorphic_path(@project.class, { :foo => :bar })
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_new_record
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url(@project)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", @project
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_new_record_arguments
+    params = nil
+
+    with_test_routes do
+      extend Module.new {
+        define_method("projects_url") { |*args|
+          params = args
+          super(*args)
+        }
+
+        define_method("projects_path") { |*args|
+          params = args
+          super(*args)
+        }
+      }
+
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", @project
+      assert_equal [], params
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_destroyed_record
     with_test_routes do
       @project.destroy
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url(@project)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", @project
     end
   end
 
@@ -196,14 +328,14 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks/#{@task.id}", polymorphic_url([@project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks/#{@task.id}", [@project, @task]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_nested_unsaved
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", polymorphic_url([@project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", [@project, @task]
     end
   end
 
@@ -211,20 +343,20 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.destroy
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", polymorphic_url([@project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", [@project, @task]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_nested_class
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", polymorphic_url([@project, @task.class])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", [@project, @task.class]
     end
   end
 
   def test_class_with_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project.class])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects", [:admin, @project.class]
     end
   end
 
@@ -236,14 +368,14 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_unsaved_with_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects", [:admin, @project]
     end
   end
 
   def test_nested_unsaved_with_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", [:admin, @project, @task]
     end
   end
 
@@ -251,7 +383,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_admin_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks/#{@task.id}", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks/#{@task.id}", [:admin, @project, @task]
     end
   end
 
@@ -260,14 +392,14 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       @project.save
       @task.save
       @step.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/site/tasks/#{@task.id}/steps/#{@step.id}", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project, :site, @task, @step])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/site/tasks/#{@task.id}/steps/#{@step.id}", [:admin, @project, :site, @task, @step]
     end
   end
 
   def test_nesting_with_array_ending_in_singleton_resource
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid", polymorphic_url([@project, :bid])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid", [@project, :bid]
     end
   end
 
@@ -275,7 +407,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid/tasks/#{@task.id}", polymorphic_url([@project, :bid, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid/tasks/#{@task.id}", [@project, :bid, @task]
     end
   end
 
@@ -291,34 +423,40 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_admin_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/bid/tasks/#{@task.id}", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project, :bid, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/bid/tasks/#{@task.id}", [:admin, @project, :bid, @task]
     end
   end
 
-  def test_nesting_with_array_containing_nil
+  def test_nesting_with_array
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid", polymorphic_url([@project, nil, :bid])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid", [@project, :bid]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_single_object
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}", polymorphic_url([nil, @project])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}", [@project]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_single_name
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url([:projects])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", [:projects]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_array_containing_single_string_name
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", ["projects"]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_symbols
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/series/new", polymorphic_url([:new, :series])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/series/new", [:new, :series]
     end
   end
 
@@ -353,26 +491,26 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_with_irregular_plural_record
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}", polymorphic_url(@tax)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}", @tax
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_irregular_plural_class
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes", polymorphic_url(@tax.class)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes", @tax.class
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_irregular_plural_new_record
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes", polymorphic_url(@tax)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes", @tax
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_irregular_plural_destroyed_record
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.destroy
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes", polymorphic_url(@tax)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes", @tax
     end
   end
 
@@ -406,7 +544,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_with_nested_unsaved_irregular_plurals
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}/faxes", polymorphic_url([@tax, @fax])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}/faxes", [@tax, @fax]
     end
   end
 
@@ -418,34 +556,34 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_class_with_irregular_plural_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/taxes", polymorphic_url([:admin, @tax.class])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/taxes", [:admin, @tax.class]
     end
   end
 
   def test_unsaved_with_irregular_plural_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/taxes", polymorphic_url([:admin, @tax])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/taxes", [:admin, @tax]
     end
   end
 
   def test_nesting_with_irregular_plurals_and_array_ending_in_singleton_resource
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}/bid", polymorphic_url([@tax, :bid])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}/bid", [@tax, :bid]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_single_irregular_plural_object
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}", polymorphic_url([nil, @tax])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}", [@tax]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_single_name_irregular_plural
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes", polymorphic_url([:taxes])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes", [:taxes]
     end
   end
 
@@ -453,15 +591,15 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_uncountable_resource
     with_test_routes do
       @series.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/series/#{@series.id}", polymorphic_url(@series)
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/series", polymorphic_url(Series.new)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/series/#{@series.id}", @series
+      assert_url "http://example.com/series", Series.new
     end
   end
 
   def test_routing_a_to_model_delegate
     with_test_routes do
       @delegator.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/model_delegates/overridden", polymorphic_url(@delegator)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/model_delegates/overridden", @delegator
     end
   end
 
@@ -470,13 +608,15 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       set.draw do
         scope(:module => name) do
           resources :blogs do
-            resources :posts
+            resources :posts do
+              resources :faxes
+            end
           end
           resources :posts
         end
       end
 
-      self.class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
       yield
     end
   end
@@ -498,7 +638,22 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         resources :model_delegates
       end
 
-      self.class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
+      yield
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_top_level_and_nested_routes(options = {})
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do
+        resources :blogs do
+          resources :posts
+          resources :series
+        end
+        resources :posts
+      end
+
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
       yield
     end
   end
@@ -520,7 +675,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
       end
 
-      self.class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
       yield
     end
   end
@@ -539,8 +694,21 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
       end
 
-      self.class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
       yield
     end
   end
 end
+
+class PolymorphicPathRoutesTest < PolymorphicRoutesTest
+  include ActionView::RoutingUrlFor
+  include ActionView::Context
+
+  attr_accessor :controller
+
+  def assert_url(url, args)
+    host = self.class.default_url_options[:host]
+
+    assert_equal url.sub(/http:\/\/#{host}/, ''), url_for(args)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb530b04a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= customer_iteration_iteration.size %>-<%= customer_iteration_iteration.index %>: <%= customer_iteration.name %><%= '-first' if customer_iteration_iteration.first? %><%= '-last' if customer_iteration_iteration.last? %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration_with_as.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration_with_as.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..57297d0564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration_with_as.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= client_iteration.size %>-<%= client_iteration.index %>: <%= client.name %><%= '-first' if client_iteration.first? %><%= '-last' if client_iteration.last? %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/new.html+iphone.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/new.html+iphone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..791e1d36b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/new.html+iphone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<%# Template Dependency: messages/message %>
+
+<%= render "header" %>
+<%= render "comments/comments" %>
+
+<%= render "messages/actions/move" %>
+
+<%= render @message.history.events %>
+
+<%# render "something_missing"   %>
+<%# render "something_missing_1" %>
+
+<%
+  # Template Dependency: messages/form
+%>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.html+phone.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.html+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4f236f878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.html+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello phone!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.text+phone.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.text+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..611e2ee442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.text+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello texty phone!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
index 3ca71d3376..d789a5ca27 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -195,9 +195,9 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   }
 
   FaviconLinkToTag = {
-    %(favicon_link_tag) => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
-    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
-    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico', :rel => 'foo') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="foo" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
+    %(favicon_link_tag) => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />),
+    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />),
+    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico', :rel => 'foo') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="foo" type="image/x-icon" />),
     %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico', :rel => 'foo', :type => 'bar') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="foo" type="bar" />),
     %(favicon_link_tag 'mb-icon.png', :rel => 'apple-touch-icon', :type => 'image/png') => %(<link href="/images/mb-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" />)
   }
@@ -309,6 +309,14 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     AssetPathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
   end
 
+  def test_asset_path_tag_to_not_create_duplicate_slashes
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "host/"
+    assert_dom_equal('http://host/foo', asset_path("foo"))
+
+    @controller.config.relative_url_root = '/some/root/'
+    assert_dom_equal('http://host/some/root/foo', asset_path("foo"))
+  end
+
   def test_compute_asset_public_path
     assert_equal "/robots.txt", compute_asset_path("robots.txt")
     assert_equal "/robots.txt", compute_asset_path("/robots.txt")
@@ -538,6 +546,14 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "http://cdn.example.com/images/file.png", image_path("file.png")
   end
 
+  def test_image_url_with_asset_host_proc_returning_nil
+    @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new { nil }
+    @controller.request = Struct.new(:base_url, :script_name).new("http://www.example.com", nil)
+
+    assert_equal "/images/rails.png", image_path("rails.png")
+    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/images/rails.png", image_url("rails.png")
+  end
+
   def test_caching_image_path_with_caching_and_proc_asset_host_using_request
     @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new do |source, request|
       if request.ssl?
@@ -588,6 +604,10 @@ class AssetTagHelperNonVhostTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "gopher://www.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo", :protocol => :request)
   end
 
+  def test_should_return_custom_host_if_passed_in_options
+    assert_equal "http://custom.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo", :host => "http://custom.example.com")
+  end
+
   def test_should_ignore_relative_root_path_on_complete_url
     assert_dom_equal(%(http://www.example.com/images/xml.png), image_path("http://www.example.com/images/xml.png"))
   end
@@ -751,4 +771,15 @@ class AssetUrlHelperEmptyModuleTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert @module.config.asset_host
     assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", @module.asset_url("foo")
   end
+
+  def test_asset_url_with_custom_asset_host
+    @module.instance_eval do
+      def config
+        Struct.new(:asset_host).new("http://www.example.com")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert @module.config.asset_host
+    assert_equal "http://custom.example.com/foo", @module.asset_url("foo", :host => "http://custom.example.com")
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
index 63b5ac0fab..68b44c4f0d 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_self_url_should_default_to_current_request_url
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
       get :index, :id => "defaults"
-      assert_select "link[rel=self][href=http://www.nextangle.com/scrolls?id=defaults]"
+      assert_select "link[rel=self][href=\"http://www.nextangle.com/scrolls?id=defaults\"]"
     end
   end
 
@@ -318,22 +318,22 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
       get :index, :id => "feed_with_xhtml_content"
       assert_match %r{xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"}, @response.body
-      assert_select "summary div p", :text => "Something Boring"
-      assert_select "summary div p", :text => "after 2"
+      assert_select "summary", :text => /Something Boring/
+      assert_select "summary", :text => /after 2/
     end
   end
 
   def test_feed_entry_type_option_default_to_text_html
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
       get :index, :id => 'defaults'
-      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=text/html]"
+      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=\"text/html\"]"
     end
   end
 
   def test_feed_entry_type_option_specified
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
       get :index, :id => 'entry_type_options'
-      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=text/xml]"
+      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=\"text/xml\"]"
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
index 938f1c3e54..f213da5934 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
@@ -207,29 +207,6 @@ class CaptureHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "", @av.with_output_buffer {}
   end
 
-  def test_flush_output_buffer_concats_output_buffer_to_response
-    view = view_with_controller
-    assert_equal [], view.response.body_parts
-
-    view.output_buffer << 'OMG'
-    view.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['OMG'], view.response.body_parts
-    assert_equal '', view.output_buffer
-
-    view.output_buffer << 'foobar'
-    view.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['OMG', 'foobar'], view.response.body_parts
-    assert_equal '', view.output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_flush_output_buffer_preserves_the_encoding_of_the_output_buffer
-    view = view_with_controller
-    alt_encoding = alt_encoding(view.output_buffer)
-    view.output_buffer.force_encoding(alt_encoding)
-    flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal alt_encoding, view.output_buffer.encoding
-  end
-
   def alt_encoding(output_buffer)
     output_buffer.encoding == Encoding::US_ASCII ? Encoding::UTF_8 : Encoding::US_ASCII
   end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
index 2336321f3e..b84aca6746 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,8 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class CompiledTemplatesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    # Clean up any details key cached to expose failures
-    # that otherwise would appear just on isolated tests
+  teardown do
     ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
-
-    @compiled_templates = ActionView::CompiledTemplates
-    @compiled_templates.instance_methods.each do |m|
-      @compiled_templates.send(:remove_method, m) if m =~ /^_render_template_/
-    end
   end
 
   def test_template_gets_recompiled_when_using_different_keys_in_local_assigns
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
index 5f09aef249..0cdb130710 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
@@ -326,6 +326,16 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :add_month_numbers => true)
   end
 
+  def test_select_month_with_format_string
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January (01)</option>\n<option value="2">February (02)</option>\n<option value="3">March (03)</option>\n<option value="4">April (04)</option>\n<option value="5">May (05)</option>\n<option value="6">June (06)</option>\n<option value="7">July (07)</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August (08)</option>\n<option value="9">September (09)</option>\n<option value="10">October (10)</option>\n<option value="11">November (11)</option>\n<option value="12">December (12)</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    format_string = '%{name} (%<number>02d)'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :month_format_string => format_string)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :month_format_string => format_string)
+  end
+
   def test_select_month_with_numbers_and_names_with_abbv
     expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
     expected << %(<option value="1">1 - Jan</option>\n<option value="2">2 - Feb</option>\n<option value="3">3 - Mar</option>\n<option value="4">4 - Apr</option>\n<option value="5">5 - May</option>\n<option value="6">6 - Jun</option>\n<option value="7">7 - Jul</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">8 - Aug</option>\n<option value="9">9 - Sep</option>\n<option value="10">10 - Oct</option>\n<option value="11">11 - Nov</option>\n<option value="12">12 - Dec</option>\n)
@@ -1030,6 +1040,22 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :with_css_classes => true})
   end
 
+  def test_select_date_with_css_classes_option_and_html_class_option
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" class="datetime optional year">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" class="datetime optional month">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" class="datetime optional day">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16" selected="selected">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :with_css_classes => true}, { class: 'datetime optional' })
+  end
+
   def test_select_datetime
     expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
     expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
@@ -1626,9 +1652,9 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       concat f.date_select(:written_on)
     end
 
-    expected = "<select id='post_written_on_1i' name='post[written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_written_on_2i' name='post[written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<option value='12'>December</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_written_on_3i' name='post[written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n</select>\n"
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n</select>\n}
 
     assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
   end
@@ -1642,9 +1668,9 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       concat f.date_select(:written_on)
     end
 
-    expected = "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_1i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_2i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<option value='12'>December</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_3i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n</select>\n"
+    expected = %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_1i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]">\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_2i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]">\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_3i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]">\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n</select>\n}
 
     assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
   end
@@ -1658,9 +1684,10 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       concat f.date_select(:written_on)
     end
 
-    expected = "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_1i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_2i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<option value='12'>December</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_3i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n</select>\n"
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_1i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]">\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_2i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]">\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_3i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]">\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n</select>\n}
 
     assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
   end
@@ -2348,11 +2375,11 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       concat f.datetime_select(:updated_at, {}, :class => 'selector')
     end
 
-    expected = "<select id='post_updated_at_1i' name='post[updated_at(1i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_updated_at_2i' name='post[updated_at(2i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<option value='12'>December</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_updated_at_3i' name='post[updated_at(3i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << " &mdash; <select id='post_updated_at_4i' name='post[updated_at(4i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='00'>00</option>\n<option value='01'>01</option>\n<option value='02'>02</option>\n<option value='03'>03</option>\n<option value='04'>04</option>\n<option value='05'>05</option>\n<option value='06'>06</option>\n<option value='07'>07</option>\n<option value='08'>08</option>\n<option value='09'>09</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option value='15'>15</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << " : <select id='post_updated_at_5i' name='post[updated_at(5i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='00'>00</option>\n<option value='01'>01</option>\n<option value='02'>02</option>\n<option value='03'>03</option>\n<option value='04'>04</option>\n<option value='05'>05</option>\n<option value='06'>06</option>\n<option value='07'>07</option>\n<option value='08'>08</option>\n<option value='09'>09</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n<option value='32'>32</option>\n<option value='33'>33</option>\n<option value='34'>34</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='35'>35</option>\n<option value='36'>36</option>\n<option value='37'>37</option>\n<option value='38'>38</option>\n<option value='39'>39</option>\n<option value='40'>40</option>\n<option value='41'>41</option>\n<option value='42'>42</option>\n<option value='43'>43</option>\n<option value='44'>44</option>\n<option value='45'>45</option>\n<option value='46'>46</option>\n<option value='47'>47</option>\n<option value='48'>48</option>\n<option value='49'>49</option>\n<option value='50'>50</option>\n<option value='51'>51</option>\n<option value='52'>52</option>\n<option value='53'>53</option>\n<option value='54'>54</option>\n<option value='55'>55</option>\n<option value='56'>56</option>\n<option value='57'>57</option>\n<option value='58'>58</option>\n<option value='59'>59</option>\n</select>\n"
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{ &mdash; <select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{ : <select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n<option value="32">32</option>\n<option value="33">33</option>\n<option value="34">34</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="35">35</option>\n<option value="36">36</option>\n<option value="37">37</option>\n<option value="38">38</option>\n<option value="39">39</option>\n<option value="40">40</option>\n<option value="41">41</option>\n<option value="42">42</option>\n<option value="43">43</option>\n<option value="44">44</option>\n<option value="45">45</option>\n<option value="46">46</option>\n<option value="47">47</option>\n<option value="48">48</option>\n<option value="49">49</option>\n<option value="50">50</option>\n<option value="51">51</option>\n<option value="52">52</option>\n<option value="53">53</option>\n<option value="54">54</option>\n<option value="55">55</option>\n<option value="56">56</option>\n<option value="57">57</option>\n<option value="58">58</option>\n<option value="59">59</option>\n</select>\n}
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/debug_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/debug_helper_test.rb
index 42d06bd9ff..5609694cd5 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/debug_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/debug_helper_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ require 'active_record_unit'
 class DebugHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_debug
     company = Company.new(name: "firebase")
-    assert_match "&nbsp; name: firebase", debug(company)
+    assert_match "name: firebase", debug(company)
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
index df3a0602d1..bb375076c6 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ class DependencyTrackerTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def teardown
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :neckbeard
     tracker.remove_tracker(:neckbeard)
   end
 
@@ -59,6 +60,21 @@ class ERBTrackerTest < Minitest::Test
     assert_equal ["messages/message123"], tracker.dependencies
   end
 
+  def test_dependency_of_template_partial_with_layout
+    skip # FIXME: Needs to be fixed properly, right now we can only match one dependency per line. Need multiple!
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render partial: 'messages/show', layout: 'messages/layout' %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("multiple/_dependencies", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["messages/layout", "messages/show"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_dependency_of_template_layout_standalone
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render layout: 'messages/layout' do %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("messages/layout", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["messages/layout"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
   def test_finds_dependency_in_correct_directory
     template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render(message.topic) %>", :erb)
     tracker = make_tracker("messages/_message", template)
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
index 779a7fb53c..c2b8439df3 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
@@ -15,18 +15,30 @@ end
 class FixtureFinder
   FIXTURES_DIR = "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../fixtures/digestor"
 
-  attr_reader :details
+  attr_reader   :details
+  attr_accessor :formats
+  attr_accessor :variants
 
   def initialize
-    @details = {}
+    @details  = {}
+    @formats  = []
+    @variants = []
   end
 
   def details_key
     details.hash
   end
 
-  def find(logical_name, keys, partial, options)
-    FixtureTemplate.new("digestor/#{partial ? logical_name.gsub(%r|/([^/]+)$|, '/_\1') : logical_name}.#{options[:formats].first}.erb")
+  def find(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
+    partial_name = partial ? name.gsub(%r|/([^/]+)$|, '/_\1') : name
+    format = @formats.first.to_s
+    format += "+#{@variants.first}" if @variants.any?
+
+    FixtureTemplate.new("digestor/#{partial_name}.#{format}.erb")
+  end
+
+  def disable_cache(&block)
+    yield
   end
 end
 
@@ -88,13 +100,13 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_logging_of_missing_template
-    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing.html" do
+    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing" do
       digest("messages/show")
     end
   end
 
   def test_logging_of_missing_template_ending_with_number
-    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing_1.html" do
+    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing_1" do
       digest("messages/show")
     end
   end
@@ -194,6 +206,13 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_variants
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/new", false, variants: [:iphone]) do
+      change_template("messages/new",     :iphone)
+      change_template("messages/_header", :iphone)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_dependencies_via_options_results_in_different_digest
     digest_plain        = digest("comments/_comment")
     digest_fridge       = digest("comments/_comment", dependencies: ["fridge"])
@@ -214,6 +233,7 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_digest_difference("messages/edit", true) do
       change_template("comments/_comment")
     end
+  ensure
     ActionView::Resolver.caching = resolver_before
   end
 
@@ -242,6 +262,7 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
     ActionView::Resolver.caching = resolver_before
   end
 
+
   private
     def assert_logged(message)
       old_logger = ActionView::Base.logger
@@ -258,26 +279,33 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    def assert_digest_difference(template_name, persistent = false)
-      previous_digest = digest(template_name)
+    def assert_digest_difference(template_name, persistent = false, options = {})
+      previous_digest = digest(template_name, options)
       ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear unless persistent
 
       yield
 
-      assert previous_digest != digest(template_name), "digest didn't change"
+      assert previous_digest != digest(template_name, options), "digest didn't change"
       ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear
     end
 
-    def digest(template_name, options={})
-      ActionView::Digestor.digest(template_name, :html, finder, options)
+    def digest(template_name, options = {})
+      options = options.dup
+
+      finder.formats  = [:html]
+      finder.variants = options.delete(:variants) || []
+
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest({ name: template_name, finder: finder }.merge(options))
     end
 
     def finder
       @finder ||= FixtureFinder.new
     end
 
-    def change_template(template_name)
-      File.open("digestor/#{template_name}.html.erb", "w") do |f|
+    def change_template(template_name, variant = nil)
+      variant = "+#{variant}" if variant.present?
+
+      File.open("digestor/#{template_name}.html#{variant}.erb", "w") do |f|
         f.write "\nTHIS WAS CHANGED!"
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
index 9bacbba908..3bb84cbc50 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ class ErbUtilTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_html_escape_once
     assert_equal '1 &lt;&gt;&amp;&quot;&#39; 2 &amp; 3', html_escape_once('1 <>&"\' 2 &amp; 3')
+    assert_equal " &#X27; &#x27; &#x03BB; &#X03bb; &quot; &#39; &lt; &gt; ", html_escape_once(" &#X27; &#x27; &#x03BB; &#X03bb; \" ' < > ")
   end
 
   def test_html_escape_once_returns_unsafe_strings_when_passed_unsafe_strings
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
index 18632465db..b193d387c3 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
@@ -68,6 +68,23 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][disabled=disabled]'
   end
 
+  test 'collection radio accepts multiple readonly items' do
+    collection = [[1, true], [0, false], [2, 'other']]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, :readonly => [true, false]
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=other][readonly=readonly]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio accepts single readonly item' do
+    collection = [[1, true], [0, false]]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, :readonly => true
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][readonly=readonly]'
+  end
+
   test 'collection radio accepts html options as input' do
     collection = [[1, true], [0, false]]
     with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, {}, :class => 'special-radio'
@@ -168,8 +185,8 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       p.collection_radio_buttons :category_id, collection, :id, :name
     end
 
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_1[type=radio][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_2[type=radio][value=2]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_1[type=radio][value="1"]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_2[type=radio][value="2"]'
 
     assert_select 'label[for=post_category_id_1]', 'Category 1'
     assert_select 'label[for=post_category_id_2]', 'Category 2'
@@ -186,22 +203,36 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
 
-    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value=2]'
+    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value="1"]'
+    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value="2"]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes generates only one hidden field for the entire collection, to ensure something will be sent back to the server when posting an empty collection' do
     collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
 
-    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value=]", :count => 1
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value='']", :count => 1
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes generates a hidden field using the given :name in :html_options' do
     collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, {}, {name: "user[other_category_ids][]"}
 
-    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[other_category_ids][]'][value=]", :count => 1
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[other_category_ids][]'][value='']", :count => 1
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes generates a hidden field with index if it was provided' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, { index: 322 }
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[322][category_ids][]'][value='']", count: 1
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes does not generate a hidden field if include_hidden option is false' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, include_hidden: false
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value='']", :count => 0
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts a collection and generate a series of checkboxes with labels for label method' do
@@ -229,8 +260,8 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     collection = [[1, 'Category 1', {class: 'foo'}], [2, 'Category 2', {class: 'bar'}]]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, collection, :first, :second
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1].foo'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2].bar'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"].foo'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"].bar'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes sets the label class defined inside the block' do
@@ -255,27 +286,27 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => [1, 3]
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][checked=checked]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts selected string values as :checked option' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => ['1', '3']
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][checked=checked]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts a single checked value' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => 3
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][checked=checked]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts selected values as :checked option and override the model values' do
@@ -286,44 +317,71 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       p.collection_check_boxes :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => [1, 3]
     end
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][checked=checked]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts multiple disabled items' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => [1, 3]
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][disabled=disabled]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts single disabled item' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => 1
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][disabled=disabled]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts a proc to disabled items' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => proc { |i| i.first == 1 }
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][disabled=disabled]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts multiple readonly items' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :readonly => [1, 3]
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][readonly=readonly]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts single readonly item' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :readonly => 1
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][readonly=readonly]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts a proc to readonly items' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :readonly => proc { |i| i.first == 1 }
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][readonly=readonly]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts html options' do
     collection = [[1, 'Category 1'], [2, 'Category 2']]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, {}, :class => 'check'
 
-    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value=2]'
+    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value="1"]'
+    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value="2"]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes with fields for' do
@@ -332,8 +390,8 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       p.collection_check_boxes :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
     end
 
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value=2]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value="1"]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value="2"]'
 
     assert_select 'label[for=post_category_ids_1]', 'Category 1'
     assert_select 'label[for=post_category_ids_2]', 'Category 2'
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
index fe82349265..6f82462425 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
@@ -10,15 +10,20 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     @output_buffer = super
   end
 
-  def setup
-    super
+  teardown do
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
 
+  setup do
     # Create "label" locale for testing I18n label helpers
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'label', {
       activemodel: {
         attributes: {
           post: {
             cost: "Total cost"
+          },
+          :"post/language" => {
+            spanish: "Espanol"
           }
         }
       },
@@ -54,6 +59,35 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       }
     }
 
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'placeholder', {
+      activemodel: {
+        attributes: {
+          post: {
+            cost: "Total cost"
+          },
+          :"post/cost" => {
+            uk: "Pounds"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      helpers: {
+        placeholder: {
+          post: {
+            title: "What is this about?",
+            written_on: {
+              spanish: "Escrito en"
+            },
+            comments: {
+              body: "Write body here"
+            }
+          },
+          tag: {
+            value: "Tag"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
     @post = Post.new
     @comment = Comment.new
     def @post.errors()
@@ -143,75 +177,74 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_strings
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label("post", "body"))
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label("post", "body"))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_human_attribute_name
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>', label(:post, :cost))
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>', label(:post, :cost))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_human_attribute_name_and_options
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_language_spanish">Espanol</label>', label(:post, :language, value: "spanish"))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_symbols
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label(:post, :body))
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label(:post, :body))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_and_options
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<label for="post_body" class="post_body">Write entire text here</label>',
-      label(:post, :body, class: "post_body")
-    )
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        '<label for="post_body" class="post_body">Write entire text here</label>',
+        label(:post, :body, class: "post_body")
+      )
+    end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_and_value
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_color_red">Rojo</label>', label(:post, :color, value: "red"))
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_color_red">Rojo</label>', label(:post, :color, value: "red"))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_and_nested_attributes
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
-      f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
-        concat cf.label(:body)
+    with_locale :label do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
+          concat cf.label(:body)
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
-      '<label for="post_comments_attributes_0_body">Write body here</label>'
-    end
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        '<label for="post_comments_attributes_0_body">Write body here</label>'
+      end
 
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_fallback_and_nested_attributes
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
-      f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
-        concat cf.label(:value)
+    with_locale :label do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
+          concat cf.label(:value)
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
-      '<label for="post_tags_attributes_0_value">Tag</label>'
-    end
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        '<label for="post_tags_attributes_0_value">Tag</label>'
+      end
 
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_for_attribute_as_symbol
@@ -272,6 +305,13 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_label_with_block_and_html
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label for="post_terms">Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.</label>',
+      label(:post, :terms) { 'Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.'.html_safe }
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_label_with_block_and_options
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<label for="my_for">The title, please:</label>',
@@ -279,6 +319,15 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_label_with_block_and_builder
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        '<label for="post_body"><b>Write entire text here</b></label>',
+        label(:post, :body) { |b| "<b>#{b.translation}</b>".html_safe }
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_label_with_block_in_erb
     assert_equal(
       %{<label for="post_message">\n  Message\n  <input id="post_message" name="post[message]" type="text" />\n</label>},
@@ -286,6 +335,74 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_without_locales
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_body" name="post[body]" placeholder="Body" type="text" value="Back to the hill and over it again!" />', text_field(:post, :body, placeholder: true))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" placeholder="What is this about?" type="text" value="Hello World" />', text_field(:post, :title, placeholder: true))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Total cost" type="text" />', text_field(:post, :cost, placeholder: true))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_string_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="HOW MUCH?" type="text" />', text_field(:post, :cost, placeholder: "HOW MUCH?"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name_and_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Pounds" type="text" />', text_field(:post, :cost, placeholder: :uk))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_and_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" placeholder="Escrito en" type="text" value="2004-06-15" />', text_field(:post, :written_on, placeholder: :spanish))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_and_nested_attributes
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
+          concat cf.text_field(:body, placeholder: true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_body" name="post[comments_attributes][0][body]" placeholder="Write body here" type="text" />'
+      end
+
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_fallback_and_nested_attributes
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
+          concat cf.text_field(:value, placeholder: true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][value]" placeholder="Tag" type="text" value="new tag" />'
+      end
+
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_text_field
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
@@ -654,6 +771,92 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_without_locales
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]" placeholder="Body">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :body, placeholder: true)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_title" name="post[title]" placeholder="What is this about?">\nHello World</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :title, placeholder: true)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Total cost">\n</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :cost, placeholder: true)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_string_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="HOW MUCH?">\n</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :cost, placeholder: "HOW MUCH?")
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name_and_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Pounds">\n</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :cost, placeholder: :uk)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales_and_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" placeholder="Escrito en">\n2004-06-15</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :written_on, placeholder: :spanish)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales_and_nested_attributes
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
+          concat cf.text_area(:body, placeholder: true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        %{<textarea id="post_comments_attributes_0_body" name="post[comments_attributes][0][body]" placeholder="Write body here">\n</textarea>}
+      end
+
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales_fallback_and_nested_attributes
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
+          concat cf.text_area(:value, placeholder: true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        %{<textarea id="post_tags_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][value]" placeholder="Tag">\nnew tag</textarea>}
+      end
+
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_text_area
     assert_dom_equal(
       %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
@@ -683,6 +886,13 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_text_area_with_value_before_type_cast
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_id" name="post[id]">\n123</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "id")
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_text_area_with_html_entities
     @post.body = "The HTML Entity for & is &amp;"
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -765,6 +975,22 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_date_field_with_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" max="2010-08-15" min="2000-06-15" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15)
+    min_value = "2000-06-15"
+    max_value = "2010-08-15"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
+  def test_date_field_with_invalid_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "foo"
+    max_value = "bar"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
   def test_time_field
     expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="00:00:00.000" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
@@ -800,6 +1026,22 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_time_field_with_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" max="10:25:00.000" min="20:45:30.000" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "20:45:30.000"
+    max_value = "10:25:00.000"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_field_with_invalid_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "foo"
+    max_value = "bar"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
   def test_datetime_field
     expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T00:00:00.000+0000" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
@@ -841,6 +1083,22 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_datetime_field_with_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" max="2010-08-15T10:25:00.000+0000" min="2000-06-15T20:45:30.000+0000" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03.000+0000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "2000-06-15T20:45:30.000+0000"
+    max_value = "2010-08-15T10:25:00.000+0000"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_with_invalid_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03.000+0000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "foo"
+    max_value = "bar"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
   def test_datetime_local_field
     expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T00:00:00" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
@@ -876,6 +1134,22 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" max="2010-08-15T10:25:00" min="2000-06-15T20:45:30" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "2000-06-15T20:45:30"
+    max_value = "2010-08-15T10:25:00"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_invalid_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "foo"
+    max_value = "bar"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
   def test_month_field
     expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
@@ -1427,7 +1701,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
       "<input checked='checked' id='post_1_tag_ids_1' name='post[1][tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='1' />" +
       "<label for='post_1_tag_ids_1'>Tag 1</label>" +
-      "<input name='post[tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"
+      "<input name='post[1][tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1811,69 +2085,61 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_submit_with_object_as_new_record_and_locale_strings
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
+    with_locale :submit do
+      @post.persisted = false
+      @post.stubs(:to_key).returns(nil)
+      form_for(@post) do |f|
+        concat f.submit
+      end
 
-    @post.persisted = false
-    @post.stubs(:to_key).returns(nil)
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.submit
-    end
+      expected = whole_form('/posts', 'new_post', 'new_post') do
+        "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create Post' />"
+      end
 
-    expected = whole_form('/posts', 'new_post', 'new_post') do
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create Post' />"
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
     end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 
   def test_submit_with_object_as_existing_record_and_locale_strings
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
+    with_locale :submit do
+      form_for(@post) do |f|
+        concat f.submit
+      end
 
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.submit
-    end
+      expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+        "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Confirm Post changes' />"
+      end
 
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Confirm Post changes' />"
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
     end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 
   def test_submit_without_object_and_locale_strings
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
+    with_locale :submit do
+      form_for(:post) do |f|
+        concat f.submit class: "extra"
+      end
 
-    form_for(:post) do |f|
-      concat f.submit class: "extra"
-    end
+      expected = whole_form do
+        "<input name='commit' class='extra' type='submit' value='Save changes' />"
+      end
 
-    expected = whole_form do
-      "<input name='commit' class='extra' type='submit' value='Save changes' />"
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
     end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 
   def test_submit_with_object_and_nested_lookup
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
+    with_locale :submit do
+      form_for(@post, as: :another_post) do |f|
+        concat f.submit
+      end
 
-    form_for(@post, as: :another_post) do |f|
-      concat f.submit
-    end
+      expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_another_post', 'edit_another_post', method: 'patch') do
+        "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Update your Post' />"
+      end
 
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_another_post', 'edit_another_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Update your Post' />"
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
     end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 
   def test_nested_fields_for
@@ -2405,6 +2671,18 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_nested_fields_label_translation_with_more_than_10_records
+    @post.comments = Array.new(11) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+
+    I18n.expects(:t).with('post.comments.body', default: [:"comment.body", ''], scope: "helpers.label").times(11).returns "Write body here"
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
+        concat cf.label(:body)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_supplied_nested_attributes_collection_different_from_record_one
     comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
     @post.comments = []
@@ -3023,12 +3301,13 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   protected
 
   def hidden_fields(method = nil)
-    txt =  %{<div style="display:none">}
-    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+    txt = %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+
     if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
       txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
     end
-    txt << %{</div>}
+
+    txt
   end
 
   def form_text(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, remote = nil, multipart = nil, method = nil)
@@ -3052,4 +3331,11 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def protect_against_forgery?
     false
   end
+
+  def with_locale(testing_locale = :label)
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, testing_locale
+    yield
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
index 50e9d132a7..d25fa3706f 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
@@ -119,6 +119,26 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_array_options_for_select_with_custom_defined_selected
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option selected=\"selected\" type=\"Coach\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>\n<option type=\"Coachee\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>",
+      options_for_select([
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coach', selected: 'selected' }],
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coachee' }]
+      ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_array_options_for_select_with_custom_defined_disabled
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option disabled=\"disabled\" type=\"Coach\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>\n<option type=\"Coachee\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>",
+      options_for_select([
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coach', disabled: 'disabled' }],
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coachee' }]
+      ])
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_array_options_for_select_with_selection
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"&lt;USA&gt;\" selected=\"selected\">&lt;USA&gt;</option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
@@ -571,6 +591,19 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_select_under_fields_for_with_block_without_options
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
+      concat(f.select(:category) {})
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_select_with_multiple_to_add_hidden_input
     output_buffer =  select(:post, :category, "", {}, :multiple => true)
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -813,7 +846,7 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       select("post", "category", %w( one two ), :selected => 'two', :prompt => true)
     )
   end
-  
+
   def test_select_with_disabled_array
     @post = Post.new
     @post.category = "<mus>"
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
index 0d5831dc6f..771e3fefc3 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -14,12 +14,15 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     method = options[:method]
     enforce_utf8 = options.fetch(:enforce_utf8, true)
 
-    txt =  %{<div style="display:none">}
-    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />} if enforce_utf8
-    if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
-      txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
+    ''.tap do |txt|
+      if enforce_utf8
+        txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+      end
+
+      if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
+        txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
+      end
     end
-    txt << %{</div>}
   end
 
   def form_text(action = "http://www.example.com", options = {})
@@ -476,6 +479,11 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal('<button name="temptation" type="button"><strong>Do not press me</strong></button>', output)
   end
 
+  def test_button_tag_defaults_with_block_and_options
+    output = button_tag(:name => 'temptation', :value => 'within') { content_tag(:strong, 'Do not press me') }
+    assert_dom_equal('<button name="temptation" value="within" type="submit" ><strong>Do not press me</strong></button>', output)
+  end
+
   def test_button_tag_with_confirmation
     assert_dom_equal(
       %(<button name="button" type="submit" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Save</button>),
@@ -624,6 +632,6 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   private
 
   def root_elem(rendered_content)
-    HTML::Document.new(rendered_content).root.children[0]
+    Nokogiri::HTML::DocumentFragment.parse(rendered_content).children.first # extract from nodeset
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/cdata_node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/cdata_node_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b58174641..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/cdata_node_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class CDATANodeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @node = HTML::CDATA.new(nil, 0, 0, "<p>howdy</p>")
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s
-    assert_equal "<![CDATA[<p>howdy</p>]]>", @node.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_content
-    assert_equal "<p>howdy</p>", @node.content
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/document_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/document_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 17f045d549..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/document_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,148 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class DocumentTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_handle_doctype
-    doc = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      doc = HTML::Document.new <<-HTML.strip
-        <!DOCTYPE "blah" "blah" "blah">
-        <html>
-        </html>
-      HTML
-    end
-    assert_equal 3, doc.root.children.length
-    assert_equal %{<!DOCTYPE "blah" "blah" "blah">}, doc.root.children[0].content
-    assert_match %r{\s+}m, doc.root.children[1].content
-    assert_equal "html", doc.root.children[2].name
-  end
-
-  def test_find_img
-    doc = HTML::Document.new <<-HTML.strip
-      <html>
-        <body>
-          <p><img src="hello.gif"></p>
-        </body>
-      </html>
-    HTML
-    assert doc.find(:tag=>"img", :attributes=>{"src"=>"hello.gif"})
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all
-    doc = HTML::Document.new <<-HTML.strip
-      <html>
-        <body>
-          <p class="test"><img src="hello.gif"></p>
-          <div class="foo">
-            <p class="test">something</p>
-            <p>here is <em class="test">more</em></p>
-          </div>
-        </body>
-      </html>
-    HTML
-    all = doc.find_all :attributes => { :class => "test" }
-    assert_equal 3, all.length
-    assert_equal [ "p", "p", "em" ], all.map { |n| n.name }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_with_text
-    doc = HTML::Document.new <<-HTML.strip
-      <html>
-        <body>
-          <p>Some text</p>
-        </body>
-      </html>
-    HTML
-    assert doc.find(:content => "Some text")
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "p", :child => { :content => "Some text" })
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "p", :child => "Some text")
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "p", :content => "Some text")
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_xml
-    assert_nothing_raised { HTML::Document.new("<tags><tag/></tags>", true, true) }
-    assert_nothing_raised { HTML::Document.new("<outer><link>something</link></outer>", true, true) }
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_document
-    doc = HTML::Document.new(<<-HTML)
-      <div>
-        <h2>blah</h2>
-        <table>
-        </table>
-      </div>
-    HTML
-    assert_not_nil doc.find(:tag => "div", :children => { :count => 1, :only => { :tag => "table" } })
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_nesting_nothing_to_s
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<tag></tag>")
-    assert_equal "<tag></tag>", doc.root.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_nesting_space_to_s
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<tag> </tag>")
-    assert_equal "<tag> </tag>", doc.root.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_nesting_text_to_s
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<tag>text</tag>")
-    assert_equal "<tag>text</tag>", doc.root.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_nesting_tag_to_s
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<tag><nested /></tag>")
-    assert_equal "<tag><nested /></tag>", doc.root.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_cdata
-    doc = HTML::Document.new(<<-HTML)
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-        "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <title><![CDATA[<br>]]></title>
-   </head>
-  <body>
-    <p>this document has &lt;br&gt; for a title</p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-HTML
-
-    assert_nil doc.find(:tag => "title", :descendant => { :tag => "br" })
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "title", :child => "<br>")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_empty_tag
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<div id='map'></div>")
-    assert_nil doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => /./)
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => /\A\Z/)
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => /^$/)
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => "")
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_invalid_document
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      HTML::Document.new("<html>
-        <table>
-          <tr>
-            <td style=\"color: #FFFFFF; height: 17px; onclick=\"window.location.href='http://www.rmeinc.com/about_rme.aspx'\" style=\"cursor:pointer; height: 17px;\"; nowrap onclick=\"window.location.href='http://www.rmeinc.com/about_rme.aspx'\" onmouseout=\"this.bgColor='#0066cc'; this.style.color='#FFFFFF'\" onmouseover=\"this.bgColor='#ffffff'; this.style.color='#0033cc'\">About Us</td>
-          </tr>
-        </table>
-      </html>")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_invalid_document_raises_exception_when_strict
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      HTML::Document.new("<html>
-        <table>
-          <tr>
-            <td style=\"color: #FFFFFF; height: 17px; onclick=\"window.location.href='http://www.rmeinc.com/about_rme.aspx'\" style=\"cursor:pointer; height: 17px;\"; nowrap onclick=\"window.location.href='http://www.rmeinc.com/about_rme.aspx'\" onmouseout=\"this.bgColor='#0066cc'; this.style.color='#FFFFFF'\" onmouseover=\"this.bgColor='#ffffff'; this.style.color='#0033cc'\">About Us</td>
-          </tr>
-        </table>
-      </html>", true)
-    end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/node_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b5d092036..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/node_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class NodeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
-  class MockNode
-    def initialize(matched, value)
-      @matched = matched
-      @value = value
-    end
-
-    def find(conditions)
-      @matched && self
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      @value.to_s
-    end
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    @node = HTML::Node.new("parent")
-    @node.children.concat [MockNode.new(false,1), MockNode.new(true,"two"), MockNode.new(false,:three)]
-  end
-
-  def test_match
-    assert !@node.match("foo")
-  end
-
-  def test_tag
-    assert !@node.tag?
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s
-    assert_equal "1twothree", @node.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_find
-    assert_equal "two", @node.find('blah').to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_strict
-    s = "<b foo='hello'' bar='baz'>"
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s) }
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_relaxed
-    s = "<b foo='hello'' bar='baz'>"
-    node = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s,false) }
-    assert node.attributes.has_key?("foo")
-    assert !node.attributes.has_key?("bar")
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s_with_boolean_attrs
-    s = "<b foo bar>"
-    node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s)
-    assert node.attributes.has_key?("foo")
-    assert node.attributes.has_key?("bar")
-    assert "<b foo bar>", node.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_with_unclosed_tag
-    s = "<span onmouseover='bang'"
-    node = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s,false) }
-    assert node.attributes.has_key?("onmouseover")
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_with_valid_cdata_section
-    s = "<![CDATA[<span>contents</span>]]>"
-    node = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s,false) }
-    assert_kind_of HTML::CDATA, node
-    assert_equal '<span>contents</span>', node.content
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_strict_with_unterminated_cdata_section
-    s = "<![CDATA[neverending..."
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s) }
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_relaxed_with_unterminated_cdata_section
-    s = "<![CDATA[neverending..."
-    node = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s,false) }
-    assert_kind_of HTML::CDATA, node
-    assert_equal 'neverending...', node.content
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b1c1b83807..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,330 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class SanitizerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @sanitizer = nil # used by assert_sanitizer
-  end
-
-  def test_strip_tags_with_quote
-    sanitizer = HTML::FullSanitizer.new
-    string    = '<" <img src="trollface.gif" onload="alert(1)"> hi'
-
-    assert_equal ' hi', sanitizer.sanitize(string)
-  end
-
-  def test_strip_tags
-    sanitizer = HTML::FullSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal("<<<bad html", sanitizer.sanitize("<<<bad html"))
-    assert_equal("<<", sanitizer.sanitize("<<<bad html>"))
-    assert_equal("Dont touch me", sanitizer.sanitize("Dont touch me"))
-    assert_equal("This is a test.", sanitizer.sanitize("<p>This <u>is<u> a <a href='test.html'><strong>test</strong></a>.</p>"))
-    assert_equal("Weirdos", sanitizer.sanitize("Wei<<a>a onclick='alert(document.cookie);'</a>/>rdos"))
-    assert_equal("This is a test.", sanitizer.sanitize("This is a test."))
-    assert_equal(
-    %{This is a test.\n\n\nIt no longer contains any HTML.\n}, sanitizer.sanitize(
-    %{<title>This is <b>a <a href="" target="_blank">test</a></b>.</title>\n\n<!-- it has a comment -->\n\n<p>It no <b>longer <strong>contains <em>any <strike>HTML</strike></em>.</strong></b></p>\n}))
-    assert_equal "This has a  here.", sanitizer.sanitize("This has a <!-- comment --> here.")
-    assert_equal "This has a  here.", sanitizer.sanitize("This has a <![CDATA[<section>]]> here.")
-    assert_equal "This has an unclosed ", sanitizer.sanitize("This has an unclosed <![CDATA[<section>]] here...")
-    [nil, '', '   '].each { |blank| assert_equal blank, sanitizer.sanitize(blank) }
-    assert_nothing_raised { sanitizer.sanitize("This is a frozen string with no tags".freeze) }
-  end
-
-  def test_strip_links
-    sanitizer = HTML::LinkSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal "Dont touch me", sanitizer.sanitize("Dont touch me")
-    assert_equal "on my mind\nall day long", sanitizer.sanitize("<a href='almost'>on my mind</a>\n<A href='almost'>all day long</A>")
-    assert_equal "0wn3d", sanitizer.sanitize("<a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/'><a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/' onlclick='steal()'>0wn3d</a></a>")
-    assert_equal "Magic", sanitizer.sanitize("<a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/'>Mag<a href='http://www.ruby-lang.org/'>ic")
-    assert_equal "FrrFox", sanitizer.sanitize("<href onlclick='steal()'>FrrFox</a></href>")
-    assert_equal "My mind\nall <b>day</b> long", sanitizer.sanitize("<a href='almost'>My mind</a>\n<A href='almost'>all <b>day</b> long</A>")
-    assert_equal "all <b>day</b> long", sanitizer.sanitize("<<a>a href='hello'>all <b>day</b> long<</A>/a>")
-
-    assert_equal "<a<a", sanitizer.sanitize("<a<a")
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_form
-    assert_sanitized "<form action=\"/foo/bar\" method=\"post\"><input></form>", ''
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_plaintext
-    raw = "<plaintext><span>foo</span></plaintext>"
-    assert_sanitized raw, "<span>foo</span>"
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_script
-    assert_sanitized "a b c<script language=\"Javascript\">blah blah blah</script>d e f", "a b cd e f"
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_js_handlers
-    raw = %{onthis="do that" <a href="#" onclick="hello" name="foo" onbogus="remove me">hello</a>}
-    assert_sanitized raw, %{onthis="do that" <a name="foo" href="#">hello</a>}
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_javascript_href
-    raw = %{href="javascript:bang" <a href="javascript:bang" name="hello">foo</a>, <span href="javascript:bang">bar</span>}
-    assert_sanitized raw, %{href="javascript:bang" <a name="hello">foo</a>, <span>bar</span>}
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_image_src
-    raw = %{src="javascript:bang" <img src="javascript:bang" width="5">foo</img>, <span src="javascript:bang">bar</span>}
-    assert_sanitized raw, %{src="javascript:bang" <img width="5">foo</img>, <span>bar</span>}
-  end
-
-  HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_tags.each do |tag_name|
-    define_method "test_should_allow_#{tag_name}_tag" do
-      assert_sanitized "start <#{tag_name} title=\"1\" onclick=\"foo\">foo <bad>bar</bad> baz</#{tag_name}> end", %(start <#{tag_name} title="1">foo bar baz</#{tag_name}> end)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_anchors
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="foo" onclick="bar"><script>baz</script></a>), %(<a href="foo"></a>)
-  end
-
-  # RFC 3986, sec 4.2
-  def test_allow_colons_in_path_component
-    assert_sanitized("<a href=\"./this:that\">foo</a>")
-  end
-
-  %w(src width height alt).each do |img_attr|
-    define_method "test_should_allow_image_#{img_attr}_attribute" do
-      assert_sanitized %(<img #{img_attr}="foo" onclick="bar" />), %(<img #{img_attr}="foo" />)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_handle_non_html
-    assert_sanitized 'abc'
-  end
-
-  def test_should_handle_blank_text
-    assert_sanitized nil
-    assert_sanitized ''
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_custom_tags
-    text = "<u>foo</u>"
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal(text, sanitizer.sanitize(text, :tags => %w(u)))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_only_custom_tags
-    text = "<u>foo</u> with <i>bar</i>"
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal("<u>foo</u> with bar", sanitizer.sanitize(text, :tags => %w(u)))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_custom_tags_with_attributes
-    text = %(<blockquote cite="http://example.com/">foo</blockquote>)
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal(text, sanitizer.sanitize(text))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_custom_tags_with_custom_attributes
-    text = %(<blockquote foo="bar">Lorem ipsum</blockquote>)
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal(text, sanitizer.sanitize(text, :attributes => ['foo']))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_raise_argument_error_if_tags_is_not_enumerable
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      sanitizer.sanitize('', :tags => 'foo')
-    end
-
-    assert_equal "You should pass :tags as an Enumerable", e.message
-  end
-
-  def test_should_raise_argument_error_if_attributes_is_not_enumerable
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      sanitizer.sanitize('', :attributes => 'foo')
-    end
-
-    assert_equal "You should pass :attributes as an Enumerable", e.message
-  end
-
-  [%w(img src), %w(a href)].each do |(tag, attr)|
-    define_method "test_should_strip_#{attr}_attribute_in_#{tag}_with_bad_protocols" do
-      assert_sanitized %(<#{tag} #{attr}="javascript:bang" title="1">boo</#{tag}>), %(<#{tag} title="1">boo</#{tag}>)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_flag_bad_protocols
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    %w(about chrome data disk hcp help javascript livescript lynxcgi lynxexec ms-help ms-its mhtml mocha opera res resource shell vbscript view-source vnd.ms.radio wysiwyg).each do |proto|
-      assert sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', "#{proto}://bad")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_good_protocols_ignoring_case
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_protocols.each do |proto|
-      assert !sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', "#{proto.capitalize}://good")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_good_protocols_ignoring_space
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_protocols.each do |proto|
-      assert !sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', " #{proto}://good")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_good_protocols
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_protocols.each do |proto|
-      assert !sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', "#{proto}://good")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_reject_hex_codes_in_protocol
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="&#37;6A&#37;61&#37;76&#37;61&#37;73&#37;63&#37;72&#37;69&#37;70&#37;74&#37;3A&#37;61&#37;6C&#37;65&#37;72&#37;74&#37;28&#37;22&#37;58&#37;53&#37;53&#37;22&#37;29">1</a>), "<a>1</a>"
-    assert @sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', "%6A%61%76%61%73%63%72%69%70%74%3A%61%6C%65%72%74%28%22%58%53%53%22%29")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_block_script_tag
-    assert_sanitized %(<SCRIPT\nSRC=http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js></SCRIPT>), ""
-  end
-
-  [%(<IMG SRC="javascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC=javascript:alert('XSS')>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=JaVaScRiPt:alert('XSS')>),
-   %(<IMG """><SCRIPT>alert("XSS")</SCRIPT>">),
-   %(<IMG SRC=javascript:alert(&quot;XSS&quot;)>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=javascript:alert(String.fromCharCode(88,83,83))>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=&#106;&#97;&#118;&#97;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#105;&#112;&#116;&#58;&#97;&#108;&#101;&#114;&#116;&#40;&#39;&#88;&#83;&#83;&#39;&#41;>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=&#0000106&#0000097&#0000118&#0000097&#0000115&#0000099&#0000114&#0000105&#0000112&#0000116&#0000058&#0000097&#0000108&#0000101&#0000114&#0000116&#0000040&#0000039&#0000088&#0000083&#0000083&#0000039&#0000041>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=&#x6A&#x61&#x76&#x61&#x73&#x63&#x72&#x69&#x70&#x74&#x3A&#x61&#x6C&#x65&#x72&#x74&#x28&#x27&#x58&#x53&#x53&#x27&#x29>),
-   %(<IMG SRC="jav\tascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC="jav&#x09;ascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC="jav&#x0A;ascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC="jav&#x0D;ascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC=" &#14;  javascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC="javascript&#x3a;alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC=`javascript:alert("RSnake says, 'XSS'")`>)].each_with_index do |img_hack, i|
-    define_method "test_should_not_fall_for_xss_image_hack_#{i+1}" do
-      assert_sanitized img_hack, "<img>"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_tag_broken_up_by_null
-    assert_sanitized %(<SCR\0IPT>alert(\"XSS\")</SCR\0IPT>), "alert(\"XSS\")"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_invalid_script_tag
-    assert_sanitized %(<SCRIPT/XSS SRC="http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js"></SCRIPT>), ""
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_script_tag_with_multiple_open_brackets
-    assert_sanitized %(<<SCRIPT>alert("XSS");//<</SCRIPT>), "&lt;"
-    assert_sanitized %(<iframe src=http://ha.ckers.org/scriptlet.html\n<a), %(&lt;a)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_unclosed_script
-    assert_sanitized %(<SCRIPT SRC=http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js?<B>), "<b>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_half_open_scripts
-    assert_sanitized %(<IMG SRC="javascript:alert('XSS')"), "<img>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_fall_for_ridiculous_hack
-    img_hack = %(<IMG\nSRC\n=\n"\nj\na\nv\na\ns\nc\nr\ni\np\nt\n:\na\nl\ne\nr\nt\n(\n'\nX\nS\nS\n'\n)\n"\n>)
-    assert_sanitized img_hack, "<img>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_attributes
-    assert_sanitized %(<SPAN title="'><script>alert()</script>">blah</SPAN>), %(<span title="#{CGI.escapeHTML "'><script>alert()</script>"}">blah</span>)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_illegal_style_properties
-    raw      = %(display:block; position:absolute; left:0; top:0; width:100%; height:100%; z-index:1; background-color:black; background-image:url(http://www.ragingplatypus.com/i/cam-full.jpg); background-x:center; background-y:center; background-repeat:repeat;)
-    expected = %(display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: black; background-image: ; background-x: center; background-y: center;)
-    assert_equal expected, sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_with_trailing_space
-    raw = "display:block; "
-    expected = "display: block;"
-    assert_equal expected, sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_xul_style_attributes
-    raw = %(-moz-binding:url('http://ha.ckers.org/xssmoz.xml#xss'))
-    assert_equal '', sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_invalid_tag_names
-    assert_sanitized(%(a b c<script/XSS src="http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js"></script>d e f), "a b cd e f")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_non_alpha_and_non_digit_characters_in_tags
-    assert_sanitized('<a onclick!#$%&()*~+-_.,:;?@[/|\]^`=alert("XSS")>foo</a>', "<a>foo</a>")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_invalid_tag_names_in_single_tags
-    assert_sanitized('<img/src="http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js"/>', "<img />")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_img_dynsrc_lowsrc
-    assert_sanitized(%(<img lowsrc="javascript:alert('XSS')" />), "<img />")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_div_background_image_unicode_encoded
-    raw = %(background-image:\0075\0072\006C\0028'\006a\0061\0076\0061\0073\0063\0072\0069\0070\0074\003a\0061\006c\0065\0072\0074\0028.1027\0058.1053\0053\0027\0029'\0029)
-    assert_equal '', sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_div_style_expression
-    raw = %(width: expression(alert('XSS'));)
-    assert_equal '', sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_across_newlines
-    raw = %(\nwidth:\nexpression(alert('XSS'));\n)
-    assert_equal '', sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_img_vbscript
-    assert_sanitized %(<img src='vbscript:msgbox("XSS")' />), '<img />'
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_cdata_section
-    assert_sanitized "<![CDATA[<span>section</span>]]>", "&lt;![CDATA[&lt;span>section&lt;/span>]]>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_unterminated_cdata_section
-    assert_sanitized "<![CDATA[<span>neverending...", "&lt;![CDATA[&lt;span>neverending...]]>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_mangle_urls_with_ampersand
-     assert_sanitized %{<a href=\"http://www.domain.com?var1=1&amp;var2=2\">my link</a>}
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_neverending_attribute
-    assert_sanitized "<span class=\"\\", "<span class=\"\\\">"
-  end
-
-  def test_x03a
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="javascript&#x3a;alert('XSS');">), "<a>"
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="javascript&#x003a;alert('XSS');">), "<a>"
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="http&#x3a;//legit">), %(<a href="http://legit">)
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="javascript&#x3A;alert('XSS');">), "<a>"
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="javascript&#x003A;alert('XSS');">), "<a>"
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="http&#x3A;//legit">), %(<a href="http://legit">)
-  end
-
-protected
-  def assert_sanitized(input, expected = nil)
-    @sanitizer ||= HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    if input
-      assert_dom_equal expected || input, @sanitizer.sanitize(input)
-    else
-      assert_nil @sanitizer.sanitize(input)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def sanitize_css(input)
-    (@sanitizer ||= HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new).sanitize_css(input)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tag_node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tag_node_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a29d2d43d7..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tag_node_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class TagNodeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_open_without_attributes
-    node = tag("<tag>")
-    assert_equal "tag", node.name
-    assert_equal Hash.new, node.attributes
-    assert_nil node.closing
-  end
-
-  def test_open_with_attributes
-    node = tag("<TAG1 foo=hey_ho x:bar=\"blah blah\" BAZ='blah blah blah' >")
-    assert_equal "tag1", node.name
-    assert_equal "hey_ho", node["foo"]
-    assert_equal "blah blah", node["x:bar"]
-    assert_equal "blah blah blah", node["baz"]
-  end
-
-  def test_self_closing_without_attributes
-    node = tag("<tag/>")
-    assert_equal "tag", node.name
-    assert_equal Hash.new, node.attributes
-    assert_equal :self, node.closing
-  end
-
-  def test_self_closing_with_attributes
-    node = tag("<tag a=b/>")
-    assert_equal "tag", node.name
-    assert_equal( { "a" => "b" }, node.attributes )
-    assert_equal :self, node.closing
-  end
-
-  def test_closing_without_attributes
-    node = tag("</tag>")
-    assert_equal "tag", node.name
-    assert_nil node.attributes
-    assert_equal :close, node.closing
-  end
-
-  def test_bracket_op_when_no_attributes
-    node = tag("</tag>")
-    assert_nil node["foo"]
-  end
-
-  def test_bracket_op_when_attributes
-    node = tag("<tag a=b/>")
-    assert_equal "b", node["a"]
-  end
-
-  def test_attributes_with_escaped_quotes
-    node = tag("<tag a='b\\'c' b=\"bob \\\"float\\\"\">")
-    assert_equal "b\\'c", node["a"]
-    assert_equal "bob \\\"float\\\"", node["b"]
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s
-    node = tag("<a b=c d='f' g=\"h 'i'\" />")
-    node = node.to_s
-    assert node.include?('a')
-    assert node.include?('b="c"')
-    assert node.include?('d="f"')
-    assert node.include?('g="h')
-    assert node.include?('i')
-  end
-
-  def test_tag
-    assert tag("<tag>").tag?
-  end
-
-  def test_match_tag_as_string
-    assert tag("<tag>").match(:tag => "tag")
-    assert !tag("<tag>").match(:tag => "b")
-  end
-
-  def test_match_tag_as_regexp
-    assert tag("<tag>").match(:tag => /t.g/)
-    assert !tag("<tag>").match(:tag => /t[bqs]g/)
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_as_string
-    t = tag("<tag a=something b=else />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => "something"})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"b" => "else"})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_as_regexp
-    t = tag("<tag a=something b=else />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => /^something$/})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"b" =>  /e.*e/})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => /me..i/, "b" => /.ls.$/})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_as_number
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b=3.1415 />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => 15})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"b" => 3.1415})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => 15, "b" => 3.1415})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_exist
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b=3.1415 />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => true})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"b" => true})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => true, "b" => true})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_not_exist
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b=3.1415 />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"c" => false})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"c" => nil})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => true, "c" => false})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_parent_success
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b='hello'>", tag("<foo k='value'>"))
-    assert t.match(:parent => {:tag => "foo", :attributes => {"k" => /v.l/, "j" => false}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_parent_fail
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b='hello'>", tag("<foo k='value'>"))
-    assert !t.match(:parent => {:tag => /kafka/})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_child_success
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t)
-    tag("<sib m=vaughn v=james>", t)
-    assert t.match(:child => { :tag => "sib", :attributes => {"v" => /j/}})
-    assert t.match(:child => { :attributes => {"a" => "kelly"}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_child_fail
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t)
-    tag("<sib m=vaughn v=james>", t)
-    assert !t.match(:child => { :tag => "sib", :attributes => {"v" => /r/}})
-    assert !t.match(:child => { :attributes => {"v" => false}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_ancestor_success
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>", tag("<parent v=john a=kelly>", tag("<grandparent m=vaughn v=james>")))
-    assert t.match(:ancestor => {:tag => "parent", :attributes => {"a" => /ll/}})
-    assert t.match(:ancestor => {:attributes => {"m" => "vaughn"}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_ancestor_fail
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>", tag("<parent v=john a=kelly>", tag("<grandparent m=vaughn v=james>")))
-    assert !t.match(:ancestor => {:tag => /^parent/, :attributes => {"v" => /m/}})
-    assert !t.match(:ancestor => {:attributes => {"v" => false}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_descendant_success
-    tag("<grandchild m=vaughn v=james>", tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")))
-    assert t.match(:descendant => {:tag => "child", :attributes => {"a" => /ll/}})
-    assert t.match(:descendant => {:attributes => {"m" => "vaughn"}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_descendant_fail
-    tag("<grandchild m=vaughn v=james>", tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")))
-    assert !t.match(:descendant => {:tag => /^child/, :attributes => {"v" => /m/}})
-    assert !t.match(:descendant => {:attributes => {"v" => false}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_child_count
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t)
-    tag("<sib m=vaughn v=james>", t)
-    assert t.match(:children => { :count => 2 })
-    assert t.match(:children => { :count => 2..4 })
-    assert t.match(:children => { :less_than => 4 })
-    assert t.match(:children => { :greater_than => 1 })
-    assert !t.match(:children => { :count => 3 })
-  end
-
-  def test_conditions_as_strings
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    assert t.match("tag" => "tag")
-    assert t.match("attributes" => { "x:k" => "something" })
-    assert !t.match("tag" => "gat")
-    assert !t.match("attributes" => { "x:j" => "something" })
-  end
-
-  def test_attributes_as_symbols
-    t = tag("<child v=john a=kelly>")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => { :v => /oh/ })
-    assert t.match(:attributes => { :a => /ll/ })
-  end
-
-  def test_match_sibling
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<span a=b>", t)
-    tag("world", t)
-    m = tag("<span k=r>", t)
-    tag("<span m=l>", t)
-
-    assert m.match(:sibling => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:a => true}})
-    assert m.match(:sibling => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:m => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:sibling => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:k => true}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_sibling_before
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<span a=b>", t)
-    tag("world", t)
-    m = tag("<span k=r>", t)
-    tag("<span m=l>", t)
-
-    assert m.match(:before => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:m => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:before => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:a => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:before => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:k => true}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_sibling_after
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<span a=b>", t)
-    tag("world", t)
-    m = tag("<span k=r>", t)
-    tag("<span m=l>", t)
-
-    assert m.match(:after => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:a => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:after => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:m => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:after => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:k => true}})
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_to_s
-    t = tag("<b x='foo'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<hr />", t)
-    assert_equal %(<b x="foo">hello<hr /></b>), t.to_s
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    def tag(content, parent=nil)
-      node = HTML::Node.parse(parent,0,0,content)
-      parent.children << node if parent
-      node
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/text_node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/text_node_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index cbcb9e78f0..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/text_node_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class TextNodeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @node = HTML::Text.new(nil, 0, 0, "hello, howdy, aloha, annyeong")
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s
-    assert_equal "hello, howdy, aloha, annyeong", @node.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_find_string
-    assert_equal @node, @node.find("hello, howdy, aloha, annyeong")
-    assert_equal false, @node.find("bogus")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_regexp
-    assert_equal @node, @node.find(/an+y/)
-    assert_nil @node.find(/b/)
-  end
-
-  def test_find_hash
-    assert_equal @node, @node.find(:content => /howdy/)
-    assert_nil @node.find(:content => /^howdy$/)
-    assert_equal false, @node.find(:content => "howdy")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_other
-    assert_nil @node.find(:hello)
-  end
-
-  def test_match_string
-    assert @node.match("hello, howdy, aloha, annyeong")
-    assert_equal false, @node.match("bogus")
-  end
-
-  def test_match_regexp
-    assert_not_nil @node, @node.match(/an+y/)
-    assert_nil @node.match(/b/)
-  end
-
-  def test_match_hash
-    assert_not_nil @node, @node.match(:content => "howdy")
-    assert_nil @node.match(:content => /^howdy$/)
-  end
-
-  def test_match_other
-    assert_nil @node.match(:hello)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tokenizer_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tokenizer_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d59de23b6..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tokenizer_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class TokenizerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
-  def test_blank
-    tokenize ""
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_space
-    tokenize " "
-    assert_next " "
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_simple_open
-    tokenize "<tag>"
-    assert_next "<tag>"
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_simple_self_closing
-    tokenize "<tag />"
-    assert_next "<tag />"
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_simple_closing
-    tokenize "</tag>"
-    assert_next "</tag>"
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_single_quoted_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a='hello'>x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a='hello'>}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_single_quoted_attribute_with_escape
-    tokenize %{<tag a='hello\\''>x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a='hello\\''>}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_double_quoted_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a="hello">x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a="hello">}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_double_quoted_attribute_with_escape
-    tokenize %{<tag a="hello\\"">x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a="hello\\"">}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_unquoted_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a=hello>x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a=hello>}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_lt_char_in_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a="x < y">x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a="x < y">}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_gt_char_in_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a="x > y">x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a="x > y">}
-  end
-
-  def test_doctype_tag
-    tokenize %{<!DOCTYPE "blah" "blah" "blah">\n    <html>}
-    assert_next %{<!DOCTYPE "blah" "blah" "blah">}
-    assert_next %{\n    }
-    assert_next %{<html>}
-  end
-
-  def test_cdata_tag
-    tokenize %{<![CDATA[<br>]]>}
-    assert_next %{<![CDATA[<br>]]>}
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_unterminated_cdata_tag
-    tokenize %{<content:encoded><![CDATA[ neverending...}
-    assert_next %{<content:encoded>}
-    assert_next %{<![CDATA[ neverending...}
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_less_than_with_space
-    tokenize %{original < hello > world}
-    assert_next %{original }
-    assert_next %{< hello > world}
-  end
-
-  def test_less_than_without_matching_greater_than
-    tokenize %{hello <span onmouseover="gotcha"\n<b>foo</b>\nbar</span>}
-    assert_next %{hello }
-    assert_next %{<span onmouseover="gotcha"\n}
-    assert_next %{<b>}
-    assert_next %{foo}
-    assert_next %{</b>}
-    assert_next %{\nbar}
-    assert_next %{</span>}
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_unterminated_comment
-    tokenize %{hello <!-- neverending...}
-    assert_next %{hello }
-    assert_next %{<!-- neverending...}
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    def tokenize(text)
-      @tokenizer = HTML::Tokenizer.new(text)
-    end
-
-    def assert_next(expected, message=nil)
-      token = @tokenizer.next
-      assert_equal expected, token, message
-    end
-
-    def assert_sequence(*expected)
-      assert_next expected.shift until expected.empty?
-    end
-
-    def assert_end(message=nil)
-      assert_nil @tokenizer.next, message
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..549c12c88c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/html_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class HTMLTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'formats returns symbol for recognized MIME type' do
+    assert_equal [:html], ActionView::Template::HTML.new('', :html).formats
+  end
+
+  test 'formats returns string for recognized MIME type when MIME does not have symbol' do
+    foo = Mime::Type.lookup("foo")
+    assert_nil foo.to_sym
+    assert_equal ['foo'], ActionView::Template::HTML.new('', foo).formats
+  end
+
+  test 'formats returns string for unknown MIME type' do
+    assert_equal ['foo'], ActionView::Template::HTML.new('', 'foo').formats
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
index 4703111741..9ba7f64ad1 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ class JavaScriptHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     yield if block_given?
   end
 
-  def setup
-    super
+  setup do
+    @old_escape_html_entities_in_json = ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json
     ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = true
     @template = self
   end
 
   def teardown
-    ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = false
+    ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json = @old_escape_html_entities_in_json
   end
 
   def test_escape_javascript
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
index ce9485e146..4f7823045e 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
@@ -93,6 +93,20 @@ class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Hey verden", template.source
   end
 
+  test "find templates with given variants" do
+    @lookup_context.formats  = [:html]
+    @lookup_context.variants = [:phone]
+
+    template = @lookup_context.find("hello_world", %w(test))
+    assert_equal "Hello phone!", template.source
+
+    @lookup_context.variants = [:phone]
+    @lookup_context.formats  = [:text]
+
+    template = @lookup_context.find("hello_world", %w(test))
+    assert_equal "Hello texty phone!", template.source
+  end
+
   test "found templates respects given formats if one cannot be found from template or handler" do
     ActionView::Template::Handlers::Builder.expects(:default_format).returns(nil)
     @lookup_context.formats = [:text]
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
index be336ea3fb..b59883b760 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "555-1234", number_to_phone(5551234)
     assert_equal "(800) 555-1212 x 123", number_to_phone(8005551212, area_code: true, extension: 123)
     assert_equal "+18005551212", number_to_phone(8005551212, country_code: 1, delimiter: "")
+    assert_equal "+&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;8005551212", number_to_phone(8005551212, country_code: "<script></script>", delimiter: "")
+    assert_equal "8005551212 x &lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;", number_to_phone(8005551212, extension: "<script></script>", delimiter: "")
   end
 
   def test_number_to_currency
@@ -16,14 +18,23 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "$1,234,567,892", number_to_currency(1234567891.50, precision: 0)
     assert_equal "1,234,567,890.50 - K&#269;", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", unit: raw("K&#269;"), format: "%n %u", negative_format: "%n - %u")
     assert_equal "&amp;pound;1,234,567,890.50", number_to_currency("1234567890.50", unit: "&pound;")
+    assert_equal "&lt;b&gt;1,234,567,890.50&lt;/b&gt; $", number_to_currency("1234567890.50", format: "<b>%n</b> %u")
+    assert_equal "&lt;b&gt;1,234,567,890.50&lt;/b&gt; $", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", negative_format: "<b>%n</b> %u")
+    assert_equal "&lt;b&gt;1,234,567,890.50&lt;/b&gt; $", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", 'negative_format' => "<b>%n</b> %u")
   end
 
   def test_number_to_percentage
     assert_equal nil, number_to_percentage(nil)
     assert_equal "100.000%", number_to_percentage(100)
+    assert_equal "100.000 %", number_to_percentage(100, format: '%n %')
+    assert_equal "&lt;b&gt;100.000&lt;/b&gt; %", number_to_percentage(100, format: '<b>%n</b> %')
+    assert_equal "<b>100.000</b> %", number_to_percentage(100, format: raw('<b>%n</b> %'))
     assert_equal "100%", number_to_percentage(100, precision: 0)
     assert_equal "123.4%", number_to_percentage(123.400, precision: 3, strip_insignificant_zeros: true)
     assert_equal "1.000,000%", number_to_percentage(1000, delimiter: ".", separator: ",")
+    assert_equal "98a%", number_to_percentage("98a")
+    assert_equal "NaN%", number_to_percentage(Float::NAN)
+    assert_equal "Inf%", number_to_percentage(Float::INFINITY)
   end
 
   def test_number_with_delimiter
@@ -37,6 +48,7 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "-111.235", number_with_precision(-111.2346)
     assert_equal "111.00", number_with_precision(111, precision: 2)
     assert_equal "0.00100", number_with_precision(0.001, precision: 5)
+    assert_equal "3.33", number_with_precision(Rational(10, 3), precision: 2)
   end
 
   def test_number_to_human_size
@@ -52,6 +64,31 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "489.0 Thousand", number_to_human(489000, precision: 4, strip_insignificant_zeros: false)
   end
 
+  def test_number_to_human_escape_units
+    volume = { unit: "<b>ml</b>", thousand: "<b>lt</b>", million: "<b>m3</b>", trillion: "<b>km3</b>", quadrillion: "<b>Pl</b>" }
+    assert_equal '123 &lt;b&gt;lt&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(123456, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '12 &lt;b&gt;ml&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(12, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;m3&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(1234567, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;km3&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(1_234_567_000_000, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;Pl&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(1_234_567_000_000_000, :units => volume)
+
+    #Including fractionals
+    distance = { mili: "<b>mm</b>", centi: "<b>cm</b>", deci: "<b>dm</b>", unit: "<b>m</b>",
+                 ten: "<b>dam</b>", hundred: "<b>hm</b>", thousand: "<b>km</b>",
+                 micro: "<b>um</b>", nano: "<b>nm</b>", pico: "<b>pm</b>", femto: "<b>fm</b>"}
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;mm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.00123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;cm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.0123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;dm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;m&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(1.23, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;dam&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(12.3, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;hm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;km&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(1230, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;um&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.00000123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;nm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.00000000123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;pm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.00000000000123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;fm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.00000000000000123, :units => distance)
+  end
+
   def test_number_helpers_escape_delimiter_and_separator
     assert_equal "111&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;111&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;1111", number_to_phone(1111111111, delimiter: "<script></script>")
 
@@ -73,6 +110,14 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "100&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;000 Quadrillion", number_to_human(10**20, delimiter: "<script></script>")
   end
 
+  def test_number_to_human_with_custom_translation_scope
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'ts',
+      :custom_units_for_number_to_human => {:mili => "mm", :centi => "cm", :deci => "dm", :unit => "m", :ten => "dam", :hundred => "hm", :thousand => "km"}
+    assert_equal "1.01 cm", number_to_human(0.0101, :locale => 'ts', :units => :custom_units_for_number_to_human)
+  ensure
+    I18n.reload!
+  end
+
   def test_number_helpers_outputs_are_html_safe
     assert number_to_human(1).html_safe?
     assert !number_to_human("<script></script>").html_safe?
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/output_buffer_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/output_buffer_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eb0df3d1ab..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/output_buffer_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class OutputBufferTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  class TestController < ActionController::Base
-    def index
-      render :text => 'foo'
-    end
-  end
-
-  tests TestController
-
-  def setup
-    @vc = @controller.view_context
-    get :index
-    assert_equal ['foo'], body_parts
-  end
-
-  test 'output buffer is nil after rendering' do
-    assert_nil output_buffer
-  end
-
-  test 'flushing ignores nil output buffer' do
-    @controller.view_context.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_nil output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['foo'], body_parts
-  end
-
-  test 'flushing ignores empty output buffer' do
-    @vc.output_buffer = ''
-    @vc.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal '', output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['foo'], body_parts
-  end
-
-  test 'flushing appends the output buffer to the body parts' do
-    @vc.output_buffer = 'bar'
-    @vc.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal '', output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['foo', 'bar'], body_parts
-  end
-
-  test 'flushing preserves output buffer encoding' do
-    original_buffer = ' '.force_encoding(Encoding::EUC_JP)
-    @vc.output_buffer = original_buffer
-    @vc.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['foo', original_buffer], body_parts
-    assert_not_equal original_buffer, output_buffer
-    assert_equal Encoding::EUC_JP, output_buffer.encoding
-  end
-
-  protected
-    def output_buffer
-      @vc.output_buffer
-    end
-
-    def body_parts
-      @controller.response.body_parts
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb
index 76c71c9e6d..a1bf0e1a5f 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb
@@ -25,4 +25,11 @@ class OutputSafetyHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "<p>foo</p><br /><p>bar</p>", joined
   end
 
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+  test "safe_join should work recursively similarly to Array.join" do
+    joined = safe_join(['a',['b','c']], ':')
+    assert_equal 'a:b:c', joined
+
+    joined = safe_join(['"a"',['<b>','<c>']], ' <br/> ')
+    assert_equal '&quot;a&quot; &lt;br/&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;br/&gt; &lt;c&gt;', joined
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/partial_iteration_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/partial_iteration_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..695f9f1bef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/partial_iteration_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_view/renderer/partial_renderer'
+
+class PartialIterationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_has_size_and_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    assert_equal 0, iteration.index, "should be at the first index"
+    assert_equal 3, iteration.size, "should have the size"
+  end
+
+  def test_first_is_true_when_current_is_at_the_first_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    assert iteration.first?, "first when current is 0"
+  end
+
+  def test_first_is_false_unless_current_is_at_the_first_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    iteration.iterate!
+    assert !iteration.first?, "not first when current is 1"
+  end
+
+  def test_last_is_true_when_current_is_at_the_last_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    iteration.iterate!
+    iteration.iterate!
+    assert iteration.last?, "last when current is 2"
+  end
+
+  def test_last_is_false_unless_current_is_at_the_last_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    assert !iteration.last?, "not last when current is 0"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
index db5d99755c..85817119ba 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ module RenderTestCases
     @controller_view = TestController.new.view_context
 
     # Reload and register danish language for testing
-    I18n.reload!
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'da', {}
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'pt-BR', {}
 
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_without_options
     e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render() }
-    assert_match "You invoked render but did not give any of :partial, :template, :inline, :file or :text option.", e.message
+    assert_match(/You invoked render but did not give any of (.+) option./, e.message)
   end
 
   def test_render_file
@@ -257,7 +256,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_collection_without_as
-    assert_equal "local_inspector,local_inspector_counter",
+    assert_equal "local_inspector,local_inspector_counter,local_inspector_iteration",
       @view.render(:partial => "test/local_inspector", :collection => [ Customer.new("mary") ])
   end
 
@@ -325,11 +324,16 @@ module RenderTestCases
       @controller_view.render(customers, :greeting => "Hello")
   end
 
+  def test_render_partial_using_collection_without_path
+    assert_equal "hi good customer: david0", @controller_view.render([ GoodCustomer.new("david") ], greeting: "hi")
+  end
+
   def test_render_partial_without_object_or_collection_does_not_generate_partial_name_local_variable
     exception = assert_raises ActionView::Template::Error do
       @controller_view.render("partial_name_local_variable")
     end
-    assert_match "undefined local variable or method `partial_name_local_variable'", exception.message
+    assert_instance_of NameError, exception.original_exception
+    assert_equal :partial_name_local_variable, exception.original_exception.name
   end
 
   # TODO: The reason for this test is unclear, improve documentation
@@ -369,23 +373,48 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_inline_with_render_from_to_proc
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :ruby_handler, :source.to_proc
-    assert_equal '3', @view.render(:inline => "(1 + 2).to_s", :type => :ruby_handler)
+    assert_equal '3', @view.render(inline: "(1 + 2).to_s", type: :ruby_handler)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :ruby_handler
   end
 
   def test_render_inline_with_compilable_custom_type
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
-    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, World!"', @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo)
+    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, World!"', @view.render(inline: "Hello, World!", type: :foo)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo
   end
 
   def test_render_inline_with_locals_and_compilable_custom_type
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
-    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, <%= name %>!"', @view.render(:inline => "Hello, <%= name %>!", :locals => { :name => "Josh" }, :type => :foo)
+    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, <%= name %>!"', @view.render(inline: "Hello, <%= name %>!", locals: { name: "Josh" }, type: :foo)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo
+  end
+
+  def test_render_body
+    assert_equal 'some body', @view.render(body: 'some body')
+  end
+
+  def test_render_plain
+    assert_equal 'some plaintext', @view.render(plain: 'some plaintext')
   end
 
   def test_render_knows_about_types_registered_when_extensions_are_checked_earlier_in_initialization
     ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
     assert ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions.include?(:foo)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo
+  end
+
+  def test_render_does_not_use_unregistered_extension_and_template_handler
+    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo
+    assert_not ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions.include?(:foo)
+    assert_equal "Hello, World!", @view.render(inline: "Hello, World!", type: :foo)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template::Handlers.class_variable_get(:@@template_handlers).delete(:foo)
   end
 
   def test_render_ignores_templates_with_malformed_template_handlers
@@ -474,7 +503,9 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_with_passing_couple_extensions_to_one_register_template_handler_function_call
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo1, :foo2, CustomHandler
-    assert_equal @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo1), @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo2)
+    assert_equal @view.render(inline: "Hello, World!", type: :foo1), @view.render(inline: "Hello, World!", type: :foo2)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo1, :foo2
   end
 
   def test_render_throws_exception_when_no_extensions_passed_to_register_template_handler_function_call
@@ -494,6 +525,7 @@ class CachedViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def teardown
     GC.start
+    I18n.reload!
   end
 end
 
@@ -511,6 +543,7 @@ class LazyViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def teardown
     GC.start
+    I18n.reload!
   end
 
   def test_render_utf8_template_with_magic_comment
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb
index 12d5260a9d..e4be21be2c 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,15 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 # The exhaustive tests are in test/controller/html/sanitizer_test.rb.
-# This tests the that the helpers hook up correctly to the sanitizer classes.
+# This tests that the helpers hook up correctly to the sanitizer classes.
 class SanitizeHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   tests ActionView::Helpers::SanitizeHelper
 
   def test_strip_links
     assert_equal "Dont touch me", strip_links("Dont touch me")
-    assert_equal "<a<a", strip_links("<a<a")
     assert_equal "on my mind\nall day long", strip_links("<a href='almost'>on my mind</a>\n<A href='almost'>all day long</A>")
-    assert_equal "0wn3d", strip_links("<a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/'><a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/' onlclick='steal()'>0wn3d</a></a>")
     assert_equal "Magic", strip_links("<a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/'>Mag<a href='http://www.ruby-lang.org/'>ic")
-    assert_equal "FrrFox", strip_links("<href onlclick='steal()'>FrrFox</a></href>")
     assert_equal "My mind\nall <b>day</b> long", strip_links("<a href='almost'>My mind</a>\n<A href='almost'>all <b>day</b> long</A>")
-    assert_equal "all <b>day</b> long", strip_links("<<a>a href='hello'>all <b>day</b> long<</A>/a>")
   end
 
   def test_sanitize_form
@@ -22,27 +18,15 @@ class SanitizeHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_should_sanitize_illegal_style_properties
     raw      = %(display:block; position:absolute; left:0; top:0; width:100%; height:100%; z-index:1; background-color:black; background-image:url(http://www.ragingplatypus.com/i/cam-full.jpg); background-x:center; background-y:center; background-repeat:repeat;)
-    expected = %(display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: black; background-image: ; background-x: center; background-y: center;)
+    expected = %(display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: black; background-x: center; background-y: center;)
     assert_equal expected, sanitize_css(raw)
   end
 
   def test_strip_tags
-    assert_equal("<<<bad html", strip_tags("<<<bad html"))
-    assert_equal("<<", strip_tags("<<<bad html>"))
     assert_equal("Dont touch me", strip_tags("Dont touch me"))
     assert_equal("This is a test.", strip_tags("<p>This <u>is<u> a <a href='test.html'><strong>test</strong></a>.</p>"))
-    assert_equal("Weirdos", strip_tags("Wei<<a>a onclick='alert(document.cookie);'</a>/>rdos"))
-    assert_equal("This is a test.", strip_tags("This is a test."))
-    assert_equal(
-    %{This is a test.\n\n\nIt no longer contains any HTML.\n}, strip_tags(
-    %{<title>This is <b>a <a href="" target="_blank">test</a></b>.</title>\n\n<!-- it has a comment -->\n\n<p>It no <b>longer <strong>contains <em>any <strike>HTML</strike></em>.</strong></b></p>\n}))
     assert_equal "This has a  here.", strip_tags("This has a <!-- comment --> here.")
-    [nil, '', '   '].each do |blank|
-      stripped = strip_tags(blank)
-      assert_equal blank, stripped
-    end
     assert_equal "", strip_tags("<script>")
-    assert_equal "something &lt;img onerror=alert(1337)", ERB::Util.html_escape(strip_tags("something <img onerror=alert(1337)"))
   end
 
   def test_sanitize_is_marked_safe
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
index fb016a52de..ce89d5728e 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -80,11 +80,27 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     str = content_tag('p', "limelight", :class => ["song", "play"])
     assert_equal "<p class=\"song play\">limelight</p>", str
+
+    str = content_tag('p', "limelight", :class => ["song", ["play"]])
+    assert_equal "<p class=\"song play\">limelight</p>", str
   end
 
   def test_content_tag_with_unescaped_array_class
     str = content_tag('p', "limelight", {:class => ["song", "play>"]}, false)
     assert_equal "<p class=\"song play>\">limelight</p>", str
+
+    str = content_tag('p', "limelight", {:class => ["song", ["play>"]]}, false)
+    assert_equal "<p class=\"song play>\">limelight</p>", str
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_with_empty_array_class
+    str = content_tag('p', 'limelight', {:class => []})
+    assert_equal '<p class="">limelight</p>', str
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_with_unescaped_empty_array_class
+    str = content_tag('p', 'limelight', {:class => []}, false)
+    assert_equal '<p class="">limelight</p>', str
   end
 
   def test_content_tag_with_data_attributes
@@ -107,6 +123,7 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_escape_once
     assert_equal '1 &lt; 2 &amp; 3', escape_once('1 < 2 &amp; 3')
+    assert_equal " &#X27; &#x27; &#x03BB; &#X03bb; &quot; &#39; &lt; &gt; ", escape_once(" &#X27; &#x27; &#x03BB; &#X03bb; \" ' < > ")
   end
 
   def test_tag_honors_html_safe_for_param_values
@@ -115,6 +132,14 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_tag_honors_html_safe_with_escaped_array_class
+    str = tag('p', :class => ['song>', 'play>'.html_safe])
+    assert_equal '<p class="song&gt; play>" />', str
+
+    str = tag('p', :class => ['song>'.html_safe, 'play>'])
+    assert_equal '<p class="song> play&gt;" />', str
+  end
+
   def test_skip_invalid_escaped_attributes
     ['&1;', '&#1dfa3;', '& #123;'].each do |escaped|
       assert_equal %(<a href="#{escaped.gsub(/&/, '&amp;')}" />), tag('a', :href => escaped)
@@ -131,4 +156,11 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
         tag('a', { data => { a_float: 3.14, a_big_decimal: BigDecimal.new("-123.456"), a_number: 1, string: 'hello', symbol: :foo, array: [1, 2, 3], hash: { key: 'value'}, string_with_quotes: 'double"quote"party"' } })
     }
   end
+
+  def test_aria_attributes
+    ['aria', :aria].each { |aria|
+      assert_dom_equal '<a aria-a-float="3.14" aria-a-big-decimal="-123.456" aria-a-number="1" aria-array="[1,2,3]" aria-hash="{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;value&quot;}" aria-string-with-quotes="double&quot;quote&quot;party&quot;" aria-string="hello" aria-symbol="foo" />',
+        tag('a', { aria => { a_float: 3.14, a_big_decimal: BigDecimal.new("-123.456"), a_number: 1, string: 'hello', symbol: :foo, array: [1, 2, 3], hash: { key: 'value'}, string_with_quotes: 'double"quote"party"' } })
+    }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
index 4ee0930341..5697ffa317 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 module ActionView
 
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ module ActionView
 
     test "is able to use mounted routes" do
       with_routing do |set|
-        app = Class.new do
+        app = Class.new(Rails::Engine) do
           def self.routes
             @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
           end
@@ -292,6 +293,17 @@ module ActionView
         assert_select 'li', :text => 'foo'
       end
     end
+
+    test "do not memoize the document_root_element in view tests" do
+      concat form_tag('/foo')
+
+      assert_select 'form'
+
+      concat content_tag(:b, 'Strong', class: 'foo')
+
+      assert_select 'form'
+      assert_select 'b.foo'
+    end
   end
 
   class RenderTemplateTest < ActionView::TestCase
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/test_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/test_test.rb
index 108a674d95..88bac85039 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/test_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/test_test.rb
@@ -37,10 +37,22 @@ class PeopleHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_link_to_person
     with_test_route_set do
-      person = mock(:name => "David")
-      person.class.extend ActiveModel::Naming
-      expects(:mocha_mock_path).with(person).returns("/people/1")
+      person = Struct.new(:name) {
+        extend ActiveModel::Naming
+        def to_model; self; end
+        def persisted?; true; end
+        def self.name; 'Mocha::Mock'; end
+      }.new "David"
+
+      the_model = nil
+      extend Module.new {
+        define_method(:mocha_mock_path) { |model, *args|
+          the_model = model
+          "/people/1"
+        }
+      }
       assert_equal '<a href="/people/1">David</a>', link_to_person(person)
+      assert_equal person, the_model
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
index a514bba83d..667f9002da 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
@@ -187,7 +187,9 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       "This text is not changed because we supplied an empty phrase",
       highlight("This text is not changed because we supplied an empty phrase", nil)
     )
+  end
 
+  def test_highlight_pending
     assert_equal '   ', highlight('   ', 'blank text is returned verbatim')
   end
 
@@ -222,6 +224,11 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_highlight_accepts_regexp
+    assert_equal("This day was challenging for judge <mark>Allen</mark> and his colleagues.",
+                 highlight("This day was challenging for judge Allen and his colleagues.", /\ballen\b/i))
+  end
+
   def test_highlight_with_multiple_phrases_in_one_pass
     assert_equal %(<em>wow</em> <em>em</em>), highlight('wow em', %w(wow em), :highlighter => '<em>\1</em>')
   end
@@ -260,6 +267,13 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal options, passed_options
   end
 
+  def test_highlight_with_block
+    assert_equal(
+      "<b>one</b> <b>two</b> <b>three</b>",
+      highlight("one two three", ["one", "two", "three"]) { |word| "<b>#{word}</b>" }
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_excerpt
     assert_equal("...is a beautiful morn...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", :radius => 5))
     assert_equal("This is a...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "this", :radius => 5))
@@ -267,6 +281,16 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_nil excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "day")
   end
 
+  def test_excerpt_with_regex
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful! mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', /\bbeau\w*\b/i, :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', /\b(beau\w*)\b/i, :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal("...udge Allen and...", excerpt("This day was challenging for judge Allen and his colleagues.", /\ballen\b/i, :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal("...judge Allen and...", excerpt("This day was challenging for judge Allen and his colleagues.", /\ballen\b/i, :radius => 1, :separator => ' '))
+    assert_equal("...was challenging for...", excerpt("This day was challenging for judge Allen and his colleagues.", /\b(\w*allen\w*)\b/i, :radius => 5))
+  end
+
   def test_excerpt_should_not_be_html_safe
     assert !excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5).html_safe?
   end
@@ -288,11 +312,6 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal("...abc...", excerpt("z  abc  d", "b", :radius => 1))
   end
 
-  def test_excerpt_with_regex
-    assert_equal('...is a beautiful! mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
-    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
-  end
-
   def test_excerpt_with_omission
     assert_equal("[...]is a beautiful morn[...]", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", :omission => "[...]",:radius => 5))
     assert_equal(
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/text_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/text_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d899d54589
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/text_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class TextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'formats returns symbol for recognized MIME type' do
+    assert_equal [:text], ActionView::Template::Text.new('', :text).formats
+  end
+
+  test 'formats returns string for recognized MIME type when MIME does not have symbol' do
+    foo = Mime::Type.lookup("foo")
+    assert_nil foo.to_sym
+    assert_equal ['foo'], ActionView::Template::Text.new('', foo).formats
+  end
+
+  test 'formats returns string for unknown MIME type' do
+    assert_equal ['foo'], ActionView::Template::Text.new('', 'foo').formats
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
index c4770840fb..362f05ea70 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper
   include ActionView::Helpers::TranslationHelper
 
   attr_reader :request, :view
 
-  def setup
+  setup do
     I18n.backend.store_translations(:en,
       :translations => {
         :templates => {
@@ -30,6 +29,10 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @view = ::ActionView::Base.new(ActionController::Base.view_paths, {})
   end
 
+  teardown do
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
+
   def test_delegates_to_i18n_setting_the_rescue_format_option_to_html
     I18n.expects(:translate).with(:foo, :locale => 'en', :raise=>true).returns("")
     translate :foo, :locale => 'en'
@@ -151,4 +154,10 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: ['A Generic String', 'Second generic string'])
     assert_equal 'A Generic String', translation
   end
+
+  def test_translate_does_not_change_options
+    options = {}
+    translate(:'translations.missing', options)
+    assert_equal({}, options)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
index 7e978e15d2..e0678ae1f7 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include routes.url_helpers
 
   include ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper
-  include ActionDispatch::Assertions::DomAssertions
+  include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions::DomAssertions
   include ActionView::Context
   include RenderERBUtils
 
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_straight_url
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_path
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="/article/Hello" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="/article/Hello" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", article_path("Hello".html_safe))
     )
   end
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     self.request_forgery = true
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input name="form_token" type="hidden" value="secret" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input name="form_token" type="hidden" value="secret" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
     )
   ensure
@@ -75,102 +75,102 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_form_class
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: 'custom-class')
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: 'custom-class')
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_form_class_escapes
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="&lt;script&gt;evil_js&lt;/script&gt;"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: '<script>evil_js</script>')
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="&lt;script&gt;evil_js&lt;/script&gt;"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: '<script>evil_js</script>')
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_query
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2")
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2")
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_html_safe_URL
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2".html_safe)
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2".html_safe)
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_query_and_no_name
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" /></div></form>}, button_to(nil, "http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2")
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" /></form>}, button_to(nil, "http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2")
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_javascript_confirm
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_javascript_disable_with
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { disable_with: "Greeting..." })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_remote_and_form_options
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class" data-remote="true" data-type="json"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class" data-remote="true" data-type="json"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, form: { class: "custom-class", "data-type" => "json" })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_confirm
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><div><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_disable_with
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><div><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, data: { disable_with: "Greeting..." })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_remote_false
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: false)
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_enabled_disabled
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", disabled: false)
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input disabled="disabled" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input disabled="disabled" type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", disabled: true)
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_method_delete
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" /><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" /><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete)
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_method_get
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="get" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="get" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :get)
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_block
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><button type="submit"><span>Hello</span></button></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><button type="submit"><span>Hello</span></button></form>},
       button_to("http://www.example.com") { content_tag(:span, 'Hello') }
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_params
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" method="post"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input type="hidden" name="foo" value="bar" /><input type="hidden" name="baz" value="quux" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" method="post"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input type="hidden" name="foo" value="bar" /><input type="hidden" name="baz" value="quux" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", params: {foo: :bar, baz: "quux"})
     )
   end
diff --git a/activejob/CHANGELOG.md b/activejob/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b04883413e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+*  Started project.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activejob/MIT-LICENSE b/activejob/MIT-LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b1e97b776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Copyright (c) 2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
diff --git a/activejob/README.md b/activejob/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5734ca413e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# Active Job -- Make work happen later
+
+Active Job is a framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety
+of queueing backends. These jobs can be everything from regularly scheduled
+clean-ups, to billing charges, to mailings. Anything that can be chopped up into
+small units of work and run in parallel, really.
+
+It also serves as the backend for ActionMailer's #deliver_later functionality
+that makes it easy to turn any mailing into a job for running later. That's
+one of the most common jobs in a modern web application: Sending emails outside
+of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it.
+
+The main point is to ensure that all Rails apps will have a job infrastructure
+in place, even if it's in the form of an "immediate runner". We can then have
+framework features and other gems build on top of that, without having to worry
+about API differences between Delayed Job and Resque. Picking your queuing
+backend becomes more of an operational concern, then. And you'll be able to
+switch between them without having to rewrite your jobs.
+
+
+## Usage
+
+Set the queue adapter for Active Job:
+
+``` ruby
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :inline # default queue adapter
+# Adapters currently supported: :backburner, :delayed_job, :qu, :que, :queue_classic,
+#                               :resque, :sidekiq, :sneakers, :sucker_punch
+```
+
+Declare a job like so:
+
+```ruby
+class MyJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :my_jobs
+
+  def perform(record)
+    record.do_work
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Enqueue a job like so:
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.perform_later record  # Enqueue a job to be performed as soon the queueing system is free.
+```
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later(record)  # Enqueue a job to be performed tomorrow at noon.
+```
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.set(wait: 1.week).perform_later(record) # Enqueue a job to be performed 1 week from now.
+```
+
+That's it!
+
+
+## GlobalID support
+
+Active Job supports [GlobalID serialization](https://github.com/rails/globalid/) for parameters. This makes it possible
+to pass live Active Record objects to your job instead of class/id pairs, which
+you then have to manually deserialize. Before, jobs would look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob
+  def perform(trashable_class, trashable_id, depth)
+    trashable = trashable_class.constantize.find(trashable_id)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now you can simply do:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob
+  def perform(trashable, depth)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This works with any class that mixes in GlobalID::Identification, which
+by default has been mixed into Active Record classes.
+
+
+## Supported queueing systems
+
+We currently have adapters for:
+
+* [Backburner](https://github.com/nesquena/backburner)
+* [Delayed Job](https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job)
+* [Qu](https://github.com/bkeepers/qu)
+* [Que](https://github.com/chanks/que)
+* [QueueClassic](https://github.com/ryandotsmith/queue_classic)
+* [Resque 1.x](https://github.com/resque/resque)
+* [Sidekiq](https://github.com/mperham/sidekiq)
+* [Sneakers](https://github.com/jondot/sneakers)
+* [Sucker Punch](https://github.com/brandonhilkert/sucker_punch)
+
+
+## Auxiliary gems
+
+* [activejob-stats](https://github.com/seuros/activejob-stats)
+
+## Download and installation
+
+The latest version of Active Job can be installed with RubyGems:
+
+```
+  % [sudo] gem install activejob
+```
+
+Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
+
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/master/activejob
+
+## License
+
+ActiveJob is released under the MIT license:
+
+* http://www.opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+
+
+## Support
+
+API documentation is at
+
+* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
+
diff --git a/activejob/Rakefile b/activejob/Rakefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..484cd1d0b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/Rakefile
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+require 'rake/testtask'
+require 'rubygems/package_task'
+
+dir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
+
+def run_without_aborting(*tasks)
+  errors = []
+
+  tasks.each do |task|
+    begin
+      Rake::Task[task].invoke
+    rescue Exception
+      errors << task
+    end
+  end
+
+  abort "Errors running #{errors.join(', ')}" if errors.any?
+end
+
+task default: :test
+
+ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS = %w(inline delayed_job qu que queue_classic resque sidekiq sneakers sucker_punch backburner)
+ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS -= %w(queue_classic) if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+
+desc 'Run all adapter tests'
+task :test do
+  tasks = ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS.map{|a| "test_#{a}" }
+  run_without_aborting(*tasks)
+end
+
+namespace :test do
+  desc 'Run all adapter tests in isolation'
+  task :isolated do
+    tasks = ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS.map{|a| "isolated_test_#{a}" }
+    run_without_aborting(*tasks)
+  end
+end
+
+
+ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
+  namespace :test do
+    Rake::TestTask.new(adapter => "#{adapter}:env") do |t|
+      t.description = ""
+      t.libs << 'test'
+      t.test_files = FileList['test/cases/**/*_test.rb']
+      t.verbose = true
+    end
+
+    namespace :isolated do
+      task adapter => "#{adapter}:env" do
+        Dir.glob("#{dir}/test/cases/**/*_test.rb").all? do |file|
+          sh(Gem.ruby, '-w', "-I#{dir}/lib", "-I#{dir}/test", file)
+        end or raise 'Failures'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  namespace adapter do
+    task test: "test_#{adapter}"
+    task isolated_test: "isolated_test_#{adapter}"
+
+    task(:env) { ENV['AJADAPTER'] = adapter }
+  end
+
+
+  desc "Run #{adapter} tests"
+  task "test_#{adapter}" => ["#{adapter}:env", "test:#{adapter}"]
+
+  desc "Run #{adapter} tests in isolation"
+  task "isolated_test_#{adapter}" => ["#{adapter}:env", "test:isolated:#{adapter}"]
+end
+
+
+spec = eval(File.read('activejob.gemspec'))
+
+Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
+  p.gem_spec = spec
+end
+
+desc 'Release to rubygems'
+task release: :package do
+  require 'rake/gemcutter'
+  Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
+  Rake::Task['gem:push'].invoke
+end
diff --git a/activejob/activejob.gemspec b/activejob/activejob.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9944b2a1bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/activejob.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+version = File.read(File.expand_path('../../RAILS_VERSION', __FILE__)).strip
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.platform    = Gem::Platform::RUBY
+  s.name        = 'activejob'
+  s.version     = version
+  s.summary     = 'Job framework with pluggable queues.'
+  s.description = 'Declare job classes that can be run by a variety of queueing backends.'
+
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+
+  s.license = 'MIT'
+
+  s.author   = 'David Heinemeier Hansson'
+  s.email    = 'david@loudthinking.com'
+  s.homepage = 'http://www.rubyonrails.org'
+
+  s.files        = Dir['CHANGELOG.md', 'MIT-LICENSE', 'README.md', 'lib/**/*']
+  s.require_path = 'lib'
+
+  s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
+  s.add_dependency 'globalid', '>= 0.2.3'
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b582f5877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#--
+# Copyright (c) 2014 David Heinemeier Hansson
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#++
+
+require 'active_support'
+require 'active_support/rails'
+require 'active_job/version'
+require 'global_id'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+  autoload :Base
+  autoload :QueueAdapters
+  autoload :ConfiguredJob
+  autoload :TestCase
+  autoload :TestHelper
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/arguments.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/arguments.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69a4ad928d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/arguments.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  # Raised when an exception is raised during job arguments deserialization.
+  #
+  # Wraps the original exception raised as +original_exception+.
+  class DeserializationError < StandardError
+    attr_reader :original_exception
+
+    def initialize(e) #:nodoc:
+      super("Error while trying to deserialize arguments: #{e.message}")
+      @original_exception = e
+      set_backtrace e.backtrace
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Raised when an unsupported argument type is being set as job argument. We
+  # currently support NilClass, Fixnum, Float, String, TrueClass, FalseClass,
+  # Bignum and object that can be represented as GlobalIDs (ex: Active Record).
+  # Also raised if you set the key for a Hash something else than a string or
+  # a symbol.
+  class SerializationError < ArgumentError
+  end
+
+  module Arguments
+    extend self
+    TYPE_WHITELIST = [ NilClass, Fixnum, Float, String, TrueClass, FalseClass, Bignum ]
+
+    def serialize(arguments)
+      arguments.map { |argument| serialize_argument(argument) }
+    end
+
+    def deserialize(arguments)
+      arguments.map { |argument| deserialize_argument(argument) }
+    rescue => e
+      raise DeserializationError.new(e)
+    end
+
+    private
+      def serialize_argument(argument)
+        case argument
+        when GlobalID::Identification
+          argument.global_id.to_s
+        when *TYPE_WHITELIST
+          argument
+        when Array
+          argument.map { |arg| serialize_argument(arg) }
+        when Hash
+          Hash[ argument.map { |key, value| [ serialize_hash_key(key), serialize_argument(value) ] } ]
+        else
+          raise SerializationError.new("Unsupported argument type: #{argument.class.name}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def deserialize_argument(argument)
+        case argument
+        when Array
+          argument.map { |arg| deserialize_argument(arg) }
+        when Hash
+          Hash[ argument.map { |key, value| [ key, deserialize_argument(value) ] } ].with_indifferent_access
+        when String, GlobalID
+          GlobalID::Locator.locate(argument) || argument
+        else
+          argument
+        end
+      end
+
+      def serialize_hash_key(key)
+        case key
+        when String, Symbol
+          key.to_s
+        else
+          raise SerializationError.new("Unsupported hash key type: #{key.class.name}")
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/base.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3bec1f827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+require 'active_job/core'
+require 'active_job/queue_adapter'
+require 'active_job/queue_name'
+require 'active_job/enqueuing'
+require 'active_job/execution'
+require 'active_job/callbacks'
+require 'active_job/logging'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  class Base
+    include Core
+    include QueueAdapter
+    include QueueName
+    include Enqueuing
+    include Execution
+    include Callbacks
+    include Logging
+
+    ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_job, self)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/callbacks.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/callbacks.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cafa3438c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/callbacks.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+require 'active_support/callbacks'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # = Active Job Callbacks
+  #
+  # Active Job provides hooks during the lifecycle of a job. Callbacks allow you
+  # to trigger logic during the lifecycle of a job. Available callbacks are:
+  #
+  # * <tt>before_enqueue</tt>
+  # * <tt>around_enqueue</tt>
+  # * <tt>after_enqueue</tt>
+  # * <tt>before_perform</tt>
+  # * <tt>around_perform</tt>
+  # * <tt>after_perform</tt>
+  #
+  module Callbacks
+    extend  ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+
+    included do
+      define_callbacks :perform
+      define_callbacks :enqueue
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Defines a callback that will get called right before the
+      # job's perform method is executed.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     before_perform do |job|
+      #       UserMailer.notify_video_started_processing(job.arguments.first)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      # end
+      #
+      def before_perform(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:perform, :before, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called right after the
+      # job's perform method has finished.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     after_perform do |job|
+      #       UserMailer.notify_video_processed(job.arguments.first)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      # end
+      #
+      def after_perform(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:perform, :after, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called around the job's perform method.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     around_perform do |job, block|
+      #       UserMailer.notify_video_started_processing(job.arguments.first)
+      #       block.call
+      #       UserMailer.notify_video_processed(job.arguments.first)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      # end
+      #
+      def around_perform(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:perform, :around, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called right before the
+      # job is enqueued.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     before_enqueue do |job|
+      #       $statsd.increment "enqueue-video-job.try"
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      # end
+      #
+      def before_enqueue(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:enqueue, :before, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called right after the
+      # job is enqueued.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     after_enqueue do |job|
+      #       $statsd.increment "enqueue-video-job.success"
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      # end
+      #
+      def after_enqueue(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:enqueue, :after, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called before and after the
+      # job is enqueued.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     around_enqueue do |job, block|
+      #       $statsd.time "video-job.process" do
+      #         block.call
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      # end
+      #
+      def around_enqueue(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:enqueue, :around, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/configured_job.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/configured_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..979280b910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/configured_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  class ConfiguredJob #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(job_class, options={})
+      @options = options
+      @job_class = job_class
+    end
+
+    def perform_now(*args)
+      @job_class.new(*args).perform_now
+    end
+
+    def perform_later(*args)
+      @job_class.new(*args).enqueue @options
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/core.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/core.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b6dd03a0bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/core.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module Core
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      # Job arguments
+      attr_accessor :arguments
+      attr_writer :serialized_arguments
+
+      # Timestamp when the job should be performed
+      attr_accessor :scheduled_at
+
+      # Job Identifier
+      attr_accessor :job_id
+
+      # Queue on which the job should be run on.
+      attr_writer :queue_name
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Creates a new job instance from a hash created with +serialize+
+      def deserialize(job_data)
+        job                      = job_data['job_class'].constantize.new
+        job.job_id               = job_data['job_id']
+        job.queue_name           = job_data['queue_name']
+        job.serialized_arguments = job_data['arguments']
+        job
+      end
+
+      # Creates a job preconfigured with the given options. You can call
+      # perform_later with the job arguments to enqueue the job with the
+      # preconfigured options
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueues the job with the specified delay
+      # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueues the job at the time specified
+      # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Enqueues the job on the specified queue
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #    VideoJob.set(queue: :some_queue).perform_later(Video.last)
+      #    VideoJob.set(wait: 5.minutes).perform_later(Video.last)
+      #    VideoJob.set(wait_until: Time.tomorroe).perform_later(Video.last)
+      #    VideoJob.set(queue: :some_queue, wait: 5.minutes).perform_later(Video.last)
+      #    VideoJob.set(queue: :some_queue, wait_until: Time.tomorroe).perform_later(Video.last)
+      def set(options={})
+        ConfiguredJob.new(self, options)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Creates a new job instance. Takes as arguments the arguments that
+    # will be passed to the perform method.
+    def initialize(*arguments)
+      @arguments  = arguments
+      @job_id     = SecureRandom.uuid
+      @queue_name = self.class.queue_name
+    end
+
+    # Returns a hash with the job data that can safely be passed to the
+    # queueing adapter.
+    def serialize
+      {
+        'job_class'  => self.class.name,
+        'job_id'     => job_id,
+        'queue_name' => queue_name,
+        'arguments'  => serialize_arguments(arguments)
+      }
+    end
+
+    private
+      def deserialize_arguments_if_needed
+        if defined?(@serialized_arguments) && @serialized_arguments.present?
+          @arguments = deserialize_arguments(@serialized_arguments)
+          @serialized_arguments = nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def serialize_arguments(serialized_args)
+        Arguments.serialize(serialized_args)
+      end
+
+      def deserialize_arguments(serialized_args)
+        Arguments.deserialize(serialized_args)
+      end
+  end
+end
+
+
+
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/enqueuing.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/enqueuing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8bc44cbc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/enqueuing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+require 'active_job/arguments'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module Enqueuing
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Push a job onto the queue.  The arguments must be legal JSON types
+      # (string, int, float, nil, true, false, hash or array) or
+      # GlobalID::Identification instances.  Arbitrary Ruby objects
+      # are not supported.
+      #
+      # Returns an instance of the job class queued with args available in
+      # Job#arguments.
+      def perform_later(*args)
+        job_or_instantiate(*args).enqueue
+      end
+
+      protected
+        def job_or_instantiate(*args)
+          args.first.is_a?(self) ? args.first : new(*args)
+        end
+    end
+
+    # Reschedule the job to be re-executed. This is usefull in combination
+    # with the +rescue_from+ option. When you rescue an exception from your job
+    # you can ask Active Job to retry performing your job.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueues the job with the specified delay
+    # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueues the job at the time specified
+    # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Enqueues the job on the specified queue
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #  class SiteScrapperJob < ActiveJob::Base
+    #    rescue_from(ErrorLoadingSite) do
+    #      retry_job queue: :low_priority
+    #    end
+    #    def perform(*args)
+    #      # raise ErrorLoadingSite if cannot scrape
+    #    end
+    #  end
+    def retry_job(options={})
+      enqueue options
+    end
+
+    # Equeue the job to be performed by the queue adapter.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueues the job with the specified delay
+    # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueues the job at the time specified
+    # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Enqueues the job on the specified queue
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #    my_job_instance.enqueue
+    #    my_job_instance.enqueue wait: 5.minutes
+    #    my_job_instance.enqueue queue: :important
+    #    my_job_instance.enqueue wait_until: Date.tomorrow.midnight
+    def enqueue(options={})
+      self.scheduled_at = options[:wait].seconds.from_now.to_f if options[:wait]
+      self.scheduled_at = options[:wait_until].to_f if options[:wait_until]
+      self.queue_name   = self.class.queue_name_from_part(options[:queue]) if options[:queue]
+      run_callbacks :enqueue do
+        if self.scheduled_at
+          self.class.queue_adapter.enqueue_at self, self.scheduled_at
+        else
+          self.class.queue_adapter.enqueue self
+        end
+      end
+      self
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/execution.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/execution.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6d67c46e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/execution.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+require 'active_support/rescuable'
+require 'active_job/arguments'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module Execution
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActiveSupport::Rescuable
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Performs the job immediately.
+      #
+      #   MyJob.perform_now("mike")
+      #
+      def perform_now(*args)
+        job_or_instantiate(*args).perform_now
+      end
+
+      def execute(job_data) #:nodoc:
+        job = deserialize(job_data)
+        job.perform_now
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Performs the job immediately. The job is not sent to the queueing adapter
+    # and will block the execution until it's finished.
+    #
+    #   MyJob.new(*args).perform_now
+    def perform_now
+      deserialize_arguments_if_needed
+      run_callbacks :perform do
+        perform(*arguments)
+      end
+    rescue => exception
+      rescue_with_handler(exception) || raise(exception)
+    end
+
+    def perform(*)
+      fail NotImplementedError
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/gem_version.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1f25d48326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Active Job as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 2
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "beta1"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/logging.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/logging.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..962005cd15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/logging.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+require 'active_support/tagged_logging'
+require 'active_support/logger'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module Logging
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      cattr_accessor(:logger) { ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT)) }
+
+      around_enqueue do |_, block, _|
+        tag_logger do
+          block.call
+        end
+      end
+
+      around_perform do |job, block, _|
+        tag_logger(job.class.name, job.job_id) do
+          payload = {adapter: job.class.queue_adapter, job: job}
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("perform_start.active_job", payload.dup)
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("perform.active_job", payload) do
+            block.call
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      before_enqueue do |job|
+        if job.scheduled_at
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument "enqueue_at.active_job",
+            adapter: job.class.queue_adapter, job: job
+        else
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument "enqueue.active_job",
+            adapter: job.class.queue_adapter, job: job
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def tag_logger(*tags)
+        if logger.respond_to?(:tagged)
+          tags.unshift "ActiveJob" unless logger_tagged_by_active_job?
+          ActiveJob::Base.logger.tagged(*tags){ yield }
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      def logger_tagged_by_active_job?
+        logger.formatter.current_tags.include?("ActiveJob")
+      end
+
+    class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
+      def enqueue(event)
+        info do
+          job = event.payload[:job]
+          "Enqueued #{job.class.name} (Job ID: #{job.job_id}) to #{queue_name(event)}" + args_info(job)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(event)
+        info do
+          job = event.payload[:job]
+          "Enqueued #{job.class.name} (Job ID: #{job.job_id}) to #{queue_name(event)} at #{scheduled_at(event)}" + args_info(job)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def perform_start(event)
+        info do
+          job = event.payload[:job]
+          "Performing #{job.class.name} from #{queue_name(event)}" + args_info(job)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def perform(event)
+        info do
+          job = event.payload[:job]
+          "Performed #{job.class.name} from #{queue_name(event)} in #{event.duration.round(2).to_s}ms"
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def queue_name(event)
+          event.payload[:adapter].name.demodulize.remove('Adapter') + "(#{event.payload[:job].queue_name})"
+        end
+
+        def args_info(job)
+          job.arguments.any? ? " with arguments: #{job.arguments.map(&:inspect).join(", ")}" : ""
+        end
+
+        def scheduled_at(event)
+          Time.at(event.payload[:job].scheduled_at).utc
+        end
+
+        def logger
+          ActiveJob::Base.logger
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveJob::Logging::LogSubscriber.attach_to :active_job
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb54aec75e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+require 'active_job/queue_adapters/inline_adapter'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapter
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      mattr_reader(:queue_adapter) { ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::InlineAdapter }
+
+      def queue_adapter=(name_or_adapter)
+        @@queue_adapter = \
+          case name_or_adapter
+          when :test
+            ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::TestAdapter.new
+          when Symbol, String
+            load_adapter(name_or_adapter)
+          when Class
+            name_or_adapter
+          end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def load_adapter(name)
+          "ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::#{name.to_s.camelize}Adapter".constantize
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..345b01ef00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    autoload :InlineAdapter
+    autoload :BackburnerAdapter
+    autoload :DelayedJobAdapter
+    autoload :QuAdapter
+    autoload :QueAdapter
+    autoload :QueueClassicAdapter
+    autoload :ResqueAdapter
+    autoload :SidekiqAdapter
+    autoload :SneakersAdapter
+    autoload :SuckerPunchAdapter
+    autoload :TestAdapter
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/backburner_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/backburner_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e1b00f1de7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/backburner_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+require 'backburner'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    class BackburnerAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job)
+          Backburner::Worker.enqueue JobWrapper, [ job.serialize ], queue: job.queue_name
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp)
+          delay = timestamp - Time.current.to_f
+          Backburner::Worker.enqueue JobWrapper, [ job.serialize ], queue: job.queue_name, delay: delay
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper
+        class << self
+          def perform(job_data)
+            Base.execute job_data
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/delayed_job_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/delayed_job_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..658799edfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/delayed_job_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'delayed_job'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    class DelayedJobAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job)
+          JobWrapper.new.delay(queue: job.queue_name).perform(job.serialize)
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp)
+          JobWrapper.new.delay(queue: job.queue_name, run_at: Time.at(timestamp)).perform(job.serialize)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper
+        def perform(job_data)
+          Base.execute(job_data)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/inline_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/inline_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fdefa38d5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/inline_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    class InlineAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job)
+          Base.execute(job.serialize)
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(*)
+          raise NotImplementedError.new("Use a queueing backend to enqueue jobs in the future. Read more at https://github.com/rails/activejob")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/qu_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/qu_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f681fd7e8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/qu_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+require 'qu'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    class QuAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job, *args)
+          Qu::Payload.new(klass: JobWrapper, args: [job.serialize]).tap do |payload|
+            payload.instance_variable_set(:@queue, job.queue_name)
+          end.push
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp, *args)
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper < Qu::Job
+        def initialize(job_data)
+          @job_data  = job_data
+        end
+
+        def perform
+          Base.execute @job_data
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/que_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/que_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..51891ab07b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/que_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'que'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    class QueAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job)
+          JobWrapper.enqueue job.serialize, queue: job.queue_name
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp)
+          JobWrapper.enqueue job.serialize, queue: job.queue_name, run_at: Time.at(timestamp)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper < Que::Job
+        def run(job_data)
+          Base.execute job_data
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/queue_classic_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/queue_classic_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddcc868317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/queue_classic_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+require 'queue_classic'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    class QueueClassicAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job)
+          build_queue(job.queue_name).enqueue("#{JobWrapper.name}.perform", job.serialize)
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp)
+          queue = build_queue(job.queue_name)
+          unless queue.respond_to?(:enqueue_at)
+            raise NotImplementedError, 'To be able to schedule jobs with Queue Classic ' \
+              'the QC::Queue needs to respond to `enqueue_at(timestamp, method, *args)`. '
+              'You can implement this yourself or you can use the queue_classic-later gem.'
+          end
+          queue.enqueue_at(timestamp, "#{JobWrapper.name}.perform", job.serialize)
+        end
+
+        # Builds a <tt>QC::Queue</tt> object to schedule jobs on.
+        #
+        # If you have a custom <tt>QC::Queue</tt> subclass you'll need to suclass
+        # <tt>ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::QueueClassicAdapter</tt> and override the
+        # <tt>build_queue</tt> method.
+        def build_queue(queue_name)
+          QC::Queue.new(queue_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper
+        class << self
+          def perform(job_data)
+            Base.execute job_data
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/resque_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/resque_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..affa3bdfbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/resque_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+require 'resque'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/access'
+
+begin
+  require 'resque-scheduler'
+rescue LoadError
+  begin
+    require 'resque_scheduler'
+  rescue LoadError
+    false
+  end
+end
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    class ResqueAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job)
+          Resque.enqueue_to job.queue_name, JobWrapper, job.serialize
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp)
+          unless Resque.respond_to?(:enqueue_at_with_queue)
+            raise NotImplementedError, "To be able to schedule jobs with Resque you need the " \
+              "resque-scheduler gem. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
+          end
+          Resque.enqueue_at_with_queue job.queue_name, timestamp, JobWrapper, job.serialize
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper
+        class << self
+          def perform(job_data)
+            Base.execute job_data
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sidekiq_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sidekiq_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79926a1e24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sidekiq_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+require 'sidekiq'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    class SidekiqAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job)
+          #Sidekiq::Client does not support symbols as keys
+          Sidekiq::Client.push \
+            'class' => JobWrapper,
+            'queue' => job.queue_name,
+            'args'  => [ job.serialize ],
+            'retry' => true
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp)
+          Sidekiq::Client.push \
+            'class' => JobWrapper,
+            'queue' => job.queue_name,
+            'args'  => [ job.serialize ],
+            'retry' => true,
+            'at'    => timestamp
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper
+        include Sidekiq::Worker
+
+        def perform(job_data)
+          Base.execute job_data
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sneakers_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sneakers_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..60633639f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sneakers_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require 'sneakers'
+require 'thread'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    class SneakersAdapter
+      @monitor = Monitor.new
+
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job)
+          @monitor.synchronize do
+            JobWrapper.from_queue job.queue_name
+            JobWrapper.enqueue ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(job.serialize)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp)
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper
+        include Sneakers::Worker
+        from_queue 'active_jobs_default'
+
+        def work(msg)
+          job_data = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(msg)
+          Base.execute job_data
+          ack!
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sucker_punch_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sucker_punch_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b19a38093f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sucker_punch_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+require 'sucker_punch'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    class SuckerPunchAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job)
+          JobWrapper.new.async.perform job.serialize
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp)
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper
+        include SuckerPunch::Job
+
+        def perform(job_data)
+          Base.execute job_data
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/test_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/test_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9997efddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/test_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    class TestAdapter
+      attr_accessor(:perform_enqueued_jobs) { false }
+      attr_accessor(:perform_enqueued_at_jobs) { false }
+      delegate :name, to: :class
+
+      # Provides a store of all the enqueued jobs with the TestAdapter so you can check them.
+      def enqueued_jobs
+        @enqueued_jobs ||= []
+      end
+
+      # Allows you to overwrite the default enqueued jobs store from an array to some
+      # other object.  If you just want to clear the store,
+      # call ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::TestAdapter.enqueued_jobs.clear.
+      #
+      # If you place another object here, please make sure it responds to:
+      #
+      # * << (message)
+      # * clear
+      # * length
+      # * size
+      # * and other common Array methods
+      def enqueued_jobs=(val)
+        @enqueued_jobs = val
+      end
+
+      # Provides a store of all the performed jobs with the TestAdapter so you can check them.
+      def performed_jobs
+        @performed_jobs ||= []
+      end
+
+      # Allows you to overwrite the default performed jobs store from an array to some
+      # other object.  If you just want to clear the store,
+      # call ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::TestAdapter.performed_jobs.clear.
+      #
+      # If you place another object here, please make sure it responds to:
+      #
+      # * << (message)
+      # * clear
+      # * length
+      # * size
+      # * and other common Array methods
+      def performed_jobs=(val)
+        @performed_jobs = val
+      end
+
+      def enqueue(job)
+        if perform_enqueued_jobs?
+          performed_jobs << {job: job.class, args: job.arguments, queue: job.queue_name}
+          job.perform_now
+        else
+          enqueued_jobs << {job: job.class, args: job.arguments, queue: job.queue_name}
+        end
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job, timestamp)
+        if perform_enqueued_at_jobs?
+          performed_jobs << {job: job.class, args: job.arguments, queue: job.queue_name, at: timestamp}
+          job.perform_now
+        else
+          enqueued_jobs << {job: job.class, args: job.arguments, queue: job.queue_name, at: timestamp}
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def perform_enqueued_jobs?
+          perform_enqueued_jobs
+        end
+
+        def perform_enqueued_at_jobs?
+          perform_enqueued_at_jobs
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_name.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_name.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45acb71605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_name.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueName
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      mattr_accessor(:queue_name_prefix)
+      mattr_accessor(:default_queue_name) { "default" }
+
+      def queue_as(part_name=nil, &block)
+        if block_given?
+          self.queue_name = block
+        else
+          self.queue_name = queue_name_from_part(part_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def queue_name_from_part(part_name) #:nodoc:
+        queue_name = part_name.to_s.presence || default_queue_name
+        name_parts = [queue_name_prefix.presence, queue_name]
+        name_parts.compact.join('_')
+      end
+    end
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :queue_name, instance_accessor: false
+      self.queue_name = default_queue_name
+    end
+
+    # Returns the name of the queue the job will be run on
+    def queue_name
+      if @queue_name.is_a?(Proc)
+        @queue_name = self.class.queue_name_from_part(instance_exec(&@queue_name))
+      end
+      @queue_name
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/railtie.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/railtie.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6538ac1b30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/railtie.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'global_id/railtie'
+require 'active_job'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # = Active Job Railtie
+  class Railtie < Rails::Railtie # :nodoc:
+    config.active_job = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+
+    initializer 'active_job.logger' do
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_job) { self.logger = ::Rails.logger }
+    end
+
+    initializer "active_job.set_configs" do |app|
+      options = app.config.active_job
+      options.queue_adapter ||= :inline
+
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_job) do
+        options.each { |k,v| send("#{k}=", v) }
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/test_case.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_case.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d894a7b5cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_case.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    include ActiveJob::TestHelper
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fa0576669e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  # Provides helper methods for testing Active Job
+  module TestHelper
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      def before_setup
+        @old_queue_adapter  = queue_adapter
+        ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :test
+        clear_enqueued_jobs
+        clear_performed_jobs
+        super
+      end
+
+      def after_teardown
+        super
+        ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = @old_queue_adapter
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that the number of enqueued jobs matches the given number.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 0
+      #     HelloJob.perform_later('david')
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 1
+      #     HelloJob.perform_later('abdelkader')
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 2
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If a block is passed, that block should cause the specified number of
+      # jobs to be enqueued.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs_again
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 1 do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('cristian')
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 2 do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('aaron')
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('rafael')
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def assert_enqueued_jobs(number)
+        if block_given?
+          original_count = enqueued_jobs.size
+          yield
+          new_count = enqueued_jobs.size
+          assert_equal original_count + number, new_count,
+                       "#{number} jobs expected, but #{new_count - original_count} were enqueued"
+        else
+          enqueued_jobs_size = enqueued_jobs.size
+          assert_equal number, enqueued_jobs_size, "#{number} jobs expected, but #{enqueued_jobs_size} were enqueued"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Assert that no job have been enqueued.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs
+      #     assert_no_enqueued_jobs
+      #     HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 1
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If a block is passed, that block should not cause any job to be enqueued.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs_again
+      #     assert_no_enqueued_jobs do
+      #       # No job should be enqueued from this block
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Note: This assertion is simply a shortcut for:
+      #
+      #   assert_enqueued_jobs 0
+      def assert_no_enqueued_jobs(&block)
+        assert_enqueued_jobs 0, &block
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that the number of performed jobs matches the given number.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 0
+      #     HelloJob.perform_later('xavier')
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 1
+      #     HelloJob.perform_later('yves')
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 2
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If a block is passed, that block should cause the specified number of
+      # jobs to be performed.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs_again
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 1 do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('robin')
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 2 do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('carlos')
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('sean')
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def assert_performed_jobs(number)
+        if block_given?
+          original_count = performed_jobs.size
+          yield
+          new_count = performed_jobs.size
+          assert_equal original_count + number, new_count,
+                       "#{number} jobs expected, but #{new_count - original_count} were performed"
+        else
+          performed_jobs_size = performed_jobs.size
+          assert_equal number, performed_jobs_size, "#{number} jobs expected, but #{performed_jobs_size} were performed"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that no jobs have been performed.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs
+      #     assert_no_performed_jobs
+      #     HelloJob.perform_later('matthew')
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 1
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If a block is passed, that block should not cause any job to be performed.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs_again
+      #     assert_no_performed_jobs do
+      #       # No job should be performed from this block
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Note: This assertion is simply a shortcut for:
+      #
+      #   assert_performed_jobs 0
+      def assert_no_performed_jobs(&block)
+        assert_performed_jobs 0, &block
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that the job passed in the block has been enqueued with the given arguments.
+      #
+      #   def assert_enqueued_job
+      #     assert_enqueued_with(job: MyJob, args: [1,2,3], queue: 'low') do
+      #       MyJob.perform_later(1,2,3)
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def assert_enqueued_with(args = {}, &_block)
+        original_enqueued_jobs = enqueued_jobs.dup
+        clear_enqueued_jobs
+        args.assert_valid_keys(:job, :args, :at, :queue)
+        yield
+        matching_job = enqueued_jobs.any? do |job|
+          args.all? { |key, value| value == job[key] }
+        end
+        assert matching_job
+      ensure
+        queue_adapter.enqueued_jobs = original_enqueued_jobs + enqueued_jobs
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that the job passed in the block has been performed with the given arguments.
+      #
+      #   def test_assert_performed_with
+      #     assert_performed_with(job: MyJob, args: [1,2,3], queue: 'high') do
+      #       MyJob.perform_later(1,2,3)
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def assert_performed_with(args = {}, &_block)
+        original_performed_jobs = performed_jobs.dup
+        clear_performed_jobs
+        args.assert_valid_keys(:job, :args, :at, :queue)
+        yield
+        matching_job = performed_jobs.any? do |job|
+          args.all? { |key, value| value == job[key] }
+        end
+        assert matching_job, "No performed job found with #{args}"
+      ensure
+        queue_adapter.performed_jobs = original_performed_jobs + performed_jobs
+      end
+
+      def queue_adapter
+        ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter
+      end
+
+      delegate :enqueued_jobs, :enqueued_jobs=,
+               :performed_jobs, :performed_jobs=,
+               to: :queue_adapter
+
+      private
+        def clear_enqueued_jobs
+          enqueued_jobs.clear
+        end
+
+        def clear_performed_jobs
+          performed_jobs.clear
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/version.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..971ba9fe0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Active Job as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.version
+    gem_version
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/job_generator.rb b/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/job_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..979ffcb748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/job_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'rails/generators/named_base'
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators # :nodoc:
+    class JobGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase # :nodoc:
+      desc 'This generator creates an active job file at app/jobs'
+
+      class_option :queue, type: :string, default: 'default', desc: 'The queue name for the generated job'
+
+      check_class_collision suffix: 'Job'
+
+      hook_for :test_framework
+
+      def self.default_generator_root
+        File.dirname(__FILE__)
+      end
+
+      def create_job_file
+        template 'job.rb', File.join('app/jobs', class_path, "#{file_name}_job.rb")
+      end
+
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/templates/job.rb b/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/templates/job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..462c71d917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/templates/job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<% module_namespacing do -%>
+class <%= class_name %>Job < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :<%= options[:queue] %>
+
+  def perform(*args)
+    # Do something later
+  end
+end
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/backburner.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/backburner.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65d05f850b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/backburner.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+require 'support/backburner/inline'
+
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :backburner
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/delayed_job.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/delayed_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..afd9c9deb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/delayed_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :delayed_job
+
+$LOAD_PATH << File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/../support/delayed_job"
+
+Delayed::Worker.delay_jobs = false
+Delayed::Worker.backend    = :test
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/inline.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0092552c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :inline
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/qu.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/qu.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7728c843b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/qu.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+require 'qu-immediate'
+
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :qu
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/que.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/que.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e6abc57457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/que.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require 'support/que/inline'
+
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :que
+Que.mode = :sync
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/queue_classic.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/queue_classic.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad5ced3cc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/queue_classic.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'support/queue_classic/inline'
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :queue_classic
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/resque.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/resque.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af7080358d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/resque.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :resque
+Resque.inline = true
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/sidekiq.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/sidekiq.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd9d2034de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/sidekiq.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'sidekiq/testing/inline'
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/sneakers.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/sneakers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..204166a700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/sneakers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'support/sneakers/inline'
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sneakers
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/sucker_punch.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/sucker_punch.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2d1712946
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/sucker_punch.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'sucker_punch/testing/inline'
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sucker_punch
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/adapter_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4fc235ae40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require 'helper'
+
+class AdapterTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "should load #{ENV['AJADAPTER']} adapter" do
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = ENV['AJADAPTER'].to_sym
+    assert_equal ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter, "active_job/queue_adapters/#{ENV['AJADAPTER']}_adapter".classify.constantize
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9af2380767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/callback_job'
+
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
+class CallbacksTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'perform callbacks' do
+    performed_callback_job = CallbackJob.new("A-JOB-ID")
+    performed_callback_job.perform_now
+    assert "CallbackJob ran before_perform".in? performed_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran after_perform".in? performed_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran around_perform_start".in? performed_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran around_perform_stop".in? performed_callback_job.history
+  end
+
+  test 'enqueue callbacks' do
+    enqueued_callback_job = CallbackJob.perform_later
+    assert "CallbackJob ran before_enqueue".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran after_enqueue".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_start".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_stop".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/job_serialization_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/job_serialization_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db22783030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/job_serialization_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/gid_job'
+require 'models/person'
+
+class JobSerializationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    JobBuffer.clear
+    @person = Person.find(5)
+  end
+
+  test 'serialize job with gid' do
+    GidJob.perform_later @person
+    assert_equal "Person with ID: 5", JobBuffer.last_value
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/logging_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/logging_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c56ee08b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/logging_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+require 'helper'
+require "active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper"
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'jobs/nested_job'
+
+class AdapterTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper
+  include ActiveSupport::Logger::Severity
+
+  class TestLogger < ActiveSupport::Logger
+    def initialize
+      @file = StringIO.new
+      super(@file)
+    end
+
+    def messages
+      @file.rewind
+      @file.read
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    JobBuffer.clear
+    @old_logger = ActiveJob::Base.logger
+    @logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(TestLogger.new)
+    set_logger @logger
+    ActiveJob::Logging::LogSubscriber.attach_to :active_job
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    super
+    ActiveJob::Logging::LogSubscriber.log_subscribers.pop
+    ActiveJob::Base.logger = @old_logger
+  end
+
+  def set_logger(logger)
+    ActiveJob::Base.logger = logger
+  end
+
+
+  def test_uses_active_job_as_tag
+    HelloJob.perform_later "Cristian"
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\]/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_uses_job_name_as_tag
+    LoggingJob.perform_later "Dummy"
+    assert_match(/\[LoggingJob\]/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_uses_job_id_as_tag
+    LoggingJob.perform_later "Dummy"
+    assert_match(/\[LOGGING-JOB-ID\]/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_logs_correct_queue_name
+    original_queue_name = LoggingJob.queue_name
+    LoggingJob.queue_as :php_jobs
+    LoggingJob.perform_later("Dummy")
+    assert_match(/to .*?\(php_jobs\).*/, @logger.messages)
+  ensure
+    LoggingJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+  end
+
+  def test_enqueue_job_logging
+    HelloJob.perform_later "Cristian"
+    assert_match(/Enqueued HelloJob \(Job ID: .*?\) to .*?:.*Cristian/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_perform_job_logging
+    LoggingJob.perform_later "Dummy"
+    assert_match(/Performing LoggingJob from .*? with arguments:.*Dummy/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/Dummy, here is it: Dummy/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/Performed LoggingJob from .*? in .*ms/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_perform_nested_jobs_logging
+    NestedJob.perform_later
+    assert_match(/\[LoggingJob\] \[.*?\]/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\] Enqueued NestedJob \(Job ID: .*\) to/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\] \[NestedJob\] \[NESTED-JOB-ID\] Performing NestedJob from/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\] \[NestedJob\] \[NESTED-JOB-ID\] Enqueued LoggingJob \(Job ID: .*?\) to .* with arguments: "NestedJob"/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\].*\[LoggingJob\] \[LOGGING-JOB-ID\] Performing LoggingJob from .* with arguments: "NestedJob"/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\].*\[LoggingJob\] \[LOGGING-JOB-ID\] Dummy, here is it: NestedJob/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\].*\[LoggingJob\] \[LOGGING-JOB-ID\] Performed LoggingJob from .* in/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\] \[NestedJob\] \[NESTED-JOB-ID\] Performed NestedJob from .* in/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_enqueue_at_job_logging
+    HelloJob.set(wait_until: 24.hours.from_now).perform_later "Cristian"
+    assert_match(/Enqueued HelloJob \(Job ID: .*\) to .*? at.*Cristian/, @logger.messages)
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    skip
+  end
+
+  def test_enqueue_in_job_logging
+    HelloJob.set(wait: 2.seconds).perform_later "Cristian"
+    assert_match(/Enqueued HelloJob \(Job ID: .*\) to .*? at.*Cristian/, @logger.messages)
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    skip
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/parameters_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/parameters_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78853c51e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/parameters_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'active_job/arguments'
+require 'models/person'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
+
+class ParameterSerializationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'should make no change to regular values' do
+    assert_equal [ 1, "something" ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ 1, "something" ])
+  end
+
+  test 'should not allow complex objects' do
+    assert_equal [ nil ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ nil ])
+    assert_equal [ 1 ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ 1 ])
+    assert_equal [ 1.0 ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ 1.0 ])
+    assert_equal [ 'a' ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ 'a' ])
+    assert_equal [ true ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ true ])
+    assert_equal [ false ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ false ])
+    assert_equal [ { "a" => 1, "b" => 2 } ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ { a: 1, "b" => 2 } ])
+    assert_equal [ [ 1 ] ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ [ 1 ] ])
+    assert_equal [ 1_000_000_000_000_000_000_000 ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ 1_000_000_000_000_000_000_000 ])
+
+    err = assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ 1, self ])
+    end
+    assert_equal "Unsupported argument type: #{self.class.name}", err.message
+  end
+
+  test 'should dive deep into arrays or hashes' do
+    assert_equal [ { "a" => Person.find(5).gid.to_s }.with_indifferent_access ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ { a: Person.find(5) } ])
+    assert_equal [ [ Person.find(5).gid.to_s ] ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ [ Person.find(5) ] ])
+  end
+
+  test 'should dive deep into arrays or hashes and raise exception on complex objects' do
+    err = assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ 1, [self] ])
+    end
+    assert_equal "Unsupported argument type: #{self.class.name}", err.message
+  end
+
+  test 'shoud dive deep into hashes and allow raise exception on not string/symbol keys' do
+    err = assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ [ { 1 => 2 } ] ])
+    end
+    assert_equal "Unsupported hash key type: Fixnum", err.message
+  end
+
+  test 'should serialize records with global id' do
+    assert_equal [ Person.find(5).gid.to_s ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ Person.find(5) ])
+  end
+
+  test 'should serialize values and records together' do
+    assert_equal [ 3, Person.find(5).gid.to_s ], ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize([ 3, Person.find(5) ])
+  end
+end
+
+class ParameterDeserializationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'should make no change to regular values' do
+    assert_equal [ 1, "something" ], ActiveJob::Arguments.deserialize([ 1, "something" ])
+  end
+
+  test 'should deserialize records with global id' do
+    assert_equal [ Person.find(5) ], ActiveJob::Arguments.deserialize([ Person.find(5).gid ])
+  end
+
+  test 'should serialize values and records together' do
+    assert_equal [ 3, Person.find(5) ], ActiveJob::Arguments.deserialize([ 3, Person.find(5).gid ])
+  end
+
+  test 'should dive deep when deserialising arrays' do
+    assert_equal [ [ 3, Person.find(5) ] ], ActiveJob::Arguments.deserialize([ [ 3, Person.find(5).gid ] ])
+  end
+
+  test 'should dive deep when deserialising hashes' do
+    assert_equal [ { "5" => Person.find(5) } ], ActiveJob::Arguments.deserialize([ { "5" => Person.find(5).gid } ])
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/queue_naming_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/queue_naming_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4052477543
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/queue_naming_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'jobs/nested_job'
+
+class QueueNamingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'name derived from base' do
+    assert_equal "default", HelloJob.queue_name
+  end
+
+  test 'uses given queue name job' do
+    begin
+      original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+      HelloJob.queue_as :greetings
+      assert_equal "greetings", HelloJob.new.queue_name
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'evals block given to queue_as to determine queue' do
+    begin
+      original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+      HelloJob.queue_as { :another }
+      assert_equal "another", HelloJob.new.queue_name
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'can use arguments to determine queue_name in queue_as block' do
+    begin
+      original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+      HelloJob.queue_as { self.arguments.first=='1' ? :one : :two }
+      assert_equal "one", HelloJob.new('1').queue_name
+      assert_equal "two", HelloJob.new('3').queue_name
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'queu_name_prefix prepended to the queue name' do
+    begin
+      original_queue_name_prefix = ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix
+      original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = 'aj'
+      HelloJob.queue_as :low
+      assert_equal 'aj_low', HelloJob.queue_name
+    ensure
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = original_queue_name_prefix
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'uses queue passed to #set' do
+    job = HelloJob.set(queue: :some_queue).perform_later
+    assert_equal "some_queue", job.queue_name
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/queuing_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/queuing_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0eeabbf693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/queuing_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+
+class QueuingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    JobBuffer.clear
+  end
+
+  test 'run queued job' do
+    HelloJob.perform_later
+    assert_equal "David says hello", JobBuffer.last_value
+  end
+
+  test 'run queued job with arguments' do
+    HelloJob.perform_later "Jamie"
+    assert_equal "Jamie says hello", JobBuffer.last_value
+  end
+
+  test 'run queued job later' do
+    begin
+      result = HelloJob.set(wait_until: 1.second.ago).perform_later "Jamie"
+      assert result
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      skip
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'job returned by enqueue has the arguments available' do
+    job = HelloJob.perform_later "Jamie"
+    assert_equal [ "Jamie" ], job.arguments
+  end
+
+
+  test 'job returned by perform_at has the timestamp available' do
+    begin
+      job = HelloJob.set(wait_until: Time.utc(2014, 1, 1)).perform_later
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2014, 1, 1).to_f, job.scheduled_at
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      skip
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/rescue_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/rescue_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b6c2e9fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/rescue_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/rescue_job'
+require 'models/person'
+
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
+class RescueTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    JobBuffer.clear
+  end
+
+  test 'rescue perform exception with retry' do
+    job = RescueJob.new("david")
+    job.perform_now
+    assert_equal [ "rescued from ArgumentError", "performed beautifully" ], JobBuffer.values
+  end
+
+  test 'let through unhandled perform exception' do
+    job = RescueJob.new("other")
+    assert_raises(RescueJob::OtherError) do
+      job.perform_now
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'rescue from deserialization errors' do
+    RescueJob.perform_later Person.new(404)
+    assert_includes JobBuffer.values, 'rescued from DeserializationError'
+    assert_includes JobBuffer.values, 'DeserializationError original exception was Person::RecordNotFound'
+    assert_not_includes JobBuffer.values, 'performed beautifully'
+  end
+
+  test "should not wrap DeserializationError in DeserializationError" do
+    RescueJob.perform_later [Person.new(404)]
+    assert_includes JobBuffer.values, 'DeserializationError original exception was Person::RecordNotFound'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/test_case_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/test_case_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d0fdbd22d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/test_case_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'jobs/nested_job'
+
+class ActiveJobTestCaseTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  def test_include_helper
+    assert_includes self.class.ancestors, ActiveJob::TestHelper
+  end
+
+  def test_set_test_adapter
+    assert_instance_of ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::TestAdapter, self.queue_adapter
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eab540bb6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'jobs/nested_job'
+
+class EnqueuedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  setup { queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_at_jobs = true }
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('david')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_repeated_enqueued_jobs_calls
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('abdelkader')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('sean')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('yves')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_no_block
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      HelloJob.perform_later('rafael')
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      HelloJob.perform_later('aaron')
+      HelloJob.perform_later('matthew')
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 3
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_jobs
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs do
+        # Scheduled jobs are being performed in this context
+        HelloJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later('godfrey')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_too_few_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('xavier')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/2 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_too_many_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('cristian')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('guillermo')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 2/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_jobs_failure
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/0 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job
+    assert_enqueued_with(job: LoggingJob, queue: 'default') do
+      NestedJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job_failure
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_with(job: LoggingJob, queue: 'default') do
+        NestedJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_with(job: NestedJob, queue: 'low') do
+        NestedJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job_args
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      assert_enqueued_with(class: LoggingJob) do
+        NestedJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class PerformedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  setup { queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_jobs = true }
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('david')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_repeated_performed_jobs_calls
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('abdelkader')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('sean')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('yves')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_no_block
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      HelloJob.perform_later('rafael')
+      assert_performed_jobs 1
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      HelloJob.perform_later('aaron')
+      HelloJob.perform_later('matthew')
+      assert_performed_jobs 3
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs do
+        # Scheduled jobs are being enqueued in this context
+        HelloJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later('godfrey')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_too_few_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('xavier')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/2 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_too_many_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('cristian')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('guillermo')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 2/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs_failure
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/0 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_job
+    assert_performed_with(job: NestedJob, queue: 'default') do
+      NestedJob.perform_later
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_job_failure
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_with(job: LoggingJob, at: Date.tomorrow.noon, queue: 'default') do
+        NestedJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_with(job: NestedJob, at: Date.tomorrow.noon, queue: 'low') do
+        NestedJob.set(queue: 'low', wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/helper.rb b/activejob/test/helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..85094387ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require File.expand_path('../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
+
+require 'active_job'
+
+GlobalID.app = 'aj'
+
+@adapter  = ENV['AJADAPTER'] || 'inline'
+
+def sidekiq?
+  @adapter == 'sidekiq'
+end
+
+def ruby_193?
+  RUBY_VERSION == '1.9.3' && RUBY_ENGINE != 'java'
+end
+
+# Sidekiq doesn't work with MRI 1.9.3
+exit if sidekiq? && ruby_193?
+
+require "adapters/#{@adapter}"
+
+require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+
+ActiveJob::Base.logger.level = Logger::DEBUG
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/callback_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/callback_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..056dd073e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/callback_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+class CallbackJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  before_perform ->(job) { job.history << "CallbackJob ran before_perform" }
+  after_perform  ->(job) { job.history << "CallbackJob ran after_perform"  }
+
+  before_enqueue ->(job) { job.history << "CallbackJob ran before_enqueue" }
+  after_enqueue  ->(job) { job.history << "CallbackJob ran after_enqueue"  }
+
+  around_perform :around_perform
+  around_enqueue :around_enqueue
+
+
+  def perform(person = "david")
+    # NOTHING!
+  end
+
+  def history
+    @history ||= []
+  end
+
+  # FIXME: Not sure why these can't be declared inline like before/after
+  def around_perform
+    history << "CallbackJob ran around_perform_start"
+    yield
+    history << "CallbackJob ran around_perform_stop"
+  end
+
+  def around_enqueue
+    history << "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_start"
+    yield
+    history << "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_stop"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/gid_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/gid_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e485bfa2dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/gid_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require_relative '../support/job_buffer'
+
+class GidJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(person)
+    JobBuffer.add("Person with ID: #{person.id}")
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/hello_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/hello_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..022fa58e4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/hello_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require_relative '../support/job_buffer'
+
+class HelloJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(greeter = "David")
+    JobBuffer.add("#{greeter} says hello")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/logging_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/logging_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d84ed8589b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/logging_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+class LoggingJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(dummy)
+    logger.info "Dummy, here is it: #{dummy}"
+  end
+
+  def job_id
+    "LOGGING-JOB-ID"
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/nested_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/nested_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c4ec549a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/nested_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+class NestedJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform
+    LoggingJob.perform_later "NestedJob"
+  end
+
+  def job_id
+    "NESTED-JOB-ID"
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/rescue_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/rescue_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1b9c9349e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/rescue_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+require_relative '../support/job_buffer'
+
+class RescueJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  class OtherError < StandardError; end
+
+  rescue_from(ArgumentError) do
+    JobBuffer.add('rescued from ArgumentError')
+    arguments[0] = "DIFFERENT!"
+    retry_job
+  end
+
+  rescue_from(ActiveJob::DeserializationError) do |e|
+    JobBuffer.add('rescued from DeserializationError')
+    JobBuffer.add("DeserializationError original exception was #{e.original_exception.class.name}")
+  end
+
+  def perform(person = "david")
+    case person
+    when "david"
+      raise ArgumentError, "Hair too good"
+    when "other"
+      raise OtherError
+    else
+      JobBuffer.add('performed beautifully')
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/models/person.rb b/activejob/test/models/person.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76a8f40616
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/models/person.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class Person
+  class RecordNotFound < StandardError; end
+
+  include GlobalID::Identification
+
+  attr_reader :id
+
+  def self.find(id)
+    raise RecordNotFound.new("Cannot find person with ID=404") if id.to_i==404
+    new(id)
+  end
+
+  def initialize(id)
+    @id = id
+  end
+
+  def ==(other_person)
+    other_person.is_a?(Person) && id.to_s == other_person.id.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/backburner/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/backburner/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f761b53e27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/backburner/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require 'backburner'
+
+Backburner::Worker.class_eval do
+  class << self; alias_method :original_enqueue, :enqueue; end
+  def self.enqueue(job_class, args=[], opts={})
+    job_class.perform(*args)
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/backend/test.rb b/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/backend/test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b50ed36fc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/backend/test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+#copied from https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job/blob/master/spec/delayed/backend/test.rb
+require 'ostruct'
+
+# An in-memory backend suitable only for testing. Tries to behave as if it were an ORM.
+module Delayed
+  module Backend
+    module Test
+      class Job
+        attr_accessor :id
+        attr_accessor :priority
+        attr_accessor :attempts
+        attr_accessor :handler
+        attr_accessor :last_error
+        attr_accessor :run_at
+        attr_accessor :locked_at
+        attr_accessor :locked_by
+        attr_accessor :failed_at
+        attr_accessor :queue
+
+        include Delayed::Backend::Base
+
+        cattr_accessor :id
+        self.id = 0
+
+        def initialize(hash = {})
+          self.attempts = 0
+          self.priority = 0
+          self.id = (self.class.id += 1)
+          hash.each{|k,v| send(:"#{k}=", v)}
+        end
+
+        @jobs = []
+        def self.all
+          @jobs
+        end
+
+        def self.count
+          all.size
+        end
+
+        def self.delete_all
+          all.clear
+        end
+
+        def self.create(attrs = {})
+          new(attrs).tap do |o|
+            o.save
+          end
+        end
+
+        def self.create!(*args); create(*args); end
+
+        def self.clear_locks!(worker_name)
+          all.select{|j| j.locked_by == worker_name}.each {|j| j.locked_by = nil; j.locked_at = nil}
+        end
+
+        # Find a few candidate jobs to run (in case some immediately get locked by others).
+        def self.find_available(worker_name, limit = 5, max_run_time = Worker.max_run_time)
+          jobs = all.select do |j|
+            j.run_at <= db_time_now &&
+            (j.locked_at.nil? || j.locked_at < db_time_now - max_run_time || j.locked_by == worker_name) &&
+            !j.failed?
+          end
+
+          jobs = jobs.select{|j| Worker.queues.include?(j.queue)}   if Worker.queues.any?
+          jobs = jobs.select{|j| j.priority >= Worker.min_priority} if Worker.min_priority
+          jobs = jobs.select{|j| j.priority <= Worker.max_priority} if Worker.max_priority
+          jobs.sort_by{|j| [j.priority, j.run_at]}[0..limit-1]
+        end
+
+        # Lock this job for this worker.
+        # Returns true if we have the lock, false otherwise.
+        def lock_exclusively!(max_run_time, worker)
+          now = self.class.db_time_now
+          if locked_by != worker
+            # We don't own this job so we will update the locked_by name and the locked_at
+            self.locked_at = now
+            self.locked_by = worker
+          end
+
+          return true
+        end
+
+        def self.db_time_now
+          Time.current
+        end
+
+        def update_attributes(attrs = {})
+          attrs.each{|k,v| send(:"#{k}=", v)}
+          save
+        end
+
+        def destroy
+          self.class.all.delete(self)
+        end
+
+        def save
+          self.run_at ||= Time.current
+
+          self.class.all << self unless self.class.all.include?(self)
+          true
+        end
+
+        def save!; save; end
+
+        def reload
+          reset
+          self
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/respond_with_additional_params.html.erb b/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/serialization/test.rb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/respond_with_additional_params.html.erb
+++ b/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/serialization/test.rb
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/job_buffer.rb b/activejob/test/support/job_buffer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..620cb5288d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/job_buffer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+module JobBuffer
+  class << self
+    def clear
+      values.clear
+    end
+
+    def add(value)
+      values << value
+    end
+
+    def values
+      @values ||= []
+    end
+
+    def last_value
+      values.last
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/que/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/que/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e210acb6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/que/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require 'que'
+
+Que::Job.class_eval do
+  class << self; alias_method :original_enqueue, :enqueue; end
+  def self.enqueue(*args)
+    args.pop if args.last.is_a?(Hash)
+    self.run(*args)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/queue_classic/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/queue_classic/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5743d5bbb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/queue_classic/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'queue_classic'
+
+module QC
+  class Queue
+    def enqueue(method, *args)
+      receiver_str, _, message = method.rpartition('.')
+      receiver = eval(receiver_str)
+      receiver.send(message, *args)
+    end
+
+    def enqueue_in(seconds, method, *args)
+      receiver_str, _, message = method.rpartition('.')
+      receiver = eval(receiver_str)
+      receiver.send(message, *args)
+    end
+
+    def enqueue_at(not_before, method, *args)
+      receiver_str, _, message = method.rpartition('.')
+      receiver = eval(receiver_str)
+      receiver.send(message, *args)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/sneakers/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/sneakers/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16d9b830fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/sneakers/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'sneakers'
+
+module Sneakers
+  module Worker
+    module ClassMethods
+      def enqueue(msg)
+        worker = self.new(nil, nil, {})
+        worker.work(*msg)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md b/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
index 500d8dc42f..c14b0688c7 100644
--- a/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,72 +1,58 @@
-*   `#to_param` returns `nil` if `#to_key` returns `nil`. Fixes #11399.
+*   Passwords with spaces only allowed in `ActiveModel::SecurePassword`.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Presence validation can be used to restore old behavior.
 
-*   Ability to specify multiple contexts when defining a validation.
+    *Yevhene Shemet*
 
-    Example:
+*   Validate options passed to `ActiveModel::Validations.validate`.
 
-        class Person
-          include ActiveModel::Validations
+    Preventing, in many cases, the simple mistake of using `validate` instead of `validates`.
 
-          attr_reader :name
-          validates_presence_of :name, on: [:verify, :approve]
-        end
+    *Sonny Michaud*
 
-        person = Person.new
-        person.valid?                           # => true
-        person.valid?(:verify)                  # => false
-        person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)  # => ["Name can't be blank"]
-        person.valid?(:approve)                 # => false
-        person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)  # => ["Name can't be blank"]
+*   Deprecate `reset_#{attribute}` in favor of `restore_#{attribute}`.
 
-    *Vince Puzzella*
+    These methods may cause confusion with the `reset_changes` that behaves differently
+    of them.
 
-*   `attribute_changed?` now accepts a hash to check if the attribute was
-    changed `:from` and/or `:to` a given value.
+*   Deprecate `ActiveModel::Dirty#reset_changes` in favor of `#clear_changes_information`.
 
-    Example:
+    This method name is causing confusion with the `reset_#{attribute}`
+    methods. While `reset_name` set the value of the name attribute for the
+    previous value `reset_changes` only discard the changes and previous
+    changes.
 
-        model.name_changed?(from: "Pete", to: "Ringo")
+*   Added `restore_attributes` method to `ActiveModel::Dirty` API to restore all the
+    changed values to the previous data.
 
-    *Tejas Dinkar*
+    *Igor G.*
 
-*   Fix `has_secure_password` to honor bcrypt-ruby's cost attribute.
+*   Allow proc and symbol as values for `only_integer` of `NumericalityValidator`
 
-    *T.J. Schuck*
+    *Robin Mehner*
 
-*   Updated the `ActiveModel::Dirty#changed_attributes` method to be indifferent between using
-    symbols and strings as keys.
+*   `has_secure_password` now verifies that the given password is less than 72
+    characters if validations are enabled.
 
-    *William Myers*
+    Fixes #14591.
 
-*   Added new API methods `reset_changes` and `changes_applied` to `ActiveModel::Dirty`
-    that control changes state. Previsously you needed to update internal
-    instance variables, but now API methods are available.
+    *Akshay Vishnoi*
 
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+*   Remove deprecated `Validator#setup` without replacement.
 
-*   Fix `has_secure_password` not to trigger `password_confirmation` validations
-    if no `password_confirmation` is set.
+    See #10716.
 
-    *Vladimir Kiselev*
+    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*
 
-*   `inclusion` / `exclusion` validations with ranges will only use the faster
-    `Range#cover` for numerical ranges, and the more accurate `Range#include?`
-    for non-numerical ones.
+*   Add plural and singular form for length validator's default messages.
 
-    Fixes range validations like `:a..:f` that used to pass with values like `:be`.
-    Fixes #10593.
+    *Abd ar-Rahman Hamid*
 
-    *Charles Bergeron*
+*   Introduce `validate` as an alias for `valid?`.
 
-*   Fix regression in `has_secure_password`. When a password is set, but a
-    confirmation is an empty string, it would incorrectly save.
+    This is more intuitive when you want to run validations but don't care about
+    the return value.
 
-    *Steve Klabnik* and *Phillip Calvin*
+    *Henrik Nyh*
 
-*   Deprecate `Validator#setup`. This should be done manually now in the validator's constructor.
-
-    *Nick Sutterer*
-
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activemodel/README.rdoc b/activemodel/README.rdoc
index 4c00755532..f6beff14e1 100644
--- a/activemodel/README.rdoc
+++ b/activemodel/README.rdoc
@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ behavior out of the box:
         send("#{attr}=", nil)
       end
     end
-
+  
+    person = Person.new
     person.clear_name
     person.clear_age
 
@@ -78,7 +79,21 @@ behavior out of the box:
     class Person
       include ActiveModel::Dirty
 
-      attr_accessor :name
+      define_attribute_methods :name
+
+      def name
+        @name
+      end
+
+      def name=(val)
+        name_will_change! unless val == @name
+        @name = val
+      end
+
+      def save
+        # do persistence work
+        changes_applied
+      end
     end
 
     person = Person.new
@@ -88,6 +103,7 @@ behavior out of the box:
     person.changed?         # => true
     person.changed          # => ['name']
     person.changes          # => { 'name' => [nil, 'bob'] }
+    person.save
     person.name = 'robert'
     person.save
     person.previous_changes # => {'name' => ['bob, 'robert']}
@@ -116,7 +132,10 @@ behavior out of the box:
         "Name"
       end
     end
-
+  
+    person = Person.new
+    person.name = nil
+    person.validate!
     person.errors.full_messages
     # => ["Name cannot be nil"]
 
@@ -128,7 +147,7 @@ behavior out of the box:
       extend ActiveModel::Naming
     end
 
-    NamedPerson.model_name        # => "NamedPerson"
+    NamedPerson.model_name.name   # => "NamedPerson"
     NamedPerson.model_name.human  # => "Named person"
 
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Naming.html]
@@ -180,41 +199,41 @@ behavior out of the box:
 
 * Validation support
 
-   class Person
-     include ActiveModel::Validations
+    class Person
+      include ActiveModel::Validations
 
-     attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name
+      attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name
 
-     validates_each :first_name, :last_name do |record, attr, value|
-       record.errors.add attr, 'starts with z.' if value.to_s[0] == ?z
-     end
-   end
+      validates_each :first_name, :last_name do |record, attr, value|
+        record.errors.add attr, 'starts with z.' if value.to_s[0] == ?z
+      end
+    end
 
-   person = Person.new
-   person.first_name = 'zoolander'
-   person.valid?  # => false
+    person = Person.new
+    person.first_name = 'zoolander'
+    person.valid?  # => false
 
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Validations.html]
 
 * Custom validators
+  
+    class HasNameValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
+      def validate(record)
+        record.errors[:name] = "must exist" if record.name.blank?
+      end
+    end
 
-   class ValidatorPerson
-     include ActiveModel::Validations
-     validates_with HasNameValidator
-     attr_accessor :name
-   end
-
-   class HasNameValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
-     def validate(record)
-       record.errors[:name] = "must exist" if record.name.blank?
-     end
-   end
+    class ValidatorPerson
+      include ActiveModel::Validations
+      validates_with HasNameValidator
+      attr_accessor :name
+    end
 
-   p = ValidatorPerson.new
-   p.valid?                  # =>  false
-   p.errors.full_messages    # => ["Name must exist"]
-   p.name = "Bob"
-   p.valid?                  # =>  true
+    p = ValidatorPerson.new
+    p.valid?                  # =>  false
+    p.errors.full_messages    # => ["Name must exist"]
+    p.name = "Bob"
+    p.valid?                  # =>  true
 
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Validator.html]
 
@@ -243,6 +262,11 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/activemodel/examples/validations.rb b/activemodel/examples/validations.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b8e74acd5e..0000000000
--- a/activemodel/examples/validations.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-require File.expand_path('../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
-require 'active_model'
-
-class Person
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
-
-  validates :name, presence: true
-
-  attr_accessor :name
-
-  def initialize(attributes = {})
-    @name = attributes[:name]
-  end
-
-  def persist
-    @persisted = true
-  end
-
-  def persisted?
-    @persisted
-  end
-end
-
-person1 = Person.new
-p person1.valid? # => false
-p person1.errors.messages # => {:name=>["can't be blank"]}
-
-person2 = Person.new(name: 'matz')
-p person2.valid? # => true
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
index 3e49c34182..feb3d9371d 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   eager_autoload do
     autoload :Errors
+    autoload :StrictValidationFailed, 'active_model/errors'
   end
 
   module Serializers
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
index 0a19ef686d..9c9b6f4a77 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
@@ -40,13 +40,15 @@ module ActiveModel
       self
     end
 
-    # Returns an Enumerable of all key attributes if any is set, regardless if
+    # Returns an Array of all key attributes if any is set, regardless if
     # the object is persisted or not. Returns +nil+ if there are no key attributes.
     #
-    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Conversion
+    #     attr_accessor :id
     #   end
     #
-    #   person = Person.create
+    #   person = Person.create(id: 1)
     #   person.to_key # => [1]
     def to_key
       key = respond_to?(:id) && id
@@ -56,10 +58,15 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Returns a +string+ representing the object's key suitable for use in URLs,
     # or +nil+ if <tt>persisted?</tt> is +false+.
     #
-    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Conversion
+    #     attr_accessor :id
+    #     def persisted?
+    #       true
+    #     end
     #   end
     #
-    #   person = Person.create
+    #   person = Person.create(id: 1)
     #   person.to_param # => "1"
     def to_param
       (persisted? && key = to_key) ? key.join('-') : nil
@@ -83,8 +90,8 @@ module ActiveModel
       # internal method and should not be accessed directly.
       def _to_partial_path #:nodoc:
         @_to_partial_path ||= begin
-          element = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(self))
-          collection = ActiveSupport::Inflector.tableize(self)
+          element = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(name))
+          collection = ActiveSupport::Inflector.tableize(name)
           "#{collection}/#{element}".freeze
         end
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
index 98ffffeb10..ca04f48c1c 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ module ActiveModel
   # * Call <tt>attr_name_will_change!</tt> before each change to the tracked
   #   attribute.
   # * Call <tt>changes_applied</tt> after the changes are persisted.
-  # * Call <tt>reset_changes</tt> when you want to reset the changes
+  # * Call <tt>clear_changes_information</tt> when you want to reset the changes
   #   information.
+  # * Call <tt>restore_attributes</tt> when you want to restore previous data.
   #
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
@@ -36,11 +37,18 @@ module ActiveModel
   #
   #     def save
   #       # do persistence work
+  #
   #       changes_applied
   #     end
   #
   #     def reload!
-  #       reset_changes
+  #       # get the values from the persistence layer
+  #
+  #       clear_changes_information
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def rollback!
+  #       restore_attributes
   #     end
   #   end
   #
@@ -72,6 +80,13 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   person.reload!
   #   person.previous_changes # => {}
   #
+  # Rollback the changes:
+  #
+  #   person.name = "Uncle Bob"
+  #   person.rollback!
+  #   person.name           # => "Bill"
+  #   person.name_changed?  # => false
+  #
   # Assigning the same value leaves the attribute unchanged:
   #
   #   person.name = 'Bill'
@@ -84,9 +99,11 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   person.changed        # => ["name"]
   #   person.changes        # => {"name" => ["Bill", "Bob"]}
   #
-  # If an attribute is modified in-place then make use of <tt>[attribute_name]_will_change!</tt>
-  # to mark that the attribute is changing. Otherwise ActiveModel can't track
-  # changes to in-place attributes.
+  # If an attribute is modified in-place then make use of
+  # +[attribute_name]_will_change!+ to mark that the attribute is changing.
+  # Otherwise Active Model can't track changes to in-place attributes. Note
+  # that Active Record can detect in-place modifications automatically. You do
+  # not need to call +[attribute_name]_will_change!+ on Active Record models.
   #
   #   person.name_will_change!
   #   person.name_change    # => ["Bill", "Bill"]
@@ -99,6 +116,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     included do
       attribute_method_suffix '_changed?', '_change', '_will_change!', '_was'
       attribute_method_affix prefix: 'reset_', suffix: '!'
+      attribute_method_affix prefix: 'restore_', suffix: '!'
     end
 
     # Returns +true+ if any attribute have unsaved changes, +false+ otherwise.
@@ -162,20 +180,30 @@ module ActiveModel
       attribute_changed?(attr) ? changed_attributes[attr] : __send__(attr)
     end
 
+    # Restore all previous data of the provided attributes.
+    def restore_attributes(attributes = changed)
+      attributes.each { |attr| restore_attribute! attr }
+    end
+
     private
 
       # Removes current changes and makes them accessible through +previous_changes+.
-      def changes_applied
+      def changes_applied # :doc:
         @previously_changed = changes
         @changed_attributes = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
       end
 
-      # Removes all dirty data: current changes and previous changes
-      def reset_changes
+      # Clear all dirty data: current changes and previous changes.
+      def clear_changes_information # :doc:
         @previously_changed = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
         @changed_attributes = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
       end
 
+      def reset_changes
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "#reset_changes is deprecated and will be removed on Rails 5. Please use #clear_changes_information instead."
+        clear_changes_information
+      end
+
       # Handle <tt>*_change</tt> for +method_missing+.
       def attribute_change(attr)
         [changed_attributes[attr], __send__(attr)] if attribute_changed?(attr)
@@ -191,15 +219,36 @@ module ActiveModel
         rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
         end
 
-        changed_attributes[attr] = value
+        set_attribute_was(attr, value)
       end
 
       # Handle <tt>reset_*!</tt> for +method_missing+.
       def reset_attribute!(attr)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "#reset_#{attr}! is deprecated and will be removed on Rails 5. Please use #restore_#{attr}! instead."
+
+        restore_attribute!(attr)
+      end
+
+      # Handle <tt>restore_*!</tt> for +method_missing+.
+      def restore_attribute!(attr)
         if attribute_changed?(attr)
           __send__("#{attr}=", changed_attributes[attr])
-          changed_attributes.delete(attr)
+          clear_attribute_changes([attr])
         end
       end
+
+      # This is necessary because `changed_attributes` might be overridden in
+      # other implemntations (e.g. in `ActiveRecord`)
+      alias_method :attributes_changed_by_setter, :changed_attributes # :nodoc:
+
+      # Force an attribute to have a particular "before" value
+      def set_attribute_was(attr, old_value)
+        attributes_changed_by_setter[attr] = old_value
+      end
+
+      # Remove changes information for the provided attributes.
+      def clear_attribute_changes(attributes)
+        attributes_changed_by_setter.except!(*attributes)
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
index 9c3bc913e1..1b46727351 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     attr_reader   :errors
   #
   #     def validate!
-  #       errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil") if name == nil
+  #       errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil") if name.nil?
   #     end
   #
   #     # The following methods are needed to be minimally implemented
@@ -251,11 +251,9 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.to_hash(true) # => {:name=>["name cannot be nil"]}
     def to_hash(full_messages = false)
       if full_messages
-        messages = {}
-        self.messages.each do |attribute, array|
+        self.messages.each_with_object({}) do |(attribute, array), messages|
           messages[attribute] = array.map { |message| full_message(attribute, message) }
         end
-        messages
       else
         self.messages.dup
       end
@@ -289,6 +287,13 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   # => NameIsInvalid: name is invalid
     #
     #   person.errors.messages # => {}
+    #
+    # +attribute+ should be set to <tt>:base</tt> if the error is not
+    # directly associated with a single attribute.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.add(:base, "either name or email must be present")
+    #   person.errors.messages
+    #   # => {:base=>["either name or email must be present"]}
     def add(attribute, message = :invalid, options = {})
       message = normalize_message(attribute, message, options)
       if exception = options[:strict]
@@ -427,7 +432,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       options = {
         default: defaults,
-        model: @base.class.model_name.human,
+        model: @base.model_name.human,
         attribute: @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute),
         value: value
       }.merge!(options)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection.rb
index 7468f95548..b4fa378601 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection.rb
@@ -23,5 +23,6 @@ module ActiveModel
           attributes
         end
       end
+      alias :sanitize_forbidden_attributes :sanitize_for_mass_assignment
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd652190f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Active Model as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 2
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "beta1"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
index c6bc18b008..38087521a2 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
@@ -73,16 +73,19 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       # == \Naming
       #
-      # Model.model_name must return a string with some convenience methods:
-      # <tt>:human</tt>, <tt>:singular</tt> and <tt>:plural</tt>. Check
-      # ActiveModel::Naming for more information.
+      # Model.model_name and Model#model_name must return a string with some
+      # convenience methods: # <tt>:human</tt>, <tt>:singular</tt> and
+      # <tt>:plural</tt>. Check ActiveModel::Naming for more information.
       def test_model_naming
-        assert model.class.respond_to?(:model_name), "The model should respond to model_name"
+        assert model.class.respond_to?(:model_name), "The model class should respond to model_name"
         model_name = model.class.model_name
         assert model_name.respond_to?(:to_str)
         assert model_name.human.respond_to?(:to_str)
         assert model_name.singular.respond_to?(:to_str)
         assert model_name.plural.respond_to?(:to_str)
+
+        assert model.respond_to?(:model_name), "The model instance should respond to model_name"
+        assert_equal model.model_name, model.class.model_name
       end
 
       # == \Errors Testing
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml b/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
index 540e8132d3..bf07945fe1 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
@@ -14,9 +14,15 @@ en:
       empty: "can't be empty"
       blank: "can't be blank"
       present: "must be blank"
-      too_long: "is too long (maximum is %{count} characters)"
-      too_short: "is too short (minimum is %{count} characters)"
-      wrong_length: "is the wrong length (should be %{count} characters)"
+      too_long:
+        one: "is too long (maximum is 1 character)"
+        other: "is too long (maximum is %{count} characters)" 
+      too_short:
+        one: "is too short (minimum is 1 character)"
+        other: "is too short (minimum is %{count} characters)"
+      wrong_length:
+        one: "is the wrong length (should be 1 character)"
+        other: "is the wrong length (should be %{count} characters)"
       not_a_number: "is not a number"
       not_an_integer: "must be an integer"
       greater_than: "must be greater than %{count}"
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
index 63716eebb1..d51d6ddcc9 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   end
   #
   #   person = Person.new(name: 'bob', age: '18')
-  #   person.name # => 'bob'
-  #   person.age  # => 18
+  #   person.name # => "bob"
+  #   person.age  # => "18"
   #
   # Note that, by default, <tt>ActiveModel::Model</tt> implements <tt>persisted?</tt>
   # to return +false+, which is the most common case. You may want to override
@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ module ActiveModel
   # refer to the specific modules included in <tt>ActiveModel::Model</tt>
   # (see below).
   module Model
-    def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
-      base.class_eval do
-        extend  ActiveModel::Naming
-        extend  ActiveModel::Translation
-        include ActiveModel::Validations
-        include ActiveModel::Conversion
-      end
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActiveModel::Validations
+    include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+    included do
+      extend ActiveModel::Naming
+      extend ActiveModel::Translation
     end
 
     # Initializes a new model with the given +params+.
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #
     #   person = Person.new(name: 'bob', age: '18')
     #   person.name # => "bob"
-    #   person.age  # => 18
+    #   person.age  # => "18"
     def initialize(params={})
       params.each do |attr, value|
         self.public_send("#{attr}=", value)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
index 11ebfe6cc0..4e6b02c246 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     extend ActiveModel::Naming
   #   end
   #
-  #   BookCover.model_name        # => "BookCover"
+  #   BookCover.model_name.name   # => "BookCover"
   #   BookCover.model_name.human  # => "Book cover"
   #
   #   BookCover.model_name.i18n_key              # => :book_cover
@@ -214,14 +214,20 @@ module ActiveModel
   # is required to pass the Active Model Lint test. So either extending the
   # provided method below, or rolling your own is required.
   module Naming
+    def self.extended(base) #:nodoc:
+      base.remove_possible_method :model_name
+      base.delegate :model_name, to: :class
+    end
+
     # Returns an ActiveModel::Name object for module. It can be
     # used to retrieve all kinds of naming-related information
     # (See ActiveModel::Name for more information).
     #
-    #   class Person < ActiveModel::Model
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Model
     #   end
     #
-    #   Person.model_name          # => Person
+    #   Person.model_name.name     # => "Person"
     #   Person.model_name.class    # => ActiveModel::Name
     #   Person.model_name.singular # => "person"
     #   Person.model_name.plural   # => "people"
@@ -298,12 +304,10 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
 
     def self.model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class) #:nodoc:
-      if record_or_class.respond_to?(:model_name)
-        record_or_class.model_name
-      elsif record_or_class.respond_to?(:to_model)
-        record_or_class.to_model.class.model_name
+      if record_or_class.respond_to?(:to_model)
+        record_or_class.to_model.model_name
       else
-        record_or_class.class.model_name
+        record_or_class.model_name
       end
     end
     private_class_method :model_name_from_record_or_class
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
index 01739d8ae4..f6ad35769f 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ module ActiveModel
   module SecurePassword
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
+    # BCrypt hash function can handle maximum 72 characters, and if we pass
+    # password of length more than 72 characters it ignores extra characters.
+    # Hence need to put a restriction on password length.
+    MAX_PASSWORD_LENGTH_ALLOWED = 72
+
     class << self
       attr_accessor :min_cost # :nodoc:
     end
@@ -11,18 +16,22 @@ module ActiveModel
       # Adds methods to set and authenticate against a BCrypt password.
       # This mechanism requires you to have a +password_digest+ attribute.
       #
-      # Validations for presence of password on create, confirmation of password
-      # (using a +password_confirmation+ attribute) are automatically added. If
-      # you wish to turn off validations, pass <tt>validations: false</tt> as an
-      # argument. You can add more validations by hand if need be.
+      # The following validations are added automatically:
+      # * Password must be present on creation
+      # * Password length should be less than or equal to 72 characters
+      # * Confirmation of password (using a +password_confirmation+ attribute)
+      #
+      # If password confirmation validation is not needed, simply leave out the
+      # value for +password_confirmation+ (i.e. don't provide a form field for
+      # it). When this attribute has a +nil+ value, the validation will not be
+      # triggered.
       #
-      # If you don't need the confirmation validation, just don't set any
-      # value to the password_confirmation attribute and the validation
-      # will not be triggered.
+      # For further customizability, it is possible to supress the default
+      # validations by passing <tt>validations: false</tt> as an argument.
       #
-      # You need to add bcrypt-ruby (~> 3.1.2) to Gemfile to use #has_secure_password:
+      # Add bcrypt (~> 3.1.7) to Gemfile to use #has_secure_password:
       #
-      #   gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.1.2'
+      #   gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7'
       #
       # Example using Active Record (which automatically includes ActiveModel::SecurePassword):
       #
@@ -42,21 +51,21 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   User.find_by(name: 'david').try(:authenticate, 'notright')      # => false
       #   User.find_by(name: 'david').try(:authenticate, 'mUc3m00RsqyRe') # => user
       def has_secure_password(options = {})
-        # Load bcrypt-ruby only when has_secure_password is used.
+        # Load bcrypt gem only when has_secure_password is used.
         # This is to avoid ActiveModel (and by extension the entire framework)
         # being dependent on a binary library.
         begin
           require 'bcrypt'
         rescue LoadError
-          $stderr.puts "You don't have bcrypt-ruby installed in your application. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
+          $stderr.puts "You don't have bcrypt installed in your application. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
           raise
         end
 
-        attr_reader :password
-
         include InstanceMethodsOnActivation
 
         if options.fetch(:validations, true)
+          include ActiveModel::Validations
+
           # This ensures the model has a password by checking whether the password_digest
           # is present, so that this works with both new and existing records. However,
           # when there is an error, the message is added to the password attribute instead
@@ -65,9 +74,11 @@ module ActiveModel
             record.errors.add(:password, :blank) unless record.password_digest.present?
           end
 
+          validates_length_of :password, maximum: ActiveModel::SecurePassword::MAX_PASSWORD_LENGTH_ALLOWED
           validates_confirmation_of :password, if: ->{ password.present? }
         end
 
+        # This code is necessary as long as the protected_attributes gem is supported.
         if respond_to?(:attributes_protected_by_default)
           def self.attributes_protected_by_default #:nodoc:
             super + ['password_digest']
@@ -91,8 +102,10 @@ module ActiveModel
         BCrypt::Password.new(password_digest) == unencrypted_password && self
       end
 
+      attr_reader :password
+
       # Encrypts the password into the +password_digest+ attribute, only if the
-      # new password is not blank.
+      # new password is not empty.
       #
       #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_secure_password validations: false
@@ -106,7 +119,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       def password=(unencrypted_password)
         if unencrypted_password.nil?
           self.password_digest = nil
-        elsif unencrypted_password.present?
+        elsif !unencrypted_password.empty?
           @password = unencrypted_password
           cost = ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost ? BCrypt::Engine::MIN_COST : BCrypt::Engine.cost
           self.password_digest = BCrypt::Password.create(unencrypted_password, cost: cost)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
index 36a6c00290..976f50b13e 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 module ActiveModel
   # == Active \Model \Serialization
   #
-  # Provides a basic serialization to a serializable_hash for your object.
+  # Provides a basic serialization to a serializable_hash for your objects.
   #
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   person.name = "Bob"
   #   person.serializable_hash   # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
   #
-  # You need to declare an attributes hash which contains the attributes you
-  # want to serialize. Attributes must be strings, not symbols. When called,
-  # serializable hash will use instance methods that match the name of the
-  # attributes hash's keys. In order to override this behavior, take a look at
-  # the private method +read_attribute_for_serialization+.
+  # An +attributes+ hash must be defined and should contain any attributes you
+  # need to be serialized. Attributes must be strings, not symbols.
+  # When called, serializable hash will use instance methods that match the name
+  # of the attributes hash's keys. In order to override this behavior, take a look
+  # at the private method +read_attribute_for_serialization+.
   #
-  # Most of the time though, you will want to include the JSON or XML
-  # serializations. Both of these modules automatically include the
+  # Most of the time though, either the JSON or XML serializations are needed.
+  # Both of these modules automatically include the
   # <tt>ActiveModel::Serialization</tt> module, so there is no need to
   # explicitly include it.
   #
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
index c58e73f6a7..77f2a64b11 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ module ActiveModel
         end
 
         if root
-          root = self.class.model_name.element if root == true
+          root = model_name.element if root == true
           { root => serializable_hash(options) }
         else
           serializable_hash(options)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
index 7f99536dbb..3ad3bf30ad 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ module ActiveModel
           @builder = options[:builder]
           @builder.instruct! unless options[:skip_instruct]
 
-          root = (options[:root] || @serializable.class.model_name.element).to_s
+          root = (options[:root] || @serializable.model_name.element).to_s
           root = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.rename_key(root, options)
 
           args = [root]
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
index e9674d5143..7ee033ba5f 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
+      extend ActiveModel::Naming
       extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
       extend ActiveModel::Translation
 
@@ -141,6 +142,11 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   value.
       def validate(*args, &block)
         options = args.extract_options!
+
+        if args.all? { |arg| arg.is_a?(Symbol) }
+          options.assert_valid_keys([:on, :if, :unless])
+        end
+
         if options.key?(:on)
           options = options.dup
           options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
@@ -148,6 +154,7 @@ module ActiveModel
             Array(options[:on]).include?(o.validation_context)
           }
         end
+
         args << options
         set_callback(:validate, *args, &block)
       end
@@ -285,6 +292,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Runs all the specified validations and returns +true+ if no errors were
     # added otherwise +false+.
     #
+    # Aliased as validate.
+    #
     #   class Person
     #     include ActiveModel::Validations
     #
@@ -319,6 +328,8 @@ module ActiveModel
       self.validation_context = current_context
     end
 
+    alias_method :validate, :valid?
+
     # Performs the opposite of <tt>valid?</tt>. Returns +true+ if errors were
     # added, +false+ otherwise.
     #
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
index a51523912f..1b11c28087 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "doesn't match
-      #   confirmation").
+      #   <tt>%{translated_attribute_name}</tt>").
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
       # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
index a9fb9804d4..5bd162433d 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module ActiveModel
           return
         end
 
-        if options[:only_integer]
+        if allow_only_integer?(record)
           unless value = parse_raw_value_as_an_integer(raw_value)
             record.errors.add(attr_name, :not_an_integer, filtered_options(raw_value))
             return
@@ -75,6 +75,17 @@ module ActiveModel
         filtered[:value] = value
         filtered
       end
+
+      def allow_only_integer?(record)
+        case options[:only_integer]
+        when Symbol
+          record.send(options[:only_integer])
+        when Proc
+          options[:only_integer].call(record)
+        else
+          options[:only_integer]
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     module HelperMethods
@@ -121,6 +132,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # * <tt>:equal_to</tt>
       # * <tt>:less_than</tt>
       # * <tt>:less_than_or_equal_to</tt>
+      # * <tt>:only_integer</tt>
       #
       # For example:
       #
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
index 16bd6670d1..ff41572105 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active
-      #   (<tt>:create</tt> or <tt>:update</tt>.
+      #   (<tt>:create</tt> or <tt>:update</tt>).
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
       #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>,
       #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).
@@ -139,6 +139,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     # class version of this method for more information.
     def validates_with(*args, &block)
       options = args.extract_options!
+      options[:class] = self.class
+
       args.each do |klass|
         validator = klass.new(options, &block)
         validator.validate(self)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
index bddacc8c45..0116de68ab 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     include ActiveModel::Validations
   #     attr_accessor :title
   #
-  #     validates :title, presence: true
+  #     validates :title, presence: true, title: true
   #   end
   #
   # It can be useful to access the class that is using that validator when there are prerequisites such
@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Accepts options that will be made available through the +options+ reader.
     def initialize(options = {})
       @options  = options.except(:class).freeze
-      deprecated_setup(options)
     end
 
     # Returns the kind for this validator.
@@ -122,21 +121,6 @@ module ActiveModel
     def validate(record)
       raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement a validate(record) method."
     end
-
-    private
-    def deprecated_setup(options) # TODO: remove me in 4.2.
-      return unless respond_to?(:setup)
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "The `Validator#setup` instance method is deprecated and will be removed on Rails 4.2. Do your setup in the constructor instead:
-
-class MyValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
-  def initialize(options={})
-    super
-    options[:class].send :attr_accessor, :custom_attribute
-  end
-end
-"
-      setup(options[:class])
-    end
   end
 
   # +EachValidator+ is a validator which iterates through the attributes given
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb
index 58ba3ab9b2..b1f9082ea7 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActiveModel
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveModel as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveModel as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.1.0.beta1"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActiveModel.version.segments
-    STRING = ActiveModel.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index e9cb5ccc96..e81b7ac424 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -104,10 +104,14 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_method generates attribute method' do
-    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_method(:foo)
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_method(:foo)
 
-    assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
-    assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+      assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
+      assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_method does not generate attribute method if already defined in attribute module' do
@@ -134,24 +138,36 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_method generates attribute method with invalid identifier characters' do
-    ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.define_attribute_method(:'a?b')
+    begin
+      ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.define_attribute_method(:'a?b')
 
-    assert_respond_to ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new, :'a?b'
-    assert_equal "value of a?b", ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new.send('a?b')
+      assert_respond_to ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new, :'a?b'
+      assert_equal "value of a?b", ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new.send('a?b')
+    ensure
+      ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_methods works passing multiple arguments' do
-    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo, :baz)
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo, :baz)
 
-    assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
-    assert_equal "value of baz", ModelWithAttributes.new.baz
+      assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+      assert_equal "value of baz", ModelWithAttributes.new.baz
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_methods generates attribute methods' do
-    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo)
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo)
 
-    assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
-    assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+      assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
+      assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#alias_attribute generates attribute_aliases lookup hash' do
@@ -164,26 +180,38 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_methods generates attribute methods with spaces in their names' do
-    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
 
-    assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new, :'foo bar'
-    assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.send(:'foo bar')
+      assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new, :'foo bar'
+      assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.send(:'foo bar')
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#alias_attribute works with attributes with spaces in their names' do
-    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
-    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.alias_attribute(:'foo_bar', :'foo bar')
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.alias_attribute(:'foo_bar', :'foo bar')
 
-    assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.foo_bar
+      assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.foo_bar
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#alias_attribute works with attributes named as a ruby keyword' do
-    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.define_attribute_methods([:begin, :end])
-    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:from, :begin)
-    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:to, :end)
-
-    assert_equal "value of begin", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.from
-    assert_equal "value of end", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.to
+    begin
+      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.define_attribute_methods([:begin, :end])
+      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:from, :begin)
+      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:to, :end)
+
+      assert_equal "value of begin", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.from
+      assert_equal "value of end", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.to
+    ensure
+      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#undefine_attribute_methods removes attribute methods' do
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
index c5cfbf909d..800cad6d9a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ class ConversionTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal "1", Contact.new(id: 1).to_param
   end
 
+  test "to_param returns the string joined by '-'" do
+    assert_equal "abc-xyz", Contact.new(id: ["abc", "xyz"]).to_param
+  end
+
   test "to_param returns nil if to_key is nil" do
     klass = Class.new(Contact) do
       def persisted?
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
index 2853476c91..db2cd885e2 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
 
     def reload
+      clear_changes_information
+    end
+
+    def deprecated_reload
       reset_changes
     end
   end
@@ -107,7 +111,7 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "resetting attribute" do
     @model.name = "Bob"
-    @model.reset_name!
+    @model.restore_name!
     assert_nil @model.name
     assert !@model.name_changed?
   end
@@ -176,4 +180,49 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new, @model.previous_changes
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new, @model.changed_attributes
   end
+
+  test "reset_changes is deprecated" do
+    @model.name = 'Dmitry'
+    @model.name_changed?
+    @model.save
+    @model.name = 'Bob'
+
+    assert_equal [nil, 'Dmitry'], @model.previous_changes['name']
+    assert_equal 'Dmitry', @model.changed_attributes['name']
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @model.deprecated_reload
+    end
+
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new, @model.previous_changes
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new, @model.changed_attributes
+  end
+
+  test "restore_attributes should restore all previous data" do
+    @model.name = 'Dmitry'
+    @model.color = 'Red'
+    @model.save
+    @model.name = 'Bob'
+    @model.color = 'White'
+
+    @model.restore_attributes
+
+    assert_not @model.changed?
+    assert_equal 'Dmitry', @model.name
+    assert_equal 'Red', @model.color
+  end
+
+  test "restore_attributes can restore only some attributes" do
+    @model.name = 'Dmitry'
+    @model.color = 'Red'
+    @model.save
+    @model.name = 'Bob'
+    @model.color = 'White'
+
+    @model.restore_attributes(['name'])
+
+    assert @model.changed?
+    assert_equal 'Dmitry', @model.name
+    assert_equal 'White', @model.color
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
index def28578f8..42d0365521 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
@@ -82,6 +82,13 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal({ foo: "omg" }, errors.messages)
   end
 
+  test "error access is indifferent" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    errors[:foo] = "omg"
+
+    assert_equal ["omg"], errors["foo"]
+  end
+
   test "values returns an array of messages" do
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
     errors.set(:foo, "omg")
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
index 522a7cebb4..5e80353836 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -11,3 +11,10 @@ ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
+
+# FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+# remove this method call.
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.my_tests_are_order_dependent!
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb
index aa683f4152..7b8287edbf 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb
@@ -272,3 +272,9 @@ class NameWithAnonymousClassTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal "Anonymous", model_name
   end
 end
+
+class NamingMethodDelegationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
+  def test_model_name
+    assert_equal Blog::Post.model_name, Blog::Post.new.model_name
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
index 82fd291064..6d56c8344a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ require 'models/visitor'
 
 class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   setup do
+    # Used only to speed up tests
+    @original_min_cost = ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost
     ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = true
 
     @user = User.new
@@ -15,18 +17,32 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   teardown do
-    ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = false
+    ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = @original_min_cost
+  end
+
+  test "automatically include ActiveModel::Validations when validations are enabled" do
+    assert_respond_to @user, :valid?
   end
 
-  test "create and updating without validations" do
-    assert @visitor.valid?(:create), 'visitor should be valid'
-    assert @visitor.valid?(:update), 'visitor should be valid'
+  test "don't include ActiveModel::Validations when validations are disabled" do
+    assert_not_respond_to @visitor, :valid?
+  end
+
+  test "create a new user with validations and valid password/confirmation" do
+    @user.password = 'password'
+    @user.password_confirmation = 'password'
+
+    assert @user.valid?(:create), 'user should be valid'
+
+    @user.password = 'a' * 72
+    @user.password_confirmation = 'a' * 72
 
-    @visitor.password = '123'
-    @visitor.password_confirmation = '456'
+    assert @user.valid?(:create), 'user should be valid'
+  end
 
-    assert @visitor.valid?(:create), 'visitor should be valid'
-    assert @visitor.valid?(:update), 'visitor should be valid'
+  test "create a new user with validation and a spaces only password" do
+    @user.password = ' ' * 72
+    assert @user.valid?(:create), 'user should be valid'
   end
 
   test "create a new user with validation and a blank password" do
@@ -43,6 +59,14 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @user.errors[:password]
   end
 
+  test 'create a new user with validation and password length greater than 72' do
+    @user.password = 'a' * 73
+    @user.password_confirmation = 'a' * 73
+    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["is too long (maximum is 72 characters)"], @user.errors[:password]
+  end
+
   test "create a new user with validation and a blank password confirmation" do
     @user.password = 'password'
     @user.password_confirmation = ''
@@ -65,15 +89,19 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @user.errors[:password_confirmation]
   end
 
-  test "create a new user with validation and a correct password confirmation" do
-    @user.password = 'password'
-    @user.password_confirmation = 'something else'
-    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
-    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
-    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @user.errors[:password_confirmation]
+  test "update an existing user with validation and no change in password" do
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
   end
 
-  test "update an existing user with validation and no change in password" do
+  test "update an existing user with validations and valid password/confirmation" do
+    @existing_user.password = 'password'
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'password'
+
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
+
+    @existing_user.password = 'a' * 72
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'a' * 72
+
     assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
   end
 
@@ -82,6 +110,11 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
   end
 
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a spaces only password" do
+    @user.password = ' ' * 72
+    assert @user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
+  end
+
   test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password and password_confirmation" do
     @existing_user.password = ''
     @existing_user.password_confirmation = ''
@@ -95,6 +128,14 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @existing_user.errors[:password]
   end
 
+  test 'updating an existing user with validation and password length greater than 72' do
+    @existing_user.password = 'a' * 73
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'a' * 73
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["is too long (maximum is 72 characters)"], @existing_user.errors[:password]
+  end
+
   test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password confirmation" do
     @existing_user.password = 'password'
     @existing_user.password_confirmation = ''
@@ -117,14 +158,6 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @existing_user.errors[:password_confirmation]
   end
 
-  test "updating an existing user with validation and a correct password confirmation" do
-    @existing_user.password = 'password'
-    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'something else'
-    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
-    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
-    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @existing_user.errors[:password_confirmation]
-  end
-
   test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password digest" do
     @existing_user.password_digest = ''
     assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
@@ -147,7 +180,7 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   test "setting a nil password should clear an existing password" do
     @existing_user.password = nil
     assert_equal nil, @existing_user.password_digest
-  end  
+  end
 
   test "authenticate" do
     @user.password = "secret"
@@ -164,11 +197,16 @@ class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "Password digest cost honors bcrypt cost attribute when min_cost is false" do
-    ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = false
-    BCrypt::Engine.cost = 5
-
-    @user.password = "secret"
-    assert_equal BCrypt::Engine.cost, @user.password_digest.cost
+    begin
+      original_bcrypt_cost = BCrypt::Engine.cost
+      ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = false
+      BCrypt::Engine.cost = 5
+
+      @user.password = "secret"
+      assert_equal BCrypt::Engine.cost, @user.password_digest.cost
+    ensure
+      BCrypt::Engine.cost = original_bcrypt_cost
+    end
   end
 
   test "Password digest cost can be set to bcrypt min cost to speed up tests" do
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
index bc185c737f..e2eb91eeb0 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,25 +1,7 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/contact'
-require 'models/automobile'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables'
 
-class Contact
-  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
-
-  def attributes=(hash)
-    hash.each do |k, v|
-      instance_variable_set("@#{k}", v)
-    end
-  end
-
-  remove_method :attributes if method_defined?(:attributes)
-
-  def attributes
-    instance_values
-  end
-end
-
 class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def setup
     @contact = Contact.new
@@ -30,11 +12,6 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     @contact.preferences = { 'shows' => 'anime' }
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    # set to the default value
-    Contact.include_root_in_json = false
-  end
-
   test "should not include root in json (class method)" do
     json = @contact.to_json
 
@@ -47,19 +24,25 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should include root in json if include_root_in_json is true" do
-    Contact.include_root_in_json = true
-    json = @contact.to_json
-
-    assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
-    assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
-    assert_match %r{"age":16}, json
-    assert json.include?(%("created_at":#{ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))}))
-    assert_match %r{"awesome":true}, json
-    assert_match %r{"preferences":\{"shows":"anime"\}}, json
+    begin
+      original_include_root_in_json = Contact.include_root_in_json
+      Contact.include_root_in_json = true
+      json = @contact.to_json
+
+      assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
+      assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
+      assert_match %r{"age":16}, json
+      assert json.include?(%("created_at":#{ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))}))
+      assert_match %r{"awesome":true}, json
+      assert_match %r{"preferences":\{"shows":"anime"\}}, json
+    ensure
+      Contact.include_root_in_json = original_include_root_in_json
+    end
   end
 
   test "should include root in json (option) even if the default is set to false" do
     json = @contact.to_json(root: true)
+
     assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
   end
 
@@ -145,13 +128,18 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "as_json should return a hash if include_root_in_json is true" do
-    Contact.include_root_in_json = true
-    json = @contact.as_json
-
-    assert_kind_of Hash, json
-    assert_kind_of Hash, json['contact']
-    %w(name age created_at awesome preferences).each do |field|
-      assert_equal @contact.send(field), json['contact'][field]
+    begin
+      original_include_root_in_json = Contact.include_root_in_json
+      Contact.include_root_in_json = true
+      json = @contact.as_json
+
+      assert_kind_of Hash, json
+      assert_kind_of Hash, json['contact']
+      %w(name age created_at awesome preferences).each do |field|
+        assert_equal @contact.send(field), json['contact'][field]
+      end
+    ensure
+      Contact.include_root_in_json = original_include_root_in_json
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
index 11ee17bb27..22fca5bd17 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -3,18 +3,6 @@ require 'models/contact'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables'
 require 'ostruct'
 
-class Contact
-  include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
-
-  attr_accessor :address, :friends, :contact
-
-  remove_method :attributes if method_defined?(:attributes)
-
-  def attributes
-    instance_values.except("address", "friends", "contact")
-  end
-end
-
 module Admin
   class Contact < ::Contact
   end
@@ -57,48 +45,48 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should serialize default root" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml
-    assert_match %r{^<contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{^<contact>},  xml
+    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, xml
   end
 
   test "should serialize namespaced root" do
-    @xml = Admin::Contact.new(@contact.attributes).to_xml
-    assert_match %r{^<contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
+    xml = Admin::Contact.new(@contact.attributes).to_xml
+    assert_match %r{^<contact>},  xml
+    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, xml
   end
 
   test "should serialize default root with namespace" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml namespace: "http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact"
-    assert_match %r{^<contact xmlns="http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact">}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml namespace: "http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact"
+    assert_match %r{^<contact xmlns="http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact">}, xml
+    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, xml
   end
 
   test "should serialize custom root" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact'
-    assert_match %r{^<xml-contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</xml-contact>$}, @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact'
+    assert_match %r{^<xml-contact>},  xml
+    assert_match %r{</xml-contact>$}, xml
   end
 
   test "should allow undasherized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', dasherize: false
-    assert_match %r{^<xml_contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</xml_contact>$}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<created_at},     @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', dasherize: false
+    assert_match %r{^<xml_contact>},  xml
+    assert_match %r{</xml_contact>$}, xml
+    assert_match %r{<created_at},     xml
   end
 
   test "should allow camelized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: true
-    assert_match %r{^<XmlContact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</XmlContact>$}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<CreatedAt},     @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: true
+    assert_match %r{^<XmlContact>},  xml
+    assert_match %r{</XmlContact>$}, xml
+    assert_match %r{<CreatedAt},     xml
   end
 
   test "should allow lower-camelized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: :lower
-    assert_match %r{^<xmlContact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</xmlContact>$}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<createdAt},     @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: :lower
+    assert_match %r{^<xmlContact>},  xml
+    assert_match %r{</xmlContact>$}, xml
+    assert_match %r{<createdAt},     xml
   end
 
   test "should use serializable hash" do
@@ -106,22 +94,22 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     @contact.name = 'aaron stack'
     @contact.age = 25
 
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml
-    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<age type="integer">25</age>}, @xml
-    assert_no_match %r{<awesome>}, @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, xml
+    assert_match %r{<age type="integer">25</age>}, xml
+    assert_no_match %r{<awesome>}, xml
   end
 
   test "should allow skipped types" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml skip_types: true
-    assert_match %r{<age>25</age>}, @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml skip_types: true
+    assert_match %r{<age>25</age>}, xml
   end
 
   test "should include yielded additions" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml do |xml|
+    xml_output = @contact.to_xml do |xml|
       xml.creator "David"
     end
-    assert_match %r{<creator>David</creator>}, @xml
+    assert_match %r{<creator>David</creator>}, xml_output
   end
 
   test "should serialize string" do
@@ -162,7 +150,7 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_match %r{<nationality>unknown</nationality>}, xml
   end
 
-  test 'should supply serializable to second proc argument' do
+  test "should supply serializable to second proc argument" do
     proc = Proc.new { |options, record| options[:builder].tag!('name-reverse', record.name.reverse) }
     xml = @contact.to_xml(procs: [ proc ])
     assert_match %r{<name-reverse>kcats noraa</name-reverse>}, xml
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
index deb4e1ed0a..cedc812ec7 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ class ActiveModelI18nTests < ActiveModel::TestCase
     I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
   end
 
+  def teardown
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
+
   def test_translated_model_attributes
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { person: { name: 'person name attribute' } } }
     assert_equal 'person name attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name')
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
index 795ce16d28..ebfe1cf4e4 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class AbsenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     CustomReader.clear_validators!
   end
 
-  def test_validate_absences
+  def test_validates_absence_of
     Topic.validates_absence_of(:title, :content)
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "foo"
@@ -23,11 +23,12 @@ class AbsenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     t.content  = "something"
     assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["must be blank"], t.errors[:content]
+    assert_equal [], t.errors[:title]
     t.content = ""
     assert t.valid?
   end
 
-  def test_accepts_array_arguments
+  def test_validates_absence_of_with_array_arguments
     Topic.validates_absence_of %w(title content)
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "foo"
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ class AbsenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["must be blank"], t.errors[:content]
   end
 
-  def test_validates_acceptance_of_with_custom_error_using_quotes
+  def test_validates_absence_of_with_custom_error_using_quotes
     Person.validates_absence_of :karma, message: "This string contains 'single' and \"double\" quotes"
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "good"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
index 4957ba5d0a..65a2a1eb49 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
@@ -53,22 +53,25 @@ class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_title_confirmation_with_i18n_attribute
-    @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
-    I18n.load_path.clear
-    I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', {
-      errors: { messages: { confirmation: "doesn't match %{attribute}" } },
-      activemodel: { attributes: { topic: { title: 'Test Title'} } }
-    })
-
-    Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
-
-    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed","title_confirmation" => "")
-    assert t.invalid?
-    assert_equal ["doesn't match Test Title"], t.errors[:title_confirmation]
-
-    I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
-    I18n.backend = @old_backend
+    begin
+      @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
+      I18n.load_path.clear
+      I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
+      I18n.backend.store_translations('en', {
+        errors: { messages: { confirmation: "doesn't match %{attribute}" } },
+        activemodel: { attributes: { topic: { title: 'Test Title'} } }
+      })
+
+      Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
+
+      t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed","title_confirmation" => "")
+      assert t.invalid?
+      assert_equal ["doesn't match Test Title"], t.errors[:title_confirmation]
+    ensure
+      I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
+      I18n.backend = @old_backend
+      I18n.backend.reload!
+    end
   end
 
   test "does not override confirmation reader if present" do
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
index 93600c587a..3eeb80a48b 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
@@ -72,28 +72,40 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :too_long, message: custom_message, count: option_value.end)
-  def test_generate_message_too_long_with_default_message
+  def test_generate_message_too_long_with_default_message_plural
     assert_equal "is too long (maximum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, count: 10)
   end
 
+  def test_generate_message_too_long_with_default_message_singular
+    assert_equal "is too long (maximum is 1 character)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, count: 1)
+  end
+
   def test_generate_message_too_long_with_custom_message
     assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :too_short, default: custom_message, count: option_value.begin)
-  def test_generate_message_too_short_with_default_message
+  def test_generate_message_too_short_with_default_message_plural
     assert_equal "is too short (minimum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, count: 10)
   end
 
+  def test_generate_message_too_short_with_default_message_singular
+    assert_equal "is too short (minimum is 1 character)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, count: 1)
+  end
+
   def test_generate_message_too_short_with_custom_message
     assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :wrong_length, message: custom_message, count: option_value)
-  def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_default_message
+  def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_default_message_plural
     assert_equal "is the wrong length (should be 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, count: 10)
   end
 
+  def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_default_message_singular
+    assert_equal "is the wrong length (should be 1 character)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, count: 1)
+  end
+
   def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_custom_message
     assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index d10010537e..96084a32ba 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     Person.clear_validators!
     I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
     I18n.backend = @old_backend
+    I18n.backend.reload!
   end
 
   def test_full_message_encoding
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
index f77cf47fb7..3834d327ea 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
@@ -50,6 +50,21 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     valid!(NIL + INTEGERS)
   end
 
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_with_integer_only_and_symbol_as_value
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, only_integer: :condition_is_true_but_its_not
+
+    invalid!(NIL + BLANK + JUNK)
+    valid!(FLOATS + INTEGERS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_with_integer_only_and_proc_as_value
+    Topic.send(:define_method, :allow_only_integers?, lambda { false })
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, only_integer: Proc.new {|topic| topic.allow_only_integers? }
+
+    invalid!(NIL + BLANK + JUNK)
+    valid!(FLOATS + INTEGERS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
+  end
+
   def test_validates_numericality_with_greater_than
     Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than: 10
 
@@ -119,6 +134,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     invalid!([3, 4])
     valid!([5, 6])
+  ensure
     Topic.send(:remove_method, :min_approved)
   end
 
@@ -128,6 +144,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     invalid!([6])
     valid!([4, 5])
+  ensure
     Topic.send(:remove_method, :max_approved)
   end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index bee8ece992..d876f73052 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/custom_reader'
-require 'models/automobile'
 
 require 'active_support/json'
 require 'active_support/xml_mini'
@@ -19,11 +18,11 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_single_field_validation
     r = Reply.new
     r.title = "There's no content!"
-    assert r.invalid?, "A reply without content shouldn't be savable"
+    assert r.invalid?, "A reply without content should be invalid"
     assert r.after_validation_performed, "after_validation callback should be called"
 
     r.content = "Messa content!"
-    assert r.valid?, "A reply with content should be savable"
+    assert r.valid?, "A reply with content should be valid"
     assert r.after_validation_performed, "after_validation callback should be called"
   end
 
@@ -139,6 +138,8 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal 4, hits
     assert_equal %w(gotcha gotcha), t.errors[:title]
     assert_equal %w(gotcha gotcha), t.errors[:content]
+  ensure
+    CustomReader.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validate_block
@@ -165,6 +166,13 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_invalid_options_to_validate
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      # A common mistake -- we meant to call 'validates'
+      Topic.validate :title, presence: true
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_errors_conversions
     Topic.validates_presence_of %w(title content)
     t = Topic.new
@@ -281,15 +289,30 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validations_on_the_instance_level
-    auto = Automobile.new
+    Topic.validates :title, :author_name, presence: true
+    Topic.validates :content, length: { minimum: 10 }
 
-    assert          auto.invalid?
-    assert_equal 2, auto.errors.size
+    topic = Topic.new
+    assert topic.invalid?
+    assert_equal 3, topic.errors.size
 
-    auto.make  = 'Toyota'
-    auto.model = 'Corolla'
+    topic.title = 'Some Title'
+    topic.author_name = 'Some Author'
+    topic.content = 'Some Content Whose Length is more than 10.'
+    assert topic.valid?
+  end
 
-    assert auto.valid?
+  def test_validate
+    Topic.validate do
+      validates_presence_of :title, :author_name
+      validates_length_of :content, minimum: 10
+    end
+
+    topic = Topic.new
+    assert_empty topic.errors
+
+    topic.validate
+    assert_not_empty topic.errors
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_in_validates
@@ -366,25 +389,4 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert duped.valid?
   end
-
-   # validator test:
-  def test_setup_is_deprecated_but_still_receives_klass # TODO: remove me in 4.2.
-    validator_class = Class.new(ActiveModel::Validator) do
-      def setup(klass)
-        @old_klass = klass
-      end
-
-      def validate(*)
-        @old_klass == Topic or raise "#setup didn't work"
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_deprecated do
-      Topic.validates_with validator_class
-    end
-
-    t = Topic.new
-    t.valid?
-  end
-
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb b/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ece644c40c..0000000000
--- a/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-class Automobile
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
-
-  validate :validations
-
-  attr_accessor :make, :model
-
-  def validations
-    validates_presence_of :make
-    validates_length_of   :model, within: 2..10
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb b/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
index c25be28e1d..bcfd267a34 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 class Contact
   extend ActiveModel::Naming
   include ActiveModel::Conversion
+  include ActiveModel::Validations
+
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
 
   attr_accessor :id, :name, :age, :created_at, :awesome, :preferences
+  attr_accessor :address, :friends, :contact
 
   def social
     %w(twitter github)
@@ -23,4 +28,14 @@ class Contact
   def persisted?
     id
   end
+
+  def attributes=(hash)
+    hash.each do |k, v|
+      instance_variable_set("@#{k}", v)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def attributes
+    instance_values.except("address", "friends", "contact")
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/user.rb b/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
index cbe259b1ad..1ec6001c48 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 class User
   extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
   include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
   
   define_model_callbacks :create
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb b/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb
index 4d7f4be097..22ad1a3c3d 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 class Visitor
   extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
   include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
 
   define_model_callbacks :create
diff --git a/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md b/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
index 74f2ed4405..f33d38b35a 100644
--- a/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,1802 +1,1176 @@
-*   SQLite3Adapter now checks for views in `table_exists?`
-
-    Fixes #14041
+*   SQLite3Adapter now checks for views in `table_exists?`. Fixes #14041.
 
     *Girish Sonawane*
 
-*   When inverting add_index use the index name if present instead of
-    the columns.
-
-    If there are two indices with matching columns and one of them is
-    explicitly named then reverting the migration adding the named one
-    would instead drop the unnamed one.
-
-    The inversion of add_index will now drop the index by its name if
-    it is present.
+*   Introduce `connection.supports_views?` to check wether the current adapter
+    has support for SQL views. Connection adapters should define this method.
 
-    *Hubert Dąbrowski*
-
-*   Add flag to disable schema dump after migration.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    Add a config parameter on Active Record named `dump_schema_after_migration`
-    which is true by default. Now schema dump does not happen at the
-    end of migration rake task if `dump_schema_after_migration` is false.
+*   Allow included modules to override association methods.
 
-    *Emil Soman*
+    Fixes #16684.
 
-*   `find_in_batches`, `find_each`, `Result#each` and `Enumerable#index_by` now
-    return an `Enumerator` that can calculate its size.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    See also #13938.
+*   Schema loading rake tasks (like `db:schema:load` and `db:setup`) maintain
+    the database connection to the current environment.
 
-    *Marc-André Lafortune*
+    Fixes #16757.
 
-*   Make sure transaction state gets reset after a commit operation on the record.
+    *Joshua Cody*, *Yves Senn*
 
-    If a new transaction was open inside a callback, the record was loosing track
-    of the transaction level state, and it was leaking that state.
+*   MySQL: set the connection collation along with the charset.
 
-    Fixes #12566.
+    Sets the connection collation to the database collation configured in
+    database.yml. Otherwise, `SET NAMES utf8mb4` will use the default
+    collation for that charset (utf8mb4_general_ci) when you may have chosen
+    a different collation, like utf8mb4_unicode_ci.
 
-    *arthurnn*
+    This only applies to literal string comparisons, not column values, so it
+    is unlikely to affect you.
 
-*   Pass `has_and_belongs_to_many` `:autosave` option to
-    the underlying `has_many :through` association.
+    *Jeremy Kemper*
 
-    Fixes #13923.
+*   `default_sequence_name` from the PostgreSQL adapter returns a `String`.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   PostgreSQL implementation of `SchemaStatements#index_name_exists?`.
-
-    The database agnostic implementation does not detect with indexes that are
-    not supported by the ActiveRecord schema dumper. For example, expressions
-    indexes would not be detected.
-
-    Fixes #11018.
+*   Fixed a regression where whitespaces were stripped from DISTINCT queries in
+    PostgreSQL.
 
-    *Jonathan Baudanza*
+    *Agis Anastasopoulos*
 
-*   Parsing PostgreSQL arrays with empty strings now works correctly.
+    Fixes #16623.
 
-    Previously, if you tried to parse `{"1","","2","","3"}` the result
-    would be `["1","2","3"]`, removing the empty strings from the array,
-    which would be incorrect. Now it will correctly produce `["1","","2","","3"]`
-    as the result of parsing the above PostgreSQL array.
+*   Fix has_many :through relation merging failing when dynamic conditions are
+    passed as a lambda with an arity of one.
 
-    Fixes #13907.
+    Fixes #16128.
 
-    *Maurício Linhares*
+    *Agis Anastasopoulos*
 
-*   Associations now raise `ArgumentError` on name conflicts.
+*   Fixed the `Relation#exists?` to work with polymorphic associations.
 
-    Dangerous association names conflicts include instance or class methods already
-    defined by `ActiveRecord::Base`.
+    Fixes #15821.
 
-    Example:
+    *Kassio Borges*
 
-        class Car < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_many :errors
-        end
-        # Will raise ArgumentError.
+*   Currently, Active Record will rescue any errors raised within
+    after_rollback/after_create callbacks and print them to the logs. Next versions of rails
+    will not rescue those errors anymore, and just bubble them up, as the other callbacks.
 
-    Fixes #13217.
+    This adds a opt-in flag to enable that behaviour, of not rescuing the errors.
 
-    *Lauro Caetano*
+    Example:
 
-*   Fix regressions on `select_*` methods.
-    When `select_*` methods receive a `Relation` object, they should be able to
-    get the arel/binds from it.
-    Also fix regressions on `select_rows` that was ignoring the binds.
+        # Do not swallow errors in after_commit/after_rollback callbacks.
+        config.active_record.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = true
 
-    Fixes #7538, #12017, #13731, #12056.
+    Fixes #13460.
 
     *arthurnn*
 
-*   Active Record objects can now be correctly dumped, loaded and dumped again
-    without issues.
-
-    Previously, if you did `YAML.dump`, `YAML.load` and then `YAML.dump` again
-    in an Active Record model that used serialization it would fail at the last
-    dump due to the fields not being correctly serialized before being dumped
-    to YAML. Now it is possible to dump and load the same object as many times
-    as needed without any issues.
-
-    Fixes #13861.
-
-    *Maurício Linhares*
-
-*   `find_in_batches` now returns an `Enumerator` when called without a block, so that it
-    can be chained with other `Enumerable` methods.
+*   Fixed an issue where custom accessor methods (such as those generated by
+    `enum`) with the same name as a global method are incorrectly overridden
+    when subclassing.
 
-    *Marc-André Lafortune*
-
-*   `enum` now raises on "dangerous" name conflicts.
-
-    Dangerous name conflicts includes instance or class method conflicts
-    with methods defined within `ActiveRecord::Base` but not its ancestors,
-    as well as conflicts with methods generated by other enums on the same
-    class.
-
-    Fixes #13389.
+    Fixes #16288.
 
     *Godfrey Chan*
 
-*   `scope` now raises on "dangerous" name conflicts.
-
-    Similar to dangerous attribute methods, a scope name conflict is
-    dangerous if it conflicts with an existing class method defined within
-    `ActiveRecord::Base` but not its ancestors.
-
-    See also #13389.
-
-    *Godfrey Chan*, *Philippe Creux*
+*   `*_was` and `changes` now work correctly for in-place attribute changes as
+    well.
 
-*   Correctly send an user provided statement to a `lock!()` call.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-        person.lock! 'FOR SHARE NOWAIT'
-        # Before: SELECT * ... LIMIT 1 FOR UPDATE
-        # After: SELECT * ... LIMIT 1 FOR SHARE NOWAIT
+*   Fix regression on after_commit that didnt fire when having nested transactions.
 
-    Fixes #13788.
+    Fixes #16425.
 
-    *Maurício Linhares*
-
-*   Handle aliased attributes `select()`, `order()` and `reorder()`.
-
-    *Tsutomu Kuroda*
-
-*   Reset the collection association when calling `reset` on it.
-
-    Before:
+    *arthurnn*
 
-        post.comments.loaded? # => true
-        post.comments.reset
-        post.comments.loaded? # => true
+*   Do not try to write timestamps when a table has no timestamps columns.
 
-    After:
+    Fixes #8813.
 
-        post.comments.loaded? # => true
-        post.comments.reset
-        post.comments.loaded? # => false
+    *Sergey Potapov*
 
-    Fixes #13777.
+*   `index_exists?` with `:name` option does verify specified columns.
 
-    *Kelsey Schlarman*
+    Example:
 
-*   Make enum fields work as expected with the `ActiveModel::Dirty` API.
+        add_index :articles, :title, name: "idx_title"
 
-    Before this change, using the dirty API would have surprising results:
+        # Before:
+        index_exists? :articles, :title, name: "idx_title" # => `true`
+        index_exists? :articles, :body, name: "idx_title" # => `true`
 
-        conversation = Conversation.new
-        conversation.status = :active
-        conversation.status = :archived
-        conversation.status_was # => 0
+        # After:
+        index_exists? :articles, :title, name: "idx_title" # => `true`
+        index_exists? :articles, :body, name: "idx_title" # => `false`
 
-    After this change, the same code would result in:
+    *Yves Senn*, *Matthew Draper*
 
-        conversation = Conversation.new
-        conversation.status = :active
-        conversation.status = :archived
-        conversation.status_was # => "active"
+*   When calling `update_columns` on a record that is not persisted, the error
+    message now reflects whether that object is a new record or has been
+    destroyed.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    *Lachlan Sylvester*
 
-*   `has_one` and `belongs_to` accessors don't add ORDER BY to the queries
-    anymore.
+*   Define `id_was` to get the previous value of the primary key.
 
-    Since Rails 4.0, we add an ORDER BY in the `first` method to ensure
-    consistent results among different database engines. But for singular
-    associations this behavior is not needed since we will have one record to
-    return. As this ORDER BY option can lead some performance issues we are
-    removing it for singular associations accessors.
+    Currently when we call id_was and we have a custom primary key name
+    Active Record will return the current value of the primary key. This
+    make impossible to correctly do an update operation if you change the
+    id.
 
-    Fixes #12623.
+    Fixes #16413.
 
     *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Prepend table name for column names passed to `Relation#select`.
-
-    Example:
-
-        Post.select(:id)
-        # Before: => SELECT id FROM "posts"
-        # After: => SELECT "posts"."id" FROM "posts"
+*   Deprecate `DatabaseTasks.load_schema` to act on the current connection.
+    Use `.load_schema_current` instead. In the future `load_schema` will
+    require the `configuration` to act on as an argument.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Fail early with "Primary key not included in the custom select clause"
-    in `find_in_batches`.
-
-    Before this patch, the exception was raised after the first batch was
-    yielded to the block. This means that you only get it, when you hit the
-    `batch_size` treshold. This could shadow the issue in development.
+*   Fixed automatic maintaining test schema to properly handle sql structure
+    schema format.
 
-    *Alexander Balashov*
+    Fixes #15394.
 
-*   Ensure `second` through `fifth` methods act like the `first` finder.
+    *Wojciech Wnętrzak*
 
-    The famous ordinal Array instance methods defined in ActiveSupport
-    (`first`, `second`, `third`, `fourth`, and `fifth`) are now available as
-    full-fledged finders in ActiveRecord. The biggest benefit of this is ordering
-    of the records returned now defaults to the table's primary key in ascending order.
-
-    Fixes #13743.
-
-    Example:
+*   Fix type casting to Decimal from Float with large precision.
 
-        User.all.second
+    *Tomohiro Hashidate*
 
-        # Before
-        # => 'SELECT  "users".* FROM "users"'
+*   Deprecate `Reflection#source_macro`
 
-        # After
-        # => SELECT  "users".* FROM "users"   ORDER BY "users"."id" ASC LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1'
+    `Reflection#source_macro` is no longer needed in Active Record
+    source so it has been deprecated. Code that used `source_macro`
+    was removed in #16353.
 
-        User.offset(3).second
+    *Eileen M. Uchtitelle*, *Aaron Patterson*
 
-        # Before
-        # => 'SELECT "users".* FROM "users"  LIMIT -1 OFFSET 3' # sqlite3 gem
-        # => 'SELECT "users".* FROM "users"  OFFSET 3' # pg gem
-        # => 'SELECT `users`.* FROM `users`  LIMIT 18446744073709551615 OFFSET 3' # mysql2 gem
+*   No verbose backtrace by db:drop when database does not exist.
 
-        # After
-        # => SELECT  "users".* FROM "users"   ORDER BY "users"."id" ASC LIMIT 1 OFFSET 4'
-
-    *Jason Meller*
-
-*   ActiveRecord states are now correctly restored after a rollback for
-    models that did not define any transactional callbacks (i.e.
-    `after_commit`, `after_rollback` or `after_create`).
-
-    Fixes #13744.
-
-    *Godfrey Chan*
+    Fixes #16295.
 
-*   Make `touch` fire the `after_commit` and `after_rollback` callbacks.
+    *Kenn Ejima*
 
-    *Harry Brundage*
-
-*   Enable partial indexes for `sqlite >= 3.8.0`.
-
-    See http://www.sqlite.org/partialindex.html
-
-    *Cody Cutrer*
-
-*   Don't try to get the subclass if the inheritance column doesn't exist
-
-    The `subclass_from_attrs` method is called even if the column specified by
-    the `inheritance_column` setting doesn't exist. This prevents setting associations
-    via the attributes hash if the association name clashes with the value of the setting,
-    typically `:type`. This worked previously in Rails 3.2.
-
-    *Ujjwal Thaakar*
-
-*   Enum mappings are now exposed via class methods instead of constants.
+*   Add support for Postgresql JSONB.
 
     Example:
 
-        class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
-          enum status: [ :active, :archived ]
+        create_table :posts do |t|
+          t.jsonb :meta_data
         end
 
-    Before:
-
-        Conversation::STATUS # => { "active" => 0, "archived" => 1 }
-
-    After:
-
-        Conversation.statuses # => { "active" => 0, "archived" => 1 }
-
-    *Godfrey Chan*
-
-*   Set `NameError#name` when STI-class-lookup fails.
-
-    *Chulki Lee*
-
-*   Fix bug in `becomes!` when changing from the base model to a STI sub-class.
-
-    Fixes #13272.
-
-    *the-web-dev*, *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Currently Active Record can be configured via the environment variable
-    `DATABASE_URL` or by manually injecting a hash of values which is what Rails does,
-    reading in `database.yml` and setting Active Record appropriately. Active Record
-    expects to be able to use `DATABASE_URL` without the use of Rails, and we cannot
-    rip out this functionality without deprecating. This presents a problem though
-    when both config is set, and a `DATABASE_URL` is present. Currently the
-    `DATABASE_URL` should "win" and none of the values in `database.yml` are
-    used. This is somewhat unexpected, if one were to set values such as
-    `pool` in the `production:` group of `database.yml` they are ignored.
-
-    There are many ways that Active Record initiates a connection today:
-
-    - Stand Alone (without rails)
-      - `rake db:<tasks>`
-      - `ActiveRecord.establish_connection`
-
-    - With Rails
-      - `rake db:<tasks>`
-      - `rails <server> | <console>`
-      - `rails dbconsole`
-
-    Now all of these behave exactly the same way. The best way to do
-    this is to put all of this logic in one place so it is guaranteed to be used.
-
-    Here is the matrix of how this behavior works:
-
-    ```
-    No database.yml
-    No DATABASE_URL
-    => Error
-    ```
-
-    ```
-    database.yml present
-    No DATABASE_URL
-    => Use database.yml configuration
-    ```
-
-    ```
-    No database.yml
-    DATABASE_URL present
-    => use DATABASE_URL configuration
-    ```
-
-    ```
-    database.yml present
-    DATABASE_URL present
-    => Merged into `url` sub key. If both specify `url` sub key, the `database.yml` `url`
-       sub key "wins". If other paramaters `adapter` or `database` are specified in YAML,
-       they are discarded as the `url` sub key "wins".
-    ```
-
-    Current implementation uses `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations` to resolve and merge
-    all connection information before returning. This is achieved through a utility
-    class: `ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig`.
-
-    To understand the exact behavior of this class, it is best to review the
-    behavior in `activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb`.
-
-    *Richard Schneeman*
-
-*   Make `change_column_null` revertable. Fixes #13576.
-
-    *Yves Senn*, *Nishant Modak*, *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
-
-*   Don't create/drop the test database if RAILS_ENV is specified explicitly.
-
-    Previously, when the environment was development, we would always
-    create or drop both the test and development databases.
-
-    Now, if RAILS_ENV is explicitly defined as development, we don't create
-    the test database.
-
-    *Damien Mathieu*
-
-*   Initialize version on Migration objects so that it can be used in a migration,
-    and it will be included in the announce message.
-
-    *Dylan Thacker-Smith*
-
-*   `change_table` now uses the current adapter's `update_table_definition`
-    method to retrieve a specific table definition.
-    This ensures that `change_table` and `create_table` will use
-    similar objects.
-
-    Fixes #13577, #13503.
-
-    *Nishant Modak*, *Prathamesh Sonpatki*, *Rafael Mendonça França*
-
-*   Fixed ActiveRecord::Store nil conversion TypeError when using YAML coder.
-    In case the YAML passed as paramter is nil, uses an empty string.
-
-    Fixes #13570.
+    *Philippe Creux*, *Chris Teague*
 
-    *Thales Oliveira*
-
-*   Deprecate unused `ActiveRecord::Base.symbolized_base_class`
-    and `ActiveRecord::Base.symbolized_sti_name` without replacement.
+*   `db:purge` with MySQL respects `Rails.env`.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Since the `test_help.rb` file in Railties now automatically maintains
-    your test schema, the `rake db:test:*` tasks are deprecated. This
-    doesn't stop you manually running other tasks on your test database
-    if needed:
-
-        rake db:schema:load RAILS_ENV=test
-
-    *Jon Leighton*
-
-*   Fix presence validator for association when the associated record responds to `to_a`.
-
-    *gmarik*
-
-*   Fixed regression on preload/includes with multiple arguments failing in certain conditions,
-    raising a NoMethodError internally by calling `reflect_on_association` for `NilClass:Class`.
-
-    Fixes #13437.
-
-    *Vipul A M*, *khustochka*
-
-*   Add the ability to nullify the `enum` column.
-
-     Example:
-
-         class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
-           enum gender: [:female, :male]
-         end
-
-         Conversation::GENDER # => { female: 0, male: 1 }
+*   `change_column_default :table, :column, nil` with PostgreSQL will issue a
+    `DROP DEFAULT` instead of a `DEFAULT NULL` query.
 
-         # conversation.update! gender: 0
-         conversation.female!
-         conversation.female? # => true
-         conversation.gender  # => "female"
+    Fixes #16261.
 
-         # conversation.update! gender: nil
-         conversation.gender = nil
-         conversation.gender.nil? # => true
-         conversation.gender      # => nil
+    *Matthew Draper*, *Yves Senn*
 
-     *Amr Tamimi*
-
-*   Connection specification now accepts a "url" key. The value of this
-    key is expected to contain a database URL. The database URL will be
-    expanded into a hash and merged.
-
-    *Richard Schneeman*
-
-*   An `ArgumentError` is now raised on a call to `Relation#where.not(nil)`.
+*   Allow to specify a type for the foreign key column in `references`
+    and `add_reference`.
 
     Example:
 
-        User.where.not(nil)
-
-        # Before
-        # => 'SELECT `users`.* FROM `users`  WHERE (NOT (NULL))'
-
-        # After
-        # => ArgumentError, 'Invalid argument for .where.not(), got nil.'
-
-    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*
-
-*   Deprecated use of string argument as a configuration lookup in
-    `ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection`. Instead, a symbol must be given.
-
-    *José Valim*
-
-*   Fixed `update_column`, `update_columns`, and `update_all` to correctly serialize
-    values for `array`, `hstore` and `json` column types in PostgreSQL.
-
-    Fixes #12261.
-
-    *Tadas Tamosauskas*, *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
-
-*   Do not consider PostgreSQL array columns as number or text columns.
-
-    The code uses these checks in several places to know what to do with a
-    particular column, for instance AR attribute query methods has a branch
-    like this:
-
-        if column.number?
-          !value.zero?
+        change_table :vehicle do |t|
+          t.references :station, type: :uuid
         end
 
-    This should never be true for array columns, since it would be the same
-    as running [].zero?, which results in a NoMethodError exception.
-
-    Fixing this by ensuring that array columns in PostgreSQL never return
-    true for number?/text? checks.
-
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
-
-*   When connecting to a non-existant database, the error:
-    `ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError` will now be raised. When being used with Rails
-    the error message will include information on how to create a database:
-    `rake db:create`. Supported adapters: postgresql, mysql, mysql2, sqlite3
-
-    *Richard Schneeman*
-
-*   Do not raise `'cannot touch on a new record object'` exception on destroying
-    already destroyed `belongs_to` association with `touch: true` option.
-
-    Fixes #13445.
-
-    Example:
-
-        # Given Comment has belongs_to :post, touch: true
-        comment.post.destroy
-        comment.destroy # no longer raises an error
-
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
-
-*   Fix a bug when assigning an array containing string numbers to a
-    PostgreSQL integer array column.
-
-    Fixes #13444.
-
-    Example:
-
-        # Given Book#ratings is of type :integer, array: true
-        Book.new(ratings: [1, 2]) # worked before
-        Book.new(ratings: ['1', '2']) # now works as well
-
-    *Damien Mathieu*
-
-*   Improve the default select when `from` is used.
-
-    Previously, if you did something like Topic.from(:temp_topics), it
-    would generate SQL like:
-
-        SELECT topics.* FROM temp_topics;
+    *Andrey Novikov*, *Łukasz Sarnacki*
 
-    Which is will cause an error since there's not a topics table to select
-    from.
+*   `create_join_table` removes a common prefix when generating the join table.
+    This matches the existing behavior of HABTM associations.
 
-    Now the default if you use from is just `*`:
+    Fixes #13683.
 
-        SELECT * FROM temp_topics;
+    *Stefan Kanev*
 
-    *Cody Cutrer*
+*   Dont swallow errors on compute_type when having a bad alias_method on
+    a class.
 
-*   Fix `PostgreSQL` insert to properly extract table name from multiline string SQL.
-
-    Previously, executing an insert SQL in `PostgreSQL` with a command like this:
-
-        insert into articles(
-          number)
-        values(
-          5152
-        )
+    *arthurnn*
 
-    would not work because the adapter was unable to extract the correct `articles`
-    table name.
+*   PostgreSQL invalid `uuid` are convert to nil.
 
-    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*
+    *Abdelkader Boudih*
 
-*   `Relation` no longer has mutator methods like `#map!` and `#delete_if`. Convert
-    to an `Array` by calling `#to_a` before using these methods.
+*   Restore 4.0 behavior for using serialize attributes with `JSON` as coder.
 
-    It intends to prevent odd bugs and confusion in code that call mutator
-    methods directly on the `Relation`.
+    With 4.1.x, `serialize` started returning a string when `JSON` was passed as
+    the second attribute. It will now return a hash as per previous versions.
 
     Example:
 
-        # Instead of this
-        Author.where(name: 'Hank Moody').compact!
-
-        # Now you have to do this
-        authors = Author.where(name: 'Hank Moody').to_a
-        authors.compact!
-
-    *Lauro Caetano*
-
-*   Better support for `where()` conditions that use a `belongs_to`
-    association name.
-
-    Using the name of an association in `where` previously worked only
-    if the value was a single `ActiveRecord::Base` object. e.g.
-
-        Post.where(author: Author.first)
-
-    Any other values, including `nil`, would cause invalid SQL to be
-    generated. This change supports arguments in the `where` query
-    conditions where the key is a `belongs_to` association name and the
-    value is `nil`, an `Array` of `ActiveRecord::Base` objects, or an
-    `ActiveRecord::Relation` object.
-
         class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          belongs_to :author
+          serialize :comment, JSON
         end
 
-    `nil` value finds records where the association is not set:
-
-        Post.where(author: nil)
-        # SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE "posts"."author_id" IS NULL
-
-    `Array` values find records where the association foreign key
-    matches the ids of the passed ActiveRecord models, resulting
-    in the same query as `Post.where(author_id: [1,2])`:
-
-        authors_array = [Author.find(1), Author.find(2)]
-        Post.where(author: authors_array)
-        # SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE "posts"."author_id" IN (1, 2)
-
-    `ActiveRecord::Relation` values find records using the same
-    query as `Post.where(author_id: Author.where(last_name: "Emde"))`
-
-        Post.where(author: Author.where(last_name: "Emde"))
-        # SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts"
-        # WHERE "posts"."author_id" IN (
-        #   SELECT "authors"."id" FROM "authors"
-        #   WHERE "authors"."last_name" = 'Emde')
-
-    Polymorphic `belongs_to` associations will continue to be handled
-    appropriately, with the polymorphic `association_type` field added
-    to the query to match the base class of the value. This feature
-    previously only worked when the value was a single `ActveRecord::Base`.
-
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          belongs_to :author, polymorphic: true
+        class Comment
+          include ActiveModel::Model
+          attr_accessor :category, :text
         end
 
-        Post.where(author: Author.where(last_name: "Emde"))
-        # Generates a query similar to:
-        Post.where(author_id: Author.where(last_name: "Emde"), author_type: "Author")
-
-    *Martin Emde*
-
-*   Respect temporary option when dropping tables with MySQL.
+        post = Post.create!
+        post.comment = Comment.new(category: "Animals", text: "This is a comment about squirrels.")
+        post.save!
 
-    Normal DROP TABLE also works, but commits the transaction.
+        # 4.0
+        post.comment # => {"category"=>"Animals", "text"=>"This is a comment about squirrels."}
 
-        drop_table :temporary_table, temporary: true
+        # 4.1 before
+        post.comment # => "#<Comment:0x007f80ab48ff98>"
 
-    *Cody Cutrer*
+        # 4.1 after
+        post.comment # => {"category"=>"Animals", "text"=>"This is a comment about squirrels."}
 
-*   Add option to create tables from a query.
+    When using `JSON` as the coder in `serialize`, Active Record will use the
+    new `ActiveRecord::Coders::JSON` coder which delegates its `dump/load` to
+    `ActiveSupport::JSON.encode/decode`. This ensures special objects are dumped
+    correctly using the `#as_json` hook.
 
-        create_table(:long_query, temporary: true,
-          as: "SELECT * FROM orders INNER JOIN line_items ON order_id=orders.id")
+    To keep the previous behaviour, supply a custom coder instead
+    ([example](https://gist.github.com/jenncoop/8c4142bbe59da77daa63)).
 
-    Generates:
+    Fixes #15594.
 
-        CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE long_query AS
-          SELECT * FROM orders INNER JOIN line_items ON order_id=orders.id
+    *Jenn Cooper*
 
-    *Cody Cutrer*
+*   Do not use `RENAME INDEX` syntax for MariaDB 10.0.
 
-*   `db:test:clone` and `db:test:prepare` must load Rails environment.
+    Fixes #15931.
 
-    `db:test:clone` and `db:test:prepare` use `ActiveRecord::Base`. configurations,
-    so we need to load the Rails environment, otherwise the config wont be in place.
+    *Jeff Browning*
 
-    *arthurnn*
-
-*   Use the right column to type cast grouped calculations with custom expressions.
-
-    Fixes #13230.
-
-    Example:
-
-        # Before
-        Account.group(:firm_name).sum('0.01 * credit_limit')
-        # => { '37signals' => '0.5' }
+*   Calling `#empty?` on a `has_many` association would use the value from the
+    counter cache if one exists.
 
-        # After
-        Account.group(:firm_name).sum('0.01 * credit_limit')
-        # => { '37signals' => 0.5 }
+    *David Verhasselt*
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
-
-*   Polymorphic `belongs_to` associations with the `touch: true` option set update the timestamps of
-    the old and new owner correctly when moved between owners of different types.
-
-    Example:
-
-        class Rating < ActiveRecord::Base
-          belongs_to :rateable, polymorphic: true, touch: true
-        end
+*   Fix the schema dump generated for tables without constraints and with
+    primary key with default value of custom PostgreSQL function result.
 
-        rating = Rating.create rateable: Song.find(1)
-        rating.update_attributes rateable: Book.find(2) # => timestamps of Song(1) and Book(2) are updated
+    Fixes #16111.
 
-    *Severin Schoepke*
+    *Andrey Novikov*
 
-*   Improve formatting of migration exception messages: make them easier to read
-    with line breaks before/after, and improve the error for pending migrations.
+*   Fix the SQL generated when a `delete_all` is run on an association to not
+    produce an `IN` statements.
 
-    *John Bachir*
-
-*   Fix `last` with `offset` to return the proper record instead of always the last one.
+    Before:
 
-    Example:
+      UPDATE "categorizations" SET "category_id" = NULL WHERE
+      "categorizations"."category_id" = 1 AND "categorizations"."id" IN (1, 2)
 
-        Model.offset(4).last
-        # => returns the 4th record from the end.
+    After:
 
-    Fixes #7441.
+      UPDATE "categorizations" SET "category_id" = NULL WHERE
+      "categorizations"."category_id" = 1
 
-    *kostya*, *Lauro Caetano*
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle, Aaron Patterson*
 
-*   `type_to_sql` returns a `String` for unmapped columns. This fixes an error
-    when using unmapped PostgreSQL array types.
+*   Avoid type casting boolean and ActiveSupport::Duration values to numeric
+    values for string columns. Otherwise, in some database, the string column
+    values will be coerced to a numeric allowing false or 0.seconds match any
+    string starting with a non-digit.
 
     Example:
 
-        change_colum :table, :column, :bigint, array: true
+        App.where(apikey: false) # => SELECT * FROM users WHERE apikey = '0'
 
-    Fixes #13146.
+    *Dylan Thacker-Smith*
 
-    *Jens Fahnenbruck*, *Yves Senn*
+*   Add a `:required` option to singular associations, providing a nicer
+    API for presence validations on associations.
 
-*   Fix `QueryCache` to work with nested blocks, so that it will only clear the existing cache
-    after leaving the outer block instead of clearing it right after the inner block is finished.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Vipul A M*
+*   Fixed error in `reset_counters` when associations have `select` scope.
+    (Call to `count` generates invalid SQL.)
 
-*   The ERB in fixture files is no longer evaluated in the context of the main
-    object. Helper methods used by multiple fixtures should be defined on the
-    class object returned by `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class`.
+    *Cade Truitt*
 
-    *Victor Costan*
+*   After a successful `reload`, `new_record?` is always false.
 
-*   Previously, the `has_one` macro incorrectly accepted the `counter_cache`
-    option, but never actually supported it. Now it will raise an `ArgumentError`
-    when using `has_one` with `counter_cache`.
+    Fixes #12101.
 
-    *Godfrey Chan*
+    *Matthew Draper*
 
-*   Implement `rename_index` natively for MySQL >= 5.7.
+*   PostgreSQL renaming table doesn't attempt to rename non existent sequences.
 
-    *Cody Cutrer*
+    *Abdelkader Boudih*
 
-*   Fix bug when validating the uniqueness of an aliased attribute.
+*   Move 'dependent: :destroy' handling for 'belongs_to'
+    from 'before_destroy' to 'after_destroy' callback chain
 
-    Fixes #12402.
+    Fixes #12380.
 
-    *Lauro Caetano*
-
-*   Update counter cache on a `has_many` relationship regardless of default scope.
+    *Ivan Antropov*
 
-    Fixes #12952.
+*   Detect in-place modifications on String attributes.
 
-    *Uku Taht*
+    Before this change user have to mark the attribute as changed to it be persisted
+    in the database. Now it is not required anymore.
 
-*   `rename_index` adds the new index before removing the old one. This allows to
-    rename indexes on columns with a foreign key and prevents the following error:
+    Before:
 
-        Cannot drop index 'index_engines_on_car_id': needed in a foreign key constraint
+        user = User.first
+        user.name << ' Griffin'
+        user.name_will_change!
+        user.save
+        user.reload.name # => "Sean Griffin"
 
-    *Cody Cutrer*, *Yves Senn*
+    After:
 
-*   Raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed` when a replaced child
-    marked with `dependent: destroy` fails to be destroyed.
+        user = User.first
+        user.name << ' Griffin'
+        user.save
+        user.reload.name # => "Sean Griffin"
 
-    Fixex #12812.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Brian Thomas Storti*
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base#validate!` that raises `RecordInvalid` if the record
+    is invalid.
 
-*   Fix validation on uniqueness of empty association.
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*, *Marc Schütz*
 
-    *Evgeny Li*
+*   Support for adding and removing foreign keys. Foreign keys are now
+    a part of `schema.rb`. This is supported by Mysql2Adapter, MysqlAdapter
+    and PostgreSQLAdapter.
 
-*   Make `ActiveRecord::Relation#unscope` affect relations it is merged in to.
+    Many thanks to *Matthew Higgins* for laying the foundation with his work on
+    [foreigner](https://github.com/matthuhiggins/foreigner).
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+    Example:
 
-*   Use strings to represent non-string `order_values`.
+        # within your migrations:
+        add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
+        remove_foreign_key :articles, :authors
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Checks to see if the record contains the foreign key to set the inverse automatically.
+*   Fix subtle bugs regarding attribute assignment on models with no primary
+    key. `'id'` will no longer be part of the attributes hash.
 
-    *Edo Balvers*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   Added `ActiveRecord::Base.to_param` for convenient "pretty" URLs derived from a model's attribute or method.
+*   Deprecate automatic counter caches on `has_many :through`. The behavior was
+    broken and inconsistent.
 
-    Example:
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-          to_param :name
-        end
+*   `preload` preserves readonly flag for associations.
 
-        user = User.find_by(name: 'Fancy Pants')
-        user.id       # => 123
-        user.to_param # => "123-fancy-pants"
+    See #15853.
 
-    *Javan Makhmali*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Added `ActiveRecord::Base.no_touching`, which allows ignoring touch on models.
+*   Assume numeric types have changed if they were assigned to a value that
+    would fail numericality validation, regardless of the old value. Previously
+    this would only occur if the old value was 0.
 
     Example:
 
-        Post.no_touching do
-          Post.first.touch
-        end
-
-    *Sam Stephenson*, *Damien Mathieu*
-
-*   Prevent the counter cache from being decremented twice when destroying
-    a record on a `has_many :through` association.
+        model = Model.create!(number: 5)
+        model.number = '5wibble'
+        model.number_changed? # => true
 
-    Fixes #11079.
+    Fixes #14731.
 
-    *Dmitry Dedov*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   Unify boolean type casting for `MysqlAdapter` and `Mysql2Adapter`.
-    `type_cast` will return `1` for `true` and `0` for `false`.
+*   `reload` no longer merges with the existing attributes.
+    The attribute hash is fully replaced. The record is put into the same state
+    as it would be with `Model.find(model.id)`.
 
-    Fixes #11119.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Adam Williams*, *Yves Senn*
+*   The object returned from `select_all` must respond to `column_types`.
+    If this is not the case a `NoMethodError` is raised.
 
-*   Fix bug where `has_one` association record update result in crash, when replaced with itself.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    Fixes #12834.
+*   Detect in-place modifications of PG array types
 
-    *Denis Redozubov*, *Sergio Cambra*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   Log bind variables after they are type casted. This makes it more
-    transparent what values are actually sent to the database.
-
-        irb(main):002:0> Event.find("im-no-integer")
-        # Before: ... WHERE "events"."id" = $1 LIMIT 1  [["id", "im-no-integer"]]
-        # After: ... WHERE "events"."id" = $1 LIMIT 1  [["id", 0]]
+*   Add `bin/rake db:purge` task to empty the current database.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Fix uninitialized constant `TransactionState` error when `Marshall.load` is used on an Active Record result.
-
-    Fixes #12790.
-
-    *Jason Ayre*
-
-*   `.unscope` now removes conditions specified in `default_scope`.
-
-    *Jon Leighton*
-
-*   Added `ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#rewhere` which will overwrite an existing, named where condition.
+*   Deprecate `serialized_attributes` without replacement.
 
-    Examples:
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-        Post.where(trashed: true).where(trashed: false)                       #=> WHERE `trashed` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
-        Post.where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false)                     #=> WHERE `trashed` = 0
-        Post.where(active: true).where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false) #=> WHERE `active` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
+*   Correctly extract IPv6 addresses from `DATABASE_URI`: the square brackets
+    are part of the URI structure, not the actual host.
 
-    *DHH*
+    Fixes #15705.
 
-*   Extend `ActiveRecord::Base#cache_key` to take an optional list of timestamp attributes of which the highest will be used.
+    *Andy Bakun*, *Aaron Stone*
 
-    Example:
-
-        # last_reviewed_at will be used, if that's more recent than updated_at, or vice versa
-        Person.find(5).cache_key(:updated_at, :last_reviewed_at)
-
-    *DHH*
-
-*   Added `ActiveRecord::Base#enum` for declaring enum attributes where the values map to integers in the database, but can be queried by name.
-
-    Example:
+*   Ensure both parent IDs are set on join records when both sides of a
+    through association are new.
 
-        class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
-          enum status: [:active, :archived]
-        end
-
-        Conversation::STATUS # => { active: 0, archived: 1 }
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-        # conversation.update! status: 0
-        conversation.active!
-        conversation.active? # => true
-        conversation.status  # => "active"
+*   `ActiveRecord::Dirty` now detects in-place changes to mutable values.
+    Serialized attributes on ActiveRecord models will no longer save when
+    unchanged.
 
-        # conversation.update! status: 1
-        conversation.archived!
-        conversation.archived? # => true
-        conversation.status    # => "archived"
+    Fixes #8328.
 
-        # conversation.update! status: 1
-        conversation.status = :archived
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *DHH*
+*   Pluck now works when selecting columns from different tables with the same
+    name.
 
-*   `ActiveRecord::Base#attribute_for_inspect` now truncates long arrays (more than 10 elements).
+    Fixes #15649.
 
-    *Jan Bernacki*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   Allow for the name of the `schema_migrations` table to be configured.
+*   Remove `cache_attributes` and friends. All attributes are cached.
 
-    *Jerad Phelps*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   Do not add to scope includes values from through associations.
-    Fixed bug when providing `includes` in through association scope, and fetching targets.
+*   Remove deprecated method `ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column`.
 
-    Example:
+    *Akshay Vishnoi*
 
-        class Vendor < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_many :relationships, -> { includes(:user) }
-          has_many :users, through: :relationships
-        end
+*   `ActiveRecord::FinderMethods.find` with block can handle proc parameter as
+    `Enumerable#find` does.
 
-        vendor = Vendor.first
+    Fixes #15382.
 
-        # Before
+    *James Yang*
 
-        vendor.users.to_a # => Raises exception: not found `:user` for `User`
+*   Make timezone aware attributes work with PostgreSQL array columns.
 
-        # After
+    Fixes #13402.
 
-        vendor.users.to_a # => No exception is raised
+    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*, *Sean Griffin*
 
-    Fixes #12242, #9517, #10240.
+*   `ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration` has no primary key regardless of the
+    `primary_key_prefix_type` configuration.
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+    Fixes #15051.
 
-*   Type cast json values on write, so that the value is consistent
-    with reading from the database.
+    *JoseLuis Torres*, *Yves Senn*
 
-    Example:
+*   `rake db:migrate:status` works with legacy migration numbers like `00018_xyz.rb`.
 
-        x = JsonDataType.new tags: {"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}
-
-        # Before:
-        x.tags # => {"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}
-
-        # After:
-        x.tags # => {"string" => "foo", "symbol" => "bar"}
-
-    *Severin Schoepke*
-
-*   `ActiveRecord::Store` works together with PostgreSQL `hstore` columns.
-
-    Fixes #12452.
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Fix bug where `ActiveRecord::Store` used a global `Hash` to keep track of
-    all registered `stored_attributes`. Now every subclass of
-    `ActiveRecord::Base` has it's own `Hash`.
+    Fixes #15538.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Save `has_one` association when primary key is manually set.
-
-    Fixes #12302.
-
-    *Lauro Caetano*
-
-*    Allow any version of BCrypt when using `has_secure_password`.
-
-     *Mike Perham*
-
-*    Sub-query generated for `Relation` passed as array condition did not take in account
-     bind values and have invalid syntax.
-
-     Generate sub-query with inline bind values.
-
-     Fixes #12586.
-
-     *Paul Nikitochkin*
-
-*   Fix a bug where rake db:structure:load crashed when the path contained
-    spaces.
-
-    *Kevin Mook*
-
-*   `ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#unscope` unscopes negative equality
-
-    Allows you to call `#unscope` on a relation with negative equality
-    operators, i.e. `Arel::Nodes::NotIn` and `Arel::Nodes::NotEqual` that have
-    been generated through the use of `where.not`.
+*   Baseclass becomes! subclass.
 
-    *Eric Hankins*
+    Before this change, a record which changed its STI type, could not be
+    updated.
 
-*   Raise an exception when model without primary key calls `.find_with_ids`.
+    Fixes #14785.
 
-    *Shimpei Makimoto*
+    *Matthew Draper*, *Earl St Sauver*, *Edo Balvers*
 
-*   Make `Relation#empty?` use `exists?` instead of `count`.
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name`. Use the
+    `proper_table_name` instance method on `ActiveRecord::Migration` instead.
 
-    *Szymon Nowak*
+    *Akshay Vishnoi*
 
-*   `rake db:structure:dump` no longer crashes when the port was specified as `Fixnum`.
+*   Fix regression on eager loading association based on SQL query rather than
+    existing column.
 
-    *Kenta Okamoto*
+    Fixes #15480.
 
-*   `NullRelation#pluck` takes a list of columns
+    *Lauro Caetano*, *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-    The method signature in `NullRelation` was updated to mimic that in
-    `Calculations`.
+*   Deprecate returning `nil` from `column_for_attribute` when no column exists.
+    It will return a null object in Rails 5.0
 
-    *Derek Prior*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   `scope_chain` should not be mutated for other reflections.
+*   Implemented ActiveRecord::Base#pretty_print to work with PP.
 
-    Currently `scope_chain` uses same array for building different
-    `scope_chain` for different associations. During processing
-    these arrays are sometimes mutated and because of in-place
-    mutation the changed `scope_chain` impacts other reflections.
+    *Ethan*
 
-    Fix is to dup the value before adding to the `scope_chain`.
+*   Preserve type when dumping PostgreSQL point, bit, bit varying and money
+    columns.
 
-    Fixes #3882.
-
-    *Neeraj Singh*
-
-*   Prevent the inversed association from being reloaded on save.
-
-    Fixes #9499.
-
-    *Dmitry Polushkin*
-
-*   Generate subquery for `Relation` if it passed as array condition for `where`
-    method.
-
-    Example:
-
-        # Before
-        Blog.where('id in (?)', Blog.where(id: 1))
-        # =>  SELECT "blogs".* FROM "blogs"  WHERE "blogs"."id" = 1
-        # =>  SELECT "blogs".* FROM "blogs"  WHERE (id IN (1))
-
-        # After
-        Blog.where('id in (?)', Blog.where(id: 1).select(:id))
-        # =>  SELECT "blogs".* FROM "blogs"
-        #     WHERE "blogs"."id" IN (SELECT "blogs"."id" FROM "blogs"  WHERE "blogs"."id" = 1)
-
-    Fixes #12415.
-
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
-
-*   For missed association exception message
-    which is raised in `ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader` class
-    added owner record class name in order to simplify to find problem code.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+*   New records remain new after YAML serialization.
 
-*   `has_and_belongs_to_many` is now transparently implemented in terms of
-    `has_many :through`.  Behavior should remain the same, if not, it is a bug.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   `create_savepoint`, `rollback_to_savepoint` and `release_savepoint` accept
-    a savepoint name.
+*   PostgreSQL support default values for enum types. Fixes #7814.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Make `next_migration_number` accessible for third party generators.
+*   PostgreSQL `default_sequence_name` respects schema. Fixes #7516.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Objects instantiated using a null relationship will now retain the
-    attributes of the where clause.
-
-    Fixes #11676, #11675, #11376.
-
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*, *Peter Brown*, *Nthalk*
-
-*   Fixed `ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionAssociation#find`
-    when using `has_many` association with `:inverse_of` and finding an array of one element,
-    it should return an array of one element too.
-
-    *arthurnn*
-
-*   Callbacks on has_many should access the in memory parent if a inverse_of is set.
-
-    *arthurnn*
-
-*   `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters.string_to_time` respects
-    string with timezone (e.g. Wed, 04 Sep 2013 20:30:00 JST).
-
-    Fixes #12278.
-
-    *kennyj*
-
-*   Calling `update_attributes` will now throw an `ArgumentError` whenever it
-    gets a `nil` argument. More specifically, it will throw an error if the
-    argument that it gets passed does not respond to to `stringify_keys`.
-
-    Example:
-
-        @my_comment.update_attributes(nil)  # => raises ArgumentError
-
-    *John Wang*
+*   Fixed `columns_for_distinct` of postgresql adapter to work correctly
+    with orders without sort direction modifiers.
 
-*   Deprecate `quoted_locking_column` method, which isn't used anywhere.
+    *Nikolay Kondratyev*
 
-    *kennyj*
+*   PostgreSQL `reset_pk_sequence!` respects schemas. Fixes #14719.
 
-*   Migration dump UUID default functions to schema.rb.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    Fixes #10751.
+*   Keep PostgreSQL `hstore` and `json` attributes as `Hash` in `@attributes`.
+    Fixes duplication in combination with `store_accessor`.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    Fixes #15369.
 
-*   Fixed a bug in `ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionAssociation#find_by_scan`
-    when using `has_many` association with `:inverse_of` option and UUID primary key.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    Fixes #10450.
+*   `rake railties:install:migrations` respects the order of railties.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    *Arun Agrawal*
 
-*   Fix: joins association, with defined in the scope block constraints by using several
-    where constraints and at least of them is not `Arel::Nodes::Equality`,
-    generates invalid SQL expression.
+*   Fix redefine a has_and_belongs_to_many inside inherited class
+    Fixing regression case, where redefining the same has_an_belongs_to_many
+    definition into a subclass would raise.
 
-    Fixes #11963.
+    Fixes #14983.
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+    *arthurnn*
 
-*   `CollectionAssociation#first`/`#last` (e.g. `has_many`) use a `LIMIT`ed
-    query to fetch results rather than loading the entire collection.
+*   Fix has_and_belongs_to_many public reflection.
+    When defining a has_and_belongs_to_many, internally we convert that to two has_many.
+    But as `reflections` is a public API, people expect to see the right macro.
 
-    *Lann Martin*
+    Fixes #14682.
 
-*   Make possible to run SQLite rake tasks without the `Rails` constant defined.
+    *arthurnn*
 
-    *Damien Mathieu*
+*   Fixed serialization for records with an attribute named `format`.
 
-*   Allow Relation#from to accept other relations with bind values.
+    Fixes #15188.
 
-    *Ryan Wallace*
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-*   Fix inserts with prepared statements disabled.
+*   When a `group` is set, `sum`, `size`, `average`, `minimum` and `maximum`
+    on a NullRelation should return a Hash.
 
-    Fixes #12023.
+    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Fixed serialized fields returning serialized data after being updated with
+    `update_column`.
 
-*   Setting a has_one association on a new record no longer causes an empty
-    transaction.
+    *Simon Hørup Eskildsen*
 
-    *Dylan Thacker-Smith*
+*   Fixed polymorphic eager loading when using a String as foreign key.
 
-*   Fix `AR::Relation#merge` sometimes failing to preserve `readonly(false)` flag.
+    Fixes #14734.
 
-    *thedarkone*
+    *Lauro Caetano*
 
-*   Re-use `order` argument pre-processing for `reorder`.
+*   Change belongs_to touch to be consistent with timestamp updates
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+    If a model is set up with a belongs_to: touch relationship the parent
+    record will only be touched if the record was modified. This makes it
+    consistent with timestamp updating on the record itself.
 
-*   Fix PredicateBuilder so polymorphic association keys in `where` clause can
-    accept objects other than direct descendants of `ActiveRecord::Base` (decorated
-    models, for example).
+    *Brock Trappitt*
 
-    *Mikhail Dieterle*
+*   Fixed the inferred table name of a has_and_belongs_to_many auxiliar
+    table inside a schema.
 
-*   PostgreSQL adapter recognizes negative money values formatted with
-    parentheses (eg. `($1.25) # => -1.25`)).
-    Fixes #11899.
+    Fixes #14824.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Eric Chahin*
 
-*   Stop interpreting SQL 'string' columns as :string type because there is no
-    common STRING datatype in SQL.
+*   Remove unused `:timestamp` type. Transparently alias it to `:datetime`
+    in all cases. Fixes inconsistencies when column types are sent outside of
+    `ActiveRecord`, such as for XML Serialization.
 
-    *Ben Woosley*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   `ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#exists?` returns `true`/`false` in all cases.
+*   Fix bug that added `table_name_prefix` and `table_name_suffix` to
+    extension names in PostgreSQL when migrating.
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
+    *Joao Carlos*
 
-*   Assign inet/cidr attribute with `nil` value for invalid address.
+*   The `:index` option in migrations, which previously was only available for
+    `references`, now works with any column types.
 
-    Example:
+    *Marc Schütz*
 
-        record = User.new
-        record.logged_in_from_ip # is type of an inet or a cidr
+*   Add support for counter name to be passed as parameter on `CounterCache::ClassMethods#reset_counters`.
 
-        # Before:
-        record.logged_in_from_ip = 'bad ip address' # raise exception
+    *jnormore*
 
-        # After:
-        record.logged_in_from_ip = 'bad ip address' # do not raise exception
-        record.logged_in_from_ip # => nil
-        record.logged_in_from_ip_before_type_cast # => 'bad ip address'
+*   Restrict deletion of record when using `delete_all` with `uniq`, `group`, `having`
+    or `offset`.
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+    In these cases the generated query ignored them and that caused unintended
+    records to be deleted.
 
-*   `add_to_target` now accepts a second optional `skip_callbacks` argument
+    Fixes #11985.
 
-    If truthy, it will skip the :before_add and :after_add callbacks.
+    *Leandro Facchinetti*
 
-    *Ben Woosley*
+*   Floats with limit >= 25 that get turned into doubles in MySQL no longer have
+    their limit dropped from the schema.
 
-*   Fix interactions between `:before_add` callbacks and nested attributes
-    assignment of `has_many` associations, when the association was not
-    yet loaded:
+    Fixes #14135.
 
-    - A `:before_add` callback was being called when a nested attributes
-      assignment assigned to an existing record.
+    *Aaron Nelson*
 
-    - Nested Attributes assignment did not affect the record in the
-      association target when a `:before_add` callback triggered the
-      loading of the association
+*   Fix how to calculate associated class name when using namespaced has_and_belongs_to_many
+    association.
 
-    *Jörg Schray*
+    Fixes #14709.
 
-*   Allow enable_extension migration method to be revertible.
+    *Kassio Borges*
 
-    *Eric Tipton*
+*   `ActiveRecord::Relation::Merger#filter_binds` now compares equivalent symbols and
+    strings in column names as equal.
 
-*   Type cast hstore values on write, so that the value is consistent
-    with reading from the database.
+    This fixes a rare case in which more bind values are passed than there are
+    placeholders for them in the generated SQL statement, which can make PostgreSQL
+    throw a `StatementInvalid` exception.
 
-    Example:
+    *Nat Budin*
 
-        x = Hstore.new tags: {"bool" => true, "number" => 5}
+*   Fix `stored_attributes` to correctly merge the details of stored
+    attributes defined in parent classes.
 
-        # Before:
-        x.tags # => {"bool" => true, "number" => 5}
+    Fixes #14672.
 
-        # After:
-        x.tags # => {"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}
+    *Brad Bennett*, *Jessica Yao*, *Lakshmi Parthasarathy*
 
-    *Yves Senn* , *Severin Schoepke*
+*   `change_column_default` allows `[]` as argument to `change_column_default`.
 
-*   Fix multidimensional PostgreSQL arrays containing non-string items.
+    Fixes #11586.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Fixes bug when using includes combined with select, the select statement was overwritten.
-
-    Fixes #11773.
-
-    *Edo Balvers*
-
-*   Load fixtures from linked folders.
-
-    *Kassio Borges*
-
-*   Create a directory for sqlite3 file if not present on the system.
-
-    *Richard Schneeman*
+*   Handle `name` and `"char"` column types in the PostgreSQL adapter.
 
-*   Removed redundant override of `xml` column definition for PostgreSQL,
-    in order to use `xml` column type instead of `text`.
+    `name` and `"char"` are special character types used internally by
+    PostgreSQL and are used by internal system catalogs. These field types
+    can sometimes show up in structure-sniffing queries that feature internal system
+    structures or with certain PostgreSQL extensions.
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*, *Michael Nikitochkin*
+    *J Smith*, *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Revert `ActiveRecord::Relation#order` change that make new order
-    prepend the old one.
+*   Fix `PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Float#type_cast` to convert Infinity and
+    NaN PostgreSQL values into a native Ruby `Float::INFINITY` and `Float::NAN`
 
     Before:
 
-        User.order("name asc").order("created_at desc")
-        # SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at desc, name asc
+        Point.create(value: 1.0/0)
+        Point.last.value # => 0.0
 
     After:
 
-        User.order("name asc").order("created_at desc")
-        # SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY name asc, created_at desc
+        Point.create(value: 1.0/0)
+        Point.last.value # => Infinity
 
-    This also affects order defined in `default_scope` or any kind of associations.
+    *Innokenty Mikhailov*
 
-*   Add ability to define how a class is converted to Arel predicates.
-    For example, adding a very vendor specific regex implementation:
+*   Allow the PostgreSQL adapter to handle bigserial primary key types again.
 
-        regex_handler = proc do |column, value|
-          Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new('~', column, value.source)
-        end
-        ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.register_handler(Regexp, regex_handler)
+    Fixes #10410.
 
-    *Sean Griffin & @joannecheng*
+    *Patrick Robertson*
 
-*   Don't allow `quote_value` to be called without a column.
+*   Deprecate joining, eager loading and preloading of instance dependent
+    associations without replacement. These operations happen before instances
+    are created. The current behavior is unexpected and can result in broken
+    behavior.
 
-    Some adapters require column information to do their job properly.
-    By enforcing the provision of the column for this internal method
-    we ensure that those using adapters that require column information
-    will always get the proper behavior.
+    Fixes #15024.
 
-    *Ben Woosley*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   When using optimistic locking, `update` was not passing the column to `quote_value`
-    to allow the connection adapter to properly determine how to quote the value. This was
-    affecting certain databases that use specific column types.
+*   Fixed has_and_belongs_to_many's CollectionAssociation size calculation.
 
-    Fixes #6763.
+    has_and_belongs_to_many should fall back to using the normal CollectionAssociation's
+    size calculation if the collection is not cached or loaded.
 
-    *Alfred Wong*
+    Fixes #14913, #14914.
 
-*   rescue from all exceptions in `ConnectionManagement#call`
+    *Fred Wu*
 
-    Fixes #11497.
+*   Return a non zero status when running `rake db:migrate:status` and migration table does
+    not exist.
 
-    As `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement` middleware does
-    not rescue from Exception (but only from StandardError), the Connection
-    Pool quickly runs out of connections when multiple erroneous Requests come
-    in right after each other.
+    *Paul B.*
 
-    Rescuing from all exceptions and not just StandardError, fixes this
-    behaviour.
+*   Add support for module-level `table_name_suffix` in models.
 
-    *Vipul A M*
+    This makes `table_name_suffix` work the same way as `table_name_prefix` when
+    using namespaced models.
 
-*   `change_column` for PostgreSQL adapter respects the `:array` option.
+    *Jenner LaFave*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   Revert the behaviour of `ActiveRecord::Relation#join` changed through 4.0 => 4.1 to 4.0.
 
-*   Remove deprecation warning from `attribute_missing` for attributes that are columns.
+    In 4.1.0 `Relation#join` is delegated to `Arel#SelectManager`.
+    In 4.0 series it is delegated to `Array#join`.
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*
 
-*   Remove extra decrement of transaction deep level.
+*   Log nil binary column values correctly.
 
-    Fixes #4566.
+    When an object with a binary column is updated with a nil value
+    in that column, the SQL logger would throw an exception when trying
+    to log that nil value. This only occurs when updating a record
+    that already has a non-nil value in that column since an initial nil
+    value isn't included in the SQL anyway (at least, when dirty checking
+    is enabled.) The column's new value will now be logged as `<NULL binary data>`
+    to parallel the existing `<N bytes of binary data>` for non-nil values.
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+    *James Coleman*
 
-*   Reset @column_defaults when assigning `locking_column`.
-    We had a potential problem. For example:
+*   Rails will now pass a custom validation context through to autosave associations
+    in order to validate child associations with the same context.
 
-      class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-        self.column_defaults  # if we call this unintentionally before setting locking_column ...
-        self.locking_column = 'my_locking_column'
-      end
+    Fixes #13854.
 
-      Post.column_defaults["my_locking_column"]
-      => nil # expected value is 0 !
+    *Eric Chahin*, *Aaron Nelson*, *Kevin Casey*
 
-    *kennyj*
+*   Stringify all variables keys of MySQL connection configuration.
 
-*   Remove extra select and update queries on save/touch/destroy ActiveRecord model
-    with belongs to reflection with option `touch: true`.
+    When `sql_mode` variable for MySQL adapters set in configuration as `String`
+    was ignored and overwritten by strict mode option.
 
-    Fixes #11288.
+    Fixes #14895.
 
     *Paul Nikitochkin*
 
-*   Remove deprecated nil-passing to the following `SchemaCache` methods:
-    `primary_keys`, `tables`, `columns` and `columns_hash`.
+*   Ensure SQLite3 statements are closed on errors.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Fixes #13631.
 
-*   Remove deprecated block filter from `ActiveRecord::Migrator#migrate`.
+    *Timur Alperovich*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   Give ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder private methods the privacy they deserve.
 
-*   Remove deprecated String constructor from `ActiveRecord::Migrator`.
+    *Hector Satre*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   When using a custom `join_table` name on a `habtm`, rails was not saving it
+    on Reflections. This causes a problem when rails loads fixtures, because it
+    uses the reflections to set database with fixtures.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `scope` use without passing a callable object.
+    Fixes #14845.
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+    *Kassio Borges*
 
-*   Remove deprecated `transaction_joinable=` in favor of `begin_transaction`
-    with `:joinable` option.
+*   Reset the cache when modifying a Relation with cached Arel.
+    Additionally display a warning message to make the user aware.
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Remove deprecated `decrement_open_transactions`.
+*   PostgreSQL should internally use `:datetime` consistently for TimeStamp. Assures
+    different spellings of timestamps are treated the same.
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+    Example:
 
-*   Remove deprecated `increment_open_transactions`.
+        mytimestamp.simplified_type('timestamp without time zone')
+        # => :datetime
+        mytimestamp.simplified_type('timestamp(6) without time zone')
+        # => also :datetime (previously would be :timestamp)
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+    See #14513.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `PostgreSQLAdapter#outside_transaction?`
-    method. You can use `#transaction_open?` instead.
+    *Jefferson Lai*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   `ActiveRecord::Base.no_touching` no longer triggers callbacks or start empty transactions.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Fixtures.find_table_name` in favor of
-    `ActiveRecord::Fixtures.default_fixture_model_name`.
+    Fixes #14841.
 
-    *Vipul A M*
+    *Lucas Mazza*
 
-*   Removed deprecated `columns_for_remove` from `SchemaStatements`.
+*   Fix name collision with `Array#select!` with `Relation#select!`.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    Fixes #14752.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `SchemaStatements#distinct`.
+    *Earl St Sauver*
 
-    *Francesco Rodriguez*
+*   Fixed unexpected behavior for `has_many :through` associations going through a scoped `has_many`.
 
-*   Move deprecated `ActiveRecord::TestCase` into the rails test
-    suite. The class is no longer public and is only used for internal
-    Rails tests.
+    If a `has_many` association is adjusted using a scope, and another `has_many :through`
+    uses this association, then the scope adjustment is unexpectedly neglected.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Fixes #14537.
 
-*   Removed support for deprecated option `:restrict` for `:dependent`
-    in associations.
+    *Jan Habermann*
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+*   `@destroyed` should always be set to `false` when an object is duped.
 
-*   Removed support for deprecated `delete_sql` in associations.
+    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+*   Fixed has_many association to make it support irregular inflections.
 
-*   Removed support for deprecated `insert_sql` in associations.
+    Fixes #8928.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    *arthurnn*, *Javier Goizueta*
 
-*   Removed support for deprecated `finder_sql` in associations.
+*   Fixed a problem where count used with a grouping was not returning a Hash.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    Fixes #14721.
 
-*   Support array as root element in JSON fields.
+    *Eric Chahin*
 
-    *Alexey Noskov & Francesco Rodriguez*
+*   `sanitize_sql_like` helper method to escape a string for safe use in an SQL
+    LIKE statement.
 
-*   Removed support for deprecated `counter_sql` in associations.
+    Example:
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+        class Article
+          def self.search(term)
+            where("title LIKE ?", sanitize_sql_like(term))
+          end
+        end
 
-*   Do not invoke callbacks when `delete_all` is called on collection.
+        Article.search("20% _reduction_")
+        # => Query looks like "... title LIKE '20\% \_reduction\_' ..."
 
-    Method `delete_all` should not be invoking callbacks and this
-    feature was deprecated in Rails 4.0. This is being removed.
-    `delete_all` will continue to honor the `:dependent` option. However
-    if `:dependent` value is `:destroy` then the `:delete_all` deletion
-    strategy for that collection will be applied.
+    *Rob Gilson*, *Yves Senn*
 
-    User can also force a deletion strategy by passing parameter to
-    `delete_all`. For example you can do `@post.comments.delete_all(:nullify)`.
+*   Do not quote uuid default value on `change_column`.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    Fixes #14604.
 
-*   Calling default_scope without a proc will now raise `ArgumentError`.
+    *Eric Chahin*
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+*   The comparison between `Relation` and `CollectionProxy` should be consistent.
 
-*   Removed deprecated method `type_cast_code` from Column.
+    Example:
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+        author.posts == Post.where(author_id: author.id)
+        # => true
+        Post.where(author_id: author.id) == author.posts
+        # => true
 
-*   Removed deprecated options `delete_sql` and `insert_sql` from HABTM
-    association.
+    Fixes #13506.
 
-    Removed deprecated options `finder_sql` and `counter_sql` from
-    collection association.
+    *Lauro Caetano*
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+*   Calling `delete_all` on an unloaded `CollectionProxy` no longer
+    generates an SQL statement containing each id of the collection:
 
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Base#connection` method.
-    Make sure to access it via the class.
+    Before:
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+        DELETE FROM `model` WHERE `model`.`parent_id` = 1
+        AND `model`.`id` IN (1, 2, 3...)
 
-*   Remove deprecation warning for `auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds`.
+    After:
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+        DELETE FROM `model` WHERE `model`.`parent_id` = 1
 
-*   Remove deprecated `:distinct` option from `Relation#count`.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *Aaron Patterson*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   Fixed error for aggregate methods (`empty?`, `any?`, `count`) with `select`
+    which created invalid SQL.
 
-*   Removed deprecated methods `partial_updates`, `partial_updates?` and
-    `partial_updates=`.
+    Fixes #13648.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    *Simon Woker*
 
-*   Removed deprecated method `scoped`.
+*   PostgreSQL adapter only warns once for every missing OID per connection.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    Fixes #14275.
 
-*   Removed deprecated method `default_scopes?`.
+    *Matthew Draper*, *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+*   PostgreSQL adapter automatically reloads it's type map when encountering
+    unknown OIDs.
 
-*   Remove implicit join references that were deprecated in 4.0.
+    Fixes #14678.
 
-    Example:
+    *Matthew Draper*, *Yves Senn*
 
-        # before with implicit joins
-        Comment.where('posts.author_id' => 7)
+*   Fix insertion of records via `has_many :through` association with scope.
 
-        # after
-        Comment.references(:posts).where('posts.author_id' => 7)
+    Fixes #3548.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Ivan Antropov*
 
-*   Apply default scope when joining associations. For example:
+*   Auto-generate stable fixture UUIDs on PostgreSQL.
 
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          default_scope -> { where published: true }
-        end
+    Fixes #11524.
 
-        class Comment
-          belongs_to :post
-        end
+    *Roderick van Domburg*
+
+*   Fixed a problem where an enum would overwrite values of another enum
+    with the same name in an unrelated class.
 
-    When calling `Comment.joins(:post)`, we expect to receive only
-    comments on published posts, since that is the default scope for
-    posts.
+    Fixes #14607.
 
-    Before this change, the default scope from `Post` was not applied,
-    so we'd get comments on unpublished posts.
+    *Evan Whalen*
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+*   PostgreSQL and SQLite string columns no longer have a default limit of 255.
 
-*   Remove `activerecord-deprecated_finders` as a dependency.
+    Fixes #13435, #9153.
 
-    *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
+    *Vladimir Sazhin*, *Toms Mikoss*, *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Remove Oracle / Sqlserver / Firebird database tasks that were deprecated in 4.0.
+*   Make possible to have an association called `records`.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    Fixes #11645.
 
-*   `find_each` now returns an `Enumerator` when called without a block, so that it
-    can be chained with other `Enumerable` methods.
+    *prathamesh-sonpatki*
 
-    *Ben Woosley*
+*   `to_sql` on an association now matches the query that is actually executed, where it
+    could previously have incorrectly accrued additional conditions (e.g. as a result of
+    a previous query). CollectionProxy now always defers to the association scope's
+    `arel` method so the (incorrect) inherited one should be entirely concealed.
 
-*   `ActiveRecord::Result.each` now returns an `Enumerator` when called without
-     a block, so that it can be chained with other `Enumerable` methods.
+    Fixes #14003.
 
-    *Ben Woosley*
+    *Jefferson Lai*
 
-*   Flatten merged join_values before building the joins.
+*   Block a few default Class methods as scope name.
 
-    While joining_values special treatment is given to string values.
-    By flattening the array it ensures that string values are detected
-    as strings and not arrays.
+    For instance, this will raise:
 
-    Fixes #10669.
+        scope :public, -> { where(status: 1) }
 
-    *Neeraj Singh and iwiznia*
+    *arthurnn*
 
-*   Do not load all child records for inverse case.
+*   Fixed error when using `with_options` with lambda.
 
-    currently `post.comments.find(Comment.first.id)` would load all
-    comments for the given post to set the inverse association.
+    Fixes #9805.
 
-    This has a huge performance penalty. Because if post has 100k
-    records and all these 100k records would be loaded in memory
-    even though the comment id was supplied.
+    *Lauro Caetano*
 
-    Fix is to use in-memory records only if loaded? is true. Otherwise
-    load the records using full sql.
+*   Switch `sqlite3:///` URLs (which were temporarily
+    deprecated in 4.1) from relative to absolute.
 
-    Fixes #10509.
+    If you still want the previous interpretation, you should replace
+    `sqlite3:///my/path` with `sqlite3:my/path`.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    *Matthew Draper*
 
-*   `inspect` on Active Record model classes does not initiate a
-    new connection. This means that calling `inspect`, when the
-    database is missing, will no longer raise an exception.
-    Fixes #10936.
+*   Treat blank UUID values as `nil`.
 
     Example:
 
-        Author.inspect # => "Author(no database connection)"
-
-    *Yves Senn*
+        Sample.new(uuid_field: '') #=> <Sample id: nil, uuid_field: nil>
 
-*   Handle single quotes in PostgreSQL default column values.
-    Fixes #10881.
+    *Dmitry Lavrov*
 
-    *Dylan Markow*
+*   Enable support for materialized views on PostgreSQL >= 9.3.
 
-*   Log the sql that is actually sent to the database.
+    *Dave Lee*
 
-    If I have a query that produces sql
-    `WHERE "users"."name" = 'a         b'` then in the log all the
-    whitespace is being squeezed. So the sql that is printed in the
-    log is `WHERE "users"."name" = 'a b'`.
+*   The PostgreSQL adapter supports custom domains. Fixes #14305.
 
-    Do not squeeze whitespace out of sql queries. Fixes #10982.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+*   PostgreSQL `Column#type` is now determined through the corresponding OID.
+    The column types stay the same except for enum columns. They no longer have
+    `nil` as type but `enum`.
 
-*   Fixture setup no longer depends on `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations`.
-    This is relevant when `ENV["DATABASE_URL"]` is used in place of a `database.yml`.
+    See #7814.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Fix mysql2 adapter raises the correct exception when executing a query on a
-    closed connection.
+*   Fixed error when specifying a non-empty default value on a PostgreSQL array column.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Fixes #10613.
 
-*   Ambiguous reflections are on :through relationships are no longer supported.
-    For example, you need to change this:
+    *Luke Steensen*
 
-        class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_many :posts
-          has_many :taggings, through: :posts
-        end
+*   Fixed error where .persisted? throws SystemStackError for an unsaved model with a
+    custom primary key that didn't save due to validation error.
 
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_one :tagging
-          has_many :taggings
-        end
+    Fixes #14393.
 
-        class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
-        end
+    *Chris Finne*
 
-    To this:
+*   Introduce `validate` as an alias for `valid?`.
 
-        class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_many :posts
-          has_many :taggings, through: :posts, source: :tagging
-        end
+    This is more intuitive when you want to run validations but don't care about the return value.
 
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_one :tagging
-          has_many :taggings
-        end
+    *Henrik Nyh*
 
-        class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
-        end
+*   Create indexes inline in CREATE TABLE for MySQL.
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+    This is important, because adding an index on a temporary table after it has been created
+    would commit the transaction.
 
-*   Remove column restrictions for `count`, let the database raise if the SQL is
-    invalid. The previous behavior was untested and surprising for the user.
-    Fixes #5554.
+    It also allows creating and dropping indexed tables with fewer queries and fewer permissions
+    required.
 
     Example:
 
-        User.select("name, username").count
-        # Before => SELECT count(*) FROM users
-        # After => ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-
-        # you can still use `count(:all)` to perform a query unrelated to the
-        # selected columns
-        User.select("name, username").count(:all) # => SELECT count(*) FROM users
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Rails now automatically detects inverse associations. If you do not set the
-    `:inverse_of` option on the association, then Active Record will guess the
-    inverse association based on heuristics.
-
-    Note that automatic inverse detection only works on `has_many`, `has_one`,
-    and `belongs_to` associations. Extra options on the associations will
-    also prevent the association's inverse from being found automatically.
-
-    The automatic guessing of the inverse association uses a heuristic based
-    on the name of the class, so it may not work for all associations,
-    especially the ones with non-standard names.
-
-    You can turn off the automatic detection of inverse associations by setting
-    the `:inverse_of` option to `false` like so:
-
-        class Taggable < ActiveRecord::Base
-          belongs_to :tag, inverse_of: false
+        create_table :temp, temporary: true, as: "SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query" do |t|
+          t.index :zip
         end
+        # => CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE temp (INDEX (zip)) AS SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query
 
-    *John Wang*
+    *Cody Cutrer*, *Steve Rice*, *Rafael Mendonça Franca*
 
-*   Fix `add_column` with `array` option when using PostgreSQL. Fixes #10432.
+*   Use singular table name in generated migrations when
+    `ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names` is `false`.
 
-    *Adam Anderson*
+    Fixes #13426.
 
-*   Usage of `implicit_readonly` is being removed`. Please use `readonly` method
-    explicitly to mark records as `readonly.
-    Fixes #10615.
+    *Kuldeep Aggarwal*
+
+*   `touch` accepts many attributes to be touched at once.
 
     Example:
 
-        user = User.joins(:todos).select("users.*, todos.title as todos_title").readonly(true).first
-        user.todos_title = 'clean pet'
-        user.save! # will raise error
+        # touches :signed_at, :sealed_at, and :updated_at/on attributes.
+        Photo.last.touch(:signed_at, :sealed_at)
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *James Pinto*
 
-*   Fix the `:primary_key` option for `has_many` associations.
+*   `rake db:structure:dump` only dumps schema information if the schema
+    migration table exists.
 
-    Fixes #10693.
+    Fixes #14217.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Fix bug where tiny types are incorrectly coerced as boolean when the length is more than 1.
+*   Reap connections that were checked out by now-dead threads, instead
+    of waiting until they disconnect by themselves. Before this change,
+    a suitably constructed series of short-lived threads could starve
+    the connection pool, without ever having more than a couple alive at
+    the same time.
 
-    Fixes #10620.
+    *Matthew Draper*
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+*   `pk_and_sequence_for` now ensures that only the pg_depend entries
+    pointing to pg_class, and thus only sequence objects, are considered.
 
-*   Also support extensions in PostgreSQL 9.1. This feature has been supported since 9.1.
+    *Josh Williams*
 
-    *kennyj*
+*   `where.not` adds `references` for `includes` like normal `where` calls do.
 
-*   Deprecate `ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#distinct`,
-    as it is no longer used by internals.
+    Fixes #14406.
 
-    *Ben Woosley*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Fix pending migrations error when loading schema and `ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix`
-    is not blank.
+*   Extend fixture `$LABEL` replacement to allow string interpolation.
 
-    Call `assume_migrated_upto_version` on connection to prevent it from first
-    being picked up in `method_missing`.
+    Example:
 
-    In the base class, `Migration`, `method_missing` expects the argument to be a
-    table name, and calls `proper_table_name` on the arguments before sending to
-    `connection`. If `table_name_prefix` or `table_name_suffix` is used, the schema
-    version changes to `prefix_version_suffix`, breaking `rake test:prepare`.
+        martin:
+          email: $LABEL@email.com
 
-    Fixes #10411.
+        users(:martin).email # => martin@email.com
 
-    *Kyle Stevens*
+    *Eric Steele*
 
-*   Method `read_attribute_before_type_cast` should accept input as symbol.
+*   Add support for `Relation` be passed as parameter on `QueryCache#select_all`.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    Fixes #14361.
 
-*   Confirm a record has not already been destroyed before decrementing counter cache.
+    *arthurnn*
 
-    *Ben Tucker*
+*   Passing an Active Record object to `find` or `exists?` is now deprecated.
+    Call `.id` on the object first.
 
-*   Fixed a bug in `ActiveRecord#sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions` in which
-    `self.class` is an argument to `PredicateBuilder#build_from_hash`
-    causing `PredicateBuilder` to call non-existent method
-    `Class#reflect_on_association`.
+    *Aaron Patterson*
 
-    *Zach Ohlgren*
+*   Only use BINARY for MySQL case sensitive uniqueness check when column has a case insensitive collation.
 
-*   While removing index if column option is missing then raise IrreversibleMigration exception.
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    Following code should raise `IrreversibleMigration`. But the code was
-    failing since options is an array and not a hash.
+*   Support for MySQL 5.6 fractional seconds.
 
-        def change
-          change_table :users do |t|
-            t.remove_index [:name, :email]
-          end
-        end
-
-    Fix was to check if the options is a Hash before operating on it.
+    *arthurnn*, *Tatsuhiko Miyagawa*
 
-    Fixes #10419.
+*   Support for Postgres `citext` data type enabling case-insensitive where
+    values without needing to wrap in UPPER/LOWER sql functions.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    *Troy Kruthoff*, *Lachlan Sylvester*
 
-*   Do not overwrite manually built records during one-to-one nested attribute assignment
+*   Only save has_one associations if record has changes.
+    Previously after save related callbacks, such as `#after_commit`, were triggered when the has_one
+    object did not get saved to the db.
 
-    For one-to-one nested associations, if you build the new (in-memory)
-    child object yourself before assignment, then the NestedAttributes
-    module will not overwrite it, e.g.:
+    *Alan Kennedy*
 
-        class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_one :avatar
-          accepts_nested_attributes_for :avatar
+*   Allow strings to specify the `#order` value.
 
-          def avatar
-            super || build_avatar(width: 200)
-          end
-        end
+    Example:
 
-        member = Member.new
-        member.avatar_attributes = {icon: 'sad'}
-        member.avatar.width # => 200
+        Model.order(id: 'asc').to_sql == Model.order(id: :asc).to_sql
 
-    *Olek Janiszewski*
+    *Marcelo Casiraghi*, *Robin Dupret*
 
-*   fixes bug introduced by #3329. Now, when autosaving associations,
-    deletions happen before inserts and saves. This prevents a 'duplicate
-    unique value' database error that would occur if a record being created had
-    the same value on a unique indexed field as that of a record being destroyed.
+*   Dynamically register PostgreSQL enum OIDs. This prevents "unknown OID"
+    warnings on enum columns.
 
-    *Johnny Holton*
+    *Dieter Komendera*
 
-*   Handle aliased attributes in ActiveRecord::Relation.
+*   `includes` is able to detect the right preloading strategy when string
+    joins are involved.
 
-    When using symbol keys, ActiveRecord will now translate aliased attribute names to the actual column name used in the database:
+    Fixes #14109.
 
-    With the model
+    *Aaron Patterson*, *Yves Senn*
 
-        class Topic
-          alias_attribute :heading, :title
-        end
+*   Fixed error with validation with enum fields for records where the
+    value for any enum attribute is always evaluated as 0 during
+    uniqueness validation.
 
-    The call
+    Fixes #14172.
 
-        Topic.where(heading: 'The First Topic')
+    *Vilius Luneckas* *Ahmed AbouElhamayed*
 
-    should yield the same result as
+*   `before_add` callbacks are fired before the record is saved on
+    `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations *and* on `has_many :through`
+    associations.  Before this change, `before_add` callbacks would be fired
+    before the record was saved on `has_and_belongs_to_many` associations, but
+    *not* on `has_many :through` associations.
 
-        Topic.where(title: 'The First Topic')
+    Fixes #14144.
 
-    This also applies to ActiveRecord::Relation::Calculations calls such as `Model.sum(:aliased)` and `Model.pluck(:aliased)`.
+*   Fixed STI classes not defining an attribute method if there is a
+    conflicting private method defined on its ancestors.
 
-    This will not work with SQL fragment strings like `Model.sum('DISTINCT aliased')`.
+    Fixes #11569.
 
     *Godfrey Chan*
 
-*   Mute `psql` output when running rake db:schema:load.
+*   Coerce strings when reading attributes. Fixes #10485.
 
-    *Godfrey Chan*
+    Example:
 
-*   Trigger a save on `has_one association=(associate)` when the associate contents have changed.
+        book = Book.new(title: 12345)
+        book.save!
+        book.title # => "12345"
 
-    Fixes #8856.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Chris Thompson*
+*   Deprecate half-baked support for PostgreSQL range values with excluding beginnings.
+    We currently map PostgreSQL ranges to Ruby ranges. This conversion is not fully
+    possible because the Ruby range does not support excluded beginnings.
 
-*   Abort a rake task when missing db/structure.sql like `db:schema:load` task.
+    The current solution of incrementing the beginning is not correct and is now
+    deprecated. For subtypes where we don't know how to increment (e.g. `#succ`
+    is not defined) it will raise an ArgumentException for ranges with excluding
+    beginnings.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-*   rake:db:test:prepare falls back to original environment after execution.
+*   Support for user created range types in PostgreSQL.
 
-    *Slava Markevich*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activerecord/README.rdoc b/activerecord/README.rdoc
index e04abe9b37..f4777919d3 100644
--- a/activerecord/README.rdoc
+++ b/activerecord/README.rdoc
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-= Active Record -- Object-relational mapping put on rails
+= Active Record -- Object-relational mapping in Rails
 
 Active Record connects classes to relational database tables to establish an
 almost zero-configuration persistence layer for applications. The library
@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@ A short rundown of some of the major features:
    class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
    end
 
-   The Product class is automatically mapped to the table named "products",
-   which might look like this:
+  {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html]
+
+The Product class is automatically mapped to the table named "products",
+which might look like this:
 
    CREATE TABLE products (
      id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
@@ -29,10 +31,8 @@ A short rundown of some of the major features:
      PRIMARY KEY  (id)
    );
 
-   This would also define the following accessors: `Product#name` and
-   `Product#name=(new_name)`
-
-  {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html]
+This would also define the following accessors: `Product#name` and
+`Product#name=(new_name)`.
 
 
 * Associations between objects defined by simple class methods.
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ A short rundown of some of the major features:
   SQLite3[link:classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SQLite3Adapter.html].
 
 
-* Logging support for Log4r[http://log4r.rubyforge.org] and Logger[http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/logger/rdoc].
+* Logging support for Log4r[https://github.com/colbygk/log4r] and Logger[http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/logger/rdoc].
 
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT)
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Log4r::Logger.new('Application Log')
@@ -208,6 +208,11 @@ API documentation is at:
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc b/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
index ca1f2fd665..569685bd45 100644
--- a/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
+++ b/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ defined in +Rakefile+)
 
 == Config File
 
-If +test/config.yml+ is present, it's parameters are obeyed. Otherwise, the
-parameters in +test/config.example.yml+ are obeyed.
+If +test/config.yml+ is present, then its parameters are obeyed; otherwise, the
+parameters in +test/config.example.yml+ are.
 
 You can override the +connections:+ parameter in either file using the +ARCONN+
 (Active Record CONNection) environment variable:
diff --git a/activerecord/Rakefile b/activerecord/Rakefile
index 6f8948f987..b1069e5dcc 100644
--- a/activerecord/Rakefile
+++ b/activerecord/Rakefile
@@ -38,33 +38,36 @@ namespace :test do
   end
 end
 
+desc 'Build MySQL and PostgreSQL test databases'
 namespace :db do
-  desc 'Build MySQL and PostgreSQL test databases'
-  task create: ['mysql:build_databases', 'postgresql:build_databases']
-  desc 'Drop MySQL and PostgreSQL test databases'
-  task drop: ['mysql:drop_databases', 'postgresql:drop_databases']
+  task :create => ['db:mysql:build', 'db:postgresql:build']
+  task :drop => ['db:mysql:drop', 'db:postgresql:drop']
 end
 
-%w( mysql mysql2 postgresql sqlite3 sqlite3_mem firebird db2 oracle sybase openbase frontbase jdbcmysql jdbcpostgresql jdbcsqlite3 jdbcderby jdbch2 jdbchsqldb ).each do |adapter|
-  Rake::TestTask.new("test_#{adapter}") { |t|
-    adapter_short = adapter == 'db2' ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
-    t.libs << 'test'
-    t.test_files = (Dir.glob( "test/cases/**/*_test.rb" ).reject {
-      |x| x =~ /\/adapters\//
-    } + Dir.glob("test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb")).sort
-
-    t.warning = true
-    t.verbose = true
-  }
-
-  task "isolated_test_#{adapter}" do
-    adapter_short = adapter == 'db2' ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
-    puts [adapter, adapter_short].inspect
-    (Dir["test/cases/**/*_test.rb"].reject {
-      |x| x =~ /\/adapters\//
-    } + Dir["test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb"]).all? do |file|
-      sh(Gem.ruby, '-w' ,"-Itest", file)
-    end or raise "Failures"
+%w( mysql mysql2 postgresql sqlite3 sqlite3_mem db2 oracle jdbcmysql jdbcpostgresql jdbcsqlite3 jdbcderby jdbch2 jdbchsqldb ).each do |adapter|
+  namespace :test do
+    Rake::TestTask.new(adapter => "#{adapter}:env") { |t|
+      adapter_short = adapter == 'db2' ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
+      t.libs << 'test'
+      t.test_files = (Dir.glob( "test/cases/**/*_test.rb" ).reject {
+        |x| x =~ /\/adapters\//
+      } + Dir.glob("test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb")).sort
+
+      t.warning = true
+      t.verbose = true
+    }
+
+    namespace :isolated do
+      task adapter => "#{adapter}:env" do
+        adapter_short = adapter == 'db2' ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
+        puts [adapter, adapter_short].inspect
+        (Dir["test/cases/**/*_test.rb"].reject {
+          |x| x =~ /\/adapters\//
+        } + Dir["test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb"]).all? do |file|
+          sh(Gem.ruby, '-w' ,"-Itest", file)
+        end or raise "Failures"
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   namespace adapter do
@@ -76,8 +79,8 @@ end
   end
 
   # Make sure the adapter test evaluates the env setting task
-  task "test_#{adapter}" => "#{adapter}:env"
-  task "isolated_test_#{adapter}" => "#{adapter}:env"
+  task "test_#{adapter}" => ["#{adapter}:env", "test:#{adapter}"]
+  task "isolated_test_#{adapter}" => ["#{adapter}:env", "test:isolated:#{adapter}"]
 end
 
 rule '.sqlite3' do |t|
@@ -89,135 +92,71 @@ task :test_sqlite3 => [
   'test/fixtures/fixture_database_2.sqlite3'
 ]
 
-namespace :mysql do
-  desc 'Build the MySQL test databases'
-  task :build_databases do
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['mysql']
-    %x( mysql --user=#{config['arunit']['username']} -e "create DATABASE #{config['arunit']['database']} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci ")
-    %x( mysql --user=#{config['arunit2']['username']} -e "create DATABASE #{config['arunit2']['database']} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci ")
-  end
-
-  desc 'Drop the MySQL test databases'
-  task :drop_databases do
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['mysql']
-    %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config['arunit']['username']} -f drop #{config['arunit']['database']} )
-    %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config['arunit2']['username']} -f drop #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
-  end
+namespace :db do
+  namespace :mysql do
+    desc 'Build the MySQL test databases'
+    task :build do
+      config = ARTest.config['connections']['mysql']
+      %x( mysql --user=#{config['arunit']['username']} -e "create DATABASE #{config['arunit']['database']} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci ")
+      %x( mysql --user=#{config['arunit2']['username']} -e "create DATABASE #{config['arunit2']['database']} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci ")
+    end
 
-  desc 'Rebuild the MySQL test databases'
-  task :rebuild_databases => [:drop_databases, :build_databases]
-end
+    desc 'Drop the MySQL test databases'
+    task :drop do
+      config = ARTest.config['connections']['mysql']
+      %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config['arunit']['username']} -f drop #{config['arunit']['database']} )
+      %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config['arunit2']['username']} -f drop #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
+    end
 
-task :build_mysql_databases => 'mysql:build_databases'
-task :drop_mysql_databases => 'mysql:drop_databases'
-task :rebuild_mysql_databases => 'mysql:rebuild_databases'
+    desc 'Rebuild the MySQL test databases'
+    task :rebuild => [:drop, :build]
+  end
 
+  namespace :postgresql do
+    desc 'Build the PostgreSQL test databases'
+    task :build do
+      config = ARTest.config['connections']['postgresql']
+      %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit']['database']} )
+      %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
 
-namespace :postgresql do
-  desc 'Build the PostgreSQL test databases'
-  task :build_databases do
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['postgresql']
-    %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit']['database']} )
-    %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
+      # prepare hstore
+      if %x( createdb --version ).strip.gsub(/(.*)(\d\.\d\.\d)$/, "\\2") < "9.1.0"
+        puts "Please prepare hstore data type. See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/static/hstore.html"
+      end
+    end
 
-    # notify about preparing hstore
-    if %x( createdb --version ).strip.gsub(/(.*)(\d\.\d\.\d)$/, "\\2") < "9.1.0"
-      puts "Please prepare hstore data type. See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/static/hstore.html"
+    desc 'Drop the PostgreSQL test databases'
+    task :drop do
+      config = ARTest.config['connections']['postgresql']
+      %x( dropdb #{config['arunit']['database']} )
+      %x( dropdb #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
     end
-  end
 
-  desc 'Drop the PostgreSQL test databases'
-  task :drop_databases do
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['postgresql']
-    %x( dropdb #{config['arunit']['database']} )
-    %x( dropdb #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
+    desc 'Rebuild the PostgreSQL test databases'
+    task :rebuild => [:drop, :build]
   end
-
-  desc 'Rebuild the PostgreSQL test databases'
-  task :rebuild_databases => [:drop_databases, :build_databases]
 end
 
-task :build_postgresql_databases => 'postgresql:build_databases'
-task :drop_postgresql_databases => 'postgresql:drop_databases'
-task :rebuild_postgresql_databases => 'postgresql:rebuild_databases'
-
-
-namespace :frontbase do
-  desc 'Build the FrontBase test databases'
-  task :build_databases => :rebuild_frontbase_databases
-
-  desc 'Rebuild the FrontBase test databases'
-  task :rebuild_databases do
-    build_frontbase_database = Proc.new do |db_name, sql_definition_file|
-      %(
-        STOP DATABASE #{db_name};
-        DELETE DATABASE #{db_name};
-        CREATE DATABASE #{db_name};
-
-        CONNECT TO #{db_name} AS SESSION_NAME USER _SYSTEM;
-        SET COMMIT FALSE;
+task :build_mysql_databases => 'db:mysql:build'
+task :drop_mysql_databases => 'db:mysql:drop'
+task :rebuild_mysql_databases => 'db:mysql:rebuild'
 
-        CREATE USER RAILS;
-        CREATE SCHEMA RAILS AUTHORIZATION RAILS;
-        COMMIT;
+task :build_postgresql_databases => 'db:postgresql:build'
+task :drop_postgresql_databases => 'db:postgresql:drop'
+task :rebuild_postgresql_databases => 'db:postgresql:rebuild'
 
-        SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION RAILS;
-        SCRIPT '#{sql_definition_file}';
-
-        COMMIT;
-
-        DISCONNECT ALL;
-      )
-    end
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['frontbase']
-    create_activerecord_unittest  = build_frontbase_database[config['arunit']['database'],  File.join(SCHEMA_ROOT, 'frontbase.sql')]
-    create_activerecord_unittest2 = build_frontbase_database[config['arunit2']['database'], File.join(SCHEMA_ROOT, 'frontbase2.sql')]
-    execute_frontbase_sql = Proc.new do |sql|
-      system(<<-SHELL)
-      /Library/FrontBase/bin/sql92 <<-SQL
-      #{sql}
-      SQL
-      SHELL
-    end
-    execute_frontbase_sql[create_activerecord_unittest]
-    execute_frontbase_sql[create_activerecord_unittest2]
-  end
+task :lines do
+  load File.expand_path('..', File.dirname(__FILE__)) + '/tools/line_statistics'
+  files = FileList["lib/active_record/**/*.rb"]
+  CodeTools::LineStatistics.new(files).print_loc
 end
 
-task :build_frontbase_databases => 'frontbase:build_databases'
-task :rebuild_frontbase_databases => 'frontbase:rebuild_databases'
-
 spec = eval(File.read('activerecord.gemspec'))
 
 Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
   p.gem_spec = spec
 end
 
-task :lines do
-  lines, codelines, total_lines, total_codelines = 0, 0, 0, 0
-
-  FileList["lib/active_record/**/*.rb"].each do |file_name|
-    next if file_name =~ /vendor/
-    File.open(file_name, 'r') do |f|
-      while line = f.gets
-        lines += 1
-        next if line =~ /^\s*$/
-        next if line =~ /^\s*#/
-        codelines += 1
-      end
-    end
-    puts "L: #{sprintf("%4d", lines)}, LOC #{sprintf("%4d", codelines)} | #{file_name}"
-
-    total_lines     += lines
-    total_codelines += codelines
-
-    lines, codelines = 0, 0
-  end
-
-  puts "Total: Lines #{total_lines}, LOC #{total_codelines}"
-end
-
-
 # Publishing ------------------------------------------------------
 
 desc "Release to rubygems"
diff --git a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
index d397c9e016..6231851be5 100644
--- a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
+++ b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
   s.add_dependency 'activemodel',   version
 
-  s.add_dependency 'arel', '~> 5.0.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'arel', '>= 6.0.0.beta1', '< 6.1'
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
index f856c482d6..9028970a3d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
@@ -27,10 +27,12 @@ require 'active_model'
 require 'arel'
 
 require 'active_record/version'
+require 'active_record/attribute_set'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
+  autoload :Attribute
   autoload :Base
   autoload :Callbacks
   autoload :Core
@@ -95,6 +97,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   module Coders
     autoload :YAMLColumn, 'active_record/coders/yaml_column'
+    autoload :JSON, 'active_record/coders/json'
   end
 
   module AttributeMethods
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
index 0d5313956b..e576ec4d40 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
@@ -129,10 +129,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # is an instance of the value class. Specifying a custom converter allows the new value to be automatically
     # converted to an instance of value class if necessary.
     #
-    # For example, the NetworkResource model has +network_address+ and +cidr_range+ attributes that
-    # should be aggregated using the NetAddr::CIDR value class (http://netaddr.rubyforge.org). The constructor
-    # for the value class is called +create+ and it expects a CIDR address string as a parameter. New
-    # values can be assigned to the value object using either another NetAddr::CIDR object, a string
+    # For example, the NetworkResource model has +network_address+ and +cidr_range+ attributes that should be
+    # aggregated using the NetAddr::CIDR value class (http://www.ruby-doc.org/gems/docs/n/netaddr-1.5.0/NetAddr/CIDR.html).
+    # The constructor for the value class is called +create+ and it expects a CIDR address string as a parameter.
+    # New values can be assigned to the value object using either another NetAddr::CIDR object, a string
     # or an array. The <tt>:constructor</tt> and <tt>:converter</tt> options can be used to meet
     # these requirements:
     #
@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       private
         def reader_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, constructor)
           define_method(name) do
-            if @aggregation_cache[name].nil? && (!allow_nil || mapping.any? {|pair| !read_attribute(pair.first).nil? })
-              attrs = mapping.collect {|pair| read_attribute(pair.first)}
+            if @aggregation_cache[name].nil? && (!allow_nil || mapping.any? {|key, _| !read_attribute(key).nil? })
+              attrs = mapping.collect {|key, _| read_attribute(key)}
               object = constructor.respond_to?(:call) ?
                 constructor.call(*attrs) :
                 class_name.constantize.send(constructor, *attrs)
@@ -244,15 +244,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def writer_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, converter)
           define_method("#{name}=") do |part|
             klass = class_name.constantize
+            if part.is_a?(Hash)
+              part = klass.new(*part.values)
+            end
+
             unless part.is_a?(klass) || converter.nil? || part.nil?
               part = converter.respond_to?(:call) ? converter.call(part) : klass.send(converter, part)
             end
 
             if part.nil? && allow_nil
-              mapping.each { |pair| self[pair.first] = nil }
+              mapping.each { |key, _| self[key] = nil }
               @aggregation_cache[name] = nil
             else
-              mapping.each { |pair| self[pair.first] = part.send(pair.last) }
+              mapping.each { |key, value| self[key] = part.send(value) }
               @aggregation_cache[name] = part.freeze
             end
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
index 20516bba0c..5a84792f45 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @association
     end
 
+    def ==(other)
+      other == to_a
+    end
+
     private
 
     def exec_queries
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
index 142d21ce92..18da28d480 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_record/errors'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  class AssociationNotFoundError < ConfigurationError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(record, association_name)
+      super("Association named '#{association_name}' was not found on #{record.class.name}; perhaps you misspelled it?")
+    end
+  end
+
   class InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(reflection, associated_class = nil)
       super("Could not find the inverse association for #{reflection.name} (#{reflection.options[:inverse_of].inspect} in #{associated_class.nil? ? reflection.class_name : associated_class.name})")
@@ -44,7 +50,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def initialize(reflection)
       through_reflection      = reflection.through_reflection
       source_reflection_names = reflection.source_reflection_names
-      source_associations     = reflection.through_reflection.klass.reflect_on_all_associations.collect { |a| a.name.inspect }
+      source_associations     = reflection.through_reflection.klass._reflections.keys
       super("Could not find the source association(s) #{source_reflection_names.collect{ |a| a.inspect }.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)} in model #{through_reflection.klass}. Try 'has_many #{reflection.name.inspect}, :through => #{through_reflection.name.inspect}, :source => <name>'. Is it one of #{source_associations.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)}?")
     end
   end
@@ -145,7 +151,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       association = association_instance_get(name)
 
       if association.nil?
-        reflection  = self.class.reflect_on_association(name)
+        raise AssociationNotFoundError.new(self, name) unless reflection = self.class._reflect_on_association(name)
         association = reflection.association_class.new(self, reflection)
         association_instance_set(name, association)
       end
@@ -196,12 +202,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # For instance, +attributes+ and +connection+ would be bad choices for association names.
     #
     # == Auto-generated methods
+    # See also Instance Public methods below for more details.
     #
     # === Singular associations (one-to-one)
     #                                     |            |  belongs_to  |
     #   generated methods                 | belongs_to | :polymorphic | has_one
     #   ----------------------------------+------------+--------------+---------
-    #   other                             |     X      |      X       |    X
+    #   other(force_reload=false)         |     X      |      X       |    X
     #   other=(other)                     |     X      |      X       |    X
     #   build_other(attributes={})        |     X      |              |    X
     #   create_other(attributes={})       |     X      |              |    X
@@ -211,7 +218,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #                                     |       |          | has_many
     #   generated methods                 | habtm | has_many | :through
     #   ----------------------------------+-------+----------+----------
-    #   others                            |   X   |    X     |    X
+    #   others(force_reload=false)        |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   others=(other,other,...)          |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   other_ids                         |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   other_ids=(id,id,...)             |   X   |    X     |    X
@@ -413,6 +420,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     has_many :birthday_events, ->(user) { where starts_on: user.birthday }, class_name: 'Event'
     #   end
     #
+    # Note: Joining, eager loading and preloading of these associations is not fully possible.
+    # These operations happen before instance creation and the scope will be called with a +nil+ argument.
+    # This can lead to unexpected behavior and is deprecated.
+    #
     # == Association callbacks
     #
     # Similar to the normal callbacks that hook into the life cycle of an Active Record object,
@@ -436,9 +447,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Possible callbacks are: +before_add+, +after_add+, +before_remove+ and +after_remove+.
     #
-    # Should any of the +before_add+ callbacks throw an exception, the object does not get
-    # added to the collection. Same with the +before_remove+ callbacks; if an exception is
-    # thrown the object doesn't get removed.
+    # If any of the +before_add+ callbacks throw an exception, the object will not be
+    # added to the collection.
+    #
+    # Similarly, if any of the +before_remove+ callbacks throw an exception, the object
+    # will not be removed from the collection.
     #
     # == Association extensions
     #
@@ -530,8 +543,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     #   @firm = Firm.first
-    #   @firm.clients.collect { |c| c.invoices }.flatten # select all invoices for all clients of the firm
-    #   @firm.invoices                                   # selects all invoices by going through the Client join model
+    #   @firm.clients.flat_map { |c| c.invoices } # select all invoices for all clients of the firm
+    #   @firm.invoices                            # selects all invoices by going through the Client join model
     #
     # Similarly you can go through a +has_one+ association on the join model:
     #
@@ -636,7 +649,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     belongs_to :commenter
     #   end
     #
-    # When using nested association, you will not be able to modify the association because there
+    # When using a nested association, you will not be able to modify the association because there
     # is not enough information to know what modification to make. For example, if you tried to
     # add a <tt>Commenter</tt> in the example above, there would be no way to tell how to set up the
     # intermediate <tt>Post</tt> and <tt>Comment</tt> objects.
@@ -706,9 +719,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # == Eager loading of associations
     #
     # Eager loading is a way to find objects of a certain class and a number of named associations.
-    # This is one of the easiest ways of to prevent the dreaded 1+N problem in which fetching 100
+    # It is one of the easiest ways to prevent the dreaded N+1 problem in which fetching 100
     # posts that each need to display their author triggers 101 database queries. Through the
-    # use of eager loading, the 101 queries can be reduced to 2.
+    # use of eager loading, the number of queries will be reduced from 101 to 2.
     #
     #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     belongs_to :author
@@ -738,16 +751,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.includes(:author, :comments).each do |post|
     #
     # This will load all comments with a single query. This reduces the total number of queries
-    # to 3. More generally the number of queries will be 1 plus the number of associations
+    # to 3. In general, the number of queries will be 1 plus the number of associations
     # named (except if some of the associations are polymorphic +belongs_to+ - see below).
     #
     # To include a deep hierarchy of associations, use a hash:
     #
-    #   Post.includes(:author, {comments: {author: :gravatar}}).each do |post|
+    #   Post.includes(:author, { comments: { author: :gravatar } }).each do |post|
     #
-    # That'll grab not only all the comments but all their authors and gravatar pictures.
-    # You can mix and match symbols, arrays and hashes in any combination to describe the
-    # associations you want to load.
+    # The above code will load all the comments and all of their associated
+    # authors and gravatars. You can mix and match any combination of symbols,
+    # arrays, and hashes to retrieve the associations you want to load.
     #
     # All of this power shouldn't fool you into thinking that you can pull out huge amounts
     # of data with no performance penalty just because you've reduced the number of queries.
@@ -756,8 +769,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # cut down on the number of queries in a situation as the one described above.
     #
     # Since only one table is loaded at a time, conditions or orders cannot reference tables
-    # other than the main one. If this is the case Active Record falls back to the previously
-    # used LEFT OUTER JOIN based strategy. For example
+    # other than the main one. If this is the case, Active Record falls back to the previously
+    # used LEFT OUTER JOIN based strategy. For example:
     #
     #   Post.includes([:author, :comments]).where(['comments.approved = ?', true])
     #
@@ -767,11 +780,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # like this can have unintended consequences.
     # In the above example posts with no approved comments are not returned at all, because
     # the conditions apply to the SQL statement as a whole and not just to the association.
+    #
     # You must disambiguate column references for this fallback to happen, for example
     # <tt>order: "author.name DESC"</tt> will work but <tt>order: "name DESC"</tt> will not.
     #
-    # If you do want eager load only some members of an association it is usually more natural
-    # to include an association which has conditions defined on it:
+    # If you want to load all posts (including posts with no approved comments) then write
+    # your own LEFT OUTER JOIN query using ON
+    #
+    #   Post.joins("LEFT OUTER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id AND comments.approved = '1'")
+    #
+    # In this case it is usually more natural to include an association which has conditions defined on it:
     #
     #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_many :approved_comments, -> { where approved: true }, class_name: 'Comment'
@@ -1036,6 +1054,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Specifies a one-to-many association. The following methods for retrieval and query of
       # collections of associated objects will be added:
       #
+      # +collection+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
+      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> would add among others <tt>clients.empty?</tt>.
+      #
       # [collection(force_reload = false)]
       #   Returns an array of all the associated objects.
       #   An empty array is returned if none are found.
@@ -1094,9 +1115,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Does the same as <tt>collection.create</tt>, but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt>
       #   if the record is invalid.
       #
-      # (*Note*: +collection+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so
-      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> would add among others <tt>clients.empty?</tt>.)
-      #
       # === Example
       #
       # A <tt>Firm</tt> class declares <tt>has_many :clients</tt>, which will add:
@@ -1115,7 +1133,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>Firm#clients.build</tt> (similar to <tt>Client.new("firm_id" => id)</tt>)
       # * <tt>Firm#clients.create</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Client.new("firm_id" => id); c.save; c</tt>)
       # * <tt>Firm#clients.create!</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Client.new("firm_id" => id); c.save!</tt>)
-      # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # The declaration can also include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      #
+      # === Scopes
+      #
+      # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
+      # lambda) to retrieve a specific set of records or customize the generated
+      # query when you access the associated collection.
+      #
+      # Scope examples:
+      #   has_many :comments, -> { where(author_id: 1) }
+      #   has_many :employees, -> { joins(:address) }
+      #   has_many :posts, ->(post) { where("max_post_length > ?", post.length) }
+      #
+      # === Extensions
+      #
+      # The +extension+ argument allows you to pass a block into a has_many
+      # association. This is useful for adding new finders, creators and other
+      # factory-type methods to be used as part of the association.
+      #
+      # Extension examples:
+      #   has_many :employees do
+      #     def find_or_create_by_name(name)
+      #       first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2)
+      #       find_or_create_by(first_name: first_name, last_name: last_name)
+      #     end
+      #   end
       #
       # === Options
       # [:class_name]
@@ -1193,7 +1236,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Option examples:
       #   has_many :comments, -> { order "posted_on" }
       #   has_many :comments, -> { includes :author }
-      #   has_many :people, -> { where("deleted = 0").order("name") }, class_name: "Person"
+      #   has_many :people, -> { where(deleted: false).order("name") }, class_name: "Person"
       #   has_many :tracks, -> { order "position" }, dependent: :destroy
       #   has_many :comments, dependent: :nullify
       #   has_many :tags, as: :taggable
@@ -1211,6 +1254,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # The following methods for retrieval and query of a single associated object will be added:
       #
+      # +association+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
+      # <tt>has_one :manager</tt> would add among others <tt>manager.nil?</tt>.
+      #
       # [association(force_reload = false)]
       #   Returns the associated object. +nil+ is returned if none is found.
       # [association=(associate)]
@@ -1229,9 +1275,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt>
       #   if the record is invalid.
       #
-      # (+association+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so
-      # <tt>has_one :manager</tt> would add among others <tt>manager.nil?</tt>.)
-      #
       # === Example
       #
       # An Account class declares <tt>has_one :beneficiary</tt>, which will add:
@@ -1241,9 +1284,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>Account#create_beneficiary</tt> (similar to <tt>b = Beneficiary.new("account_id" => id); b.save; b</tt>)
       # * <tt>Account#create_beneficiary!</tt> (similar to <tt>b = Beneficiary.new("account_id" => id); b.save!; b</tt>)
       #
+      # === Scopes
+      #
+      # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
+      # lambda) to retrieve a specific record or customize the generated query
+      # when you access the associated object.
+      #
+      # Scope examples:
+      #   has_one :author, -> { where(comment_id: 1) }
+      #   has_one :employer, -> { joins(:company) }
+      #   has_one :dob, ->(dob) { where("Date.new(2000, 01, 01) > ?", dob) }
+      #
       # === Options
       #
-      # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # The declaration can also include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
       #
       # Options are:
       # [:class_name]
@@ -1293,6 +1347,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   that is the inverse of this <tt>has_one</tt> association. Does not work in combination
       #   with <tt>:through</tt> or <tt>:as</tt> options.
       #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
+      # [:required]
+      #   When set to +true+, the association will also have its presence validated.
+      #   This will validate the association itself, not the id. You can use
+      #   +:inverse_of+ to avoid an extra query during validation.
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   has_one :credit_card, dependent: :destroy  # destroys the associated credit card
@@ -1304,6 +1362,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   has_one :boss, readonly: :true
       #   has_one :club, through: :membership
       #   has_one :primary_address, -> { where primary: true }, through: :addressables, source: :addressable
+      #   has_one :credit_card, required: true
       def has_one(name, scope = nil, options = {})
         reflection = Builder::HasOne.build(self, name, scope, options)
         Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
@@ -1317,6 +1376,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Methods will be added for retrieval and query for a single associated object, for which
       # this object holds an id:
       #
+      # +association+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
+      # <tt>belongs_to :author</tt> would add among others <tt>author.nil?</tt>.
+      #
       # [association(force_reload = false)]
       #   Returns the associated object. +nil+ is returned if none is found.
       # [association=(associate)]
@@ -1332,9 +1394,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt>
       #   if the record is invalid.
       #
-      # (+association+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so
-      # <tt>belongs_to :author</tt> would add among others <tt>author.nil?</tt>.)
-      #
       # === Example
       #
       # A Post class declares <tt>belongs_to :author</tt>, which will add:
@@ -1343,7 +1402,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>Post#build_author</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new</tt>)
       # * <tt>Post#create_author</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new; post.author.save; post.author</tt>)
       # * <tt>Post#create_author!</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new; post.author.save!; post.author</tt>)
-      # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # The declaration can also include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      #
+      # === Scopes
+      #
+      # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
+      # lambda) to retrieve a specific record or customize the generated query
+      # when you access the associated object.
+      #
+      # Scope examples:
+      #   belongs_to :user, -> { where(id: 2) }
+      #   belongs_to :user, -> { joins(:friends) }
+      #   belongs_to :level, ->(level) { where("game_level > ?", level.current) }
       #
       # === Options
       #
@@ -1397,7 +1467,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       # [:touch]
-      #   If true, the associated object will be touched (the updated_at/on attributes set to now)
+      #   If true, the associated object will be touched (the updated_at/on attributes set to current time)
       #   when this record is either saved or destroyed. If you specify a symbol, that attribute
       #   will be updated with the current time in addition to the updated_at/on attribute.
       # [:inverse_of]
@@ -1405,18 +1475,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   object that is the inverse of this <tt>belongs_to</tt> association. Does not work in
       #   combination with the <tt>:polymorphic</tt> options.
       #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
+      # [:required]
+      #   When set to +true+, the association will also have its presence validated.
+      #   This will validate the association itself, not the id. You can use
+      #   +:inverse_of+ to avoid an extra query during validation.
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   belongs_to :firm, foreign_key: "client_of"
       #   belongs_to :person, primary_key: "name", foreign_key: "person_name"
       #   belongs_to :author, class_name: "Person", foreign_key: "author_id"
-      #   belongs_to :valid_coupon, ->(o) { where "discounts > #{o.payments_count}" },
+      #   belongs_to :valid_coupon, ->(o) { where "discounts > ?", o.payments_count },
       #                             class_name: "Coupon", foreign_key: "coupon_id"
       #   belongs_to :attachable, polymorphic: true
       #   belongs_to :project, readonly: true
       #   belongs_to :post, counter_cache: true
       #   belongs_to :company, touch: true
       #   belongs_to :company, touch: :employees_last_updated_at
+      #   belongs_to :company, required: true
       def belongs_to(name, scope = nil, options = {})
         reflection = Builder::BelongsTo.build(self, name, scope, options)
         Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
@@ -1454,6 +1529,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # Adds the following methods for retrieval and query:
       #
+      # +collection+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
+      # <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :categories</tt> would add among others <tt>categories.empty?</tt>.
+      #
       # [collection(force_reload = false)]
       #   Returns an array of all the associated objects.
       #   An empty array is returned if none are found.
@@ -1495,9 +1573,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   with +attributes+, linked to this object through the join table, and that has already been
       #   saved (if it passed the validation).
       #
-      # (+collection+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so
-      # <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :categories</tt> would add among others <tt>categories.empty?</tt>.)
-      #
       # === Example
       #
       # A Developer class declares <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :projects</tt>, which will add:
@@ -1515,7 +1590,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>Developer#projects.exists?(...)</tt>
       # * <tt>Developer#projects.build</tt> (similar to <tt>Project.new("developer_id" => id)</tt>)
       # * <tt>Developer#projects.create</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Project.new("developer_id" => id); c.save; c</tt>)
-      # The declaration may include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # The declaration may include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      #
+      # === Scopes
+      #
+      # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
+      # lambda) to retrieve a specific set of records or customize the generated
+      # query when you access the associated collection.
+      #
+      # Scope examples:
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { includes :milestones, :manager }
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, ->(category) {
+      #     where("default_category = ?", category.name)
+      #   }
+      #
+      # === Extensions
+      #
+      # The +extension+ argument allows you to pass a block into a
+      # has_and_belongs_to_many association. This is useful for adding new
+      # finders, creators and other factory-type methods to be used as part of
+      # the association.
+      #
+      # Extension examples:
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :contractors do
+      #     def find_or_create_by_name(name)
+      #       first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2)
+      #       find_or_create_by(first_name: first_name, last_name: last_name)
+      #     end
+      #   end
       #
       # === Options
       #
@@ -1561,14 +1663,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
           scope   = nil
         end
 
+        habtm_reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::HasAndBelongsToManyReflection.new(name, scope, options, self)
+
         builder = Builder::HasAndBelongsToMany.new name, self, options
 
         join_model = builder.through_model
 
+        # FIXME: we should move this to the internal constants. Also people
+        # should never directly access this constant so I'm not happy about
+        # setting it.
+        const_set join_model.name, join_model
+
         middle_reflection = builder.middle_reflection join_model
 
         Builder::HasMany.define_callbacks self, middle_reflection
         Reflection.add_reflection self, middle_reflection.name, middle_reflection
+        middle_reflection.parent_reflection = [name.to_s, habtm_reflection]
 
         include Module.new {
           class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
@@ -1584,11 +1694,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         hm_options[:through] = middle_reflection.name
         hm_options[:source] = join_model.right_reflection.name
 
-        [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :autosave].each do |k|
+        [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :autosave, :validate, :join_table].each do |k|
           hm_options[k] = options[k] if options.key? k
         end
 
         has_many name, scope, hm_options, &extension
+        self._reflections[name.to_s].parent_reflection = [name.to_s, habtm_reflection]
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
index 0c23029981..a6a1947148 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
@@ -5,16 +5,58 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Keeps track of table aliases for ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods::JoinDependency and
     # ActiveRecord::Associations::ThroughAssociationScope
     class AliasTracker # :nodoc:
-      attr_reader :aliases, :table_joins, :connection
+      attr_reader :aliases, :connection
+
+      def self.empty(connection)
+        new connection, Hash.new(0)
+      end
+
+      def self.create(connection, table_joins)
+        if table_joins.empty?
+          empty connection
+        else
+          aliases = Hash.new { |h,k|
+            h[k] = initial_count_for(connection, k, table_joins)
+          }
+          new connection, aliases
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.initial_count_for(connection, name, table_joins)
+        # quoted_name should be downcased as some database adapters (Oracle) return quoted name in uppercase
+        quoted_name = connection.quote_table_name(name).downcase
+
+        counts = table_joins.map do |join|
+          if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
+            # Table names + table aliases
+            join.left.downcase.scan(
+              /join(?:\s+\w+)?\s+(\S+\s+)?#{quoted_name}\son/
+            ).size
+          elsif join.respond_to? :left
+            join.left.table_name == name ? 1 : 0
+          else
+            # this branch is reached by two tests:
+            #
+            # activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb:37
+            #   with :posts
+            #
+            # activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb:1133
+            #   with :comments
+            #
+            0
+          end
+        end
+
+        counts.sum
+      end
 
       # table_joins is an array of arel joins which might conflict with the aliases we assign here
-      def initialize(connection = Base.connection, table_joins = [])
-        @aliases     = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = initial_count_for(k) }
-        @table_joins = table_joins
-        @connection  = connection
+      def initialize(connection, aliases)
+        @aliases    = aliases
+        @connection = connection
       end
 
-      def aliased_table_for(table_name, aliased_name = nil)
+      def aliased_table_for(table_name, aliased_name)
         table_alias = aliased_name_for(table_name, aliased_name)
 
         if table_alias == table_name
@@ -24,9 +66,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def aliased_name_for(table_name, aliased_name = nil)
-        aliased_name ||= table_name
-
+      def aliased_name_for(table_name, aliased_name)
         if aliases[table_name].zero?
           # If it's zero, we can have our table_name
           aliases[table_name] = 1
@@ -48,26 +88,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
-        def initial_count_for(name)
-          return 0 if Arel::Table === table_joins
-
-          # quoted_name should be downcased as some database adapters (Oracle) return quoted name in uppercase
-          quoted_name = connection.quote_table_name(name).downcase
-
-          counts = table_joins.map do |join|
-            if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
-              # Table names + table aliases
-              join.left.downcase.scan(
-                /join(?:\s+\w+)?\s+(\S+\s+)?#{quoted_name}\son/
-              ).size
-            else
-              join.left.table_name == name ? 1 : 0
-            end
-          end
-
-          counts.sum
-        end
-
         def truncate(name)
           name.slice(0, connection.table_alias_length - 2)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
index 67ea489b22..f1c36cd047 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # actually gets built.
       def association_scope
         if klass
-          @association_scope ||= AssociationScope.new(self).scope
+          @association_scope ||= AssociationScope.scope(self, klass.connection)
         end
       end
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def marshal_load(data)
         reflection_name, ivars = data
         ivars.each { |name, val| instance_variable_set(name, val) }
-        @reflection = @owner.class.reflect_on_association(reflection_name)
+        @reflection = @owner.class._reflect_on_association(reflection_name)
       end
 
       def initialize_attributes(record) #:nodoc:
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def creation_attributes
           attributes = {}
 
-          if (reflection.macro == :has_one || reflection.macro == :has_many) && !options[:through]
+          if (reflection.has_one? || reflection.collection?) && !options[:through]
             attributes[reflection.foreign_key] = owner[reflection.active_record_primary_key]
 
             if reflection.options[:as]
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Returns true if record contains the foreign_key
         def foreign_key_for?(record)
-          record.attributes.has_key? reflection.foreign_key
+          record.has_attribute?(reflection.foreign_key)
         end
 
         # This should be implemented to return the values of the relevant key(s) on the owner,
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
index 15691e26df..b965230e60 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
@@ -1,41 +1,79 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class AssociationScope #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :association, :alias_tracker
+      def self.scope(association, connection)
+        INSTANCE.scope association, connection
+      end
 
-      delegate :klass, :reflection, :to => :association
-      delegate :chain, :scope_chain, :to => :reflection
+      class BindSubstitution
+        def initialize(block)
+          @block = block
+        end
 
-      def initialize(association)
-        @association   = association
-        @alias_tracker = AliasTracker.new klass.connection
+        def bind_value(scope, column, value, alias_tracker)
+          substitute = alias_tracker.connection.substitute_at(
+            column, scope.bind_values.length)
+          scope.bind_values += [[column, @block.call(value)]]
+          substitute
+        end
       end
 
-      def scope
-        scope = klass.unscoped
-        scope.extending! Array(reflection.options[:extend])
+      def self.create(&block)
+        block = block ? block : lambda { |val| val }
+        new BindSubstitution.new(block)
+      end
 
-        owner = association.owner
-        add_constraints(scope, owner)
+      def initialize(bind_substitution)
+        @bind_substitution = bind_substitution
+      end
+
+      INSTANCE = create
+
+      def scope(association, connection)
+        klass         = association.klass
+        reflection    = association.reflection
+        scope         = klass.unscoped
+        owner         = association.owner
+        alias_tracker = AliasTracker.empty connection
+
+        scope.extending! Array(reflection.options[:extend])
+        add_constraints(scope, owner, klass, reflection, alias_tracker)
       end
 
       def join_type
         Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin
       end
 
+      def self.get_bind_values(owner, chain)
+        binds = []
+        last_reflection = chain.last
+
+        binds << last_reflection.join_id_for(owner)
+        if last_reflection.type
+          binds << owner.class.base_class.name
+        end
+
+        chain.each_cons(2).each do |reflection, next_reflection|
+          if reflection.type
+            binds << next_reflection.klass.base_class.name
+          end
+        end
+        binds
+      end
+
       private
 
-      def construct_tables
+      def construct_tables(chain, klass, refl, alias_tracker)
         chain.map do |reflection|
           alias_tracker.aliased_table_for(
-            table_name_for(reflection),
-            table_alias_for(reflection, reflection != self.reflection)
+            table_name_for(reflection, klass, refl),
+            table_alias_for(reflection, refl, reflection != refl)
           )
         end
       end
 
-      def table_alias_for(reflection, join = false)
-        name = "#{reflection.plural_name}_#{alias_suffix}"
+      def table_alias_for(reflection, refl, join = false)
+        name = "#{reflection.plural_name}_#{alias_suffix(refl)}"
         name << "_join" if join
         name
       end
@@ -44,72 +82,80 @@ module ActiveRecord
         table.create_join(table, table.create_on(constraint), join_type)
       end
 
-      def column_for(table_name, column_name)
+      def column_for(table_name, column_name, alias_tracker)
         columns = alias_tracker.connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)
         columns[column_name]
       end
 
-      def bind_value(scope, column, value)
-        substitute = alias_tracker.connection.substitute_at(
-          column, scope.bind_values.length)
-        scope.bind_values += [[column, value]]
-        substitute
+      def bind_value(scope, column, value, alias_tracker)
+        @bind_substitution.bind_value scope, column, value, alias_tracker
       end
 
-      def bind(scope, table_name, column_name, value)
-        column   = column_for table_name, column_name
-        bind_value scope, column, value
+      def bind(scope, table_name, column_name, value, tracker)
+        column   = column_for table_name, column_name, tracker
+        bind_value scope, column, value, tracker
       end
 
-      def add_constraints(scope, owner)
-        tables = construct_tables
+      def last_chain_scope(scope, table, reflection, owner, tracker, assoc_klass)
+        join_keys = reflection.join_keys(assoc_klass)
+        key = join_keys.key
+        foreign_key = join_keys.foreign_key
 
-        chain.each_with_index do |reflection, i|
-          table, foreign_table = tables.shift, tables.first
+        bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, key.to_s, owner[foreign_key], tracker
+        scope    = scope.where(table[key].eq(bind_val))
 
-          if reflection.source_macro == :belongs_to
-            if reflection.options[:polymorphic]
-              key = reflection.association_primary_key(self.klass)
-            else
-              key = reflection.association_primary_key
-            end
+        if reflection.type
+          value    = owner.class.base_class.name
+          bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, reflection.type, value, tracker
+          scope    = scope.where(table[reflection.type].eq(bind_val))
+        else
+          scope
+        end
+      end
 
-            foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key
-          else
-            key         = reflection.foreign_key
-            foreign_key = reflection.active_record_primary_key
-          end
+      def next_chain_scope(scope, table, reflection, tracker, assoc_klass, foreign_table, next_reflection)
+        join_keys = reflection.join_keys(assoc_klass)
+        key = join_keys.key
+        foreign_key = join_keys.foreign_key
 
-          if reflection == chain.last
-            bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, key.to_s, owner[foreign_key]
-            scope    = scope.where(table[key].eq(bind_val))
+        constraint = table[key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])
 
-            if reflection.type
-              value    = owner.class.base_class.name
-              bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, reflection.type.to_s, value
-              scope    = scope.where(table[reflection.type].eq(bind_val))
-            end
-          else
-            constraint = table[key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])
+        if reflection.type
+          value    = next_reflection.klass.base_class.name
+          bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, reflection.type, value, tracker
+          scope    = scope.where(table[reflection.type].eq(bind_val))
+        end
 
-            if reflection.type
-              value    = chain[i + 1].klass.base_class.name
-              bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, reflection.type.to_s, value
-              scope    = scope.where(table[reflection.type].eq(bind_val))
-            end
+        scope = scope.joins(join(foreign_table, constraint))
+      end
 
-            scope = scope.joins(join(foreign_table, constraint))
+      def add_constraints(scope, owner, assoc_klass, refl, tracker)
+        chain = refl.chain
+        scope_chain = refl.scope_chain
+
+        tables = construct_tables(chain, assoc_klass, refl, tracker)
+
+        owner_reflection = chain.last
+        table = tables.last
+        scope = last_chain_scope(scope, table, owner_reflection, owner, tracker, assoc_klass)
+
+        chain.each_with_index do |reflection, i|
+          table, foreign_table = tables.shift, tables.first
+
+          unless reflection == chain.last
+            next_reflection = chain[i + 1]
+            scope = next_chain_scope(scope, table, reflection, tracker, assoc_klass, foreign_table, next_reflection)
           end
 
           is_first_chain = i == 0
-          klass = is_first_chain ? self.klass : reflection.klass
+          klass = is_first_chain ? assoc_klass : reflection.klass
 
           # Exclude the scope of the association itself, because that
           # was already merged in the #scope method.
           scope_chain[i].each do |scope_chain_item|
             item  = eval_scope(klass, scope_chain_item, owner)
 
-            if scope_chain_item == self.reflection.scope
+            if scope_chain_item == refl.scope
               scope.merge! item.except(:where, :includes, :bind)
             end
 
@@ -118,6 +164,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
 
             scope.where_values += item.where_values
+            scope.bind_values  += item.bind_values
             scope.order_values |= item.order_values
           end
         end
@@ -125,12 +172,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         scope
       end
 
-      def alias_suffix
-        reflection.name
+      def alias_suffix(refl)
+        refl.name
       end
 
-      def table_name_for(reflection)
-        if reflection == self.reflection
+      def table_name_for(reflection, klass, refl)
+        if reflection == refl
           # If this is a polymorphic belongs_to, we want to get the klass from the
           # association because it depends on the polymorphic_type attribute of
           # the owner
@@ -141,11 +188,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def eval_scope(klass, scope, owner)
-        if scope.is_a?(Relation)
-          scope
-        else
-          klass.unscoped.instance_exec(owner, &scope)
-        end
+        klass.unscoped.instance_exec(owner, &scope)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
index 8272a5584c..81fdd681de 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
@@ -31,6 +31,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @updated
       end
 
+      def decrement_counters # :nodoc:
+        with_cache_name { |name| decrement_counter name }
+      end
+
+      def increment_counters # :nodoc:
+        with_cache_name { |name| increment_counter name }
+      end
+
       private
 
         def find_target?
@@ -51,13 +59,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        def decrement_counters
-          with_cache_name { |name| decrement_counter name }
+        def decrement_counter(counter_cache_name)
+          if foreign_key_present?
+            klass.decrement_counter(counter_cache_name, target_id)
+          end
         end
 
-        def decrement_counter counter_cache_name
+        def increment_counter(counter_cache_name)
           if foreign_key_present?
-            klass.decrement_counter(counter_cache_name, target_id)
+            klass.increment_counter(counter_cache_name, target_id)
           end
         end
 
@@ -82,7 +92,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # has_one associations.
         def invertible_for?(record)
           inverse = inverse_reflection_for(record)
-          inverse && inverse.macro == :has_one
+          inverse && inverse.has_one?
         end
 
         def target_id
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
index f085fd1cfd..947d61ee7b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       reflection = builder.build(model)
       define_accessors model, reflection
       define_callbacks model, reflection
+      define_validations model, reflection
       builder.define_extensions model
       reflection
     end
@@ -85,7 +86,11 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     end
 
     def self.define_callbacks(model, reflection)
-      add_before_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection) if reflection.options[:dependent]
+      if dependent = reflection.options[:dependent]
+        check_dependent_options(dependent)
+        add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      end
+
       Association.extensions.each do |extension|
         extension.build model, reflection
       end
@@ -120,17 +125,23 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       CODE
     end
 
+    def self.define_validations(model, reflection)
+      # noop
+    end
+
     def self.valid_dependent_options
       raise NotImplementedError
     end
 
     private
 
-    def self.add_before_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
-      unless valid_dependent_options.include? reflection.options[:dependent]
-        raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option must be one of #{valid_dependent_options}, but is :#{reflection.options[:dependent]}"
+    def self.check_dependent_options(dependent)
+      unless valid_dependent_options.include? dependent
+        raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option must be one of #{valid_dependent_options}, but is :#{dependent}"
       end
+    end
 
+    def self.add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
       name = reflection.name
       model.before_destroy lambda { |o| o.association(name).handle_dependency }
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
index 5ccaa55a32..954ea3878a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
@@ -26,28 +26,9 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     private
 
     def self.add_counter_cache_methods(mixin)
-      return if mixin.method_defined? :belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create
+      return if mixin.method_defined? :belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update
 
       mixin.class_eval do
-        def belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create(reflection)
-          if record = send(reflection.name)
-            cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
-            record.class.increment_counter(cache_column, record.id)
-            @_after_create_counter_called = true
-          end
-        end
-
-        def belongs_to_counter_cache_before_destroy(reflection)
-          foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key.to_sym
-          unless destroyed_by_association && destroyed_by_association.foreign_key.to_sym == foreign_key
-            record = send reflection.name
-            if record && !self.destroyed?
-              cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
-              record.class.decrement_counter(cache_column, record.id)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
         def belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update(reflection)
           foreign_key  = reflection.foreign_key
           cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
@@ -73,14 +54,6 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     def self.add_counter_cache_callbacks(model, reflection)
       cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
 
-      model.after_create lambda { |record|
-        record.belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create(reflection)
-      }
-
-      model.before_destroy lambda { |record|
-        record.belongs_to_counter_cache_before_destroy(reflection)
-      }
-
       model.after_update lambda { |record|
         record.belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update(reflection)
       }
@@ -130,9 +103,14 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
         BelongsTo.touch_record(record, foreign_key, n, touch)
       }
 
-      model.after_save    callback
+      model.after_save    callback, if: :changed?
       model.after_touch   callback
       model.after_destroy callback
     end
+
+    def self.add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      name = reflection.name
+      model.after_destroy lambda { |o| o.association(name).handle_dependency }
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
index e472277374..34a555dfd4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
@@ -11,11 +11,14 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
         end
 
         def join_table
-          @join_table ||= [@lhs_class.table_name, klass.table_name].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*_)(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').gsub("\0", "_")
+          @join_table ||= [@lhs_class.table_name, klass.table_name].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*[._])(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').gsub("\0", "_")
         end
 
         private
-        def klass; @rhs_class_name.constantize; end
+
+        def klass
+          @lhs_class.send(:compute_type, @rhs_class_name)
+        end
       end
 
       def self.build(lhs_class, name, options)
@@ -60,13 +63,13 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
 
         def self.add_left_association(name, options)
           belongs_to name, options
-          self.left_reflection = reflect_on_association(name)
+          self.left_reflection = _reflect_on_association(name)
         end
 
         def self.add_right_association(name, options)
           rhs_name = name.to_s.singularize.to_sym
           belongs_to rhs_name, options
-          self.right_reflection = reflect_on_association(rhs_name)
+          self.right_reflection = _reflect_on_association(rhs_name)
         end
 
       }
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
index 7909b93622..4c8c826f76 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     end
 
     def valid_options
-      super + [:primary_key, :dependent, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :inverse_of, :counter_cache]
+      super + [:primary_key, :dependent, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :inverse_of, :counter_cache, :join_table]
     end
 
     def self.valid_dependent_options
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
index f359efd496..c194c8ae9a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     end
 
     def valid_options
-      valid = super + [:order, :as]
+      valid = super + [:as]
       valid += [:through, :source, :source_type] if options[:through]
       valid
     end
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
 
     private
 
-    def self.add_before_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
+    def self.add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
       super unless reflection.options[:through]
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
index e655c389a6..6e6dd7204c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class SingularAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
     def valid_options
-      super + [:remote, :dependent, :primary_key, :inverse_of]
+      super + [:dependent, :primary_key, :inverse_of, :required]
     end
 
     def self.define_accessors(model, reflection)
@@ -27,5 +27,12 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
         end
       CODE
     end
+
+    def self.define_validations(model, reflection)
+      super
+      if reflection.options[:required]
+        model.validates_presence_of reflection.name
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
index 03ca00fa70..1836ff0910 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
@@ -24,10 +24,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If you need to work on all current children, new and existing records,
     # +load_target+ and the +loaded+ flag are your friends.
     class CollectionAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
-      def initialize(owner, reflection)
-        super
-        @proxy = CollectionProxy.create(klass, self)
-      end
 
       # Implements the reader method, e.g. foo.items for Foo.has_many :items
       def reader(force_reload = false)
@@ -37,7 +33,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           reload
         end
 
-        @proxy
+        @proxy ||= CollectionProxy.create(klass, self)
       end
 
       # Implements the writer method, e.g. foo.items= for Foo.has_many :items
@@ -59,9 +55,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Implements the ids writer method, e.g. foo.item_ids= for Foo.has_many :items
       def ids_writer(ids)
-        pk_column = reflection.primary_key_column
+        pk_type = reflection.primary_key_type
         ids = Array(ids).reject { |id| id.blank? }
-        ids.map! { |i| pk_column.type_cast(i) }
+        ids.map! { |i| pk_type.type_cast_from_user(i) }
         replace(klass.find(ids).index_by { |r| r.id }.values_at(*ids))
       end
 
@@ -138,20 +134,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def create(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, &block)
       end
 
       def create!(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, true, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, true, &block)
       end
 
       # Add +records+ to this association. Returns +self+ so method calls may
       # be chained. Since << flattens its argument list and inserts each record,
       # +push+ and +concat+ behave identically.
       def concat(*records)
-        load_target if owner.new_record?
-
         if owner.new_record?
+          load_target
           concat_records(records)
         else
           transaction { concat_records(records) }
@@ -187,11 +182,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # See delete for more info.
       def delete_all(dependent = nil)
-        if dependent.present? && ![:nullify, :delete_all].include?(dependent)
+        if dependent && ![:nullify, :delete_all].include?(dependent)
           raise ArgumentError, "Valid values are :nullify or :delete_all"
         end
 
-        dependent = if dependent.present?
+        dependent = if dependent
                       dependent
                     elsif options[:dependent] == :destroy
                       :delete_all
@@ -199,7 +194,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                       options[:dependent]
                     end
 
-        delete(:all, dependent: dependent).tap do
+        delete_or_nullify_all_records(dependent).tap do
           reset
           loaded!
         end
@@ -249,19 +244,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # are actually removed from the database, that depends precisely on
       # +delete_records+. They are in any case removed from the collection.
       def delete(*records)
+        return if records.empty?
         _options = records.extract_options!
         dependent = _options[:dependent] || options[:dependent]
 
-        if records.first == :all
-          if loaded? || dependent == :destroy
-            delete_or_destroy(load_target, dependent)
-          else
-            delete_records(:all, dependent)
-          end
-        else
-          records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Fixnum) || record.kind_of?(String) }
-          delete_or_destroy(records, dependent)
-        end
+        records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Fixnum) || record.kind_of?(String) }
+        delete_or_destroy(records, dependent)
       end
 
       # Deletes the +records+ and removes them from this association calling
@@ -270,6 +258,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Note that this method removes records from the database ignoring the
       # +:dependent+ option.
       def destroy(*records)
+        return if records.empty?
         records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Fixnum) || record.kind_of?(String) }
         delete_or_destroy(records, :destroy)
       end
@@ -363,7 +352,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if owner.new_record?
           replace_records(other_array, original_target)
         else
-          transaction { replace_records(other_array, original_target) }
+          if other_array != original_target
+            transaction { replace_records(other_array, original_target) }
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -372,7 +363,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if record.new_record?
             include_in_memory?(record)
           else
-            loaded? ? target.include?(record) : scope.exists?(record)
+            loaded? ? target.include?(record) : scope.exists?(record.id)
           end
         else
           false
@@ -415,9 +406,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
+      def get_records
+        return scope.to_a if reflection.scope_chain.any?(&:any?) || scope.eager_loading?
+
+        conn = klass.connection
+        sc = reflection.association_scope_cache(conn, owner) do
+          StatementCache.create(conn) { |params|
+            as = AssociationScope.create { params.bind }
+            target_scope.merge as.scope(self, conn)
+          }
+        end
+
+        binds = AssociationScope.get_bind_values(owner, reflection.chain)
+        sc.execute binds, klass, klass.connection
+      end
 
         def find_target
-          records = scope.to_a
+          records = get_records
           records.each { |record| set_inverse_instance(record) }
           records
         end
@@ -452,13 +457,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           persisted + memory
         end
 
-        def create_record(attributes, raise = false, &block)
+        def _create_record(attributes, raise = false, &block)
           unless owner.persisted?
             raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved, "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved"
           end
 
           if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-            attributes.collect { |attr| create_record(attr, raise, &block) }
+            attributes.collect { |attr| _create_record(attr, raise, &block) }
           else
             transaction do
               add_to_target(build_record(attributes)) do |record|
@@ -517,13 +522,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           target
         end
 
-        def concat_records(records)
+        def concat_records(records, should_raise = false)
           result = true
 
           records.flatten.each do |record|
             raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
             add_to_target(record) do |rec|
-              result &&= insert_record(rec) unless owner.new_record?
+              result &&= insert_record(rec, true, should_raise) unless owner.new_record?
             end
           end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
index eba688866c..8c7b0b4be9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Deletes all the records from the collection. For +has_many+ associations,
       # the deletion is done according to the strategy specified by the <tt>:dependent</tt>
-      # option. Returns an array with the deleted records.
+      # option.
       #
       # If no <tt>:dependent</tt> option is given, then it will follow the
       # default strategy. The default strategy is <tt>:nullify</tt>. This
@@ -435,11 +435,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #    ]
       #
       #   person.pets.delete_all
-      #   # => [
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
-      #   #    ]
       #
       #   Pet.find(1, 2, 3)
       #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
@@ -788,7 +783,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   person.pets.count # => 0
       #   person.pets.any?  # => true
       #
-      # You can also pass a block to define criteria. The behavior
+      # You can also pass a +block+ to define criteria. The behavior
       # is the same, it returns true if the collection based on the
       # criteria is not empty.
       #
@@ -822,7 +817,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   person.pets.count # => 2
       #   person.pets.many? # => true
       #
-      # You can also pass a block to define criteria. The
+      # You can also pass a +block+ to define criteria. The
       # behavior is the same, it returns true if the collection
       # based on the criteria has more than one record.
       #
@@ -846,7 +841,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association.many?(&block)
       end
 
-      # Returns +true+ if the given object is present in the collection.
+      # Returns +true+ if the given +record+ is present in the collection.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets
@@ -860,6 +855,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         !!@association.include?(record)
       end
 
+      def arel
+        scope.arel
+      end
+
       def proxy_association
         @association
       end
@@ -880,7 +879,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Equivalent to <tt>Array#==</tt>. Returns +true+ if the two arrays
       # contain the same number of elements and if each element is equal
-      # to the corresponding element in the other array, otherwise returns
+      # to the corresponding element in the +other+ array, otherwise returns
       # +false+.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
index 6457182195..1413efaf7f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
@@ -41,6 +41,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def empty?
+        if has_cached_counter?
+          size.zero?
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
       private
 
         # Returns the number of records in this collection.
@@ -58,7 +66,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # the loaded flag is set to true as well.
         def count_records
           count = if has_cached_counter?
-            owner.send(:read_attribute, cached_counter_attribute_name)
+            owner.read_attribute cached_counter_attribute_name
           else
             scope.count
           end
@@ -71,20 +79,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
           [association_scope.limit_value, count].compact.min
         end
 
-        def has_cached_counter?(reflection = reflection)
+        def has_cached_counter?(reflection = reflection())
           owner.attribute_present?(cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection))
         end
 
-        def cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection = reflection)
+        def cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection = reflection())
           options[:counter_cache] || "#{reflection.name}_count"
         end
 
-        def update_counter(difference, reflection = reflection)
+        def update_counter(difference, reflection = reflection())
+          update_counter_in_database(difference, reflection)
+          update_counter_in_memory(difference, reflection)
+        end
+
+        def update_counter_in_database(difference, reflection = reflection())
           if has_cached_counter?(reflection)
             counter = cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection)
             owner.class.update_counters(owner.id, counter => difference)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def update_counter_in_memory(difference, reflection = reflection())
+          if has_cached_counter?(reflection)
+            counter = cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection)
             owner[counter] += difference
-            owner.changed_attributes.delete(counter) # eww
+            owner.send(:clear_attribute_changes, counter) # eww
           end
         end
 
@@ -98,30 +117,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #     it will be decremented twice.
         #
         # Hence this method.
-        def inverse_updates_counter_cache?(reflection = reflection)
+        def inverse_updates_counter_cache?(reflection = reflection())
           counter_name = cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection)
-          reflection.klass.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to).any? { |inverse_reflection|
+          inverse_updates_counter_named?(counter_name, reflection)
+        end
+
+        def inverse_updates_counter_named?(counter_name, reflection = reflection())
+          reflection.klass._reflections.values.any? { |inverse_reflection|
+            inverse_reflection.belongs_to? &&
             inverse_reflection.counter_cache_column == counter_name
           }
         end
 
+        def delete_count(method, scope)
+          if method == :delete_all
+            scope.delete_all
+          else
+            scope.update_all(reflection.foreign_key => nil)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def delete_or_nullify_all_records(method)
+          count = delete_count(method, self.scope)
+          update_counter(-count)
+        end
+
         # Deletes the records according to the <tt>:dependent</tt> option.
         def delete_records(records, method)
           if method == :destroy
             records.each(&:destroy!)
             update_counter(-records.length) unless inverse_updates_counter_cache?
           else
-            if records == :all || !reflection.klass.primary_key
-              scope = self.scope
-            else
-              scope = self.scope.where(reflection.klass.primary_key => records)
-            end
-
-            if method == :delete_all
-              update_counter(-scope.delete_all)
-            else
-              update_counter(-scope.update_all(reflection.foreign_key => nil))
-            end
+            scope = self.scope.where(reflection.klass.primary_key => records)
+            update_counter(-delete_count(method, scope))
           end
         end
 
@@ -132,6 +160,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
             false
           end
         end
+
+        def concat_records(records, *)
+          update_counter_if_success(super, records.length)
+        end
+
+        def _create_record(attributes, *)
+          if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+            super
+          else
+            update_counter_if_success(super, 1)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def update_counter_if_success(saved_successfully, difference)
+          if saved_successfully
+            update_counter_in_memory(difference)
+          end
+          saved_successfully
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
index 31b8d27892..0968b0068e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Has Many Through Association
   module Associations
@@ -12,17 +11,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @through_association = nil
       end
 
-      # Returns the size of the collection by executing a SELECT COUNT(*) query if the collection hasn't been
-      # loaded and calling collection.size if it has. If it's more likely than not that the collection does
-      # have a size larger than zero, and you need to fetch that collection afterwards, it'll take one fewer
-      # SELECT query if you use #length.
+      # Returns the size of the collection by executing a SELECT COUNT(*) query
+      # if the collection hasn't been loaded, and by calling collection.size if
+      # it has. If the collection will likely have a size greater than zero,
+      # and if fetching the collection will be needed afterwards, one less
+      # SELECT query will be generated by using #length instead.
       def size
         if has_cached_counter?
-          owner.send(:read_attribute, cached_counter_attribute_name)
+          owner.read_attribute cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection)
         elsif loaded?
           target.size
         else
-          count
+          super
         end
       end
 
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         unless owner.new_record?
           records.flatten.each do |record|
             raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
-            record.save! if record.new_record?
           end
         end
 
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def concat_records(records)
         ensure_not_nested
 
-        records = super
+        records = super(records, true)
 
         if owner.new_record? && records
           records.flatten.each do |record|
@@ -63,7 +62,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         save_through_record(record)
-        update_counter(1)
+        if has_cached_counter? && !through_reflection_updates_counter_cache?
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
+            "Automatic updating of counter caches on through associations has been " \
+            "deprecated, and will be removed in Rails 5.0. Instead, please set the " \
+            "appropriate counter_cache options on the has_many and belongs_to for " \
+            "your associations to #{through_reflection.name}."
+
+          update_counter_in_database(1)
+        end
         record
       end
 
@@ -73,23 +80,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @through_association ||= owner.association(through_reflection.name)
         end
 
-        # We temporarily cache through record that has been build, because if we build a
-        # through record in build_record and then subsequently call insert_record, then we
-        # want to use the exact same object.
+        # The through record (built with build_record) is temporarily cached
+        # so that it may be reused if insert_record is subsequently called.
         #
-        # However, after insert_record has been called, we clear the cache entry because
-        # we want it to be possible to have multiple instances of the same record in an
-        # association
+        # However, after insert_record has been called, the cache is cleared in
+        # order to allow multiple instances of the same record in an association.
         def build_through_record(record)
           @through_records[record.object_id] ||= begin
             ensure_mutable
 
-            through_record = through_association.build
+            through_record = through_association.build(*options_for_through_record)
             through_record.send("#{source_reflection.name}=", record)
             through_record
           end
         end
 
+        def options_for_through_record
+          [through_scope_attributes]
+        end
+
+        def through_scope_attributes
+          scope.where_values_hash(through_association.reflection.name.to_s).
+            except!(through_association.reflection.foreign_key,
+                    through_association.reflection.klass.inheritance_column)
+        end
+
         def save_through_record(record)
           build_through_record(record).save!
         ensure
@@ -103,9 +118,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           inverse = source_reflection.inverse_of
           if inverse
-            if inverse.macro == :has_many
+            if inverse.collection?
               record.send(inverse.name) << build_through_record(record)
-            elsif inverse.macro == :has_one
+            elsif inverse.has_one?
               record.send("#{inverse.name}=", build_through_record(record))
             end
           end
@@ -114,7 +129,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def target_reflection_has_associated_record?
-          !(through_reflection.macro == :belongs_to && owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].blank?)
+          !(through_reflection.belongs_to? && owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].blank?)
         end
 
         def update_through_counter?(method)
@@ -128,13 +143,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        def delete_or_nullify_all_records(method)
+          delete_records(load_target, method)
+        end
+
         def delete_records(records, method)
           ensure_not_nested
 
-          # This is unoptimised; it will load all the target records
-          # even when we just want to delete everything.
-          records = load_target if records == :all
-
           scope = through_association.scope
           scope.where! construct_join_attributes(*records)
 
@@ -168,7 +183,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             klass.decrement_counter counter, records.map(&:id)
           end
 
-          if through_reflection.macro == :has_many && update_through_counter?(method)
+          if through_reflection.collection? && update_through_counter?(method)
             update_counter(-count, through_reflection)
           end
 
@@ -178,14 +193,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def through_records_for(record)
           attributes = construct_join_attributes(record)
           candidates = Array.wrap(through_association.target)
-          candidates.find_all { |c| c.attributes.slice(*attributes.keys) == attributes }
+          candidates.find_all do |c|
+            attributes.all? do |key, value|
+              c.public_send(key) == value
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         def delete_through_records(records)
           records.each do |record|
             through_records = through_records_for(record)
 
-            if through_reflection.macro == :has_many
+            if through_reflection.collection?
               through_records.each { |r| through_association.target.delete(r) }
             else
               if through_records.include?(through_association.target)
@@ -199,13 +218,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def find_target
           return [] unless target_reflection_has_associated_record?
-          scope.to_a
+          get_records
         end
 
         # NOTE - not sure that we can actually cope with inverses here
         def invertible_for?(record)
           false
         end
+
+        def through_reflection_updates_counter_cache?
+          counter_name = cached_counter_attribute_name
+          inverse_updates_counter_named?(counter_name, through_reflection)
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
index 944caacab6..e6095d84dc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Belongs To Has One Association
   module Associations
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
index 27069157be..ec5c189cd3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #    joins # =>  []
       #
       def initialize(base, associations, joins)
-        @alias_tracker = AliasTracker.new(base.connection, joins)
-        @alias_tracker.aliased_name_for(base.table_name) # Updates the count for base.table_name to 1
+        @alias_tracker = AliasTracker.create(base.connection, joins)
+        @alias_tracker.aliased_name_for(base.table_name, base.table_name) # Updates the count for base.table_name to 1
         tree = self.class.make_tree associations
         @join_root = JoinBase.new base, build(tree, base)
         @join_root.children.each { |child| construct_tables! @join_root, child }
@@ -131,7 +131,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def instantiate(result_set, aliases)
         primary_key = aliases.column_alias(join_root, join_root.primary_key)
-        type_caster = result_set.column_type primary_key
 
         seen = Hash.new { |h,parent_klass|
           h[parent_klass] = Hash.new { |i,parent_id|
@@ -144,8 +143,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         column_aliases = aliases.column_aliases join_root
 
         result_set.each { |row_hash|
-          primary_id = type_caster.type_cast row_hash[primary_key]
-          parent = parents[primary_id] ||= join_root.instantiate(row_hash, column_aliases)
+          parent = parents[row_hash[primary_key]] ||= join_root.instantiate(row_hash, column_aliases)
           construct(parent, join_root, row_hash, result_set, seen, model_cache, aliases)
         }
 
@@ -164,17 +162,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def make_outer_joins(parent, child)
         tables    = table_aliases_for(parent, child)
         join_type = Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin
-        joins     = make_constraints parent, child, tables, join_type
+        info      = make_constraints parent, child, tables, join_type
 
-        joins.concat child.children.flat_map { |c| make_outer_joins(child, c) }
+        [info] + child.children.flat_map { |c| make_outer_joins(child, c) }
       end
 
       def make_inner_joins(parent, child)
         tables    = child.tables
         join_type = Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin
-        joins     = make_constraints parent, child, tables, join_type
+        info      = make_constraints parent, child, tables, join_type
 
-        joins.concat child.children.flat_map { |c| make_inner_joins(child, c) }
+        [info] + child.children.flat_map { |c| make_inner_joins(child, c) }
       end
 
       def table_aliases_for(parent, node)
@@ -207,7 +205,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def find_reflection(klass, name)
-        klass.reflect_on_association(name) or
+        klass._reflect_on_association(name) or
           raise ConfigurationError, "Association named '#{ name }' was not found on #{ klass.name }; perhaps you misspelled it?"
       end
 
@@ -215,8 +213,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         associations.map do |name, right|
           reflection = find_reflection base_klass, name
           reflection.check_validity!
+          reflection.check_eager_loadable!
 
-          if reflection.options[:polymorphic]
+          if reflection.polymorphic?
             raise EagerLoadPolymorphicError.new(reflection)
           end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
index cee3c9999f..e7d3c9ba40 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
@@ -21,8 +21,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super && reflection == other.reflection
         end
 
+        JoinInformation = Struct.new :joins, :binds
+
         def join_constraints(foreign_table, foreign_klass, node, join_type, tables, scope_chain, chain)
           joins         = []
+          bind_values   = []
           tables        = tables.reverse
 
           scope_chain_index = 0
@@ -34,14 +37,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
             table = tables.shift
             klass = reflection.klass
 
-            case reflection.source_macro
-            when :belongs_to
-              key         = reflection.association_primary_key
-              foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key
-            else
-              key         = reflection.foreign_key
-              foreign_key = reflection.active_record_primary_key
-            end
+            join_keys   = reflection.join_keys(klass)
+            key         = join_keys.key
+            foreign_key = join_keys.foreign_key
 
             constraint = build_constraint(klass, table, key, foreign_table, foreign_key)
 
@@ -54,27 +52,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
             scope_chain_index += 1
 
-            scope_chain_items.concat [klass.send(:build_default_scope)].compact
+            scope_chain_items.concat [klass.send(:build_default_scope, ActiveRecord::Relation.create(klass, table))].compact
 
             rel = scope_chain_items.inject(scope_chain_items.shift) do |left, right|
               left.merge right
             end
 
-            if reflection.type
-              constraint = constraint.and table[reflection.type].eq foreign_klass.base_class.name
-            end
-
             if rel && !rel.arel.constraints.empty?
+              bind_values.concat rel.bind_values
               constraint = constraint.and rel.arel.constraints
             end
 
+            if reflection.type
+              value = foreign_klass.base_class.name
+              column = klass.columns_hash[reflection.type.to_s]
+
+              substitute = klass.connection.substitute_at(column, bind_values.length)
+              bind_values.push [column, value]
+              constraint = constraint.and table[reflection.type].eq substitute
+            end
+
             joins << table.create_join(table, table.create_on(constraint), join_type)
 
             # The current table in this iteration becomes the foreign table in the next
             foreign_table, foreign_klass = table, klass
           end
 
-          joins
+          JoinInformation.new joins, bind_values
         end
 
         #  Builds equality condition.
@@ -86,7 +90,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #  end
         #
         #  If I execute `Physician.joins(:appointments).to_a` then
-        #    reflection    # => #<ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection @macro=:has_many ...>
+        #    klass         # => Physician
         #    table         # => #<Arel::Table @name="appointments" ...>
         #    key           # =>  physician_id
         #    foreign_table # => #<Arel::Table @name="physicians" ...>
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
index 83637a0409..7519fec10a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   { author: :avatar }
       #   [ :books, { author: :avatar } ]
 
-      NULL_RELATION = Struct.new(:values).new({})
+      NULL_RELATION = Struct.new(:values, :bind_values).new({}, [])
 
       def preload(records, associations, preload_scope = nil)
         records       = Array.wrap(records).compact.uniq
@@ -112,13 +112,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def preloaders_for_hash(association, records, scope)
-        parent, child = association.to_a.first # hash should only be of length 1
+        association.flat_map { |parent, child|
+          loaders = preloaders_for_one parent, records, scope
 
-        loaders = preloaders_for_one parent, records, scope
-
-        recs = loaders.flat_map(&:preloaded_records).uniq
-        loaders.concat Array.wrap(child).flat_map { |assoc|
-          preloaders_on assoc, recs, scope
+          recs = loaders.flat_map(&:preloaded_records).uniq
+          loaders.concat Array.wrap(child).flat_map { |assoc|
+            preloaders_on assoc, recs, scope
+          }
+          loaders
         }
       end
 
@@ -140,36 +141,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def grouped_records(association, records)
-        reflection_records = records_by_reflection(association, records)
-
-        reflection_records.each_with_object({}) do |(reflection, r_records),h|
-          h[reflection] = r_records.group_by { |record|
-            association_klass(reflection, record)
-          }
-        end
-      end
-
-      def records_by_reflection(association, records)
-        records.group_by do |record|
-          reflection = record.class.reflect_on_association(association)
-
-          reflection || raise_config_error(record, association)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def raise_config_error(record, association)
-        raise ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError,
-              "Association named '#{association}' was not found on #{record.class.name}; " \
-              "perhaps you misspelled it?"
-      end
-
-      def association_klass(reflection, record)
-        if reflection.macro == :belongs_to && reflection.options[:polymorphic]
-          klass = record.read_attribute(reflection.foreign_type.to_s)
-          klass && klass.constantize
-        else
-          reflection.klass
+        h = {}
+        records.each do |record|
+          next unless record
+          assoc = record.association(association)
+          klasses = h[assoc.reflection] ||= {}
+          (klasses[assoc.klass] ||= []) << record
         end
+        h
       end
 
       class AlreadyLoaded
@@ -198,6 +177,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if owners.first.association(reflection.name).loaded?
           return AlreadyLoaded
         end
+        reflection.check_preloadable!
 
         case reflection.macro
         when :has_many
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
index 69b65982b3..c0639742be 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
@@ -57,9 +57,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def owners_by_key
-          @owners_by_key ||= owners.group_by do |owner|
-            owner[owner_key_name]
-          end
+          @owners_by_key ||= if key_conversion_required?
+                               owners.group_by do |owner|
+                                 owner[owner_key_name].to_s
+                               end
+                             else
+                               owners.group_by do |owner|
+                                 owner[owner_key_name]
+                               end
+                             end
         end
 
         def options
@@ -93,13 +99,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
           records_by_owner
         end
 
+        def key_conversion_required?
+          association_key_type != owner_key_type
+        end
+
+        def association_key_type
+          @klass.type_for_attribute(association_key_name.to_s).type
+        end
+
+        def owner_key_type
+          @model.type_for_attribute(owner_key_name.to_s).type
+        end
+
         def load_slices(slices)
           @preloaded_records = slices.flat_map { |slice|
             records_for(slice)
           }
 
           @preloaded_records.map { |record|
-            [record, record[association_key_name]]
+            key = record[association_key_name]
+            key = key.to_s if key_conversion_required?
+
+            [record, key]
           }
         end
 
@@ -111,12 +132,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           scope = klass.unscoped
 
           values         = reflection_scope.values
+          reflection_binds = reflection_scope.bind_values
           preload_values = preload_scope.values
+          preload_binds  = preload_scope.bind_values
 
           scope.where_values      = Array(values[:where])      + Array(preload_values[:where])
           scope.references_values = Array(values[:references]) + Array(preload_values[:references])
+          scope.bind_values       = (reflection_binds + preload_binds)
 
-          scope.select!   preload_values[:select] || values[:select] || table[Arel.star]
+          scope._select!   preload_values[:select] || values[:select] || table[Arel.star]
           scope.includes! preload_values[:includes] || values[:includes]
 
           if preload_values.key? :order
@@ -127,6 +151,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
           end
 
+          if preload_values[:readonly] || values[:readonly]
+            scope.readonly!
+          end
+
           if options[:as]
             scope.where!(klass.table_name => { reflection.type => model.base_class.sti_name })
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
index 2a8530af62..d57da366bd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           reset_association owners, through_reflection.name
 
-          middle_records = through_records.map { |(_,rec)| rec }.flatten
+          middle_records = through_records.flat_map { |(_,rec)| rec }
 
           preloaders = preloader.preload(middle_records,
                                          source_reflection.name,
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           should_reset = (through_scope != through_reflection.klass.unscoped) ||
              (reflection.options[:source_type] && through_reflection.collection?)
 
-          # Dont cache the association - we would only be caching a subset
+          # Don't cache the association - we would only be caching a subset
           if should_reset
             owners.each { |owner|
               owner.association(association_name).reset
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
 
             scope.references! reflection_scope.values[:references]
-            scope.order! reflection_scope.values[:order] if scope.eager_loading?
+            scope = scope.order reflection_scope.values[:order] if scope.eager_loading?
           end
 
           scope
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
index 399aff378a..b9326b9683 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def create(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, &block)
       end
 
       def create!(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, true, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, true, &block)
       end
 
       def build(attributes = {})
@@ -38,8 +38,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
           scope.scope_for_create.stringify_keys.except(klass.primary_key)
         end
 
+        def get_records
+          return scope.limit(1).to_a if reflection.scope_chain.any?(&:any?) || scope.eager_loading?
+
+          conn = klass.connection
+          sc = reflection.association_scope_cache(conn, owner) do
+            StatementCache.create(conn) { |params|
+              as = AssociationScope.create { params.bind }
+              target_scope.merge(as.scope(self, conn)).limit(1)
+            }
+          end
+
+          binds = AssociationScope.get_bind_values(owner, reflection.chain)
+          sc.execute binds, klass, klass.connection
+        end
+
         def find_target
-          if record = scope.take
+          if record = get_records.first
             set_inverse_instance record
           end
         end
@@ -52,7 +67,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           replace(record)
         end
 
-        def create_record(attributes, raise_error = false)
+        def _create_record(attributes, raise_error = false)
           record = build_record(attributes)
           yield(record) if block_given?
           saved = record.save
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
index ba7d2a3782..e47e81aa0f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     module ThroughAssociation #:nodoc:
 
-      delegate :source_reflection, :through_reflection, :chain, :to => :reflection
+      delegate :source_reflection, :through_reflection, :to => :reflection
 
       protected
 
@@ -13,10 +13,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   2. To get the type conditions for any STI models in the chain
         def target_scope
           scope = super
-          chain.drop(1).each do |reflection|
+          reflection.chain.drop(1).each do |reflection|
+            relation = reflection.klass.all
+
+            reflection_scope = reflection.scope
+            if reflection_scope && reflection_scope.arity.zero?
+              relation.merge!(reflection_scope)
+            end
+
             scope.merge!(
-              reflection.klass.all.
-                except(:select, :create_with, :includes, :preload, :joins, :eager_load)
+              relation.except(:select, :create_with, :includes, :preload, :joins, :eager_load)
             )
           end
           scope
@@ -39,12 +45,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def construct_join_attributes(*records)
           ensure_mutable
 
-          join_attributes = {
-            source_reflection.foreign_key =>
-              records.map { |record|
-                record.send(source_reflection.association_primary_key(reflection.klass))
-              }
-          }
+          if source_reflection.association_primary_key(reflection.klass) == reflection.klass.primary_key
+            join_attributes = { source_reflection.name => records }
+          else
+            join_attributes = {
+              source_reflection.foreign_key =>
+                records.map { |record|
+                  record.send(source_reflection.association_primary_key(reflection.klass))
+                }
+            }
+          end
 
           if options[:source_type]
             join_attributes[source_reflection.foreign_type] =
@@ -61,18 +71,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Note: this does not capture all cases, for example it would be crazy to try to
         # properly support stale-checking for nested associations.
         def stale_state
-          if through_reflection.macro == :belongs_to
+          if through_reflection.belongs_to?
             owner[through_reflection.foreign_key] && owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].to_s
           end
         end
 
         def foreign_key_present?
-          through_reflection.macro == :belongs_to &&
-          !owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].nil?
+          through_reflection.belongs_to? && !owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].nil?
         end
 
         def ensure_mutable
-          if source_reflection.macro != :belongs_to
+          unless source_reflection.belongs_to?
             raise HasManyThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection.new(owner, reflection)
           end
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8cc1904575
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Attribute # :nodoc:
+    class << self
+      def from_database(name, value, type)
+        FromDatabase.new(name, value, type)
+      end
+
+      def from_user(name, value, type)
+        FromUser.new(name, value, type)
+      end
+
+      def null(name)
+        Null.new(name)
+      end
+
+      def uninitialized(name, type)
+        Uninitialized.new(name, type)
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :name, :value_before_type_cast, :type
+
+    # This method should not be called directly.
+    # Use #from_database or #from_user
+    def initialize(name, value_before_type_cast, type)
+      @name = name
+      @value_before_type_cast = value_before_type_cast
+      @type = type
+    end
+
+    def value
+      # `defined?` is cheaper than `||=` when we get back falsy values
+      @value = original_value unless defined?(@value)
+      @value
+    end
+
+    def original_value
+      type_cast(value_before_type_cast)
+    end
+
+    def value_for_database
+      type.type_cast_for_database(value)
+    end
+
+    def changed_from?(old_value)
+      type.changed?(old_value, value, value_before_type_cast)
+    end
+
+    def changed_in_place_from?(old_value)
+      type.changed_in_place?(old_value, value)
+    end
+
+    def with_value_from_user(value)
+      self.class.from_user(name, value, type)
+    end
+
+    def with_value_from_database(value)
+      self.class.from_database(name, value, type)
+    end
+
+    def type_cast(*)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
+
+    def initialized?
+      true
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      self.class == other.class &&
+        name == other.name &&
+        value_before_type_cast == other.value_before_type_cast &&
+        type == other.type
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    def initialize_dup(other)
+      if defined?(@value) && @value.duplicable?
+        @value = @value.dup
+      end
+    end
+
+    class FromDatabase < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def type_cast(value)
+        type.type_cast_from_database(value)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class FromUser < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def type_cast(value)
+        type.type_cast_from_user(value)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Null < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name)
+        super(name, nil, Type::Value.new)
+      end
+
+      def value
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def with_value_from_database(value)
+        raise ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError, "can't write unknown attribute `#{name}`"
+      end
+      alias_method :with_value_from_user, :with_value_from_database
+    end
+
+    class Uninitialized < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, type)
+        super(name, nil, type)
+      end
+
+      def value
+        if block_given?
+          yield name
+        end
+      end
+
+      def value_for_database
+      end
+
+      def initialized?
+        false
+      end
+    end
+    private_constant :FromDatabase, :FromUser, :Null, :Uninitialized
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
index 30fa2c8ba5..2887db3bf7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If the passed hash responds to <tt>permitted?</tt> method and the return value
     # of this method is +false+ an <tt>ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError</tt>
     # exception is raised.
+    #
+    #   cat = Cat.new(name: "Gorby", status: "yawning")
+    #   cat.attributes # =>  { "name" => "Gorby", "status" => "yawning", "created_at" => nil, "updated_at" => nil}
+    #   cat.assign_attributes(status: "sleeping")
+    #   cat.attributes # =>  { "name" => "Gorby", "status" => "sleeping", "created_at" => nil, "updated_at" => nil }
+    #
+    # New attributes will be persisted in the database when the object is saved.
+    #
+    # Aliased to <tt>attributes=</tt>.
     def assign_attributes(new_attributes)
       if !new_attributes.respond_to?(:stringify_keys)
         raise ArgumentError, "When assigning attributes, you must pass a hash as an argument."
@@ -106,7 +115,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     class MultiparameterAttribute #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :object, :name, :values, :column
+      attr_reader :object, :name, :values, :cast_type
 
       def initialize(object, name, values)
         @object = object
@@ -117,22 +126,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def read_value
         return if values.values.compact.empty?
 
-        @column = object.class.reflect_on_aggregation(name.to_sym) || object.column_for_attribute(name)
-        klass   = column.klass
+        @cast_type = object.type_for_attribute(name)
+        klass = cast_type.klass
 
         if klass == Time
           read_time
         elsif klass == Date
           read_date
         else
-          read_other(klass)
+          read_other
         end
       end
 
       private
 
       def instantiate_time_object(set_values)
-        if object.class.send(:create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?, name, column)
+        if object.class.send(:create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?, name, cast_type)
           Time.zone.local(*set_values)
         else
           Time.send(object.class.default_timezone, *set_values)
@@ -140,9 +149,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def read_time
-        # If column is a :time (and not :date or :timestamp) there is no need to validate if
+        # If column is a :time (and not :date or :datetime) there is no need to validate if
         # there are year/month/day fields
-        if column.type == :time
+        if cast_type.type == :time
           # if the column is a time set the values to their defaults as January 1, 1970, but only if they're nil
           { 1 => 1970, 2 => 1, 3 => 1 }.each do |key,value|
             values[key] ||= value
@@ -172,13 +181,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def read_other(klass)
+      def read_other
         max_position = extract_max_param
         positions    = (1..max_position)
         validate_required_parameters!(positions)
 
-        set_values = values.values_at(*positions)
-        klass.new(*set_values)
+        values.slice(*positions)
       end
 
       # Checks whether some blank date parameter exists. Note that this is different
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b96623b6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module AttributeDecorators # :nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :attribute_type_decorations, instance_accessor: false # :internal:
+      self.attribute_type_decorations = TypeDecorator.new
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
+      def decorate_attribute_type(column_name, decorator_name, &block)
+        matcher = ->(name, _) { name == column_name.to_s }
+        key = "_#{column_name}_#{decorator_name}"
+        decorate_matching_attribute_types(matcher, key, &block)
+      end
+
+      def decorate_matching_attribute_types(matcher, decorator_name, &block)
+        clear_caches_calculated_from_columns
+        decorator_name = decorator_name.to_s
+
+        # Create new hashes so we don't modify parent classes
+        self.attribute_type_decorations = attribute_type_decorations.merge(decorator_name => [matcher, block])
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def add_user_provided_columns(*)
+        super.map do |column|
+          decorated_type = attribute_type_decorations.apply(column.name, column.cast_type)
+          column.with_type(decorated_type)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class TypeDecorator # :nodoc:
+      delegate :clear, to: :@decorations
+
+      def initialize(decorations = {})
+        @decorations = decorations
+      end
+
+      def merge(*args)
+        TypeDecorator.new(@decorations.merge(*args))
+      end
+
+      def apply(name, type)
+        decorations = decorators_for(name, type)
+        decorations.inject(type) do |new_type, block|
+          block.call(new_type)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def decorators_for(name, type)
+        matching(name, type).map(&:last)
+      end
+
+      def matching(name, type)
+        @decorations.values.select do |(matcher, _)|
+          matcher.call(name, type)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
index 9326c9c117..36d0d63c71 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       include TimeZoneConversion
       include Dirty
       include Serialization
+
+      delegate :column_for_attribute, to: :class
     end
 
     AttrNames = Module.new {
@@ -29,6 +31,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     }
 
+    BLACKLISTED_CLASS_METHODS = %w(private public protected allocate new name parent superclass)
+
     class AttributeMethodCache
       def initialize
         @module = Module.new
@@ -46,9 +50,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-      def method_body; raise NotImplementedError; end
+
+      # Override this method in the subclasses for method body.
+      def method_body(method_name, const_name)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement a method_body(method_name, const_name) method."
+      end
     end
 
+    class GeneratedAttributeMethods < Module; end # :nodoc:
+
     module ClassMethods
       def inherited(child_class) #:nodoc:
         child_class.initialize_generated_modules
@@ -56,15 +66,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def initialize_generated_modules # :nodoc:
-        @generated_attribute_methods = Module.new { extend Mutex_m }
+        @generated_attribute_methods = GeneratedAttributeMethods.new { extend Mutex_m }
         @attribute_methods_generated = false
         include @generated_attribute_methods
+
+        super
       end
 
       # Generates all the attribute related methods for columns in the database
       # accessors, mutators and query methods.
       def define_attribute_methods # :nodoc:
-        # Use a mutex; we don't want two thread simultaneously trying to define
+        return false if @attribute_methods_generated
+        # Use a mutex; we don't want two threads simultaneously trying to define
         # attribute methods.
         generated_attribute_methods.synchronize do
           return false if @attribute_methods_generated
@@ -104,9 +117,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if superclass == Base
           super
         else
-          # If B < A and A defines its own attribute method, then we don't want to overwrite that.
-          defined = method_defined_within?(method_name, superclass, superclass.generated_attribute_methods)
-          defined && !ActiveRecord::Base.method_defined?(method_name) || super
+          # If ThisClass < ... < SomeSuperClass < ... < Base and SomeSuperClass
+          # defines its own attribute method, then we don't want to overwrite that.
+          defined = method_defined_within?(method_name, superclass, Base) &&
+            ! superclass.instance_method(method_name).owner.is_a?(GeneratedAttributeMethods)
+          defined || super
         end
       end
 
@@ -131,7 +146,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # A class method is 'dangerous' if it is already (re)defined by Active Record, but
       # not by any ancestors. (So 'puts' is not dangerous but 'new' is.)
       def dangerous_class_method?(method_name)
-        class_method_defined_within?(method_name, Base)
+        BLACKLISTED_CLASS_METHODS.include?(method_name.to_s) || class_method_defined_within?(method_name, Base)
       end
 
       def class_method_defined_within?(name, klass, superklass = klass.superclass) # :nodoc
@@ -146,16 +161,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def find_generated_attribute_method(method_name) # :nodoc:
-        klass = self
-        until klass == Base
-          gen_methods = klass.generated_attribute_methods
-          return gen_methods.instance_method(method_name) if method_defined_within?(method_name, gen_methods, Object)
-          klass = klass.superclass
-        end
-        nil
-      end
-
       # Returns +true+ if +attribute+ is an attribute method and table exists,
       # +false+ otherwise.
       #
@@ -184,23 +189,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
             []
           end
       end
-    end
 
-    # If we haven't generated any methods yet, generate them, then
-    # see if we've created the method we're looking for.
-    def method_missing(method, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
-      self.class.define_attribute_methods
-      if respond_to_without_attributes?(method)
-        # make sure to invoke the correct attribute method, as we might have gotten here via a `super`
-        # call in a overwritten attribute method
-        if attribute_method = self.class.find_generated_attribute_method(method)
-          # this is probably horribly slow, but should only happen at most once for a given AR class
-          attribute_method.bind(self).call(*args, &block)
-        else
-          send(method, *args, &block)
+      # Returns the column object for the named attribute.
+      # Returns nil if the named attribute does not exist.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person = Person.new
+      #   person.column_for_attribute(:name) # the result depends on the ConnectionAdapter
+      #   # => #<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column:0x007ff4ab083980 @name="name", @sql_type="varchar(255)", @null=true, ...>
+      #
+      #   person.column_for_attribute(:nothing)
+      #   # => nil
+      def column_for_attribute(name)
+        column = columns_hash[name.to_s]
+        if column.nil?
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
+            "`column_for_attribute` will return a null object for non-existent columns " \
+            "in Rails 5.0. Use `has_attribute?` if you need to check for an attribute's existence."
         end
-      else
-        super
+        column
       end
     end
 
@@ -221,18 +230,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   person.respond_to('age?')   # => true
     #   person.respond_to(:nothing) # => false
     def respond_to?(name, include_private = false)
+      return false unless super
       name = name.to_s
-      self.class.define_attribute_methods
-      result = super
-
-      # If the result is false the answer is false.
-      return false unless result
 
       # If the result is true then check for the select case.
       # For queries selecting a subset of columns, return false for unselected columns.
       # We check defined?(@attributes) not to issue warnings if called on objects that
       # have been allocated but not yet initialized.
-      if defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.any? && self.class.column_names.include?(name)
+      if defined?(@attributes) && self.class.column_names.include?(name)
         return has_attribute?(name)
       end
 
@@ -249,7 +254,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   person.has_attribute?('age')    # => true
     #   person.has_attribute?(:nothing) # => false
     def has_attribute?(attr_name)
-      @attributes.has_key?(attr_name.to_s)
+      @attributes.key?(attr_name.to_s)
     end
 
     # Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object.
@@ -273,20 +278,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   person.attributes
     #   # => {"id"=>3, "created_at"=>Sun, 21 Oct 2012 04:53:04, "updated_at"=>Sun, 21 Oct 2012 04:53:04, "name"=>"Francesco", "age"=>22}
     def attributes
-      attribute_names.each_with_object({}) { |name, attrs|
-        attrs[name] = read_attribute(name)
-      }
-    end
-
-    # Placeholder so it can be overriden when needed by serialization
-    def attributes_for_coder # :nodoc:
-      attributes
+      @attributes.to_hash
     end
 
     # Returns an <tt>#inspect</tt>-like string for the value of the
-    # attribute +attr_name+. String attributes are truncated upto 50
+    # attribute +attr_name+. String attributes are truncated up to 50
     # characters, Date and Time attributes are returned in the
-    # <tt>:db</tt> format, Array attributes are truncated upto 10 values.
+    # <tt>:db</tt> format, Array attributes are truncated up to 10 values.
     # Other attributes return the value of <tt>#inspect</tt> without
     # modification.
     #
@@ -323,39 +321,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   class Task < ActiveRecord::Base
     #   end
     #
-    #   person = Task.new(title: '', is_done: false)
-    #   person.attribute_present?(:title)   # => false
-    #   person.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
-    #   person.name = 'Francesco'
-    #   person.is_done = true
-    #   person.attribute_present?(:title)   # => true
-    #   person.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
+    #   task = Task.new(title: '', is_done: false)
+    #   task.attribute_present?(:title)   # => false
+    #   task.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
+    #   task.title = 'Buy milk'
+    #   task.is_done = true
+    #   task.attribute_present?(:title)   # => true
+    #   task.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
     def attribute_present?(attribute)
       value = read_attribute(attribute)
       !value.nil? && !(value.respond_to?(:empty?) && value.empty?)
     end
 
-    # Returns the column object for the named attribute. Returns +nil+ if the
-    # named attribute not exists.
-    #
-    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   person = Person.new
-    #   person.column_for_attribute(:name) # the result depends on the ConnectionAdapter
-    #   # => #<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Column:0x007ff4ab083980 @name="name", @sql_type="varchar(255)", @null=true, ...>
-    #
-    #   person.column_for_attribute(:nothing)
-    #   # => nil
-    def column_for_attribute(name)
-      # FIXME: should this return a null object for columns that don't exist?
-      self.class.columns_hash[name.to_s]
-    end
-
     # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
     # "2004-12-12" in a date column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)). It raises
     # <tt>ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError</tt> if the identified attribute is missing.
     #
+    # Note: +:id+ is always present.
+    #
     # Alias for the <tt>read_attribute</tt> method.
     #
     #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -389,13 +372,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     protected
 
-    def clone_attributes(reader_method = :read_attribute, attributes = {}) # :nodoc:
-      attribute_names.each do |name|
-        attributes[name] = clone_attribute_value(reader_method, name)
-      end
-      attributes
-    end
-
     def clone_attribute_value(reader_method, attribute_name) # :nodoc:
       value = send(reader_method, attribute_name)
       value.duplicable? ? value.clone : value
@@ -413,7 +389,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def attribute_method?(attr_name) # :nodoc:
       # We check defined? because Syck calls respond_to? before actually calling initialize.
-      defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.include?(attr_name)
+      defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.key?(attr_name)
     end
 
     private
@@ -432,16 +408,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Filters the primary keys and readonly attributes from the attribute names.
     def attributes_for_update(attribute_names)
-      attribute_names.select do |name|
-        column_for_attribute(name) && !readonly_attribute?(name)
+      attribute_names.reject do |name|
+        readonly_attribute?(name)
       end
     end
 
     # Filters out the primary keys, from the attribute names, when the primary
     # key is to be generated (e.g. the id attribute has no value).
     def attributes_for_create(attribute_names)
-      attribute_names.select do |name|
-        column_for_attribute(name) && !(pk_attribute?(name) && id.nil?)
+      attribute_names.reject do |name|
+        pk_attribute?(name) && id.nil?
       end
     end
 
@@ -450,13 +426,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def pk_attribute?(name)
-      column_for_attribute(name).primary
+      name == self.class.primary_key
     end
 
     def typecasted_attribute_value(name)
-      # FIXME: we need @attributes to be used consistently.
-      # If the values stored in @attributes were already typecasted, this code
-      # could be simplified
       read_attribute(name)
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
index f596a8b02e..fd61febd57 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast('completed_on') # => "2012-10-21"
       #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast(:completed_on)  # => "2012-10-21"
       def read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
-        @attributes[attr_name.to_s]
+        @attributes[attr_name.to_s].value_before_type_cast
       end
 
       # Returns a hash of attributes before typecasting and deserialization.
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   task.attributes_before_type_cast
       #   # => {"id"=>nil, "title"=>nil, "is_done"=>true, "completed_on"=>"2012-10-21", "created_at"=>nil, "updated_at"=>nil}
       def attributes_before_type_cast
-        @attributes
+        @attributes.values_before_type_cast
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
index 8a1b199997..2f02738f6d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
@@ -34,28 +34,47 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # <tt>reload</tt> the record and clears changed attributes.
       def reload(*)
         super.tap do
-          reset_changes
+          clear_changes_information
         end
       end
 
-    def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
-      super
-      init_changed_attributes
-    end
+      def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
+        super
+        calculate_changes_from_defaults
+      end
 
-    private
-      def initialize_internals_callback
+      def changes_applied
         super
-        init_changed_attributes
+        store_original_raw_attributes
+      end
+
+      def clear_changes_information
+        super
+        original_raw_attributes.clear
+      end
+
+      def changed_attributes
+        # This should only be set by methods which will call changed_attributes
+        # multiple times when it is known that the computed value cannot change.
+        if defined?(@cached_changed_attributes)
+          @cached_changed_attributes
+        else
+          super.reverse_merge(attributes_changed_in_place).freeze
+        end
       end
 
-      def init_changed_attributes
+      def changes
+        cache_changed_attributes do
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def calculate_changes_from_defaults
         @changed_attributes = nil
-        # Intentionally avoid using #column_defaults since overridden defaults (as is done in
-        # optimistic locking) won't get written unless they get marked as changed
-        self.class.columns.each do |c|
-          attr, orig_value = c.name, c.default
-          changed_attributes[attr] = orig_value if _field_changed?(attr, orig_value, @attributes[attr])
+        self.class.column_defaults.each do |attr, orig_value|
+          set_attribute_was(attr, orig_value) if _field_changed?(attr, orig_value)
         end
       end
 
@@ -63,27 +82,43 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def write_attribute(attr, value)
         attr = attr.to_s
 
-        save_changed_attribute(attr, value)
+        old_value = old_attribute_value(attr)
+
+        result = super
+        store_original_raw_attribute(attr)
+        save_changed_attribute(attr, old_value)
+        result
+      end
+
+      def raw_write_attribute(attr, value)
+        attr = attr.to_s
 
-        super(attr, value)
+        result = super
+        original_raw_attributes[attr] = value
+        result
       end
 
-      def save_changed_attribute(attr, value)
-        # The attribute already has an unsaved change.
+      def save_changed_attribute(attr, old_value)
         if attribute_changed?(attr)
-          old = changed_attributes[attr]
-          changed_attributes.delete(attr) unless _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
+          clear_attribute_changes(attr) unless _field_changed?(attr, old_value)
         else
-          old = clone_attribute_value(:read_attribute, attr)
-          changed_attributes[attr] = old if _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
+          set_attribute_was(attr, old_value) if _field_changed?(attr, old_value)
         end
       end
 
-      def update_record(*)
+      def old_attribute_value(attr)
+        if attribute_changed?(attr)
+          changed_attributes[attr]
+        else
+          clone_attribute_value(:read_attribute, attr)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _update_record(*)
         partial_writes? ? super(keys_for_partial_write) : super
       end
 
-      def create_record(*)
+      def _create_record(*)
         partial_writes? ? super(keys_for_partial_write) : super
       end
 
@@ -93,34 +128,53 @@ module ActiveRecord
         changed
       end
 
-      def _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
-        if column = column_for_attribute(attr)
-          if column.number? && (changes_from_nil_to_empty_string?(column, old, value) ||
-                                changes_from_zero_to_string?(old, value))
-            value = nil
-          else
-            value = column.type_cast(value)
-          end
+      def _field_changed?(attr, old_value)
+        @attributes[attr].changed_from?(old_value)
+      end
+
+      def attributes_changed_in_place
+        changed_in_place.each_with_object({}) do |attr_name, h|
+          orig = @attributes[attr_name].original_value
+          h[attr_name] = orig
         end
+      end
 
-        old != value
+      def changed_in_place
+        self.class.attribute_names.select do |attr_name|
+          changed_in_place?(attr_name)
+        end
       end
 
-      def changes_from_nil_to_empty_string?(column, old, value)
-        # For nullable numeric columns, NULL gets stored in database for blank (i.e. '') values.
-        # Hence we don't record it as a change if the value changes from nil to ''.
-        # If an old value of 0 is set to '' we want this to get changed to nil as otherwise it'll
-        # be typecast back to 0 (''.to_i => 0)
-        column.null && (old.nil? || old == 0) && value.blank?
+      def changed_in_place?(attr_name)
+        old_value = original_raw_attribute(attr_name)
+        @attributes[attr_name].changed_in_place_from?(old_value)
       end
 
-      def changes_from_zero_to_string?(old, value)
-        # For columns with old 0 and value non-empty string
-        old == 0 && value.is_a?(String) && value.present? && non_zero?(value)
+      def original_raw_attribute(attr_name)
+        original_raw_attributes.fetch(attr_name) do
+          read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def original_raw_attributes
+        @original_raw_attributes ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def store_original_raw_attribute(attr_name)
+        original_raw_attributes[attr_name] = @attributes[attr_name].value_for_database
+      end
+
+      def store_original_raw_attributes
+        attribute_names.each do |attr|
+          store_original_raw_attribute(attr)
+        end
       end
 
-      def non_zero?(value)
-        value !~ /\A0+(\.0+)?\z/
+      def cache_changed_attributes
+        @cached_changed_attributes = changed_attributes
+        yield
+      ensure
+        remove_instance_variable(:@cached_changed_attributes)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
index 931209b07b..9bd333bbac 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns the primary key value.
       def id
-        sync_with_transaction_state
-        read_attribute(self.class.primary_key)
+        if pk = self.class.primary_key
+          sync_with_transaction_state
+          read_attribute(pk)
+        end
       end
 
       # Sets the primary key value.
@@ -37,6 +39,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         read_attribute_before_type_cast(self.class.primary_key)
       end
 
+      # Returns the primary key previous value.
+      def id_was
+        sync_with_transaction_state
+        attribute_was(self.class.primary_key)
+      end
+
       protected
 
       def attribute_method?(attr_name)
@@ -52,7 +60,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        ID_ATTRIBUTE_METHODS = %w(id id= id? id_before_type_cast).to_set
+        ID_ATTRIBUTE_METHODS = %w(id id= id? id_before_type_cast id_was).to_set
 
         def dangerous_attribute_method?(method_name)
           super && !ID_ATTRIBUTE_METHODS.include?(method_name)
@@ -81,12 +89,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def get_primary_key(base_name) #:nodoc:
-          return 'id' if base_name.blank?
-
-          case primary_key_prefix_type
-          when :table_name
+          if base_name && primary_key_prefix_type == :table_name
             base_name.foreign_key(false)
-          when :table_name_with_underscore
+          elsif base_name && primary_key_prefix_type == :table_name_with_underscore
             base_name.foreign_key
           else
             if ActiveRecord::Base != self && table_exists?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
index 0f9723febb..dc689f399a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def query_attribute(attr_name)
-        value = read_attribute(attr_name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
+        value = self[attr_name]
 
         case value
         when true        then true
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
index d01e9aea59..bf2a084a00 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # the attribute name. Using a constant means that we do not have
         # to allocate an object on each call to the attribute method.
         # Making it frozen means that it doesn't get duped when used to
-        # key the @attributes_cache in read_attribute.
+        # key the @attributes in read_attribute.
         def method_body(method_name, const_name)
           <<-EOMETHOD
           def #{method_name}
@@ -35,35 +35,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-      ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT = [:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date]
-
-      included do
-        class_attribute :attribute_types_cached_by_default, instance_writer: false
-        self.attribute_types_cached_by_default = ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT
-      end
-
       module ClassMethods
-        # +cache_attributes+ allows you to declare which converted attribute
-        # values should be cached. Usually caching only pays off for attributes
-        # with expensive conversion methods, like time related columns (e.g.
-        # +created_at+, +updated_at+).
-        def cache_attributes(*attribute_names)
-          cached_attributes.merge attribute_names.map { |attr| attr.to_s }
+        [:cache_attributes, :cached_attributes, :cache_attribute?].each do |method_name|
+          define_method method_name do |*|
+            cached_attributes_deprecation_warning(method_name)
+            true
+          end
         end
 
-        # Returns the attributes which are cached. By default time related columns
-        # with datatype <tt>:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date</tt> are cached.
-        def cached_attributes
-          @cached_attributes ||= columns.select { |c| cacheable_column?(c) }.map { |col| col.name }.to_set
-        end
+        protected
 
-        # Returns +true+ if the provided attribute is being cached.
-        def cache_attribute?(attr_name)
-          cached_attributes.include?(attr_name)
+        def cached_attributes_deprecation_warning(method_name)
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Calling `#{method_name}` is no longer necessary. All attributes are cached."
         end
 
-        protected
-
         if Module.methods_transplantable?
           def define_method_attribute(name)
             method = ReaderMethodCache[name]
@@ -89,45 +74,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
           end
         end
-
-        private
-
-        def cacheable_column?(column)
-          if attribute_types_cached_by_default == ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT
-            ! serialized_attributes.include? column.name
-          else
-            attribute_types_cached_by_default.include?(column.type)
-          end
-        end
       end
 
       # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after
       # it has been typecast (for example, "2004-12-12" in a date column is cast
       # to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
-      def read_attribute(attr_name)
-        # If it's cached, just return it
-        # We use #[] first as a perf optimization for non-nil values. See https://gist.github.com/jonleighton/3552829.
+      def read_attribute(attr_name, &block)
         name = attr_name.to_s
-        @attributes_cache[name] || @attributes_cache.fetch(name) {
-          column = @column_types_override[name] if @column_types_override
-          column ||= @column_types[name]
-
-          return @attributes.fetch(name) {
-            if name == 'id' && self.class.primary_key != name
-              read_attribute(self.class.primary_key)
-            end
-          } unless column
-
-          value = @attributes.fetch(name) {
-            return block_given? ? yield(name) : nil
-          }
-
-          if self.class.cache_attribute?(name)
-            @attributes_cache[name] = column.type_cast(value)
-          else
-            column.type_cast value
-          end
-        }
+        name = self.class.primary_key if name == 'id'
+        @attributes.fetch_value(name, &block)
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
index 67abbbc2a0..100d6d4229 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
@@ -3,20 +3,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module Serialization
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-      included do
-        # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for
-        # serialization as keys and their class restriction as values.
-        class_attribute :serialized_attributes, instance_accessor: false
-        self.serialized_attributes = {}
-      end
-
       module ClassMethods
-        ##
-        # :method: serialized_attributes
-        #
-        # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for
-        # serialization as keys and their class restriction as values.
-
         # If you have an attribute that needs to be saved to the database as an
         # object, and retrieved as the same object, then specify the name of that
         # attribute using this method and it will be handled automatically. The
@@ -30,7 +17,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # ==== Parameters
         #
         # * +attr_name+ - The field name that should be serialized.
-        # * +class_name+ - Optional, class name that the object type should be equal to.
+        # * +class_name_or_coder+ - Optional, a coder object, which responds to `.load` / `.dump`
+        #   or a class name that the object type should be equal to.
         #
         # ==== Example
         #
@@ -38,141 +26,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
         #     serialize :preferences
         #   end
-        def serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object)
-          include Behavior
-
-          coder = if [:load, :dump].all? { |x| class_name.respond_to?(x) }
-                    class_name
+        #
+        #   # Serialize preferences using JSON as coder.
+        #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     serialize :preferences, JSON
+        #   end
+        #
+        #   # Serialize preferences as Hash using YAML coder.
+        #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     serialize :preferences, Hash
+        #   end
+        def serialize(attr_name, class_name_or_coder = Object)
+          # When ::JSON is used, force it to go through the Active Support JSON encoder
+          # to ensure special objects (e.g. Active Record models) are dumped correctly
+          # using the #as_json hook.
+          coder = if class_name_or_coder == ::JSON
+                    Coders::JSON
+                  elsif [:load, :dump].all? { |x| class_name_or_coder.respond_to?(x) }
+                    class_name_or_coder
                   else
-                    Coders::YAMLColumn.new(class_name)
+                    Coders::YAMLColumn.new(class_name_or_coder)
                   end
 
-          # merge new serialized attribute and create new hash to ensure that each class in inheritance hierarchy
-          # has its own hash of own serialized attributes
-          self.serialized_attributes = serialized_attributes.merge(attr_name.to_s => coder)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Type # :nodoc:
-        def initialize(column)
-          @column = column
-        end
-
-        def type_cast(value)
-          if value.state == :serialized
-            value.unserialized_value @column.type_cast value.value
-          else
-            value.unserialized_value
+          decorate_attribute_type(attr_name, :serialize) do |type|
+            Type::Serialized.new(type, coder)
           end
         end
 
-        def type
-          @column.type
-        end
-
-        def accessor
-          ActiveRecord::Store::IndifferentHashAccessor
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Attribute < Struct.new(:coder, :value, :state) # :nodoc:
-        def unserialized_value(v = value)
-          state == :serialized ? unserialize(v) : value
-        end
-
-        def serialized_value
-          state == :unserialized ? serialize : value
-        end
+        def serialized_attributes
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "`serialized_attributes` is deprecated " \
+            "without replacement, and will be removed in Rails 5.0."
 
-        def unserialize(v)
-          self.state = :unserialized
-          self.value = coder.load(v)
-        end
-
-        def serialize
-          self.state = :serialized
-          self.value = coder.dump(value)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # This is only added to the model when serialize is called, which
-      # ensures we do not make things slower when serialization is not used.
-      module Behavior # :nodoc:
-        extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-        module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
-          def initialize_attributes(attributes, options = {})
-            serialized = (options.delete(:serialized) { true }) ? :serialized : :unserialized
-            super(attributes, options)
-
-            serialized_attributes.each do |key, coder|
-              if attributes.key?(key)
-                attributes[key] = Attribute.new(coder, attributes[key], serialized)
-              end
-            end
-
-            attributes
-          end
-        end
-
-        def should_record_timestamps?
-          super || (self.record_timestamps && (attributes.keys & self.class.serialized_attributes.keys).present?)
-        end
-
-        def keys_for_partial_write
-          super | (attributes.keys & self.class.serialized_attributes.keys)
-        end
-
-        def type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
-          if column && coder = self.class.serialized_attributes[column.name]
-            Attribute.new(coder, value, :unserialized)
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
-          if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(attr)
-            old != value
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
-          if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(attr_name)
-            super.unserialized_value
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def attributes_before_type_cast
-          super.dup.tap do |attributes|
-            self.class.serialized_attributes.each_key do |key|
-              if attributes.key?(key)
-                attributes[key] = attributes[key].unserialized_value
-              end
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def typecasted_attribute_value(name)
-          if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(name)
-            @attributes[name].serialized_value
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def attributes_for_coder
-          attribute_names.each_with_object({}) do |name, attrs|
-            attrs[name] = if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(name)
-                            @attributes[name].serialized_value
-                          else
-                            read_attribute(name)
-                          end
-          end
+          @serialized_attributes ||= Hash[
+            columns.select { |t| t.cast_type.is_a?(Type::Serialized) }.map { |c|
+              [c.name, c.cast_type.coder]
+            }
+          ]
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
index f168282ea3..f439bd1ffe 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,27 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
     module TimeZoneConversion
-      class Type # :nodoc:
-        def initialize(column)
-          @column = column
+      class TimeZoneConverter < SimpleDelegator # :nodoc:
+        def type_cast_from_database(value)
+          convert_time_to_time_zone(super)
         end
 
-        def type_cast(value)
-          value = @column.type_cast(value)
-          value.acts_like?(:time) ? value.in_time_zone : value
+        def type_cast_from_user(value)
+          if value.is_a?(Array)
+            value.map { |v| type_cast_from_user(v) }
+          elsif value.respond_to?(:in_time_zone)
+            value.in_time_zone
+          end
         end
 
-        def type
-          @column.type
+        def convert_time_to_time_zone(value)
+          if value.is_a?(Array)
+            value.map { |v| convert_time_to_time_zone(v) }
+          elsif value.acts_like?(:time)
+            value.in_time_zone
+          else
+            value
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -27,31 +36,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
-        protected
-        # Defined for all +datetime+ and +timestamp+ attributes when +time_zone_aware_attributes+ are enabled.
-        # This enhanced write method will automatically convert the time passed to it to the zone stored in Time.zone.
-        def define_method_attribute=(attr_name)
-          if create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(attr_name, columns_hash[attr_name])
-            method_body, line = <<-EOV, __LINE__ + 1
-              def #{attr_name}=(time)
-                time_with_zone = time.respond_to?(:in_time_zone) ? time.in_time_zone : nil
-                previous_time = attribute_changed?("#{attr_name}") ? changed_attributes["#{attr_name}"] : read_attribute(:#{attr_name})
-                write_attribute(:#{attr_name}, time)
-                #{attr_name}_will_change! if previous_time != time_with_zone
-                @attributes_cache["#{attr_name}"] = time_with_zone
-              end
-            EOV
-            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval(method_body, __FILE__, line)
-          else
-            super
+        private
+
+        def inherited(subclass)
+          # We need to apply this decorator here, rather than on module inclusion. The closure
+          # created by the matcher would otherwise evaluate for `ActiveRecord::Base`, not the
+          # sub class being decorated. As such, changes to `time_zone_aware_attributes`, or
+          # `skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes` would not be picked up.
+          subclass.class_eval do
+            matcher = ->(name, type) { create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, type) }
+            decorate_matching_attribute_types(matcher, :_time_zone_conversion) do |type|
+              TimeZoneConverter.new(type)
+            end
           end
+          super
         end
 
-        private
-        def create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, column)
+        def create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, cast_type)
           time_zone_aware_attributes &&
             !self.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes.include?(name.to_sym) &&
-            (:datetime == column.type || :timestamp == column.type)
+            (:datetime == cast_type.type)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
index c853fc0917..b3c8209a74 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
@@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         protected
 
         if Module.methods_transplantable?
-          # See define_method_attribute in read.rb for an explanation of
-          # this code.
           def define_method_attribute=(name)
             method = WriterMethodCache[name]
             generated_attribute_methods.module_eval {
@@ -55,24 +53,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # specified +value+. Empty strings for fixnum and float columns are
       # turned into +nil+.
       def write_attribute(attr_name, value)
-        attr_name = attr_name.to_s
-        attr_name = self.class.primary_key if attr_name == 'id' && self.class.primary_key
-        @attributes_cache.delete(attr_name)
-        column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)
-
-        # If we're dealing with a binary column, write the data to the cache
-        # so we don't attempt to typecast multiple times.
-        if column && column.binary?
-          @attributes_cache[attr_name] = value
-        end
+        write_attribute_with_type_cast(attr_name, value, true)
+      end
 
-        if column || @attributes.has_key?(attr_name)
-          @attributes[attr_name] = type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
-        else
-          raise ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError, "can't write unknown attribute `#{attr_name}'"
-        end
+      def raw_write_attribute(attr_name, value)
+        write_attribute_with_type_cast(attr_name, value, false)
       end
-      alias_method :raw_write_attribute, :write_attribute
 
       private
       # Handle *= for method_missing.
@@ -80,10 +66,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         write_attribute(attribute_name, value)
       end
 
-      def type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
-        return value unless column
+      def write_attribute_with_type_cast(attr_name, value, should_type_cast)
+        attr_name = attr_name.to_s
+        attr_name = self.class.primary_key if attr_name == 'id' && self.class.primary_key
+
+        if should_type_cast
+          @attributes.write_from_user(attr_name, value)
+        else
+          @attributes.write_from_database(attr_name, value)
+        end
 
-        column.type_cast_for_write value
+        value
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..98ac63c7e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+require 'active_record/attribute_set/builder'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeSet # :nodoc:
+    delegate :keys, to: :initialized_attributes
+
+    def initialize(attributes)
+      @attributes = attributes
+    end
+
+    def [](name)
+      attributes[name] || Attribute.null(name)
+    end
+
+    def values_before_type_cast
+      attributes.transform_values(&:value_before_type_cast)
+    end
+
+    def to_hash
+      initialized_attributes.transform_values(&:value)
+    end
+    alias_method :to_h, :to_hash
+
+    def key?(name)
+      attributes.key?(name) && self[name].initialized?
+    end
+
+    def fetch_value(name, &block)
+      self[name].value(&block)
+    end
+
+    def write_from_database(name, value)
+      attributes[name] = self[name].with_value_from_database(value)
+    end
+
+    def write_from_user(name, value)
+      attributes[name] = self[name].with_value_from_user(value)
+    end
+
+    def freeze
+      @attributes.freeze
+      super
+    end
+
+    def initialize_dup(_)
+      @attributes = attributes.transform_values(&:dup)
+      super
+    end
+
+    def initialize_clone(_)
+      @attributes = attributes.clone
+      super
+    end
+
+    def reset(key)
+      if key?(key)
+        write_from_database(key, nil)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def ensure_initialized(key)
+      unless self[key].initialized?
+        write_from_database(key, nil)
+      end
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    attr_reader :attributes
+
+    private
+
+    def initialized_attributes
+      attributes.select { |_, attr| attr.initialized? }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set/builder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set/builder.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e146a07da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set/builder.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeSet # :nodoc:
+    class Builder # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :types
+
+      def initialize(types)
+        @types = types
+      end
+
+      def build_from_database(values = {}, additional_types = {})
+        attributes = build_attributes_from_values(values, additional_types)
+        add_uninitialized_attributes(attributes)
+        AttributeSet.new(attributes)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def build_attributes_from_values(values, additional_types)
+        values.each_with_object({}) do |(name, value), hash|
+          type = additional_types.fetch(name, types[name])
+          hash[name] = Attribute.from_database(name, value, type)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def add_uninitialized_attributes(attributes)
+        types.except(*attributes.keys).each do |name, type|
+          attributes[name] = Attribute.uninitialized(name, type)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..890a1314d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Attributes # :nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    Type = ActiveRecord::Type
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :user_provided_columns, instance_accessor: false # :internal:
+      self.user_provided_columns = {}
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
+      # Defines or overrides a attribute on this model. This allows customization of
+      # Active Record's type casting behavior, as well as adding support for user defined
+      # types.
+      #
+      # +name+ The name of the methods to define attribute methods for, and the column which
+      # this will persist to.
+      #
+      # +cast_type+ A type object that contains information about how to type cast the value.
+      # See the examples section for more information.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # The options hash accepts the following options:
+      #
+      # +default+ is the default value that the column should use on a new record.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      # The type detected by Active Record can be overridden.
+      #
+      #   # db/schema.rb
+      #   create_table :store_listings, force: true do |t|
+      #     t.decimal :price_in_cents
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   # app/models/store_listing.rb
+      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   store_listing = StoreListing.new(price_in_cents: '10.1')
+      #
+      #   # before
+      #   store_listing.price_in_cents # => BigDecimal.new(10.1)
+      #
+      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attribute :price_in_cents, Type::Integer.new
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   # after
+      #   store_listing.price_in_cents # => 10
+      #
+      # Users may also define their own custom types, as long as they respond to the methods
+      # defined on the value type. The `type_cast` method on your type object will be called
+      # with values both from the database, and from your controllers. See
+      # `ActiveRecord::Attributes::Type::Value` for the expected API. It is recommended that your
+      # type objects inherit from an existing type, or the base value type.
+      #
+      #   class MoneyType < ActiveRecord::Type::Integer
+      #     def type_cast(value)
+      #       if value.include?('$')
+      #         price_in_dollars = value.gsub(/\$/, '').to_f
+      #         price_in_dollars * 100
+      #       else
+      #         value.to_i
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attribute :price_in_cents, MoneyType.new
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   store_listing = StoreListing.new(price_in_cents: '$10.00')
+      #   store_listing.price_in_cents # => 1000
+      def attribute(name, cast_type, options = {})
+        name = name.to_s
+        clear_caches_calculated_from_columns
+        # Assign a new hash to ensure that subclasses do not share a hash
+        self.user_provided_columns = user_provided_columns.merge(name => connection.new_column(name, options[:default], cast_type))
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
+      def columns
+        @columns ||= add_user_provided_columns(connection.schema_cache.columns(table_name))
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash of column objects for the table associated with this class.
+      def columns_hash
+        @columns_hash ||= Hash[columns.map { |c| [c.name, c] }]
+      end
+
+      def reset_column_information # :nodoc:
+        super
+        clear_caches_calculated_from_columns
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def add_user_provided_columns(schema_columns)
+        existing_columns = schema_columns.map do |column|
+          user_provided_columns[column.name] || column
+        end
+
+        existing_column_names = existing_columns.map(&:name)
+        new_columns = user_provided_columns.except(*existing_column_names).values
+
+        existing_columns + new_columns
+      end
+
+      def clear_caches_calculated_from_columns
+        @attributes_builder = nil
+        @column_names = nil
+        @column_types = nil
+        @columns = nil
+        @columns_hash = nil
+        @content_columns = nil
+        @default_attributes = nil
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
index 4f58d06f35..a8e4d25df2 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # === One-to-one Example
   #
-  #   class Post
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     has_one :author, autosave: true
   #   end
   #
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # When <tt>:autosave</tt> is not declared new children are saved when their parent is saved:
   #
-  #   class Post
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     has_many :comments # :autosave option is not declared
   #   end
   #
@@ -95,20 +95,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # When <tt>:autosave</tt> is true all children are saved, no matter whether they
   # are new records or not:
   #
-  #   class Post
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     has_many :comments, autosave: true
   #   end
   #
   #   post = Post.create(title: 'ruby rocks')
   #   post.comments.create(body: 'hello world')
   #   post.comments[0].body = 'hi everyone'
-  #   post.save # => saves both post and comment, with 'hi everyone' as body
+  #   post.comments.build(body: "good morning.")
+  #   post.title += "!"
+  #   post.save # => saves both post and comments.
   #
   # Destroying one of the associated models as part of the parent's save action
   # is as simple as marking it for destruction:
   #
-  #   post.comments.last.mark_for_destruction
-  #   post.comments.last.marked_for_destruction? # => true
+  #   post.comments # => [#<Comment id: 1, ...>, #<Comment id: 2, ...]>
+  #   post.comments[1].mark_for_destruction
+  #   post.comments[1].marked_for_destruction? # => true
   #   post.comments.length # => 2
   #
   # Note that the model is _not_ yet removed from the database:
@@ -144,6 +147,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       private
 
         def define_non_cyclic_method(name, &block)
+          return if method_defined?(name)
           define_method(name) do |*args|
             result = true; @_already_called ||= {}
             # Loop prevention for validation of associations
@@ -176,30 +180,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
           validation_method = :"validate_associated_records_for_#{reflection.name}"
           collection = reflection.collection?
 
-          unless method_defined?(save_method)
-            if collection
-              before_save :before_save_collection_association
-
-              define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { save_collection_association(reflection) }
-              # Doesn't use after_save as that would save associations added in after_create/after_update twice
-              after_create save_method
-              after_update save_method
-            elsif reflection.macro == :has_one
-              define_method(save_method) { save_has_one_association(reflection) }
-              # Configures two callbacks instead of a single after_save so that
-              # the model may rely on their execution order relative to its
-              # own callbacks.
-              #
-              # For example, given that after_creates run before after_saves, if
-              # we configured instead an after_save there would be no way to fire
-              # a custom after_create callback after the child association gets
-              # created.
-              after_create save_method
-              after_update save_method
-            else
-              define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { save_belongs_to_association(reflection) }
-              before_save save_method
-            end
+          if collection
+            before_save :before_save_collection_association
+
+            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { save_collection_association(reflection) }
+            after_save save_method
+          elsif reflection.has_one?
+            define_method(save_method) { save_has_one_association(reflection) } unless method_defined?(save_method)
+            # Configures two callbacks instead of a single after_save so that
+            # the model may rely on their execution order relative to its
+            # own callbacks.
+            #
+            # For example, given that after_creates run before after_saves, if
+            # we configured instead an after_save there would be no way to fire
+            # a custom after_create callback after the child association gets
+            # created.
+            after_create save_method
+            after_update save_method
+          else
+            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { save_belongs_to_association(reflection) }
+            before_save save_method
           end
 
           if reflection.validate? && !method_defined?(validation_method)
@@ -270,9 +270,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # go through nested autosave associations that are loaded in memory (without loading
       # any new ones), and return true if is changed for autosave
       def nested_records_changed_for_autosave?
-        self.class.reflect_on_all_autosave_associations.any? do |reflection|
-          association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-          association && Array.wrap(association.target).any? { |a| a.changed_for_autosave? }
+        self.class._reflections.values.any? do |reflection|
+          if reflection.options[:autosave]
+            association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+            association && Array.wrap(association.target).any? { |a| a.changed_for_autosave? }
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -301,7 +303,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def association_valid?(reflection, record)
         return true if record.destroyed? || record.marked_for_destruction?
 
-        unless valid = record.valid?(self.validation_context)
+        validation_context = self.validation_context unless [:create, :update].include?(self.validation_context)
+        unless valid = record.valid?(validation_context)
           if reflection.options[:autosave]
             record.errors.each do |attribute, message|
               attribute = "#{reflection.name}.#{attribute}"
@@ -335,7 +338,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
 
           if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, @new_record_before_save, autosave)
-
             if autosave
               records_to_destroy = records.select(&:marked_for_destruction?)
               records_to_destroy.each { |record| association.destroy(record) }
@@ -377,15 +379,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def save_has_one_association(reflection)
         association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
         record      = association && association.load_target
+
         if record && !record.destroyed?
           autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
 
           if autosave && record.marked_for_destruction?
             record.destroy
-          else
+          elsif autosave != false
             key = reflection.options[:primary_key] ? send(reflection.options[:primary_key]) : id
-            if autosave != false && (autosave || new_record? || record_changed?(reflection, record, key))
 
+            if (autosave && record.changed_for_autosave?) || new_record? || record_changed?(reflection, record, key)
               unless reflection.through_reflection
                 record[reflection.foreign_key] = key
               end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
index 9ec1feea97..f978fbd0a4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
@@ -9,16 +9,19 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/behavior'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/introspection'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses'
 require 'arel'
+require 'active_record/attribute_decorators'
 require 'active_record/errors'
 require 'active_record/log_subscriber'
 require 'active_record/explain_subscriber'
 require 'active_record/relation/delegation'
+require 'active_record/attributes'
 
 module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   # = Active Record
@@ -138,6 +141,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #
   # In addition to the basic accessors, query methods are also automatically available on the Active Record object.
   # Query methods allow you to test whether an attribute value is present.
+  # For numeric values, present is defined as non-zero.
   #
   # For example, an Active Record User with the <tt>name</tt> attribute has a <tt>name?</tt> method that you can call
   # to determine whether the user has a name:
@@ -217,25 +221,9 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #
   # == Single table inheritance
   #
-  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by
-  # default is named "type" (can be changed by overwriting <tt>Base.inheritance_column</tt>).
-  # This means that an inheritance looking like this:
-  #
-  #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end
-  #   class Firm < Company; end
-  #   class Client < Company; end
-  #   class PriorityClient < Client; end
-  #
-  # When you do <tt>Firm.create(name: "37signals")</tt>, this record will be saved in
-  # the companies table with type = "Firm". You can then fetch this row again using
-  # <tt>Company.where(name: '37signals').first</tt> and it will return a Firm object.
-  #
-  # If you don't have a type column defined in your table, single-table inheritance won't
-  # be triggered. In that case, it'll work just like normal subclasses with no special magic
-  # for differentiating between them or reloading the right type with find.
-  #
-  # Note, all the attributes for all the cases are kept in the same table. Read more:
-  # http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html
+  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a
+  # column that is named "type" by default. See ActiveRecord::Inheritance for
+  # more details.
   #
   # == Connection to multiple databases in different models
   #
@@ -296,7 +284,6 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
 
     include Core
     include Persistence
-    include NoTouching
     include ReadonlyAttributes
     include ModelSchema
     include Inheritance
@@ -307,6 +294,8 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     include Integration
     include Validations
     include CounterCache
+    include Attributes
+    include AttributeDecorators
     include Locking::Optimistic
     include Locking::Pessimistic
     include AttributeMethods
@@ -318,6 +307,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     include NestedAttributes
     include Aggregations
     include Transactions
+    include NoTouching
     include Reflection
     include Serialization
     include Store
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
index 35f19f0bc0..5955673b42 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
@@ -302,11 +302,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       run_callbacks(:save) { super }
     end
 
-    def create_record #:nodoc:
+    def _create_record #:nodoc:
       run_callbacks(:create) { super }
     end
 
-    def update_record(*) #:nodoc:
+    def _update_record(*) #:nodoc:
       run_callbacks(:update) { super }
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/json.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/json.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75d3bfe625
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/json.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Coders # :nodoc:
+    class JSON # :nodoc:
+      def self.dump(obj)
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(obj)
+      end
+
+      def self.load(json)
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json) unless json.nil?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
index 759e162e19..bc1a670b42 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
@@ -58,13 +58,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * +checkout_timeout+: number of seconds to block and wait for a connection
     #   before giving up and raising a timeout error (default 5 seconds).
     # * +reaping_frequency+: frequency in seconds to periodically run the
-    #   Reaper, which attempts to find and close dead connections, which can
-    #   occur if a programmer forgets to close a connection at the end of a
-    #   thread or a thread dies unexpectedly. (Default nil, which means don't
-    #   run the Reaper).
-    # * +dead_connection_timeout+: number of seconds from last checkout
-    #   after which the Reaper will consider a connection reapable. (default
-    #   5 seconds).
+    #   Reaper, which attempts to find and recover connections from dead
+    #   threads, which can occur if a programmer forgets to close a
+    #   connection at the end of a thread or a thread dies unexpectedly.
+    #   Regardless of this setting, the Reaper will be invoked before every
+    #   blocking wait. (Default nil, which means don't schedule the Reaper).
     class ConnectionPool
       # Threadsafe, fair, FIFO queue.  Meant to be used by ConnectionPool
       # with which it shares a Monitor.  But could be a generic Queue.
@@ -222,7 +220,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       include MonitorMixin
 
-      attr_accessor :automatic_reconnect, :checkout_timeout, :dead_connection_timeout
+      attr_accessor :automatic_reconnect, :checkout_timeout
       attr_reader :spec, :connections, :size, :reaper
 
       # Creates a new ConnectionPool object. +spec+ is a ConnectionSpecification
@@ -236,8 +234,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @spec = spec
 
-        @checkout_timeout = spec.config[:checkout_timeout] || 5
-        @dead_connection_timeout = spec.config[:dead_connection_timeout] || 5
+        @checkout_timeout = (spec.config[:checkout_timeout] && spec.config[:checkout_timeout].to_f) || 5
         @reaper  = Reaper.new self, spec.config[:reaping_frequency]
         @reaper.run
 
@@ -361,11 +358,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # calling +checkout+ on this pool.
       def checkin(conn)
         synchronize do
+          owner = conn.owner
+
           conn.run_callbacks :checkin do
             conn.expire
           end
 
-          release conn
+          release owner
 
           @available.add conn
         end
@@ -378,22 +377,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @connections.delete conn
           @available.delete conn
 
-          # FIXME: we might want to store the key on the connection so that removing
-          # from the reserved hash will be a little easier.
-          release conn
+          release conn.owner
 
           @available.add checkout_new_connection if @available.any_waiting?
         end
       end
 
-      # Removes dead connections from the pool.  A dead connection can occur
-      # if a programmer forgets to close a connection at the end of a thread
+      # Recover lost connections for the pool.  A lost connection can occur if
+      # a programmer forgets to checkin a connection at the end of a thread
       # or a thread dies unexpectedly.
       def reap
-        synchronize do
-          stale = Time.now - @dead_connection_timeout
-          connections.dup.each do |conn|
-            if conn.in_use? && stale > conn.last_use && !conn.active_threadsafe?
+        stale_connections = synchronize do
+          @connections.select do |conn|
+            conn.in_use? && !conn.owner.alive?
+          end
+        end
+
+        stale_connections.each do |conn|
+          synchronize do
+            if conn.active?
+              conn.reset!
+              checkin conn
+            else
               remove conn
             end
           end
@@ -415,20 +420,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         elsif @connections.size < @size
           checkout_new_connection
         else
+          reap
           @available.poll(@checkout_timeout)
         end
       end
 
-      def release(conn)
-        thread_id = if @reserved_connections[current_connection_id] == conn
-          current_connection_id
-        else
-          @reserved_connections.keys.find { |k|
-            @reserved_connections[k] == conn
-          }
-        end
+      def release(owner)
+        thread_id = owner.object_id
 
-        @reserved_connections.delete thread_id if thread_id
+        @reserved_connections.delete thread_id
       end
 
       def new_connection
@@ -462,23 +462,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # For example, suppose that you have 5 models, with the following hierarchy:
     #
-    #  |
-    #  +-- Book
-    #  |    |
-    #  |    +-- ScaryBook
-    #  |    +-- GoodBook
-    #  +-- Author
-    #  +-- BankAccount
+    #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class BankAccount < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     establish_connection "library_db"
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class ScaryBook < Book
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class GoodBook < Book
+    #   end
+    #
+    # And a database.yml that looked like this:
+    #
+    #   development:
+    #     database: my_application
+    #     host: localhost
+    #
+    #   library_db:
+    #     database: library
+    #     host: some.library.org
+    #
+    # Your primary database in the development environment is "my_application"
+    # but the Book model connects to a separate database called "library_db"
+    # (this can even be a database on a different machine).
     #
-    # Suppose that Book is to connect to a separate database (i.e. one other
-    # than the default database). Then Book, ScaryBook and GoodBook will all use
-    # the same connection pool. Likewise, Author and BankAccount will use the
-    # same connection pool. However, the connection pool used by Author/BankAccount
-    # is not the same as the one used by Book/ScaryBook/GoodBook.
+    # Book, ScaryBook and GoodBook will all use the same connection pool to
+    # "library_db" while Author, BankAccount, and any other models you create
+    # will use the default connection pool to "my_application".
     #
-    # Normally there is only a single ConnectionHandler instance, accessible via
-    # ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler. Active Record models use this to
-    # determine the connection pool that they should use.
+    # The various connection pools are managed by a single instance of
+    # ConnectionHandler accessible via ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.
+    # All Active Record models use this handler to determine the connection pool that they
+    # should use.
     class ConnectionHandler
       def initialize
         # These caches are keyed by klass.name, NOT klass. Keying them by klass
@@ -538,7 +559,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # for (not necessarily the current class).
       def retrieve_connection(klass) #:nodoc:
         pool = retrieve_connection_pool(klass)
-        (pool && pool.connection) or raise ConnectionNotEstablished
+        raise ConnectionNotEstablished, "No connection pool for #{klass}" unless pool
+        conn = pool.connection
+        raise ConnectionNotEstablished, "No connection for #{klass} in connection pool" unless conn
+        conn
       end
 
       # Returns true if a connection that's accessible to this class has
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
index 6eb59cc398..98e96099cb 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
@@ -9,25 +9,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Converts an arel AST to SQL
       def to_sql(arel, binds = [])
         if arel.respond_to?(:ast)
-          binds = binds.dup
-          visitor.accept(arel.ast) do
-            quote(*binds.shift.reverse)
-          end
+          collected = visitor.accept(arel.ast, collector)
+          collected.compile(binds.dup, self)
         else
           arel
         end
       end
 
-      # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result instance.
-      def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
-        if arel.is_a?(Relation)
-          relation = arel
-          arel = relation.arel
-          if !binds || binds.empty?
-            binds = relation.bind_values
-          end
+      # This is used in the StatementCache object. It returns an object that
+      # can be used to query the database repeatedly.
+      def cacheable_query(arel) # :nodoc:
+        if prepared_statements
+          ActiveRecord::StatementCache.query visitor, arel.ast
+        else
+          ActiveRecord::StatementCache.partial_query visitor, arel.ast, collector
         end
+      end
 
+      # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result instance.
+      def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
+        arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
         select(to_sql(arel, binds), name, binds)
       end
 
@@ -47,10 +48,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns an array of the values of the first column in a select:
       #   select_values("SELECT id FROM companies LIMIT 3") => [1,2,3]
       def select_values(arel, name = nil)
-        binds = []
-        if arel.is_a?(Relation)
-          arel, binds = arel.arel, arel.bind_values
-        end
+        arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, []
         select_rows(to_sql(arel, binds), name, binds).map(&:first)
       end
 
@@ -195,7 +193,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * You are creating a nested (savepoint) transaction
       #
       # The mysql, mysql2 and postgresql adapters support setting the transaction
-      # isolation level. However, support is disabled for mysql versions below 5,
+      # isolation level. However, support is disabled for MySQL versions below 5,
       # because they are affected by a bug[http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=39170]
       # which means the isolation level gets persisted outside the transaction.
       def transaction(options = {})
@@ -205,58 +203,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if options[:isolation]
             raise ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError, "cannot set isolation when joining a transaction"
           end
-
           yield
         else
-          within_new_transaction(options) { yield }
+          transaction_manager.within_new_transaction(options) { yield }
         end
       rescue ActiveRecord::Rollback
         # rollbacks are silently swallowed
       end
 
-      def within_new_transaction(options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        transaction = begin_transaction(options)
-        yield
-      rescue Exception => error
-        rollback_transaction if transaction
-        raise
-      ensure
-        begin
-          commit_transaction unless error
-        rescue Exception
-          rollback_transaction
-          raise
-        end
-      end
+      attr_reader :transaction_manager #:nodoc:
 
-      def current_transaction #:nodoc:
-        @transaction
-      end
+      delegate :within_new_transaction, :open_transactions, :current_transaction, :begin_transaction, :commit_transaction, :rollback_transaction, to: :transaction_manager
 
       def transaction_open?
-        @transaction.open?
-      end
-
-      def begin_transaction(options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        @transaction = @transaction.begin(options)
-      end
-
-      def commit_transaction #:nodoc:
-        @transaction = @transaction.commit
-      end
-
-      def rollback_transaction #:nodoc:
-        @transaction = @transaction.rollback
+        current_transaction.open?
       end
 
       def reset_transaction #:nodoc:
-        @transaction = ClosedTransaction.new(self)
+        @transaction_manager = TransactionManager.new(self)
       end
 
       # Register a record with the current transaction so that its after_commit and after_rollback callbacks
       # can be called.
       def add_transaction_record(record)
-        @transaction.add_record(record)
+        current_transaction.add_record(record)
       end
 
       # Begins the transaction (and turns off auto-committing).
@@ -328,7 +298,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def sanitize_limit(limit)
         if limit.is_a?(Integer) || limit.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral)
           limit
-        elsif limit.to_s =~ /,/
+        elsif limit.to_s.include?(',')
           Arel.sql limit.to_s.split(',').map{ |i| Integer(i) }.join(',')
         else
           Integer(limit)
@@ -336,8 +306,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # The default strategy for an UPDATE with joins is to use a subquery. This doesn't work
-      # on mysql (even when aliasing the tables), but mysql allows using JOIN directly in
-      # an UPDATE statement, so in the mysql adapters we redefine this to do that.
+      # on MySQL (even when aliasing the tables), but MySQL allows using JOIN directly in
+      # an UPDATE statement, so in the MySQL adapters we redefine this to do that.
       def join_to_update(update, select) #:nodoc:
         key = update.key
         subselect = subquery_for(key, select)
@@ -389,6 +359,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           row = result.rows.first
           row && row.first
         end
+
+        def binds_from_relation(relation, binds)
+          if relation.is_a?(Relation) && binds.empty?
+            relation, binds = relation.arel, relation.bind_values
+          end
+          [relation, binds]
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
index adc23a6674..4a4506c7f5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
         if @query_cache_enabled && !locked?(arel)
+          arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
           sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
           cache_sql(sql, binds) { super(sql, name, binds) }
         else
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
index 75501852ed..eb88845913 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
@@ -9,34 +9,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # records are quoted as their primary key
         return value.quoted_id if value.respond_to?(:quoted_id)
 
-        case value
-        when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
-          value = value.to_s
-          return "'#{quote_string(value)}'" unless column
-
-          case column.type
-          when :integer then value.to_i.to_s
-          when :float then value.to_f.to_s
-          else
-            "'#{quote_string(value)}'"
-          end
-
-        when true, false
-          if column && column.type == :integer
-            value ? '1' : '0'
-          else
-            value ? quoted_true : quoted_false
-          end
-          # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
-        when nil        then "NULL"
-        when BigDecimal then value.to_s('F')
-        when Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration then value.to_s
-        when Date, Time then "'#{quoted_date(value)}'"
-        when Symbol     then "'#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
-        when Class      then "'#{value.to_s}'"
-        else
-          "'#{quote_string(YAML.dump(value))}'"
+        if column
+          value = column.cast_type.type_cast_for_database(value)
         end
+
+        _quote(value)
       end
 
       # Cast a +value+ to a type that the database understands. For example,
@@ -47,34 +24,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           return value.id
         end
 
-        case value
-        when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
-          value = value.to_s
-          return value unless column
-
-          case column.type
-          when :integer then value.to_i
-          when :float then value.to_f
-          else
-            value
-          end
-
-        when true, false
-          if column && column.type == :integer
-            value ? 1 : 0
-          else
-            value ? 't' : 'f'
-          end
-          # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
-        when nil        then nil
-        when BigDecimal then value.to_s('F')
-        when Numeric    then value
-        when Date, Time then quoted_date(value)
-        when Symbol     then value.to_s
-        else
-          to_type = column ? " to #{column.type}" : ""
-          raise TypeError, "can't cast #{value.class}#{to_type}"
+        if column
+          value = column.cast_type.type_cast_for_database(value)
         end
+
+        _type_cast(value)
+      rescue TypeError
+        to_type = column ? " to #{column.type}" : ""
+        raise TypeError, "can't cast #{value.class}#{to_type}"
       end
 
       # Quotes a string, escaping any ' (single quote) and \ (backslash)
@@ -99,7 +56,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # This works for mysql and mysql2 where table.column can be used to
       # resolve ambiguity.
       #
-      # We override this in the sqlite and postgresql adapters to use only
+      # We override this in the sqlite3 and postgresql adapters to use only
       # the column name (as per syntax requirements).
       def quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)
         quote_table_name("#{table}.#{attr}")
@@ -109,10 +66,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "'t'"
       end
 
+      def unquoted_true
+        't'
+      end
+
       def quoted_false
         "'f'"
       end
 
+      def unquoted_false
+        'f'
+      end
+
       def quoted_date(value)
         if value.acts_like?(:time)
           zone_conversion_method = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc ? :getutc : :getlocal
@@ -124,6 +89,45 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         value.to_s(:db)
       end
+
+      private
+
+      def types_which_need_no_typecasting
+        [nil, Numeric, String]
+      end
+
+      def _quote(value)
+        case value
+        when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars, Type::Binary::Data
+          "'#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
+        when true       then quoted_true
+        when false      then quoted_false
+        when nil        then "NULL"
+        # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
+        when BigDecimal then value.to_s('F')
+        when Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration then value.to_s
+        when Date, Time then "'#{quoted_date(value)}'"
+        when Symbol     then "'#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
+        when Class      then "'#{value.to_s}'"
+        else
+          "'#{quote_string(YAML.dump(value))}'"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _type_cast(value)
+        case value
+        when Symbol, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars, Type::Binary::Data
+          value.to_s
+        when true       then unquoted_true
+        when false      then unquoted_false
+        # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
+        when BigDecimal then value.to_s('F')
+        when Date, Time then quoted_date(value)
+        when *types_which_need_no_typecasting
+          value
+        else raise TypeError
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb
index a51691bfa8..6bab260f5a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class AbstractAdapter
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def visit_AddColumn(o)
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type.to_sym, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
+          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
           sql = "ADD #{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{sql_type}"
           add_column_options!(sql, column_options(o))
         end
@@ -23,10 +25,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           def visit_AlterTable(o)
             sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(o.name)} "
             sql << o.adds.map { |col| visit_AddColumn col }.join(' ')
+            sql << o.foreign_key_adds.map { |fk| visit_AddForeignKey fk }.join(' ')
+            sql << o.foreign_key_drops.map { |fk| visit_DropForeignKey fk }.join(' ')
           end
 
           def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
-            sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type.to_sym, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
+            sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
             column_sql = "#{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{sql_type}"
             add_column_options!(column_sql, column_options(o)) unless o.primary_key?
             column_sql
@@ -41,6 +45,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
             create_sql
           end
 
+          def visit_AddForeignKey(o)
+            sql = <<-SQL.strip_heredoc
+              ADD CONSTRAINT #{quote_column_name(o.name)}
+              FOREIGN KEY (#{quote_column_name(o.column)})
+                REFERENCES #{quote_table_name(o.to_table)} (#{quote_column_name(o.primary_key)})
+            SQL
+            sql << " #{action_sql('DELETE', o.on_delete)}" if o.on_delete
+            sql << " #{action_sql('UPDATE', o.on_update)}" if o.on_update
+            sql
+          end
+
+          def visit_DropForeignKey(name)
+            "DROP CONSTRAINT #{quote_column_name(name)}"
+          end
+
           def column_options(o)
             column_options = {}
             column_options[:null] = o.null unless o.null.nil?
@@ -64,7 +83,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def add_column_options!(sql, options)
-            sql << " DEFAULT #{@conn.quote(options[:default], options[:column])}" if options_include_default?(options)
+            sql << " DEFAULT #{quote_value(options[:default], options[:column])}" if options_include_default?(options)
             # must explicitly check for :null to allow change_column to work on migrations
             if options[:null] == false
               sql << " NOT NULL"
@@ -75,9 +94,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
             sql
           end
 
+          def quote_value(value, column)
+            column.sql_type ||= type_to_sql(column.type, column.limit, column.precision, column.scale)
+            column.cast_type ||= type_for_column(column)
+
+            @conn.quote(value, column)
+          end
+
           def options_include_default?(options)
             options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
           end
+
+          def action_sql(action, dependency)
+            case dependency
+            when :nullify then "ON #{action} SET NULL"
+            when :cascade  then "ON #{action} CASCADE"
+            when :restrict then "ON #{action} RESTRICT"
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG.strip_heredoc
+                '#{dependency}' is not supported for :on_update or :on_delete.
+                Supported values are: :nullify, :cascade, :restrict
+              MSG
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_for_column(column)
+            @conn.lookup_cast_type(column.sql_type)
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
index c39bf15e83..fe00f9d750 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # are typically created by methods in TableDefinition, and added to the
     # +columns+ attribute of said TableDefinition object, in order to be used
     # for generating a number of table creation or table changing SQL statements.
-    class ColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:name, :type, :limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :first, :after, :primary_key) #:nodoc:
+    class ColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:name, :type, :limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :first, :after, :primary_key, :sql_type, :cast_type) #:nodoc:
 
       def primary_key?
         primary_key || type.to_sym == :primary_key
@@ -25,6 +25,49 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class ChangeColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:column, :type, :options) #:nodoc:
     end
 
+    class ForeignKeyDefinition < Struct.new(:from_table, :to_table, :options) #:nodoc:
+      def name
+        options[:name]
+      end
+
+      def column
+        options[:column]
+      end
+
+      def primary_key
+        options[:primary_key] || default_primary_key
+      end
+
+      def on_delete
+        options[:on_delete]
+      end
+
+      def on_update
+        options[:on_update]
+      end
+
+      def custom_primary_key?
+        options[:primary_key] != default_primary_key
+      end
+
+      private
+      def default_primary_key
+        "id"
+      end
+    end
+
+    module TimestampDefaultDeprecation # :nodoc:
+      def emit_warning_if_null_unspecified(options)
+        return if options.key?(:null)
+
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
+          "`timestamp` was called without specifying an option for `null`. In Rails " \
+          "5.0, this behavior will change to `null: false`. You should manually " \
+          "specify `null: true` to prevent the behavior of your existing migrations " \
+          "from changing."
+      end
+    end
+
     # Represents the schema of an SQL table in an abstract way. This class
     # provides methods for manipulating the schema representation.
     #
@@ -46,6 +89,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # The table definitions
     # The Columns are stored as a ColumnDefinition in the +columns+ attribute.
     class TableDefinition
+      include TimestampDefaultDeprecation
+
       # An array of ColumnDefinition objects, representing the column changes
       # that have been defined.
       attr_accessor :indexes
@@ -99,9 +144,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Specifies the precision for a <tt>:decimal</tt> column.
       # * <tt>:scale</tt> -
       #   Specifies the scale for a <tt>:decimal</tt> column.
+      # * <tt>:index</tt> -
+      #   Create an index for the column. Can be either <tt>true</tt> or an options hash.
       #
-      # For clarity's sake: the precision is the number of significant digits,
-      # while the scale is the number of digits that can be stored following
+      # Note: The precision is the total number of significant digits
+      # and the scale is the number of digits that can be stored following
       # the decimal point. For example, the number 123.45 has a precision of 5
       # and a scale of 2. A decimal with a precision of 5 and a scale of 2 can
       # range from -999.99 to 999.99.
@@ -123,17 +170,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Default is (38,0).
       # * DB2: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..63], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..62].
       #   Default unknown.
-      # * Firebird: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..18], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..18].
-      #   Default (9,0). Internal types NUMERIC and DECIMAL have different
-      #   storage rules, decimal being better.
-      # * FrontBase?: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..38].
-      #   Default (38,0). WARNING Max <tt>:precision</tt>/<tt>:scale</tt> for
-      #   NUMERIC is 19, and DECIMAL is 38.
       # * SqlServer?: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..38].
       #   Default (38,0).
-      # * Sybase: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..38].
-      #   Default (38,0).
-      # * OpenBase?: Documentation unclear. Claims storage in <tt>double</tt>.
       #
       # This method returns <tt>self</tt>.
       #
@@ -172,18 +210,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # What can be written like this with the regular calls to column:
       #
       #   create_table :products do |t|
-      #     t.column :shop_id,    :integer
-      #     t.column :creator_id, :integer
-      #     t.column :name,       :string, default: "Untitled"
-      #     t.column :value,      :string, default: "Untitled"
-      #     t.column :created_at, :datetime
-      #     t.column :updated_at, :datetime
+      #     t.column :shop_id,     :integer
+      #     t.column :creator_id,  :integer
+      #     t.column :item_number, :string
+      #     t.column :name,        :string, default: "Untitled"
+      #     t.column :value,       :string, default: "Untitled"
+      #     t.column :created_at,  :datetime
+      #     t.column :updated_at,  :datetime
       #   end
+      #   add_index :products, :item_number
       #
       # can also be written as follows using the short-hand:
       #
       #   create_table :products do |t|
       #     t.integer :shop_id, :creator_id
+      #     t.string  :item_number, index: true
       #     t.string  :name, :value, default: "Untitled"
       #     t.timestamps
       #   end
@@ -219,6 +260,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           raise ArgumentError, "you can't redefine the primary key column '#{name}'. To define a custom primary key, pass { id: false } to create_table."
         end
 
+        index_options = options.delete(:index)
+        index(name, index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : {}) if index_options
         @columns_hash[name] = new_column_definition(name, type, options)
         self
       end
@@ -247,16 +290,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # <tt>:updated_at</tt> to the table.
       def timestamps(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
+        emit_warning_if_null_unspecified(options)
         column(:created_at, :datetime, options)
         column(:updated_at, :datetime, options)
       end
 
+      # Adds a reference. Optionally adds a +type+ column, if <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is provided.
+      # <tt>references</tt> and <tt>belongs_to</tt> are acceptable. The reference column will be an +integer+
+      # by default, the <tt>:type</tt> option can be used to specify a different type.
+      #
+      #  t.references(:user)
+      #  t.references(:user, type: "string")
+      #  t.belongs_to(:supplier, polymorphic: true)
+      #
+      # See SchemaStatements#add_reference
       def references(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
         polymorphic = options.delete(:polymorphic)
         index_options = options.delete(:index)
+        type = options.delete(:type) || :integer
         args.each do |col|
-          column("#{col}_id", :integer, options)
+          column("#{col}_id", type, options)
           column("#{col}_type", :string, polymorphic.is_a?(Hash) ? polymorphic : options) if polymorphic
           index(polymorphic ? %w(id type).map { |t| "#{col}_#{t}" } : "#{col}_id", index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : {}) if index_options
         end
@@ -264,13 +318,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       alias :belongs_to :references
 
       def new_column_definition(name, type, options) # :nodoc:
+        type = aliased_types[type] || type
         column = create_column_definition name, type
         limit = options.fetch(:limit) do
           native[type][:limit] if native[type].is_a?(Hash)
         end
 
         column.limit       = limit
-        column.array       = options[:array] if column.respond_to?(:array)
         column.precision   = options[:precision]
         column.scale       = options[:scale]
         column.default     = options[:default]
@@ -294,18 +348,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def native
         @native
       end
+
+      def aliased_types
+        HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(
+          timestamp: :datetime,
+        )
+      end
     end
 
     class AlterTable # :nodoc:
       attr_reader :adds
+      attr_reader :foreign_key_adds
+      attr_reader :foreign_key_drops
 
       def initialize(td)
         @td   = td
         @adds = []
+        @foreign_key_adds = []
+        @foreign_key_drops = []
       end
 
       def name; @td.name; end
 
+      def add_foreign_key(to_table, options)
+        @foreign_key_adds << ForeignKeyDefinition.new(name, to_table, options)
+      end
+
+      def drop_foreign_key(name)
+        @foreign_key_drops << name
+      end
+
       def add_column(name, type, options)
         name = name.to_s
         type = type.to_sym
@@ -347,6 +419,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     class Table
+      include TimestampDefaultDeprecation
+
       def initialize(table_name, base)
         @table_name = table_name
         @base = base
@@ -394,8 +468,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to the table. See SchemaStatements#add_timestamps
       #
       #  t.timestamps
-      def timestamps
-        @base.add_timestamps(@table_name)
+      def timestamps(options = {})
+        emit_warning_if_null_unspecified(options)
+        @base.add_timestamps(@table_name, options)
       end
 
       # Changes the column's definition according to the new options.
@@ -452,11 +527,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Adds a reference. Optionally adds a +type+ column, if <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is provided.
-      # <tt>references</tt> and <tt>belongs_to</tt> are acceptable.
+      # <tt>references</tt> and <tt>belongs_to</tt> are acceptable. The reference column will be an +integer+
+      # by default, the <tt>:type</tt> option can be used to specify a different type.
       #
       #  t.references(:user)
+      #  t.references(:user, type: "string")
       #  t.belongs_to(:supplier, polymorphic: true)
       #
+      # See SchemaStatements#add_reference
       def references(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
         args.each do |ref_name|
@@ -471,6 +549,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #  t.remove_references(:user)
       #  t.remove_belongs_to(:supplier, polymorphic: true)
       #
+      # See SchemaStatements#remove_reference
       def remove_references(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
         args.each do |ref_name|
@@ -497,6 +576,5 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @base.native_database_types
         end
     end
-
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb
index cdf0cbe218..9bd0401e40 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'ipaddr'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
     # The goal of this module is to move Adapter specific column
@@ -20,19 +18,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def prepare_column_options(column, types)
         spec = {}
         spec[:name]      = column.name.inspect
-
-        # AR has an optimization which handles zero-scale decimals as integers. This
-        # code ensures that the dumper still dumps the column as a decimal.
-        spec[:type]      = if column.type == :integer && /^(numeric|decimal)/ =~ column.sql_type
-                             'decimal'
-                           else
-                             column.type.to_s
-                           end
-        spec[:limit]     = column.limit.inspect if column.limit != types[column.type][:limit] && spec[:type] != 'decimal'
+        spec[:type]      = column.type.to_s
+        spec[:limit]     = column.limit.inspect if column.limit != types[column.type][:limit]
         spec[:precision] = column.precision.inspect if column.precision
         spec[:scale]     = column.scale.inspect if column.scale
         spec[:null]      = 'false' unless column.null
-        spec[:default]   = default_string(column.default) if column.has_default?
+        spec[:default]   = schema_default(column) if column.has_default?
+        spec.delete(:default) if spec[:default].nil?
         spec
       end
 
@@ -43,28 +35,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
-        def default_string(value)
-          case value
-          when BigDecimal
-            value.to_s
-          when Date, DateTime, Time
-            "'#{value.to_s(:db)}'"
-          when Range
-            # infinity dumps as Infinity, which causes uninitialized constant error
-            value.inspect.gsub('Infinity', '::Float::INFINITY')
-          when IPAddr
-            subnet_mask = value.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr)
-
-            # If the subnet mask is equal to /32, don't output it
-            if subnet_mask == (2**32 - 1)
-              "\"#{value.to_s}\""
-            else
-              "\"#{value.to_s}/#{subnet_mask.to_s(2).count('1')}\""
-            end
-          else
-            value.inspect
-          end
+      def schema_default(column)
+        default = column.type_cast_from_database(column.default)
+        unless default.nil?
+          column.type_cast_for_schema(default)
         end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
index ad069f5e53..7105df1ee4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
@@ -40,16 +40,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, unique: true)
       #
       #   # Check an index with a custom name exists
-      #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, name: "idx_company_id"
+      #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, name: "idx_company_id")
       #
       def index_exists?(table_name, column_name, options = {})
-        column_names = Array(column_name)
-        index_name = options.key?(:name) ? options[:name].to_s : index_name(table_name, :column => column_names)
-        if options[:unique]
-          indexes(table_name).any?{ |i| i.unique && i.name == index_name }
-        else
-          indexes(table_name).any?{ |i| i.name == index_name }
-        end
+        column_names = Array(column_name).map(&:to_s)
+        index_name = options.key?(:name) ? options[:name].to_s : index_name(table_name, column: column_names)
+        checks = []
+        checks << lambda { |i| i.name == index_name }
+        checks << lambda { |i| i.columns == column_names }
+        checks << lambda { |i| i.unique } if options[:unique]
+
+        indexes(table_name).any? { |i| checks.all? { |check| check[i] } }
       end
 
       # Returns an array of Column objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
@@ -71,7 +72,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   column_exists?(:suppliers, :tax, :decimal, precision: 8, scale: 2)
       #
       def column_exists?(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
-        columns(table_name).any?{ |c| c.name == column_name.to_s &&
+        column_name = column_name.to_s
+        columns(table_name).any?{ |c| c.name == column_name &&
                                       (!type                     || c.type == type) &&
                                       (!options.key?(:limit)     || c.limit == options[:limit]) &&
                                       (!options.key?(:precision) || c.precision == options[:precision]) &&
@@ -186,24 +188,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def create_table(table_name, options = {})
         td = create_table_definition table_name, options[:temporary], options[:options], options[:as]
 
-        if !options[:as]
-          unless options[:id] == false
-            pk = options.fetch(:primary_key) {
-              Base.get_primary_key table_name.to_s.singularize
-            }
-
-            td.primary_key pk, options.fetch(:id, :primary_key), options
+        if options[:id] != false && !options[:as]
+          pk = options.fetch(:primary_key) do
+            Base.get_primary_key table_name.to_s.singularize
           end
 
-          yield td if block_given?
+          td.primary_key pk, options.fetch(:id, :primary_key), options
         end
 
+        yield td if block_given?
+
         if options[:force] && table_exists?(table_name)
           drop_table(table_name, options)
         end
 
-        execute schema_creation.accept td
-        td.indexes.each_pair { |c,o| add_index table_name, c, o }
+        result = execute schema_creation.accept td
+        td.indexes.each_pair { |c, o| add_index(table_name, c, o) } unless supports_indexes_in_create?
+        result
       end
 
       # Creates a new join table with the name created using the lexical order of the first two
@@ -602,12 +603,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Adds a reference. Optionally adds a +type+ column, if <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is provided.
+      # The reference column is an +integer+ by default, the <tt>:type</tt> option can be used to specify
+      # a different type.
       # <tt>add_reference</tt> and <tt>add_belongs_to</tt> are acceptable.
       #
-      # ====== Create a user_id column
+      # ====== Create a user_id integer column
       #
       #   add_reference(:products, :user)
       #
+      # ====== Create a user_id string column
+      #
+      #   add_reference(:products, :user, type: :string)
+      #
       # ====== Create a supplier_id and supplier_type columns
       #
       #   add_belongs_to(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
@@ -619,7 +626,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def add_reference(table_name, ref_name, options = {})
         polymorphic = options.delete(:polymorphic)
         index_options = options.delete(:index)
-        add_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_id", :integer, options)
+        type = options.delete(:type) || :integer
+        add_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_id", type, options)
         add_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_type", :string, polymorphic.is_a?(Hash) ? polymorphic : options) if polymorphic
         add_index(table_name, polymorphic ? %w[id type].map{ |t| "#{ref_name}_#{t}" } : "#{ref_name}_id", index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : {}) if index_options
       end
@@ -642,6 +650,115 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
       alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_reference
 
+      # Returns an array of foreign keys for the given table.
+      # The foreign keys are represented as +ForeignKeyDefinition+ objects.
+      def foreign_keys(table_name)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "foreign_keys is not implemented"
+      end
+
+      # Adds a new foreign key. +from_table+ is the table with the key column,
+      # +to_table+ contains the referenced primary key.
+      #
+      # The foreign key will be named after the following pattern: <tt>fk_rails_<identifier></tt>.
+      # +identifier+ is a 10 character long random string. A custom name can be specified with
+      # the <tt>:name</tt> option.
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a simple foreign key
+      #
+      #   add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT articles_author_id_fk FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "authors" ("id")
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a foreign key on a specific column
+      #
+      #   add_foreign_key :articles, :users, column: :author_id, primary_key: "lng_id"
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_58ca3d3a82 FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "users" ("lng_id")
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a cascading foreign key
+      #
+      #   add_foreign_key :articles, :authors, on_delete: :cascade
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT articles_author_id_fk FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "authors" ("id") ON DELETE CASCADE
+      #
+      # The +options+ hash can include the following keys:
+      # [<tt>:column</tt>]
+      #   The foreign key column name on +from_table+. Defaults to <tt>to_table.singularize + "_id"</tt>
+      # [<tt>:primary_key</tt>]
+      #   The primary key column name on +to_table+. Defaults to +id+.
+      # [<tt>:name</tt>]
+      #   The constraint name. Defaults to <tt>fk_rails_<identifier></tt>.
+      # [<tt>:on_delete</tt>]
+      #   Action that happens <tt>ON DELETE</tt>. Valid values are +:nullify+, +:cascade:+ and +:restrict+
+      # [<tt>:on_update</tt>]
+      #   Action that happens <tt>ON UPDATE</tt>. Valid values are +:nullify+, +:cascade:+ and +:restrict+
+      def add_foreign_key(from_table, to_table, options = {})
+        return unless supports_foreign_keys?
+
+        options[:column] ||= foreign_key_column_for(to_table)
+
+        options = {
+          column: options[:column],
+          primary_key: options[:primary_key],
+          name: foreign_key_name(from_table, options),
+          on_delete: options[:on_delete],
+          on_update: options[:on_update]
+        }
+        at = create_alter_table from_table
+        at.add_foreign_key to_table, options
+
+        execute schema_creation.accept(at)
+      end
+
+      # Removes the given foreign key from the table.
+      #
+      # Removes the foreign key on +accounts.branch_id+.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
+      #
+      # Removes the foreign key on +accounts.owner_id+.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
+      #
+      # Removes the foreign key named +special_fk_name+ on the +accounts+ table.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, name: :special_fk_name
+      #
+      def remove_foreign_key(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
+        return unless supports_foreign_keys?
+
+        if options_or_to_table.is_a?(Hash)
+          options = options_or_to_table
+        else
+          options = { column: foreign_key_column_for(options_or_to_table) }
+        end
+
+        fk_name_to_delete = options.fetch(:name) do
+          fk_to_delete = foreign_keys(from_table).detect {|fk| fk.column == options[:column] }
+
+          if fk_to_delete
+            fk_to_delete.name
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "Table '#{from_table}' has no foreign key on column '#{options[:column]}'"
+          end
+        end
+
+        at = create_alter_table from_table
+        at.drop_foreign_key fk_name_to_delete
+
+        execute schema_creation.accept(at)
+      end
+
+      def foreign_key_column_for(table_name) # :nodoc:
+        "#{table_name.to_s.singularize}_id"
+      end
+
       def dump_schema_information #:nodoc:
         sm_table = ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
 
@@ -722,9 +839,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   add_timestamps(:suppliers)
       #
-      def add_timestamps(table_name)
-        add_column table_name, :created_at, :datetime
-        add_column table_name, :updated_at, :datetime
+      def add_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
+        add_column table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options
+        add_column table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options
       end
 
       # Removes the timestamp columns (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) from the table definition.
@@ -740,6 +857,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
         Table.new(table_name, base)
       end
 
+      def add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        column_names = Array(column_name)
+        index_name   = index_name(table_name, column: column_names)
+
+        options.assert_valid_keys(:unique, :order, :name, :where, :length, :internal, :using, :algorithm, :type)
+
+        index_type = options[:unique] ? "UNIQUE" : ""
+        index_type = options[:type].to_s if options.key?(:type)
+        index_name = options[:name].to_s if options.key?(:name)
+        max_index_length = options.fetch(:internal, false) ? index_name_length : allowed_index_name_length
+
+        if options.key?(:algorithm)
+          algorithm = index_algorithms.fetch(options[:algorithm]) {
+            raise ArgumentError.new("Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
+          }
+        end
+
+        using = "USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using].present?
+
+        if supports_partial_index?
+          index_options = options[:where] ? " WHERE #{options[:where]}" : ""
+        end
+
+        if index_name.length > max_index_length
+          raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{max_index_length} characters"
+        end
+        if table_exists?(table_name) && index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name, false)
+          raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' already exists"
+        end
+        index_columns = quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options).join(", ")
+
+        [index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, algorithm, using]
+      end
+
       protected
         def add_index_sort_order(option_strings, column_names, options = {})
           if options.is_a?(Hash) && order = options[:order]
@@ -754,7 +905,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           return option_strings
         end
 
-        # Overridden by the mysql adapter for supporting index lengths
+        # Overridden by the MySQL adapter for supporting index lengths
         def quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options = {})
           option_strings = Hash[column_names.map {|name| [name, '']}]
 
@@ -770,40 +921,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
         end
 
-        def add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options = {})
-          column_names = Array(column_name)
-          index_name   = index_name(table_name, column: column_names)
-
-          options.assert_valid_keys(:unique, :order, :name, :where, :length, :internal, :using, :algorithm, :type)
-
-          index_type = options[:unique] ? "UNIQUE" : ""
-          index_type = options[:type].to_s if options.key?(:type)
-          index_name = options[:name].to_s if options.key?(:name)
-          max_index_length = options.fetch(:internal, false) ? index_name_length : allowed_index_name_length
-
-          if options.key?(:algorithm)
-            algorithm = index_algorithms.fetch(options[:algorithm]) {
-              raise ArgumentError.new("Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
-            }
-          end
-
-          using = "USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using].present?
-
-          if supports_partial_index?
-            index_options = options[:where] ? " WHERE #{options[:where]}" : ""
-          end
-
-          if index_name.length > max_index_length
-            raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{max_index_length} characters"
-          end
-          if index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name, false)
-            raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' already exists"
-          end
-          index_columns = quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options).join(", ")
-
-          [index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, algorithm, using]
-        end
-
         def index_name_for_remove(table_name, options = {})
           index_name = index_name(table_name, options)
 
@@ -852,6 +969,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def create_alter_table(name)
         AlterTable.new create_table_definition(name, false, {})
       end
+
+      def foreign_key_name(table_name, options) # :nodoc:
+        options.fetch(:name) do
+          "fk_rails_#{SecureRandom.hex(5)}"
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
index bc4884b538..90be835d8a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
@@ -1,20 +1,7 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class Transaction #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :connection
-
-      def initialize(connection)
-        @connection = connection
-        @state = TransactionState.new
-      end
-
-      def state
-        @state
-      end
-    end
-
     class TransactionState
-      attr_accessor :parent
+      attr_reader :parent
 
       VALID_STATES = Set.new([:committed, :rolledback, nil])
 
@@ -35,6 +22,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @state == :rolledback
       end
 
+      def completed?
+        committed? || rolledback?
+      end
+
       def set_state(state)
         if !VALID_STATES.include?(state)
           raise ArgumentError, "Invalid transaction state: #{state}"
@@ -43,82 +34,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    class ClosedTransaction < Transaction #:nodoc:
-      def number
-        0
-      end
-
-      def begin(options = {})
-        RealTransaction.new(connection, self, options)
-      end
-
-      def closed?
-        true
-      end
-
-      def open?
-        false
-      end
-
-      def joinable?
-        false
-      end
-
-      # This is a noop when there are no open transactions
-      def add_record(record)
-      end
+    class NullTransaction #:nodoc:
+      def initialize; end
+      def closed?; true; end
+      def open?; false; end
+      def joinable?; false; end
+      def add_record(record); end
     end
 
-    class OpenTransaction < Transaction #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :parent, :records
-      attr_writer :joinable
-
-      def initialize(connection, parent, options = {})
-        super connection
-
-        @parent    = parent
-        @records   = []
-        @finishing = false
-        @joinable  = options.fetch(:joinable, true)
-      end
-
-      # This state is necessary so that we correctly handle stuff that might
-      # happen in a commit/rollback. But it's kinda distasteful. Maybe we can
-      # find a better way to structure it in the future.
-      def finishing?
-        @finishing
-      end
-
-      def joinable?
-        @joinable && !finishing?
-      end
-
-      def number
-        if finishing?
-          parent.number
-        else
-          parent.number + 1
-        end
-      end
-
-      def begin(options = {})
-        if finishing?
-          parent.begin
-        else
-          SavepointTransaction.new(connection, self, options)
-        end
-      end
+    class Transaction #:nodoc:
 
-      def rollback
-        @finishing = true
-        perform_rollback
-        parent
-      end
+      attr_reader :connection, :state, :records, :savepoint_name
+      attr_writer :joinable
 
-      def commit
-        @finishing = true
-        perform_commit
-        parent
+      def initialize(connection, options)
+        @connection = connection
+        @state = TransactionState.new
+        @records = []
+        @joinable = options.fetch(:joinable, true)
       end
 
       def add_record(record)
@@ -129,41 +62,82 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def rollback_records
+      def rollback
         @state.set_state(:rolledback)
-        records.uniq.each do |record|
+      end
+
+      def rollback_records
+        ite = records.uniq
+        while record = ite.shift
           begin
-            record.rolledback!(parent.closed?)
+            record.rolledback! full_rollback?
           rescue => e
+            raise if ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks
             record.logger.error(e) if record.respond_to?(:logger) && record.logger
           end
         end
+      ensure
+        ite.each do |i|
+          i.rolledback!(full_rollback?, false)
+        end
       end
 
-      def commit_records
+      def commit
         @state.set_state(:committed)
-        records.uniq.each do |record|
+      end
+
+      def commit_records
+        ite = records.uniq
+        while record = ite.shift
           begin
             record.committed!
           rescue => e
+            raise if ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks
             record.logger.error(e) if record.respond_to?(:logger) && record.logger
           end
         end
+      ensure
+        ite.each do |i|
+          i.committed!(false)
+        end
       end
 
-      def closed?
-        false
+      def full_rollback?; true; end
+      def joinable?; @joinable; end
+      def closed?; false; end
+      def open?; !closed?; end
+    end
+
+    class SavepointTransaction < Transaction
+
+      def initialize(connection, savepoint_name, options)
+        super(connection, options)
+        if options[:isolation]
+          raise ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError, "cannot set transaction isolation in a nested transaction"
+        end
+        connection.create_savepoint(@savepoint_name = savepoint_name)
       end
 
-      def open?
-        true
+      def rollback
+        connection.rollback_to_savepoint(savepoint_name)
+        super
+        rollback_records
       end
-    end
 
-    class RealTransaction < OpenTransaction #:nodoc:
-      def initialize(connection, parent, options = {})
+      def commit
+        connection.release_savepoint(savepoint_name)
         super
+        parent = connection.transaction_manager.current_transaction
+        records.each { |r| parent.add_record(r) }
+      end
+
+      def full_rollback?; false; end
+    end
 
+    class RealTransaction < Transaction
+
+      def initialize(connection, options)
+        super
         if options[:isolation]
           connection.begin_isolated_db_transaction(options[:isolation])
         else
@@ -171,37 +145,69 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def perform_rollback
+      def rollback
         connection.rollback_db_transaction
+        super
         rollback_records
       end
 
-      def perform_commit
+      def commit
         connection.commit_db_transaction
+        super
         commit_records
       end
     end
 
-    class SavepointTransaction < OpenTransaction #:nodoc:
-      def initialize(connection, parent, options = {})
-        if options[:isolation]
-          raise ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError, "cannot set transaction isolation in a nested transaction"
-        end
+    class TransactionManager #:nodoc:
+      def initialize(connection)
+        @stack = []
+        @connection = connection
+      end
 
-        super
-        connection.create_savepoint
+      def begin_transaction(options = {})
+        transaction =
+          if @stack.empty?
+            RealTransaction.new(@connection, options)
+          else
+            SavepointTransaction.new(@connection, "active_record_#{@stack.size}", options)
+          end
+        @stack.push(transaction)
+        transaction
       end
 
-      def perform_rollback
-        connection.rollback_to_savepoint
-        rollback_records
+      def commit_transaction
+        @stack.pop.commit
       end
 
-      def perform_commit
-        @state.set_state(:committed)
-        @state.parent = parent.state
-        connection.release_savepoint
+      def rollback_transaction
+        @stack.pop.rollback
+      end
+
+      def within_new_transaction(options = {})
+        transaction = begin_transaction options
+        yield
+      rescue Exception => error
+        rollback_transaction if transaction
+        raise
+      ensure
+        begin
+          commit_transaction unless error
+        rescue Exception
+          transaction.rollback unless transaction.state.completed?
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      def open_transactions
+        @stack.size
       end
+
+      def current_transaction
+        @stack.last || NULL_TRANSACTION
+      end
+
+      private
+        NULL_TRANSACTION = NullTransaction.new
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
index 11b28a4858..a0d9086875 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,23 @@
 require 'date'
 require 'bigdecimal'
 require 'bigdecimal/util'
+require 'active_record/type'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/benchmark'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation'
 require 'monitor'
+require 'arel/collectors/bind'
+require 'arel/collectors/sql_string'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
     extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
-    autoload :Column
+    autoload_at 'active_record/connection_adapters/column' do
+      autoload :Column
+      autoload :NullColumn
+    end
     autoload :ConnectionSpecification
 
     autoload_at 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions' do
@@ -39,7 +45,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     autoload_at 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction' do
-      autoload :ClosedTransaction
+      autoload :TransactionManager
+      autoload :NullTransaction
       autoload :RealTransaction
       autoload :SavepointTransaction
       autoload :TransactionState
@@ -59,6 +66,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Most of the methods in the adapter are useful during migrations. Most
     # notably, the instance methods provided by SchemaStatement are very useful.
     class AbstractAdapter
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'Abstract'.freeze
       include Quoting, DatabaseStatements, SchemaStatements
       include DatabaseLimits
       include QueryCache
@@ -71,8 +79,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       define_callbacks :checkout, :checkin
 
       attr_accessor :visitor, :pool
-      attr_reader :schema_cache, :last_use, :in_use, :logger
-      alias :in_use? :in_use
+      attr_reader :schema_cache, :owner, :logger
+      alias :in_use? :owner
 
       def self.type_cast_config_to_integer(config)
         if config =~ SIMPLE_INT
@@ -90,13 +98,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      attr_reader :prepared_statements
+
       def initialize(connection, logger = nil, pool = nil) #:nodoc:
         super()
 
         @connection          = connection
-        @in_use              = false
+        @owner               = nil
         @instrumenter        = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
-        @last_use            = false
         @logger              = logger
         @pool                = pool
         @schema_cache        = SchemaCache.new self
@@ -104,6 +113,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @prepared_statements = false
       end
 
+      class BindCollector < Arel::Collectors::Bind
+        def compile(bvs, conn)
+          super(bvs.map { |bv| conn.quote(*bv.reverse) })
+        end
+      end
+
+      class SQLString < Arel::Collectors::SQLString
+        def compile(bvs, conn)
+          super(bvs)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def collector
+        if prepared_statements
+          SQLString.new
+        else
+          BindCollector.new
+        end
+      end
+
       def valid_type?(type)
         true
       end
@@ -114,9 +143,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def lease
         synchronize do
-          unless in_use
-            @in_use   = true
-            @last_use = Time.now
+          unless in_use?
+            @owner = Thread.current
           end
         end
       end
@@ -127,49 +155,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def expire
-        @in_use = false
-      end
-
-      def unprepared_visitor
-        self.class::BindSubstitution.new self
+        @owner = nil
       end
 
       def unprepared_statement
         old_prepared_statements, @prepared_statements = @prepared_statements, false
-        old_visitor, @visitor = @visitor, unprepared_visitor
         yield
       ensure
-        @visitor, @prepared_statements = old_visitor, old_prepared_statements
+        @prepared_statements = old_prepared_statements
       end
 
       # Returns the human-readable name of the adapter. Use mixed case - one
       # can always use downcase if needed.
       def adapter_name
-        'Abstract'
+        self.class::ADAPTER_NAME
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support migrations? Backend specific, as the
-      # abstract adapter always returns +false+.
+      # Does this adapter support migrations?
       def supports_migrations?
         false
       end
 
       # Can this adapter determine the primary key for tables not attached
-      # to an Active Record class, such as join tables? Backend specific, as
-      # the abstract adapter always returns +false+.
+      # to an Active Record class, such as join tables?
       def supports_primary_key?
         false
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support using DISTINCT within COUNT? This is +true+
-      # for all adapters except sqlite.
-      def supports_count_distinct?
-        true
-      end
-
       # Does this adapter support DDL rollbacks in transactions? That is, would
-      # CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE get rolled back by a transaction? PostgreSQL,
-      # SQL Server, and others support this. MySQL and others do not.
+      # CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE get rolled back by a transaction?
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
         false
       end
@@ -178,8 +192,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support savepoints? PostgreSQL and MySQL do,
-      # SQLite < 3.6.8 does not.
+      # Does this adapter support savepoints?
       def supports_savepoints?
         false
       end
@@ -187,7 +200,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Should primary key values be selected from their corresponding
       # sequence before the insert statement? If true, next_sequence_value
       # is called before each insert to set the record's primary key.
-      # This is false for all adapters but Firebird.
       def prefetch_primary_key?(table_name = nil)
         false
       end
@@ -202,8 +214,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support explain? As of this writing sqlite3,
-      # mysql2, and postgresql are the only ones that do.
+      # Does this adapter support explain?
       def supports_explain?
         false
       end
@@ -213,12 +224,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support database extensions? As of this writing only
-      # postgresql does.
+      # Does this adapter support database extensions?
       def supports_extensions?
         false
       end
 
+      # Does this adapter support creating indexes in the same statement as
+      # creating the table?
+      def supports_indexes_in_create?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support creating foreign key constraints?
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support views?
+      def supports_views?
+        false
+      end
+
       # This is meant to be implemented by the adapters that support extensions
       def disable_extension(name)
       end
@@ -227,14 +253,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def enable_extension(name)
       end
 
-      # A list of extensions, to be filled in by adapters that support them. At
-      # the moment only postgresql does.
+      # A list of extensions, to be filled in by adapters that support them.
       def extensions
         []
       end
 
       # A list of index algorithms, to be filled by adapters that support them.
-      # MySQL and PostgreSQL have support for them right now.
       def index_algorithms
         {}
       end
@@ -262,12 +286,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def active?
       end
 
-      # Adapter should redefine this if it needs a threadsafe way to approximate
-      # if the connection is active
-      def active_threadsafe?
-        active?
-      end
-
       # Disconnects from the database if already connected, and establishes a
       # new connection with the database. Implementors should call super if they
       # override the default implementation.
@@ -301,7 +319,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Returns true if its required to reload the connection between requests for development mode.
-      # This is not the case for Ruby/MySQL and it's not necessary for any adapters except SQLite.
       def requires_reloading?
         false
       end
@@ -323,10 +340,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection
       end
 
-      def open_transactions
-        @transaction.number
-      end
-
       def create_savepoint(name = nil)
       end
 
@@ -336,16 +349,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def release_savepoint(name = nil)
       end
 
-      def case_sensitive_modifier(node)
+      def case_sensitive_modifier(node, table_attribute)
         node
       end
 
+      def case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
+        table_attr = table[attribute]
+        value = case_sensitive_modifier(value, table_attr) unless value.nil?
+        table_attr.eq(value)
+      end
+
       def case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
         table[attribute].lower.eq(table.lower(value))
       end
 
       def current_savepoint_name
-        "active_record_#{open_transactions}"
+        current_transaction.savepoint_name
       end
 
       # Check the connection back in to the connection pool
@@ -353,8 +372,80 @@ module ActiveRecord
         pool.checkin self
       end
 
+      def type_map # :nodoc:
+        @type_map ||= Type::TypeMap.new.tap do |mapping|
+          initialize_type_map(mapping)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def new_column(name, default, cast_type, sql_type = nil, null = true)
+        Column.new(name, default, cast_type, sql_type, null)
+      end
+
+      def lookup_cast_type(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        type_map.lookup(sql_type)
+      end
+
       protected
 
+      def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(boolean)i,   Type::Boolean
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(char)i,      Type::String
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(binary)i,    Type::Binary
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(text)i,      Type::Text
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(date)i,      Type::Date
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(time)i,      Type::Time
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(datetime)i,  Type::DateTime
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(float)i,     Type::Float
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(int)i,       Type::Integer
+
+        m.alias_type %r(blob)i,      'binary'
+        m.alias_type %r(clob)i,      'text'
+        m.alias_type %r(timestamp)i, 'datetime'
+        m.alias_type %r(numeric)i,   'decimal'
+        m.alias_type %r(number)i,    'decimal'
+        m.alias_type %r(double)i,    'float'
+
+        m.register_type(%r(decimal)i) do |sql_type|
+          scale = extract_scale(sql_type)
+          precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+
+          if scale == 0
+            # FIXME: Remove this class as well
+            Type::DecimalWithoutScale.new(precision: precision)
+          else
+            Type::Decimal.new(precision: precision, scale: scale)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def reload_type_map # :nodoc:
+        type_map.clear
+        initialize_type_map(type_map)
+      end
+
+      def register_class_with_limit(mapping, key, klass) # :nodoc:
+        mapping.register_type(key) do |*args|
+          limit = extract_limit(args.last)
+          klass.new(limit: limit)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extract_scale(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        case sql_type
+          when /\((\d+)\)/ then 0
+          when /\((\d+)(,(\d+))\)/ then $3.to_i
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extract_precision(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((\d+)(,\d+)?\)/
+      end
+
+      def extract_limit(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((.*)\)/
+      end
+
       def translate_exception_class(e, sql)
         message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}: #{sql}"
         @logger.error message if @logger
@@ -381,7 +472,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def without_prepared_statement?(binds)
-        !@prepared_statements || binds.empty?
+        !prepared_statements || binds.empty?
+      end
+
+      def column_for(table_name, column_name) # :nodoc:
+        column_name = column_name.to_s
+        columns(table_name).detect { |c| c.name == column_name } ||
+          raise(ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}")
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
index 23edc8b955..e72055c9e9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
@@ -6,18 +7,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
       include Savepoints
 
       class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation
-
         def visit_AddColumn(o)
           add_column_position!(super, column_options(o))
         end
 
         private
+
+        def visit_DropForeignKey(name)
+          "DROP FOREIGN KEY #{name}"
+        end
+
+        def visit_TableDefinition(o)
+          name = o.name
+          create_sql = "CREATE#{' TEMPORARY' if o.temporary} TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} "
+
+          statements = o.columns.map { |c| accept c }
+          statements.concat(o.indexes.map { |column_name, options| index_in_create(name, column_name, options) })
+
+          create_sql << "(#{statements.join(', ')}) " if statements.present?
+          create_sql << "#{o.options}"
+          create_sql << " AS #{@conn.to_sql(o.as)}" if o.as
+          create_sql
+        end
+
         def visit_ChangeColumnDefinition(o)
           column = o.column
           options = o.options
           sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])
           change_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column.name)} #{quote_column_name(options[:name])} #{sql_type}"
-          add_column_options!(change_column_sql, options)
+          add_column_options!(change_column_sql, options.merge(column: column))
           add_column_position!(change_column_sql, options)
         end
 
@@ -29,6 +47,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
           sql
         end
+
+        def index_in_create(table_name, column_name, options)
+          index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, index_algorithm, index_using = @conn.add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
+          "#{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} #{index_using} (#{index_columns})#{index_options} #{index_algorithm}"
+        end
       end
 
       def schema_creation
@@ -38,29 +61,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class Column < ConnectionAdapters::Column # :nodoc:
         attr_reader :collation, :strict, :extra
 
-        def initialize(name, default, sql_type = nil, null = true, collation = nil, strict = false, extra = "")
+        def initialize(name, default, cast_type, sql_type = nil, null = true, collation = nil, strict = false, extra = "")
           @strict    = strict
           @collation = collation
           @extra     = extra
-          super(name, default, sql_type, null)
+          super(name, default, cast_type, sql_type, null)
+          assert_valid_default(default)
+          extract_default
         end
 
-        def extract_default(default)
+        def extract_default
           if blob_or_text_column?
-            if default.blank?
-              null || strict ? nil : ''
-            else
-              raise ArgumentError, "#{type} columns cannot have a default value: #{default.inspect}"
-            end
-          elsif missing_default_forged_as_empty_string?(default)
-            nil
-          else
-            super
+            @default = null || strict ? nil : ''
+          elsif missing_default_forged_as_empty_string?(@default)
+            @default = nil
           end
         end
 
         def has_default?
-          return false if blob_or_text_column? #mysql forbids defaults on blob and text columns
+          return false if blob_or_text_column? # MySQL forbids defaults on blob and text columns
           super
         end
 
@@ -68,54 +87,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           sql_type =~ /blob/i || type == :text
         end
 
-        # Must return the relevant concrete adapter
-        def adapter
-          raise NotImplementedError
-        end
-
         def case_sensitive?
           collation && !collation.match(/_ci$/)
         end
 
         private
 
-        def simplified_type(field_type)
-          return :boolean if adapter.emulate_booleans && field_type.downcase.index("tinyint(1)")
-
-          case field_type
-          when /enum/i, /set/i then :string
-          when /year/i         then :integer
-          when /bit/i          then :binary
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def extract_limit(sql_type)
-          case sql_type
-          when /^enum\((.+)\)/i
-            $1.split(',').map{|enum| enum.strip.length - 2}.max
-          when /blob|text/i
-            case sql_type
-            when /tiny/i
-              255
-            when /medium/i
-              16777215
-            when /long/i
-              2147483647 # mysql only allows 2^31-1, not 2^32-1, somewhat inconsistently with the tiny/medium/normal cases
-            else
-              super # we could return 65535 here, but we leave it undecorated by default
-            end
-          when /^bigint/i;    8
-          when /^int/i;       4
-          when /^mediumint/i; 3
-          when /^smallint/i;  2
-          when /^tinyint/i;   1
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
         # MySQL misreports NOT NULL column default when none is given.
         # We can't detect this for columns which may have a legitimate ''
         # default (string) but we can for others (integer, datetime, boolean,
@@ -126,6 +103,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def missing_default_forged_as_empty_string?(default)
           type != :string && !null && default == ''
         end
+
+        def assert_valid_default(default)
+          if blob_or_text_column? && default.present?
+            raise ArgumentError, "#{type} columns cannot have a default value: #{default.inspect}"
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       ##
@@ -155,7 +138,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         :float       => { :name => "float" },
         :decimal     => { :name => "decimal" },
         :datetime    => { :name => "datetime" },
-        :timestamp   => { :name => "datetime" },
         :time        => { :name => "time" },
         :date        => { :name => "date" },
         :binary      => { :name => "blob" },
@@ -165,28 +147,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       INDEX_TYPES  = [:fulltext, :spatial]
       INDEX_USINGS = [:btree, :hash]
 
-      class BindSubstitution < Arel::Visitors::MySQL # :nodoc:
-        include Arel::Visitors::BindVisitor
-      end
-
       # FIXME: Make the first parameter more similar for the two adapters
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
         super(connection, logger)
         @connection_options, @config = connection_options, config
         @quoted_column_names, @quoted_table_names = {}, {}
 
+        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::MySQL.new self
+
         if self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true })
           @prepared_statements = true
-          @visitor = Arel::Visitors::MySQL.new self
         else
-          @visitor = unprepared_visitor
+          @prepared_statements = false
         end
       end
 
-      def adapter_name #:nodoc:
-        self.class::ADAPTER_NAME
-      end
-
       # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports migrations.
       def supports_migrations?
         true
@@ -206,17 +181,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      def type_cast(value, column)
-        case value
-        when TrueClass
-          1
-        when FalseClass
-          0
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
       # MySQL 4 technically support transaction isolation, but it is affected by a bug
       # where the transaction level gets persisted for the whole session:
       #
@@ -225,6 +189,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         version[0] >= 5
       end
 
+      def supports_indexes_in_create?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_views?
+        version[0] >= 5
+      end
+
       def native_database_types
         NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
       end
@@ -241,12 +217,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise NotImplementedError
       end
 
-      # Overridden by the adapters to instantiate their specific Column type.
-      def new_column(field, default, type, null, collation, extra = "") # :nodoc:
-        Column.new(field, default, type, null, collation, extra)
+      def new_column(field, default, cast_type, sql_type = nil, null = true, collation = "", extra = "") # :nodoc:
+        Column.new(field, default, cast_type, sql_type, null, collation, strict_mode?, extra)
       end
 
-      # Must return the Mysql error number from the exception, if the exception has an
+      # Must return the MySQL error number from the exception, if the exception has an
       # error number.
       def error_number(exception) # :nodoc:
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -254,12 +229,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # QUOTING ==================================================
 
-      def quote(value, column = nil)
-        if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary
-          s = value.unpack("H*")[0]
-          "x'#{s}'"
-        elsif value.kind_of?(BigDecimal)
-          value.to_s("F")
+      def _quote(value) # :nodoc:
+        if value.is_a?(Type::Binary::Data)
+          "x'#{value.hex}'"
         else
           super
         end
@@ -277,10 +249,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         QUOTED_TRUE
       end
 
+      def unquoted_true
+        1
+      end
+
       def quoted_false
         QUOTED_FALSE
       end
 
+      def unquoted_false
+        0
+      end
+
       # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
 
       def disable_referential_integrity #:nodoc:
@@ -296,6 +276,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
 
+      def clear_cache!
+        super
+        reload_type_map
+      end
+
       # Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection.
       def execute(sql, name = nil)
         log(sql, name) { @connection.query(sql) }
@@ -405,7 +390,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def table_exists?(name)
-        return false unless name
+        return false unless name.present?
         return true if tables(nil, nil, name).any?
 
         name          = name.to_s
@@ -449,7 +434,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         execute_and_free(sql, 'SCHEMA') do |result|
           each_hash(result).map do |field|
             field_name = set_field_encoding(field[:Field])
-            new_column(field_name, field[:Default], field[:Type], field[:Null] == "YES", field[:Collation], field[:Extra])
+            sql_type = field[:Type]
+            cast_type = lookup_cast_type(sql_type)
+            new_column(field_name, field[:Default], cast_type, sql_type, field[:Null] == "YES", field[:Collation], field[:Extra])
           end
         end
       end
@@ -459,7 +446,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def bulk_change_table(table_name, operations) #:nodoc:
-        sqls = operations.map do |command, args|
+        sqls = operations.flat_map do |command, args|
           table, arguments = args.shift, args
           method = :"#{command}_sql"
 
@@ -468,7 +455,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           else
             raise "Unknown method called : #{method}(#{arguments.inspect})"
           end
-        end.flatten.join(", ")
+        end.join(", ")
 
         execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sqls}")
       end
@@ -487,7 +474,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
-        if (version[0] == 5 && version[1] >= 7) || version[0] >= 6
+        if supports_rename_index?
           execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME INDEX #{quote_table_name(old_name)} TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
         else
           super
@@ -523,6 +510,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
         execute "CREATE #{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} #{index_using} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)} (#{index_columns})#{index_options} #{index_algorithm}"
       end
 
+      def foreign_keys(table_name)
+        fk_info = select_all <<-SQL.strip_heredoc
+          SELECT fk.referenced_table_name as 'to_table'
+                ,fk.referenced_column_name as 'primary_key'
+                ,fk.column_name as 'column'
+                ,fk.constraint_name as 'name'
+          FROM information_schema.key_column_usage fk
+          WHERE fk.referenced_column_name is not null
+            AND fk.table_schema = '#{@config[:database]}'
+            AND fk.table_name = '#{table_name}'
+        SQL
+
+        create_table_info = select_one("SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}")["Create Table"]
+
+        fk_info.map do |row|
+          options = {
+            column: row['column'],
+            name: row['name'],
+            primary_key: row['primary_key']
+          }
+
+          options[:on_update] = extract_foreign_key_action(create_table_info, row['name'], "UPDATE")
+          options[:on_delete] = extract_foreign_key_action(create_table_info, row['name'], "DELETE")
+
+          ForeignKeyDefinition.new(table_name, row['to_table'], options)
+        end
+      end
+
       # Maps logical Rails types to MySQL-specific data types.
       def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
         case type.to_s
@@ -588,10 +603,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         pk_and_sequence && pk_and_sequence.first
       end
 
-      def case_sensitive_modifier(node)
+      def case_sensitive_modifier(node, table_attribute)
+        node = Arel::Nodes.build_quoted node, table_attribute
         Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(node)
       end
 
+      def case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
+        if column.case_sensitive?
+          table[attribute].eq(value)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
       def case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
         if column.case_sensitive?
           super
@@ -614,6 +638,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       protected
 
+      def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+        super
+        m.register_type(%r(enum)i) do |sql_type|
+          limit = sql_type[/^enum\((.+)\)/i, 1]
+            .split(',').map{|enum| enum.strip.length - 2}.max
+          Type::String.new(limit: limit)
+        end
+
+        m.register_type %r(tinytext)i,   Type::Text.new(limit: 255)
+        m.register_type %r(tinyblob)i,   Type::Binary.new(limit: 255)
+        m.register_type %r(mediumtext)i, Type::Text.new(limit: 16777215)
+        m.register_type %r(mediumblob)i, Type::Binary.new(limit: 16777215)
+        m.register_type %r(longtext)i,   Type::Text.new(limit: 2147483647)
+        m.register_type %r(longblob)i,   Type::Binary.new(limit: 2147483647)
+        m.register_type %r(^bigint)i,    Type::Integer.new(limit: 8)
+        m.register_type %r(^int)i,       Type::Integer.new(limit: 4)
+        m.register_type %r(^mediumint)i, Type::Integer.new(limit: 3)
+        m.register_type %r(^smallint)i,  Type::Integer.new(limit: 2)
+        m.register_type %r(^tinyint)i,   Type::Integer.new(limit: 1)
+        m.register_type %r(^float)i,     Type::Float.new(limit: 24)
+        m.register_type %r(^double)i,    Type::Float.new(limit: 53)
+
+        m.alias_type %r(tinyint\(1\))i,  'boolean' if emulate_booleans
+        m.alias_type %r(set)i,           'varchar'
+        m.alias_type %r(year)i,          'integer'
+        m.alias_type %r(bit)i,           'binary'
+      end
+
       # MySQL is too stupid to create a temporary table for use subquery, so we have
       # to give it some prompting in the form of a subsubquery. Ugh!
       def subquery_for(key, select)
@@ -683,15 +735,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def rename_column_sql(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
-        options = { name: new_column_name }
-
-        if column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-          options[:default] = column.default
-          options[:null] = column.null
-          options[:auto_increment] = (column.extra == "auto_increment")
-        else
-          raise ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-        end
+        column  = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+        options = {
+          name: new_column_name,
+          default: column.default,
+          null: column.null,
+          auto_increment: column.extra == "auto_increment"
+        }
 
         current_type = select_one("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE '#{column_name}'", 'SCHEMA')["Type"]
         schema_creation.accept ChangeColumnDefinition.new column, current_type, options
@@ -715,8 +765,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "DROP INDEX #{index_name}"
       end
 
-      def add_timestamps_sql(table_name)
-        [add_column_sql(table_name, :created_at, :datetime), add_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime)]
+      def add_timestamps_sql(table_name, options = {})
+        [add_column_sql(table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options), add_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options)]
       end
 
       def remove_timestamps_sql(table_name)
@@ -725,40 +775,45 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
-      def supports_views?
-        version[0] >= 5
+      def version
+        @version ||= full_version.scan(/^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/).flatten.map { |v| v.to_i }
       end
 
-      def column_for(table_name, column_name)
-        unless column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-          raise "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-        end
-        column
+      def mariadb?
+        full_version =~ /mariadb/i
+      end
+
+      def supports_rename_index?
+        mariadb? ? false : (version[0] == 5 && version[1] >= 7) || version[0] >= 6
       end
 
       def configure_connection
-        variables = @config[:variables] || {}
+        variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys
 
         # By default, MySQL 'where id is null' selects the last inserted id.
         # Turn this off. http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/6778
-        variables[:sql_auto_is_null] = 0
+        variables['sql_auto_is_null'] = 0
 
         # Increase timeout so the server doesn't disconnect us.
         wait_timeout = @config[:wait_timeout]
         wait_timeout = 2147483 unless wait_timeout.is_a?(Fixnum)
-        variables[:wait_timeout] = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(wait_timeout)
+        variables['wait_timeout'] = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(wait_timeout)
 
         # Make MySQL reject illegal values rather than truncating or blanking them, see
         # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/server-sql-mode.html#sqlmode_strict_all_tables
         # If the user has provided another value for sql_mode, don't replace it.
-        if strict_mode? && !variables.has_key?(:sql_mode)
-          variables[:sql_mode] = 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES'
+        unless variables.has_key?('sql_mode')
+          variables['sql_mode'] = strict_mode? ? 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES' : ''
         end
 
         # NAMES does not have an equals sign, see
         # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/set-statement.html#id944430
         # (trailing comma because variable_assignments will always have content)
-        encoding = "NAMES #{@config[:encoding]}, " if @config[:encoding]
+        if @config[:encoding]
+          encoding = "NAMES #{@config[:encoding]}"
+          encoding << " COLLATE #{@config[:collation]}" if @config[:collation]
+          encoding << ", "
+        end
 
         # Gather up all of the SET variables...
         variable_assignments = variables.map do |k, v|
@@ -773,6 +828,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # ...and send them all in one query
         @connection.query  "SET #{encoding} #{variable_assignments}"
       end
+
+      def extract_foreign_key_action(structure, name, action) # :nodoc:
+        if structure =~ /CONSTRAINT #{quote_column_name(name)} FOREIGN KEY .* REFERENCES .* ON #{action} (CASCADE|SET NULL|RESTRICT)/
+          case $1
+          when 'CASCADE'; :cascade
+          when 'SET NULL'; :nullify
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
index f2fbd5a8f2..5f9cc6edd0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
@@ -13,101 +13,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ISO_DATETIME = /\A(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d) (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)(\.\d+)?\z/
       end
 
-      attr_reader :name, :default, :type, :limit, :null, :sql_type, :precision, :scale, :default_function
-      attr_accessor :primary, :coder
+      attr_reader :name, :cast_type, :null, :sql_type, :default, :default_function
 
-      alias :encoded? :coder
+      delegate :type, :precision, :scale, :limit, :klass, :accessor,
+        :number?, :binary?, :changed?,
+        :type_cast_from_user, :type_cast_from_database, :type_cast_for_database,
+        :type_cast_for_schema,
+        to: :cast_type
 
       # Instantiates a new column in the table.
       #
       # +name+ is the column's name, such as <tt>supplier_id</tt> in <tt>supplier_id int(11)</tt>.
       # +default+ is the type-casted default value, such as +new+ in <tt>sales_stage varchar(20) default 'new'</tt>.
+      # +cast_type+ is the object used for type casting and type information.
       # +sql_type+ is used to extract the column's length, if necessary. For example +60+ in
       # <tt>company_name varchar(60)</tt>.
       # It will be mapped to one of the standard Rails SQL types in the <tt>type</tt> attribute.
       # +null+ determines if this column allows +NULL+ values.
-      def initialize(name, default, sql_type = nil, null = true)
+      def initialize(name, default, cast_type, sql_type = nil, null = true)
         @name             = name
+        @cast_type        = cast_type
         @sql_type         = sql_type
         @null             = null
-        @limit            = extract_limit(sql_type)
-        @precision        = extract_precision(sql_type)
-        @scale            = extract_scale(sql_type)
-        @type             = simplified_type(sql_type)
-        @default          = extract_default(default)
+        @default          = default
         @default_function = nil
-        @primary          = nil
-        @coder            = nil
-      end
-
-      # Returns +true+ if the column is either of type string or text.
-      def text?
-        type == :string || type == :text
-      end
-
-      # Returns +true+ if the column is either of type integer, float or decimal.
-      def number?
-        type == :integer || type == :float || type == :decimal
       end
 
       def has_default?
         !default.nil?
       end
 
-      # Returns the Ruby class that corresponds to the abstract data type.
-      def klass
-        case type
-        when :integer                     then Fixnum
-        when :float                       then Float
-        when :decimal                     then BigDecimal
-        when :datetime, :timestamp, :time then Time
-        when :date                        then Date
-        when :text, :string, :binary      then String
-        when :boolean                     then Object
-        end
-      end
-
-      def binary?
-        type == :binary
-      end
-
-      # Casts a Ruby value to something appropriate for writing to the database.
-      def type_cast_for_write(value)
-        return value unless number?
-
-        case value
-        when FalseClass
-          0
-        when TrueClass
-          1
-        when String
-          value.presence
-        else
-          value
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Casts value (which is a String) to an appropriate instance.
-      def type_cast(value)
-        return nil if value.nil?
-        return coder.load(value) if encoded?
-
-        klass = self.class
-
-        case type
-        when :string, :text        then value
-        when :integer              then klass.value_to_integer(value)
-        when :float                then value.to_f
-        when :decimal              then klass.value_to_decimal(value)
-        when :datetime, :timestamp then klass.string_to_time(value)
-        when :time                 then klass.string_to_dummy_time(value)
-        when :date                 then klass.value_to_date(value)
-        when :binary               then klass.binary_to_string(value)
-        when :boolean              then klass.value_to_boolean(value)
-        else value
-        end
-      end
-
       # Returns the human name of the column name.
       #
       # ===== Examples
@@ -116,177 +51,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         Base.human_attribute_name(@name)
       end
 
-      def extract_default(default)
-        type_cast(default)
-      end
-
-      class << self
-        # Used to convert from BLOBs to Strings
-        def binary_to_string(value)
-          value
+      def with_type(type)
+        dup.tap do |clone|
+          clone.instance_variable_set('@cast_type', type)
         end
-
-        def value_to_date(value)
-          if value.is_a?(String)
-            return nil if value.empty?
-            fast_string_to_date(value) || fallback_string_to_date(value)
-          elsif value.respond_to?(:to_date)
-            value.to_date
-          else
-            value
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_time(string)
-          return string unless string.is_a?(String)
-          return nil if string.empty?
-
-          fast_string_to_time(string) || fallback_string_to_time(string)
-        end
-
-        def string_to_dummy_time(string)
-          return string unless string.is_a?(String)
-          return nil if string.empty?
-
-          dummy_time_string = "2000-01-01 #{string}"
-
-          fast_string_to_time(dummy_time_string) || begin
-            time_hash = Date._parse(dummy_time_string)
-            return nil if time_hash[:hour].nil?
-            new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction))
-          end
-        end
-
-        # convert something to a boolean
-        def value_to_boolean(value)
-          if value.is_a?(String) && value.empty?
-            nil
-          else
-            TRUE_VALUES.include?(value)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Used to convert values to integer.
-        # handle the case when an integer column is used to store boolean values
-        def value_to_integer(value)
-          case value
-          when TrueClass, FalseClass
-            value ? 1 : 0
-          else
-            value.to_i rescue nil
-          end
-        end
-
-        # convert something to a BigDecimal
-        def value_to_decimal(value)
-          # Using .class is faster than .is_a? and
-          # subclasses of BigDecimal will be handled
-          # in the else clause
-          if value.class == BigDecimal
-            value
-          elsif value.respond_to?(:to_d)
-            value.to_d
-          else
-            value.to_s.to_d
-          end
-        end
-
-        protected
-          # '0.123456' -> 123456
-          # '1.123456' -> 123456
-          def microseconds(time)
-            time[:sec_fraction] ? (time[:sec_fraction] * 1_000_000).to_i : 0
-          end
-
-          def new_date(year, mon, mday)
-            if year && year != 0
-              Date.new(year, mon, mday) rescue nil
-            end
-          end
-
-          def new_time(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec, offset = nil)
-            # Treat 0000-00-00 00:00:00 as nil.
-            return nil if year.nil? || (year == 0 && mon == 0 && mday == 0)
-
-            if offset
-              time = Time.utc(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
-              return nil unless time
-
-              time -= offset
-              Base.default_timezone == :utc ? time : time.getlocal
-            else
-              Time.public_send(Base.default_timezone, year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
-            end
-          end
-
-          def fast_string_to_date(string)
-            if string =~ Format::ISO_DATE
-              new_date $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i
-            end
-          end
-
-          # Doesn't handle time zones.
-          def fast_string_to_time(string)
-            if string =~ Format::ISO_DATETIME
-              microsec = ($7.to_r * 1_000_000).to_i
-              new_time $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i, $6.to_i, microsec
-            end
-          end
-
-          def fallback_string_to_date(string)
-            new_date(*::Date._parse(string, false).values_at(:year, :mon, :mday))
-          end
-
-          def fallback_string_to_time(string)
-            time_hash = Date._parse(string)
-            time_hash[:sec_fraction] = microseconds(time_hash)
-
-            new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction, :offset))
-          end
       end
-
-      private
-        def extract_limit(sql_type)
-          $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((.*)\)/
-        end
-
-        def extract_precision(sql_type)
-          $2.to_i if sql_type =~ /^(numeric|decimal|number)\((\d+)(,\d+)?\)/i
-        end
-
-        def extract_scale(sql_type)
-          case sql_type
-            when /^(numeric|decimal|number)\((\d+)\)/i then 0
-            when /^(numeric|decimal|number)\((\d+)(,(\d+))\)/i then $4.to_i
-          end
-        end
-
-        def simplified_type(field_type)
-          case field_type
-          when /int/i
-            :integer
-          when /float|double/i
-            :float
-          when /decimal|numeric|number/i
-            extract_scale(field_type) == 0 ? :integer : :decimal
-          when /datetime/i
-            :datetime
-          when /timestamp/i
-            :timestamp
-          when /time/i
-            :time
-          when /date/i
-            :date
-          when /clob/i, /text/i
-            :text
-          when /blob/i, /binary/i
-            :binary
-          when /char/i
-            :string
-          when /boolean/i
-            :boolean
-          end
-        end
     end
   end
   # :startdoc:
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
index 3f8b14bf67..d28a54b8f9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
@@ -32,10 +32,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   }
         def initialize(url)
           raise "Database URL cannot be empty" if url.blank?
-          @uri     = URI.parse(url)
-          @adapter = @uri.scheme
+          @uri     = uri_parser.parse(url)
+          @adapter = @uri.scheme.gsub('-', '_')
           @adapter = "postgresql" if @adapter == "postgres"
-          @query   = @uri.query || ''
+
+          if @uri.opaque
+            @uri.opaque, @query = @uri.opaque.split('?', 2)
+          else
+            @query = @uri.query
+          end
         end
 
         # Converts the given URL to a full connection hash.
@@ -57,38 +62,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Converts the query parameters of the URI into a hash.
         #
-        #   "localhost?pool=5&reap_frequency=2"
-        #   # => { "pool" => "5", "reap_frequency" => "2" }
+        #   "localhost?pool=5&reaping_frequency=2"
+        #   # => { "pool" => "5", "reaping_frequency" => "2" }
         #
         # returns empty hash if no query present.
         #
         #   "localhost"
         #   # => {}
         def query_hash
-          Hash[@query.split("&").map { |pair| pair.split("=") }]
+          Hash[(@query || '').split("&").map { |pair| pair.split("=") }]
         end
 
         def raw_config
-          query_hash.merge({
-            "adapter"  => @adapter,
-            "username" => uri.user,
-            "password" => uri.password,
-            "port"     => uri.port,
-            "database" => database,
-            "host"     => uri.host })
+          if uri.opaque
+            query_hash.merge({
+              "adapter"  => @adapter,
+              "database" => uri.opaque })
+          else
+            query_hash.merge({
+              "adapter"  => @adapter,
+              "username" => uri.user,
+              "password" => uri.password,
+              "port"     => uri.port,
+              "database" => database_from_path,
+              "host"     => uri.hostname })
+          end
         end
 
         # Returns name of the database.
-        # Sqlite3 expects this to be a full path or `:memory:`.
-        def database
+        def database_from_path
           if @adapter == 'sqlite3'
-            if '/:memory:' == uri.path
-              ':memory:'
-            else
-              uri.path
-            end
+            # 'sqlite3:/foo' is absolute, because that makes sense. The
+            # corresponding relative version, 'sqlite3:foo', is handled
+            # elsewhere, as an "opaque".
+
+            uri.path
           else
-            uri.path.sub(%r{^/},"")
+            # Only SQLite uses a filename as the "database" name; for
+            # anything else, a leading slash would be silly.
+
+            uri.path.sub(%r{^/}, "")
           end
         end
       end
@@ -124,7 +137,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if config
             resolve_connection config
           elsif env = ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::RAILS_ENV.call
-            resolve_env_connection env.to_sym
+            resolve_symbol_connection env.to_sym
           else
             raise AdapterNotSpecified
           end
@@ -147,7 +160,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   config = { "production" => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "sqlite3" } }
         #   spec = Resolver.new(config).spec(:production)
         #   spec.adapter_method
-        #   # => "sqlite3"
+        #   # => "sqlite3_connection"
         #   spec.config
         #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "sqlite3" }
         #
@@ -193,42 +206,41 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #
         def resolve_connection(spec)
           case spec
-          when Symbol, String
-            resolve_env_connection spec
+          when Symbol
+            resolve_symbol_connection spec
+          when String
+            resolve_string_connection spec
           when Hash
             resolve_hash_connection spec
           end
         end
 
+        def resolve_string_connection(spec)
+          # Rails has historically accepted a string to mean either
+          # an environment key or a URL spec, so we have deprecated
+          # this ambiguous behaviour and in the future this function
+          # can be removed in favor of resolve_url_connection.
+          if configurations.key?(spec) || spec !~ /:/
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Passing a string to ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection " \
+              "for a configuration lookup is deprecated, please pass a symbol (#{spec.to_sym.inspect}) instead"
+            resolve_symbol_connection(spec)
+          else
+            resolve_url_connection(spec)
+          end
+        end
+
         # Takes the environment such as `:production` or `:development`.
         # This requires that the @configurations was initialized with a key that
         # matches.
         #
-        #
-        #   Resolver.new("production" => {}).resolve_env_connection(:production)
+        #   Resolver.new("production" => {}).resolve_symbol_connection(:production)
         #   # => {}
         #
-        # Takes a connection URL.
-        #
-        #   Resolver.new({}).resolve_env_connection("postgresql://localhost/foo")
-        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "postgresql" }
-        #
-        def resolve_env_connection(spec)
-          # Rails has historically accepted a string to mean either
-          # an environment key or a URL spec, so we have deprecated
-          # this ambiguous behaviour and in the future this function
-          # can be removed in favor of resolve_string_connection and
-          # resolve_symbol_connection.
+        def resolve_symbol_connection(spec)
           if config = configurations[spec.to_s]
-            if spec.is_a?(String)
-              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Passing a string to ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection " \
-                "for a configuration lookup is deprecated, please pass a symbol (#{spec.to_sym.inspect}) instead"
-            end
             resolve_connection(config)
-          elsif spec.is_a?(String)
-            resolve_string_connection(spec)
           else
-            raise(AdapterNotSpecified, "'#{spec}' database is not configured. Available configuration: #{configurations.inspect}")
+            raise(AdapterNotSpecified, "'#{spec}' database is not configured. Available: #{configurations.keys.inspect}")
           end
         end
 
@@ -237,14 +249,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # hash and merges with the rest of the hash.
         # Connection details inside of the "url" key win any merge conflicts
         def resolve_hash_connection(spec)
-          if url = spec.delete("url")
-            connection_hash = resolve_string_connection(url)
+          if spec["url"] && spec["url"] !~ /^jdbc:/
+            connection_hash = resolve_url_connection(spec.delete("url"))
             spec.merge!(connection_hash)
           end
           spec
         end
 
-        def resolve_string_connection(url)
+        # Takes a connection URL.
+        #
+        #   Resolver.new({}).resolve_url_connection("postgresql://localhost/foo")
+        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "postgresql" }
+        #
+        def resolve_url_connection(url)
           ConnectionUrlResolver.new(url).to_hash
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
index b07b0cb826..38bdddefba 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
@@ -20,27 +20,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.new(client, logger, options, config)
     rescue Mysql2::Error => error
       if error.message.include?("Unknown database")
-        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message)
+        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message, error)
       else
-        raise error
+        raise
       end
     end
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class Mysql2Adapter < AbstractMysqlAdapter
-
-      class Column < AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column # :nodoc:
-        def adapter
-          Mysql2Adapter
-        end
-      end
-
-      ADAPTER_NAME = 'Mysql2'
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'Mysql2'.freeze
 
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
         super
-        @visitor = BindSubstitution.new self
+        @prepared_statements = false
         configure_connection
       end
 
@@ -69,10 +62,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def new_column(field, default, type, null, collation, extra = "") # :nodoc:
-        Column.new(field, default, type, null, collation, strict_mode?, extra)
-      end
-
       def error_number(exception)
         exception.error_number if exception.respond_to?(:error_number)
       end
@@ -83,6 +72,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection.escape(string)
       end
 
+      def quoted_date(value)
+        if value.acts_like?(:time) && value.respond_to?(:usec)
+          "#{super}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
       # CONNECTION MANAGEMENT ====================================
 
       def active?
@@ -272,8 +269,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
       end
 
-      def version
-        @version ||= @connection.info[:version].scan(/^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/).flatten.map { |v| v.to_i }
+      def full_version
+        @full_version ||= @connection.info[:version]
       end
 
       def set_field_encoding field_name
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
index 49f0bfbcde..da3aecf69a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.new(mysql, logger, options, config)
     rescue Mysql::Error => error
       if error.message.include?("Unknown database")
-        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message)
+        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message, error)
       else
-        raise error
+        raise
       end
     end
   end
@@ -66,36 +66,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * <tt>:sslcipher</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
     #
     class MysqlAdapter < AbstractMysqlAdapter
-
-      class Column < AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column #:nodoc:
-        def self.string_to_time(value)
-          return super unless Mysql::Time === value
-          new_time(
-            value.year,
-            value.month,
-            value.day,
-            value.hour,
-            value.minute,
-            value.second,
-            value.second_part)
-        end
-
-        def self.string_to_dummy_time(v)
-          return super unless Mysql::Time === v
-          new_time(2000, 01, 01, v.hour, v.minute, v.second, v.second_part)
-        end
-
-        def self.string_to_date(v)
-          return super unless Mysql::Time === v
-          new_date(v.year, v.month, v.day)
-        end
-
-        def adapter
-          MysqlAdapter
-        end
-      end
-
-      ADAPTER_NAME = 'MySQL'
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'MySQL'.freeze
 
       class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool
         def initialize(connection, max = 1000)
@@ -156,10 +127,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def new_column(field, default, type, null, collation, extra = "") # :nodoc:
-        Column.new(field, default, type, null, collation, strict_mode?, extra)
-      end
-
       def error_number(exception) # :nodoc:
         exception.errno if exception.respond_to?(:errno)
       end
@@ -222,6 +189,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Clears the prepared statements cache.
       def clear_cache!
+        super
         @statements.clear
       end
 
@@ -294,126 +262,70 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection.insert_id
       end
 
-      module Fields
-        class Type
-          def type; end
-
-          def type_cast_for_write(value)
-            value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Identity < Type
-          def type_cast(value); value; end
-        end
-
-        class Integer < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            value.to_i rescue value ? 1 : 0
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Date < Type
-          def type; :date; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is mysql
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_date value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class DateTime < Type
-          def type; :datetime; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is mysql
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_time value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Time < Type
-          def type; :time; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is mysql
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_dummy_time value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Float < Type
-          def type; :float; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            value.to_f
+      module Fields # :nodoc:
+        class DateTime < Type::DateTime # :nodoc:
+          def cast_value(value)
+            if Mysql::Time === value
+              new_time(
+                value.year,
+                value.month,
+                value.day,
+                value.hour,
+                value.minute,
+                value.second,
+                value.second_part)
+            else
+              super
+            end
           end
         end
 
-        class Decimal < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_decimal value
+        class Time < Type::Time # :nodoc:
+          def cast_value(value)
+            if Mysql::Time === value
+              new_time(
+                2000,
+                01,
+                01,
+                value.hour,
+                value.minute,
+                value.second,
+                value.second_part)
+            else
+              super
+            end
           end
         end
 
-        class Boolean < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
+        class << self
+          TYPES = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new # :nodoc:
 
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_boolean value
-          end
-        end
-
-        TYPES = {}
-
-        # Register an MySQL +type_id+ with a typecasting object in
-        # +type+.
-        def self.register_type(type_id, type)
-          TYPES[type_id] = type
-        end
+          delegate :register_type, :alias_type, to: :TYPES
 
-        def self.alias_type(new, old)
-          TYPES[new] = TYPES[old]
-        end
-
-        def self.find_type(field)
-          if field.type == Mysql::Field::TYPE_TINY && field.length > 1
-            TYPES[Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG]
-          else
-            TYPES.fetch(field.type) { Fields::Identity.new }
+          def find_type(field)
+            if field.type == Mysql::Field::TYPE_TINY && field.length > 1
+              TYPES.lookup(Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG)
+            else
+              TYPES.lookup(field.type)
+            end
           end
         end
 
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_TINY,    Fields::Boolean.new
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG,    Fields::Integer.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_TINY,    Type::Boolean.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG,    Type::Integer.new
         alias_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONGLONG,   Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG
         alias_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_NEWDECIMAL, Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG
 
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_VAR_STRING, Fields::Identity.new
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_BLOB, Fields::Identity.new
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_DATE, Fields::Date.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_DATE, Type::Date.new
         register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_DATETIME, Fields::DateTime.new
         register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_TIME, Fields::Time.new
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_FLOAT, Fields::Float.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_FLOAT, Type::Float.new
+      end
 
-        Mysql::Field.constants.grep(/TYPE/).map { |class_name|
-          Mysql::Field.const_get class_name
-        }.reject { |const| TYPES.key? const }.each do |const|
-          register_type const, Fields::Identity.new
-        end
+      def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+        super
+        m.register_type %r(datetime)i, Fields::DateTime.new
+        m.register_type %r(time)i,     Fields::Time.new
       end
 
       def exec_without_stmt(sql, name = 'SQL') # :nodoc:
@@ -431,7 +343,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               fields << field_name
 
               if field.decimals > 0
-                types[field_name] = Fields::Decimal.new
+                types[field_name] = Type::Decimal.new
               else
                 types[field_name] = Fields.find_type field
               end
@@ -447,7 +359,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def execute_and_free(sql, name = nil)
+      def execute_and_free(sql, name = nil) # :nodoc:
         result = execute(sql, name)
         ret = yield result
         result.free
@@ -460,7 +372,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
       alias :create :insert_sql
 
-      def exec_delete(sql, name, binds)
+      def exec_delete(sql, name, binds) # :nodoc:
         affected_rows = 0
 
         exec_query(sql, name, binds) do |n|
@@ -497,7 +409,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             stmt.execute(*type_casted_binds.map { |_, val| val })
           rescue Mysql::Error => e
             # Older versions of MySQL leave the prepared statement in a bad
-            # place when an error occurs. To support older mysql versions, we
+            # place when an error occurs. To support older MySQL versions, we
             # need to close the statement and delete the statement from the
             # cache.
             stmt.close
@@ -558,9 +470,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         rows
       end
 
-      # Returns the version of the connected MySQL server.
-      def version
-        @version ||= @connection.server_info.scan(/^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/).flatten.map { |v| v.to_i }
+      # Returns the full version of the connected MySQL server.
+      def full_version
+        @full_version ||= @connection.server_info
       end
 
       def set_field_encoding field_name
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb
index 0b218f2bfd..1b74c039ce 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column
-      module ArrayParser
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module ArrayParser # :nodoc:
 
         DOUBLE_QUOTE = '"'
         BACKSLASH = "\\"
@@ -9,35 +9,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
         BRACKET_OPEN = '{'
         BRACKET_CLOSE = '}'
 
-        private
-          # Loads pg_array_parser if available. String parsing can be
-          # performed quicker by a native extension, which will not create
-          # a large amount of Ruby objects that will need to be garbage
-          # collected. pg_array_parser has a C and Java extension
-          begin
-            require 'pg_array_parser'
-            include PgArrayParser
-          rescue LoadError
-            def parse_pg_array(string)
-              parse_data(string)
+        def parse_pg_array(string) # :nodoc:
+          local_index = 0
+          array = []
+          while(local_index < string.length)
+            case string[local_index]
+            when BRACKET_OPEN
+              local_index,array = parse_array_contents(array, string, local_index + 1)
+            when BRACKET_CLOSE
+              return array
             end
+            local_index += 1
           end
 
-          def parse_data(string)
-            local_index = 0
-            array = []
-            while(local_index < string.length)
-              case string[local_index]
-              when BRACKET_OPEN
-                local_index,array = parse_array_contents(array, string, local_index + 1)
-              when BRACKET_CLOSE
-                return array
-              end
-              local_index += 1
-            end
+          array
+        end
 
-            array
-          end
+        private
 
           def parse_array_contents(array, string, index)
             is_escaping  = false
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 35ce881302..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,164 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column
-      module Cast
-        def point_to_string(point)
-          "(#{point[0]},#{point[1]})"
-        end
-
-        def string_to_point(string)
-          if string[0] == '(' && string[-1] == ')'
-            string = string[1...-1]
-          end
-          string.split(',').map{ |v| Float(v) }
-        end
-
-        def string_to_time(string)
-          return string unless String === string
-
-          case string
-          when 'infinity'; Float::INFINITY
-          when '-infinity'; -Float::INFINITY
-          when / BC$/
-            super("-" + string.sub(/ BC$/, ""))
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_bit(value)
-          case value
-          when /^0x/i
-            value[2..-1].hex.to_s(2) # Hexadecimal notation
-          else
-            value                    # Bit-string notation
-          end
-        end
-
-        def hstore_to_string(object)
-          if Hash === object
-            object.map { |k,v|
-              "#{escape_hstore(k)}=>#{escape_hstore(v)}"
-            }.join ','
-          else
-            object
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_hstore(string)
-          if string.nil?
-            nil
-          elsif String === string
-            Hash[string.scan(HstorePair).map { |k,v|
-              v = v.upcase == 'NULL' ? nil : v.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
-              k = k.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
-              [k,v]
-            }]
-          else
-            string
-          end
-        end
-
-        def json_to_string(object)
-          if Hash === object || Array === object
-            ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(object)
-          else
-            object
-          end
-        end
-
-        def array_to_string(value, column, adapter)
-          casted_values = value.map do |val|
-            if String === val
-              if val == "NULL"
-                "\"#{val}\""
-              else
-                quote_and_escape(adapter.type_cast(val, column, true))
-              end
-            else
-              adapter.type_cast(val, column, true)
-            end
-          end
-          "{#{casted_values.join(',')}}"
-        end
-
-        def range_to_string(object)
-          from = object.begin.respond_to?(:infinite?) && object.begin.infinite? ? '' : object.begin
-          to   = object.end.respond_to?(:infinite?) && object.end.infinite? ? '' : object.end
-          "[#{from},#{to}#{object.exclude_end? ? ')' : ']'}"
-        end
-
-        def string_to_json(string)
-          if String === string
-            ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(string)
-          else
-            string
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_cidr(string)
-          if string.nil?
-            nil
-          elsif String === string
-            begin
-              IPAddr.new(string)
-            rescue ArgumentError
-              nil
-            end
-          else
-            string
-          end
-        end
-
-        def cidr_to_string(object)
-          if IPAddr === object
-            "#{object.to_s}/#{object.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr).to_s(2).count('1')}"
-          else
-            object
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_array(string, oid)
-          parse_pg_array(string).map {|val| type_cast_array(oid, val)}
-        end
-
-        private
-
-          HstorePair = begin
-            quoted_string = /"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"/
-            unquoted_string = /(?:\\.|[^\s,])[^\s=,\\]*(?:\\.[^\s=,\\]*|=[^,>])*/
-            /(#{quoted_string}|#{unquoted_string})\s*=>\s*(#{quoted_string}|#{unquoted_string})/
-          end
-
-          def escape_hstore(value)
-            if value.nil?
-              'NULL'
-            else
-              if value == ""
-                '""'
-              else
-                '"%s"' % value.to_s.gsub(/(["\\])/, '\\\\\1')
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          def quote_and_escape(value)
-            case value
-            when "NULL", Numeric
-              value
-            else
-              "\"#{value.gsub(/"/,"\\\"")}\""
-            end
-          end
-
-          def type_cast_array(oid, value)
-            if ::Array === value
-              value.map {|item| type_cast_array(oid, item)}
-            else
-              oid.type_cast value
-            end
-          end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..37e5c3859c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    # PostgreSQL-specific extensions to column definitions in a table.
+    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column #:nodoc:
+      attr_accessor :array
+
+      def initialize(name, default, cast_type, sql_type = nil, null = true, default_function = nil)
+        if sql_type =~ /\[\]$/
+          @array = true
+          super(name, default, cast_type, sql_type[0..sql_type.length - 3], null)
+        else
+          @array = false
+          super(name, default, cast_type, sql_type, null)
+        end
+
+        @default_function = default_function
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
index 51ee2829b2..89a7257d77 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+    module PostgreSQL
       module DatabaseStatements
         def explain(arel, binds = [])
           sql = "EXPLAIN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
@@ -44,10 +44,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        def select_value(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
+          arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
+          sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) do |result|
+            result.getvalue(0, 0) if result.ntuples > 0 && result.nfields > 0
+          end
+        end
+
+        def select_values(arel, name = nil)
+          arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, []
+          sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) do |result|
+            if result.nfields > 0
+              result.column_values(0)
+            else
+              []
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
         # Executes a SELECT query and returns an array of rows. Each row is an
         # array of field values.
         def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
-          exec_query(sql, name, binds).rows
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) do |result|
+            result.values
+          end
         end
 
         # Executes an INSERT query and returns the new record's ID
@@ -72,6 +94,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super.insert
         end
 
+        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the money data type.
+        MONEY_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 790 #:nodoc:
+        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the BYTEA data type.
+        BYTEA_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 17 #:nodoc:
+
         # create a 2D array representing the result set
         def result_as_array(res) #:nodoc:
           # check if we have any binary column and if they need escaping
@@ -134,31 +161,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
-          result = without_prepared_statement?(binds) ? exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds) :
-                                                        exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
-
-          types = {}
-          fields = result.fields
-          fields.each_with_index do |fname, i|
-            ftype = result.ftype i
-            fmod  = result.fmod i
-            types[fname] = type_map.fetch(ftype, fmod) { |oid, mod|
-              warn "unknown OID: #{fname}(#{oid}) (#{sql})"
-              OID::Identity.new
-            }
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) do |result|
+            types = {}
+            fields = result.fields
+            fields.each_with_index do |fname, i|
+              ftype = result.ftype i
+              fmod  = result.fmod i
+              types[fname] = get_oid_type(ftype, fmod, fname)
+            end
+            ActiveRecord::Result.new(fields, result.values, types)
           end
-
-          ret = ActiveRecord::Result.new(fields, result.values, types)
-          result.clear
-          return ret
         end
 
         def exec_delete(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
-          result = without_prepared_statement?(binds) ? exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds) :
-                                                        exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
-          affected = result.cmd_tuples
-          result.clear
-          affected
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) {|result| result.cmd_tuples }
         end
         alias :exec_update :exec_delete
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
index fae260a921..d28a2b4fa0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
@@ -1,380 +1,35 @@
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/infinity'
+
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit_varying'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bytea'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/cidr'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date_time'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/decimal'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/float'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/inet'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/integer'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/json'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/jsonb'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/specialized_string'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/time'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/vector'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/xml'
+
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      module OID
-        class Type
-          def type; end
-        end
-
-        class Identity < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Bit < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            if String === value
-              ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_bit value
-            else
-              value
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Bytea < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-            PGconn.unescape_bytea value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Money < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-            return value unless String === value
-
-            # Because money output is formatted according to the locale, there are two
-            # cases to consider (note the decimal separators):
-            #  (1) $12,345,678.12
-            #  (2) $12.345.678,12
-            # Negative values are represented as follows:
-            #  (3) -$2.55
-            #  (4) ($2.55)
-
-            value.sub!(/^\((.+)\)$/, '-\1') # (4)
-            case value
-            when /^-?\D+[\d,]+\.\d{2}$/  # (1)
-              value.gsub!(/[^-\d.]/, '')
-            when /^-?\D+[\d.]+,\d{2}$/  # (2)
-              value.gsub!(/[^-\d,]/, '').sub!(/,/, '.')
-            end
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_decimal value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Vector < Type
-          attr_reader :delim, :subtype
-
-          # +delim+ corresponds to the `typdelim` column in the pg_types
-          # table.  +subtype+ is derived from the `typelem` column in the
-          # pg_types table.
-          def initialize(delim, subtype)
-            @delim   = delim
-            @subtype = subtype
-          end
-
-          # FIXME: this should probably split on +delim+ and use +subtype+
-          # to cast the values.  Unfortunately, the current Rails behavior
-          # is to just return the string.
-          def type_cast(value)
-            value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Point < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            if String === value
-              ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_point value
-            else
-              value
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Array < Type
-          attr_reader :subtype
-          def initialize(subtype)
-            @subtype = subtype
-          end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            if String === value
-              ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_array value, @subtype
-            else
-              value
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Range < Type
-          attr_reader :subtype
-          def initialize(subtype)
-            @subtype = subtype
-          end
-
-          def extract_bounds(value)
-            from, to = value[1..-2].split(',')
-            {
-              from:          (value[1] == ',' || from == '-infinity') ? infinity(:negative => true) : from,
-              to:            (value[-2] == ',' || to == 'infinity') ? infinity : to,
-              exclude_start: (value[0] == '('),
-              exclude_end:   (value[-1] == ')')
-            }
-          end
-
-          def infinity(options = {})
-            ::Float::INFINITY * (options[:negative] ? -1 : 1)
-          end
-
-          def infinity?(value)
-            value.respond_to?(:infinite?) && value.infinite?
-          end
-
-          def to_integer(value)
-            infinity?(value) ? value : value.to_i
-          end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil? || value == 'empty'
-            return value if value.is_a?(::Range)
-
-            extracted = extract_bounds(value)
-
-            case @subtype
-            when :date
-              from  = ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_date(extracted[:from])
-              from -= 1.day if extracted[:exclude_start]
-              to    = ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_date(extracted[:to])
-            when :decimal
-              from  = BigDecimal.new(extracted[:from].to_s)
-              # FIXME: add exclude start for ::Range, same for timestamp ranges
-              to    = BigDecimal.new(extracted[:to].to_s)
-            when :time
-              from = ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_time(extracted[:from])
-              to   = ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_time(extracted[:to])
-            when :integer
-              from = to_integer(extracted[:from]) rescue value ? 1 : 0
-              from -= 1 if extracted[:exclude_start]
-              to   = to_integer(extracted[:to]) rescue value ? 1 : 0
-            else
-              return value
-            end
-
-            ::Range.new(from, to, extracted[:exclude_end])
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Integer < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_integer value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Boolean < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_boolean value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Timestamp < Type
-          def type; :timestamp; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is PG
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_time value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Date < Type
-          def type; :datetime; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is PG
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_date value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Time < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is PG
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_dummy_time value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Float < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            value.to_f
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Decimal < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_decimal value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Hstore < Type
-          def type_cast_for_write(value)
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string value
-          end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_hstore value
-          end
-
-          def accessor
-            ActiveRecord::Store::StringKeyedHashAccessor
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Cidr < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_cidr value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Json < Type
-          def type_cast_for_write(value)
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string value
-          end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_json value
-          end
-
-          def accessor
-            ActiveRecord::Store::StringKeyedHashAccessor
-          end
-        end
-
-        class TypeMap
-          def initialize
-            @mapping = {}
-          end
-
-          def []=(oid, type)
-            @mapping[oid] = type
-          end
-
-          def [](oid)
-            @mapping[oid]
-          end
-
-          def clear
-            @mapping.clear
-          end
-
-          def key?(oid)
-            @mapping.key? oid
-          end
-
-          def fetch(ftype, fmod)
-            # The type for the numeric depends on the width of the field,
-            # so we'll do something special here.
-            #
-            # When dealing with decimal columns:
-            #
-            # places after decimal  = fmod - 4 & 0xffff
-            # places before decimal = (fmod - 4) >> 16 & 0xffff
-            if ftype == 1700 && (fmod - 4 & 0xffff).zero?
-              ftype = 23
-            end
-
-            @mapping.fetch(ftype) { |oid| yield oid, fmod }
-          end
-        end
-
-        # When the PG adapter connects, the pg_type table is queried. The
-        # key of this hash maps to the `typname` column from the table.
-        # type_map is then dynamically built with oids as the key and type
-        # objects as values.
-        NAMES = Hash.new { |h,k| # :nodoc:
-          h[k] = OID::Identity.new
-        }
-
-        # Register an OID type named +name+ with a typecasting object in
-        # +type+.  +name+ should correspond to the `typname` column in
-        # the `pg_type` table.
-        def self.register_type(name, type)
-          NAMES[name] = type
-        end
-
-        # Alias the +old+ type to the +new+ type.
-        def self.alias_type(new, old)
-          NAMES[new] = NAMES[old]
-        end
-
-        # Is +name+ a registered type?
-        def self.registered_type?(name)
-          NAMES.key? name
-        end
-
-        register_type 'int2', OID::Integer.new
-        alias_type    'int4', 'int2'
-        alias_type    'int8', 'int2'
-        alias_type    'oid',  'int2'
-
-        register_type 'daterange', OID::Range.new(:date)
-        register_type 'numrange', OID::Range.new(:decimal)
-        register_type 'tsrange', OID::Range.new(:time)
-        register_type 'int4range', OID::Range.new(:integer)
-        alias_type    'tstzrange', 'tsrange'
-        alias_type    'int8range', 'int4range'
-
-        register_type 'numeric', OID::Decimal.new
-        register_type 'text', OID::Identity.new
-        alias_type 'varchar', 'text'
-        alias_type 'char', 'text'
-        alias_type 'bpchar', 'text'
-        alias_type 'xml', 'text'
-
-        # FIXME: why are we keeping these types as strings?
-        alias_type 'tsvector', 'text'
-        alias_type 'interval', 'text'
-        alias_type 'macaddr',  'text'
-        alias_type 'uuid',     'text'
-
-        register_type 'money', OID::Money.new
-        register_type 'bytea', OID::Bytea.new
-        register_type 'bool', OID::Boolean.new
-        register_type 'bit', OID::Bit.new
-        register_type 'varbit', OID::Bit.new
-
-        register_type 'float4', OID::Float.new
-        alias_type 'float8', 'float4'
-
-        register_type 'timestamp', OID::Timestamp.new
-        register_type 'timestamptz', OID::Timestamp.new
-        register_type 'date', OID::Date.new
-        register_type 'time', OID::Time.new
-
-        register_type 'path', OID::Identity.new
-        register_type 'point', OID::Point.new
-        register_type 'polygon', OID::Identity.new
-        register_type 'circle', OID::Identity.new
-        register_type 'hstore', OID::Hstore.new
-        register_type 'json', OID::Json.new
-        register_type 'ltree', OID::Identity.new
-
-        register_type 'cidr', OID::Cidr.new
-        alias_type 'inet', 'cidr'
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd5efe2bb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Array < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          include Type::Mutable
+
+          # Loads pg_array_parser if available. String parsing can be
+          # performed quicker by a native extension, which will not create
+          # a large amount of Ruby objects that will need to be garbage
+          # collected. pg_array_parser has a C and Java extension
+          begin
+            require 'pg_array_parser'
+            include PgArrayParser
+          rescue LoadError
+            require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser'
+            include PostgreSQL::ArrayParser
+          end
+
+          attr_reader :subtype, :delimiter
+          delegate :type, to: :subtype
+
+          def initialize(subtype, delimiter = ',')
+            @subtype = subtype
+            @delimiter = delimiter
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_from_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              type_cast_array(parse_pg_array(value), :type_cast_from_database)
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_from_user(value)
+            type_cast_array(value, :type_cast_from_user)
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array)
+              cast_value_for_database(value)
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def type_cast_array(value, method)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array)
+              value.map { |item| type_cast_array(item, method) }
+            else
+              @subtype.public_send(method, value)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def cast_value_for_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array)
+              casted_values = value.map { |item| cast_value_for_database(item) }
+              "{#{casted_values.join(delimiter)}}"
+            else
+              quote_and_escape(subtype.type_cast_for_database(value))
+            end
+          end
+
+          ARRAY_ESCAPE = "\\" * 2 * 2 # escape the backslash twice for PG arrays
+
+          def quote_and_escape(value)
+            case value
+            when ::String
+              if string_requires_quoting?(value)
+                value = value.gsub(/\\/, ARRAY_ESCAPE)
+                value.gsub!(/"/,"\\\"")
+                %("#{value}")
+              else
+                value
+              end
+            when nil then "NULL"
+            else value
+            end
+          end
+
+          # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.2/static/arrays.html#ARRAYS-IO
+          # for a list of all cases in which strings will be quoted.
+          def string_requires_quoting?(string)
+            string.empty? ||
+              string == "NULL" ||
+              string =~ /[\{\}"\\\s]/ ||
+              string.include?(delimiter)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1dbb40ca1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Bit < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :bit
+          end
+
+          def type_cast(value)
+            if ::String === value
+              case value
+              when /^0x/i
+                value[2..-1].hex.to_s(2) # Hexadecimal notation
+              else
+                value                    # Bit-string notation
+              end
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            Data.new(super) if value
+          end
+
+          class Data
+            def initialize(value)
+              @value = value
+            end
+
+            def to_s
+              value
+            end
+
+            def binary?
+              /\A[01]*\Z/ === value
+            end
+
+            def hex?
+              /\A[0-9A-F]*\Z/i === value
+            end
+
+            protected
+
+            attr_reader :value
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit_varying.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit_varying.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c21097d48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit_varying.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class BitVarying < OID::Bit # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :bit_varying
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bytea.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bytea.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..997613d7be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bytea.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Bytea < Type::Binary # :nodoc:
+          def type_cast_from_database(value)
+            return if value.nil?
+            PGconn.unescape_bytea(super)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/cidr.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/cidr.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a53b4ee8e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/cidr.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Cidr < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :cidr
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+            subnet_mask = value.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr)
+
+            # If the subnet mask is equal to /32, don't output it
+            if subnet_mask == (2**32 - 1)
+              "\"#{value.to_s}\""
+            else
+              "\"#{value.to_s}/#{subnet_mask.to_s(2).count('1')}\""
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            if IPAddr === value
+              "#{value.to_s}/#{value.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr).to_s(2).count('1')}"
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def cast_value(value)
+            if value.nil?
+              nil
+            elsif String === value
+              begin
+                IPAddr.new(value)
+              rescue ArgumentError
+                nil
+              end
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d8d264530
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Date < Type::Date # :nodoc:
+          include Infinity
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date_time.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date_time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9e7894e5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date_time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class DateTime < Type::DateTime # :nodoc:
+          include Infinity
+
+          def cast_value(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              case value
+              when 'infinity' then ::Float::INFINITY
+              when '-infinity' then -::Float::INFINITY
+              when / BC$/
+                astronomical_year = format("%04d", -value[/^\d+/].to_i + 1)
+                super(value.sub(/ BC$/, "").sub(/^\d+/, astronomical_year))
+              else
+                super
+              end
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/decimal.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/decimal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43d22c8daf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/decimal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Decimal < Type::Decimal # :nodoc:
+          def infinity(options = {})
+            BigDecimal.new("Infinity") * (options[:negative] ? -1 : 1)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77d5038efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Enum < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :enum
+          end
+
+          def type_cast(value)
+            value.to_s
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/float.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/float.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78ef94b912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/float.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Float < Type::Float # :nodoc:
+          include Infinity
+
+          def cast_value(value)
+            case value
+            when ::Float then     value
+            when 'Infinity' then  ::Float::INFINITY
+            when '-Infinity' then -::Float::INFINITY
+            when 'NaN' then       ::Float::NAN
+            else                  value.to_f
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be4525c94f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Hstore < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          include Type::Mutable
+
+          def type
+            :hstore
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_from_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              ::Hash[value.scan(HstorePair).map { |k, v|
+                v = v.upcase == 'NULL' ? nil : v.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
+                k = k.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
+                [k, v]
+              }]
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Hash)
+              value.map { |k, v| "#{escape_hstore(k)}=>#{escape_hstore(v)}" }.join(', ')
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def accessor
+            ActiveRecord::Store::StringKeyedHashAccessor
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          HstorePair = begin
+            quoted_string = /"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"/
+            unquoted_string = /(?:\\.|[^\s,])[^\s=,\\]*(?:\\.[^\s=,\\]*|=[^,>])*/
+            /(#{quoted_string}|#{unquoted_string})\s*=>\s*(#{quoted_string}|#{unquoted_string})/
+          end
+
+          def escape_hstore(value)
+            if value.nil?
+              'NULL'
+            else
+              if value == ""
+                '""'
+              else
+                '"%s"' % value.to_s.gsub(/(["\\])/, '\\\\\1')
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/inet.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/inet.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96486fa65b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/inet.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Inet < Cidr # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :inet
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/infinity.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/infinity.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e47780399a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/infinity.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        module Infinity # :nodoc:
+          def infinity(options = {})
+            options[:negative] ? -::Float::INFINITY : ::Float::INFINITY
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/integer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/integer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..59abdc0009
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/integer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Integer < Type::Integer # :nodoc:
+          include Infinity
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/json.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/json.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e12ddd9901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/json.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Json < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          include Type::Mutable
+
+          def type
+            :json
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_from_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              ::ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(value)
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array) || value.is_a?(::Hash)
+              ::ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(value)
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def accessor
+            ActiveRecord::Store::StringKeyedHashAccessor
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/jsonb.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/jsonb.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..380c50fc14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/jsonb.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Jsonb < Json # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :jsonb
+          end
+
+          def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
+            # Postgres does not preserve insignificant whitespaces when
+            # roundtripping jsonb columns. This causes some false positives for
+            # the comparison here. Therefore, we need to parse and re-dump the
+            # raw value here to ensure the insignificant whitespaces are
+            # consistent with our encoder's output.
+            raw_old_value = type_cast_for_database(type_cast_from_database(raw_old_value))
+            super(raw_old_value, new_value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df890c2ed6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Money < Type::Decimal # :nodoc:
+          include Infinity
+
+          class_attribute :precision
+
+          def type
+            :money
+          end
+
+          def scale
+            2
+          end
+
+          def cast_value(value)
+            return value unless ::String === value
+
+            # Because money output is formatted according to the locale, there are two
+            # cases to consider (note the decimal separators):
+            #  (1) $12,345,678.12
+            #  (2) $12.345.678,12
+            # Negative values are represented as follows:
+            #  (3) -$2.55
+            #  (4) ($2.55)
+
+            value.sub!(/^\((.+)\)$/, '-\1') # (4)
+            case value
+            when /^-?\D+[\d,]+\.\d{2}$/  # (1)
+              value.gsub!(/[^-\d.]/, '')
+            when /^-?\D+[\d.]+,\d{2}$/  # (2)
+              value.gsub!(/[^-\d,]/, '').sub!(/,/, '.')
+            end
+
+            super(value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bac8b01d6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Point < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          include Type::Mutable
+
+          def type
+            :point
+          end
+
+          def type_cast(value)
+            case value
+            when ::String
+              if value[0] == '(' && value[-1] == ')'
+                value = value[1...-1]
+              end
+              type_cast(value.split(','))
+            when ::Array
+              value.map { |v| Float(v) }
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array)
+              "(#{number_for_point(value[0])},#{number_for_point(value[1])})"
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def number_for_point(number)
+            number.to_s.gsub(/\.0$/, '')
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..84b9490ba3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Range < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :subtype, :type
+
+          def initialize(subtype, type)
+            @subtype = subtype
+            @type = type
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+            value.inspect.gsub('Infinity', '::Float::INFINITY')
+          end
+
+          def cast_value(value)
+            return if value == 'empty'
+            return value if value.is_a?(::Range)
+
+            extracted = extract_bounds(value)
+            from = type_cast_single extracted[:from]
+            to = type_cast_single extracted[:to]
+
+            if !infinity?(from) && extracted[:exclude_start]
+              if from.respond_to?(:succ)
+                from = from.succ
+                ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
+                  "Excluding the beginning of a Range is only partialy supported " \
+                  "through `#succ`. This is not reliable and will be removed in " \
+                  "the future."
+              else
+                raise ArgumentError, "The Ruby Range object does not support excluding the beginning of a Range. (unsupported value: '#{value}')"
+              end
+            end
+            ::Range.new(from, to, extracted[:exclude_end])
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Range)
+              from = type_cast_single_for_database(value.begin)
+              to = type_cast_single_for_database(value.end)
+              "[#{from},#{to}#{value.exclude_end? ? ')' : ']'}"
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def type_cast_single(value)
+            infinity?(value) ? value : @subtype.type_cast_from_database(value)
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_single_for_database(value)
+            infinity?(value) ? '' : @subtype.type_cast_for_database(value)
+          end
+
+          def extract_bounds(value)
+            from, to = value[1..-2].split(',')
+            {
+              from:          (value[1] == ',' || from == '-infinity') ? @subtype.infinity(negative: true) : from,
+              to:            (value[-2] == ',' || to == 'infinity') ? @subtype.infinity : to,
+              exclude_start: (value[0] == '('),
+              exclude_end:   (value[-1] == ')')
+            }
+          end
+
+          def infinity?(value)
+            value.respond_to?(:infinite?) && value.infinite?
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/specialized_string.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/specialized_string.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d2fede4e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/specialized_string.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class SpecializedString < Type::String # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :type
+
+          def initialize(type)
+            @type = type
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/time.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f0246eddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Time < Type::Time # :nodoc:
+          include Infinity
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e396ff4a1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        # This class uses the data from PostgreSQL pg_type table to build
+        # the OID -> Type mapping.
+        #   - OID is and integer representing the type.
+        #   - Type is an OID::Type object.
+        # This class has side effects on the +store+ passed during initialization.
+        class TypeMapInitializer # :nodoc:
+          def initialize(store)
+            @store = store
+          end
+
+          def run(records)
+            nodes = records.reject { |row| @store.key? row['oid'].to_i }
+            mapped, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| @store.key? row['typname'] }
+            ranges, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typtype'] == 'r' }
+            enums, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typtype'] == 'e' }
+            domains, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typtype'] == 'd' }
+            arrays, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typinput'] == 'array_in' }
+            composites, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typelem'] != '0' }
+
+            mapped.each     { |row| register_mapped_type(row)    }
+            enums.each      { |row| register_enum_type(row)      }
+            domains.each    { |row| register_domain_type(row)    }
+            arrays.each     { |row| register_array_type(row)     }
+            ranges.each     { |row| register_range_type(row)     }
+            composites.each { |row| register_composite_type(row) }
+          end
+
+          private
+          def register_mapped_type(row)
+            alias_type row['oid'], row['typname']
+          end
+
+          def register_enum_type(row)
+            register row['oid'], OID::Enum.new
+          end
+
+          def register_array_type(row)
+            if subtype = @store.lookup(row['typelem'].to_i)
+              register row['oid'], OID::Array.new(subtype, row['typdelim'])
+            end
+          end
+
+          def register_range_type(row)
+            if subtype = @store.lookup(row['rngsubtype'].to_i)
+              register row['oid'], OID::Range.new(subtype, row['typname'].to_sym)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def register_domain_type(row)
+            if base_type = @store.lookup(row["typbasetype"].to_i)
+              register row['oid'], base_type
+            else
+              warn "unknown base type (OID: #{row["typbasetype"]}) for domain #{row["typname"]}."
+            end
+          end
+
+          def register_composite_type(row)
+            if subtype = @store.lookup(row['typelem'].to_i)
+              register row['oid'], OID::Vector.new(row['typdelim'], subtype)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def register(oid, oid_type)
+            oid = assert_valid_registration(oid, oid_type)
+            @store.register_type(oid, oid_type)
+          end
+
+          def alias_type(oid, target)
+            oid = assert_valid_registration(oid, target)
+            @store.alias_type(oid, target)
+          end
+
+          def assert_valid_registration(oid, oid_type)
+            raise ArgumentError, "can't register nil type for OID #{oid}" if oid_type.nil?
+            oid.to_i
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..033e0324bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Uuid < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          RFC_4122 = %r{\A\{?[a-fA-F0-9]{4}-?
+                             [a-fA-F0-9]{4}-?
+                             [a-fA-F0-9]{4}-?
+                             [1-5][a-fA-F0-9]{3}-?
+                             [8-Bab][a-fA-F0-9]{3}-?
+                             [a-fA-F0-9]{4}-?
+                             [a-fA-F0-9]{4}-?
+                             [a-fA-F0-9]{4}-?\}?\z}x
+
+          alias_method :type_cast_for_database, :type_cast_from_database
+
+          def type
+            :uuid
+          end
+
+          def type_cast(value)
+            value.to_s[RFC_4122, 0]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/vector.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/vector.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de4187b028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/vector.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Vector < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :delim, :subtype
+
+          # +delim+ corresponds to the `typdelim` column in the pg_types
+          # table.  +subtype+ is derived from the `typelem` column in the
+          # pg_types table.
+          def initialize(delim, subtype)
+            @delim   = delim
+            @subtype = subtype
+          end
+
+          # FIXME: this should probably split on +delim+ and use +subtype+
+          # to cast the values.  Unfortunately, the current Rails behavior
+          # is to just return the string.
+          def type_cast(value)
+            value
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/xml.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/xml.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..334af7c598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/xml.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Xml < Type::String # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :xml
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            return unless value
+            Data.new(super)
+          end
+
+          class Data # :nodoc:
+            def initialize(value)
+              @value = value
+            end
+
+            def to_s
+              @value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
index c1f978a081..cf5c8d288e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
@@ -1,141 +1,35 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+    module PostgreSQL
       module Quoting
         # Escapes binary strings for bytea input to the database.
         def escape_bytea(value)
-          PGconn.escape_bytea(value) if value
+          @connection.escape_bytea(value) if value
         end
 
         # Unescapes bytea output from a database to the binary string it represents.
         # NOTE: This is NOT an inverse of escape_bytea! This is only to be used
         # on escaped binary output from database drive.
         def unescape_bytea(value)
-          PGconn.unescape_bytea(value) if value
+          @connection.unescape_bytea(value) if value
         end
 
         # Quotes PostgreSQL-specific data types for SQL input.
         def quote(value, column = nil) #:nodoc:
           return super unless column
 
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(column.type, column.limit, column.precision, column.scale)
-
           case value
-          when Range
-            if /range$/ =~ sql_type
-              "'#{PostgreSQLColumn.range_to_string(value)}'::#{sql_type}"
-            else
-              super
-            end
-          when Array
-            case sql_type
-            when 'point' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.point_to_string(value))
-            when 'json' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value))
-            else
-              if column.array
-                "'#{PostgreSQLColumn.array_to_string(value, column, self).gsub(/'/, "''")}'"
-              else
-                super
-              end
-            end
-          when Hash
-            case sql_type
-            when 'hstore' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string(value), column)
-            when 'json' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value), column)
-            else super
-            end
-          when IPAddr
-            case sql_type
-            when 'inet', 'cidr' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.cidr_to_string(value), column)
-            else super
-            end
           when Float
-            if value.infinite? && column.type == :datetime
-              "'#{value.to_s.downcase}'"
-            elsif value.infinite? || value.nan?
+            if value.infinite? || value.nan?
               "'#{value.to_s}'"
             else
               super
             end
-          when Numeric
-            if sql_type == 'money' || [:string, :text].include?(column.type)
-              # Not truly string input, so doesn't require (or allow) escape string syntax.
-              "'#{value}'"
-            else
-              super
-            end
-          when String
-            case sql_type
-            when 'bytea' then "'#{escape_bytea(value)}'"
-            when 'xml'   then "xml '#{quote_string(value)}'"
-            when /^bit/
-              case value
-              when /^[01]*$/      then "B'#{value}'" # Bit-string notation
-              when /^[0-9A-F]*$/i then "X'#{value}'" # Hexadecimal notation
-              end
-            else
-              super
-            end
           else
             super
           end
         end
 
-        def type_cast(value, column, array_member = false)
-          return super(value, column) unless column
-
-          case value
-          when Range
-            if /range$/ =~ column.sql_type
-              PostgreSQLColumn.range_to_string(value)
-            else
-              super(value, column)
-            end
-          when NilClass
-            if column.array && array_member
-              'NULL'
-            elsif column.array
-              value
-            else
-              super(value, column)
-            end
-          when Array
-            case column.sql_type
-            when 'point' then PostgreSQLColumn.point_to_string(value)
-            when 'json' then PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value)
-            else
-              if column.array
-                PostgreSQLColumn.array_to_string(value, column, self)
-              else
-                super(value, column)
-              end
-            end
-          when String
-            if 'bytea' == column.sql_type
-              # Return a bind param hash with format as binary.
-              # See http://deveiate.org/code/pg/PGconn.html#method-i-exec_prepared-doc
-              # for more information
-              { value: value, format: 1 }
-            else
-              super(value, column)
-            end
-          when Hash
-            case column.sql_type
-            when 'hstore' then PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string(value)
-            when 'json' then PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value)
-            else super(value, column)
-            end
-          when IPAddr
-            if %w(inet cidr).include? column.sql_type
-              PostgreSQLColumn.cidr_to_string(value)
-            else
-              super(value, column)
-            end
-          else
-            super(value, column)
-          end
-        end
-
         # Quotes strings for use in SQL input.
         def quote_string(s) #:nodoc:
           @connection.escape(s)
@@ -150,14 +44,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # - "schema.name".table_name
         # - "schema.name"."table.name"
         def quote_table_name(name)
-          schema, name_part = extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name.to_s)
-
-          unless name_part
-            quote_column_name(schema)
-          else
-            table_name, name_part = extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name_part)
-            "#{quote_column_name(schema)}.#{quote_column_name(table_name)}"
-          end
+          Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(name.to_s).quoted
         end
 
         def quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)
@@ -177,11 +64,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
             result = "#{result}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
           end
 
-          if value.year < 0
-            result = result.sub(/^-/, "") + " BC"
+          if value.year <= 0
+            bce_year = format("%04d", -value.year + 1)
+            result = result.sub(/^-?\d+/, bce_year) + " BC"
           end
           result
         end
+
+        # Does not quote function default values for UUID columns
+        def quote_default_value(value, column) #:nodoc:
+          if column.type == :uuid && value =~ /\(\)/
+            value
+          else
+            quote(value, column)
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def _quote(value)
+          case value
+          when Type::Binary::Data
+            "'#{escape_bytea(value.to_s)}'"
+          when OID::Xml::Data
+            "xml '#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
+          when OID::Bit::Data
+            if value.binary?
+              "B'#{value}'"
+            elsif value.hex?
+              "X'#{value}'"
+            end
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def _type_cast(value)
+          case value
+          when Type::Binary::Data
+            # Return a bind param hash with format as binary.
+            # See http://deveiate.org/code/pg/PGconn.html#method-i-exec_prepared-doc
+            # for more information
+            { value: value.to_s, format: 1 }
+          when OID::Xml::Data, OID::Bit::Data
+            value.to_s
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity.rb
index bc775394a6..52b307c432 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      module ReferentialIntegrity
-        def supports_disable_referential_integrity? #:nodoc:
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module ReferentialIntegrity # :nodoc:
+        def supports_disable_referential_integrity? # :nodoc:
           true
         end
 
-        def disable_referential_integrity #:nodoc:
+        def disable_referential_integrity # :nodoc:
           if supports_disable_referential_integrity?
             begin
               execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} DISABLE TRIGGER ALL" }.join(";"))
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b37630a04c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module ColumnMethods
+        def xml(*args)
+          options = args.extract_options!
+          column(args[0], :xml, options)
+        end
+
+        def tsvector(*args)
+          options = args.extract_options!
+          column(args[0], :tsvector, options)
+        end
+
+        def int4range(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :int4range, options)
+        end
+
+        def int8range(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :int8range, options)
+        end
+
+        def tsrange(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :tsrange, options)
+        end
+
+        def tstzrange(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :tstzrange, options)
+        end
+
+        def numrange(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :numrange, options)
+        end
+
+        def daterange(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :daterange, options)
+        end
+
+        def hstore(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :hstore, options)
+        end
+
+        def ltree(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :ltree, options)
+        end
+
+        def inet(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :inet, options)
+        end
+
+        def cidr(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :cidr, options)
+        end
+
+        def macaddr(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :macaddr, options)
+        end
+
+        def uuid(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :uuid, options)
+        end
+
+        def json(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :json, options)
+        end
+
+        def jsonb(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :jsonb, options)
+        end
+
+        def citext(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :citext, options)
+        end
+
+        def point(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :point, options)
+        end
+
+        def bit(name, options)
+          column(name, :bit, options)
+        end
+
+        def bit_varying(name, options)
+          column(name, :bit_varying, options)
+        end
+
+        def money(name, options)
+          column(name, :money, options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ColumnDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDefinition
+        attr_accessor :array
+      end
+
+      class TableDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition
+        include ColumnMethods
+
+        # Defines the primary key field.
+        # Use of the native PostgreSQL UUID type is supported, and can be used
+        # by defining your tables as such:
+        #
+        #   create_table :stuffs, id: :uuid do |t|
+        #     t.string :content
+        #     t.timestamps
+        #   end
+        #
+        # By default, this will use the +uuid_generate_v4()+ function from the
+        # +uuid-ossp+ extension, which MUST be enabled on your database. To enable
+        # the +uuid-ossp+ extension, you can use the +enable_extension+ method in your
+        # migrations. To use a UUID primary key without +uuid-ossp+ enabled, you can
+        # set the +:default+ option to +nil+:
+        #
+        #   create_table :stuffs, id: false do |t|
+        #     t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
+        #     t.uuid :foo_id
+        #     t.timestamps
+        #   end
+        #
+        # You may also pass a different UUID generation function from +uuid-ossp+
+        # or another library.
+        #
+        # Note that setting the UUID primary key default value to +nil+ will
+        # require you to assure that you always provide a UUID value before saving
+        # a record (as primary keys cannot be +nil+). This might be done via the
+        # +SecureRandom.uuid+ method and a +before_save+ callback, for instance.
+        def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, options = {})
+          return super unless type == :uuid
+          options[:default] = options.fetch(:default, 'uuid_generate_v4()')
+          options[:primary_key] = true
+          column name, type, options
+        end
+
+        def new_column_definition(name, type, options) # :nodoc:
+          column = super
+          column.array = options[:array]
+          column
+        end
+
+        private
+
+          def create_column_definition(name, type)
+            PostgreSQL::ColumnDefinition.new name, type
+          end
+      end
+
+      class Table < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table
+        include ColumnMethods
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
index ae8ede4b42..767b6b614a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+    module PostgreSQL
       class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation
         private
 
         def visit_AddColumn(o)
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type.to_sym, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
+          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
           sql = "ADD COLUMN #{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{sql_type}"
           add_column_options!(sql, column_options(o))
         end
 
         def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
           sql = super
-          if o.primary_key? && o.type == :uuid
+          if o.primary_key? && o.type != :primary_key
             sql << " PRIMARY KEY "
             add_column_options!(sql, column_options(o))
           end
@@ -31,10 +31,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
             super
           end
         end
-      end
 
-      def schema_creation
-        SchemaCreation.new self
+        def type_for_column(column)
+          if column.array
+            @conn.lookup_cast_type("#{column.sql_type}[]")
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       module SchemaStatements
@@ -101,19 +105,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # If the schema is not specified as part of +name+ then it will only find tables within
         # the current schema search path (regardless of permissions to access tables in other schemas)
         def table_exists?(name)
-          schema, table = Utils.extract_schema_and_table(name.to_s)
-          return false unless table
-
-          binds = [[nil, table]]
-          binds << [nil, schema] if schema
+          name = Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(name.to_s)
+          return false unless name.identifier
 
           exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
               SELECT COUNT(*)
               FROM pg_class c
               LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
-              WHERE c.relkind in ('v','r')
-              AND c.relname = '#{table.gsub(/(^"|"$)/,'')}'
-              AND n.nspname = #{schema ? "'#{schema}'" : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
+              WHERE c.relkind IN ('r','v','m') -- (r)elation/table, (v)iew, (m)aterialized view
+              AND c.relname = '#{name.identifier}'
+              AND n.nspname = #{name.schema ? "'#{name.schema}'" : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
           SQL
         end
 
@@ -185,13 +186,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def columns(table_name)
           # Limit, precision, and scale are all handled by the superclass.
           column_definitions(table_name).map do |column_name, type, default, notnull, oid, fmod|
-            oid = type_map.fetch(oid.to_i, fmod.to_i) {
-              OID::Identity.new
-            }
-            PostgreSQLColumn.new(column_name, default, oid, type, notnull == 'f')
+            oid = get_oid_type(oid.to_i, fmod.to_i, column_name, type)
+            default_value = extract_value_from_default(oid, default)
+            default_function = extract_default_function(default_value, default)
+            new_column(column_name, default_value, oid, type, notnull == 'f', default_function)
           end
         end
 
+        def new_column(name, default, cast_type, sql_type = nil, null = true, default_function = nil) # :nodoc:
+          PostgreSQLColumn.new(name, default, cast_type, sql_type, null, default_function)
+        end
+
         # Returns the current database name.
         def current_database
           query('select current_database()', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
@@ -276,9 +281,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def default_sequence_name(table_name, pk = nil) #:nodoc:
           result = serial_sequence(table_name, pk || 'id')
           return nil unless result
-          result.split('.').last
+          Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(result).to_s
         rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-          "#{table_name}_#{pk || 'id'}_seq"
+          PostgreSQL::Name.new(nil, "#{table_name}_#{pk || 'id'}_seq").to_s
         end
 
         def serial_sequence(table, column)
@@ -315,24 +320,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # First try looking for a sequence with a dependency on the
           # given table's primary key.
           result = query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0]
-            SELECT attr.attname, seq.relname
+            SELECT attr.attname, nsp.nspname, seq.relname
             FROM pg_class      seq,
                  pg_attribute  attr,
                  pg_depend     dep,
-                 pg_constraint cons
+                 pg_constraint cons,
+                 pg_namespace  nsp
             WHERE seq.oid           = dep.objid
               AND seq.relkind       = 'S'
               AND attr.attrelid     = dep.refobjid
               AND attr.attnum       = dep.refobjsubid
               AND attr.attrelid     = cons.conrelid
               AND attr.attnum       = cons.conkey[1]
+              AND seq.relnamespace  = nsp.oid
               AND cons.contype      = 'p'
+              AND dep.classid       = 'pg_class'::regclass
               AND dep.refobjid      = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
           end_sql
 
           if result.nil? or result.empty?
             result = query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0]
-              SELECT attr.attname,
+              SELECT attr.attname, nsp.nspname,
                 CASE
                   WHEN pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) !~* 'nextval' THEN NULL
                   WHEN split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid), '''', 2) ~ '.' THEN
@@ -344,13 +352,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
               JOIN pg_attribute   attr ON (t.oid = attrelid)
               JOIN pg_attrdef     def  ON (adrelid = attrelid AND adnum = attnum)
               JOIN pg_constraint  cons ON (conrelid = adrelid AND adnum = conkey[1])
+              JOIN pg_namespace   nsp  ON (t.relnamespace = nsp.oid)
               WHERE t.oid = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
                 AND cons.contype = 'p'
                 AND pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) ~* 'nextval|uuid_generate'
             end_sql
           end
 
-          [result.first, result.last]
+          pk = result.shift
+          if result.last
+            [pk, PostgreSQL::Name.new(*result)]
+          else
+            [pk, nil]
+          end
         rescue
           nil
         end
@@ -369,8 +383,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         # Renames a table.
-        # Also renames a table's primary key sequence if the sequence name matches the
-        # Active Record default.
+        # Also renames a table's primary key sequence if the sequence name exists and
+        # matches the Active Record default.
         #
         # Example:
         #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
@@ -378,7 +392,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           clear_cache!
           execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
           pk, seq = pk_and_sequence_for(new_name)
-          if seq == "#{table_name}_#{pk}_seq"
+          if seq && seq.identifier == "#{table_name}_#{pk}_seq"
             new_seq = "#{new_name}_#{pk}_seq"
             execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(seq)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_seq)}"
           end
@@ -408,13 +422,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Changes the default value of a table column.
         def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
           clear_cache!
-          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} SET DEFAULT #{quote(default)}"
+          column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+          return unless column
+
+          alter_column_query = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} %s"
+          if default.nil?
+            # <tt>DEFAULT NULL</tt> results in the same behavior as <tt>DROP DEFAULT</tt>. However, PostgreSQL will
+            # cast the default to the columns type, which leaves us with a default like "default NULL::character varying".
+            execute alter_column_query % "DROP DEFAULT"
+          else
+            execute alter_column_query % "SET DEFAULT #{quote_default_value(default, column)}"
+          end
         end
 
         def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
           clear_cache!
           unless null || default.nil?
-            execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+            column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+            execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote_default_value(default, column)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL") if column
           end
           execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{null ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL")
         end
@@ -439,6 +464,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
           execute "ALTER INDEX #{quote_column_name(old_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
         end
 
+        def foreign_keys(table_name)
+          fk_info = select_all <<-SQL.strip_heredoc
+            SELECT t2.relname AS to_table, a1.attname AS column, a2.attname AS primary_key, c.conname AS name, c.confupdtype AS on_update, c.confdeltype AS on_delete
+            FROM pg_constraint c
+            JOIN pg_class t1 ON c.conrelid = t1.oid
+            JOIN pg_class t2 ON c.confrelid = t2.oid
+            JOIN pg_attribute a1 ON a1.attnum = c.conkey[1] AND a1.attrelid = t1.oid
+            JOIN pg_attribute a2 ON a2.attnum = c.confkey[1] AND a2.attrelid = t2.oid
+            JOIN pg_namespace t3 ON c.connamespace = t3.oid
+            WHERE c.contype = 'f'
+              AND t1.relname = #{quote(table_name)}
+              AND t3.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
+            ORDER BY c.conname
+          SQL
+
+          fk_info.map do |row|
+            options = {
+              column: row['column'],
+              name: row['name'],
+              primary_key: row['primary_key']
+            }
+
+            options[:on_delete] = extract_foreign_key_action(row['on_delete'])
+            options[:on_update] = extract_foreign_key_action(row['on_update'])
+            ForeignKeyDefinition.new(table_name, row['to_table'], options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier) # :nodoc:
+          case specifier
+          when 'c'; :cascade
+          when 'n'; :nullify
+          when 'r'; :restrict
+          end
+        end
+
         def index_name_length
           63
         end
@@ -488,7 +549,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
               # Convert Arel node to string
               s = s.to_sql unless s.is_a?(String)
               # Remove any ASC/DESC modifiers
-              s.gsub(/\s+(ASC|DESC)\s*(NULLS\s+(FIRST|LAST)\s*)?/i, '')
+              s.gsub(/\s+(?:ASC|DESC)\b/i, '')
+               .gsub(/\s+NULLS\s+(?:FIRST|LAST)\b/i, '')
             }.reject(&:blank?).map.with_index { |column, i| "#{column} AS alias_#{i}" }
 
           [super, *order_columns].join(', ')
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0290bcb48c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      # Value Object to hold a schema qualified name.
+      # This is usually the name of a PostgreSQL relation but it can also represent
+      # schema qualified type names. +schema+ and +identifier+ are unquoted to prevent
+      # double quoting.
+      class Name # :nodoc:
+        SEPARATOR = "."
+        attr_reader :schema, :identifier
+
+        def initialize(schema, identifier)
+          @schema, @identifier = unquote(schema), unquote(identifier)
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          parts.join SEPARATOR
+        end
+
+        def quoted
+          parts.map { |p| PGconn.quote_ident(p) }.join SEPARATOR
+        end
+
+        def ==(o)
+          o.class == self.class && o.parts == parts
+        end
+        alias_method :eql?, :==
+
+        def hash
+          parts.hash
+        end
+
+        protected
+          def unquote(part)
+            return unless part
+            part.gsub(/(^"|"$)/,'')
+          end
+
+          def parts
+            @parts ||= [@schema, @identifier].compact
+          end
+      end
+
+      module Utils # :nodoc:
+        extend self
+
+        # Returns an instance of <tt>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name</tt>
+        # extracted from +string+.
+        # +schema+ is nil if not specified in +string+.
+        # +schema+ and +identifier+ exclude surrounding quotes (regardless of whether provided in +string+)
+        # +string+ supports the range of schema/table references understood by PostgreSQL, for example:
+        #
+        # * <tt>table_name</tt>
+        # * <tt>"table.name"</tt>
+        # * <tt>schema_name.table_name</tt>
+        # * <tt>schema_name."table.name"</tt>
+        # * <tt>"schema_name".table_name</tt>
+        # * <tt>"schema.name"."table name"</tt>
+        def extract_schema_qualified_name(string)
+          table, schema = string.scan(/[^".\s]+|"[^"]*"/)[0..1].reverse
+          PostgreSQL::Name.new(schema, table)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
index 36c7462419..80461f3910 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool'
+
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity'
+
 require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
 
 # Make sure we're using pg high enough for PGResult#values
@@ -43,222 +46,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    # PostgreSQL-specific extensions to column definitions in a table.
-    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column #:nodoc:
-      attr_accessor :array
-
-      def initialize(name, default, oid_type, sql_type = nil, null = true)
-        @oid_type = oid_type
-        default_value     = self.class.extract_value_from_default(default)
-
-        if sql_type =~ /\[\]$/
-          @array = true
-          super(name, default_value, sql_type[0..sql_type.length - 3], null)
-        else
-          @array = false
-          super(name, default_value, sql_type, null)
-        end
-
-        @default_function = default if has_default_function?(default_value, default)
-      end
-
-      def number?
-        !array && super
-      end
-
-      def text?
-        !array && super
-      end
-
-      # :stopdoc:
-      class << self
-        include ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn::Cast
-        include ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn::ArrayParser
-        attr_accessor :money_precision
-      end
-      # :startdoc:
-
-      # Extracts the value from a PostgreSQL column default definition.
-      def self.extract_value_from_default(default)
-        # This is a performance optimization for Ruby 1.9.2 in development.
-        # If the value is nil, we return nil straight away without checking
-        # the regular expressions. If we check each regular expression,
-        # Regexp#=== will call NilClass#to_str, which will trigger
-        # method_missing (defined by whiny nil in ActiveSupport) which
-        # makes this method very very slow.
-        return default unless default
-
-        case default
-          when /\A'(.*)'::(num|date|tstz|ts|int4|int8)range\z/m
-            $1
-          # Numeric types
-          when /\A\(?(-?\d+(\.\d*)?\)?(::bigint)?)\z/
-            $1
-          # Character types
-          when /\A\(?'(.*)'::.*\b(?:character varying|bpchar|text)\z/m
-            $1.gsub(/''/, "'")
-          # Binary data types
-          when /\A'(.*)'::bytea\z/m
-            $1
-          # Date/time types
-          when /\A'(.+)'::(?:time(?:stamp)? with(?:out)? time zone|date)\z/
-            $1
-          when /\A'(.*)'::interval\z/
-            $1
-          # Boolean type
-          when 'true'
-            true
-          when 'false'
-            false
-          # Geometric types
-          when /\A'(.*)'::(?:point|line|lseg|box|"?path"?|polygon|circle)\z/
-            $1
-          # Network address types
-          when /\A'(.*)'::(?:cidr|inet|macaddr)\z/
-            $1
-          # Bit string types
-          when /\AB'(.*)'::"?bit(?: varying)?"?\z/
-            $1
-          # XML type
-          when /\A'(.*)'::xml\z/m
-            $1
-          # Arrays
-          when /\A'(.*)'::"?\D+"?\[\]\z/
-            $1
-          # Hstore
-          when /\A'(.*)'::hstore\z/
-            $1
-          # JSON
-          when /\A'(.*)'::json\z/
-            $1
-          # Object identifier types
-          when /\A-?\d+\z/
-            $1
-          else
-            # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
-            # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
-            nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def type_cast_for_write(value)
-        if @oid_type.respond_to?(:type_cast_for_write)
-          @oid_type.type_cast_for_write(value)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      def type_cast(value)
-        return if value.nil?
-        return super if encoded?
-
-        @oid_type.type_cast value
-      end
-
-      def accessor
-        @oid_type.accessor
-      end
-
-      private
-
-        def has_default_function?(default_value, default)
-          !default_value && (%r{\w+\(.*\)} === default)
-        end
-
-        def extract_limit(sql_type)
-          case sql_type
-          when /^bigint/i;    8
-          when /^smallint/i;  2
-          when /^timestamp/i; nil
-          else super
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Extracts the scale from PostgreSQL-specific data types.
-        def extract_scale(sql_type)
-          # Money type has a fixed scale of 2.
-          sql_type =~ /^money/ ? 2 : super
-        end
-
-        # Extracts the precision from PostgreSQL-specific data types.
-        def extract_precision(sql_type)
-          if sql_type == 'money'
-            self.class.money_precision
-          elsif sql_type =~ /timestamp/i
-            $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((\d+)\)/
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Maps PostgreSQL-specific data types to logical Rails types.
-        def simplified_type(field_type)
-          case field_type
-          # Numeric and monetary types
-          when /^(?:real|double precision)$/
-            :float
-          # Monetary types
-          when 'money'
-            :decimal
-          when 'hstore'
-            :hstore
-          when 'ltree'
-            :ltree
-          # Network address types
-          when 'inet'
-            :inet
-          when 'cidr'
-            :cidr
-          when 'macaddr'
-            :macaddr
-          # Character types
-          when /^(?:character varying|bpchar)(?:\(\d+\))?$/
-            :string
-          # Binary data types
-          when 'bytea'
-            :binary
-          # Date/time types
-          when /^timestamp with(?:out)? time zone$/
-            :datetime
-          when /^interval(?:|\(\d+\))$/
-            :string
-          # Geometric types
-          when /^(?:point|line|lseg|box|"?path"?|polygon|circle)$/
-            :string
-          # Bit strings
-          when /^bit(?: varying)?(?:\(\d+\))?$/
-            :string
-          # XML type
-          when 'xml'
-            :xml
-          # tsvector type
-          when 'tsvector'
-            :tsvector
-          # Arrays
-          when /^\D+\[\]$/
-            :string
-          # Object identifier types
-          when 'oid'
-            :integer
-          # UUID type
-          when 'uuid'
-            :uuid
-          # JSON type
-          when 'json'
-            :json
-          # Small and big integer types
-          when /^(?:small|big)int$/
-            :integer
-          when /(num|date|tstz|ts|int4|int8)range$/
-            field_type.to_sym
-          # Pass through all types that are not specific to PostgreSQL.
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-    end
-
     # The PostgreSQL adapter works with the native C (https://bitbucket.org/ged/ruby-pg) driver.
     #
     # Options:
@@ -287,142 +74,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # In addition, default connection parameters of libpq can be set per environment variables.
     # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/libpq-envars.html .
     class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      class ColumnDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDefinition
-        attr_accessor :array
-      end
-
-      module ColumnMethods
-        def xml(*args)
-          options = args.extract_options!
-          column(args[0], 'xml', options)
-        end
-
-        def tsvector(*args)
-          options = args.extract_options!
-          column(args[0], 'tsvector', options)
-        end
-
-        def int4range(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'int4range', options)
-        end
-
-        def int8range(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'int8range', options)
-        end
-
-        def tsrange(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'tsrange', options)
-        end
-
-        def tstzrange(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'tstzrange', options)
-        end
-
-        def numrange(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'numrange', options)
-        end
-
-        def daterange(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'daterange', options)
-        end
-
-        def hstore(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'hstore', options)
-        end
-
-        def ltree(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'ltree', options)
-        end
-
-        def inet(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'inet', options)
-        end
-
-        def cidr(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'cidr', options)
-        end
-
-        def macaddr(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'macaddr', options)
-        end
-
-        def uuid(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'uuid', options)
-        end
-
-        def json(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'json', options)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class TableDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition
-        include ColumnMethods
-
-        # Defines the primary key field.
-        # Use of the native PostgreSQL UUID type is supported, and can be used
-        # by defining your tables as such:
-        #
-        #   create_table :stuffs, id: :uuid do |t|
-        #     t.string :content
-        #     t.timestamps
-        #   end
-        #
-        # By default, this will use the +uuid_generate_v4()+ function from the
-        # +uuid-ossp+ extension, which MUST be enabled on your database. To enable
-        # the +uuid-ossp+ extension, you can use the +enable_extension+ method in your
-        # migrations. To use a UUID primary key without +uuid-ossp+ enabled, you can
-        # set the +:default+ option to +nil+:
-        #
-        #   create_table :stuffs, id: false do |t|
-        #     t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
-        #     t.uuid :foo_id
-        #     t.timestamps
-        #   end
-        #
-        # You may also pass a different UUID generation function from +uuid-ossp+
-        # or another library.
-        #
-        # Note that setting the UUID primary key default value to +nil+ will
-        # require you to assure that you always provide a UUID value before saving
-        # a record (as primary keys cannot be +nil+). This might be done via the
-        # +SecureRandom.uuid+ method and a +before_save+ callback, for instance.
-        def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, options = {})
-          return super unless type == :uuid
-          options[:default] = options.fetch(:default, 'uuid_generate_v4()')
-          options[:primary_key] = true
-          column name, type, options
-        end
-
-        def column(name, type = nil, options = {})
-          super
-          column = self[name]
-          column.array = options[:array]
-
-          self
-        end
-
-        private
-
-          def create_column_definition(name, type)
-            ColumnDefinition.new name, type
-          end
-      end
-
-      class Table < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table
-        include ColumnMethods
-      end
-
-      ADAPTER_NAME = 'PostgreSQL'
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'PostgreSQL'.freeze
 
       NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
         primary_key: "serial primary key",
-        string:      { name: "character varying", limit: 255 },
+        string:      { name: "character varying" },
         text:        { name: "text" },
         integer:     { name: "integer" },
         float:       { name: "float" },
         decimal:     { name: "decimal" },
         datetime:    { name: "timestamp" },
-        timestamp:   { name: "timestamp" },
         time:        { name: "time" },
         date:        { name: "date" },
         daterange:   { name: "daterange" },
@@ -441,23 +102,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
         macaddr:     { name: "macaddr" },
         uuid:        { name: "uuid" },
         json:        { name: "json" },
-        ltree:       { name: "ltree" }
+        ltree:       { name: "ltree" },
+        citext:      { name: "citext" },
+        point:       { name: "point" },
+        bit:         { name: "bit" },
+        bit_varying: { name: "bit varying" },
+        money:       { name: "money" },
       }
 
-      include Quoting
-      include ReferentialIntegrity
-      include SchemaStatements
-      include DatabaseStatements
+      OID = PostgreSQL::OID #:nodoc:
+
+      include PostgreSQL::Quoting
+      include PostgreSQL::ReferentialIntegrity
+      include PostgreSQL::SchemaStatements
+      include PostgreSQL::DatabaseStatements
       include Savepoints
 
-      # Returns 'PostgreSQL' as adapter name for identification purposes.
-      def adapter_name
-        ADAPTER_NAME
+      def schema_creation # :nodoc:
+        PostgreSQL::SchemaCreation.new self
       end
 
       # Adds `:array` option to the default set provided by the
       # AbstractAdapter
-      def prepare_column_options(column, types)
+      def prepare_column_options(column, types) # :nodoc:
         spec = super
         spec[:array] = 'true' if column.respond_to?(:array) && column.array
         spec[:default] = "\"#{column.default_function}\"" if column.default_function
@@ -487,6 +154,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_views?
+        true
+      end
+
       def index_algorithms
         { concurrently: 'CONCURRENTLY' }
       end
@@ -544,19 +219,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
       end
 
-      class BindSubstitution < Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL # :nodoc:
-        include Arel::Visitors::BindVisitor
-      end
-
       # Initializes and connects a PostgreSQL adapter.
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_parameters, config)
         super(connection, logger)
 
+        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL.new self
         if self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true })
           @prepared_statements = true
-          @visitor = Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL.new self
         else
-          @visitor = unprepared_visitor
+          @prepared_statements = false
         end
 
         @connection_parameters, @config = connection_parameters, config
@@ -573,7 +244,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           raise "Your version of PostgreSQL (#{postgresql_version}) is too old, please upgrade!"
         end
 
-        @type_map = OID::TypeMap.new
+        @type_map = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new
         initialize_type_map(type_map)
         @local_tz = execute('SHOW TIME ZONE', 'SCHEMA').first["TimeZone"]
         @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
@@ -592,10 +263,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
-      def active_threadsafe?
-        @connection.connect_poll != PG::PGRES_POLLING_FAILED
-      end
-
       # Close then reopen the connection.
       def reconnect!
         super
@@ -605,7 +272,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def reset!
         clear_cache!
-        super
+        reset_transaction
+        unless @connection.transaction_status == ::PG::PQTRANS_IDLE
+          @connection.query 'ROLLBACK'
+        end
+        @connection.query 'DISCARD ALL'
+        configure_connection
       end
 
       # Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this
@@ -637,10 +309,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         self.client_min_messages = old
       end
 
-      def supports_insert_with_returning?
-        true
-      end
-
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
         true
       end
@@ -659,6 +327,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         postgresql_version >= 90200
       end
 
+      def supports_materialized_views?
+        postgresql_version >= 90300
+      end
+
       def enable_extension(name)
         exec_query("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS \"#{name}\"").tap {
           reload_type_map
@@ -675,14 +347,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if supports_extensions?
           res = exec_query "SELECT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = '#{name}' AND installed_version IS NOT NULL) as enabled",
             'SCHEMA'
-          res.column_types['enabled'].type_cast res.rows.first.first
+          res.cast_values.first
         end
       end
 
       def extensions
         if supports_extensions?
-          res = exec_query "SELECT extname from pg_extension", "SCHEMA"
-          res.rows.map { |r| res.column_types['extname'].type_cast r.first }
+          exec_query("SELECT extname from pg_extension", "SCHEMA").cast_values
         else
           super
         end
@@ -699,25 +370,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         exec_query "SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{user}"
       end
 
-      module Utils
-        extend self
-
-        # Returns an array of <tt>[schema_name, table_name]</tt> extracted from +name+.
-        # +schema_name+ is nil if not specified in +name+.
-        # +schema_name+ and +table_name+ exclude surrounding quotes (regardless of whether provided in +name+)
-        # +name+ supports the range of schema/table references understood by PostgreSQL, for example:
-        #
-        # * <tt>table_name</tt>
-        # * <tt>"table.name"</tt>
-        # * <tt>schema_name.table_name</tt>
-        # * <tt>schema_name."table.name"</tt>
-        # * <tt>"schema.name"."table name"</tt>
-        def extract_schema_and_table(name)
-          table, schema = name.scan(/[^".\s]+|"[^"]*"/)[0..1].collect{|m| m.gsub(/(^"|"$)/,'') }.reverse
-          [schema, table]
-        end
-      end
-
       def use_insert_returning?
         @use_insert_returning
       end
@@ -727,7 +379,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def update_table_definition(table_name, base) #:nodoc:
-        Table.new(table_name, base)
+        PostgreSQL::Table.new(table_name, base)
+      end
+
+      def lookup_cast_type(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        oid = execute("SELECT #{quote(sql_type)}::regtype::oid", "SCHEMA").first['oid'].to_i
+        super(oid)
       end
 
       protected
@@ -756,63 +413,163 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
-        def type_map
-          @type_map
-        end
+        def get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type = '') # :nodoc:
+          if !type_map.key?(oid)
+            load_additional_types(type_map, [oid])
+          end
 
-        def reload_type_map
-          type_map.clear
-          initialize_type_map(type_map)
+          type_map.fetch(oid, fmod, sql_type) {
+            warn "unknown OID #{oid}: failed to recognize type of '#{column_name}'. It will be treated as String."
+            Type::Value.new.tap do |cast_type|
+              type_map.register_type(oid, cast_type)
+            end
+          }
         end
 
-        def add_oid(row, records_by_oid, type_map)
-          return type_map if type_map.key? row['type_elem'].to_i
+        def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'int2', OID::Integer
+          m.alias_type 'int4', 'int2'
+          m.alias_type 'int8', 'int2'
+          m.alias_type 'oid', 'int2'
+          m.register_type 'float4', OID::Float.new
+          m.alias_type 'float8', 'float4'
+          m.register_type 'text', Type::Text.new
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'varchar', Type::String
+          m.alias_type 'char', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'name', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'bpchar', 'varchar'
+          m.register_type 'bool', Type::Boolean.new
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'bit', OID::Bit
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'varbit', OID::BitVarying
+          m.alias_type 'timestamptz', 'timestamp'
+          m.register_type 'date', OID::Date.new
+          m.register_type 'time', OID::Time.new
+
+          m.register_type 'money', OID::Money.new
+          m.register_type 'bytea', OID::Bytea.new
+          m.register_type 'point', OID::Point.new
+          m.register_type 'hstore', OID::Hstore.new
+          m.register_type 'json', OID::Json.new
+          m.register_type 'jsonb', OID::Jsonb.new
+          m.register_type 'cidr', OID::Cidr.new
+          m.register_type 'inet', OID::Inet.new
+          m.register_type 'uuid', OID::Uuid.new
+          m.register_type 'xml', OID::Xml.new
+          m.register_type 'tsvector', OID::SpecializedString.new(:tsvector)
+          m.register_type 'macaddr', OID::SpecializedString.new(:macaddr)
+          m.register_type 'citext', OID::SpecializedString.new(:citext)
+          m.register_type 'ltree', OID::SpecializedString.new(:ltree)
+
+          # FIXME: why are we keeping these types as strings?
+          m.alias_type 'interval', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'path', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'line', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'polygon', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'circle', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'lseg', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'box', 'varchar'
+
+          m.register_type 'timestamp' do |_, _, sql_type|
+            precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+            OID::DateTime.new(precision: precision)
+          end
 
-          if OID.registered_type? row['typname']
-            # this composite type is explicitly registered
-            vector = OID::NAMES[row['typname']]
-          else
-            # use the default for composite types
-            unless type_map.key? row['typelem'].to_i
-              add_oid records_by_oid[row['typelem']], records_by_oid, type_map
+          m.register_type 'numeric' do |_, fmod, sql_type|
+            precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+            scale = extract_scale(sql_type)
+
+            # The type for the numeric depends on the width of the field,
+            # so we'll do something special here.
+            #
+            # When dealing with decimal columns:
+            #
+            # places after decimal  = fmod - 4 & 0xffff
+            # places before decimal = (fmod - 4) >> 16 & 0xffff
+            if fmod && (fmod - 4 & 0xffff).zero?
+              # FIXME: Remove this class, and the second argument to
+              # lookups on PG
+              Type::DecimalWithoutScale.new(precision: precision)
+            else
+              OID::Decimal.new(precision: precision, scale: scale)
             end
-
-            vector = OID::Vector.new row['typdelim'], type_map[row['typelem'].to_i]
           end
 
-          type_map[row['oid'].to_i] = vector
-          type_map
+          load_additional_types(m)
         end
 
-        def initialize_type_map(type_map)
-          result = execute('SELECT oid, typname, typelem, typdelim, typinput FROM pg_type', 'SCHEMA')
-          leaves, nodes = result.partition { |row| row['typelem'] == '0' }
+        def extract_limit(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+          case sql_type
+          when /^bigint/i;    8
+          when /^smallint/i;  2
+          else super
+          end
+        end
 
-          # populate the leaf nodes
-          leaves.find_all { |row| OID.registered_type? row['typname'] }.each do |row|
-            type_map[row['oid'].to_i] = OID::NAMES[row['typname']]
+        # Extracts the value from a PostgreSQL column default definition.
+        def extract_value_from_default(oid, default) # :nodoc:
+          case default
+            # Quoted types
+            when /\A[\(B]?'(.*)'::/m
+              $1.gsub(/''/, "'")
+            # Boolean types
+            when 'true', 'false'
+              default
+            # Numeric types
+            when /\A\(?(-?\d+(\.\d*)?\)?(::bigint)?)\z/
+              $1
+            # Object identifier types
+            when /\A-?\d+\z/
+              $1
+            else
+              # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
+              # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
+              nil
           end
+        end
 
-          records_by_oid = result.group_by { |row| row['oid'] }
+        def extract_default_function(default_value, default) # :nodoc:
+          default if has_default_function?(default_value, default)
+        end
 
-          arrays, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typinput'] == 'array_in' }
+        def has_default_function?(default_value, default) # :nodoc:
+          !default_value && (%r{\w+\(.*\)} === default)
+        end
 
-          # populate composite types
-          nodes.each do |row|
-            add_oid row, records_by_oid, type_map
+        def load_additional_types(type_map, oids = nil) # :nodoc:
+          if supports_ranges?
+            query = <<-SQL
+              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, r.rngsubtype, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
+              FROM pg_type as t
+              LEFT JOIN pg_range as r ON oid = rngtypid
+            SQL
+          else
+            query = <<-SQL
+              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
+              FROM pg_type as t
+            SQL
           end
 
-          # populate array types
-          arrays.find_all { |row| type_map.key? row['typelem'].to_i }.each do |row|
-            array = OID::Array.new  type_map[row['typelem'].to_i]
-            type_map[row['oid'].to_i] = array
+          if oids
+            query += "WHERE t.oid::integer IN (%s)" % oids.join(", ")
           end
+
+          initializer = OID::TypeMapInitializer.new(type_map)
+          records = execute(query, 'SCHEMA')
+          initializer.run(records)
         end
 
         FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "0A000" #:nodoc:
 
+        def execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds)
+          result = without_prepared_statement?(binds) ? exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds) :
+                                                        exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
+          ret = yield result
+          result.clear
+          ret
+        end
+
         def exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds)
-          log(sql, name, binds) { @connection.async_exec(sql) }
+          log(sql, name, binds) { @connection.async_exec(sql, []) }
         end
 
         def exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
@@ -870,11 +627,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @statements[sql_key]
         end
 
-        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the money data type.
-        MONEY_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 790 #:nodoc:
-        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the BYTEA data type.
-        BYTEA_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 17 #:nodoc:
-
         # Connects to a PostgreSQL server and sets up the adapter depending on the
         # connected server's characteristics.
         def connect
@@ -883,14 +635,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # Money type has a fixed precision of 10 in PostgreSQL 8.2 and below, and as of
           # PostgreSQL 8.3 it has a fixed precision of 19. PostgreSQLColumn.extract_precision
           # should know about this but can't detect it there, so deal with it here.
-          PostgreSQLColumn.money_precision = (postgresql_version >= 80300) ? 19 : 10
+          OID::Money.precision = (postgresql_version >= 80300) ? 19 : 10
 
           configure_connection
         rescue ::PG::Error => error
           if error.message.include?("does not exist")
-            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message)
+            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message, error)
           else
-            raise error
+            raise
           end
         end
 
@@ -965,7 +717,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Query implementation notes:
         #  - format_type includes the column size constraint, e.g. varchar(50)
         #  - ::regclass is a function that gives the id for a table name
-        def column_definitions(table_name) #:nodoc:
+        def column_definitions(table_name) # :nodoc:
           exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA').rows
               SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod),
                      pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod
@@ -977,23 +729,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end_sql
         end
 
-        def extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name)
-          match_data = name.start_with?('"') ? name.match(/\"([^\"]+)\"/) : name.match(/([^\.]+)/)
-
-          if match_data
-            rest = name[match_data[0].length, name.length]
-            rest = rest[1, rest.length] if rest.start_with? "."
-            [match_data[1], (rest.length > 0 ? rest : nil)]
-          end
-        end
-
-        def extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql)
+        def extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql) # :nodoc:
           sql[/into\s+([^\(]*).*values\s*\(/im]
           $1.strip if $1
         end
 
-        def create_table_definition(name, temporary, options, as = nil)
-          TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options, as
+        def create_table_definition(name, temporary, options, as = nil) # :nodoc:
+          PostgreSQL::TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options, as
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
index e5c9f6f54a..a10ce330c7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class SchemaCache
@@ -12,15 +11,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @columns_hash = {}
         @primary_keys = {}
         @tables       = {}
-        prepare_default_proc
       end
 
       def primary_keys(table_name)
-        @primary_keys[table_name]
+        @primary_keys[table_name] ||= table_exists?(table_name) ? connection.primary_key(table_name) : nil
       end
 
       # A cached lookup for table existence.
       def table_exists?(name)
+        prepare_tables if @tables.empty?
         return @tables[name] if @tables.key? name
 
         @tables[name] = connection.table_exists?(name)
@@ -29,9 +28,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Add internal cache for table with +table_name+.
       def add(table_name)
         if table_exists?(table_name)
-          @primary_keys[table_name]
-          @columns[table_name]
-          @columns_hash[table_name]
+          primary_keys(table_name)
+          columns(table_name)
+          columns_hash(table_name)
         end
       end
 
@@ -40,14 +39,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Get the columns for a table
-      def columns(table)
-        @columns[table]
+      def columns(table_name)
+        @columns[table_name] ||= connection.columns(table_name)
       end
 
       # Get the columns for a table as a hash, key is the column name
       # value is the column object.
-      def columns_hash(table)
-        @columns_hash[table]
+      def columns_hash(table_name)
+        @columns_hash[table_name] ||= Hash[columns(table_name).map { |col|
+          [col.name, col]
+        }]
       end
 
       # Clears out internal caches
@@ -76,33 +77,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def marshal_dump
         # if we get current version during initialization, it happens stack over flow.
         @version = ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-        [@version] + [@columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @tables].map { |val|
-          Hash[val]
-        }
+        [@version, @columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @tables]
       end
 
       def marshal_load(array)
         @version, @columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @tables = array
-        prepare_default_proc
       end
 
       private
 
-      def prepare_default_proc
-        @columns.default_proc = Proc.new do |h, table_name|
-          h[table_name] = connection.columns(table_name)
-        end
-
-        @columns_hash.default_proc = Proc.new do |h, table_name|
-          h[table_name] = Hash[columns(table_name).map { |col|
-            [col.name, col]
-          }]
+        def prepare_tables
+          connection.tables.each { |table| @tables[table] = true }
         end
-
-        @primary_keys.default_proc = Proc.new do |h, table_name|
-          h[table_name] = table_exists?(table_name) ? connection.primary_key(table_name) : nil
-        end
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
index e808a31ff6..ebb311df57 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise ArgumentError, "No database file specified. Missing argument: database"
       end
 
-      # Allow database path relative to Rails.root, but only if
-      # the database path is not the special path that tells
-      # Sqlite to build a database only in memory.
+      # Allow database path relative to Rails.root, but only if the database
+      # path is not the special path that tells sqlite to build a database only
+      # in memory.
       if ':memory:' != config[:database]
         config[:database] = File.expand_path(config[:database], Rails.root) if defined?(Rails.root)
         dirname = File.dirname(config[:database])
@@ -30,24 +30,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       db.busy_timeout(ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.type_cast_config_to_integer(config[:timeout])) if config[:timeout]
 
-      ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.new(db, logger, config)
+      ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.new(db, logger, nil, config)
     rescue Errno::ENOENT => error
       if error.message.include?("No such file or directory")
-        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message)
+        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message, error)
       else
-        raise error
+        raise
       end
     end
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters #:nodoc:
-    class SQLite3Column < Column #:nodoc:
-      class <<  self
-        def binary_to_string(value)
-          if value.encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
-            value = value.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
-          end
-          value
+    class SQLite3Binary < Type::Binary # :nodoc:
+      def cast_value(value)
+        if value.encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+          value = value.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+        end
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
+    class SQLite3String < Type::String # :nodoc:
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        if value.is_a?(::String) && value.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+          value.encode(Encoding::UTF_8)
+        else
+          super
         end
       end
     end
@@ -59,17 +67,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # * <tt>:database</tt> - Path to the database file.
     class SQLite3Adapter < AbstractAdapter
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'SQLite'.freeze
       include Savepoints
 
       NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
         primary_key:  'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL',
-        string:       { name: "varchar", limit: 255 },
+        string:       { name: "varchar" },
         text:         { name: "text" },
         integer:      { name: "integer" },
         float:        { name: "float" },
         decimal:      { name: "decimal" },
         datetime:     { name: "datetime" },
-        timestamp:    { name: "datetime" },
         time:         { name: "time" },
         date:         { name: "date" },
         binary:       { name: "blob" },
@@ -123,11 +131,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      class BindSubstitution < Arel::Visitors::SQLite # :nodoc:
-        include Arel::Visitors::BindVisitor
-      end
-
-      def initialize(connection, logger, config)
+      def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
         super(connection, logger)
 
         @active     = nil
@@ -135,18 +139,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
                                         self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(config.fetch(:statement_limit) { 1000 }))
         @config = config
 
+        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::SQLite.new self
+
         if self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true })
           @prepared_statements = true
-          @visitor = Arel::Visitors::SQLite.new self
         else
-          @visitor = unprepared_visitor
+          @prepared_statements = false
         end
       end
 
-      def adapter_name #:nodoc:
-        'SQLite'
-      end
-
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
         true
       end
@@ -182,6 +183,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
+      def supports_views?
+        true
+      end
+
       def active?
         @active != false
       end
@@ -225,10 +230,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # QUOTING ==================================================
 
-      def quote(value, column = nil)
-        if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary
-          s = value.unpack("H*")[0]
-          "x'#{s}'"
+      def _quote(value) # :nodoc:
+        case value
+        when Type::Binary::Data
+          "x'#{value.hex}'"
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _type_cast(value) # :nodoc:
+        case value
+        when BigDecimal
+          value.to_f
         else
           super
         end
@@ -256,24 +270,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def type_cast(value, column) # :nodoc:
-        return value.to_f if BigDecimal === value
-        return super unless String === value
-        return super unless column && value
-
-        value = super
-        if column.type == :string && value.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
-          logger.error "Binary data inserted for `string` type on column `#{column.name}`" if logger
-          value = value.encode Encoding::UTF_8
-        end
-        value
-      end
-
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
 
       def explain(arel, binds = [])
         sql = "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
-        ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(exec_query(sql, 'EXPLAIN', binds))
+        ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(exec_query(sql, 'EXPLAIN', []))
       end
 
       class ExplainPrettyPrinter
@@ -299,9 +300,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # Don't cache statements if they are not prepared
           if without_prepared_statement?(binds)
             stmt    = @connection.prepare(sql)
-            cols    = stmt.columns
-            records = stmt.to_a
-            stmt.close
+            begin
+              cols    = stmt.columns
+              records = stmt.to_a
+            ensure
+              stmt.close
+            end
             stmt = records
           else
             cache = @statements[sql] ||= {
@@ -382,7 +386,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         table_name && tables(nil, table_name).any?
       end
 
-      # Returns an array of +SQLite3Column+ objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
+      # Returns an array of +Column+ objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
       def columns(table_name) #:nodoc:
         table_structure(table_name).map do |field|
           case field["dflt_value"]
@@ -394,7 +398,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
             field["dflt_value"] = $1.gsub('""', '"')
           end
 
-          SQLite3Column.new(field['name'], field['dflt_value'], field['type'], field['notnull'].to_i == 0)
+          sql_type = field['type']
+          cast_type = lookup_cast_type(sql_type)
+          new_column(field['name'], field['dflt_value'], cast_type, sql_type, field['notnull'].to_i == 0)
         end
       end
 
@@ -495,14 +501,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
-        unless columns(table_name).detect{|c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-          raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "Missing column #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-        end
-        alter_table(table_name, :rename => {column_name.to_s => new_column_name.to_s})
-        rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+        alter_table(table_name, rename: {column.name => new_column_name.to_s})
+        rename_column_indexes(table_name, column.name, new_column_name)
       end
 
       protected
+
+        def initialize_type_map(m)
+          super
+          m.register_type(/binary/i, SQLite3Binary.new)
+          register_class_with_limit m, %r(char)i, SQLite3String
+        end
+
         def select(sql, name = nil, binds = []) #:nodoc:
           exec_query(sql, name, binds)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
index 11f6a47158..31e7390bf7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Example for SQLite database:
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
-    #     adapter:  "sqlite",
+    #     adapter:  "sqlite3",
     #     database: "path/to/dbfile"
     #   )
     #
     # Also accepts keys as strings (for parsing from YAML for example):
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
-    #     "adapter"  => "sqlite",
+    #     "adapter"  => "sqlite3",
     #     "database" => "path/to/dbfile"
     #   )
     #
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     class MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig # :nodoc:
-      def initialize(raw_configurations, url = ENV['DATABASE_URL'])
+      def initialize(raw_configurations)
         @raw_config = raw_configurations.dup
-        @url        = url
+        @env = DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_s
       end
 
       # Returns fully resolved connection hashes.
@@ -71,38 +71,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
         def config
-          if @url
-            raw_merged_into_default
-          else
-            @raw_config
-          end
-        end
-
-        def raw_merged_into_default
-          default = default_url_hash
-
-          @raw_config.each do |env, values|
-            default[env] = values || {}
-            default[env].merge!("url" => @url) { |h, v1, v2| v1 || v2 } if default[env].is_a?(Hash)
-          end
-          default
-        end
-
-        # When the raw configuration is not present and ENV['DATABASE_URL']
-        # is available we return a hash with the connection information in
-        # the connection URL. This hash responds to any string key with
-        # resolved connection information.
-        def default_url_hash
-          if @raw_config.blank?
-            Hash.new do |hash, key|
-              hash[key] = if key.is_a? String
-                 ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::ConnectionUrlResolver.new(@url).to_hash
-              else
-                nil
-              end
+          @raw_config.dup.tap do |cfg|
+            if url = ENV['DATABASE_URL']
+              cfg[@env] ||= {}
+              cfg[@env]["url"] ||= url
             end
-          else
-            {}
           end
         end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
index d9aaf8597f..83859e474a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       mattr_accessor :logger, instance_writer: false
 
       ##
-      # :singleton-method:
       # Contains the database configuration - as is typically stored in config/database.yml -
       # as a Hash.
       #
@@ -94,6 +93,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       class_attribute :default_connection_handler, instance_writer: false
+      class_attribute :find_by_statement_cache
 
       def self.connection_handler
         ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.connection_handler || default_connection_handler
@@ -107,9 +107,82 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      def initialize_generated_modules
+      def allocate
+        define_attribute_methods
         super
+      end
+
+      def initialize_find_by_cache
+        self.find_by_statement_cache = {}.extend(Mutex_m)
+      end
+
+      def inherited(child_class)
+        child_class.initialize_find_by_cache
+        super
+      end
+
+      def find(*ids)
+        # We don't have cache keys for this stuff yet
+        return super unless ids.length == 1
+        return super if block_given? ||
+                        primary_key.nil? ||
+                        default_scopes.any? ||
+                        columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column) ||
+                        ids.first.kind_of?(Array)
+
+        id  = ids.first
+        if ActiveRecord::Base === id
+          id = id.id
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `find`." \
+            "Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`"
+        end
+        key = primary_key
+
+        s = find_by_statement_cache[key] || find_by_statement_cache.synchronize {
+          find_by_statement_cache[key] ||= StatementCache.create(connection) { |params|
+            where(key => params.bind).limit(1)
+          }
+        }
+        record = s.execute([id], self, connection).first
+        unless record
+          raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} with '#{primary_key}'=#{id}"
+        end
+        record
+      end
+
+      def find_by(*args)
+        return super if current_scope || !(Hash === args.first) || reflect_on_all_aggregations.any?
+        return super if default_scopes.any?
+
+        hash = args.first
+
+        return super if hash.values.any? { |v|
+          v.nil? || Array === v || Hash === v
+        }
+
+        key  = hash.keys
+
+        klass = self
+        s = find_by_statement_cache[key] || find_by_statement_cache.synchronize {
+          find_by_statement_cache[key] ||= StatementCache.create(connection) { |params|
+            wheres = key.each_with_object({}) { |param,o|
+              o[param] = params.bind
+            }
+            klass.where(wheres).limit(1)
+          }
+        }
+        begin
+          s.execute(hash.values, self, connection).first
+        rescue TypeError => e
+          raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new(e.message, e)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def find_by!(*args)
+        find_by(*args) or raise RecordNotFound
+      end
 
+      def initialize_generated_modules
         generated_association_methods
       end
 
@@ -183,16 +256,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # Instantiates a single new object
     #   User.new(first_name: 'Jamie')
     def initialize(attributes = nil, options = {})
-      defaults = self.class.column_defaults.dup
-      defaults.each { |k, v| defaults[k] = v.dup if v.duplicable? }
-
-      @attributes   = self.class.initialize_attributes(defaults)
-      @column_types_override = nil
-      @column_types = self.class.column_types
+      @attributes = self.class.default_attributes.dup
 
       init_internals
       initialize_internals_callback
 
+      self.class.define_attribute_methods
       # +options+ argument is only needed to make protected_attributes gem easier to hook.
       # Remove it when we drop support to this gem.
       init_attributes(attributes, options) if attributes
@@ -212,13 +281,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   post.init_with('attributes' => { 'title' => 'hello world' })
     #   post.title # => 'hello world'
     def init_with(coder)
-      @attributes   = self.class.initialize_attributes(coder['attributes'])
-      @column_types_override = coder['column_types']
-      @column_types = self.class.column_types
+      @attributes = coder['attributes']
 
       init_internals
 
-      @new_record = false
+      @new_record = coder['new_record']
+
+      self.class.define_attribute_methods
 
       run_callbacks :find
       run_callbacks :initialize
@@ -254,19 +323,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     ##
     def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
-      cloned_attributes = other.clone_attributes(:read_attribute_before_type_cast)
-      self.class.initialize_attributes(cloned_attributes, :serialized => false)
-
-      @attributes = cloned_attributes
-      @attributes[self.class.primary_key] = nil
+      @attributes = @attributes.dup
+      @attributes.reset(self.class.primary_key)
 
       run_callbacks(:initialize) unless _initialize_callbacks.empty?
 
       @aggregation_cache = {}
       @association_cache = {}
-      @attributes_cache  = {}
 
       @new_record  = true
+      @destroyed   = false
 
       super
     end
@@ -284,7 +350,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.new.encode_with(coder)
     #   coder # => {"attributes" => {"id" => nil, ... }}
     def encode_with(coder)
-      coder['attributes'] = attributes_for_coder
+      # FIXME: Remove this when we better serialize attributes
+      coder['raw_attributes'] = attributes_before_type_cast
+      coder['attributes'] = @attributes
+      coder['new_record'] = new_record?
     end
 
     # Returns true if +comparison_object+ is the same exact object, or +comparison_object+
@@ -299,7 +368,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def ==(comparison_object)
       super ||
         comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) &&
-        id &&
+        !id.nil? &&
         comparison_object.id == id
     end
     alias :eql? :==
@@ -307,7 +376,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Delegates to id in order to allow two records of the same type and id to work with something like:
     #   [ Person.find(1), Person.find(2), Person.find(3) ] & [ Person.find(1), Person.find(4) ] # => [ Person.find(1) ]
     def hash
-      id.hash
+      if id
+        id.hash
+      else
+        super
+      end
     end
 
     # Clone and freeze the attributes hash such that associations are still
@@ -363,6 +436,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       "#<#{self.class} #{inspection}>"
     end
 
+    # Takes a PP and prettily prints this record to it, allowing you to get a nice result from `pp record`
+    # when pp is required.
+    def pretty_print(pp)
+      pp.object_address_group(self) do
+        if defined?(@attributes) && @attributes
+          column_names = self.class.column_names.select { |name| has_attribute?(name) || new_record? }
+          pp.seplist(column_names, proc { pp.text ',' }) do |column_name|
+            column_value = read_attribute(column_name)
+            pp.breakable ' '
+            pp.group(1) do
+              pp.text column_name
+              pp.text ':'
+              pp.breakable
+              pp.pp column_value
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          pp.breakable ' '
+          pp.text 'not initialized'
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     # Returns a hash of the given methods with their names as keys and returned values as values.
     def slice(*methods)
       Hash[methods.map! { |method| [method, public_send(method)] }].with_indifferent_access
@@ -426,12 +522,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def init_internals
-      pk = self.class.primary_key
-      @attributes[pk] = nil unless @attributes.key?(pk)
+      @attributes.ensure_initialized(self.class.primary_key)
 
       @aggregation_cache        = {}
       @association_cache        = {}
-      @attributes_cache         = {}
       @readonly                 = false
       @destroyed                = false
       @marked_for_destruction   = false
@@ -451,5 +545,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def init_attributes(attributes, options)
       assign_attributes(attributes)
     end
+
+    def thaw
+      if frozen?
+        @attributes = @attributes.dup
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
index dcbdf75627..f0b6afc4b4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # ==== Parameters
       #
       # * +id+ - The id of the object you wish to reset a counter on.
-      # * +counters+ - One or more association counters to reset
+      # * +counters+ - One or more association counters to reset. Association name or counter name can be given.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #
@@ -19,9 +19,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Post.reset_counters(1, :comments)
       def reset_counters(id, *counters)
         object = find(id)
-        counters.each do |association|
-          has_many_association = reflect_on_association(association.to_sym)
-          raise ArgumentError, "'#{self.name}' has no association called '#{association}'" unless has_many_association
+        counters.each do |counter_association|
+          has_many_association = _reflect_on_association(counter_association.to_sym)
+          unless has_many_association
+            has_many = reflect_on_all_associations(:has_many)
+            has_many_association = has_many.find { |association| association.counter_cache_column && association.counter_cache_column.to_sym == counter_association.to_sym }
+            counter_association = has_many_association.plural_name if has_many_association
+          end
+          raise ArgumentError, "'#{self.name}' has no association called '#{counter_association}'" unless has_many_association
 
           if has_many_association.is_a? ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection
             has_many_association = has_many_association.through_reflection
@@ -29,12 +34,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           foreign_key  = has_many_association.foreign_key.to_s
           child_class  = has_many_association.klass
-          belongs_to   = child_class.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to)
-          reflection   = belongs_to.find { |e| e.foreign_key.to_s == foreign_key && e.options[:counter_cache].present? }
+          reflection   = child_class._reflections.values.find { |e| e.belongs_to? && e.foreign_key.to_s == foreign_key && e.options[:counter_cache].present? }
           counter_name = reflection.counter_cache_column
 
           stmt = unscoped.where(arel_table[primary_key].eq(object.id)).arel.compile_update({
-            arel_table[counter_name] => object.send(association).count
+            arel_table[counter_name] => object.send(counter_association).count(:all)
           }, primary_key)
           connection.update stmt
         end
@@ -118,5 +122,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
         update_counters(id, counter_name => -1)
       end
     end
+
+    protected
+
+      def actually_destroyed?
+        @_actually_destroyed
+      end
+
+      def clear_destroy_state
+        @_actually_destroyed = nil
+      end
+
+    private
+
+      def _create_record(*)
+        id = super
+
+        each_counter_cached_associations do |association|
+          if send(association.reflection.name)
+            association.increment_counters
+            @_after_create_counter_called = true
+          end
+        end
+
+        id
+      end
+
+      def destroy_row
+        affected_rows = super
+
+        if affected_rows > 0
+          each_counter_cached_associations do |association|
+            foreign_key = association.reflection.foreign_key.to_sym
+            unless destroyed_by_association && destroyed_by_association.foreign_key.to_sym == foreign_key
+              if send(association.reflection.name)
+                association.decrement_counters
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        affected_rows
+      end
+
+      def each_counter_cached_associations
+        _reflections.each do |name, reflection|
+          yield association(name) if reflection.belongs_to? && reflection.counter_cache_column
+        end
+      end
+
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb
index 4aa323fb00..5958373e88 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   # Declare an enum attribute where the values map to integers in the database,
   # but can be queried by name. Example:
@@ -25,8 +27,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   conversation.status      # => nil
   #
   # Scopes based on the allowed values of the enum field will be provided
-  # as well. With the above example, it will create an +active+ and +archived+
-  # scope.
+  # as well. With the above example:
+  #
+  #   Conversation.active
+  #   Conversation.archived
   #
   # You can set the default value from the database declaration, like:
   #
@@ -65,10 +69,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # Where conditions on an enum attribute must use the ordinal value of an enum.
   module Enum
-    DEFINED_ENUMS = {} # :nodoc:
+    def self.extended(base) # :nodoc:
+      base.class_attribute(:defined_enums)
+      base.defined_enums = {}
+    end
 
-    def enum_mapping_for(attr_name) # :nodoc:
-      DEFINED_ENUMS[attr_name.to_s]
+    def inherited(base) # :nodoc:
+      base.defined_enums = defined_enums.deep_dup
+      super
     end
 
     def enum(definitions)
@@ -122,9 +130,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, value, true)
             klass.scope value, -> { klass.where name => i }
           end
-
-          DEFINED_ENUMS[name.to_s] = enum_values
         end
+        defined_enums[name.to_s] = enum_values
       end
     end
 
@@ -133,19 +140,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @_enum_methods_module ||= begin
           mod = Module.new do
             private
-              def save_changed_attribute(attr_name, value)
-                if (mapping = self.class.enum_mapping_for(attr_name))
+              def save_changed_attribute(attr_name, old)
+                if (mapping = self.class.defined_enums[attr_name.to_s])
+                  value = read_attribute(attr_name)
                   if attribute_changed?(attr_name)
-                    old = changed_attributes[attr_name]
-
                     if mapping[old] == value
-                      changed_attributes.delete(attr_name)
+                      clear_attribute_changes([attr_name])
                     end
                   else
-                    old = clone_attribute_value(:read_attribute, attr_name)
-
                     if old != value
-                      changed_attributes[attr_name] = mapping.key old
+                      set_attribute_was(attr_name, mapping.key(old))
                     end
                   end
                 else
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
index 7f6228131f..52c70977ef 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
@@ -30,17 +30,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class SerializationTypeMismatch < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when adapter not specified on connection (or configuration file <tt>config/database.yml</tt>
-  # misses adapter field).
+  # Raised when adapter not specified on connection (or configuration file
+  # +config/database.yml+ misses adapter field).
   class AdapterNotSpecified < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when Active Record cannot find database adapter specified in <tt>config/database.yml</tt> or programmatically.
+  # Raised when Active Record cannot find database adapter specified in
+  # +config/database.yml+ or programmatically.
   class AdapterNotFound < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when connection to the database could not been established (for example when <tt>connection=</tt>
-  # is given a nil object).
+  # Raised when connection to the database could not been established (for
+  # example when +connection=+ is given a nil object).
   class ConnectionNotEstablished < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
@@ -82,35 +83,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class InvalidForeignKey < WrappedDatabaseException
   end
 
-  # Raised when number of bind variables in statement given to <tt>:condition</tt> key (for example,
-  # when using +find+ method)
-  # does not match number of expected variables.
+  # Raised when number of bind variables in statement given to +:condition+ key
+  # (for example, when using +find+ method) does not match number of expected
+  # values supplied.
   #
-  # For example, in
+  # For example, when there are two placeholders with only one value supplied:
   #
   #   Location.where("lat = ? AND lng = ?", 53.7362)
-  #
-  # two placeholders are given but only one variable to fill them.
   class PreparedStatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when a given database does not exist
-  class NoDatabaseError < ActiveRecordError
-    def initialize(message)
-      super extend_message(message)
-    end
-
-    # can be over written to add additional error information.
-    def extend_message(message)
-      message
-    end
+  # Raised when a given database does not exist.
+  class NoDatabaseError < StatementInvalid
   end
 
   # Raised on attempt to save stale record. Record is stale when it's being saved in another query after
   # instantiation, for example, when two users edit the same wiki page and one starts editing and saves
   # the page before the other.
   #
-  # Read more about optimistic locking in ActiveRecord::Locking module RDoc.
+  # Read more about optimistic locking in ActiveRecord::Locking module
+  # documentation.
   class StaleObjectError < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :record, :attempted_action
 
@@ -122,8 +114,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   end
 
-  # Raised when association is being configured improperly or
-  # user tries to use offset and limit together with has_many or has_and_belongs_to_many associations.
+  # Raised when association is being configured improperly or user tries to use
+  # offset and limit together with +has_many+ or +has_and_belongs_to_many+
+  # associations.
   class ConfigurationError < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
@@ -161,7 +154,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Rollback < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when attribute has a name reserved by Active Record (when attribute has name of one of Active Record instance methods).
+  # Raised when attribute has a name reserved by Active Record (when attribute
+  # has name of one of Active Record instance methods).
   class DangerousAttributeError < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
@@ -179,7 +173,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   end
 
   # Raised when an error occurred while doing a mass assignment to an attribute through the
-  # <tt>attributes=</tt> method. The exception has an +attribute+ property that is the name of the
+  # +attributes=+ method. The exception has an +attribute+ property that is the name of the
   # offending attribute.
   class AttributeAssignmentError < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :exception, :attribute
@@ -225,6 +219,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class ImmutableRelation < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
+  # TransactionIsolationError will be raised under the following conditions:
+  #
+  # * The adapter does not support setting the isolation level
+  # * You are joining an existing open transaction
+  # * You are creating a nested (savepoint) transaction
+  #
+  # The mysql, mysql2 and postgresql adapters support setting the transaction isolation level.
   class TransactionIsolationError < ActiveRecordError
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
index e65dab07ba..727a9befc1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end.join("\n")
       end.join("\n")
 
-      # Overriding inspect to be more human readable, specially in the console.
+      # Overriding inspect to be more human readable, especially in the console.
       def str.inspect
         self
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
index 297792aeec..4527452f1a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ require 'erb'
 require 'yaml'
 require 'zlib'
 require 'active_support/dependencies'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid'
 require 'active_record/fixture_set/file'
 require 'active_record/errors'
 
@@ -14,9 +15,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # They are stored in YAML files, one file per model, which are placed in the directory
   # appointed by <tt>ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path=(path)</tt> (this is automatically
   # configured for Rails, so you can just put your files in <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/</tt>).
-  # The fixture file ends with the <tt>.yml</tt> file extension (Rails example:
-  # <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/web_sites.yml</tt>). The format of a fixture file looks
-  # like this:
+  # The fixture file ends with the +.yml+ file extension, for example:
+  # <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/web_sites.yml</tt>).
+  #
+  # The format of a fixture file looks like this:
   #
   #   rubyonrails:
   #     id: 1
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # is followed by an indented list of key/value pairs in the "key: value" format. Records are
   # separated by a blank line for your viewing pleasure.
   #
-  # Note that fixtures are unordered. If you want ordered fixtures, use the omap YAML type.
+  # Note: Fixtures are unordered. If you want ordered fixtures, use the omap YAML type.
   # See http://yaml.org/type/omap.html
   # for the specification. You will need ordered fixtures when you have foreign key constraints
   # on keys in the same table. This is commonly needed for tree structures. Example:
@@ -60,8 +62,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # By default, <tt>test_helper.rb</tt> will load all of your fixtures into your test database,
-  # so this test will succeed.
+  # By default, +test_helper.rb+ will load all of your fixtures into your test
+  # database, so this test will succeed.
   #
   # The testing environment will automatically load the all fixtures into the database before each
   # test. To ensure consistent data, the environment deletes the fixtures before running the load.
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # that is included in <tt>ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class</tt>.
   #
   # - define a helper method in `test_helper.rb`
-  #     class FixtureFileHelpers
+  #     module FixtureFileHelpers
   #       def file_sha(path)
   #         Digest::SHA2.hexdigest(File.read(Rails.root.join('test/fixtures', path)))
   #       end
@@ -361,6 +363,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   geeksomnia:
   #     name: Geeksomnia's Account
   #     subdomain: $LABEL
+  #     email: $LABEL@email.com
   #
   # Also, sometimes (like when porting older join table fixtures) you'll need
   # to be able to get a hold of the identifier for a given label. ERB
@@ -372,8 +375,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # == Support for YAML defaults
   #
-  # You probably already know how to use YAML to set and reuse defaults in
-  # your <tt>database.yml</tt> file. You can use the same technique in your fixtures:
+  # You can set and reuse defaults in your fixtures YAML file.
+  # This is the same technique used in the +database.yml+ file to specify
+  # defaults:
   #
   #   DEFAULTS: &DEFAULTS
   #     created_on: <%= 3.weeks.ago.to_s(:db) %>
@@ -389,7 +393,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # Any fixture labeled "DEFAULTS" is safely ignored.
   class FixtureSet
     #--
-    # An instance of FixtureSet is normally stored in a single YAML file and possibly in a folder with the same name.
+    # An instance of FixtureSet is normally stored in a single YAML file and
+    # possibly in a folder with the same name.
     #++
 
     MAX_ID = 2 ** 30 - 1
@@ -459,13 +464,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @config      = config
 
         # Remove string values that aren't constants or subclasses of AR
-        @class_names.delete_if { |k,klass|
-          unless klass.is_a? Class
-            klass = klass.safe_constantize
-            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The ability to pass in strings as a class name to `set_fixture_class` will be removed in Rails 4.2. Use the class itself instead.")
-          end
-          !insert_class(@class_names, k, klass)
-        }
+        @class_names.delete_if { |klass_name, klass| !insert_class(@class_names, klass_name, klass) }
       end
 
       def [](fs_name)
@@ -516,7 +515,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               ::File.join(fixtures_directory, fs_name))
           end
 
-          all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)
+          update_all_loaded_fixtures fixtures_map
 
           connection.transaction(:requires_new => true) do
             fixture_sets.each do |fs|
@@ -549,9 +548,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Returns a consistent, platform-independent identifier for +label+.
-    # Identifiers are positive integers less than 2^32.
-    def self.identify(label)
-      Zlib.crc32(label.to_s) % MAX_ID
+    # Integer identifiers are values less than 2^30. UUIDs are RFC 4122 version 5 SHA-1 hashes.
+    def self.identify(label, column_type = :integer)
+      if column_type == :uuid
+        Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::OID_NAMESPACE, label.to_s)
+      else
+        Zlib.crc32(label.to_s) % MAX_ID
+      end
     end
 
     # Superclass for the evaluation contexts used by ERB fixtures.
@@ -559,6 +562,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @context_class ||= Class.new
     end
 
+    def self.update_all_loaded_fixtures(fixtures_map) # :nodoc:
+      all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)
+    end
+
     attr_reader :table_name, :name, :fixtures, :model_class, :config
 
     def initialize(connection, name, class_name, path, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
@@ -567,10 +574,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @config   = config
       @model_class = nil
 
-      if class_name.is_a?(String)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The ability to pass in strings as a class name to `FixtureSet.new` will be removed in Rails 4.2. Use the class itself instead.")
-      end
-
       if class_name.is_a?(Class) # TODO: Should be an AR::Base type class, or any?
         @model_class = class_name
       else
@@ -627,12 +630,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           # interpolate the fixture label
           row.each do |key, value|
-            row[key] = label if "$LABEL" == value
+            row[key] = value.gsub("$LABEL", label) if value.is_a?(String)
           end
 
           # generate a primary key if necessary
           if has_primary_key_column? && !row.include?(primary_key_name)
-            row[primary_key_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(label)
+            row[primary_key_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(label, primary_key_type)
           end
 
           # If STI is used, find the correct subclass for association reflection
@@ -643,19 +646,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
               model_class
             end
 
-          reflection_class.reflect_on_all_associations.each do |association|
+          reflection_class._reflections.values.each do |association|
             case association.macro
             when :belongs_to
               # Do not replace association name with association foreign key if they are named the same
               fk_name = (association.options[:foreign_key] || "#{association.name}_id").to_s
 
               if association.name.to_s != fk_name && value = row.delete(association.name.to_s)
-                if association.options[:polymorphic] && value.sub!(/\s*\(([^\)]*)\)\s*$/, "")
+                if association.polymorphic? && value.sub!(/\s*\(([^\)]*)\)\s*$/, "")
                   # support polymorphic belongs_to as "label (Type)"
                   row[association.foreign_type] = $1
                 end
 
-                row[fk_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(value)
+                fk_type = association.active_record.columns_hash[association.foreign_key].type
+                row[fk_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(value, fk_type)
               end
             when :has_many
               if association.options[:through]
@@ -682,6 +686,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def name
         @association.name
       end
+
+      def primary_key_type
+        @association.klass.column_types[@association.klass.primary_key].type
+      end
     end
 
     class HasManyThroughProxy < ReflectionProxy # :nodoc:
@@ -699,17 +707,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @primary_key_name ||= model_class && model_class.primary_key
       end
 
+      def primary_key_type
+        @primary_key_type ||= model_class && model_class.column_types[model_class.primary_key].type
+      end
+
       def add_join_records(rows, row, association)
         # This is the case when the join table has no fixtures file
         if (targets = row.delete(association.name.to_s))
-          table_name = association.join_table
-          lhs_key    = association.lhs_key
-          rhs_key    = association.rhs_key
+          table_name  = association.join_table
+          column_type = association.primary_key_type
+          lhs_key     = association.lhs_key
+          rhs_key     = association.rhs_key
 
           targets = targets.is_a?(Array) ? targets : targets.split(/\s*,\s*/)
           rows[table_name].concat targets.map { |target|
             { lhs_key => row[primary_key_name],
-              rhs_key => ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(target) }
+              rhs_key => ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(target, column_type) }
           }
         end
       end
@@ -861,11 +874,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def try_to_load_dependency(file_name)
         require_dependency file_name
       rescue LoadError => e
-        # Let's hope the developer has included it
-        # Let's warn in case this is a subdependency, otherwise
-        # subdependency error messages are totally cryptic
-        if ActiveRecord::Base.logger
-          ActiveRecord::Base.logger.warn("Unable to load #{file_name}, underlying cause #{e.message} \n\n #{e.backtrace.join("\n")}")
+        unless fixture_class_names.key?(file_name.pluralize)
+          if ActiveRecord::Base.logger
+            ActiveRecord::Base.logger.warn("Unable to load #{file_name}, make sure you added it to ActiveSupport::TestCase.set_fixture_class")
+            ActiveRecord::Base.logger.warn("underlying cause #{e.message} \n\n #{e.backtrace.join("\n")}")
+          end
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..15c9dee712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Active Record as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 2
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "beta1"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
index 08fc91c9df..251d682a02 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,37 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  # == Single table inheritance
+  #
+  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by
+  # default is named "type" (can be changed by overwriting <tt>Base.inheritance_column</tt>).
+  # This means that an inheritance looking like this:
+  #
+  #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+  #   class Firm < Company; end
+  #   class Client < Company; end
+  #   class PriorityClient < Client; end
+  #
+  # When you do <tt>Firm.create(name: "37signals")</tt>, this record will be saved in
+  # the companies table with type = "Firm". You can then fetch this row again using
+  # <tt>Company.where(name: '37signals').first</tt> and it will return a Firm object.
+  #
+  # Be aware that because the type column is an attribute on the record every new
+  # subclass will instantly be marked as dirty and the type column will be included
+  # in the list of changed attributes on the record. This is different from non
+  # STI classes:
+  #
+  #   Company.new.changed? # => false
+  #   Firm.new.changed?    # => true
+  #   Firm.new.changes     # => {"type"=>["","Firm"]}
+  #
+  # If you don't have a type column defined in your table, single-table inheritance won't
+  # be triggered. In that case, it'll work just like normal subclasses with no special magic
+  # for differentiating between them or reloading the right type with find.
+  #
+  # Note, all the attributes for all the cases are kept in the same table. Read more:
+  # http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html
+  #
   module Inheritance
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
@@ -120,14 +151,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           candidates << type_name
 
           candidates.each do |candidate|
-            begin
-              constant = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(candidate)
-              return constant if candidate == constant.to_s
-            # We don't want to swallow NoMethodError < NameError errors
-            rescue NoMethodError
-              raise
-            rescue NameError
-            end
+            constant = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.safe_constantize(candidate)
+            return constant if candidate == constant.to_s
           end
 
           raise NameError.new("uninitialized constant #{candidates.first}", candidates.first)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
index 31e2518540..15b2f65dcb 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
@@ -55,16 +55,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def cache_key(*timestamp_names)
       case
       when new_record?
-        "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/new"
+        "#{model_name.cache_key}/new"
       when timestamp_names.any?
         timestamp = max_updated_column_timestamp(timestamp_names)
         timestamp = timestamp.utc.to_s(cache_timestamp_format)
-        "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
+        "#{model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
       when timestamp = max_updated_column_timestamp
         timestamp = timestamp.utc.to_s(cache_timestamp_format)
-        "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
+        "#{model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
       else
-        "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}"
+        "#{model_name.cache_key}/#{id}"
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
index 6f54729b3c..52eeb8ae1f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           send(lock_col + '=', previous_lock_value + 1)
         end
 
-        def update_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys) #:nodoc:
+        def _update_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names) #:nodoc:
           return super unless locking_enabled?
           return 0 if attribute_names.empty?
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Set the column to use for optimistic locking. Defaults to +lock_version+.
         def locking_column=(value)
-          @column_defaults = nil
+          clear_caches_calculated_from_columns
           @locking_column = value.to_s
         end
 
@@ -151,12 +151,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @locking_column
         end
 
-        # Quote the column name used for optimistic locking.
-        def quoted_locking_column
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.2 or later."
-          connection.quote_column_name(locking_column)
-        end
-
         # Reset the column used for optimistic locking back to the +lock_version+ default.
         def reset_locking_column
           self.locking_column = DEFAULT_LOCKING_COLUMN
@@ -169,18 +163,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super
         end
 
-        def column_defaults
-          @column_defaults ||= begin
-            defaults = super
-
-            if defaults.key?(locking_column) && lock_optimistically
-              defaults[locking_column] ||= 0
+        private
+
+        # We need to apply this decorator here, rather than on module inclusion. The closure
+        # created by the matcher would otherwise evaluate for `ActiveRecord::Base`, not the
+        # sub class being decorated. As such, changes to `lock_optimistically`, or
+        # `locking_column` would not be picked up.
+        def inherited(subclass)
+          subclass.class_eval do
+            is_lock_column = ->(name, _) { lock_optimistically && name == locking_column }
+            decorate_matching_attribute_types(is_lock_column, :_optimistic_locking) do |type|
+              LockingType.new(type)
             end
-
-            defaults
           end
+          super
         end
       end
     end
+
+    class LockingType < SimpleDelegator # :nodoc:
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        # `nil` *should* be changed to 0
+        super.to_i
+      end
+
+      def changed?(old_value, *)
+        # Ensure we save if the default was `nil`
+        super || old_value == 0
+      end
+
+      def init_with(coder)
+        __setobj__(coder['subtype'])
+      end
+
+      def encode_with(coder)
+        coder['subtype'] = __getobj__
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
index 654ef21b07..eb64d197f0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if column.binary?
           # This specifically deals with the PG adapter that casts bytea columns into a Hash.
           value = value[:value] if value.is_a?(Hash)
-          value = "<#{value.bytesize} bytes of binary data>"
+          value = value ? "<#{value.bytesize} bytes of binary data>" : "<NULL binary data>"
         end
 
         [column.name, value]
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
index b6b02322d7..d0d9304a36 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
@@ -161,21 +161,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # in the <tt>db/migrate/</tt> directory where <tt>timestamp</tt> is the
   # UTC formatted date and time that the migration was generated.
   #
-  # You may then edit the <tt>up</tt> and <tt>down</tt> methods of
-  # MyNewMigration.
-  #
   # There is a special syntactic shortcut to generate migrations that add fields to a table.
   #
   #   rails generate migration add_fieldname_to_tablename fieldname:string
   #
   # This will generate the file <tt>timestamp_add_fieldname_to_tablename</tt>, which will look like this:
   #   class AddFieldnameToTablename < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  #     def up
-  #       add_column :tablenames, :fieldname, :string
-  #     end
-  #
-  #     def down
-  #       remove_column :tablenames, :fieldname
+  #     def change
+  #       add_column :tablenames, :field, :string
   #     end
   #   end
   #
@@ -188,14 +181,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # To roll the database back to a previous migration version, use
   # <tt>rake db:migrate VERSION=X</tt> where <tt>X</tt> is the version to which
-  # you wish to downgrade. If any of the migrations throw an
-  # <tt>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</tt> exception, that step will fail and you'll
-  # have some manual work to do.
+  # you wish to downgrade. Alternatively, you can also use the STEP option if you
+  # wish to rollback last few migrations. <tt>rake db:migrate STEP=2</tt> will rollback
+  # the latest two migrations.
+  # 
+  # If any of the migrations throw an <tt>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</tt> exception, 
+  # that step will fail and you'll have some manual work to do.
   #
   # == Database support
   #
   # Migrations are currently supported in MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite,
-  # SQL Server, Sybase, and Oracle (all supported databases except DB2).
+  # SQL Server, and Oracle (all supported databases except DB2).
   #
   # == More examples
   #
@@ -372,13 +368,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def call(env)
-        mtime = ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_migration.mtime.to_i
-        if @last_check < mtime
-          ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!
-          @last_check = mtime
+        if connection.supports_migrations?
+          mtime = ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_migration.mtime.to_i
+          if @last_check < mtime
+            ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!(connection)
+            @last_check = mtime
+          end
         end
         @app.call(env)
       end
+
+      private
+
+      def connection
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      end
     end
 
     class << self
@@ -391,7 +395,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def load_schema_if_pending!
         if ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
-          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema_current
           check_pending!
         end
       end
@@ -640,9 +644,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       say_with_time "#{method}(#{arg_list})" do
         unless @connection.respond_to? :revert
-          unless arguments.empty? || method == :execute
+          unless arguments.empty? || [:execute, :enable_extension, :disable_extension].include?(method)
             arguments[0] = proper_table_name(arguments.first, table_name_options)
-            arguments[1] = proper_table_name(arguments.second, table_name_options) if method == :rename_table
+            if [:rename_table, :add_foreign_key].include?(method)
+              arguments[1] = proper_table_name(arguments.second, table_name_options)
+            end
           end
         end
         return super unless connection.respond_to?(method)
@@ -711,7 +717,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       if ActiveRecord::Base.timestamped_migrations
         [Time.now.utc.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S"), "%.14d" % number].max
       else
-        "%.3d" % number
+        SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number(number)
       end
     end
 
@@ -804,43 +810,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
         migrations = migrations(migrations_paths)
         migrations.select! { |m| yield m } if block_given?
 
-        self.new(:up, migrations, target_version).migrate
+        new(:up, migrations, target_version).migrate
       end
 
       def down(migrations_paths, target_version = nil, &block)
         migrations = migrations(migrations_paths)
         migrations.select! { |m| yield m } if block_given?
 
-        self.new(:down, migrations, target_version).migrate
+        new(:down, migrations, target_version).migrate
       end
 
       def run(direction, migrations_paths, target_version)
-        self.new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths), target_version).run
+        new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths), target_version).run
       end
 
       def open(migrations_paths)
-        self.new(:up, migrations(migrations_paths), nil)
+        new(:up, migrations(migrations_paths), nil)
       end
 
       def schema_migrations_table_name
         SchemaMigration.table_name
       end
 
-      def get_all_versions
-        SchemaMigration.all.map { |x| x.version.to_i }.sort
+      def get_all_versions(connection = Base.connection)
+        if connection.table_exists?(schema_migrations_table_name)
+          SchemaMigration.all.map { |x| x.version.to_i }.sort
+        else
+          []
+        end
       end
 
       def current_version(connection = Base.connection)
-        sm_table = schema_migrations_table_name
-        if connection.table_exists?(sm_table)
-          get_all_versions.max || 0
-        else
-          0
-        end
+        get_all_versions(connection).max || 0
       end
 
       def needs_migration?(connection = Base.connection)
-        current_version(connection) < last_version
+        (migrations(migrations_paths).collect(&:version) - get_all_versions(connection)).size > 0
       end
 
       def last_version
@@ -851,19 +856,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         migrations(migrations_paths).last || NullMigration.new
       end
 
-      def proper_table_name(name, options = {})
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.2. Use the proper_table_name instance method on ActiveRecord::Migration instead"
-        options = {
-          table_name_prefix: ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix,
-          table_name_suffix: ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix
-        }.merge(options)
-        if name.respond_to? :table_name
-          name.table_name
-        else
-          "#{options[:table_name_prefix]}#{name}#{options[:table_name_suffix]}"
-        end
-      end
-
       def migrations_paths
         @migrations_paths ||= ['db/migrate']
         # just to not break things if someone uses: migration_path = some_string
@@ -895,7 +887,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       private
 
       def move(direction, migrations_paths, steps)
-        migrator = self.new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths))
+        migrator = new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths))
         start_index = migrator.migrations.index(migrator.current_migration)
 
         if start_index
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
index c44d8c1665..36256415df 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
@@ -74,7 +74,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         :rename_index, :rename_column, :add_index, :remove_index, :add_timestamps, :remove_timestamps,
         :change_column_default, :add_reference, :remove_reference, :transaction,
         :drop_join_table, :drop_table, :execute_block, :enable_extension,
-        :change_column, :execute, :remove_columns, :change_column_null # irreversible methods need to be here too
+        :change_column, :execute, :remove_columns, :change_column_null,
+        :add_foreign_key, :remove_foreign_key
+       # irreversible methods need to be here too
       ].each do |method|
         class_eval <<-EOV, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
           def #{method}(*args, &block)          # def create_table(*args, &block)
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       alias :add_belongs_to :add_reference
       alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_reference
 
-      def change_table(table_name, options = {})
+      def change_table(table_name, options = {}) # :nodoc:
         yield delegate.update_table_definition(table_name, self)
       end
 
@@ -167,6 +169,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         [:change_column_null, args]
       end
 
+      def invert_add_foreign_key(args)
+        from_table, to_table, add_options = args
+        add_options ||= {}
+
+        if add_options[:name]
+          options = { name: add_options[:name] }
+        elsif add_options[:column]
+          options = { column: add_options[:column] }
+        else
+          options = to_table
+        end
+
+        [:remove_foreign_key, [from_table, options]]
+      end
+
       # Forwards any missing method call to the \target.
       def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
         if @delegate.respond_to?(method)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
index ebf64cbcdc..05569fadbd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def join_table_name(table_1, table_2)
-        [table_1.to_s, table_2.to_s].sort.join("_").to_sym
+        ModelSchema.derive_join_table_name(table_1, table_2).to_sym
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
index dc5ff02882..850220babd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # :singleton-method:
       # Works like +table_name_prefix+, but appends instead of prepends (set to "_basecamp" gives "projects_basecamp",
       # "people_basecamp"). By default, the suffix is the empty string.
+      #
+      # If you are organising your models within modules, you can add a suffix to the models within
+      # a namespace by defining a singleton method in the parent module called table_name_suffix which
+      # returns your chosen suffix.
       class_attribute :table_name_suffix, instance_writer: false
       self.table_name_suffix = ""
 
@@ -47,6 +51,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self.pluralize_table_names = true
 
       self.inheritance_column = 'type'
+
+      delegate :type_for_attribute, to: :class
+    end
+
+    # Derives the join table name for +first_table+ and +second_table+. The
+    # table names appear in alphabetical order. A common prefix is removed
+    # (useful for namespaced models like Music::Artist and Music::Record):
+    #
+    #   artists, records => artists_records
+    #   records, artists => artists_records
+    #   music_artists, music_records => music_artists_records
+    def self.derive_join_table_name(first_table, second_table) # :nodoc:
+      [first_table.to_s, second_table.to_s].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*_)(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').gsub("\0", "_")
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -153,6 +170,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         (parents.detect{ |p| p.respond_to?(:table_name_prefix) } || self).table_name_prefix
       end
 
+      def full_table_name_suffix #:nodoc:
+        (parents.detect {|p| p.respond_to?(:table_name_suffix) } || self).table_name_suffix
+      end
+
       # Defines the name of the table column which will store the class name on single-table
       # inheritance situations.
       #
@@ -190,7 +211,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # given block. This is required for Oracle and is useful for any
       # database which relies on sequences for primary key generation.
       #
-      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using Oracle or Firebird,
+      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using Oracle,
       # it will default to the commonly used pattern of: #{table_name}_seq
       #
       # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using PostgreSQL, it
@@ -209,50 +230,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection.schema_cache.table_exists?(table_name)
       end
 
-      # Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-      def columns
-        @columns ||= connection.schema_cache.columns(table_name).map do |col|
-          col = col.dup
-          col.primary = (col.name == primary_key)
-          col
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hash of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-      def columns_hash
-        @columns_hash ||= Hash[columns.map { |c| [c.name, c] }]
+      def attributes_builder # :nodoc:
+        @attributes_builder ||= AttributeSet::Builder.new(column_types)
       end
 
       def column_types # :nodoc:
-        @column_types ||= decorate_columns(columns_hash.dup)
-      end
-
-      def decorate_columns(columns_hash) # :nodoc:
-        return if columns_hash.empty?
-
-        @serialized_column_names ||= self.columns_hash.keys.find_all do |name|
-          serialized_attributes.key?(name)
-        end
-
-        @serialized_column_names.each do |name|
-          columns_hash[name] = AttributeMethods::Serialization::Type.new(columns_hash[name])
-        end
-
-        @time_zone_column_names ||= self.columns_hash.find_all do |name, col|
-          create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, col)
-        end.map!(&:first)
-
-        @time_zone_column_names.each do |name|
-          columns_hash[name] = AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion::Type.new(columns_hash[name])
+        @column_types ||= columns_hash.transform_values(&:cast_type).tap do |h|
+          h.default = Type::Value.new
         end
+      end
 
-        columns_hash
+      def type_for_attribute(attr_name) # :nodoc:
+        column_types[attr_name]
       end
 
       # Returns a hash where the keys are column names and the values are
       # default values when instantiating the AR object for this table.
       def column_defaults
-        @column_defaults ||= Hash[columns.map { |c| [c.name, c.default] }]
+        default_attributes.to_hash
+      end
+
+      def default_attributes # :nodoc:
+        @default_attributes ||= attributes_builder.build_from_database(
+          columns_hash.transform_values(&:default))
       end
 
       # Returns an array of column names as strings.
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns an array of column objects where the primary id, all columns ending in "_id" or "_count",
       # and columns used for single table inheritance have been removed.
       def content_columns
-        @content_columns ||= columns.reject { |c| c.primary || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column }
+        @content_columns ||= columns.reject { |c| c.name == primary_key || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column }
       end
 
       # Resets all the cached information about columns, which will cause them
@@ -298,27 +298,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection.schema_cache.clear_table_cache!(table_name) if table_exists?
 
         @arel_engine             = nil
-        @column_defaults         = nil
         @column_names            = nil
-        @columns                 = nil
-        @columns_hash            = nil
         @column_types            = nil
         @content_columns         = nil
+        @default_attributes      = nil
         @dynamic_methods_hash    = nil
         @inheritance_column      = nil unless defined?(@explicit_inheritance_column) && @explicit_inheritance_column
         @relation                = nil
-        @serialized_column_names = nil
         @time_zone_column_names  = nil
         @cached_time_zone        = nil
       end
 
-      # This is a hook for use by modules that need to do extra stuff to
-      # attributes when they are initialized. (e.g. attribute
-      # serialization)
-      def initialize_attributes(attributes, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        attributes
-      end
-
       private
 
       # Guesses the table name, but does not decorate it with prefix and suffix information.
@@ -337,7 +327,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             contained = contained.singularize if parent.pluralize_table_names
             contained += '_'
           end
-          "#{full_table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(name)}#{table_name_suffix}"
+
+          "#{full_table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(name)}#{full_table_name_suffix}"
         else
           # STI subclasses always use their superclass' table.
           base.table_name
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
index 9d92e747d4..8a2a06f2ca 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         options[:reject_if] = REJECT_ALL_BLANK_PROC if options[:reject_if] == :all_blank
 
         attr_names.each do |association_name|
-          if reflection = reflect_on_association(association_name)
+          if reflection = _reflect_on_association(association_name)
             reflection.autosave = true
             add_autosave_association_callbacks(reflection)
 
@@ -485,10 +485,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Takes in a limit and checks if the attributes_collection has too many
-    # records. The method will take limits in the form of symbols, procs, and
-    # number-like objects (anything that can be compared with an integer).
+    # records. It accepts limit in the form of symbol, proc, or
+    # number-like object (anything that can be compared with an integer).
     #
-    # Will raise an TooManyRecords error if the attributes_collection is
+    # Raises TooManyRecords error if the attributes_collection is
     # larger than the limit.
     def check_record_limit!(limit, attributes_collection)
       if limit
@@ -516,10 +516,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Determines if a hash contains a truthy _destroy key.
     def has_destroy_flag?(hash)
-      ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_boolean(hash['_destroy'])
+      Type::Boolean.new.type_cast_from_user(hash['_destroy'])
     end
 
-    # Determines if a new record should be build by checking for
+    # Determines if a new record should be rejected by checking
     # has_destroy_flag? or if a <tt>:reject_if</tt> proc exists for this
     # association and evaluates to +true+.
     def reject_new_record?(association_name, attributes)
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def raise_nested_attributes_record_not_found!(association_name, record_id)
-      raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{self.class.reflect_on_association(association_name).klass.name} with ID=#{record_id} for #{self.class.name} with ID=#{id}"
+      raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{self.class._reflect_on_association(association_name).klass.name} with ID=#{record_id} for #{self.class.name} with ID=#{id}"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
index 5b255c3fe5..807c301596 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def size
-      0
+      calculate :size, nil
     end
 
     def empty?
@@ -43,18 +43,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def count(*)
-      0
+      calculate :count, nil
     end
 
     def sum(*)
-      0
+      calculate :sum, nil
+    end
+
+    def average(*)
+      calculate :average, nil
+    end
+
+    def minimum(*)
+      calculate :minimum, nil
+    end
+
+    def maximum(*)
+      calculate :maximum, nil
     end
 
     def calculate(operation, _column_name, _options = {})
       # TODO: Remove _options argument as soon we remove support to
       # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
-      if operation == :count
-        0
+      if [:count, :sum, :size].include? operation
+        group_values.any? ? Hash.new : 0
+      elsif [:average, :minimum, :maximum].include?(operation) && group_values.any?
+        Hash.new
       else
         nil
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
index b1b35ed940..755ff2b2f1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
@@ -36,8 +36,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database,
+      # if validations pass. Raises a RecordInvalid error if validations fail,
+      # unlike Base#create.
+      #
+      # The +attributes+ parameter can be either a Hash or an Array of Hashes.
+      # These describe which attributes to be created on the object, or
+      # multiple objects when given an Array of Hashes.
+      def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
+        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+          attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, &block) }
+        else
+          object = new(attributes, &block)
+          object.save!
+          object
+        end
+      end
+
       # Given an attributes hash, +instantiate+ returns a new instance of
-      # the appropriate class.
+      # the appropriate class. Accepts only keys as strings.
       #
       # For example, +Post.all+ may return Comments, Messages, and Emails
       # by storing the record's subclass in a +type+ attribute. By calling
@@ -46,10 +63,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # See +ActiveRecord::Inheritance#discriminate_class_for_record+ to see
       # how this "single-table" inheritance mapping is implemented.
-      def instantiate(record, column_types = {})
-        klass = discriminate_class_for_record(record)
-        column_types = klass.decorate_columns(column_types.dup)
-        klass.allocate.init_with('attributes' => record, 'column_types' => column_types)
+      def instantiate(attributes, column_types = {})
+        klass = discriminate_class_for_record(attributes)
+        attributes = klass.attributes_builder.build_from_database(attributes, column_types)
+        klass.allocate.init_with('attributes' => attributes, 'new_record' => false)
       end
 
       private
@@ -64,7 +81,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Returns true if this object hasn't been saved yet -- that is, a record
-    # for the object doesn't exist in the data store yet; otherwise, returns false.
+    # for the object doesn't exist in the database yet; otherwise, returns false.
     def new_record?
       sync_with_transaction_state
       @new_record
@@ -180,7 +197,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def becomes(klass)
       became = klass.new
       became.instance_variable_set("@attributes", @attributes)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@attributes_cache", @attributes_cache)
       became.instance_variable_set("@changed_attributes", @changed_attributes) if defined?(@changed_attributes)
       became.instance_variable_set("@new_record", new_record?)
       became.instance_variable_set("@destroyed", destroyed?)
@@ -214,6 +230,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # This method raises an +ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError+  if the
     # attribute is marked as readonly.
+    #
+    # See also +update_column+.
     def update_attribute(name, value)
       name = name.to_s
       verify_readonly_attribute(name)
@@ -269,7 +287,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # This method raises an +ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError+ when called on new
     # objects, or when at least one of the attributes is marked as readonly.
     def update_columns(attributes)
-      raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update on a new record object" unless persisted?
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update a new record" if new_record?
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update a destroyed record" if destroyed?
 
       attributes.each_key do |key|
         verify_readonly_attribute(key.to_s)
@@ -394,24 +413,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self.class.unscoped { self.class.find(id) }
         end
 
-      @attributes.update(fresh_object.instance_variable_get('@attributes'))
-
-      @column_types           = self.class.column_types
-      @column_types_override  = fresh_object.instance_variable_get('@column_types_override')
-      @attributes_cache       = {}
+      @attributes = fresh_object.instance_variable_get('@attributes')
+      @new_record = false
       self
     end
 
     # Saves the record with the updated_at/on attributes set to the current time.
-    # Please note that no validation is performed and only the +after_touch+
-    # callback is executed.
-    # If an attribute name is passed, that attribute is updated along with
-    # updated_at/on attributes.
+    # Please note that no validation is performed and only the +after_touch+,
+    # +after_commit+ and +after_rollback+ callbacks are executed.
+    #
+    # If attribute names are passed, they are updated along with updated_at/on
+    # attributes.
     #
-    #   product.touch               # updates updated_at/on
-    #   product.touch(:designed_at) # updates the designed_at attribute and updated_at/on
+    #   product.touch                         # updates updated_at/on
+    #   product.touch(:designed_at)           # updates the designed_at attribute and updated_at/on
+    #   product.touch(:started_at, :ended_at) # updates started_at, ended_at and updated_at/on attributes
     #
-    # If used along with +belongs_to+ then +touch+ will invoke +touch+ method on associated object.
+    # If used along with +belongs_to+ then +touch+ will invoke +touch+ method on
+    # associated object.
     #
     #   class Brake < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     belongs_to :car, touch: true
@@ -430,11 +449,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   ball = Ball.new
     #   ball.touch(:updated_at)   # => raises ActiveRecordError
     #
-    def touch(name = nil)
+    def touch(*names)
       raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot touch on a new record object" unless persisted?
 
       attributes = timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
-      attributes << name if name
+      attributes.concat(names)
 
       unless attributes.empty?
         current_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
@@ -447,9 +466,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         changes[self.class.locking_column] = increment_lock if locking_enabled?
 
-        changed_attributes.except!(*changes.keys)
+        clear_attribute_changes(changes.keys)
         primary_key = self.class.primary_key
         self.class.unscoped.where(primary_key => self[primary_key]).update_all(changes) == 1
+      else
+        true
       end
     end
 
@@ -477,24 +498,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def create_or_update
       raise ReadOnlyRecord if readonly?
-      result = new_record? ? create_record : update_record
+      result = new_record? ? _create_record : _update_record
       result != false
     end
 
     # Updates the associated record with values matching those of the instance attributes.
     # Returns the number of affected rows.
-    def update_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
+    def _update_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names)
       attributes_values = arel_attributes_with_values_for_update(attribute_names)
       if attributes_values.empty?
         0
       else
-        self.class.unscoped.update_record attributes_values, id, id_was
+        self.class.unscoped._update_record attributes_values, id, id_was
       end
     end
 
     # Creates a record with values matching those of the instance attributes
     # and returns its id.
-    def create_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
+    def _create_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names)
       attributes_values = arel_attributes_with_values_for_create(attribute_names)
 
       new_id = self.class.unscoped.insert attributes_values
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
index df8654e5c1..dcb2bd3d84 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Query Cache
   class QueryCache
@@ -29,9 +28,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def call(env)
-      enabled       = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.query_cache_enabled
+      connection    = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      enabled       = connection.query_cache_enabled
       connection_id = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_id
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.enable_query_cache!
+      connection.enable_query_cache!
 
       response = @app.call(env)
       response[2] = Rack::BodyProxy.new(response[2]) do
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
index ef138c6f80..a9ddd9141f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
@@ -37,14 +37,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT body FROM comments WHERE author = :user_id OR approved_by = :user_id", { :user_id => user_id }]
     def find_by_sql(sql, binds = [])
       result_set = connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load", binds)
-      column_types = {}
-
-      if result_set.respond_to? :column_types
-        column_types = result_set.column_types
-      else
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "the object returned from `select_all` must respond to `column_types`"
-      end
-
+      column_types = result_set.column_types.except(*columns_hash.keys)
       result_set.map { |record| instantiate(record, column_types) }
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
index 11b564f8f9..a4ceacbf44 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
@@ -116,17 +116,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # and then establishes the connection.
     initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do |app|
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
+        self.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
 
-        class ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
-          remove_possible_method :extend_message
-          def extend_message(message)
-            message << "Run `$ bin/rake db:create db:migrate` to create your database"
-            message
-          end
-        end
+        begin
+          establish_connection
+        rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+          warn <<-end_warning
+Oops - You have a database configured, but it doesn't exist yet!
 
-        self.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
-        establish_connection
+Here's how to get started:
+
+  1. Configure your database in config/database.yml.
+  2. Run `bin/rake db:create` to create the database.
+  3. Run `bin/rake db:setup` to load your database schema.
+end_warning
+          raise
+        end
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
index 9be734e88e..458862a538 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
@@ -28,12 +28,20 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_current
   end
 
+  namespace :purge do
+    task :all => :load_config do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge_all
+    end
+  end
+
+  # desc "Empty the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current RAILS_ENV (use db:drop:all to drop all databases in the config). Without RAILS_ENV it defaults to purging the development and test databases."
+  task :purge => [:load_config] do
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge_current
+  end
+
   desc "Migrate the database (options: VERSION=x, VERBOSE=false, SCOPE=blog)."
   task :migrate => [:environment, :load_config] do
-    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = ENV["VERBOSE"] ? ENV["VERBOSE"] == "true" : true
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrate(ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, ENV["VERSION"] ? ENV["VERSION"].to_i : nil) do |migration|
-      ENV["SCOPE"].blank? || (ENV["SCOPE"] == migration.scope)
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
     db_namespace['_dump'].invoke if ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
   end
 
@@ -75,29 +83,28 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     # desc 'Runs the "down" for a given migration VERSION.'
     task :down => [:environment, :load_config] do
       version = ENV['VERSION'] ? ENV['VERSION'].to_i : nil
-      raise 'VERSION is required' unless version
+      raise 'VERSION is required - To go down one migration, run db:rollback' unless version
       ActiveRecord::Migrator.run(:down, ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, version)
       db_namespace['_dump'].invoke
     end
 
     desc 'Display status of migrations'
     task :status => [:environment, :load_config] do
-      unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name)
-        puts 'Schema migrations table does not exist yet.'
-        next  # means "return" for rake task
+      unless ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_exists?
+        abort 'Schema migrations table does not exist yet.'
       end
-      db_list = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_values("SELECT version FROM #{ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name}")
-      db_list.map! { |version| "%.3d" % version }
-      file_list = []
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths.each do |path|
-        Dir.foreach(path) do |file|
-          # match "20091231235959_some_name.rb" and "001_some_name.rb" pattern
-          if match_data = /^(\d{3,})_(.+)\.rb$/.match(file)
-            status = db_list.delete(match_data[1]) ? 'up' : 'down'
-            file_list << [status, match_data[1], match_data[2].humanize]
+      db_list = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalized_versions
+
+      file_list =
+          ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths.flat_map do |path|
+            # match "20091231235959_some_name.rb" and "001_some_name.rb" pattern
+            Dir.foreach(path).grep(/^(\d{3,})_(.+)\.rb$/) do
+              version = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number($1)
+              status = db_list.delete(version) ? 'up' : 'down'
+              [status, version, $2.humanize]
+            end
           end
-        end
-      end
+
       db_list.map! do |version|
         ['up', version, '********** NO FILE **********']
       end
@@ -105,8 +112,8 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       puts "\ndatabase: #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]}\n\n"
       puts "#{'Status'.center(8)}  #{'Migration ID'.ljust(14)}  Migration Name"
       puts "-" * 50
-      (db_list + file_list).sort_by {|migration| migration[1]}.each do |migration|
-        puts "#{migration[0].center(8)}  #{migration[1].ljust(14)}  #{migration[2]}"
+      (db_list + file_list).sort_by { |_, version, _| version }.each do |status, version, name|
+        puts "#{status.center(8)}  #{version.ljust(14)}  #{name}"
       end
       puts
     end
@@ -178,17 +185,21 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
       require 'active_record/fixtures'
 
-      base_dir = if ENV['FIXTURES_PATH']
-        File.join [Rails.root, ENV['FIXTURES_PATH'] || %w{test fixtures}].flatten
-      else
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
-      end
+      base_dir = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
 
-      fixtures_dir = File.join [base_dir, ENV['FIXTURES_DIR']].compact
+      fixtures_dir = if ENV['FIXTURES_DIR']
+                       File.join base_dir, ENV['FIXTURES_DIR']
+                     else
+                       base_dir
+                     end
 
-      (ENV['FIXTURES'] ? ENV['FIXTURES'].split(/,/) : Dir["#{fixtures_dir}/**/*.yml"].map {|f| f[(fixtures_dir.size + 1)..-5] }).each do |fixture_file|
-        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(fixtures_dir, fixture_file)
-      end
+      fixture_files = if ENV['FIXTURES']
+                        ENV['FIXTURES'].split(',')
+                      else
+                        Pathname.glob("#{fixtures_dir}/**/*.yml").map {|f| f.basename.sub_ext('').to_s }
+                      end
+
+      ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(fixtures_dir, fixture_files)
     end
 
     # desc "Search for a fixture given a LABEL or ID. Specify an alternative path (eg. spec/fixtures) using FIXTURES_PATH=spec/fixtures."
@@ -200,12 +211,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
       puts %Q(The fixture ID for "#{label}" is #{ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(label)}.) if label
 
-      base_dir = if ENV['FIXTURES_PATH']
-        File.join [Rails.root, ENV['FIXTURES_PATH'] || %w{test fixtures}].flatten
-      else
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
-      end
-
+      base_dir = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
 
       Dir["#{base_dir}/**/*.yml"].each do |file|
         if data = YAML::load(ERB.new(IO.read(file)).result)
@@ -234,7 +240,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
     desc 'Load a schema.rb file into the database'
     task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema(:ruby, ENV['SCHEMA'])
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema_current(:ruby, ENV['SCHEMA'])
     end
 
     task :load_if_ruby => ['db:create', :environment] do
@@ -268,7 +274,8 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       current_config = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(current_config, filename)
 
-      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations? &&
+          ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_exists?
         File.open(filename, "a") do |f|
           f.puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection.dump_schema_information
           f.print "\n"
@@ -277,9 +284,9 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       db_namespace['structure:dump'].reenable
     end
 
-    # desc "Recreate the databases from the structure.sql file"
+    desc "Recreate the databases from the structure.sql file"
     task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema(:sql, ENV['DB_STRUCTURE'])
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema_current(:sql, ENV['DB_STRUCTURE'])
     end
 
     task :load_if_sql => ['db:create', :environment] do
@@ -310,9 +317,8 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     task :load_schema => %w(db:test:deprecated db:test:purge) do
       begin
         should_reconnect = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.active_connection?
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'])
         ActiveRecord::Schema.verbose = false
-        db_namespace["schema:load"].invoke
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema_for ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'], :ruby, ENV['SCHEMA']
       ensure
         if should_reconnect
           ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env])
@@ -322,12 +328,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from an existent structure.sql file"
     task :load_structure => %w(db:test:deprecated db:test:purge) do
-      begin
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config(:config => ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'])
-        db_namespace["structure:load"].invoke
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config(:config => nil)
-      end
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema_for ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'], :sql, ENV['SCHEMA']
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from a fresh schema"
@@ -366,7 +367,7 @@ namespace :railties do
     task :migrations => :'db:load_config' do
       to_load = ENV['FROM'].blank? ? :all : ENV['FROM'].split(",").map {|n| n.strip }
       railties = {}
-      Rails.application.railties.each do |railtie|
+      Rails.application.migration_railties.each do |railtie|
         next unless to_load == :all || to_load.include?(railtie.railtie_name)
 
         if railtie.respond_to?(:paths) && (path = railtie.paths['db/migrate'].first)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
index b3ddfd63d4..85bbac43e4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module ReadonlyAttributes
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
index bce7766501..6b5a592ee5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
@@ -1,35 +1,44 @@
+require 'thread'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Reflection
   module Reflection # :nodoc:
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      class_attribute :reflections
+      class_attribute :_reflections
       class_attribute :aggregate_reflections
-      self.reflections = {}
+      self._reflections = {}
       self.aggregate_reflections = {}
     end
 
     def self.create(macro, name, scope, options, ar)
-      case macro
-      when :has_many, :belongs_to, :has_one
-        klass = options[:through] ? ThroughReflection : AssociationReflection
-      when :composed_of
-        klass = AggregateReflection
-      end
-
-      klass.new(macro, name, scope, options, ar)
+      klass = case macro
+              when :composed_of
+                AggregateReflection
+              when :has_many
+                HasManyReflection
+              when :has_one
+                HasOneReflection
+              when :belongs_to
+                BelongsToReflection
+              else
+                raise "Unsupported Macro: #{macro}"
+              end
+
+      reflection = klass.new(name, scope, options, ar)
+      options[:through] ? ThroughReflection.new(reflection) : reflection
     end
 
     def self.add_reflection(ar, name, reflection)
-      ar.reflections = ar.reflections.merge(name => reflection)
+      ar._reflections = ar._reflections.merge(name.to_s => reflection)
     end
 
     def self.add_aggregate_reflection(ar, name, reflection)
-      ar.aggregate_reflections = ar.aggregate_reflections.merge(name => reflection)
+      ar.aggregate_reflections = ar.aggregate_reflections.merge(name.to_s => reflection)
     end
 
-    # \Reflection enables to interrogate Active Record classes and objects
+    # \Reflection enables interrogating of Active Record classes and objects
     # about their associations and aggregations. This information can,
     # for example, be used in a form builder that takes an Active Record object
     # and creates input fields for all of the attributes depending on their type
@@ -48,7 +57,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Account.reflect_on_aggregation(:balance) # => the balance AggregateReflection
       #
       def reflect_on_aggregation(aggregation)
-        aggregate_reflections[aggregation]
+        aggregate_reflections[aggregation.to_s]
+      end
+
+      # Returns a Hash of name of the reflection as the key and a AssociationReflection as the value.
+      #
+      #   Account.reflections # => {balance: AggregateReflection}
+      #
+      # @api public
+      def reflections
+        ref = {}
+        _reflections.each do |name, reflection|
+          parent_name, parent_reflection = reflection.parent_reflection
+          if parent_name
+            ref[parent_name] = parent_reflection
+          else
+            ref[name] = reflection
+          end
+        end
+        ref
       end
 
       # Returns an array of AssociationReflection objects for all the
@@ -61,6 +88,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Account.reflect_on_all_associations             # returns an array of all associations
       #   Account.reflect_on_all_associations(:has_many)  # returns an array of all has_many associations
       #
+      #   @api public
       def reflect_on_all_associations(macro = nil)
         association_reflections = reflections.values
         macro ? association_reflections.select { |reflection| reflection.macro == macro } : association_reflections
@@ -71,36 +99,82 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Account.reflect_on_association(:owner)             # returns the owner AssociationReflection
       #   Invoice.reflect_on_association(:line_items).macro  # returns :has_many
       #
+      #   @api public
       def reflect_on_association(association)
-        reflections[association]
+        reflections[association.to_s]
+      end
+
+      #   @api private
+      def _reflect_on_association(association) #:nodoc:
+        _reflections[association.to_s]
       end
 
       # Returns an array of AssociationReflection objects for all associations which have <tt>:autosave</tt> enabled.
+      #
+      #   @api public
       def reflect_on_all_autosave_associations
         reflections.values.select { |reflection| reflection.options[:autosave] }
       end
     end
 
+    # Holds all the methods that are shared between MacroReflection, AssociationReflection
+    # and ThroughReflection
+    class AbstractReflection # :nodoc:
+      def table_name
+        klass.table_name
+      end
+
+      # Returns a new, unsaved instance of the associated class. +attributes+ will
+      # be passed to the class's constructor.
+      def build_association(attributes, &block)
+        klass.new(attributes, &block)
+      end
+
+      def quoted_table_name
+        klass.quoted_table_name
+      end
+
+      def primary_key_type
+        klass.type_for_attribute(klass.primary_key)
+      end
+
+      # Returns the class name for the macro.
+      #
+      # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>'Money'</tt>
+      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>'Client'</tt>
+      def class_name
+        @class_name ||= (options[:class_name] || derive_class_name).to_s
+      end
+
+      JoinKeys = Struct.new(:key, :foreign_key) # :nodoc:
+
+      def join_keys(assoc_klass)
+        JoinKeys.new(foreign_key, active_record_primary_key)
+      end
+
+      def source_macro
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Base.source_macro is deprecated and " \
+          "will be removed without replacement.")
+        macro
+      end
+    end
     # Base class for AggregateReflection and AssociationReflection. Objects of
     # AggregateReflection and AssociationReflection are returned by the Reflection::ClassMethods.
     #
     #   MacroReflection
-    #     AggregateReflection
     #     AssociationReflection
-    #       ThroughReflection
-    class MacroReflection
+    #       AggregateReflection
+    #       HasManyReflection
+    #       HasOneReflection
+    #       BelongsToReflection
+    #         ThroughReflection
+    class MacroReflection < AbstractReflection
       # Returns the name of the macro.
       #
       # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>:balance</tt>
       # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>:clients</tt>
       attr_reader :name
 
-      # Returns the macro type.
-      #
-      # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>:composed_of</tt>
-      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>:has_many</tt>
-      attr_reader :macro
-
       attr_reader :scope
 
       # Returns the hash of options used for the macro.
@@ -113,8 +187,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       attr_reader :plural_name # :nodoc:
 
-      def initialize(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
-        @macro         = macro
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
         @name          = name
         @scope         = scope
         @options       = options
@@ -127,6 +200,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def autosave=(autosave)
         @automatic_inverse_of = false
         @options[:autosave] = autosave
+        _, parent_reflection = self.parent_reflection
+        if parent_reflection
+          parent_reflection.autosave = autosave
+        end
       end
 
       # Returns the class for the macro.
@@ -134,15 +211,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns the Money class
       # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns the Client class
       def klass
-        @klass ||= class_name.constantize
+        @klass ||= compute_class(class_name)
       end
 
-      # Returns the class name for the macro.
-      #
-      # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>'Money'</tt>
-      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>'Client'</tt>
-      def class_name
-        @class_name ||= (options[:class_name] || derive_class_name).to_s
+      def compute_class(name)
+        name.constantize
       end
 
       # Returns +true+ if +self+ and +other_aggregation+ have the same +name+ attribute, +active_record+ attribute,
@@ -151,7 +224,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super ||
           other_aggregation.kind_of?(self.class) &&
           name == other_aggregation.name &&
-          other_aggregation.options &&
+          !other_aggregation.options.nil? &&
           active_record == other_aggregation.active_record
       end
 
@@ -187,38 +260,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # a new association object. Use +build_association+ or +create_association+
       # instead. This allows plugins to hook into association object creation.
       def klass
-        @klass ||= active_record.send(:compute_type, class_name)
+        @klass ||= compute_class(class_name)
+      end
+
+      def compute_class(name)
+        active_record.send(:compute_type, name)
       end
 
       attr_reader :type, :foreign_type
+      attr_accessor :parent_reflection # [:name, Reflection]
 
-      def initialize(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
         super
-        @collection = :has_many == macro
         @automatic_inverse_of = nil
         @type         = options[:as] && "#{options[:as]}_type"
         @foreign_type = options[:foreign_type] || "#{name}_type"
         @constructable = calculate_constructable(macro, options)
+        @association_scope_cache = {}
+        @scope_lock = Mutex.new
       end
 
-      # Returns a new, unsaved instance of the associated class. +attributes+ will
-      # be passed to the class's constructor.
-      def build_association(attributes, &block)
-        klass.new(attributes, &block)
+      def association_scope_cache(conn, owner)
+        key = conn.prepared_statements
+        if polymorphic?
+          key = [key, owner.read_attribute(@foreign_type)]
+        end
+        @association_scope_cache[key] ||= @scope_lock.synchronize {
+          @association_scope_cache[key] ||= yield
+        }
       end
 
       def constructable? # :nodoc:
         @constructable
       end
 
-      def table_name
-        klass.table_name
-      end
-
-      def quoted_table_name
-        klass.quoted_table_name
-      end
-
       def join_table
         @join_table ||= options[:join_table] || derive_join_table
       end
@@ -227,10 +302,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @foreign_key ||= options[:foreign_key] || derive_foreign_key
       end
 
-      def primary_key_column
-        klass.columns_hash[klass.primary_key]
-      end
-
       def association_foreign_key
         @association_foreign_key ||= options[:association_foreign_key] || class_name.foreign_key
       end
@@ -257,13 +328,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def check_validity_of_inverse!
-        unless options[:polymorphic]
+        unless polymorphic?
           if has_inverse? && inverse_of.nil?
             raise InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError.new(self)
           end
         end
       end
 
+      def check_preloadable!
+        return unless scope
+
+        if scope.arity > 0
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
+            "The association scope '#{name}' is instance dependent (the scope " \
+            "block takes an argument). Preloading happens before the individual " \
+            "instances are created. This means that there is no instance being " \
+            "passed to the association scope. This will most likely result in " \
+            "broken or incorrect behavior. Joining, Preloading and eager loading " \
+            "of these associations is deprecated and will be removed in the future."
+        end
+      end
+      alias :check_eager_loadable! :check_preloadable!
+
+      def join_id_for(owner) # :nodoc:
+        owner[active_record_primary_key]
+      end
+
       def through_reflection
         nil
       end
@@ -288,8 +378,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         scope ? [[scope]] : [[]]
       end
 
-      alias :source_macro :macro
-
       def has_inverse?
         inverse_name
       end
@@ -297,12 +385,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def inverse_of
         return unless inverse_name
 
-        @inverse_of ||= klass.reflect_on_association inverse_name
+        @inverse_of ||= klass._reflect_on_association inverse_name
       end
 
       def polymorphic_inverse_of(associated_class)
         if has_inverse?
-          if inverse_relationship = associated_class.reflect_on_association(options[:inverse_of])
+          if inverse_relationship = associated_class._reflect_on_association(options[:inverse_of])
             inverse_relationship
           else
             raise InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError.new(self, associated_class)
@@ -310,11 +398,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Returns the macro type.
+      #
+      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>:has_many</tt>
+      def macro; raise NotImplementedError; end
+
       # Returns whether or not this association reflection is for a collection
       # association. Returns +true+ if the +macro+ is either +has_many+ or
       # +has_and_belongs_to_many+, +false+ otherwise.
       def collection?
-        @collection
+        false
       end
 
       # Returns whether or not the association should be validated as part of
@@ -327,18 +420,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * you use autosave; <tt>autosave: true</tt>
       # * the association is a +has_many+ association
       def validate?
-        !options[:validate].nil? ? options[:validate] : (options[:autosave] == true || macro == :has_many)
+        !options[:validate].nil? ? options[:validate] : (options[:autosave] == true || collection?)
       end
 
       # Returns +true+ if +self+ is a +belongs_to+ reflection.
-      def belongs_to?
-        macro == :belongs_to
-      end
+      def belongs_to?; false; end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if +self+ is a +has_one+ reflection.
+      def has_one?; false; end
 
       def association_class
         case macro
         when :belongs_to
-          if options[:polymorphic]
+          if polymorphic?
             Associations::BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation
           else
             Associations::BelongsToAssociation
@@ -359,7 +453,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def polymorphic?
-        options.key? :polymorphic
+        options[:polymorphic]
       end
 
       VALID_AUTOMATIC_INVERSE_MACROS = [:has_many, :has_one, :belongs_to]
@@ -376,7 +470,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def calculate_constructable(macro, options)
           case macro
           when :belongs_to
-            !options[:polymorphic]
+            !polymorphic?
           when :has_one
             !options[:through]
           else
@@ -400,10 +494,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # returns either nil or the inverse association name that it finds.
         def automatic_inverse_of
           if can_find_inverse_of_automatically?(self)
-            inverse_name = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(active_record.name).to_sym
+            inverse_name = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(options[:as] || active_record.name).to_sym
 
             begin
-              reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(inverse_name)
+              reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(inverse_name)
             rescue NameError
               # Give up: we couldn't compute the klass type so we won't be able
               # to find any associations either.
@@ -449,9 +543,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def derive_class_name
-          class_name = name.to_s.camelize
+          class_name = name.to_s
           class_name = class_name.singularize if collection?
-          class_name
+          class_name.camelize
         end
 
         def derive_foreign_key
@@ -465,7 +559,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def derive_join_table
-          [active_record.table_name, klass.table_name].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*_)(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').gsub("\0", "_")
+          ModelSchema.derive_join_table_name active_record.table_name, klass.table_name
         end
 
         def primary_key(klass)
@@ -473,15 +567,72 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
     end
 
+    class HasManyReflection < AssociationReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
+        super(name, scope, options, active_record)
+      end
+
+      def macro; :has_many; end
+
+      def collection?; true; end
+    end
+
+    class HasOneReflection < AssociationReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
+        super(name, scope, options, active_record)
+      end
+
+      def macro; :has_one; end
+
+      def has_one?; true; end
+    end
+
+    class BelongsToReflection < AssociationReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
+        super(name, scope, options, active_record)
+      end
+
+      def macro; :belongs_to; end
+
+      def belongs_to?; true; end
+
+      def join_keys(assoc_klass)
+        key = polymorphic? ? association_primary_key(assoc_klass) : association_primary_key
+        JoinKeys.new(key, foreign_key)
+      end
+
+      def join_id_for(owner) # :nodoc:
+        owner[foreign_key]
+      end
+    end
+
+    class HasAndBelongsToManyReflection < AssociationReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
+        super
+      end
+
+      def macro; :has_and_belongs_to_many; end
+
+      def collection?
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
     # Holds all the meta-data about a :through association as it was specified
     # in the Active Record class.
-    class ThroughReflection < AssociationReflection #:nodoc:
+    class ThroughReflection < AbstractReflection #:nodoc:
+      attr_reader :delegate_reflection
       delegate :foreign_key, :foreign_type, :association_foreign_key,
                :active_record_primary_key, :type, :to => :source_reflection
 
-      def initialize(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
-        super
-        @source_reflection_name = options[:source]
+      def initialize(delegate_reflection)
+        @delegate_reflection = delegate_reflection
+        @klass         = delegate_reflection.options[:class]
+        @source_reflection_name = delegate_reflection.options[:source]
+      end
+
+      def klass
+        @klass ||= delegate_reflection.compute_class(class_name)
       end
 
       # Returns the source of the through reflection. It checks both a singularized
@@ -499,10 +650,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   tags_reflection = Post.reflect_on_association(:tags)
       #   tags_reflection.source_reflection
-      #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection: @macro=:belongs_to, @name=:tag, @active_record=Tagging, @plural_name="tags">
+      #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::BelongsToReflection: @name=:tag, @active_record=Tagging, @plural_name="tags">
       #
       def source_reflection
-        through_reflection.klass.reflect_on_association(source_reflection_name)
+        through_reflection.klass._reflect_on_association(source_reflection_name)
       end
 
       # Returns the AssociationReflection object specified in the <tt>:through</tt> option
@@ -515,10 +666,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   tags_reflection = Post.reflect_on_association(:tags)
       #   tags_reflection.through_reflection
-      #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection: @macro=:has_many, @name=:taggings, @active_record=Post, @plural_name="taggings">
+      #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::HasManyReflection: @name=:taggings, @active_record=Post, @plural_name="taggings">
       #
       def through_reflection
-        active_record.reflect_on_association(options[:through])
+        active_record._reflect_on_association(options[:through])
       end
 
       # Returns an array of reflections which are involved in this association. Each item in the
@@ -535,8 +686,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   tags_reflection = Post.reflect_on_association(:tags)
       #   tags_reflection.chain
-      #   # => [<ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection: @macro=:has_many, @name=:tags, @options={:through=>:taggings}, @active_record=Post>,
-      #         <ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection: @macro=:has_many, @name=:taggings, @options={}, @active_record=Post>]
+      #   # => [<ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection: @delegate_reflection=#<ActiveRecord::Reflection::HasManyReflection: @name=:tags...>,
+      #         <ActiveRecord::Reflection::HasManyReflection: @name=:taggings, @options={}, @active_record=Post>]
       #
       def chain
         @chain ||= begin
@@ -577,8 +728,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           through_scope_chain = through_reflection.scope_chain.map(&:dup)
 
           if options[:source_type]
-            through_scope_chain.first <<
-              through_reflection.klass.where(foreign_type => options[:source_type])
+            type = foreign_type
+            source_type = options[:source_type]
+            through_scope_chain.first << lambda { |object|
+              where(type => source_type)
+            }
           end
 
           # Recursively fill out the rest of the array from the through reflection
@@ -586,8 +740,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def join_keys(assoc_klass)
+        source_reflection.join_keys(assoc_klass)
+      end
+
       # The macro used by the source association
       def source_macro
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Base.source_macro is deprecated and " \
+          "will be removed without replacement.")
         source_reflection.source_macro
       end
 
@@ -617,7 +777,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # => [:tag, :tags]
       #
       def source_reflection_names
-        (options[:source] ? [options[:source]] : [name.to_s.singularize, name]).collect { |n| n.to_sym }.uniq
+        options[:source] ? [options[:source]] : [name.to_s.singularize, name].uniq
       end
 
       def source_reflection_name # :nodoc:
@@ -625,21 +785,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         names = [name.to_s.singularize, name].collect { |n| n.to_sym }.uniq
         names = names.find_all { |n|
-          through_reflection.klass.reflect_on_association(n)
+          through_reflection.klass._reflect_on_association(n)
         }
 
         if names.length > 1
           example_options = options.dup
           example_options[:source] = source_reflection_names.first
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-eowarn
-Ambiguous source reflection for through association.  Please specify a :source
-directive on your declaration like:
-
-  class #{active_record.name} < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #{macro} :#{name}, #{example_options}
-  end
-
-          eowarn
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
+            "Ambiguous source reflection for through association.  Please " \
+            "specify a :source directive on your declaration like:\n" \
+            "\n" \
+            "  class #{active_record.name} < ActiveRecord::Base\n" \
+            "    #{macro} :#{name}, #{example_options}\n" \
+            "  end"
         end
 
         @source_reflection_name = names.first
@@ -653,12 +811,16 @@ directive on your declaration like:
         through_reflection.options
       end
 
+      def join_id_for(owner) # :nodoc:
+        source_reflection.join_id_for(owner)
+      end
+
       def check_validity!
         if through_reflection.nil?
           raise HasManyThroughAssociationNotFoundError.new(active_record.name, self)
         end
 
-        if through_reflection.options[:polymorphic]
+        if through_reflection.polymorphic?
           raise HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicThroughError.new(active_record.name, self)
         end
 
@@ -666,15 +828,15 @@ directive on your declaration like:
           raise HasManyThroughSourceAssociationNotFoundError.new(self)
         end
 
-        if options[:source_type] && source_reflection.options[:polymorphic].nil?
+        if options[:source_type] && !source_reflection.polymorphic?
           raise HasManyThroughAssociationPointlessSourceTypeError.new(active_record.name, self, source_reflection)
         end
 
-        if source_reflection.options[:polymorphic] && options[:source_type].nil?
+        if source_reflection.polymorphic? && options[:source_type].nil?
           raise HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicSourceError.new(active_record.name, self, source_reflection)
         end
 
-        if macro == :has_one && through_reflection.collection?
+        if has_one? && through_reflection.collection?
           raise HasOneThroughCantAssociateThroughCollection.new(active_record.name, self, through_reflection)
         end
 
@@ -683,15 +845,25 @@ directive on your declaration like:
 
       protected
 
-      def actual_source_reflection # FIXME: this is a horrible name
-        source_reflection.actual_source_reflection
-      end
+        def actual_source_reflection # FIXME: this is a horrible name
+          source_reflection.send(:actual_source_reflection)
+        end
+
+        def primary_key(klass)
+          klass.primary_key || raise(UnknownPrimaryKey.new(klass))
+        end
 
       private
         def derive_class_name
           # get the class_name of the belongs_to association of the through reflection
           options[:source_type] || source_reflection.class_name
         end
+
+        delegate_methods = AssociationReflection.public_instance_methods -
+          public_instance_methods
+
+        delegate(*delegate_methods, to: :delegate_reflection)
+
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
index fb213dc6f7..ad54d84665 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+require 'arel/collectors/bind'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Relation
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :from, :reordering,
                             :reverse_order, :distinct, :create_with, :uniq]
+    INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL = [:limit, :distinct, :offset, :group, :having]
 
     VALUE_METHODS = MULTI_VALUE_METHODS + SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS
 
@@ -70,9 +72,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         binds)
     end
 
-    def update_record(values, id, id_was) # :nodoc:
+    def _update_record(values, id, id_was) # :nodoc:
       substitutes, binds = substitute_values values
-      um = @klass.unscoped.where(@klass.arel_table[@klass.primary_key].eq(id_was || id)).arel.compile_update(substitutes, @klass.primary_key)
+
+      scope = @klass.unscoped
+
+      if @klass.finder_needs_type_condition?
+        scope.unscope!(where: @klass.inheritance_column)
+      end
+
+      um = scope.where(@klass.arel_table[@klass.primary_key].eq(id_was || id)).arel.compile_update(substitutes, @klass.primary_key)
 
       @klass.connection.update(
         um,
@@ -223,6 +232,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Please see further details in the
     # {Active Record Query Interface guide}[http://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_querying.html#running-explain].
     def explain
+      #TODO: Fix for binds.
       exec_explain(collecting_queries_for_explain { exec_queries })
     end
 
@@ -232,13 +242,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @records
     end
 
+    # Serializes the relation objects Array.
+    def encode_with(coder)
+      coder.represent_seq(nil, to_a)
+    end
+
     def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
       to_a.as_json(options)
     end
 
     # Returns size of the records.
     def size
-      loaded? ? @records.length : count
+      loaded? ? @records.length : count(:all)
     end
 
     # Returns true if there are no records.
@@ -248,8 +263,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       if limit_value == 0
         true
       else
-        # FIXME: This count is not compatible with #select('authors.*') or other select narrows
-        c = count
+        c = count(:all)
         c.respond_to?(:zero?) ? c.zero? : c.empty?
       end
     end
@@ -324,7 +338,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
       end
 
-      @klass.connection.update stmt, 'SQL', bind_values
+      bvs = bind_values + arel.bind_values
+      @klass.connection.update stmt, 'SQL', bvs
     end
 
     # Updates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
@@ -428,12 +443,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If you need to destroy dependent associations or call your <tt>before_*</tt> or
     # +after_destroy+ callbacks, use the +destroy_all+ method instead.
     #
-    # If a limit scope is supplied, +delete_all+ raises an ActiveRecord error:
+    # If an invalid method is supplied, +delete_all+ raises an ActiveRecord error:
     #
     #   Post.limit(100).delete_all
-    #   # => ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError: delete_all doesn't support limit scope
+    #   # => ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError: delete_all doesn't support limit
     def delete_all(conditions = nil)
-      raise ActiveRecordError.new("delete_all doesn't support limit scope") if self.limit_value
+      invalid_methods = INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL.select { |method|
+        if MULTI_VALUE_METHODS.include?(method)
+          send("#{method}_values").any?
+        else
+          send("#{method}_value")
+        end
+      }
+      if invalid_methods.any?
+        raise ActiveRecordError.new("delete_all doesn't support #{invalid_methods.join(', ')}")
+      end
 
       if conditions
         where(conditions).delete_all
@@ -517,11 +541,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
                       find_with_associations { |rel| relation = rel }
                     end
 
-                    ast   = relation.arel.ast
-                    binds = relation.bind_values.dup
-                    visitor.accept(ast) do
-                      connection.quote(*binds.shift.reverse)
-                    end
+                    arel  = relation.arel
+                    binds = (arel.bind_values + relation.bind_values).dup
+                    binds.map! { |bv| connection.quote(*bv.reverse) }
+                    collect = visitor.accept(arel.ast, Arel::Collectors::Bind.new)
+                    collect.substitute_binds(binds).join
                   end
     end
 
@@ -529,16 +553,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   User.where(name: 'Oscar').where_values_hash
     #   # => {name: "Oscar"}
-    def where_values_hash
+    def where_values_hash(relation_table_name = table_name)
       equalities = where_values.grep(Arel::Nodes::Equality).find_all { |node|
-        node.left.relation.name == table_name
+        node.left.relation.name == relation_table_name
       }
 
       binds = Hash[bind_values.find_all(&:first).map { |column, v| [column.name, v] }]
 
       Hash[equalities.map { |where|
         name = where.left.name
-        [name, binds.fetch(name.to_s) { where.right }]
+        [name, binds.fetch(name.to_s) {
+          case where.right
+          when Array then where.right.map(&:val)
+          else
+            where.right.val
+          end
+        }]
       }]
     end
 
@@ -570,6 +600,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Compares two relations for equality.
     def ==(other)
       case other
+      when Associations::CollectionProxy, AssociationRelation
+        self == other.to_a
       when Relation
         other.to_sql == to_sql
       when Array
@@ -600,7 +632,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
 
     def exec_queries
-      @records = eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel, bind_values)
+      @records = eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel, arel.bind_values + bind_values)
 
       preload = preload_values
       preload +=  includes_values unless eager_loading?
@@ -617,7 +649,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def references_eager_loaded_tables?
       joined_tables = arel.join_sources.map do |join|
-        unless join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
+        if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
+          tables_in_string(join.left)
+        else
           [join.left.table_name, join.left.table_alias]
         end
       end
@@ -629,5 +663,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       (references_values - joined_tables).any?
     end
+
+    def tables_in_string(string)
+      return [] if string.blank?
+      # always convert table names to downcase as in Oracle quoted table names are in uppercase
+      # ignore raw_sql_ that is used by Oracle adapter as alias for limit/offset subqueries
+      string.scan(/([a-zA-Z_][.\w]+).?\./).flatten.map{ |s| s.downcase }.uniq - ['raw_sql_']
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
index 29fc150b3d..b069cdce7c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module Batches
     # Looping through a collection of records from the database
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
index 45ffb99868..90e99957f6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Person.group(:city).count
     #   # => { 'Rome' => 5, 'Paris' => 3 }
+    # 
+    # If +count+ is used with +group+ for multiple columns, it returns a Hash whose 
+    # keys are an array containing the individual values of each column and the value 
+    # of each key would be the +count+.
+    # 
+    #   Article.group(:status, :category).count
+    #   # =>  {["draft", "business"]=>10, ["draft", "technology"]=>4, 
+    #          ["published", "business"]=>0, ["published", "technology"]=>2}
+    # 
+    # If +count+ is used with +select+, it will count the selected columns:
+    #
+    #   Person.select(:age).count
+    #   # => counts the number of different age values
+    #
+    # Note: not all valid +select+ expressions are valid +count+ expressions. The specifics differ
+    # between databases. In invalid cases, an error from the database is thrown.
     def count(column_name = nil, options = {})
       # TODO: Remove options argument as soon we remove support to
       # activerecord-deprecated_finders.
@@ -162,18 +178,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           columns_hash.key?(cn) ? arel_table[cn] : cn
         }
         result = klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, nil, bind_values)
-        columns = result.columns.map do |key|
-          klass.column_types.fetch(key) {
-            result.column_types.fetch(key) { result.identity_type }
-          }
-        end
-
-        result = result.map do |attributes|
-          values = klass.initialize_attributes(attributes).values
-
-          columns.zip(values).map { |column, value| column.type_cast value }
-        end
-        columns.one? ? result.map!(&:first) : result
+        result.cast_values(klass.column_types)
       end
     end
 
@@ -188,7 +193,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
 
     def has_include?(column_name)
-      eager_loading? || (includes_values.present? && (column_name || references_eager_loaded_tables?))
+      eager_loading? || (includes_values.present? && ((column_name && column_name != :all) || references_eager_loaded_tables?))
     end
 
     def perform_calculation(operation, column_name, options = {})
@@ -231,15 +236,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def execute_simple_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct) #:nodoc:
       # Postgresql doesn't like ORDER BY when there are no GROUP BY
-      relation = reorder(nil)
+      relation = unscope(:order)
 
       column_alias = column_name
 
+      bind_values = nil
+
       if operation == "count" && (relation.limit_value || relation.offset_value)
         # Shortcut when limit is zero.
         return 0 if relation.limit_value == 0
 
         query_builder = build_count_subquery(relation, column_name, distinct)
+        bind_values = query_builder.bind_values + relation.bind_values
       else
         column = aggregate_column(column_name)
 
@@ -249,13 +257,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         relation.select_values = [select_value]
 
         query_builder = relation.arel
+        bind_values = query_builder.bind_values + relation.bind_values
       end
 
-      result = @klass.connection.select_all(query_builder, nil, relation.bind_values)
+      result = @klass.connection.select_all(query_builder, nil, bind_values)
       row    = result.first
       value  = row && row.values.first
       column = result.column_types.fetch(column_alias) do
-        column_for(column_name)
+        type_for(column_name)
       end
 
       type_cast_calculated_value(value, column, operation)
@@ -265,8 +274,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       group_attrs = group_values
 
       if group_attrs.first.respond_to?(:to_sym)
-        association  = @klass.reflect_on_association(group_attrs.first.to_sym)
-        associated   = group_attrs.size == 1 && association && association.macro == :belongs_to # only count belongs_to associations
+        association  = @klass._reflect_on_association(group_attrs.first.to_sym)
+        associated   = group_attrs.size == 1 && association && association.belongs_to? # only count belongs_to associations
         group_fields = Array(associated ? association.foreign_key : group_attrs)
       else
         group_fields = group_attrs
@@ -318,14 +327,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       Hash[calculated_data.map do |row|
         key = group_columns.map { |aliaz, col_name|
           column = calculated_data.column_types.fetch(aliaz) do
-            column_for(col_name)
+            type_for(col_name)
           end
           type_cast_calculated_value(row[aliaz], column)
         }
         key = key.first if key.size == 1
         key = key_records[key] if associated
 
-        column_type = calculated_data.column_types.fetch(aggregate_alias) { column_for(column_name) }
+        column_type = calculated_data.column_types.fetch(aggregate_alias) { type_for(column_name) }
         [key, type_cast_calculated_value(row[aggregate_alias], column_type, operation)]
       end]
     end
@@ -352,24 +361,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @klass.connection.table_alias_for(table_name)
     end
 
-    def column_for(field)
+    def type_for(field)
       field_name = field.respond_to?(:name) ? field.name.to_s : field.to_s.split('.').last
-      @klass.columns_hash[field_name]
+      @klass.type_for_attribute(field_name)
     end
 
-    def type_cast_calculated_value(value, column, operation = nil)
+    def type_cast_calculated_value(value, type, operation = nil)
       case operation
         when 'count'   then value.to_i
-        when 'sum'     then type_cast_using_column(value || 0, column)
+        when 'sum'     then type.type_cast_from_database(value || 0)
         when 'average' then value.respond_to?(:to_d) ? value.to_d : value
-        else type_cast_using_column(value, column)
+        else type.type_cast_from_database(value)
       end
     end
 
-    def type_cast_using_column(value, column)
-      column ? column.type_cast(value) : value
-    end
-
     # TODO: refactor to allow non-string `select_values` (eg. Arel nodes).
     def select_for_count
       if select_values.present?
@@ -385,9 +390,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       aliased_column = aggregate_column(column_name == :all ? 1 : column_name).as(column_alias)
       relation.select_values = [aliased_column]
-      subquery = relation.arel.as(subquery_alias)
+      arel = relation.arel
+      subquery = arel.as(subquery_alias)
 
       sm = Arel::SelectManager.new relation.engine
+      sm.bind_values = arel.bind_values
       select_value = operation_over_aggregate_column(column_alias, 'count', distinct)
       sm.project(select_value).from(subquery)
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
index 21beed332f..50f4d5c7ab 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     BLACKLISTED_ARRAY_METHODS = [
       :compact!, :flatten!, :reject!, :reverse!, :rotate!, :map!,
       :shuffle!, :slice!, :sort!, :sort_by!, :delete_if,
-      :keep_if, :pop, :shift, :delete_at, :compact
+      :keep_if, :pop, :shift, :delete_at, :compact, :select!
     ].to_set # :nodoc:
 
-    delegate :to_xml, :to_yaml, :length, :collect, :map, :each, :all?, :include?, :to_ary, to: :to_a
+    delegate :to_xml, :to_yaml, :length, :collect, :map, :each, :all?, :include?, :to_ary, :join, to: :to_a
 
     delegate :table_name, :quoted_table_name, :primary_key, :quoted_primary_key,
              :connection, :columns_hash, :to => :klass
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
index 01d46f7676..b1753b27e1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module FinderMethods
     ONE_AS_ONE = '1 AS one'
@@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # returns an Array of the required fields, available since Rails 3.1.
     def find(*args)
       if block_given?
-        to_a.find { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
+        to_a.find(*args) { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
       else
         find_with_ids(*args)
       end
@@ -127,9 +129,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     def first(limit = nil)
       if limit
-        find_nth_with_limit(offset_value, limit)
+        find_nth_with_limit(offset_index, limit)
       else
-        find_nth(:first, offset_value)
+        find_nth(0, offset_index)
       end
     end
 
@@ -179,7 +181,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.offset(3).second # returns the second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 4)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).second
     def second
-      find_nth(:second, offset_value ? offset_value + 1 : 1)
+      find_nth(1, offset_index)
     end
 
     # Same as +second+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.offset(3).third # returns the third object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 5)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).third
     def third
-      find_nth(:third, offset_value ? offset_value + 2 : 2)
+      find_nth(2, offset_index)
     end
 
     # Same as +third+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
@@ -211,7 +213,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.offset(3).fourth # returns the fourth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 6)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fourth
     def fourth
-      find_nth(:fourth, offset_value ? offset_value + 3 : 3)
+      find_nth(3, offset_index)
     end
 
     # Same as +fourth+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
@@ -227,7 +229,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.offset(3).fifth # returns the fifth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 7)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fifth
     def fifth
-      find_nth(:fifth, offset_value ? offset_value + 4 : 4)
+      find_nth(4, offset_index)
     end
 
     # Same as +fifth+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
@@ -240,10 +242,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
     #
     #   Person.forty_two # returns the forty-second object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
-    #   Person.offset(3).forty_two # returns the fifth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 44)
+    #   Person.offset(3).forty_two # returns the forty-second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 44)
     #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).forty_two
     def forty_two
-      find_nth(:forty_two, offset_value ? offset_value + 41 : 41)
+      find_nth(41, offset_index)
     end
 
     # Same as +forty_two+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
@@ -280,7 +282,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.exists?(false)
     #   Person.exists?
     def exists?(conditions = :none)
-      conditions = conditions.id if Base === conditions
+      if Base === conditions
+        conditions = conditions.id
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `exists?`." \
+          "Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`"
+      end
+
       return false if !conditions
 
       relation = apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency)
@@ -292,10 +299,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       when Array, Hash
         relation = relation.where(conditions)
       else
-        relation = relation.where(table[primary_key].eq(conditions)) if conditions != :none
+        unless conditions == :none
+          relation = where(primary_key => conditions)
+        end
       end
 
-      connection.select_value(relation, "#{name} Exists", relation.bind_values) ? true : false
+      connection.select_value(relation, "#{name} Exists", relation.arel.bind_values + relation.bind_values) ? true : false
     end
 
     # This method is called whenever no records are found with either a single
@@ -322,8 +331,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
 
+    def offset_index
+      offset_value || 0
+    end
+
     def find_with_associations
-      join_dependency = construct_join_dependency
+      # NOTE: the JoinDependency constructed here needs to know about
+      #       any joins already present in `self`, so pass them in
+      #
+      # failing to do so means that in cases like activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb:136
+      # incorrect SQL is generated. In that case, the join dependency for
+      # SpecialCategorizations is constructed without knowledge of the
+      # preexisting join in joins_values to categorizations (by way of
+      # the `has_many :through` for categories).
+      #
+      join_dependency = construct_join_dependency(joins_values)
 
       aliases  = join_dependency.aliases
       relation = select aliases.columns
@@ -335,7 +357,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if ActiveRecord::NullRelation === relation
           []
         else
-          rows = connection.select_all(relation.arel, 'SQL', relation.bind_values.dup)
+          arel = relation.arel
+          rows = connection.select_all(arel, 'SQL', arel.bind_values + relation.bind_values)
           join_dependency.instantiate(rows, aliases)
         end
       end
@@ -347,7 +370,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def construct_relation_for_association_calculations
-      apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency(arel.froms.first))
+      from = arel.froms.first
+      if Arel::Table === from
+        apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency)
+      else
+        # FIXME: as far as I can tell, `from` will always be an Arel::Table.
+        # There are no tests that test this branch, but presumably it's
+        # possible for `from` to be a list?
+        apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency(from))
+      end
     end
 
     def apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
@@ -370,8 +401,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_primary_key}", relation.order_values)
 
       relation = relation.except(:select).select(values).distinct!
+      arel = relation.arel
 
-      id_rows = @klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, 'SQL', relation.bind_values)
+      id_rows = @klass.connection.select_all(arel, 'SQL', arel.bind_values + relation.bind_values)
       id_rows.map {|row| row[primary_key]}
     end
 
@@ -401,7 +433,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def find_one(id)
-      id = id.id if ActiveRecord::Base === id
+      if ActiveRecord::Base === id
+        id = id.id
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `find`." \
+          "Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`"
+      end
 
       column = columns_hash[primary_key]
       substitute = connection.substitute_at(column, bind_values.length)
@@ -444,20 +480,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def find_nth(ordinal, offset)
+    def find_nth(index, offset)
       if loaded?
-        @records.send(ordinal)
+        @records[index]
       else
+        offset += index
         @offsets[offset] ||= find_nth_with_limit(offset, 1).first
       end
     end
 
     def find_nth_with_limit(offset, limit)
-      if order_values.empty? && primary_key
-        order(arel_table[primary_key].asc).limit(limit).offset(offset).to_a
-      else
-        limit(limit).offset(offset).to_a
-      end
+      relation = if order_values.empty? && primary_key
+                   order(arel_table[primary_key].asc)
+                 else
+                   self
+                 end
+
+      relation = relation.offset(offset) unless offset.zero?
+      relation.limit(limit).to_a
     end
 
     def find_last
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
index 182b9ed89c..ac41d0aa80 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             else
               other.joins!(*v)
             end
+          elsif k == :select
+            other._select!(v)
           else
             other.send("#{k}!", v)
           end
@@ -62,7 +64,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # expensive), most of the time the value is going to be `nil` or `.blank?`, the only catch is that
           # `false.blank?` returns `true`, so there needs to be an extra check so that explicit `false` values
           # don't fall through the cracks.
-          relation.send("#{name}!", *value) unless value.nil? || (value.blank? && false != value)
+          unless value.nil? || (value.blank? && false != value)
+            if name == :select
+              relation._select!(*value)
+            else
+              relation.send("#{name}!", *value)
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         merge_multi_values
@@ -139,7 +147,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def merge_single_values
         relation.from_value          = values[:from] unless relation.from_value
         relation.lock_value          = values[:lock] unless relation.lock_value
-        relation.reverse_order_value = values[:reverse_order]
 
         unless values[:create_with].blank?
           relation.create_with_value = (relation.create_with_value || {}).merge(values[:create_with])
@@ -149,7 +156,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def filter_binds(lhs_binds, removed_wheres)
         return lhs_binds if removed_wheres.empty?
 
-        set = Set.new removed_wheres.map { |x| x.left.name }
+        set = Set.new removed_wheres.map { |x| x.left.name.to_s }
         lhs_binds.dup.delete_if { |col,_| set.include? col.name }
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
index 1252af7635..eff5c8f09c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             queries << '1=0'
           else
             table       = Arel::Table.new(column, default_table.engine)
-            association = klass.reflect_on_association(column.to_sym)
+            association = klass._reflect_on_association(column.to_sym)
 
             value.each do |k, v|
               queries.concat expand(association && association.klass, table, k, v)
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # For polymorphic relationships, find the foreign key and type:
       # PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: treasure)
-      if klass && reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(column.to_sym)
+      if klass && reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(column.to_sym)
         if reflection.polymorphic? && base_class = polymorphic_base_class_from_value(value)
           queries << build(table[reflection.foreign_type], base_class)
         end
@@ -113,13 +113,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     register_handler(Relation, RelationHandler.new)
     register_handler(Array, ArrayHandler.new)
 
-    private
-      def self.build(attribute, value)
-        handler_for(value).call(attribute, value)
-      end
+    def self.build(attribute, value)
+      handler_for(value).call(attribute, value)
+    end
+    private_class_method :build
 
-      def self.handler_for(object)
-        @handlers.detect { |klass, _| klass === object }.last
-      end
+    def self.handler_for(object)
+      @handlers.detect { |klass, _| klass === object }.last
+    end
+    private_class_method :handler_for
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb
index 2f6c34ac08..b8d9240bf8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb
@@ -3,27 +3,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class ArrayHandler # :nodoc:
       def call(attribute, value)
         values = value.map { |x| x.is_a?(Base) ? x.id : x }
-        ranges, values = values.partition { |v| v.is_a?(Range) }
+        nils, values = values.partition(&:nil?)
+
+        if values.any? { |val| val.is_a?(Array) }
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Passing a nested array to Active Record " \
+            "finder methods is deprecated and will be removed. Flatten your array " \
+            "before using it for 'IN' conditions."
+          values = values.flatten
+        end
 
-        values_predicate = if values.include?(nil)
-          values = values.compact
+        return attribute.in([]) if values.empty? && nils.empty?
+
+        ranges, values = values.partition { |v| v.is_a?(Range) }
 
+        values_predicate =
           case values.length
-          when 0
-            attribute.eq(nil)
-          when 1
-            attribute.eq(values.first).or(attribute.eq(nil))
-          else
-            attribute.in(values).or(attribute.eq(nil))
+          when 0 then NullPredicate
+          when 1 then attribute.eq(values.first)
+          else attribute.in(values)
           end
-        else
-          attribute.in(values)
+
+        unless nils.empty?
+          values_predicate = values_predicate.or(attribute.eq(nil))
         end
 
         array_predicates = ranges.map { |range| attribute.in(range) }
-        array_predicates << values_predicate
+        array_predicates.unshift(values_predicate)
         array_predicates.inject { |composite, predicate| composite.or(predicate) }
       end
+
+      module NullPredicate
+        def self.or(other)
+          other
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
index 077f09b67d..e6a088d07e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
+require 'active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module QueryMethods
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
+    include ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection
+
     # WhereChain objects act as placeholder for queries in which #where does not have any parameter.
     # In this case, #where must be chained with #not to return a new relation.
     class WhereChain
@@ -49,6 +52,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             Arel::Nodes::Not.new(rel)
           end
         end
+
+        @scope.references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
         @scope.where_values += where_value
         @scope
       end
@@ -62,6 +67,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                                              #
         def #{name}_values=(values)          # def select_values=(values)
           raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded #   raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded
+          check_cached_relation
           @values[:#{name}] = values         #   @values[:select] = values
         end                                  # end
       CODE
@@ -79,11 +85,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{name}_value=(value)            # def readonly_value=(value)
           raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded #   raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded
+          check_cached_relation
           @values[:#{name}] = value          #   @values[:readonly] = value
         end                                  # end
       CODE
     end
 
+    def check_cached_relation # :nodoc:
+      if defined?(@arel) && @arel
+        @arel = nil
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Modifying already cached Relation. The " \
+          "cache will be reset. Use a cloned Relation to prevent this warning."
+      end
+    end
+
     def create_with_value # :nodoc:
       @values[:create_with] || {}
     end
@@ -168,7 +183,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Use to indicate that the given +table_names+ are referenced by an SQL string,
     # and should therefore be JOINed in any query rather than loaded separately.
-    # This method only works in conjuction with +includes+.
+    # This method only works in conjunction with +includes+.
     # See #includes for more details.
     #
     #   User.includes(:posts).where("posts.name = 'foo'")
@@ -202,7 +217,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # fields are retrieved:
     #
     #   Model.select(:field)
-    #   # => [#<Model field:value>]
+    #   # => [#<Model id: nil, field: "value">]
     #
     # Although in the above example it looks as though this method returns an
     # array, it actually returns a relation object and can have other query
@@ -211,12 +226,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # The argument to the method can also be an array of fields.
     #
     #   Model.select(:field, :other_field, :and_one_more)
-    #   # => [#<Model field: "value", other_field: "value", and_one_more: "value">]
+    #   # => [#<Model id: nil, field: "value", other_field: "value", and_one_more: "value">]
     #
     # You can also use one or more strings, which will be used unchanged as SELECT fields.
     #
     #   Model.select('field AS field_one', 'other_field AS field_two')
-    #   # => [#<Model field: "value", other_field: "value">]
+    #   # => [#<Model id: nil, field: "value", other_field: "value">]
     #
     # If an alias was specified, it will be accessible from the resulting objects:
     #
@@ -224,7 +239,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # => "value"
     #
     # Accessing attributes of an object that do not have fields retrieved by a select
-    # will throw <tt>ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError</tt>:
+    # except +id+ will throw <tt>ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError</tt>:
     #
     #   Model.select(:field).first.other_field
     #   # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing attribute: other_field
@@ -233,14 +248,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         to_a.select { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
       else
         raise ArgumentError, 'Call this with at least one field' if fields.empty?
-        spawn.select!(*fields)
+        spawn._select!(*fields)
       end
     end
 
-    def select!(*fields) # :nodoc:
+    def _select!(*fields) # :nodoc:
       fields.flatten!
       fields.map! do |field|
-        klass.attribute_alias?(field) ? klass.attribute_alias(field).to_sym : field
+        klass.attribute_alias?(field) ? klass.attribute_alias(field) : field
       end
       self.select_values += fields
       self
@@ -261,6 +276,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   User.group('name AS grouped_name, age')
     #   => [#<User id: 3, name: "Foo", age: 21, ...>, #<User id: 2, name: "Oscar", age: 21, ...>, #<User id: 5, name: "Foo", age: 23, ...>]
+    #
+    # Passing in an array of attributes to group by is also supported.
+    #   User.select([:id, :first_name]).group(:id, :first_name).first(3)
+    #   => [#<User id: 1, first_name: "Bill">, #<User id: 2, first_name: "Earl">, #<User id: 3, first_name: "Beto">]
     def group(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:group, args)
       spawn.group!(*args)
@@ -275,15 +294,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Allows to specify an order attribute:
     #
-    #   User.order('name')
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name
-    #
-    #   User.order('name DESC')
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC
-    #
-    #   User.order('name DESC, email')
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC, email
-    #
     #   User.order(:name)
     #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."name" ASC
     #
@@ -292,6 +302,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   User.order(:name, email: :desc)
     #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."name" ASC, "users"."email" DESC
+    #
+    #   User.order('name')
+    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name
+    #
+    #   User.order('name DESC')
+    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC
+    #
+    #   User.order('name DESC, email')
+    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC, email
     def order(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:order, args)
       spawn.order!(*args)
@@ -555,15 +574,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def where!(opts = :chain, *rest) # :nodoc:
-      if opts == :chain
-        WhereChain.new(self)
-      else
-        references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
-
-        self.where_values += build_where(opts, rest)
-        self
+    def where!(opts, *rest) # :nodoc:
+      if Hash === opts
+        opts = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(opts)
+        references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts))
       end
+
+      self.where_values += build_where(opts, rest)
+      self
     end
 
     # Allows you to change a previously set where condition for a given attribute, instead of appending to that condition.
@@ -709,7 +727,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def create_with!(value) # :nodoc:
-      self.create_with_value = value ? create_with_value.merge(value) : {}
+      if value
+        value = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(value)
+        self.create_with_value = create_with_value.merge(value)
+      else
+        self.create_with_value = {}
+      end
+
       self
     end
 
@@ -819,7 +843,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def reverse_order! # :nodoc:
-      self.reverse_order_value = !reverse_order_value
+      orders = order_values.uniq
+      orders.reject!(&:blank?)
+      self.order_values = reverse_sql_order(orders)
       self
     end
 
@@ -835,7 +861,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       build_joins(arel, joins_values.flatten) unless joins_values.empty?
 
-      collapse_wheres(arel, (where_values - ['']).uniq)
+      collapse_wheres(arel, (where_values - [''])) #TODO: Add uniq with real value comparison / ignore uniqs that have binds
 
       arel.having(*having_values.uniq.reject(&:blank?)) unless having_values.empty?
 
@@ -852,6 +878,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       arel.from(build_from) if from_value
       arel.lock(lock_value) if lock_value
 
+      # Reorder bind indexes if joins produced bind values
+      bvs = arel.bind_values + bind_values
+      arel.ast.grep(Arel::Nodes::BindParam).each_with_index do |bp, i|
+        column = bvs[i].first
+        bp.replace connection.substitute_at(column, i)
+      end
+
       arel
     end
 
@@ -865,8 +898,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       case scope
       when :order
-        self.reverse_order_value = false
         result = []
+      when :where
+        self.bind_values = []
       else
         result = [] unless single_val_method
       end
@@ -917,21 +951,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def build_where(opts, other = [])
       case opts
       when String, Array
-        #TODO: Remove duplication with: /activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb:113
-        values = Hash === other.first ? other.first.values : other
-
-        values.grep(ActiveRecord::Relation) do |rel|
-          self.bind_values += rel.bind_values
-        end
-
         [@klass.send(:sanitize_sql, other.empty? ? opts : ([opts] + other))]
       when Hash
         opts = PredicateBuilder.resolve_column_aliases(klass, opts)
-        attributes = @klass.send(:expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates, opts)
 
-        attributes.values.grep(ActiveRecord::Relation) do |rel|
-          self.bind_values += rel.bind_values
-        end
+        bv_len = bind_values.length
+        tmp_opts, bind_values = create_binds(opts, bv_len)
+        self.bind_values += bind_values
+
+        attributes = @klass.send(:expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates, tmp_opts)
+        add_relations_to_bind_values(attributes)
 
         PredicateBuilder.build_from_hash(klass, attributes, table)
       else
@@ -939,6 +968,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def create_binds(opts, idx)
+      bindable, non_binds = opts.partition do |column, value|
+        case value
+        when String, Integer, ActiveRecord::StatementCache::Substitute
+          @klass.columns_hash.include? column.to_s
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      new_opts = {}
+      binds = []
+
+      bindable.each_with_index do |(column,value), index|
+        binds.push [@klass.columns_hash[column.to_s], value]
+        new_opts[column] = connection.substitute_at(column, index + idx)
+      end
+
+      non_binds.each { |column,value| new_opts[column] = value }
+
+      [new_opts, binds]
+    end
+
     def build_from
       opts, name = from_value
       case opts
@@ -980,9 +1032,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         join_list
       )
 
-      joins = join_dependency.join_constraints stashed_association_joins
+      join_infos = join_dependency.join_constraints stashed_association_joins
 
-      joins.each { |join| manager.from(join) }
+      join_infos.each do |info|
+        info.joins.each { |join| manager.from(join) }
+        manager.bind_values.concat info.binds
+      end
 
       manager.join_sources.concat(join_list)
 
@@ -995,8 +1050,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           columns_hash.key?(field.to_s) ? arel_table[field] : field
         end
         arel.project(*expanded_select)
-      elsif from_value
-        arel.project(Arel.star)
       else
         arel.project(@klass.arel_table[Arel.star])
       end
@@ -1027,15 +1080,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def build_order(arel)
       orders = order_values.uniq
       orders.reject!(&:blank?)
-      orders = reverse_sql_order(orders) if reverse_order_value
 
       arel.order(*orders) unless orders.empty?
     end
 
+    VALID_DIRECTIONS = [:asc, :desc, :ASC, :DESC,
+                        'asc', 'desc', 'ASC', 'DESC'] # :nodoc:
+
     def validate_order_args(args)
-      args.grep(Hash) do |h|
-        unless (h.values - [:asc, :desc]).empty?
-          raise ArgumentError, 'Direction should be :asc or :desc'
+      args.each do |arg|
+        next unless arg.is_a?(Hash)
+        arg.each do |_key, value|
+          raise ArgumentError, "Direction \"#{value}\" is invalid. Valid " \
+                               "directions are: #{VALID_DIRECTIONS.inspect}" unless VALID_DIRECTIONS.include?(value)
         end
       end
     end
@@ -1052,12 +1109,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       order_args.map! do |arg|
         case arg
         when Symbol
-          arg = klass.attribute_alias(arg).to_sym if klass.attribute_alias?(arg)
+          arg = klass.attribute_alias(arg) if klass.attribute_alias?(arg)
           table[arg].asc
         when Hash
           arg.map { |field, dir|
-            field = klass.attribute_alias(field).to_sym if klass.attribute_alias?(field)
-            table[field].send(dir)
+            field = klass.attribute_alias(field) if klass.attribute_alias?(field)
+            table[field].send(dir.downcase)
           }
         else
           arg
@@ -1086,5 +1143,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise ArgumentError, "The method .#{method_name}() must contain arguments."
       end
     end
+
+    # This function is recursive just for better readablity.
+    # #where argument doesn't support more than one level nested hash in real world.
+    def add_relations_to_bind_values(attributes)
+      if attributes.is_a?(Hash)
+        attributes.each_value do |value|
+          if value.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation)
+            self.bind_values += value.bind_values
+          else
+            add_relations_to_bind_values(value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
index 2552cbd234..57d66bce4b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
@@ -58,6 +58,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.order('id asc').only(:where)         # discards the order condition
     #   Post.order('id asc').only(:where, :order) # uses the specified order
     def only(*onlies)
+      if onlies.any? { |o| o == :where }
+        onlies << :bind
+      end
       relation_with values.slice(*onlies)
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
index 228b2aa60f..8405fdaeb9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Result
     include Enumerable
 
-    IDENTITY_TYPE = Class.new { def type_cast(v); v; end }.new # :nodoc:
+    IDENTITY_TYPE = Type::Value.new # :nodoc:
 
     attr_reader :columns, :rows, :column_types
 
@@ -42,14 +42,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @column_types = column_types
     end
 
-    def identity_type # :nodoc:
-      IDENTITY_TYPE
-    end
-
-    def column_type(name)
-      @column_types[name] || identity_type
-    end
-
     def each
       if block_given?
         hash_rows.each { |row| yield row }
@@ -82,6 +74,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       hash_rows.last
     end
 
+    def cast_values(type_overrides = {}) # :nodoc:
+      types = columns.map { |name| column_type(name, type_overrides) }
+      result = rows.map do |values|
+        types.zip(values).map { |type, value| type.type_cast_from_database(value) }
+      end
+
+      columns.one? ? result.map!(&:first) : result
+    end
+
     def initialize_copy(other)
       @columns      = columns.dup
       @rows         = rows.dup
@@ -91,6 +92,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
 
+    def column_type(name, type_overrides = {})
+      type_overrides.fetch(name) do
+        column_types.fetch(name, IDENTITY_TYPE)
+      end
+    end
+
     def hash_rows
       @hash_rows ||=
         begin
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
index 5a71c13d91..ff70cbed0f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         table = Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine).alias(default_table_name)
         PredicateBuilder.build_from_hash(self, attrs, table).map { |b|
-          connection.visitor.accept b
+          connection.visitor.compile b
         }.join(' AND ')
       end
       alias_method :sanitize_sql_hash, :sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions
@@ -107,6 +107,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end.join(', ')
       end
 
+      # Sanitizes a +string+ so that it is safe to use within an SQL
+      # LIKE statement. This method uses +escape_character+ to escape all occurrences of "\", "_" and "%"
+      def sanitize_sql_like(string, escape_character = "\\")
+        pattern = Regexp.union(escape_character, "%", "_")
+        string.gsub(pattern) { |x| [escape_character, x].join }
+      end
+
       # Accepts an array of conditions. The array has each value
       # sanitized and interpolated into the SQL statement.
       #   ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4]  returns  "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
index 4bfd0167a4..0a5546a760 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Schema
   #
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
index e055d571ab..68d976c240 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -91,16 +91,17 @@ HEADER
       end
 
       def tables(stream)
-        @connection.tables.sort.each do |tbl|
-          next if ['schema_migrations', ignore_tables].flatten.any? do |ignored|
-            case ignored
-            when String; remove_prefix_and_suffix(tbl) == ignored
-            when Regexp; remove_prefix_and_suffix(tbl) =~ ignored
-            else
-              raise StandardError, 'ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables accepts an array of String and / or Regexp values.'
-            end
+        sorted_tables = @connection.tables.sort
+
+        sorted_tables.each do |table_name|
+          table(table_name, stream) unless ignored?(table_name)
+        end
+
+        # dump foreign keys at the end to make sure all dependent tables exist.
+        if @connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+          sorted_tables.each do |tbl|
+            foreign_keys(tbl, stream)
           end
-          table(tbl, stream)
         end
       end
 
@@ -110,11 +111,7 @@ HEADER
           tbl = StringIO.new
 
           # first dump primary key column
-          if @connection.respond_to?(:pk_and_sequence_for)
-            pk, _ = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for(table)
-          elsif @connection.respond_to?(:primary_key)
-            pk = @connection.primary_key(table)
-          end
+          pk = @connection.primary_key(table)
 
           tbl.print "  create_table #{remove_prefix_and_suffix(table).inspect}"
           pkcol = columns.detect { |c| c.name == pk }
@@ -186,34 +183,72 @@ HEADER
         if (indexes = @connection.indexes(table)).any?
           add_index_statements = indexes.map do |index|
             statement_parts = [
-              ('add_index ' + remove_prefix_and_suffix(index.table).inspect),
+              "add_index #{remove_prefix_and_suffix(index.table).inspect}",
               index.columns.inspect,
-              ('name: ' + index.name.inspect),
+              "name: #{index.name.inspect}",
             ]
             statement_parts << 'unique: true' if index.unique
 
             index_lengths = (index.lengths || []).compact
-            statement_parts << ('length: ' + Hash[index.columns.zip(index.lengths)].inspect) unless index_lengths.empty?
+            statement_parts << "length: #{Hash[index.columns.zip(index.lengths)].inspect}" if index_lengths.any?
 
-            index_orders = (index.orders || {})
-            statement_parts << ('order: ' + index.orders.inspect) unless index_orders.empty?
+            index_orders = index.orders || {}
+            statement_parts << "order: #{index.orders.inspect}" if index_orders.any?
+            statement_parts << "where: #{index.where.inspect}" if index.where
+            statement_parts << "using: #{index.using.inspect}" if index.using
+            statement_parts << "type: #{index.type.inspect}" if index.type
 
-            statement_parts << ('where: ' + index.where.inspect) if index.where
+            "  #{statement_parts.join(', ')}"
+          end
 
-            statement_parts << ('using: ' + index.using.inspect) if index.using
+          stream.puts add_index_statements.sort.join("\n")
+          stream.puts
+        end
+      end
 
-            statement_parts << ('type: ' + index.type.inspect) if index.type
+      def foreign_keys(table, stream)
+        if (foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys(table)).any?
+          add_foreign_key_statements = foreign_keys.map do |foreign_key|
+            parts = [
+              "add_foreign_key #{remove_prefix_and_suffix(foreign_key.from_table).inspect}",
+              remove_prefix_and_suffix(foreign_key.to_table).inspect,
+            ]
+
+            if foreign_key.column != @connection.foreign_key_column_for(foreign_key.to_table)
+              parts << "column: #{foreign_key.column.inspect}"
+            end
 
-            '  ' + statement_parts.join(', ')
+            if foreign_key.custom_primary_key?
+              parts << "primary_key: #{foreign_key.primary_key.inspect}"
+            end
+
+            if foreign_key.name !~ /^fk_rails_[0-9a-f]{10}$/
+              parts << "name: #{foreign_key.name.inspect}"
+            end
+
+            parts << "on_update: #{foreign_key.on_update.inspect}" if foreign_key.on_update
+            parts << "on_delete: #{foreign_key.on_delete.inspect}" if foreign_key.on_delete
+
+            "  #{parts.join(', ')}"
           end
 
-          stream.puts add_index_statements.sort.join("\n")
-          stream.puts
+          stream.puts add_foreign_key_statements.sort.join("\n")
         end
       end
 
       def remove_prefix_and_suffix(table)
         table.gsub(/^(#{@options[:table_name_prefix]})(.+)(#{@options[:table_name_suffix]})$/,  "\\2")
       end
+
+      def ignored?(table_name)
+        ['schema_migrations', ignore_tables].flatten.any? do |ignored|
+          case ignored
+          when String; remove_prefix_and_suffix(table_name) == ignored
+          when Regexp; remove_prefix_and_suffix(table_name) =~ ignored
+          else
+            raise StandardError, 'ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables accepts an array of String and / or Regexp values.'
+          end
+        end
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
index a9d164e366..b5038104ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ require 'active_record/base'
 module ActiveRecord
   class SchemaMigration < ActiveRecord::Base
     class << self
+      def primary_key
+        nil
+      end
 
       def table_name
         "#{table_name_prefix}#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}#{table_name_suffix}"
@@ -36,6 +39,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           connection.drop_table(table_name)
         end
       end
+
+      def normalize_migration_number(number)
+        "%.3d" % number.to_i
+      end
+
+      def normalized_versions
+        pluck(:version).map { |v| normalize_migration_number v }
+      end
     end
 
     def version
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
index 01fec31544..18190cb535 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
-        # Returns a scope for the model without the +default_scope+.
+        # Returns a scope for the model without the previously set scopes.
         #
         #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
         #     def self.default_scope
@@ -19,11 +19,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #     end
         #   end
         #
-        #   Post.all          # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = true"
-        #   Post.unscoped.all # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts"
+        #   Post.all                                  # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = true"
+        #   Post.unscoped.all                         # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts"
+        #   Post.where(published: false).unscoped.all # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts"
         #
         # This method also accepts a block. All queries inside the block will
-        # not use the +default_scope+:
+        # not use the previously set scopes.
         #
         #   Post.unscoped {
         #     Post.limit(10) # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts LIMIT 10"
@@ -93,14 +94,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self.default_scopes += [scope]
         end
 
-        def build_default_scope # :nodoc:
+        def build_default_scope(base_rel = relation) # :nodoc:
           if !Base.is_a?(method(:default_scope).owner)
             # The user has defined their own default scope method, so call that
             evaluate_default_scope { default_scope }
           elsif default_scopes.any?
             evaluate_default_scope do
-              default_scopes.inject(relation) do |default_scope, scope|
-                default_scope.merge(unscoped { scope.call })
+              default_scopes.inject(base_rel) do |default_scope, scope|
+                default_scope.merge(base_rel.scoping { scope.call })
               end
             end
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb
index 1a766093d0..c2484d02ed 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb
@@ -180,13 +180,9 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     class Attribute < ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml::Serializer::Attribute #:nodoc:
       def compute_type
         klass = @serializable.class
-        type = if klass.serialized_attributes.key?(name)
-                 super
-               elsif klass.columns_hash.key?(name)
-                 klass.columns_hash[name].type
-               else
-                 NilClass
-               end
+        column = klass.columns_hash[name] || Type::Value.new
+
+        type = ActiveSupport::XmlMini::TYPE_NAMES[value.class.name] || column.type
 
         { :text => :string,
           :time => :datetime }[type] || type
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb
index dd4ee0c4a0..aece446384 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb
@@ -14,13 +14,87 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # The relation returned by the block is cached, and for each +execute+ call the cached relation gets duped.
   # Database is queried when +to_a+ is called on the relation.
   class StatementCache
-    def initialize
-      @relation = yield
-      raise ArgumentError.new("Statement cannot be nil") if @relation.nil?
+    class Substitute; end
+
+    class Query
+      def initialize(sql)
+        @sql = sql
+      end
+
+      def sql_for(binds, connection)
+        @sql
+      end
+    end
+
+    class PartialQuery < Query
+      def initialize values
+        @values = values
+        @indexes = values.each_with_index.find_all { |thing,i|
+          Arel::Nodes::BindParam === thing
+        }.map(&:last)
+      end
+
+      def sql_for(binds, connection)
+        val = @values.dup
+        binds = binds.dup
+        @indexes.each { |i| val[i] = connection.quote(*binds.shift.reverse) }
+        val.join
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.query(visitor, ast)
+      Query.new visitor.accept(ast, Arel::Collectors::SQLString.new).value
+    end
+
+    def self.partial_query(visitor, ast, collector)
+      collected = visitor.accept(ast, collector).value
+      PartialQuery.new collected
+    end
+
+    class Params
+      def bind; Substitute.new; end
     end
 
-    def execute
-      @relation.dup.to_a
+    class BindMap
+      def initialize(bind_values)
+        @indexes   = []
+        @bind_values = bind_values
+
+        bind_values.each_with_index do |(_, value), i|
+          if Substitute === value
+            @indexes << i
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def bind(values)
+        bvs = @bind_values.map { |pair| pair.dup }
+        @indexes.each_with_index { |offset,i| bvs[offset][1] = values[i] }
+        bvs
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :bind_map, :query_builder
+
+    def self.create(connection, block = Proc.new)
+      relation      = block.call Params.new
+      bind_map      = BindMap.new relation.bind_values
+      query_builder = connection.cacheable_query relation.arel
+      new query_builder, bind_map
+    end
+
+    def initialize(query_builder, bind_map)
+      @query_builder = query_builder
+      @bind_map      = bind_map
+    end
+
+    def execute(params, klass, connection)
+      bind_values = bind_map.bind params
+
+      sql = query_builder.sql_for bind_values, connection
+
+      klass.find_by_sql sql, bind_values
     end
+    alias :call :execute
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
index 79a6ccbda0..3c291f28e3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
@@ -66,8 +66,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      class_attribute :stored_attributes, instance_accessor: false
-      self.stored_attributes = {}
+      class << self
+        attr_accessor :local_stored_attributes
+      end
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -93,18 +94,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # assign new store attribute and create new hash to ensure that each class in the hierarchy
         # has its own hash of stored attributes.
-        self.stored_attributes = {} if self.stored_attributes.blank?
-        self.stored_attributes[store_attribute] ||= []
-        self.stored_attributes[store_attribute] |= keys
+        self.local_stored_attributes ||= {}
+        self.local_stored_attributes[store_attribute] ||= []
+        self.local_stored_attributes[store_attribute] |= keys
       end
 
-      def _store_accessors_module
+      def _store_accessors_module # :nodoc:
         @_store_accessors_module ||= begin
           mod = Module.new
           include mod
           mod
         end
       end
+
+      def stored_attributes
+        parent = superclass.respond_to?(:stored_attributes) ? superclass.stored_attributes : {}
+        if self.local_stored_attributes
+          parent.merge!(self.local_stored_attributes) { |k, a, b| a | b }
+        end
+        parent
+      end
     end
 
     protected
@@ -120,10 +129,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
       def store_accessor_for(store_attribute)
-        @column_types[store_attribute.to_s].accessor
+        type_for_attribute(store_attribute.to_s).accessor
       end
 
-      class HashAccessor
+      class HashAccessor # :nodoc:
         def self.read(object, attribute, key)
           prepare(object, attribute)
           object.public_send(attribute)[key]
@@ -142,7 +151,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      class StringKeyedHashAccessor < HashAccessor
+      class StringKeyedHashAccessor < HashAccessor # :nodoc:
         def self.read(object, attribute, key)
           super object, attribute, key.to_s
         end
@@ -152,7 +161,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      class IndifferentHashAccessor < ActiveRecord::Store::HashAccessor
+      class IndifferentHashAccessor < ActiveRecord::Store::HashAccessor # :nodoc:
         def self.prepare(object, store_attribute)
           attribute = object.send(store_attribute)
           unless attribute.is_a?(ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
index 6ce0495f6f..f9b54139d5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # <tt>ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks</tt> is a utility class, which encapsulates
     # logic behind common tasks used to manage database and migrations.
     #
-    # The tasks defined here are used in rake tasks provided by Active Record.
+    # The tasks defined here are used with Rake tasks provided by Active Record.
     #
     # In order to use DatabaseTasks, a few config values need to be set. All the needed
     # config values are set by Rails already, so it's necessary to do it only if you
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # (in such case after configuring the database tasks, you can also use the rake tasks
     # defined in Active Record).
     #
-    #
     # The possible config values are:
     #
     #   * +env+: current environment (like Rails.env).
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Example usage of +DatabaseTasks+ outside Rails could look as such:
     #
     #   include ActiveRecord::Tasks
-    #   DatabaseTasks.database_configuration = YAML.load(File.read('my_database_config.yml'))
+    #   DatabaseTasks.database_configuration = YAML.load_file('my_database_config.yml')
     #   DatabaseTasks.db_dir = 'db'
     #   # other settings...
     #
@@ -59,7 +58,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def fixtures_path
-        @fixtures_path ||= File.join(root, 'test', 'fixtures')
+        @fixtures_path ||= if ENV['FIXTURES_PATH']
+                             File.join(root, ENV['FIXTURES_PATH'])
+                           else
+                             File.join(root, 'test', 'fixtures')
+                           end
       end
 
       def root
@@ -107,6 +110,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def drop(*arguments)
         configuration = arguments.first
         class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(*arguments).drop
+      rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+        $stderr.puts "Database '#{configuration['database']}' does not exist"
       rescue Exception => error
         $stderr.puts error, *(error.backtrace)
         $stderr.puts "Couldn't drop #{configuration['database']}"
@@ -122,6 +127,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         }
       end
 
+      def migrate
+        verbose = ENV["VERBOSE"] ? ENV["VERBOSE"] == "true" : true
+        version = ENV["VERSION"] ? ENV["VERSION"].to_i : nil
+        scope   = ENV['SCOPE']
+        verbose_was, Migration.verbose = Migration.verbose, verbose
+        Migrator.migrate(Migrator.migrations_paths, version) do |migration|
+          scope.blank? || scope == migration.scope
+        end
+      ensure
+        Migration.verbose = verbose_was
+      end
+
       def charset_current(environment = env)
         charset ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[environment]
       end
@@ -144,6 +161,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(configuration).purge
       end
 
+      def purge_all
+        each_local_configuration { |configuration|
+          purge configuration
+        }
+      end
+
+      def purge_current(environment = env)
+        each_current_configuration(environment) { |configuration|
+          purge configuration
+        }
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(environment.to_sym)
+      end
+
       def structure_dump(*arguments)
         configuration = arguments.first
         filename = arguments.delete_at 1
@@ -157,20 +187,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def load_schema(format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format, file = nil)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
+          "This method will act on a specific connection in the future. " \
+          "To act on the current connection, use `load_schema_current` instead."
+
+        load_schema_current(format, file)
+      end
+
+      # This method is the successor of +load_schema+. We should rename it
+      # after +load_schema+ went through a deprecation cycle. (Rails > 4.2)
+      def load_schema_for(configuration, format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format, file = nil) # :nodoc:
         case format
         when :ruby
           file ||= File.join(db_dir, "schema.rb")
           check_schema_file(file)
+          purge(configuration)
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(configuration)
           load(file)
         when :sql
           file ||= File.join(db_dir, "structure.sql")
           check_schema_file(file)
-          structure_load(current_config, file)
+          purge(configuration)
+          structure_load(configuration, file)
         else
           raise ArgumentError, "unknown format #{format.inspect}"
         end
       end
 
+      def load_schema_current(format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format, file = nil, environment = env)
+        each_current_configuration(environment) { |configuration|
+          load_schema_for configuration, format, file
+        }
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(environment.to_sym)
+      end
+
       def check_schema_file(filename)
         unless File.exist?(filename)
           message = %{#{filename} doesn't exist yet. Run `rake db:migrate` to create it, then try again.}
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
index c755831e6d..d890196f47 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def purge
-        establish_connection :test
+        establish_connection configuration
         connection.recreate_database configuration['database'], creation_options
       end
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ IDENTIFIED BY '#{configuration['password']}' WITH GRANT OPTION;
       end
 
       def root_password
-        $stdout.print "Please provide the root password for your mysql installation\n>"
+        $stdout.print "Please provide the root password for your MySQL installation\n>"
         $stdin.gets.strip
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
index 3d02ee07d0..ce1de4b76e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         command = "pg_dump -i -s -x -O -f #{Shellwords.escape(filename)} #{search_path} #{Shellwords.escape(configuration['database'])}"
         raise 'Error dumping database' unless Kernel.system(command)
 
-        File.open(filename, "a") { |f| f << "SET search_path TO #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_search_path};\n\n" }
+        File.open(filename, "a") { |f| f << "SET search_path TO #{connection.schema_search_path};\n\n" }
       end
 
       def structure_load(filename)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
index 5688931db2..9ab64d0325 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         FileUtils.rm(file) if File.exist?(file)
       end
-      alias :purge :drop
+
+      def purge
+        drop
+        create
+      end
 
       def charset
         connection.encoding
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
index 7178bed560..936a18d99a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Timestamp
   #
@@ -43,13 +42,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   private
 
-    def create_record
+    def _create_record
       if self.record_timestamps
         current_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
 
         all_timestamp_attributes.each do |column|
-          if respond_to?(column) && respond_to?("#{column}=") && self.send(column).nil?
-            write_attribute(column.to_s, current_time)
+          column = column.to_s
+          if has_attribute?(column) && !attribute_present?(column)
+            write_attribute(column, current_time)
           end
         end
       end
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       super
     end
 
-    def update_record(*args)
+    def _update_record(*args)
       if should_record_timestamps?
         current_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
 
@@ -99,9 +99,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def max_updated_column_timestamp(timestamp_names = timestamp_attributes_for_update)
-      if (timestamps = timestamp_names.map { |attr| self[attr] }.compact).present?
-        timestamps.map { |ts| ts.to_time }.max
-      end
+      timestamp_names
+        .map { |attr| self[attr] }
+        .compact
+        .map(&:to_time)
+        .max
     end
 
     def current_time_from_proper_timezone
@@ -112,7 +114,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def clear_timestamp_attributes
       all_timestamp_attributes_in_model.each do |attribute_name|
         self[attribute_name] = nil
-        changed_attributes.delete(attribute_name)
+        clear_attribute_changes([attribute_name])
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
index ec3e8f281b..45bc10b9b0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,25 @@
-require 'thread'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # See ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods for documentation.
   module Transactions
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     ACTIONS = [:create, :destroy, :update]
+    CALLBACK_WARN_MESSAGE = "Currently, Active Record suppresses errors raised " \
+      "within `after_rollback`/`after_commit` callbacks and only print them to " \
+      "the logs. In the next version, these errors will no longer be suppressed. " \
+      "Instead, the errors will propagate normally just like in other Active " \
+      "Record callbacks.\n" \
+      "\n" \
+      "You can opt into the new behavior and remove this warning by setting:\n" \
+      "\n" \
+      "  config.active_record.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = true"
 
     included do
       define_callbacks :commit, :rollback,
                        terminator: ->(_, result) { result == false },
                        scope: [:kind, :name]
+
+      mattr_accessor :raise_in_transactional_callbacks, instance_writer: false
+      self.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = false
     end
 
     # = Active Record Transactions
@@ -225,6 +235,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def after_commit(*args, &block)
         set_options_for_callbacks!(args)
         set_callback(:commit, :after, *args, &block)
+        unless ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(CALLBACK_WARN_MESSAGE)
+        end
       end
 
       # This callback is called after a create, update, or destroy are rolled back.
@@ -233,6 +246,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def after_rollback(*args, &block)
         set_options_for_callbacks!(args)
         set_callback(:rollback, :after, *args, &block)
+        unless ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(CALLBACK_WARN_MESSAGE)
+        end
       end
 
       private
@@ -292,16 +308,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Ensure that it is not called if the object was never persisted (failed create),
     # but call it after the commit of a destroyed object.
-    def committed! #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks :commit if destroyed? || persisted?
+    def committed!(should_run_callbacks = true) #:nodoc:
+      run_callbacks :commit if should_run_callbacks && destroyed? || persisted?
     ensure
-      @_start_transaction_state.clear
+      force_clear_transaction_record_state
     end
 
     # Call the +after_rollback+ callbacks. The +force_restore_state+ argument indicates if the record
     # state should be rolled back to the beginning or just to the last savepoint.
-    def rolledback!(force_restore_state = false) #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks :rollback
+    def rolledback!(force_restore_state = false, should_run_callbacks = true) #:nodoc:
+      run_callbacks :rollback if should_run_callbacks
     ensure
       restore_transaction_record_state(force_restore_state)
       clear_transaction_record_state
@@ -328,7 +344,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         begin
           status = yield
         rescue ActiveRecord::Rollback
-          @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
+          clear_transaction_record_state
           status = nil
         end
 
@@ -341,7 +357,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Save the new record state and id of a record so it can be restored later if a transaction fails.
     def remember_transaction_record_state #:nodoc:
-      @_start_transaction_state[:id] = id if has_attribute?(self.class.primary_key)
+      @_start_transaction_state[:id] = id
       unless @_start_transaction_state.include?(:new_record)
         @_start_transaction_state[:new_record] = @new_record
       end
@@ -349,13 +365,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @_start_transaction_state[:destroyed] = @destroyed
       end
       @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) + 1
-      @_start_transaction_state[:frozen?] = @attributes.frozen?
+      @_start_transaction_state[:frozen?] = frozen?
     end
 
     # Clear the new record state and id of a record.
     def clear_transaction_record_state #:nodoc:
       @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
-      @_start_transaction_state.clear if @_start_transaction_state[:level] < 1
+      force_clear_transaction_record_state if @_start_transaction_state[:level] < 1
+    end
+
+    # Force to clear the transaction record state.
+    def force_clear_transaction_record_state #:nodoc:
+      @_start_transaction_state.clear
     end
 
     # Restore the new record state and id of a record that was previously saved by a call to save_record_state.
@@ -364,17 +385,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         transaction_level = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
         if transaction_level < 1 || force
           restore_state = @_start_transaction_state
-          was_frozen = restore_state[:frozen?]
-          @attributes = @attributes.dup if @attributes.frozen?
+          thaw unless restore_state[:frozen?]
           @new_record = restore_state[:new_record]
           @destroyed  = restore_state[:destroyed]
-          if restore_state.has_key?(:id)
-            self.id = restore_state[:id]
-          else
-            @attributes.delete(self.class.primary_key)
-            @attributes_cache.delete(self.class.primary_key)
-          end
-          @attributes.freeze if was_frozen
+          write_attribute(self.class.primary_key, restore_state[:id])
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1384e0bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'active_record/type/mutable'
+require 'active_record/type/numeric'
+require 'active_record/type/time_value'
+require 'active_record/type/value'
+
+require 'active_record/type/binary'
+require 'active_record/type/boolean'
+require 'active_record/type/date'
+require 'active_record/type/date_time'
+require 'active_record/type/decimal'
+require 'active_record/type/decimal_without_scale'
+require 'active_record/type/float'
+require 'active_record/type/integer'
+require 'active_record/type/serialized'
+require 'active_record/type/string'
+require 'active_record/type/text'
+require 'active_record/type/time'
+
+require 'active_record/type/type_map'
+require 'active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map'
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/binary.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/binary.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..005a48ef0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/binary.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Binary < Value # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :binary
+      end
+
+      def binary?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def type_cast(value)
+        if value.is_a?(Data)
+          value.to_s
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        Data.new(super)
+      end
+
+      def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, value)
+        old_value = type_cast_from_database(raw_old_value)
+        old_value != value
+      end
+
+      class Data # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(value)
+          @value = value.to_s
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          @value
+        end
+        alias_method :to_str, :to_s
+
+        def hex
+          @value.unpack('H*')[0]
+        end
+
+        def ==(other)
+          other == to_s || super
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/boolean.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/boolean.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..06dd17ed28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/boolean.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Boolean < Value # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :boolean
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        if value == ''
+          nil
+        else
+          ConnectionAdapters::Column::TRUE_VALUES.include?(value)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d90a6069b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Date < Value # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :date
+      end
+
+      def klass
+        ::Date
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+        "'#{value.to_s(:db)}'"
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        if value.is_a?(::String)
+          return if value.empty?
+          fast_string_to_date(value) || fallback_string_to_date(value)
+        elsif value.respond_to?(:to_date)
+          value.to_date
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fast_string_to_date(string)
+        if string =~ ConnectionAdapters::Column::Format::ISO_DATE
+          new_date $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fallback_string_to_date(string)
+        new_date(*::Date._parse(string, false).values_at(:year, :mon, :mday))
+      end
+
+      def new_date(year, mon, mday)
+        if year && year != 0
+          ::Date.new(year, mon, mday) rescue nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date_time.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date_time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5f19608a33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date_time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class DateTime < Value # :nodoc:
+      include TimeValue
+
+      def type
+        :datetime
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        zone_conversion_method = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc ? :getutc : :getlocal
+
+        if value.acts_like?(:time)
+          value.send(zone_conversion_method)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(string)
+        return string unless string.is_a?(::String)
+        return if string.empty?
+
+        fast_string_to_time(string) || fallback_string_to_time(string)
+      end
+
+      # '0.123456' -> 123456
+      # '1.123456' -> 123456
+      def microseconds(time)
+        time[:sec_fraction] ? (time[:sec_fraction] * 1_000_000).to_i : 0
+      end
+
+      def fallback_string_to_time(string)
+        time_hash = ::Date._parse(string)
+        time_hash[:sec_fraction] = microseconds(time_hash)
+
+        new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction, :offset))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/decimal.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/decimal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d10778eeb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/decimal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Decimal < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Numeric
+
+      def type
+        :decimal
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+        value.to_s
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        case value
+        when ::Float
+          BigDecimal(value, float_precision)
+        when ::Numeric, ::String
+          BigDecimal(value, precision.to_i)
+        else
+          if value.respond_to?(:to_d)
+            value.to_d
+          else
+            cast_value(value.to_s)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def float_precision
+        if precision.to_i > ::Float::DIG + 1
+          ::Float::DIG + 1
+        else
+          precision.to_i
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/decimal_without_scale.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/decimal_without_scale.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cabdcecdd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/decimal_without_scale.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require 'active_record/type/integer'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class DecimalWithoutScale < Integer # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :decimal
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/float.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/float.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42eb44b9a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/float.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Float < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Numeric
+
+      def type
+        :float
+      end
+
+      alias type_cast_for_database type_cast
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        value.to_f
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf92680268
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class HashLookupTypeMap < TypeMap # :nodoc:
+      delegate :key?, to: :@mapping
+
+      def lookup(type, *args)
+        @mapping.fetch(type, proc { default_value }).call(type, *args)
+      end
+
+      def fetch(type, *args, &block)
+        @mapping.fetch(type, block).call(type, *args)
+      end
+
+      def alias_type(type, alias_type)
+        register_type(type) { |_, *args| lookup(alias_type, *args) }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/integer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/integer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08477d1303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/integer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Integer < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Numeric
+
+      def type
+        :integer
+      end
+
+      alias type_cast_for_database type_cast
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        case value
+        when true then 1
+        when false then 0
+        else value.to_i rescue nil
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/mutable.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/mutable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..066617ea59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/mutable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    module Mutable # :nodoc:
+      def type_cast_from_user(value)
+        type_cast_from_database(type_cast_for_database(value))
+      end
+
+      # +raw_old_value+ will be the `_before_type_cast` version of the
+      # value (likely a string). +new_value+ will be the current, type
+      # cast value.
+      def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
+        raw_old_value != type_cast_for_database(new_value)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/numeric.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/numeric.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fa43266504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/numeric.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    module Numeric # :nodoc:
+      def number?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def type_cast(value)
+        value = case value
+                when true then 1
+                when false then 0
+                when ::String then value.presence
+                else value
+                end
+        super(value)
+      end
+
+      def changed?(old_value, _new_value, new_value_before_type_cast) # :nodoc:
+        super || number_to_non_number?(old_value, new_value_before_type_cast)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def number_to_non_number?(old_value, new_value_before_type_cast)
+        old_value != nil && non_numeric_string?(new_value_before_type_cast)
+      end
+
+      def non_numeric_string?(value)
+        # 'wibble'.to_i will give zero, we want to make sure
+        # that we aren't marking int zero to string zero as
+        # changed.
+        value.to_s !~ /\A\d+\.?\d*\z/
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/serialized.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/serialized.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b512433b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/serialized.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Serialized < SimpleDelegator # :nodoc:
+      include Mutable
+
+      attr_reader :subtype, :coder
+
+      def initialize(subtype, coder)
+        @subtype = subtype
+        @coder = coder
+        super(subtype)
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        if default_value?(value)
+          value
+        else
+          coder.load(super)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        unless default_value?(value)
+          super coder.dump(value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, value)
+        return false if value.nil?
+        subtype.changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, coder.dump(value))
+      end
+
+      def accessor
+        ActiveRecord::Store::IndifferentHashAccessor
+      end
+
+      def init_with(coder)
+        @subtype = coder['subtype']
+        @coder = coder['coder']
+        __setobj__(@subtype)
+      end
+
+      def encode_with(coder)
+        coder['subtype'] = @subtype
+        coder['coder'] = @coder
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def default_value?(value)
+        value == coder.load(nil)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/string.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/string.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..150defb106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/string.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class String < Value # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :string
+      end
+
+      def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
+        if new_value.is_a?(::String)
+          raw_old_value != new_value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        case value
+        when ::Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration then value.to_s
+        when ::String then ::String.new(value)
+        when true then "1"
+        when false then "0"
+        else super
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        case value
+        when true then "1"
+        when false then "0"
+        # String.new is slightly faster than dup
+        else ::String.new(value.to_s)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/text.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/text.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26f980f060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/text.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require 'active_record/type/string'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Text < String # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :text
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/time.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..41f7d97f0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Time < Value # :nodoc:
+      include TimeValue
+
+      def type
+        :time
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        return value unless value.is_a?(::String)
+        return if value.empty?
+
+        dummy_time_value = "2000-01-01 #{value}"
+
+        fast_string_to_time(dummy_time_value) || begin
+          time_hash = ::Date._parse(dummy_time_value)
+          return if time_hash[:hour].nil?
+          new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/time_value.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/time_value.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d611d72dd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/time_value.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    module TimeValue # :nodoc:
+      def klass
+        ::Time
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+        "'#{value.to_s(:db)}'"
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def new_time(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec, offset = nil)
+        # Treat 0000-00-00 00:00:00 as nil.
+        return if year.nil? || (year == 0 && mon == 0 && mday == 0)
+
+        if offset
+          time = ::Time.utc(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
+          return unless time
+
+          time -= offset
+          Base.default_timezone == :utc ? time : time.getlocal
+        else
+          ::Time.public_send(Base.default_timezone, year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Doesn't handle time zones.
+      def fast_string_to_time(string)
+        if string =~ ConnectionAdapters::Column::Format::ISO_DATETIME
+          microsec = ($7.to_r * 1_000_000).to_i
+          new_time $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i, $6.to_i, microsec
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..88c5f9c497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class TypeMap # :nodoc:
+      def initialize
+        @mapping = {}
+      end
+
+      def lookup(lookup_key, *args)
+        matching_pair = @mapping.reverse_each.detect do |key, _|
+          key === lookup_key
+        end
+
+        if matching_pair
+          matching_pair.last.call(lookup_key, *args)
+        else
+          default_value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def register_type(key, value = nil, &block)
+        raise ::ArgumentError unless value || block
+
+        if block
+          @mapping[key] = block
+        else
+          @mapping[key] = proc { value }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def alias_type(key, target_key)
+        register_type(key) do |sql_type, *args|
+          metadata = sql_type[/\(.*\)/, 0]
+          lookup("#{target_key}#{metadata}", *args)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def clear
+        @mapping.clear
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def default_value
+        @default_value ||= Value.new
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/value.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/value.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9456a4a56c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/value.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Value # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :precision, :scale, :limit
+
+      # Valid options are +precision+, +scale+, and +limit+. They are only
+      # used when dumping schema.
+      def initialize(options = {})
+        options.assert_valid_keys(:precision, :scale, :limit)
+        @precision = options[:precision]
+        @scale = options[:scale]
+        @limit = options[:limit]
+      end
+
+      # The simplified type that this object represents. Returns a symbol such
+      # as +:string+ or +:integer+
+      def type; end
+
+      # Type casts a string from the database into the appropriate ruby type.
+      # Classes which do not need separate type casting behavior for database
+      # and user provided values should override +cast_value+ instead.
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        type_cast(value)
+      end
+
+      # Type casts a value from user input (e.g. from a setter). This value may
+      # be a string from the form builder, or an already type cast value
+      # provided manually to a setter.
+      #
+      # Classes which do not need separate type casting behavior for database
+      # and user provided values should override +type_cast+ or +cast_value+
+      # instead.
+      def type_cast_from_user(value)
+        type_cast(value)
+      end
+
+      # Cast a value from the ruby type to a type that the database knows how
+      # to understand. The returned value from this method should be a
+      # +String+, +Numeric+, +Date+, +Time+, +Symbol+, +true+, +false+, or
+      # +nil+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        value
+      end
+
+      # Type cast a value for schema dumping. This method is private, as we are
+      # hoping to remove it entirely.
+      def type_cast_for_schema(value) # :nodoc:
+        value.inspect
+      end
+
+      # These predicates are not documented, as I need to look further into
+      # their use, and see if they can be removed entirely.
+      def number? # :nodoc:
+        false
+      end
+
+      def binary? # :nodoc:
+        false
+      end
+
+      def klass # :nodoc:
+      end
+
+      # Determines whether a value has changed for dirty checking. +old_value+
+      # and +new_value+ will always be type-cast. Types should not need to
+      # override this method.
+      def changed?(old_value, new_value, _new_value_before_type_cast)
+        old_value != new_value
+      end
+
+      # Determines whether the mutable value has been modified since it was
+      # read. Returns +false+ by default. This method should not be overridden
+      # directly. Types which return a mutable value should include
+      # +Type::Mutable+, which will define this method.
+      def changed_in_place?(*)
+        false
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        self.class == other.class &&
+          precision == other.precision &&
+          scale == other.scale &&
+          limit == other.limit
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def type_cast(value)
+        cast_value(value) unless value.nil?
+      end
+
+      # Convenience method for types which do not need separate type casting
+      # behavior for user and database inputs. Called by
+      # `type_cast_from_database` and `type_cast_from_user` for all values
+      # except `nil`.
+      def cast_value(value) # :doc:
+        value
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
index 26dca415ff..7f7d49cdb4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
@@ -29,21 +29,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     include ActiveModel::Validations
 
-    module ClassMethods
-      # Creates an object just like Base.create but calls <tt>save!</tt> instead of +save+
-      # so an exception is raised if the record is invalid.
-      def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
-        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-          attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, &block) }
-        else
-          object = new(attributes)
-          yield(object) if block_given?
-          object.save!
-          object
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     # The validation process on save can be skipped by passing <tt>validate: false</tt>.
     # The regular Base#save method is replaced with this when the validations
     # module is mixed in, which it is by default.
@@ -54,12 +39,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Attempts to save the record just like Base#save but will raise a +RecordInvalid+
     # exception instead of returning +false+ if the record is not valid.
     def save!(options={})
-      perform_validations(options) ? super : raise(RecordInvalid.new(self))
+      perform_validations(options) ? super : raise_record_invalid
     end
 
     # Runs all the validations within the specified context. Returns +true+ if
     # no errors are found, +false+ otherwise.
     #
+    # Aliased as validate.
+    #
     # If the argument is +false+ (default is +nil+), the context is set to <tt>:create</tt> if
     # <tt>new_record?</tt> is +true+, and to <tt>:update</tt> if it is not.
     #
@@ -71,8 +58,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
       errors.empty? && output
     end
 
+    alias_method :validate, :valid?
+
+    # Runs all the validations within the specified context. Returns +true+ if
+    # no errors are found, raises +RecordInvalid+ otherwise.
+    #
+    # If the argument is +false+ (default is +nil+), the context is set to <tt>:create</tt> if
+    # <tt>new_record?</tt> is +true+, and to <tt>:update</tt> if it is not.
+    #
+    # Validations with no <tt>:on</tt> option will run no matter the context. Validations with
+    # some <tt>:on</tt> option will only run in the specified context.
+    def validate!(context = nil)
+      valid?(context) || raise_record_invalid
+    end
+
   protected
 
+    def raise_record_invalid
+      raise(RecordInvalid.new(self))
+    end
+
     def perform_validations(options={}) # :nodoc:
       options[:validate] == false || valid?(options[:context])
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb
index 9a19483da3..e586744818 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def validate(record)
         super
         attributes.each do |attribute|
-          next unless record.class.reflect_on_association(attribute)
+          next unless record.class._reflect_on_association(attribute)
           associated_records = Array.wrap(record.send(attribute))
 
           # Superclass validates presence. Ensure present records aren't about to be destroyed.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
index 7ebe9dfec0..2dba4c7b94 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
         finder_class = find_finder_class_for(record)
         table = finder_class.arel_table
-        value = deserialize_attribute(record, attribute, value)
+        value = map_enum_attribute(finder_class, attribute, value)
 
         relation = build_relation(finder_class, table, attribute, value)
         relation = relation.and(table[finder_class.primary_key.to_sym].not_eq(record.id)) if record.persisted?
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def build_relation(klass, table, attribute, value) #:nodoc:
-        if reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(attribute)
+        if reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(attribute)
           attribute = reflection.foreign_key
-          value = value.attributes[reflection.primary_key_column.name] unless value.nil?
+          value = value.attributes[reflection.klass.primary_key] unless value.nil?
         end
 
         attribute_name = attribute.to_s
@@ -61,20 +61,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         column = klass.columns_hash[attribute_name]
         value  = klass.connection.type_cast(value, column)
-        value  = value.to_s[0, column.limit] if value && column.limit && column.text?
+        if value.is_a?(String) && column.limit
+          value = value.to_s[0, column.limit]
+        end
 
-        if !options[:case_sensitive] && value && column.text?
+        if !options[:case_sensitive] && value.is_a?(String)
           # will use SQL LOWER function before comparison, unless it detects a case insensitive collation
           klass.connection.case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
         else
-          value = klass.connection.case_sensitive_modifier(value) unless value.nil?
-          table[attribute].eq(value)
+          klass.connection.case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
         end
       end
 
       def scope_relation(record, table, relation)
         Array(options[:scope]).each do |scope_item|
-          if reflection = record.class.reflect_on_association(scope_item)
+          if reflection = record.class._reflect_on_association(scope_item)
             scope_value = record.send(reflection.foreign_key)
             scope_item  = reflection.foreign_key
           else
@@ -86,9 +87,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         relation
       end
 
-      def deserialize_attribute(record, attribute, value)
-        coder = record.class.serialized_attributes[attribute.to_s]
-        value = coder.dump value if value && coder
+      def map_enum_attribute(klass, attribute, value)
+        mapping = klass.defined_enums[attribute.to_s]
+        value = mapping[value] if value && mapping
         value
       end
     end
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method,
       #   proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or +false+ value.
       # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to
-      #   determine if the validation should ot occur (e.g. <tt>unless: :skip_validation</tt>,
+      #   determine if the validation should not occur (e.g. <tt>unless: :skip_validation</tt>,
       #   or <tt>unless: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or +false+
       #   value.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb
index 863c3ebe4d..cf76a13b44 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActiveRecord
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveRecord as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveRecord as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.1.0.beta1"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActiveRecord.version.segments
-    STRING = ActiveRecord.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
index 3968acba64..7a3c6f5e95 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
@@ -23,16 +23,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         case file_name
         when /^(add|remove)_.*_(?:to|from)_(.*)/
           @migration_action = $1
-          @table_name       = $2.pluralize
+          @table_name       = normalize_table_name($2)
         when /join_table/
           if attributes.length == 2
             @migration_action = 'join'
-            @join_tables      = attributes.map(&:plural_name)
+            @join_tables      = pluralize_table_names? ? attributes.map(&:plural_name) : attributes.map(&:singular_name)
 
             set_index_names
           end
         when /^create_(.+)/
-          @table_name = $1.pluralize
+          @table_name = normalize_table_name($1)
           @migration_template = "create_table_migration.rb"
         end
       end
@@ -55,12 +55,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def attributes_with_index
           attributes.select { |a| !a.reference? && a.has_index? }
         end
-        
+
         def validate_file_name!
           unless file_name =~ /^[_a-z0-9]+$/
             raise IllegalMigrationNameError.new(file_name)
           end
         end
+
+        def normalize_table_name(_table_name)
+          pluralize_table_names? ? _table_name.pluralize : _table_name.singularize
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb
index fd94a2d038..f7bf6987c4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration
 <% end -%>
 <% end -%>
 <% if options[:timestamps] %>
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
 <% end -%>
     end
 <% attributes_with_index.each do |attribute| -%>
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb
index 808598699b..539d969fce 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
 class <%= class_name %> < <%= parent_class_name.classify %>
 <% attributes.select(&:reference?).each do |attribute| -%>
-  belongs_to :<%= attribute.name %><%= ', polymorphic: true' if attribute.polymorphic? %>
+  belongs_to :<%= attribute.name %><%= ', polymorphic: true' if attribute.polymorphic? %><%= ', required: true' if attribute.required? %>
 <% end -%>
 <% if attributes.any?(&:password_digest?) -%>
   has_secure_password
diff --git a/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb b/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
index 59324c4857..64cde143a1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @columns[table_name] << ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column.new(
           name.to_s,
           options[:default],
+          lookup_cast_type(sql_type.to_s),
           sql_type.to_s,
           options[:null])
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
index 0eb1231c79..6f84bae432 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
@@ -46,9 +46,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection.add_index :accounts, :firm_id, :name => idx_name
         indexes = @connection.indexes("accounts")
         assert_equal "accounts", indexes.first.table
-        # OpenBase does not have the concept of a named index
-        # Indexes are merely properties of columns.
-        assert_equal idx_name, indexes.first.name unless current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
+        assert_equal idx_name, indexes.first.name
         assert !indexes.first.unique
         assert_equal ["firm_id"], indexes.first.columns
       else
@@ -127,14 +125,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal 1, Movie.create(:name => 'fight club').id
       end
 
-      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.adapter_name != "FrontBase"
-        def test_reset_table_with_non_integer_pk
-          Subscriber.delete_all
-          Subscriber.connection.reset_pk_sequence! 'subscribers'
-          sub = Subscriber.new(:name => 'robert drake')
-          sub.id = 'bob drake'
-          assert_nothing_raised { sub.save! }
-        end
+      def test_reset_table_with_non_integer_pk
+        Subscriber.delete_all
+        Subscriber.connection.reset_pk_sequence! 'subscribers'
+        sub = Subscriber.new(:name => 'robert drake')
+        sub.id = 'bob drake'
+        assert_nothing_raised { sub.save! }
       end
     end
 
@@ -145,8 +141,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def test_foreign_key_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception
-      unless @connection.adapter_name == 'SQLite'
+    unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+      def test_foreign_key_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception
         assert_raises(ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey) do
           # Oracle adapter uses prefetched primary key values from sequence and passes them to connection adapter insert method
           if @connection.prefetch_primary_key?
@@ -157,6 +153,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
       end
+
+      def test_foreign_key_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception_with_validate_false
+        klass_has_fk = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          self.table_name = 'fk_test_has_fk'
+        end
+
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey) do
+          has_fk = klass_has_fk.new
+          has_fk.fk_id = 1231231231
+          has_fk.save(validate: false)
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     def test_disable_referential_integrity
@@ -184,7 +192,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def test_select_methods_passing_a_association_relation
       author = Author.create!(name: 'john')
       Post.create!(author: author, title: 'foo', body: 'bar')
-      query = author.posts.select(:title)
+      query = author.posts.where(title: 'foo').select(:title)
       assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query.arel, nil, query.bind_values))
       assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query))
       assert @connection.select_all(query).is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
@@ -218,7 +226,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @connection = Klass.connection
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    teardown do
       Klass.remove_connection
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/active_schema_test.rb
index 0878925a6c..a84673e452 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
 class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
+  include ConnectionHelper
 
+  def setup
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
       alias_method :execute_without_stub, :execute
       def execute(sql, name = nil) return sql end
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
+  teardown do
+    reset_connection
   end
 
   def test_add_index
-    # add_index calls index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
+    # add_index calls table_exists? and index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
+    def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).table_exists?(*); true; end
     def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).index_name_exists?(*); false; end
 
     expected = "CREATE  INDEX `index_people_on_last_name`  ON `people` (`last_name`) "
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_real_execute do
       begin
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me do |t|
-          t.timestamps
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me
         assert !column_present?('delete_me', 'updated_at', 'datetime')
@@ -116,6 +116,18 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_indexes_in_create
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.stubs(:table_exists?).with(:temp).returns(false)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.stubs(:index_name_exists?).with(:index_temp_on_zip).returns(false)
+
+    expected = "CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE `temp` ( INDEX `index_temp_on_zip`  (`zip`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AS SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query"
+    actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:temp, temporary: true, as: "SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query") do |t|
+      t.index :zip
+    end
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
   private
     def with_real_execute
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/case_sensitivity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/case_sensitivity_test.rb
index 97adb6b297..340fc95503 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/case_sensitivity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/case_sensitivity_test.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ require 'models/person'
 
 class MysqlCaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class CollationTest < ActiveRecord::Base
-    validates_uniqueness_of :string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => false
-    validates_uniqueness_of :string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => false
   end
 
+  repair_validations(CollationTest)
+
   def test_columns_include_collation_different_from_table
     assert_equal 'utf8_bin', CollationTest.columns_hash['string_cs_column'].collation
     assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', CollationTest.columns_hash['string_ci_column'].collation
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ class MysqlCaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => false)
     CollationTest.create!(:string_ci_column => 'A')
     invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_ci_column => 'a')
     queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
@@ -26,10 +27,29 @@ class MysqlCaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => false)
     CollationTest.create!(:string_cs_column => 'A')
     invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_cs_column => 'a')
     queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
     cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/) }
     assert_match(/lower/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
   end
+
+  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => true)
+    CollationTest.create!(:string_ci_column => 'A')
+    invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_ci_column => 'A')
+    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    ci_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_ci_column/) }
+    assert_match(/binary/i, ci_uniqueness_query)
+  end
+
+  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => true)
+    CollationTest.create!(:string_cs_column => 'A')
+    invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_cs_column => 'A')
+    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/) }
+    assert_no_match(/binary/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
index 5cd5d8ac5f..3dabb1104a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 
 class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+  include DdlHelper
+
   class Klass < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
@@ -69,59 +74,50 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_exec_no_binds
-    @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-    @connection.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
-        `data` varchar(255))
-    eosql
-    result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-    assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
-    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
-    assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
+    with_example_table do
+      result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+      assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
+      assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+      assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
 
-    @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+      @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
 
-    # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
-    # the libmysql api)
-    result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-    assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+      # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
+      # the libmysql api)
+      result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+      assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+      assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-    assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+      assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+    end
   end
 
   def test_exec_with_binds
-    @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-    @connection.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
-        `data` varchar(255))
-    eosql
-    @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-    result = @connection.exec_query(
-      'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[nil, 1]])
+    with_example_table do
+      @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+      result = @connection.exec_query(
+        'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[nil, 1]])
 
-    assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+      assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+      assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-    assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+      assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+    end
   end
 
   def test_exec_typecasts_bind_vals
-    @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-    @connection.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
-        `data` varchar(255))
-    eosql
-    @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-    column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+    with_example_table do
+      @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+      column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
 
-    result = @connection.exec_query(
-      'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
+      result = @connection.exec_query(
+        'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
 
-    assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+      assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+      assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-    assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+      assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+    end
   end
 
   # Test that MySQL allows multiple results for stored procedures
@@ -133,17 +129,21 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_connection_collation_is_configured
+    assert_equal 'utf8_unicode_ci', @connection.show_variable('collation_connection')
+    assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', ARUnit2Model.connection.show_variable('collation_connection')
+  end
+
   def test_mysql_default_in_strict_mode
     result = @connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
     assert_equal [["STRICT_ALL_TABLES"]], result.rows
   end
 
-  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled_dont_override_global_sql_mode
+  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge({:strict => false}))
-      global_sql_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@GLOBAL.sql_mode"
-      session_sql_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
-      assert_equal global_sql_mode.rows, session_sql_mode.rows
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
+      assert_equal [['']], result.rows
     end
   end
 
@@ -155,6 +155,14 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_sql_mode_variable_overrides_strict_mode
+    run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: { 'sql_mode' => 'ansi' }))
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query 'SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode'
+      assert_not_equal [['STRICT_ALL_TABLES']], result.rows
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_mysql_set_session_variable_to_default
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({:variables => {:default_week_format => :default}}))
@@ -166,12 +174,11 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   private
 
-  def run_without_connection
-    original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    begin
-      yield original_connection
-    ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
-    end
+  def with_example_table(&block)
+    definition ||= <<-SQL
+      `id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+      `data` varchar(255)
+    SQL
+    super(@connection, 'ex', definition, &block)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/consistency_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/consistency_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e972d6b330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/consistency_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class MysqlConsistencyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class Consistency < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "mysql_consistency"
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @old_emulate_booleans = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans = false
+
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.clear_cache!
+    @connection.create_table("mysql_consistency") do |t|
+      t.boolean "a_bool"
+      t.string "a_string"
+    end
+    Consistency.reset_column_information
+    Consistency.create!
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans = @old_emulate_booleans
+    @connection.drop_table "mysql_consistency"
+  end
+
+  test "boolean columns with random value type cast to 0 when emulate_booleans is false" do
+    with_new = Consistency.new
+    with_last = Consistency.last
+    with_new.a_bool = 'wibble'
+    with_last.a_bool = 'wibble'
+
+    assert_equal 0, with_new.a_bool
+    assert_equal 0, with_last.a_bool
+  end
+
+  test "string columns call #to_s" do
+    with_new = Consistency.new
+    with_last = Consistency.last
+    thing = Object.new
+    with_new.a_string = thing
+    with_last.a_string = thing
+
+    assert_equal thing.to_s, with_new.a_string
+    assert_equal thing.to_s, with_last.a_string
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
index 578f6301bd..28106d3772 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,15 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class MysqlAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      include DdlHelper
+
       def setup
         @conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE `ex` (
-            `id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
-            `number` integer,
-            `data` varchar(255))
-        eosql
       end
 
       def test_bad_connection_mysql
@@ -25,8 +21,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_valid_column
-        column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
-        assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
+        with_example_table do
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+          assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_invalid_column
@@ -38,31 +36,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert_number
-        insert(@conn, 'number' => 10)
+        with_example_table do
+          insert(@conn, 'number' => 10)
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
-        # the libmysql api)
-        assert_equal '10', result.rows.last.last
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
+          # the libmysql api)
+          assert_equal '10', result.rows.last.last
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert_string
-        str = 'いただきます！'
-        insert(@conn, 'number' => 10, 'data' => str)
+        with_example_table do
+          str = 'いただきます！'
+          insert(@conn, 'number' => 10, 'data' => str)
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number, data FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number, data FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
 
-        value = result.rows.last.last
+          value = result.rows.last.last
 
-        # FIXME: this should probably be inside the mysql AR adapter?
-        value.force_encoding(@conn.client_encoding)
+          # FIXME: this should probably be inside the mysql AR adapter?
+          value.force_encoding(@conn.client_encoding)
 
-        # The strings in this file are utf-8, so transcode to utf-8
-        value.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
+          # The strings in this file are utf-8, so transcode to utf-8
+          value.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
 
-        assert_equal str, value
+          assert_equal str, value
+        end
       end
 
       def test_tables_quoting
@@ -74,46 +76,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for
-        pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
-        assert_equal 'id', pk
-        assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq
+        with_example_table do
+          pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+          assert_equal 'id', pk
+          assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq
+        end
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_non_standard_primary_key
-        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex_with_non_standard_pk')
-        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE `ex_with_non_standard_pk` (
-            `code` INT(11) auto_increment,
-             PRIMARY KEY  (`code`))
-        eosql
-        pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex_with_non_standard_pk')
-        assert_equal 'code', pk
-        assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex_with_non_standard_pk', 'code'), seq
+        with_example_table '`code` INT(11) auto_increment, PRIMARY KEY (`code`)' do
+          pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+          assert_equal 'code', pk
+          assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex', 'code'), seq
+        end
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_custom_index_type_pk
-        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex_with_custom_index_type_pk')
-        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE `ex_with_custom_index_type_pk` (
-            `id` INT(11) auto_increment,
-             PRIMARY KEY  USING BTREE (`id`))
-        eosql
-        pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex_with_custom_index_type_pk')
-        assert_equal 'id', pk
-        assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex_with_custom_index_type_pk', 'id'), seq
+        with_example_table '`id` INT(11) auto_increment, PRIMARY KEY USING BTREE (`id`)' do
+          pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+          assert_equal 'id', pk
+          assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq
+        end
       end
 
       def test_tinyint_integer_typecasting
-        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex_with_non_boolean_tinyint_column')
-        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE `ex_with_non_boolean_tinyint_column` (
-            `status` TINYINT(4))
-        eosql
-        insert(@conn, { 'status' => 2 }, 'ex_with_non_boolean_tinyint_column')
+        with_example_table '`status` TINYINT(4)' do
+          insert(@conn, { 'status' => 2 }, 'ex')
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT status FROM ex_with_non_boolean_tinyint_column')
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT status FROM ex')
 
-        assert_equal 2, result.column_types['status'].type_cast(result.last['status'])
+          assert_equal 2, result.column_types['status'].type_cast_from_database(result.last['status'])
+        end
       end
 
       def test_supports_extensions
@@ -140,6 +133,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         ctx.exec_insert(sql, 'SQL', binds)
       end
+
+      def with_example_table(definition = nil, &block)
+        definition ||= <<-SQL
+          `id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+          `number` integer,
+          `data` varchar(255)
+        SQL
+        super(@conn, 'ex', definition, &block)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/quoting_test.rb
index 3d1330efb8..d8a954efa8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/quoting_test.rb
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_true
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'boolean')
+          c = Column.new(nil, 1, Type::Boolean.new)
           assert_equal 1, @conn.type_cast(true, nil)
           assert_equal 1, @conn.type_cast(true, c)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_false
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'boolean')
+          c = Column.new(nil, 1, Type::Boolean.new)
           assert_equal 0, @conn.type_cast(false, nil)
           assert_equal 0, @conn.type_cast(false, c)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
index 8eb9565963..61ae0abfd1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       'distinct_select'=>'distinct_id int, select_id int'
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     drop_tables_directly ['group', 'select', 'values', 'distinct', 'distinct_select', 'order']
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
index 807a7a155e..87c5277e64 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self.table_name = "#{db}.#{table}"
           def self.name; 'Post'; end
         end
+
+        @connection.create_table "mysql_doubles"
+      end
+
+      teardown do
+        @connection.execute "drop table if exists mysql_doubles"
+      end
+
+      class MysqlDouble < ActiveRecord::Base
+        self.table_name = "mysql_doubles"
+      end
+
+      def test_float_limits
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_no_limit, :float
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_short, :float, limit: 5
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_long, :float, limit: 53
+
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_23, :float, limit: 23
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_24, :float, limit: 24
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_25, :float, limit: 25
+        MysqlDouble.reset_column_information
+
+        column_no_limit = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_no_limit' }
+        column_short = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_short' }
+        column_long = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_long' }
+
+        column_23 = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_23' }
+        column_24 = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_24' }
+        column_25 = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_25' }
+
+        # Mysql floats are precision 0..24, Mysql doubles are precision 25..53
+        assert_equal 24, column_no_limit.limit
+        assert_equal 24, column_short.limit
+        assert_equal 53, column_long.limit
+
+        assert_equal 24, column_23.limit
+        assert_equal 24, column_24.limit
+        assert_equal 53, column_25.limit
       end
 
       def test_schema
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
index 4ccf568406..49cfafd7a5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
 class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
+  include ConnectionHelper
 
+  def setup
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
       alias_method :execute_without_stub, :execute
       def execute(sql, name = nil) return sql end
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
+  teardown do
+    reset_connection
   end
 
   def test_add_index
-    # add_index calls index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
+    # add_index calls table_exists? and index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
+    def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).table_exists?(*); true; end
     def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).index_name_exists?(*); false; end
 
     expected = "CREATE  INDEX `index_people_on_last_name`  ON `people` (`last_name`) "
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_real_execute do
       begin
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me do |t|
-          t.timestamps
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me
         assert !column_present?('delete_me', 'updated_at', 'datetime')
@@ -116,6 +116,18 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_indexes_in_create
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.stubs(:table_exists?).with(:temp).returns(false)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.stubs(:index_name_exists?).with(:index_temp_on_zip).returns(false)
+
+    expected = "CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE `temp` ( INDEX `index_temp_on_zip`  (`zip`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AS SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query"
+    actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:temp, temporary: true, as: "SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query") do |t|
+      t.index :zip
+    end
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
   private
     def with_real_execute
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
index 267aa232d9..03627135b2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ class Mysql2BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   setup do
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.clear_cache!
     @connection.create_table("mysql_booleans") do |t|
       t.boolean "archived"
       t.string "published", limit: 1
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ class Mysql2BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "1", attributes["published"]
 
     assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true, boolean_column)
-    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true, string_column)
+    assert_equal "1", @connection.type_cast(true, string_column)
   end
 
   test "test type casting without emulated booleans" do
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ class Mysql2BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "1", attributes["published"]
 
     assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true, boolean_column)
-    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true, string_column)
+    assert_equal "1", @connection.type_cast(true, string_column)
   end
 
   test "with booleans stored as 1 and 0" do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
index 6bcc113482..09bebf3071 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ require 'models/person'
 
 class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class CollationTest < ActiveRecord::Base
-    validates_uniqueness_of :string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => false
-    validates_uniqueness_of :string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => false
   end
 
+  repair_validations(CollationTest)
+
   def test_columns_include_collation_different_from_table
     assert_equal 'utf8_bin', CollationTest.columns_hash['string_cs_column'].collation
     assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', CollationTest.columns_hash['string_ci_column'].collation
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => false)
     CollationTest.create!(:string_ci_column => 'A')
     invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_ci_column => 'a')
     queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
@@ -26,10 +27,29 @@ class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => false)
     CollationTest.create!(:string_cs_column => 'A')
     invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_cs_column => 'a')
     queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
     cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/)}
     assert_match(/lower/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
   end
+
+  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => true)
+    CollationTest.create!(:string_ci_column => 'A')
+    invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_ci_column => 'A')
+    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    ci_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_ci_column/) }
+    assert_match(/binary/i, ci_uniqueness_query)
+  end
+
+  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => true)
+    CollationTest.create!(:string_cs_column => 'A')
+    invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_cs_column => 'A')
+    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/) }
+    assert_no_match(/binary/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
index 9b7202c915..0b2f59b0eb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
 class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+
   def setup
     super
     @subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
-    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
+    @subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
   end
 
   def teardown
-    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscriber)
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscription)
     super
   end
 
@@ -49,6 +52,11 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert @connection.active?
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_connection_collation_is_configured
+    assert_equal 'utf8_unicode_ci', @connection.show_variable('collation_connection')
+    assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', ARUnit2Model.connection.show_variable('collation_connection')
+  end
+
   # TODO: Below is a straight up copy/paste from mysql/connection_test.rb
   # I'm not sure what the correct way is to share these tests between
   # adapters in minitest.
@@ -57,12 +65,11 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [["STRICT_ALL_TABLES"]], result.rows
   end
 
-  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled_dont_override_global_sql_mode
+  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge({:strict => false}))
-      global_sql_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@GLOBAL.sql_mode"
-      session_sql_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
-      assert_equal global_sql_mode.rows, session_sql_mode.rows
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
+      assert_equal [['']], result.rows
     end
   end
 
@@ -74,6 +81,14 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_sql_mode_variable_overrides_strict_mode
+    run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: { 'sql_mode' => 'ansi' }))
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query 'SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode'
+      assert_not_equal [['STRICT_ALL_TABLES']], result.rows
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_mysql_set_session_variable_to_default
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({:variables => {:default_week_format => :default}}))
@@ -97,14 +112,10 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.execute "DROP TABLE `bar_baz`"
   end
 
-  private
-
-  def run_without_connection
-    original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    begin
-      yield original_connection
-    ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
+  if mysql_56?
+    def test_quote_time_usec
+      assert_equal "'1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000'", @connection.quote(Time.at(0))
+      assert_equal "'1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000'", @connection.quote(Time.at(0).to_datetime)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
index 1cd356e868..675703caa1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def test_explain_for_one_query
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers`  WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers` WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
           assert_match %r(developers |.* const), explain
         end
 
         def test_explain_with_eager_loading
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).includes(:audit_logs).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers`  WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers` WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
           assert_match %r(developers |.* const), explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `audit_logs`.* FROM `audit_logs`  WHERE `audit_logs`.`developer_id` IN (1)), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `audit_logs`.* FROM `audit_logs` WHERE `audit_logs`.`developer_id` IN (1)), explain
           assert_match %r(audit_logs |.* ALL), explain
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
index 1a82308176..799d927ee4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       'distinct_select'=>'distinct_id int, select_id int'
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     drop_tables_directly ['group', 'select', 'values', 'distinct', 'distinct_select', 'order']
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
index ec73ec35aa..9c49599d34 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class SchemaMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         def test_renaming_index_on_foreign_key
           connection.add_index "engines", "car_id"
-          connection.execute "ALTER TABLE engines ADD CONSTRAINT fk_engines_cars FOREIGN KEY (car_id) REFERENCES cars(id)"
+          connection.add_foreign_key :engines, :cars, name: "fk_engines_cars"
 
           connection.rename_index("engines", "index_engines_on_car_id", "idx_renamed")
           assert_equal ["idx_renamed"], connection.indexes("engines").map(&:name)
         ensure
-          connection.execute "ALTER TABLE engines DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_engines_cars"
+          connection.remove_foreign_key :engines, name: "fk_engines_cars"
         end
 
         def test_initializes_schema_migrations_for_encoding_utf8mb4
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
index 43c9116b5a..1b7e60565d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
@@ -66,12 +66,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal :fulltext, index_c.type
       end
 
-      def test_drop_temporary_table
-        @connection.transaction do
-          @connection.create_table(:temp_table, temporary: true)
-          # if it doesn't properly say DROP TEMPORARY TABLE, the transaction commit
-          # will complain that no transaction is active
-          @connection.drop_table(:temp_table, temporary: true)
+      unless mysql_enforcing_gtid_consistency?
+        def test_drop_temporary_table
+          @connection.transaction do
+            @connection.create_table(:temp_table, temporary: true)
+            # if it doesn't properly say DROP TEMPORARY TABLE, the transaction commit
+            # will complain that no transaction is active
+            @connection.drop_table(:temp_table, temporary: true)
+          end
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
index 22dd48e113..3808db5141 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.class_eval do
       remove_method :execute
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
index 3090f4478f..ff553c3f1a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
@@ -1,32 +1,41 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
 
 class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include InTimeZone
+  OID = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID
+
   class PgArray < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'pg_arrays'
   end
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+    enable_extension!('hstore', @connection)
+
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.create_table('pg_arrays') do |t|
         t.string 'tags', array: true
         t.integer 'ratings', array: true
+        t.datetime :datetimes, array: true
+        t.hstore :hstores, array: true
       end
     end
-    @column = PgArray.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'tags' }
+    @column = PgArray.columns_hash['tags']
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @connection.execute 'drop table if exists pg_arrays'
+    disable_extension!('hstore', @connection)
   end
 
   def test_column
     assert_equal :string, @column.type
+    assert_equal "character varying", @column.sql_type
     assert @column.array
-    assert_not @column.text?
+    assert_not @column.number?
+    assert_not @column.binary?
 
     ratings_column = PgArray.columns_hash['ratings']
     assert_equal :integer, ratings_column.type
@@ -34,15 +43,35 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not ratings_column.number?
   end
 
+  def test_default
+    @connection.add_column 'pg_arrays', 'score', :integer, array: true, default: [4, 4, 2]
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_equal([4, 4, 2], PgArray.column_defaults['score'])
+    assert_equal([4, 4, 2], PgArray.new.score)
+  ensure
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  def test_default_strings
+    @connection.add_column 'pg_arrays', 'names', :string, array: true, default: ["foo", "bar"]
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar"], PgArray.column_defaults['names'])
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar"], PgArray.new.names)
+  ensure
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+  end
+
   def test_change_column_with_array
     @connection.add_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :string, array: true, default: []
-    @connection.change_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :text, array: true, default: "{}"
+    @connection.change_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :text, array: true, default: []
 
     PgArray.reset_column_information
-    column = PgArray.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'snippets' }
+    column = PgArray.columns_hash['snippets']
 
     assert_equal :text, column.type
-    assert_equal [], column.default
+    assert_equal [], PgArray.column_defaults['snippets']
     assert column.array
   end
 
@@ -55,38 +84,56 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_type_cast_array
-    data = '{1,2,3}'
-    oid_type  = @column.instance_variable_get('@oid_type').subtype
-    # we are getting the instance variable in this test, but in the
-    # normal use of string_to_array, it's called from the OID::Array
-    # class and will have the OID instance that will provide the type
-    # casting
-    array = @column.class.string_to_array data, oid_type
-    assert_equal(['1', '2', '3'], array)
-    assert_equal(['1', '2', '3'], @column.type_cast(data))
+  def test_change_column_default_with_array
+    @connection.change_column_default :pg_arrays, :tags, []
+
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+    assert_equal [], PgArray.column_defaults['tags']
+  end
 
-    assert_equal([], @column.type_cast('{}'))
-    assert_equal([nil], @column.type_cast('{NULL}'))
+  def test_type_cast_array
+    assert_equal(['1', '2', '3'], @column.type_cast_from_database('{1,2,3}'))
+    assert_equal([], @column.type_cast_from_database('{}'))
+    assert_equal([nil], @column.type_cast_from_database('{NULL}'))
   end
 
   def test_type_cast_integers
     x = PgArray.new(ratings: ['1', '2'])
-    assert x.save!
-    assert_equal(['1', '2'], x.ratings)
+
+    assert_equal([1, 2], x.ratings)
+
+    x.save!
+    x.reload
+
+    assert_equal([1, 2], x.ratings)
   end
 
-  def test_rewrite
+  def test_select_with_strings
     @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (tags) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
     x = PgArray.first
-    x.tags = ['1','2','3','4']
-    assert x.save!
+    assert_equal(['1','2','3'], x.tags)
   end
 
-  def test_select
+  def test_rewrite_with_strings
     @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (tags) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
     x = PgArray.first
-    assert_equal(['1','2','3'], x.tags)
+    x.tags = ['1','2','3','4']
+    x.save!
+    assert_equal ['1','2','3','4'], x.reload.tags
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_integers
+    @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (ratings) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
+    x = PgArray.first
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], x.ratings)
+  end
+
+  def test_rewrite_with_integers
+    @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (ratings) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
+    x = PgArray.first
+    x.ratings = [2, '3', 4]
+    x.save!
+    assert_equal [2, 3, 4], x.reload.ratings
   end
 
   def test_multi_dimensional_with_strings
@@ -140,14 +187,71 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ...]", record.attribute_for_inspect(:ratings))
   end
 
-  def test_update_all
-    pg_array = PgArray.create! tags: ["one", "two", "three"]
+  def test_escaping
+    unknown = 'foo\\",bar,baz,\\'
+    tags = ["hello_#{unknown}"]
+    ar = PgArray.create!(tags: tags)
+    ar.reload
+    assert_equal tags, ar.tags
+  end
 
-    PgArray.update_all tags: ["four", "five"]
-    assert_equal ["four", "five"], pg_array.reload.tags
+  def test_string_quoting_rules_match_pg_behavior
+    tags = ["", "one{", "two}", %(three"), "four\\", "five ", "six\t", "seven\n", "eight,", "nine", "ten\r", "NULL"]
+    x = PgArray.create!(tags: tags)
+    x.reload
 
-    PgArray.update_all tags: []
-    assert_equal [], pg_array.reload.tags
+    assert_equal x.tags_before_type_cast, PgArray.columns_hash['tags'].type_cast_for_database(tags)
+  end
+
+  def test_quoting_non_standard_delimiters
+    strings = ["hello,", "world;"]
+    comma_delim = OID::Array.new(ActiveRecord::Type::String.new, ',')
+    semicolon_delim = OID::Array.new(ActiveRecord::Type::String.new, ';')
+
+    assert_equal %({"hello,",world;}), comma_delim.type_cast_for_database(strings)
+    assert_equal %({hello,;"world;"}), semicolon_delim.type_cast_for_database(strings)
+  end
+
+  def test_mutate_array
+    x = PgArray.create!(tags: %w(one two))
+
+    x.tags << "three"
+    x.save!
+    x.reload
+
+    assert_equal %w(one two three), x.tags
+    assert_not x.changed?
+  end
+
+  def test_mutate_value_in_array
+    x = PgArray.create!(hstores: [{ a: 'a' }, { b: 'b' }])
+
+    x.hstores.first['a'] = 'c'
+    x.save!
+    x.reload
+
+    assert_equal [{ 'a' => 'c' }, { 'b' => 'b' }], x.hstores
+    assert_not x.changed?
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_with_timezone_awareness
+    tz = "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
+
+    in_time_zone tz do
+      PgArray.reset_column_information
+      time_string = Time.current.to_s
+      time = Time.zone.parse(time_string)
+
+      record = PgArray.new(datetimes: [time_string])
+      assert_equal [time], record.datetimes
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.datetimes.first.time_zone
+
+      record.save!
+      record.reload
+
+      assert_equal [time], record.datetimes
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.datetimes.first.time_zone
+    end
   end
 
   private
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72222c01fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlBitStringTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlBitString < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table('postgresql_bit_strings', :force => true) do |t|
+      t.bit :a_bit, default: "00000011", limit: 8
+      t.bit_varying :a_bit_varying, default: "0011", limit: 4
+    end
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    return unless @connection
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_bit_strings'
+  end
+
+  def test_bit_string_column
+    column = PostgresqlBitString.columns_hash["a_bit"]
+    assert_equal :bit, column.type
+    assert_equal "bit(8)", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
+  def test_bit_string_varying_column
+    column = PostgresqlBitString.columns_hash["a_bit_varying"]
+    assert_equal :bit_varying, column.type
+    assert_equal "bit varying(4)", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    assert_equal "00000011", PostgresqlBitString.column_defaults['a_bit']
+    assert_equal "00000011", PostgresqlBitString.new.a_bit
+
+    assert_equal "0011", PostgresqlBitString.column_defaults['a_bit_varying']
+    assert_equal "0011", PostgresqlBitString.new.a_bit_varying
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_bit_strings")
+    assert_match %r{t\.bit\s+"a_bit",\s+limit: 8,\s+default: "00000011"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.bit_varying\s+"a_bit_varying",\s+limit: 4,\s+default: "0011"$}, output
+  end
+
+  def test_assigning_invalid_hex_string_raises_exception
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { PostgresqlBitString.create! a_bit: "FF" }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { PostgresqlBitString.create! a_bit_varying: "FF" }
+  end
+
+  def test_roundtrip
+    PostgresqlBitString.create! a_bit: "00001010", a_bit_varying: "0101"
+    record = PostgresqlBitString.first
+    assert_equal "00001010", record.a_bit
+    assert_equal "0101", record.a_bit_varying
+
+    record.a_bit = "11111111"
+    record.a_bit_varying = "0xF"
+    record.save!
+
+    assert record.reload
+    assert_equal "11111111", record.a_bit
+    assert_equal "1111", record.a_bit_varying
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
index b8dd35c4c5..7872f91943 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
-
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
 
 class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class ByteaDataType < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -19,11 +16,11 @@ class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         end
       end
     end
-    @column = ByteaDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'payload' }
+    @column = ByteaDataType.columns_hash['payload']
     assert(@column.is_a?(ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn))
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @connection.execute 'drop table if exists bytea_data_type'
   end
 
@@ -36,16 +33,16 @@ class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     data = "\u001F\x8B"
     assert_equal('UTF-8', data.encoding.name)
-    assert_equal('ASCII-8BIT', @column.type_cast(data).encoding.name)
+    assert_equal('ASCII-8BIT', @column.type_cast_from_database(data).encoding.name)
   end
 
   def test_type_cast_binary_value
     data = "\u001F\x8B".force_encoding("BINARY")
-    assert_equal(data, @column.type_cast(data))
+    assert_equal(data, @column.type_cast_from_database(data))
   end
 
   def test_type_case_nil
-    assert_equal(nil, @column.type_cast(nil))
+    assert_equal(nil, @column.type_cast_from_database(nil))
   end
 
   def test_read_value
@@ -70,6 +67,23 @@ class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(data, record.payload)
   end
 
+  def test_via_to_sql
+    data = "'\u001F\\"
+    ByteaDataType.create(payload: data)
+    sql = ByteaDataType.where(payload: data).select(:payload).to_sql
+    result = @connection.query(sql)
+    assert_equal([[data]], result)
+  end
+
+  def test_via_to_sql_with_complicating_connection
+    Thread.new do
+      other_conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      other_conn.execute('SET standard_conforming_strings = off')
+    end.join
+
+    test_via_to_sql
+  end
+
   def test_write_binary
     data = File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'assets', 'example.log'))
     assert(data.size > 1)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cb024463c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+  class PostgresqlCitextTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    class Citext < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'citexts'
+    end
+
+    def setup
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+      enable_extension!('citext', @connection)
+
+      @connection.create_table('citexts') do |t|
+        t.citext 'cival'
+      end
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS citexts;'
+      disable_extension!('citext', @connection)
+    end
+
+    def test_citext_enabled
+      assert @connection.extension_enabled?('citext')
+    end
+
+    def test_column
+      column = Citext.columns_hash['cival']
+      assert_equal :citext, column.type
+      assert_equal 'citext', column.sql_type
+      assert_not column.number?
+      assert_not column.binary?
+      assert_not column.array
+    end
+
+    def test_change_table_supports_json
+      @connection.transaction do
+        @connection.change_table('citexts') do |t|
+          t.citext 'username'
+        end
+        Citext.reset_column_information
+        column = Citext.columns_hash['username']
+        assert_equal :citext, column.type
+
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback # reset the schema change
+      end
+    ensure
+      Citext.reset_column_information
+    end
+
+    def test_write
+      x = Citext.new(cival: 'Some CI Text')
+      x.save!
+      citext = Citext.first
+      assert_equal "Some CI Text", citext.cival
+
+      citext.cival = "Some NEW CI Text"
+      citext.save!
+
+      assert_equal "Some NEW CI Text", citext.reload.cival
+    end
+
+    def test_select_case_insensitive
+      @connection.execute "insert into citexts (cival) values('Cased Text')"
+      x = Citext.where(cival: 'cased text').first
+      assert_equal 'Cased Text', x.cival
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
index 7202cce390..cfab5ca902 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+
+module PostgresqlCompositeBehavior
+  include ConnectionHelper
 
-class PostgresqlCompositeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class PostgresqlComposite < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = "postgresql_composites"
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_composites'
-    @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS full_address'
-  end
-
   def setup
+    super
+
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.execute <<-SQL
@@ -29,7 +27,37 @@ class PostgresqlCompositeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def teardown
+    super
+
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_composites'
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS full_address'
+    reset_connection
+    PostgresqlComposite.reset_column_information
+  end
+end
+
+# Composites are mapped to `OID::Identity` by default. The user is informed by a warning like:
+#   "unknown OID 5653508: failed to recognize type of 'address'. It will be treated as String."
+# To take full advantage of composite types, we suggest you register your own +OID::Type+.
+# See PostgresqlCompositeWithCustomOIDTest
+class PostgresqlCompositeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlCompositeBehavior
+
+  def test_column
+    ensure_warning_is_issued
+
+    column = PostgresqlComposite.columns_hash["address"]
+    assert_nil column.type
+    assert_equal "full_address", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
   def test_composite_mapping
+    ensure_warning_is_issued
+
     @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_composites VALUES (1, ROW('Paris', 'Champs-Élysées'));"
     composite = PostgresqlComposite.first
     assert_equal "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)", composite.address
@@ -39,4 +67,65 @@ class PostgresqlCompositeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal '(Paris,"Rue Basse")', composite.reload.address
   end
+
+  private
+  def ensure_warning_is_issued
+    warning = capture(:stderr) do
+      PostgresqlComposite.columns_hash
+    end
+    assert_match(/unknown OID \d+: failed to recognize type of 'address'\. It will be treated as String\./, warning)
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlCompositeWithCustomOIDTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlCompositeBehavior
+
+  class FullAddressType < ActiveRecord::Type::Value
+    def type; :full_address end
+
+    def type_cast_from_database(value)
+      if value =~ /\("?([^",]*)"?,"?([^",]*)"?\)/
+        FullAddress.new($1, $2)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def type_cast_from_user(value)
+      value
+    end
+
+    def type_cast_for_database(value)
+      return if value.nil?
+      "(#{value.city},#{value.street})"
+    end
+  end
+
+  FullAddress = Struct.new(:city, :street)
+
+  def setup
+    super
+
+    @connection.type_map.register_type "full_address", FullAddressType.new
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlComposite.columns_hash["address"]
+    assert_equal :full_address, column.type
+    assert_equal "full_address", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
+  def test_composite_mapping
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_composites VALUES (1, ROW('Paris', 'Champs-Élysées'));"
+    composite = PostgresqlComposite.first
+    assert_equal "Paris", composite.address.city
+    assert_equal "Champs-Élysées", composite.address.street
+
+    composite.address = FullAddress.new("Paris", "Rue Basse")
+    composite.save!
+
+    assert_equal 'Paris', composite.reload.address.city
+    assert_equal 'Rue Basse', composite.reload.address.street
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
index 4715fa002d..d26cda46fa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,22 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class PostgresqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include ConnectionHelper
+
     class NonExistentTable < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
 
     def setup
       super
       @subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
+      @subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     end
 
     def teardown
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscriber)
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscription)
       super
     end
 
@@ -45,6 +48,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal 'off', expect
     end
 
+    def test_reset
+      @connection.query('ROLLBACK')
+      @connection.query('SET geqo TO off')
+
+      # Verify the setting has been applied.
+      expect = @connection.query('show geqo').first.first
+      assert_equal 'off', expect
+
+      @connection.reset!
+
+      # Verify the setting has been cleared.
+      expect = @connection.query('show geqo').first.first
+      assert_equal 'on', expect
+    end
+
+    def test_reset_with_transaction
+      @connection.query('ROLLBACK')
+      @connection.query('SET geqo TO off')
+
+      # Verify the setting has been applied.
+      expect = @connection.query('show geqo').first.first
+      assert_equal 'off', expect
+
+      @connection.query('BEGIN')
+      @connection.reset!
+
+      # Verify the setting has been cleared.
+      expect = @connection.query('show geqo').first.first
+      assert_equal 'on', expect
+    end
+
     def test_tables_logs_name
       @connection.tables('hello')
       assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
@@ -87,7 +121,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       name = @subscriber.payloads.last[:statement_name]
       assert name
       res = @connection.exec_query("EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON) EXECUTE #{name}(#{bindval})")
-      plan = res.column_types['QUERY PLAN'].type_cast res.rows.first.first
+      plan = res.column_types['QUERY PLAN'].type_cast_from_database res.rows.first.first
       assert_operator plan.length, :>, 0
     end
 
@@ -167,17 +201,5 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({:variables => {:debug_print_plan => :default}}))
       end
     end
-
-    private
-
-    def run_without_connection
-      original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-      begin
-        yield original_connection
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
-      end
-    end
-
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
index 04a458fbce..a0a34e4b87 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 
-class PostgresqlArray < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlTsvector < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlMoney < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
 
 class PostgresqlNumber < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
@@ -15,21 +8,9 @@ end
 class PostgresqlTime < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
-class PostgresqlNetworkAddress < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlBitString < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
 class PostgresqlOid < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
-class PostgresqlTimestampWithZone < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlUUID < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
 class PostgresqlLtree < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
@@ -38,57 +19,23 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    @connection.execute("set lc_monetary = 'C'")
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_arrays (id, commission_by_quarter, nicknames) VALUES (1, '{35000,21000,18000,17000}', '{foo,bar,baz}')")
-    @first_array = PostgresqlArray.find(1)
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_tsvectors (id, text_vector) VALUES (1, ' ''text'' ''vector'' ')")
-
-    @first_tsvector = PostgresqlTsvector.find(1)
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_moneys (id, wealth) VALUES (1, '567.89'::money)")
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_moneys (id, wealth) VALUES (2, '-567.89'::money)")
-    @first_money = PostgresqlMoney.find(1)
-    @second_money = PostgresqlMoney.find(2)
 
     @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (1, 123.456, 123456.789)")
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (2, '-Infinity', 'Infinity')")
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (3, 123.456, 'NaN')")
     @first_number = PostgresqlNumber.find(1)
+    @second_number = PostgresqlNumber.find(2)
+    @third_number = PostgresqlNumber.find(3)
 
     @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_times (id, time_interval, scaled_time_interval) VALUES (1, '1 year 2 days ago', '3 weeks ago')")
     @first_time = PostgresqlTime.find(1)
 
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_network_addresses (id, cidr_address, inet_address, mac_address) VALUES(1, '192.168.0/24', '172.16.1.254/32', '01:23:45:67:89:0a')")
-    @first_network_address = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.find(1)
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_bit_strings (id, bit_string, bit_string_varying) VALUES (1, B'00010101', X'15')")
-    @first_bit_string = PostgresqlBitString.find(1)
-
     @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_oids (id, obj_id) VALUES (1, 1234)")
     @first_oid = PostgresqlOid.find(1)
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_timestamp_with_zones (id, time) VALUES (1, '2010-01-01 10:00:00-1')")
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_uuids (id, guid, compact_guid) VALUES(1, 'd96c3da0-96c1-012f-1316-64ce8f32c6d8', 'f06c715096c1012f131764ce8f32c6d8')")
-    @first_uuid = PostgresqlUUID.find(1)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    [PostgresqlArray, PostgresqlTsvector, PostgresqlMoney, PostgresqlNumber, PostgresqlTime, PostgresqlNetworkAddress,
-     PostgresqlBitString, PostgresqlOid, PostgresqlTimestampWithZone, PostgresqlUUID].each(&:delete_all)
-  end
-
-  def test_data_type_of_array_types
-    assert_equal :integer, @first_array.column_for_attribute(:commission_by_quarter).type
-    assert_equal :text, @first_array.column_for_attribute(:nicknames).type
-  end
-
-  def test_data_type_of_tsvector_types
-    assert_equal :tsvector, @first_tsvector.column_for_attribute(:text_vector).type
   end
 
-  def test_data_type_of_money_types
-    assert_equal :decimal, @first_money.column_for_attribute(:wealth).type
+  teardown do
+    [PostgresqlNumber, PostgresqlTime, PostgresqlOid].each(&:delete_all)
   end
 
   def test_data_type_of_number_types
@@ -101,61 +48,16 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal :string, @first_time.column_for_attribute(:scaled_time_interval).type
   end
 
-  def test_data_type_of_network_address_types
-    assert_equal :cidr, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:cidr_address).type
-    assert_equal :inet, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:inet_address).type
-    assert_equal :macaddr, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:mac_address).type
-  end
-
-  def test_data_type_of_bit_string_types
-    assert_equal :string, @first_bit_string.column_for_attribute(:bit_string).type
-    assert_equal :string, @first_bit_string.column_for_attribute(:bit_string_varying).type
-  end
-
   def test_data_type_of_oid_types
     assert_equal :integer, @first_oid.column_for_attribute(:obj_id).type
   end
 
-  def test_data_type_of_uuid_types
-    assert_equal :uuid, @first_uuid.column_for_attribute(:guid).type
-  end
-
-  def test_array_values
-   assert_equal [35000,21000,18000,17000], @first_array.commission_by_quarter
-   assert_equal ['foo','bar','baz'], @first_array.nicknames
-  end
-
-  def test_tsvector_values
-    assert_equal "'text' 'vector'", @first_tsvector.text_vector
-  end
-
-  def test_money_values
-    assert_equal 567.89, @first_money.wealth
-    assert_equal(-567.89, @second_money.wealth)
-  end
-
-  def test_money_type_cast
-    column = PostgresqlMoney.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'wealth' }
-    assert_equal(12345678.12, column.type_cast("$12,345,678.12"))
-    assert_equal(12345678.12, column.type_cast("$12.345.678,12"))
-    assert_equal(-1.15, column.type_cast("-$1.15"))
-    assert_equal(-2.25, column.type_cast("($2.25)"))
-  end
-
-  def test_update_tsvector
-    new_text_vector = "'new' 'text' 'vector'"
-    @first_tsvector.text_vector = new_text_vector
-    assert @first_tsvector.save
-    assert @first_tsvector.reload
-    @first_tsvector.text_vector = new_text_vector
-    assert @first_tsvector.save
-    assert @first_tsvector.reload
-    assert_equal new_text_vector, @first_tsvector.text_vector
-  end
-
   def test_number_values
     assert_equal 123.456, @first_number.single
     assert_equal 123456.789, @first_number.double
+    assert_equal(-::Float::INFINITY, @second_number.single)
+    assert_equal ::Float::INFINITY, @second_number.double
+    assert_same ::Float::NAN, @third_number.double
   end
 
   def test_time_values
@@ -163,61 +65,10 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal '-21 days', @first_time.scaled_time_interval
   end
 
-  def test_network_address_values_ipaddr
-    cidr_address = IPAddr.new '192.168.0.0/24'
-    inet_address = IPAddr.new '172.16.1.254'
-
-    assert_equal cidr_address, @first_network_address.cidr_address
-    assert_equal inet_address, @first_network_address.inet_address
-    assert_equal '01:23:45:67:89:0a', @first_network_address.mac_address
-  end
-
-  def test_uuid_values
-    assert_equal 'd96c3da0-96c1-012f-1316-64ce8f32c6d8', @first_uuid.guid
-    assert_equal 'f06c7150-96c1-012f-1317-64ce8f32c6d8', @first_uuid.compact_guid
-  end
-
-  def test_bit_string_values
-    assert_equal '00010101', @first_bit_string.bit_string
-    assert_equal '00010101', @first_bit_string.bit_string_varying
-  end
-
   def test_oid_values
     assert_equal 1234, @first_oid.obj_id
   end
 
-  def test_update_integer_array
-    new_value = [32800,95000,29350,17000]
-    @first_array.commission_by_quarter = new_value
-    assert @first_array.save
-    assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.commission_by_quarter
-    @first_array.commission_by_quarter = new_value
-    assert @first_array.save
-    assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.commission_by_quarter
-  end
-
-  def test_update_text_array
-    new_value = ['robby','robert','rob','robbie']
-    @first_array.nicknames = new_value
-    assert @first_array.save
-    assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.nicknames
-    @first_array.nicknames = new_value
-    assert @first_array.save
-    assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.nicknames
-  end
-
-  def test_update_money
-    new_value = BigDecimal.new('123.45')
-    @first_money.wealth = new_value
-    assert @first_money.save
-    assert @first_money.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_money.wealth
-  end
-
   def test_update_number
     new_single = 789.012
     new_double = 789012.345
@@ -236,51 +87,6 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal '2 years 00:03:00', @first_time.time_interval
   end
 
-  def test_update_network_address
-    new_inet_address = '10.1.2.3/32'
-    new_cidr_address = '10.0.0.0/8'
-    new_mac_address = 'bc:de:f0:12:34:56'
-    @first_network_address.cidr_address = new_cidr_address
-    @first_network_address.inet_address = new_inet_address
-    @first_network_address.mac_address = new_mac_address
-    assert @first_network_address.save
-    assert @first_network_address.reload
-    assert_equal @first_network_address.cidr_address, new_cidr_address
-    assert_equal @first_network_address.inet_address, new_inet_address
-    assert_equal @first_network_address.mac_address, new_mac_address
-  end
-
-  def test_update_bit_string
-    new_bit_string = '11111111'
-    new_bit_string_varying = '0xFF'
-    @first_bit_string.bit_string = new_bit_string
-    @first_bit_string.bit_string_varying = new_bit_string_varying
-    assert @first_bit_string.save
-    assert @first_bit_string.reload
-    assert_equal new_bit_string, @first_bit_string.bit_string
-    assert_equal @first_bit_string.bit_string, @first_bit_string.bit_string_varying
-  end
-
-  def test_invalid_hex_string
-    new_bit_string = 'FF'
-    @first_bit_string.bit_string = new_bit_string
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { assert @first_bit_string.save }
-  end
-
-  def test_invalid_network_address
-    @first_network_address.cidr_address = 'invalid addr'
-    assert_nil @first_network_address.cidr_address
-    assert_equal 'invalid addr', @first_network_address.cidr_address_before_type_cast
-    assert @first_network_address.save
-
-    @first_network_address.reload
-
-    @first_network_address.inet_address = 'invalid addr'
-    assert_nil @first_network_address.inet_address
-    assert_equal 'invalid addr', @first_network_address.inet_address_before_type_cast
-    assert @first_network_address.save
-  end
-
   def test_update_oid
     new_value = 567890
     @first_oid.obj_id = new_value
@@ -288,30 +94,26 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert @first_oid.reload
     assert_equal new_value, @first_oid.obj_id
   end
+end
 
-  def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_with_rails_time_zone_support
-    with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true do
-      @connection.reconnect!
+class PostgresqlInternalDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include DdlHelper
 
-      @first_timestamp_with_zone = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
-      assert_instance_of Time, @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
-    end
-  ensure
-    @connection.reconnect!
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
   end
 
-  def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_without_rails_time_zone_support
-    with_timezone_config default: :local, aware_attributes: false do
-      @connection.reconnect!
-      # make sure to use a non-UTC time zone
-      @connection.execute("SET time zone 'America/Jamaica'", 'SCHEMA')
+  def test_name_column_type
+    with_example_table @connection, 'ex', 'data name' do
+      column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'data' }
+      assert_equal :string, column.type
+    end
+  end
 
-      @first_timestamp_with_zone = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
-      assert_instance_of Time, @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
+  def test_char_column_type
+    with_example_table @connection, 'ex', 'data "char"' do
+      column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'data' }
+      assert_equal :string, column.type
     end
-  ensure
-    @connection.reconnect!
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1500adb42d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlDomainTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlDomain < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "postgresql_domains"
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.execute "CREATE DOMAIN custom_money as numeric(8,2)"
+      @connection.create_table('postgresql_domains') do |t|
+        t.column :price, :custom_money
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_domains'
+    @connection.execute 'DROP DOMAIN IF EXISTS custom_money'
+    reset_connection
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlDomain.columns_hash["price"]
+    assert_equal :decimal, column.type
+    assert_equal "custom_money", column.sql_type
+    assert column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
+  def test_domain_acts_like_basetype
+    PostgresqlDomain.create price: ""
+    record = PostgresqlDomain.first
+    assert_nil record.price
+
+    record.price = "34.15"
+    record.save!
+
+    assert_equal BigDecimal.new("34.15"), record.reload.price
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d99c4a292e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+require 'active_record/base'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+
+class PostgresqlEnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlEnum < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "postgresql_enums"
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.execute <<-SQL
+        CREATE TYPE mood AS ENUM ('sad', 'ok', 'happy');
+      SQL
+      @connection.create_table('postgresql_enums') do |t|
+        t.column :current_mood, :mood
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_enums'
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS mood'
+    reset_connection
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlEnum.columns_hash["current_mood"]
+    assert_equal :enum, column.type
+    assert_equal "mood", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
+  def test_enum_defaults
+    @connection.add_column 'postgresql_enums', 'good_mood', :mood, default: 'happy'
+    PostgresqlEnum.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_equal "happy", PostgresqlEnum.column_defaults['good_mood']
+    assert_equal "happy", PostgresqlEnum.new.good_mood
+  ensure
+    PostgresqlEnum.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  def test_enum_mapping
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_enums VALUES (1, 'sad');"
+    enum = PostgresqlEnum.first
+    assert_equal "sad", enum.current_mood
+
+    enum.current_mood = "happy"
+    enum.save!
+
+    assert_equal "happy", enum.reload.current_mood
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_enum_update
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_enums VALUES (1, 'sad');"
+    enum = PostgresqlEnum.first
+    enum.current_mood = "angry"
+
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+      enum.save
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_no_oid_warning
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_enums VALUES (1, 'sad');"
+    stderr_output = capture(:stderr) { PostgresqlEnum.first }
+
+    assert stderr_output.blank?
+  end
+
+  def test_enum_type_cast
+    enum = PostgresqlEnum.new
+    enum.current_mood = :happy
+
+    assert_equal "happy", enum.current_mood
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
index 0b61f61572..19053b6732 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
@@ -9,18 +9,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def test_explain_for_one_query
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers"  WHERE "developers"."id" = 1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."id" = $1), explain
           assert_match %(QUERY PLAN), explain
-          assert_match %(Index Scan using developers_pkey on developers), explain
         end
 
         def test_explain_with_eager_loading
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).includes(:audit_logs).explain
           assert_match %(QUERY PLAN), explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers"  WHERE "developers"."id" = 1), explain
-          assert_match %(Index Scan using developers_pkey on developers), explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "audit_logs".* FROM "audit_logs"  WHERE "audit_logs"."developer_id" IN (1)), explain
-          assert_match %(Seq Scan on audit_logs), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."id" = $1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "audit_logs".* FROM "audit_logs" WHERE "audit_logs"."developer_id" IN (1)), explain
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b99fcdda0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class PostgresqlExtensionMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class EnableHstore < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    def change
+      enable_extension "hstore"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DisableHstore < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    def change
+      disable_extension "hstore"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+    unless @connection.supports_extensions?
+      return skip("no extension support")
+    end
+
+    @old_schema_migration_tabel_name = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name
+    @old_tabel_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix
+    @old_tabel_name_suffix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "p_"
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_s"
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = "p_schema_migrations_s"
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = @old_tabel_name_prefix
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = @old_tabel_name_suffix
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = true
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = @old_schema_migration_tabel_name
+
+    super
+  end
+
+  def test_enable_extension_migration_ignores_prefix_and_suffix
+    @connection.disable_extension("hstore")
+
+    migrations = [EnableHstore.new(nil, 1)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert @connection.extension_enabled?("hstore"), "extension hstore should be enabled"
+  end
+
+  def test_disable_extension_migration_ignores_prefix_and_suffix
+    @connection.enable_extension("hstore")
+
+    migrations = [DisableHstore.new(nil, 1)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert_not @connection.extension_enabled?("hstore"), "extension hstore should not be enabled"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9dadb177ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class PostgresqlFullTextTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class PostgresqlTsvector < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  def test_tsvector_column
+    column = PostgresqlTsvector.columns_hash["text_vector"]
+    assert_equal :tsvector, column.type
+    assert_equal "tsvector", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
+  def test_update_tsvector
+    PostgresqlTsvector.create text_vector: "'text' 'vector'"
+    tsvector = PostgresqlTsvector.first
+    assert_equal "'text' 'vector'", tsvector.text_vector
+
+    tsvector.text_vector = "'new' 'text' 'vector'"
+    tsvector.save!
+    assert tsvector.reload
+    assert_equal "'new' 'text' 'vector'", tsvector.text_vector
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c0adbbeaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlPointTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlPoint < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.create_table('postgresql_points') do |t|
+        t.point :x
+        t.point :y, default: [12.2, 13.3]
+        t.point :z, default: "(14.4,15.5)"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_points'
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlPoint.columns_hash["x"]
+    assert_equal :point, column.type
+    assert_equal "point", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    assert_equal [12.2, 13.3], PostgresqlPoint.column_defaults['y']
+    assert_equal [12.2, 13.3], PostgresqlPoint.new.y
+
+    assert_equal [14.4, 15.5], PostgresqlPoint.column_defaults['z']
+    assert_equal [14.4, 15.5], PostgresqlPoint.new.z
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_points")
+    assert_match %r{t\.point\s+"x"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.point\s+"y",\s+default: \[12\.2, 13\.3\]$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.point\s+"z",\s+default: \[14\.4, 15\.5\]$}, output
+  end
+
+  def test_roundtrip
+    PostgresqlPoint.create! x: [10, 25.2]
+    record = PostgresqlPoint.first
+    assert_equal [10, 25.2], record.x
+
+    record.x = [1.1, 2.2]
+    record.save!
+    assert record.reload
+    assert_equal [1.1, 2.2], record.x
+  end
+
+  def test_mutation
+    p = PostgresqlPoint.create! x: [10, 20]
+
+    p.x[1] = 25
+    p.save!
+    p.reload
+
+    assert_equal [10.0, 25.0], p.x
+    assert_not p.changed?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
index d8782f5eaa..1296eb72c0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
@@ -24,13 +24,14 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.create_table('hstores') do |t|
         t.hstore 'tags', :default => ''
+        t.hstore 'payload', array: true
         t.hstore 'settings'
       end
     end
-    @column = Hstore.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'tags' }
+    @column = Hstore.columns_hash['tags']
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @connection.execute 'drop table if exists hstores'
   end
 
@@ -53,6 +54,20 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     def test_column
       assert_equal :hstore, @column.type
+      assert_equal "hstore", @column.sql_type
+      assert_not @column.number?
+      assert_not @column.binary?
+      assert_not @column.array
+    end
+
+    def test_default
+      @connection.add_column 'hstores', 'permissions', :hstore, default: '"users"=>"read", "articles"=>"write"'
+      Hstore.reset_column_information
+
+      assert_equal({"users"=>"read", "articles"=>"write"}, Hstore.column_defaults['permissions'])
+      assert_equal({"users"=>"read", "articles"=>"write"}, Hstore.new.permissions)
+    ensure
+      Hstore.reset_column_information
     end
 
     def test_change_table_supports_hstore
@@ -61,7 +76,7 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
           t.hstore 'users', default: ''
         end
         Hstore.reset_column_information
-        column = Hstore.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'users' }
+        column = Hstore.columns_hash['users']
         assert_equal :hstore, column.type
 
         raise ActiveRecord::Rollback # reset the schema change
@@ -89,22 +104,17 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     def test_cast_value_on_write
       x = Hstore.new tags: {"bool" => true, "number" => 5}
+      assert_equal({"bool" => true, "number" => 5}, x.tags_before_type_cast)
       assert_equal({"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}, x.tags)
       x.save
       assert_equal({"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}, x.reload.tags)
     end
 
     def test_type_cast_hstore
-      assert @column
-
-      data = "\"1\"=>\"2\""
-      hash = @column.class.string_to_hstore data
-      assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, hash)
-      assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, @column.type_cast(data))
-
-      assert_equal({}, @column.type_cast(""))
-      assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, @column.type_cast('key => NULL'))
-      assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, @column.type_cast(%q(c=>"}", "\"a\""=>"b \"a b")))
+      assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, @column.type_cast_from_database("\"1\"=>\"2\""))
+      assert_equal({}, @column.type_cast_from_database(""))
+      assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, @column.type_cast_from_database('key => NULL'))
+      assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, @column.type_cast_from_database(%q(c=>"}", "\"a\""=>"b \"a b")))
     end
 
     def test_with_store_accessors
@@ -125,48 +135,78 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
     end
 
+    def test_duplication_with_store_accessors
+      x = Hstore.new(language: "fr", timezone: "GMT")
+      assert_equal "fr", x.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
+
+      y = x.dup
+      assert_equal "fr", y.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", y.timezone
+    end
+
+    def test_yaml_round_trip_with_store_accessors
+      x = Hstore.new(language: "fr", timezone: "GMT")
+      assert_equal "fr", x.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
+
+      y = YAML.load(YAML.dump(x))
+      assert_equal "fr", y.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", y.timezone
+    end
+
+    def test_changes_in_place
+      hstore = Hstore.create!(settings: { 'one' => 'two' })
+      hstore.settings['three'] = 'four'
+      hstore.save!
+      hstore.reload
+
+      assert_equal 'four', hstore.settings['three']
+      assert_not hstore.changed?
+    end
+
     def test_gen1
-      assert_equal(%q(" "=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({' '=>''}))
+      assert_equal(%q(" "=>""), @column.cast_type.type_cast_for_database({' '=>''}))
     end
 
     def test_gen2
-      assert_equal(%q(","=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({','=>''}))
+      assert_equal(%q(","=>""), @column.cast_type.type_cast_for_database({','=>''}))
     end
 
     def test_gen3
-      assert_equal(%q("="=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({'='=>''}))
+      assert_equal(%q("="=>""), @column.cast_type.type_cast_for_database({'='=>''}))
     end
 
     def test_gen4
-      assert_equal(%q(">"=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({'>'=>''}))
+      assert_equal(%q(">"=>""), @column.cast_type.type_cast_for_database({'>'=>''}))
     end
 
     def test_parse1
-      assert_equal({'a'=>nil,'b'=>nil,'c'=>'NuLl','null'=>'c'}, @column.type_cast('a=>null,b=>NuLl,c=>"NuLl",null=>c'))
+      assert_equal({'a'=>nil,'b'=>nil,'c'=>'NuLl','null'=>'c'}, @column.type_cast_from_database('a=>null,b=>NuLl,c=>"NuLl",null=>c'))
     end
 
     def test_parse2
-      assert_equal({" " => " "},  @column.type_cast("\\ =>\\ "))
+      assert_equal({" " => " "},  @column.type_cast_from_database("\\ =>\\ "))
     end
 
     def test_parse3
-      assert_equal({"=" => ">"},  @column.type_cast("==>>"))
+      assert_equal({"=" => ">"},  @column.type_cast_from_database("==>>"))
     end
 
     def test_parse4
-      assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @column.type_cast('\=a=>q=w'))
+      assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @column.type_cast_from_database('\=a=>q=w'))
     end
 
     def test_parse5
-      assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @column.type_cast('"=a"=>q\=w'))
+      assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @column.type_cast_from_database('"=a"=>q\=w'))
     end
 
     def test_parse6
-      assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q>w"},  @column.type_cast('"\"a"=>q>w'))
+      assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q>w"},  @column.type_cast_from_database('"\"a"=>q>w'))
     end
 
     def test_parse7
-      assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q\"w"}, @column.type_cast('\"a=>q"w'))
+      assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q\"w"}, @column.type_cast_from_database('\"a=>q"w'))
     end
 
     def test_rewrite
@@ -182,6 +222,30 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, x.tags)
     end
 
+    def test_array_cycle
+      assert_array_cycle([{"AA" => "BB", "CC" => "DD"}, {"AA" => nil}])
+    end
+
+    def test_array_strings_with_quotes
+      assert_array_cycle([{'this has' => 'some "s that need to be escaped"'}])
+    end
+
+    def test_array_strings_with_commas
+      assert_array_cycle([{'this,has' => 'many,values'}])
+    end
+
+    def test_array_strings_with_array_delimiters
+      assert_array_cycle(['{' => '}'])
+    end
+
+    def test_array_strings_with_null_strings
+      assert_array_cycle([{'NULL' => 'NULL'}])
+    end
+
+    def test_contains_nils
+      assert_array_cycle([{'NULL' => nil}])
+    end
+
     def test_select_multikey
       @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2,2=>3')"
       x = Hstore.first
@@ -224,19 +288,51 @@ class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_cycle("a\nb" => "c\nd")
     end
 
-    def test_update_all
-      hstore = Hstore.create! tags: { "one" => "two" }
+    class TagCollection
+      def initialize(hash); @hash = hash end
+      def to_hash; @hash end
+      def self.load(hash); new(hash) end
+      def self.dump(object); object.to_hash end
+    end
 
-      Hstore.update_all tags: { "three" => "four" }
-      assert_equal({ "three" => "four" }, hstore.reload.tags)
+    class HstoreWithSerialize < Hstore
+      serialize :tags, TagCollection
+    end
+
+    def test_hstore_with_serialized_attributes
+      HstoreWithSerialize.create! tags: TagCollection.new({"one" => "two"})
+      record = HstoreWithSerialize.first
+      assert_instance_of TagCollection, record.tags
+      assert_equal({"one" => "two"}, record.tags.to_hash)
+      record.tags = TagCollection.new("three" => "four")
+      record.save!
+      assert_equal({"three" => "four"}, HstoreWithSerialize.first.tags.to_hash)
+    end
 
-      Hstore.update_all tags: { }
-      assert_equal({ }, hstore.reload.tags)
+    def test_clone_hstore_with_serialized_attributes
+      HstoreWithSerialize.create! tags: TagCollection.new({"one" => "two"})
+      record = HstoreWithSerialize.first
+      dupe = record.dup
+      assert_equal({"one" => "two"}, dupe.tags.to_hash)
     end
   end
 
   private
 
+    def assert_array_cycle(array)
+      # test creation
+      x = Hstore.create!(payload: array)
+      x.reload
+      assert_equal(array, x.payload)
+
+      # test updating
+      x = Hstore.create!(payload: [])
+      x.payload = array
+      x.save!
+      x.reload
+      assert_equal(array, x.payload)
+    end
+
     def assert_cycle(hash)
       # test creation
       x = Hstore.create!(:tags => hash)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..22e8873333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class PostgresqlInfinityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class PostgresqlInfinity < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table(:postgresql_infinities) do |t|
+      t.float :float
+      t.datetime :datetime
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_infinities")
+  end
+
+  test "type casting infinity on a float column" do
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!(float: Float::INFINITY)
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.float
+  end
+
+  test "update_all with infinity on a float column" do
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!
+    PostgresqlInfinity.update_all(float: Float::INFINITY)
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.float
+  end
+
+  test "type casting infinity on a datetime column" do
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!(datetime: Float::INFINITY)
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.datetime
+  end
+
+  test "update_all with infinity on a datetime column" do
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!
+    PostgresqlInfinity.update_all(datetime: Float::INFINITY)
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.datetime
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
index 3daef399d8..86ba849445 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require "cases/helper"
 require 'active_record/base'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
 
-class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+module PostgresqlJSONSharedTestCases
   class JsonDataType < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'json_data_type'
 
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@ class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     begin
       @connection.transaction do
         @connection.create_table('json_data_type') do |t|
-          t.json 'payload', :default => {}
-          t.json 'settings'
+          t.public_send column_type, 'payload', default: {} # t.json 'payload', default: {}
+          t.public_send column_type, 'settings'             # t.json 'settings'
         end
       end
     rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
       skip "do not test on PG without json"
     end
-    @column = JsonDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'payload' }
+    @column = JsonDataType.columns_hash['payload']
   end
 
   def teardown
@@ -31,17 +31,32 @@ class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_column
-    assert_equal :json, @column.type
+    column = JsonDataType.columns_hash["payload"]
+    assert_equal column_type, column.type
+    assert_equal column_type.to_s, column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    @connection.add_column 'json_data_type', 'permissions', column_type, default: '{"users": "read", "posts": ["read", "write"]}'
+    JsonDataType.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_equal({"users"=>"read", "posts"=>["read", "write"]}, JsonDataType.column_defaults['permissions'])
+    assert_equal({"users"=>"read", "posts"=>["read", "write"]}, JsonDataType.new.permissions)
+  ensure
+    JsonDataType.reset_column_information
   end
 
   def test_change_table_supports_json
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.change_table('json_data_type') do |t|
-        t.json 'users', default: '{}'
+        t.public_send column_type, 'users', default: '{}' # t.json 'users', default: '{}'
       end
       JsonDataType.reset_column_information
-      column = JsonDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'users' }
-      assert_equal :json, column.type
+      column = JsonDataType.columns_hash['users']
+      assert_equal column_type, column.type
 
       raise ActiveRecord::Rollback # reset the schema change
     end
@@ -51,22 +66,23 @@ class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_cast_value_on_write
     x = JsonDataType.new payload: {"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}
+    assert_equal({"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}, x.payload_before_type_cast)
     assert_equal({"string" => "foo", "symbol" => "bar"}, x.payload)
     x.save
     assert_equal({"string" => "foo", "symbol" => "bar"}, x.reload.payload)
   end
 
   def test_type_cast_json
-    assert @column
+    column = JsonDataType.columns_hash["payload"]
 
     data = "{\"a_key\":\"a_value\"}"
-    hash = @column.class.string_to_json data
+    hash = column.type_cast_from_database(data)
     assert_equal({'a_key' => 'a_value'}, hash)
-    assert_equal({'a_key' => 'a_value'}, @column.type_cast(data))
+    assert_equal({'a_key' => 'a_value'}, column.type_cast_from_database(data))
 
-    assert_equal({}, @column.type_cast("{}"))
-    assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, @column.type_cast('{"key": null}'))
-    assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, @column.type_cast(%q({"c":"}", "\"a\"":"b \"a b"})))
+    assert_equal({}, column.type_cast_from_database("{}"))
+    assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, column.type_cast_from_database('{"key": null}'))
+    assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, column.type_cast_from_database(%q({"c":"}", "\"a\"":"b \"a b"})))
   end
 
   def test_rewrite
@@ -122,13 +138,56 @@ class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "640×1136", x.resolution
   end
 
-  def test_update_all
-    json = JsonDataType.create! payload: { "one" => "two" }
+  def test_duplication_with_store_accessors
+    x = JsonDataType.new(resolution: "320×480")
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    y = x.dup
+    assert_equal "320×480", y.resolution
+  end
+
+  def test_yaml_round_trip_with_store_accessors
+    x = JsonDataType.new(resolution: "320×480")
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    y = YAML.load(YAML.dump(x))
+    assert_equal "320×480", y.resolution
+  end
+
+  def test_changes_in_place
+    json = JsonDataType.new
+    assert_not json.changed?
+
+    json.payload = { 'one' => 'two' }
+    assert json.changed?
+    assert json.payload_changed?
+
+    json.save!
+    assert_not json.changed?
+
+    json.payload['three'] = 'four'
+    assert json.payload_changed?
+
+    json.save!
+    json.reload
+
+    assert_equal({ 'one' => 'two', 'three' => 'four' }, json.payload)
+    assert_not json.changed?
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlJSONSharedTestCases
+
+  def column_type
+    :json
+  end
+end
 
-    JsonDataType.update_all payload: { "three" => "four" }
-    assert_equal({ "three" => "four" }, json.reload.payload)
+class PostgresqlJSONBTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlJSONSharedTestCases
 
-    JsonDataType.update_all payload: { }
-    assert_equal({ }, json.reload.payload)
+  def column_type
+    :jsonb
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
index 5d12ca75ca..2968109346 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
 
 class PostgresqlLtreeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class Ltree < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -10,6 +8,9 @@ class PostgresqlLtreeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+    enable_extension!('ltree', @connection)
+
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.create_table('ltrees') do |t|
         t.ltree 'path'
@@ -19,13 +20,17 @@ class PostgresqlLtreeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     skip "do not test on PG without ltree"
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @connection.execute 'drop table if exists ltrees'
   end
 
   def test_column
     column = Ltree.columns_hash['path']
     assert_equal :ltree, column.type
+    assert_equal "ltree", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
   end
 
   def test_write
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..87183174f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlMoneyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlMoney < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.execute("set lc_monetary = 'C'")
+    @connection.create_table('postgresql_moneys') do |t|
+      t.column "wealth", "money"
+      t.column "depth", "money", default: "150.55"
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_moneys'
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlMoney.columns_hash["wealth"]
+    assert_equal :money, column.type
+    assert_equal "money", column.sql_type
+    assert_equal 2, column.scale
+    assert column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    assert_equal BigDecimal.new("150.55"), PostgresqlMoney.column_defaults['depth']
+    assert_equal BigDecimal.new("150.55"), PostgresqlMoney.new.depth
+  end
+
+  def test_money_values
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_moneys (id, wealth) VALUES (1, '567.89'::money)")
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_moneys (id, wealth) VALUES (2, '-567.89'::money)")
+
+    first_money = PostgresqlMoney.find(1)
+    second_money = PostgresqlMoney.find(2)
+    assert_equal 567.89, first_money.wealth
+    assert_equal(-567.89, second_money.wealth)
+  end
+
+  def test_money_type_cast
+    column = PostgresqlMoney.columns_hash['wealth']
+    assert_equal(12345678.12, column.type_cast_from_user("$12,345,678.12"))
+    assert_equal(12345678.12, column.type_cast_from_user("$12.345.678,12"))
+    assert_equal(-1.15, column.type_cast_from_user("-$1.15"))
+    assert_equal(-2.25, column.type_cast_from_user("($2.25)"))
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_moneys")
+    assert_match %r{t\.money\s+"wealth",\s+scale: 2$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.money\s+"depth",\s+scale: 2,\s+default: 150.55$}, output
+  end
+
+  def test_create_and_update_money
+    money = PostgresqlMoney.create(wealth: "987.65")
+    assert_equal 987.65, money.wealth
+
+    new_value = BigDecimal.new('123.45')
+    money.wealth = new_value
+    money.save!
+    money.reload
+    assert_equal new_value, money.wealth
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_money_string
+    money = PostgresqlMoney.create!
+    PostgresqlMoney.update_all(wealth: "987.65")
+    money.reload
+
+    assert_equal 987.65, money.wealth
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_money_big_decimal
+    money = PostgresqlMoney.create!
+    PostgresqlMoney.update_all(wealth: '123.45'.to_d)
+    money.reload
+
+    assert_equal 123.45, money.wealth
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_money_numeric
+    money = PostgresqlMoney.create!
+    PostgresqlMoney.update_all(wealth: 123.45)
+    money.reload
+
+    assert_equal 123.45, money.wealth
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f4c1103fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class PostgresqlNetworkTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class PostgresqlNetworkAddress < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  def test_cidr_column
+    column = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.columns_hash["cidr_address"]
+    assert_equal :cidr, column.type
+    assert_equal "cidr", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
+  def test_inet_column
+    column = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.columns_hash["inet_address"]
+    assert_equal :inet, column.type
+    assert_equal "inet", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
+  def test_macaddr_column
+    column = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.columns_hash["mac_address"]
+    assert_equal :macaddr, column.type
+    assert_equal "macaddr", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
+  def test_network_types
+    PostgresqlNetworkAddress.create(cidr_address: '192.168.0.0/24',
+                                    inet_address: '172.16.1.254/32',
+                                    mac_address: '01:23:45:67:89:0a')
+
+    address = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.first
+    assert_equal IPAddr.new('192.168.0.0/24'), address.cidr_address
+    assert_equal IPAddr.new('172.16.1.254'), address.inet_address
+    assert_equal '01:23:45:67:89:0a', address.mac_address
+
+    address.cidr_address = '10.1.2.3/32'
+    address.inet_address = '10.0.0.0/8'
+    address.mac_address = 'bc:de:f0:12:34:56'
+
+    address.save!
+    assert address.reload
+    assert_equal IPAddr.new('10.1.2.3/32'), address.cidr_address
+    assert_equal IPAddr.new('10.0.0.0/8'), address.inet_address
+    assert_equal 'bc:de:f0:12:34:56', address.mac_address
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_network_address
+    invalid_address = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.new(cidr_address: 'invalid addr',
+                                                   inet_address: 'invalid addr')
+    assert_nil invalid_address.cidr_address
+    assert_nil invalid_address.inet_address
+    assert_equal 'invalid addr', invalid_address.cidr_address_before_type_cast
+    assert_equal 'invalid addr', invalid_address.inet_address_before_type_cast
+    assert invalid_address.save
+
+    invalid_address.reload
+    assert_nil invalid_address.cidr_address
+    assert_nil invalid_address.inet_address
+    assert_nil invalid_address.cidr_address_before_type_cast
+    assert_nil invalid_address.inet_address_before_type_cast
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
index 019406dd84..a71c0dfb26 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class PostgreSQLAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      include DdlHelper
+      include ConnectionHelper
+
       def setup
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
       end
@@ -129,10 +134,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_default_sequence_name
-        assert_equal 'accounts_id_seq',
+        assert_equal 'public.accounts_id_seq',
           @connection.default_sequence_name('accounts', 'id')
 
-        assert_equal 'accounts_id_seq',
+        assert_equal 'public.accounts_id_seq',
           @connection.default_sequence_name('accounts')
       end
 
@@ -148,7 +153,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         with_example_table do
           pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
           assert_equal 'id', pk
-          assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq
+          assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq.to_s
         end
       end
 
@@ -156,7 +161,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         with_example_table 'code serial primary key' do
           pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
           assert_equal 'code', pk
-          assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'code'), seq
+          assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'code'), seq.to_s
         end
       end
 
@@ -176,6 +181,51 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_nil @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('unobtainium')
       end
 
+      def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_collision_pg_class_oid
+        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(id serial primary key)')
+        @connection.exec_query('create table ex2(id serial primary key)')
+
+        correct_depend_record = [
+          "'pg_class'::regclass",
+          "'ex_id_seq'::regclass",
+          '0',
+          "'pg_class'::regclass",
+          "'ex'::regclass",
+          '1',
+          "'a'"
+        ]
+
+        collision_depend_record = [
+          "'pg_attrdef'::regclass",
+          "'ex2_id_seq'::regclass",
+          '0',
+          "'pg_class'::regclass",
+          "'ex'::regclass",
+          '1',
+          "'a'"
+        ]
+
+        @connection.exec_query(
+          "DELETE FROM pg_depend WHERE objid = 'ex_id_seq'::regclass AND refobjid = 'ex'::regclass AND deptype = 'a'"
+        )
+        @connection.exec_query(
+          "INSERT INTO pg_depend VALUES(#{collision_depend_record.join(',')})"
+        )
+        @connection.exec_query(
+          "INSERT INTO pg_depend VALUES(#{correct_depend_record.join(',')})"
+        )
+
+        seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex').last
+        assert_equal PostgreSQL::Name.new("public", "ex_id_seq"), seq
+
+        @connection.exec_query(
+          "DELETE FROM pg_depend WHERE objid = 'ex2_id_seq'::regclass AND refobjid = 'ex'::regclass AND deptype = 'a'"
+        )
+      ensure
+        @connection.exec_query('DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ex')
+        @connection.exec_query('DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ex2')
+      end
+
       def test_exec_insert_number
         with_example_table do
           insert(@connection, 'number' => 10)
@@ -284,6 +334,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc", "posts.position asc"])
       end
 
+      def test_columns_for_distinct_with_case
+        assert_equal(
+          'posts.id, CASE WHEN author.is_active THEN UPPER(author.name) ELSE UPPER(author.email) END AS alias_0',
+          @connection.columns_for_distinct('posts.id',
+            ["CASE WHEN author.is_active THEN UPPER(author.name) ELSE UPPER(author.email) END"])
+        )
+      end
+
       def test_columns_for_distinct_blank_not_nil_orders
         assert_equal "posts.id, posts.created_at AS alias_0",
           @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc", "", "   "])
@@ -303,12 +361,77 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0", @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id desc nulls last"])
       end
 
+      def test_columns_for_distinct_without_order_specifiers
+        assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0",
+          @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id"])
+
+        assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0",
+          @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id nulls last"])
+
+        assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0",
+          @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id nulls first"])
+      end
+
       def test_raise_error_when_cannot_translate_exception
         assert_raise TypeError do
           @connection.send(:log, nil) { @connection.execute(nil) }
         end
       end
 
+      def test_reload_type_map_for_newly_defined_types
+        @connection.execute "CREATE TYPE feeling AS ENUM ('good', 'bad')"
+        result = @connection.select_all "SELECT 'good'::feeling"
+        assert_instance_of(PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Enum,
+                           result.column_types["feeling"])
+      ensure
+        @connection.execute "DROP TYPE IF EXISTS feeling"
+        reset_connection
+      end
+
+      def test_only_reload_type_map_once_for_every_unknown_type
+        silence_warnings do
+          assert_queries 2, ignore_none: true do
+            @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          end
+          assert_queries 1, ignore_none: true do
+            @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          end
+          assert_queries 2, ignore_none: true do
+            @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyarray"
+          end
+        end
+      ensure
+        reset_connection
+      end
+
+      def test_only_warn_on_first_encounter_of_unknown_oid
+        warning = capture(:stderr) {
+          @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+        }
+        assert_match(/\Aunknown OID \d+: failed to recognize type of 'anyelement'. It will be treated as String.\n\z/, warning)
+      ensure
+        reset_connection
+      end
+
+      def test_unparsed_defaults_are_at_least_set_when_saving
+        with_example_table "id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, number INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT (4 + 4) * 2 / 4" do
+          number_klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+            self.table_name = 'ex'
+          end
+          column = number_klass.columns_hash["number"]
+          assert_nil column.default
+          assert_nil column.default_function
+
+          first_number = number_klass.new
+          assert_nil first_number.number
+
+          first_number.save!
+          assert_equal 4, first_number.reload.number
+        end
+      end
+
       private
       def insert(ctx, data)
         binds   = data.map { |name, value|
@@ -324,12 +447,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ctx.exec_insert(sql, 'SQL', binds)
       end
 
-      def with_example_table(definition = nil)
-        definition ||= 'id serial primary key, number integer, data character varying(255)'
-        @connection.exec_query("create table ex(#{definition})")
-        yield
-      ensure
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
+      def with_example_table(definition = 'id serial primary key, number integer, data character varying(255)', &block)
+        super(@connection, 'ex', definition, &block)
       end
 
       def connection_without_insert_returning
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
index 1122f8b9a1..11d5173d37 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
@@ -10,46 +10,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_true
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'boolean')
+          c = PostgreSQLColumn.new(nil, 1, Type::Boolean.new, 'boolean')
           assert_equal 't', @conn.type_cast(true, nil)
           assert_equal 't', @conn.type_cast(true, c)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_false
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'boolean')
+          c = PostgreSQLColumn.new(nil, 1, Type::Boolean.new, 'boolean')
           assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false, nil)
           assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false, c)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_cidr
           ip = IPAddr.new('255.0.0.0/8')
-          c = Column.new(nil, ip, 'cidr')
+          c = PostgreSQLColumn.new(nil, ip, OID::Cidr.new, 'cidr')
           assert_equal ip, @conn.type_cast(ip, c)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_inet
           ip = IPAddr.new('255.1.0.0/8')
-          c = Column.new(nil, ip, 'inet')
+          c = PostgreSQLColumn.new(nil, ip, OID::Cidr.new, 'inet')
           assert_equal ip, @conn.type_cast(ip, c)
         end
 
         def test_quote_float_nan
           nan = 0.0/0
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'float')
+          c = PostgreSQLColumn.new(nil, 1, OID::Float.new, 'float')
           assert_equal "'NaN'", @conn.quote(nan, c)
         end
 
         def test_quote_float_infinity
           infinity = 1.0/0
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'float')
+          c = PostgreSQLColumn.new(nil, 1, OID::Float.new, 'float')
           assert_equal "'Infinity'", @conn.quote(infinity, c)
         end
 
         def test_quote_cast_numeric
           fixnum = 666
-          c = Column.new(nil, nil, 'varchar')
+          c = PostgreSQLColumn.new(nil, nil, Type::String.new, 'varchar')
           assert_equal "'666'", @conn.quote(fixnum, c)
-          c = Column.new(nil, nil, 'text')
+          c = PostgreSQLColumn.new(nil, nil, Type::Text.new, 'text')
           assert_equal "'666'", @conn.quote(fixnum, c)
         end
 
@@ -57,6 +57,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_equal "'1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000'", @conn.quote(Time.at(0))
           assert_equal "'1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000'", @conn.quote(Time.at(0).to_datetime)
         end
+
+        def test_quote_range
+          range = "1,2]'; SELECT * FROM users; --".."a"
+          c = PostgreSQLColumn.new(nil, nil, OID::Range.new(Type::Integer.new, :int8range))
+          assert_equal "'[1,0]'", @conn.quote(range, c)
+        end
+
+        def test_quote_bit_string
+          c = PostgreSQLColumn.new(nil, 1, OID::Bit.new)
+          assert_equal nil, @conn.quote("'); SELECT * FROM users; /*\n01\n*/--", c)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
index 5c2d8e1c1d..d812cd01c4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
 if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
   class PostgresqlRange < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -8,14 +7,20 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
   end
 
   class PostgresqlRangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    def teardown
-      @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_ranges'
-    end
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+    include ConnectionHelper
 
     def setup
-      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      @connection = PostgresqlRange.connection
       begin
         @connection.transaction do
+          @connection.execute <<_SQL
+            CREATE TYPE floatrange AS RANGE (
+                subtype = float8,
+                subtype_diff = float8mi
+            );
+_SQL
+
           @connection.create_table('postgresql_ranges') do |t|
             t.daterange :date_range
             t.numrange :num_range
@@ -24,7 +29,10 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
             t.int4range :int4_range
             t.int8range :int8_range
           end
+
+          @connection.add_column 'postgresql_ranges', 'float_range', 'floatrange'
         end
+        PostgresqlRange.reset_column_information
       rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
         skip "do not test on PG without range"
       end
@@ -35,23 +43,26 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
                    ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'']",
                    tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'']",
                    int4_range: "[1, 10]",
-                   int8_range: "[10, 100]")
+                   int8_range: "[10, 100]",
+                   float_range: "[0.5, 0.7]")
 
       insert_range(id: 102,
-                   date_range: "(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'')",
+                   date_range: "[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'')",
                    num_range: "[0.1, 0.2)",
                    ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'')",
                    tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'')",
-                   int4_range: "(1, 10)",
-                   int8_range: "(10, 100)")
+                   int4_range: "[1, 10)",
+                   int8_range: "[10, 100)",
+                   float_range: "[0.5, 0.7)")
 
       insert_range(id: 103,
-                   date_range: "(''2012-01-02'',]",
+                   date_range: "[''2012-01-02'',]",
                    num_range: "[0.1,]",
                    ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'',]",
                    tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'',]",
-                   int4_range: "(1,]",
-                   int8_range: "(10,]")
+                   int4_range: "[1,]",
+                   int8_range: "[10,]",
+                   float_range: "[0.5,]")
 
       insert_range(id: 104,
                    date_range: "[,]",
@@ -59,15 +70,17 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
                    ts_range: "[,]",
                    tstz_range: "[,]",
                    int4_range: "[,]",
-                   int8_range: "[,]")
+                   int8_range: "[,]",
+                   float_range: "[,]")
 
       insert_range(id: 105,
-                   date_range: "(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-02'')",
-                   num_range: "(0.1, 0.1)",
-                   ts_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2010-01-01 14:30'')",
-                   tstz_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2010-01-01 06:30:00-03'')",
-                   int4_range: "(1, 1)",
-                   int8_range: "(10, 10)")
+                   date_range: "[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-02'')",
+                   num_range: "[0.1, 0.1)",
+                   ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2010-01-01 14:30'')",
+                   tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2010-01-01 06:30:00-03'')",
+                   int4_range: "[1, 1)",
+                   int8_range: "[10, 10)",
+                   float_range: "[0.5, 0.5)")
 
       @new_range = PostgresqlRange.new
       @first_range = PostgresqlRange.find(101)
@@ -77,6 +90,12 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
       @empty_range = PostgresqlRange.find(105)
     end
 
+    teardown do
+      @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_ranges'
+      @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS floatrange'
+      reset_connection
+    end
+
     def test_data_type_of_range_types
       assert_equal :daterange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:date_range).type
       assert_equal :numrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:num_range).type
@@ -88,24 +107,24 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
 
     def test_int4range_values
       assert_equal 1...11, @first_range.int4_range
-      assert_equal 2...10, @second_range.int4_range
-      assert_equal 2...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int4_range
+      assert_equal 1...10, @second_range.int4_range
+      assert_equal 1...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int4_range
       assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int4_range)
       assert_nil @empty_range.int4_range
     end
 
     def test_int8range_values
       assert_equal 10...101, @first_range.int8_range
-      assert_equal 11...100, @second_range.int8_range
-      assert_equal 11...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int8_range
+      assert_equal 10...100, @second_range.int8_range
+      assert_equal 10...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int8_range
       assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int8_range)
       assert_nil @empty_range.int8_range
     end
 
     def test_daterange_values
       assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Date.new(2012, 1, 5), @first_range.date_range
-      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 3)...Date.new(2012, 1, 4), @second_range.date_range
-      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 3)...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.date_range
+      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Date.new(2012, 1, 4), @second_range.date_range
+      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.date_range
       assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.date_range)
       assert_nil @empty_range.date_range
     end
@@ -133,6 +152,14 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
       assert_nil @empty_range.tstz_range
     end
 
+    def test_custom_range_values
+      assert_equal 0.5..0.7, @first_range.float_range
+      assert_equal 0.5...0.7, @second_range.float_range
+      assert_equal 0.5...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.float_range
+      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.float_range)
+      assert_nil @empty_range.float_range
+    end
+
     def test_create_tstzrange
       tstzrange = Time.parse('2010-01-01 14:30:00 +0100')...Time.parse('2011-02-02 14:30:00 CDT')
       round_trip(@new_range, :tstz_range, tstzrange)
@@ -203,6 +230,55 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
       assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :int8_range, 39999...39999)
     end
 
+    def test_exclude_beginning_for_subtypes_with_succ_method_is_deprecated
+      tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+
+      silence_warnings {
+        assert_deprecated {
+          range = PostgresqlRange.create!(date_range: "(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'']")
+          assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 3)..Date.new(2012, 1, 4), range.date_range
+        }
+        assert_deprecated {
+          range = PostgresqlRange.create!(ts_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'']")
+          assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 1)..Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), range.ts_range
+        }
+        assert_deprecated {
+          range = PostgresqlRange.create!(tstz_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'']")
+          assert_equal Time.parse('2010-01-01 09:30:01 UTC')..Time.parse('2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC'), range.tstz_range
+        }
+        assert_deprecated {
+          range = PostgresqlRange.create!(int4_range: "(1, 10]")
+          assert_equal 2..10, range.int4_range
+        }
+        assert_deprecated {
+          range = PostgresqlRange.create!(int8_range: "(10, 100]")
+          assert_equal 11..100, range.int8_range
+        }
+      }
+    end
+
+    def test_exclude_beginning_for_subtypes_without_succ_method_is_not_supported
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(num_range: "(0.1, 0.2]") }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(float_range: "(0.5, 0.7]") }
+    end
+
+    def test_update_all_with_ranges
+      PostgresqlRange.create!
+
+      PostgresqlRange.update_all(int8_range: 1..100)
+
+      assert_equal 1...101, PostgresqlRange.first.int8_range
+    end
+
+    def test_ranges_correctly_escape_input
+      range = "-1,2]'; DROP TABLE postgresql_ranges; --".."a"
+      PostgresqlRange.update_all(int8_range: range)
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        PostgresqlRange.first
+      end
+    end
+
     private
       def assert_equal_round_trip(range, attribute, value)
         round_trip(range, attribute, value)
@@ -229,7 +305,8 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
             ts_range,
             tstz_range,
             int4_range,
-            int8_range
+            int8_range,
+            float_range
           ) VALUES (
             #{values[:id]},
             '#{values[:date_range]}',
@@ -237,7 +314,8 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
             '#{values[:ts_range]}',
             '#{values[:tstz_range]}',
             '#{values[:int4_range]}',
-            '#{values[:int8_range]}'
+            '#{values[:int8_range]}',
+            '#{values[:float_range]}'
           )
         SQL
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
index d5e1838543..99c26c4bf7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class SchemaAuthorizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     set_session_auth
     @connection.execute "RESET search_path"
     USERS.each do |u|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
index 3f7009c1d1..9e5fd17dc4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
@@ -50,6 +50,16 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     self.table_name = 'things'
   end
 
+  class Song < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "music.songs"
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :albums
+  end
+
+  class Album < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "music.albums"
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :songs
+  end
+
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @connection.execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{SCHEMA_NAME} CREATE TABLE #{TABLE_NAME} (#{COLUMNS.join(',')})"
@@ -71,7 +81,7 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.execute "CREATE TABLE #{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME} (id integer NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{UNMATCHED_SEQUENCE_NAME}'::regclass), CONSTRAINT unmatched_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id))"
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA #{SCHEMA2_NAME} CASCADE"
     @connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA #{SCHEMA_NAME} CASCADE"
   end
@@ -109,6 +119,22 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !@connection.schema_names.include?("test_schema3")
   end
 
+  def test_habtm_table_name_with_schema
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
+      DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS music CASCADE;
+      CREATE SCHEMA music;
+      CREATE TABLE music.albums (id serial primary key);
+      CREATE TABLE music.songs (id serial primary key);
+      CREATE TABLE music.albums_songs (album_id integer, song_id integer);
+    SQL
+
+    song = Song.create
+    Album.create
+    assert_equal song, Song.includes(:albums).references(:albums).first
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA music CASCADE;"
+  end
+
   def test_raise_drop_schema_with_nonexisting_schema
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
       @connection.drop_schema "test_schema3"
@@ -271,13 +297,13 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_with_uppercase_index_name
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "CREATE INDEX \"things_Index\" ON #{SCHEMA_NAME}.things (name)"
-    assert_nothing_raised { ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_index! "things", "#{SCHEMA_NAME}.things_Index"}
+    @connection.execute "CREATE INDEX \"things_Index\" ON #{SCHEMA_NAME}.things (name)"
+    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.remove_index! "things", "#{SCHEMA_NAME}.things_Index"}
+    @connection.execute "CREATE INDEX \"things_Index\" ON #{SCHEMA_NAME}.things (name)"
 
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "CREATE INDEX \"things_Index\" ON #{SCHEMA_NAME}.things (name)"
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA_NAME
-    assert_nothing_raised { ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_index! "things", "things_Index"}
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_search_path = "public"
+    with_schema_search_path SCHEMA_NAME do
+      assert_nothing_raised { @connection.remove_index! "things", "things_Index"}
+    end
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_with_schema_specified
@@ -305,14 +331,15 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_schema_specified
+    pg_name = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name
     [
       %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{PK_TABLE_NAME}"),
       %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME}")
     ].each do |given|
       pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for(given)
       assert_equal 'id', pk, "primary key should be found when table referenced as #{given}"
-      assert_equal "#{PK_TABLE_NAME}_id_seq", seq, "sequence name should be found when table referenced as #{given}" if given == %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{PK_TABLE_NAME}")
-      assert_equal "#{UNMATCHED_SEQUENCE_NAME}", seq, "sequence name should be found when table referenced as #{given}" if given ==  %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME}")
+      assert_equal pg_name.new(SCHEMA_NAME, "#{PK_TABLE_NAME}_id_seq"), seq, "sequence name should be found when table referenced as #{given}" if given == %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{PK_TABLE_NAME}")
+      assert_equal pg_name.new(SCHEMA_NAME, UNMATCHED_SEQUENCE_NAME), seq, "sequence name should be found when table referenced as #{given}" if given ==  %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME}")
     end
   end
 
@@ -328,18 +355,17 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_prepared_statements_with_multiple_schemas
+    [SCHEMA_NAME, SCHEMA2_NAME].each do |schema_name|
+      with_schema_search_path schema_name do
+        Thing5.create(:id => 1, :name => "thing inside #{SCHEMA_NAME}", :email => "thing1@localhost", :moment => Time.now)
+      end
+    end
 
-    @connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA_NAME
-    Thing5.create(:id => 1, :name => "thing inside #{SCHEMA_NAME}", :email => "thing1@localhost", :moment => Time.now)
-
-    @connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA2_NAME
-    Thing5.create(:id => 1, :name => "thing inside #{SCHEMA2_NAME}", :email => "thing1@localhost", :moment => Time.now)
-
-    @connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA_NAME
-    assert_equal 1, Thing5.count
-
-    @connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA2_NAME
-    assert_equal 1, Thing5.count
+    [SCHEMA_NAME, SCHEMA2_NAME].each do |schema_name|
+      with_schema_search_path schema_name do
+        assert_equal 1, Thing5.count
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def test_schema_exists?
@@ -353,6 +379,14 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_reset_pk_sequence
+    sequence_name = "#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{UNMATCHED_SEQUENCE_NAME}"
+    @connection.execute "SELECT setval('#{sequence_name}', 123)"
+    assert_equal "124", @connection.select_value("SELECT nextval('#{sequence_name}')")
+    @connection.reset_pk_sequence!("#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME}")
+    assert_equal "1", @connection.select_value("SELECT nextval('#{sequence_name}')")
+  end
+
   private
     def columns(table_name)
       @connection.send(:column_definitions, table_name).map do |name, type, default|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
index 4d29a20e66..eb32c4d2c2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,47 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/developer'
 require 'models/topic'
 
+class PostgresqlTimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class PostgresqlTimestampWithZone < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_timestamp_with_zones (id, time) VALUES (1, '2010-01-01 10:00:00-1')")
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.delete_all
+  end
+
+  def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_with_rails_time_zone_support
+    with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true do
+      @connection.reconnect!
+
+      timestamp = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), timestamp.time
+      assert_instance_of Time, timestamp.time
+    end
+  ensure
+    @connection.reconnect!
+  end
+
+  def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_without_rails_time_zone_support
+    with_timezone_config default: :local, aware_attributes: false do
+      @connection.reconnect!
+      # make sure to use a non-UTC time zone
+      @connection.execute("SET time zone 'America/Jamaica'", 'SCHEMA')
+
+      timestamp = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), timestamp.time
+      assert_instance_of Time, timestamp.time
+    end
+  ensure
+    @connection.reconnect!
+  end
+end
+
 class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics
 
@@ -46,7 +87,7 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_timestamps_helper_with_custom_precision
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
-      t.timestamps :precision => 4
+      t.timestamps :null => true, :precision => 4
     end
     assert_equal 4, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'precision')
     assert_equal 4, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'updated_at', 'precision')
@@ -54,7 +95,7 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_passing_precision_to_timestamp_does_not_set_limit
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
-      t.timestamps :precision => 4
+      t.timestamps :null => true, :precision => 4
     end
     assert_nil activerecord_column_option("foos", "created_at", "limit")
     assert_nil activerecord_column_option("foos", "updated_at", "limit")
@@ -63,14 +104,14 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_invalid_timestamp_precision_raises_error
     assert_raises ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
-        t.timestamps :precision => 7
+        t.timestamps :null => true, :precision => 7
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_postgres_agrees_with_activerecord_about_precision
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
-      t.timestamps :precision => 4
+      t.timestamps :null => true, :precision => 4
     end
     assert_equal '4', pg_datetime_precision('foos', 'created_at')
     assert_equal '4', pg_datetime_precision('foos', 'updated_at')
@@ -82,20 +123,32 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal date, Developer.find_by_name("aaron").updated_at
   end
 
+  def test_bc_timestamp_leap_year
+    date = Time.utc(-4, 2, 29)
+    Developer.create!(:name => "taihou", :updated_at => date)
+    assert_equal date, Developer.find_by_name("taihou").updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_bc_timestamp_year_zero
+    date = Time.utc(0, 4, 7)
+    Developer.create!(:name => "yahagi", :updated_at => date)
+    assert_equal date, Developer.find_by_name("yahagi").updated_at
+  end
+
   private
 
-    def pg_datetime_precision(table_name, column_name)
-      results = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT column_name, datetime_precision FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name ='#{table_name}'")
-      result = results.find do |result_hash|
-        result_hash["column_name"] == column_name
-      end
-      result && result["datetime_precision"]
+  def pg_datetime_precision(table_name, column_name)
+    results = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT column_name, datetime_precision FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name ='#{table_name}'")
+    result = results.find do |result_hash|
+      result_hash["column_name"] == column_name
     end
+    result && result["datetime_precision"]
+  end
 
-    def activerecord_column_option(tablename, column_name, option)
-      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.columns(tablename).find do |column|
-        column.name == column_name
-      end
-      result && result.send(option)
+  def activerecord_column_option(tablename, column_name, option)
+    result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.columns(tablename).find do |column|
+      column.name == column_name
     end
+    result && result.send(option)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..23817198b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+class PostgresqlTypeLookupTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  test "array delimiters are looked up correctly" do
+    box_array = @connection.type_map.lookup(1020)
+    int_array = @connection.type_map.lookup(1007)
+
+    assert_equal ';', box_array.delimiter
+    assert_equal ',', int_array.delimiter
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
index 9e7b08ef34..3fdb6888d9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 class PostgreSQLUtilsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter::Utils
+  Name = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name
+  include ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Utils
 
-  def test_extract_schema_and_table
+  def test_extract_schema_qualified_name
     {
       %(table_name)            => [nil,'table_name'],
       %("table.name")          => [nil,'table.name'],
@@ -14,7 +15,47 @@ class PostgreSQLUtilsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       %("even spaces".table)   => ['even spaces','table'],
       %(schema."table.name")   => ['schema', 'table.name']
     }.each do |given, expect|
-      assert_equal expect, extract_schema_and_table(given)
+      assert_equal Name.new(*expect), extract_schema_qualified_name(given)
     end
   end
 end
+
+class PostgreSQLNameTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  Name = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name
+
+  test "represents itself as schema.name" do
+    obj = Name.new("public", "articles")
+    assert_equal "public.articles", obj.to_s
+  end
+
+  test "without schema, represents itself as name only" do
+    obj = Name.new(nil, "articles")
+    assert_equal "articles", obj.to_s
+  end
+
+  test "quoted returns a string representation usable in a query" do
+    assert_equal %("articles"), Name.new(nil, "articles").quoted
+    assert_equal %("public"."articles"), Name.new("public", "articles").quoted
+  end
+
+  test "prevents double quoting" do
+    name = Name.new('"quoted_schema"', '"quoted_table"')
+    assert_equal "quoted_schema.quoted_table", name.to_s
+    assert_equal %("quoted_schema"."quoted_table"), name.quoted
+  end
+
+  test "equality based on state" do
+    assert_equal Name.new("access", "users"), Name.new("access", "users")
+    assert_equal Name.new(nil, "users"), Name.new(nil, "users")
+    assert_not_equal Name.new(nil, "users"), Name.new("access", "users")
+    assert_not_equal Name.new("access", "users"), Name.new("public", "users")
+    assert_not_equal Name.new("public", "users"), Name.new("public", "articles")
+  end
+
+  test "can be used as hash key" do
+    hash = {Name.new("schema", "article_seq") => "success"}
+    assert_equal "success", hash[Name.new("schema", "article_seq")]
+    assert_equal nil, hash[Name.new("schema", "articles")]
+    assert_equal nil, hash[Name.new("public", "article_seq")]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
index 3f5d981444..ae5b409f99 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
@@ -4,31 +4,147 @@ require "cases/helper"
 require 'active_record/base'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
 
+module PostgresqlUUIDHelper
+  def connection
+    @connection ||= ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  def drop_table(name)
+    connection.execute "drop table if exists #{name}"
+  end
+end
+
 class PostgresqlUUIDTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlUUIDHelper
+
+  class UUIDType < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "uuid_data_type"
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    connection.create_table "uuid_data_type" do |t|
+      t.uuid 'guid'
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    drop_table "uuid_data_type"
+  end
+
+  def test_change_column_default
+    @connection.add_column :uuid_data_type, :thingy, :uuid, null: false, default: "uuid_generate_v1()"
+    UUIDType.reset_column_information
+    column = UUIDType.columns_hash['thingy']
+    assert_equal "uuid_generate_v1()", column.default_function
+
+    @connection.change_column :uuid_data_type, :thingy, :uuid, null: false, default: "uuid_generate_v4()"
+
+    UUIDType.reset_column_information
+    column = UUIDType.columns_hash['thingy']
+    assert_equal "uuid_generate_v4()", column.default_function
+  ensure
+    UUIDType.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  def test_data_type_of_uuid_types
+    column = UUIDType.columns_hash["guid"]
+    assert_equal :uuid, column.type
+    assert_equal "uuid", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.number?
+    assert_not column.binary?
+    assert_not column.array
+  end
+
+  def test_treat_blank_uuid_as_nil
+    UUIDType.create! guid: ''
+    assert_equal(nil, UUIDType.last.guid)
+  end
+
+  def test_treat_invalid_uuid_as_nil
+    uuid = UUIDType.create! guid: 'foobar'
+    assert_equal(nil, uuid.guid)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_uuid_dont_modify_before_type_cast
+    uuid = UUIDType.new guid: 'foobar'
+    assert_equal 'foobar', uuid.guid_before_type_cast
+  end
+
+  def test_rfc_4122_regex
+    # Valid uuids
+    ['A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11',
+     '{a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11}',
+     'a0eebc999c0b4ef8bb6d6bb9bd380a11',
+     'a0ee-bc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9-bd38-0a11',
+     '{a0eebc99-9c0b4ef8-bb6d6bb9-bd380a11}'].each do |valid_uuid|
+      uuid = UUIDType.new guid: valid_uuid
+      assert_not_nil uuid.guid
+    end
+
+    # Invalid uuids
+    [['A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11'],
+     Hash.new,
+     0,
+     0.0,
+     true,
+     'Z0000C99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11',
+     '{a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-fb6d-6bb9bd380a11}',
+     'a0eebc999r0b4ef8ab6d6bb9bd380a11',
+     'a0ee-bc99------4ef8-bb6d-6bb9-bd38-0a11',
+     '{a0eebc99-bb6d6bb9-bd380a11}'].each do |invalid_uuid|
+      uuid = UUIDType.new guid: invalid_uuid
+      assert_nil uuid.guid
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_uuid_formats
+    ["A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11",
+     "{a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11}",
+     "a0eebc999c0b4ef8bb6d6bb9bd380a11",
+     "a0ee-bc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9-bd38-0a11",
+     "{a0eebc99-9c0b4ef8-bb6d6bb9-bd380a11}"].each do |valid_uuid|
+      UUIDType.create(guid: valid_uuid)
+      uuid = UUIDType.last
+      assert_equal "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11", uuid.guid
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlUUIDGenerationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlUUIDHelper
+
   class UUID < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'pg_uuids'
   end
 
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  setup do
+    enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
 
-    unless @connection.extension_enabled?('uuid-ossp')
-      @connection.enable_extension 'uuid-ossp'
-      @connection.commit_db_transaction
+    connection.create_table('pg_uuids', id: :uuid, default: 'uuid_generate_v1()') do |t|
+      t.string 'name'
+      t.uuid 'other_uuid', default: 'uuid_generate_v4()'
     end
 
-    @connection.reconnect!
+    # Create custom PostgreSQL function to generate UUIDs
+    # to test dumping tables which columns have defaults with custom functions
+    connection.execute <<-SQL
+    CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_uuid_generator() RETURNS uuid
+    AS $$ SELECT * FROM uuid_generate_v4() $$
+    LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
+    SQL
 
-    @connection.transaction do
-      @connection.create_table('pg_uuids', id: :uuid, default: 'uuid_generate_v1()') do |t|
-        t.string 'name'
-        t.uuid 'other_uuid', default: 'uuid_generate_v4()'
-      end
+    # Create such a table with custom function as default value generator
+    connection.create_table('pg_uuids_2', id: :uuid, default: 'my_uuid_generator()') do |t|
+      t.string 'name'
+      t.uuid 'other_uuid_2', default: 'my_uuid_generator()'
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'drop table if exists pg_uuids'
+  teardown do
+    drop_table "pg_uuids"
+    drop_table 'pg_uuids_2'
+    connection.execute 'DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS my_uuid_generator();'
+    disable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
   end
 
   if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
@@ -49,49 +165,47 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     def test_pk_and_sequence_for_uuid_primary_key
-      pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('pg_uuids')
+      pk, seq = connection.pk_and_sequence_for('pg_uuids')
       assert_equal 'id', pk
       assert_equal nil, seq
     end
 
     def test_schema_dumper_for_uuid_primary_key
       schema = StringIO.new
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(@connection, schema)
+      ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(connection, schema)
       assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids", id: :uuid, default: "uuid_generate_v1\(\)"/, schema.string)
       assert_match(/t\.uuid   "other_uuid", default: "uuid_generate_v4\(\)"/, schema.string)
     end
+
+    def test_schema_dumper_for_uuid_primary_key_with_custom_default
+      schema = StringIO.new
+      ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(connection, schema)
+      assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids_2", id: :uuid, default: "my_uuid_generator\(\)"/, schema.string)
+      assert_match(/t\.uuid   "other_uuid_2", default: "my_uuid_generator\(\)"/, schema.string)
+    end
   end
 end
 
 class PostgresqlUUIDTestNilDefault < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  class UUID < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'pg_uuids'
-  end
+  include PostgresqlUUIDHelper
 
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    @connection.reconnect!
+  setup do
+    enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
 
-    unless @connection.extension_enabled?('uuid-ossp')
-      @connection.enable_extension 'uuid-ossp'
-      @connection.commit_db_transaction
-    end
-
-    @connection.transaction do
-      @connection.create_table('pg_uuids', id: false) do |t|
-        t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
-        t.string 'name'
-      end
+    connection.create_table('pg_uuids', id: false) do |t|
+      t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
+      t.string 'name'
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'drop table if exists pg_uuids'
+  teardown do
+    drop_table "pg_uuids"
+    disable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
   end
 
   if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
     def test_id_allows_default_override_via_nil
-      col_desc = @connection.execute("SELECT pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid) as default
+      col_desc = connection.execute("SELECT pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid) as default
                                     FROM pg_attribute a
                                     LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
                                     WHERE a.attname='id' AND a.attrelid = 'pg_uuids'::regclass").first
@@ -101,6 +215,8 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTestNilDefault < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class PostgresqlUUIDTestInverseOf < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlUUIDHelper
+
   class UuidPost < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'pg_uuid_posts'
     has_many :uuid_comments, inverse_of: :uuid_post
@@ -111,31 +227,24 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTestInverseOf < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     belongs_to :uuid_post
   end
 
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    @connection.reconnect!
+  setup do
+    enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
 
-    unless @connection.extension_enabled?('uuid-ossp')
-      @connection.enable_extension 'uuid-ossp'
-      @connection.commit_db_transaction
-    end
-
-    @connection.transaction do
-      @connection.create_table('pg_uuid_posts', id: :uuid) do |t|
+    connection.transaction do
+      connection.create_table('pg_uuid_posts', id: :uuid) do |t|
         t.string 'title'
       end
-      @connection.create_table('pg_uuid_comments', id: :uuid) do |t|
-        t.uuid :uuid_post_id, default: 'uuid_generate_v4()'
+      connection.create_table('pg_uuid_comments', id: :uuid) do |t|
+        t.references :uuid_post, type: :uuid
         t.string 'content'
       end
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.transaction do
-      @connection.execute 'drop table if exists pg_uuid_comments'
-      @connection.execute 'drop table if exists pg_uuid_posts'
-    end
+  teardown do
+      drop_table "pg_uuid_comments"
+      drop_table "pg_uuid_posts"
+      disable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
   end
 
   if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
@@ -144,5 +253,19 @@ class PostgresqlUUIDTestInverseOf < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       comment = post.uuid_comments.create!
       assert post.uuid_comments.find(comment.id)
     end
+
+    def test_find_with_uuid
+      UuidPost.create!
+      assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+        UuidPost.find(123456)
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    def test_find_by_with_uuid
+      UuidPost.create!
+      assert_nil UuidPost.find_by(id: 789)
+    end
   end
+
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/view_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/view_test.rb
index 66e07b71a0..47b7d38eda 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/view_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/view_test.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
-class ViewTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+module ViewTestConcern
+  extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+  included do
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+    mattr_accessor :view_type
+  end
 
   SCHEMA_NAME = 'test_schema'
   TABLE_NAME = 'things'
-  VIEW_NAME = 'view_things'
   COLUMNS = [
     'id integer',
     'name character varying(50)',
@@ -14,17 +18,19 @@ class ViewTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ]
 
   class ThingView < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'test_schema.view_things'
   end
 
   def setup
+    super
+    ThingView.table_name = "#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{view_type}_things"
+
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @connection.execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{SCHEMA_NAME} CREATE TABLE #{TABLE_NAME} (#{COLUMNS.join(',')})"
-    @connection.execute "CREATE TABLE #{SCHEMA_NAME}.\"#{TABLE_NAME}.table\" (#{COLUMNS.join(',')})"
-    @connection.execute "CREATE VIEW #{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{VIEW_NAME} AS SELECT id,name,email,moment FROM #{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{TABLE_NAME}"
+    @connection.execute "CREATE #{view_type.humanize} #{ThingView.table_name} AS SELECT * FROM #{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{TABLE_NAME}"
   end
 
   def teardown
+    super
     @connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA #{SCHEMA_NAME} CASCADE"
   end
 
@@ -35,7 +41,7 @@ class ViewTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_column_definitions
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      assert_equal COLUMNS, columns("#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{VIEW_NAME}")
+      assert_equal COLUMNS, columns(ThingView.table_name)
     end
   end
 
@@ -47,3 +53,15 @@ class ViewTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
 end
+
+class ViewTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ViewTestConcern
+  self.view_type = 'view'
+end
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_materialized_views?
+  class MaterializedViewTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include ViewTestConcern
+    self.view_type = 'materialized_view'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
index dd2a727afe..4165dd5ac9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
-
 require 'cases/helper'
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
 
 class PostgresqlXMLTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class XmlDataType < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -14,16 +11,16 @@ class PostgresqlXMLTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     begin
       @connection.transaction do
         @connection.create_table('xml_data_type') do |t|
-          t.xml 'payload', default: {}
+          t.xml 'payload'
         end
       end
     rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
       skip "do not test on PG without xml"
     end
-    @column = XmlDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'payload' }
+    @column = XmlDataType.columns_hash['payload']
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @connection.execute 'drop table if exists xml_data_type'
   end
 
@@ -35,4 +32,17 @@ class PostgresqlXMLTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.execute %q|insert into xml_data_type (payload) VALUES(null)|
     assert_nil XmlDataType.first.payload
   end
+
+  def test_round_trip
+    data = XmlDataType.new(payload: "<foo>bar</foo>")
+    assert_equal "<foo>bar</foo>", data.payload
+    data.save!
+    assert_equal "<foo>bar</foo>", data.reload.payload
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all
+    data = XmlDataType.create!
+    XmlDataType.update_all(payload: "<bar>baz</bar>")
+    assert_equal "<bar>baz</bar>", data.reload.payload
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
index e78cb88562..13b754d226 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class CopyTableTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :customers, :companies, :comments, :binaries
+  fixtures :customers
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ class CopyTableTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal original_id.type, copied_id.type
       assert_equal original_id.sql_type, copied_id.sql_type
       assert_equal original_id.limit, copied_id.limit
-      assert_equal original_id.primary, copied_id.primary
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
index b227bce680..f1d6119d2e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def test_explain_for_one_query
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers"  WHERE "developers"."id" = 1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."id" = ?), explain
           assert_match(/(SEARCH )?TABLE developers USING (INTEGER )?PRIMARY KEY/, explain)
         end
 
         def test_explain_with_eager_loading
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).includes(:audit_logs).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers"  WHERE "developers"."id" = 1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."id" = ?), explain
           assert_match(/(SEARCH )?TABLE developers USING (INTEGER )?PRIMARY KEY/, explain)
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "audit_logs".* FROM "audit_logs"  WHERE "audit_logs"."developer_id" IN (1)), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "audit_logs".* FROM "audit_logs" WHERE "audit_logs"."developer_id" IN (1)), explain
           assert_match(/(SCAN )?TABLE audit_logs/, explain)
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
index ba89487838..ac8332e2fa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def test_type_cast_binary_encoding_without_logger
           @conn.extend(Module.new { def logger; end })
-          column = Struct.new(:type, :name).new(:string, "foo")
+          column = Column.new(nil, nil, Type::String.new)
           binary = SecureRandom.hex
           expected = binary.dup.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
           assert_equal expected, @conn.type_cast(binary, column)
@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_true
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'int')
+          c = Column.new(nil, 1, Type::Integer.new)
           assert_equal 't', @conn.type_cast(true, nil)
           assert_equal 1, @conn.type_cast(true, c)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_false
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'int')
+          c = Column.new(nil, 1, Type::Integer.new)
           assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false, nil)
           assert_equal 0, @conn.type_cast(false, c)
         end
@@ -61,16 +61,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def test_type_cast_string
           assert_equal '10', @conn.type_cast('10', nil)
 
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'int')
+          c = Column.new(nil, 1, Type::Integer.new)
           assert_equal 10, @conn.type_cast('10', c)
 
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'float')
+          c = Column.new(nil, 1, Type::Float.new)
           assert_equal 10.1, @conn.type_cast('10.1', c)
 
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'binary')
+          c = Column.new(nil, 1, Type::Binary.new)
           assert_equal '10.1', @conn.type_cast('10.1', c)
 
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'date')
+          c = Column.new(nil, 1, Type::Date.new)
           assert_equal '10.1', @conn.type_cast('10.1', c)
         end
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_raise(TypeError) { @conn.type_cast(obj, nil) }
         end
 
-        def test_quoted_id
+        def test_type_cast_object_which_responds_to_quoted_id
           quoted_id_obj = Class.new {
             def quoted_id
               "'zomg'"
@@ -100,9 +100,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
             def quoted_id
               "'zomg'"
             end
-          }
+          }.new
           assert_raise(TypeError) { @conn.type_cast(quoted_id_obj, nil) }
         end
+
+        def test_quoting_binary_strings
+          value = "hello".encode('ascii-8bit')
+          column = Column.new(nil, 1, SQLite3String.new)
+
+          assert_equal "'hello'", @conn.quote(value, column)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
index fc5c1ef859..8c1c22d3bf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
@@ -2,28 +2,22 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/owner'
 require 'tempfile'
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class SQLite3AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      include DdlHelper
+
       self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
       class DualEncoding < ActiveRecord::Base
       end
 
       def setup
-        @conn = Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
-                                       :adapter => 'sqlite3',
-                                       :timeout => 100
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE items (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer
-          )
-        eosql
-
-        @subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
+        @conn = Base.sqlite3_connection database: ':memory:',
+                                        adapter: 'sqlite3',
+                                        timeout: 100
       end
 
       def test_bad_connection
@@ -33,12 +27,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def test_connect_with_url
-        skip "can't establish new connection when using memory db" if in_memory_db?
-        begin
+      unless in_memory_db?
+        def test_connect_with_url
           original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
           tf = Tempfile.open 'whatever'
-          url = "sqlite3://#{tf.path}"
+          url = "sqlite3:#{tf.path}"
           ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(url)
           assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         ensure
@@ -46,13 +39,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           tf.unlink
           ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
         end
-      end
 
-      def test_connect_memory_with_url
-        skip "can't establish new connection when using memory db" if in_memory_db?
-        begin
+        def test_connect_memory_with_url
           original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-          url = "sqlite3:///:memory:"
+          url = "sqlite3::memory:"
           ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(url)
           assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         ensure
@@ -61,25 +51,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_valid_column
-        column = @conn.columns('items').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
-        assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
+        with_example_table do
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+          assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
+        end
       end
 
-      # sqlite databases should be able to support any type and not
-      # just the ones mentioned in the native_database_types.
-      # Therefore test_invalid column should always return true
-      # even if the type is not valid.
+      # sqlite3 databases should be able to support any type and not just the
+      # ones mentioned in the native_database_types.
+      #
+      # Therefore test_invalid column should always return true even if the
+      # type is not valid.
       def test_invalid_column
         assert @conn.valid_type?(:foobar)
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscriber)
-        super
-      end
-
       def test_column_types
-        owner = Owner.create!(:name => "hello".encode('ascii-8bit'))
+        owner = Owner.create!(name: "hello".encode('ascii-8bit'))
         owner.reload
         select = Owner.columns.map { |c| "typeof(#{c.name})" }.join ', '
         result = Owner.connection.exec_query <<-esql
@@ -89,23 +77,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         esql
 
         assert(!result.rows.first.include?("blob"), "should not store blobs")
+      ensure
+        owner.delete
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert
-        column = @conn.columns('items').find { |col| col.name == 'number' }
-        vals   = [[column, 10]]
-        @conn.exec_insert('insert into items (number) VALUES (?)', 'SQL', vals)
+        with_example_table do
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'number' }
+          vals   = [[column, 10]]
+          @conn.exec_insert('insert into ex (number) VALUES (?)', 'SQL', vals)
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query(
-          'select number from items where number = ?', 'SQL', vals)
+          result = @conn.exec_query(
+            'select number from ex where number = ?', 'SQL', vals)
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 10, result.rows.first.first
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 10, result.rows.first.first
+        end
       end
 
       def test_primary_key_returns_nil_for_no_pk
-        @conn.exec_query('create table ex(id int, data string)')
-        assert_nil @conn.primary_key('ex')
+        with_example_table 'id int, data string' do
+          assert_nil @conn.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_connection_no_db
@@ -116,17 +109,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_bad_timeout
         assert_raises(TypeError) do
-          Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
-                                  :adapter => 'sqlite3',
-                                  :timeout => 'usa'
+          Base.sqlite3_connection database: ':memory:',
+                                  adapter: 'sqlite3',
+                                  timeout: 'usa'
         end
       end
 
       # connection is OK with a nil timeout
       def test_nil_timeout
-        conn = Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
-                                       :adapter => 'sqlite3',
-                                       :timeout => nil
+        conn = Base.sqlite3_connection database: ':memory:',
+                                       adapter: 'sqlite3',
+                                       timeout: nil
         assert conn, 'made a connection'
       end
 
@@ -145,77 +138,83 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_exec_no_binds
-        @conn.exec_query('create table ex(id int, data string)')
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-        assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
-        assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
-
-        @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
-
-        assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+        with_example_table 'id int, data string' do
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+          assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
+
+          @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+          assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_query_with_binds
-        @conn.exec_query('create table ex(id int, data string)')
-        @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-        result = @conn.exec_query(
-          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[nil, 1]])
+        with_example_table 'id int, data string' do
+          @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+          result = @conn.exec_query(
+            'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[nil, 1]])
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-        assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+          assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_query_typecasts_bind_vals
-        @conn.exec_query('create table ex(id int, data string)')
-        @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-        column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+        with_example_table 'id int, data string' do
+          @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query(
-          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
+          result = @conn.exec_query(
+            'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-        assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+          assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_quote_binary_column_escapes_it
         DualEncoding.connection.execute(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE dual_encodings (
+          CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS dual_encodings (
             id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
             name varchar(255),
             data binary
           )
         eosql
         str = "\x80".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
-        binary = DualEncoding.new :name => 'いただきます！', :data => str
+        binary = DualEncoding.new name: 'いただきます！', data: str
         binary.save!
         assert_equal str, binary.data
-
       ensure
-        DualEncoding.connection.drop_table('dual_encodings')
+        DualEncoding.connection.execute('DROP TABLE IF EXISTS dual_encodings')
       end
 
       def test_type_cast_should_not_mutate_encoding
         name  = 'hello'.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
         Owner.create(name: name)
         assert_equal Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, name.encoding
+      ensure
+        Owner.delete_all
       end
 
       def test_execute
-        @conn.execute "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-        records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM items"
-        assert_equal 1, records.length
-
-        record = records.first
-        assert_equal 10, record['number']
-        assert_equal 1, record['id']
+        with_example_table do
+          @conn.execute "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (10)"
+          records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM ex"
+          assert_equal 1, records.length
+
+          record = records.first
+          assert_equal 10, record['number']
+          assert_equal 1, record['id']
+        end
       end
 
       def test_quote_string
@@ -223,138 +222,141 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql
-        2.times do |i|
-          rv = @conn.insert_sql "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (#{i})"
-          assert_equal(i + 1, rv)
+        with_example_table do
+          2.times do |i|
+            rv = @conn.insert_sql "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (#{i})"
+            assert_equal(i + 1, rv)
+          end
+
+          records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM ex"
+          assert_equal 2, records.length
         end
-
-        records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM items"
-        assert_equal 2, records.length
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql_logged
-        sql = "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-        name = "foo"
-
-        assert_logged([[sql, name, []]]) do
-          @conn.insert_sql sql, name
+        with_example_table do
+          sql = "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (10)"
+          name = "foo"
+          assert_logged [[sql, name, []]] do
+            @conn.insert_sql sql, name
+          end
         end
       end
 
       def test_insert_id_value_returned
-        sql = "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-        idval = 'vuvuzela'
-        id = @conn.insert_sql sql, nil, nil, idval
-        assert_equal idval, id
+        with_example_table do
+          sql = "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (10)"
+          idval = 'vuvuzela'
+          id = @conn.insert_sql sql, nil, nil, idval
+          assert_equal idval, id
+        end
       end
 
       def test_select_rows
-        2.times do |i|
-          @conn.create "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (#{i})"
+        with_example_table do
+          2.times do |i|
+            @conn.create "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (#{i})"
+          end
+          rows = @conn.select_rows 'select number, id from ex'
+          assert_equal [[0, 1], [1, 2]], rows
         end
-        rows = @conn.select_rows 'select number, id from items'
-        assert_equal [[0, 1], [1, 2]], rows
       end
 
       def test_select_rows_logged
-        sql = "select * from items"
-        name = "foo"
-
-        assert_logged([[sql, name, []]]) do
-          @conn.select_rows sql, name
+        with_example_table do
+          sql = "select * from ex"
+          name = "foo"
+          assert_logged [[sql, name, []]] do
+            @conn.select_rows sql, name
+          end
         end
       end
 
       def test_transaction
-        count_sql = 'select count(*) from items'
+        with_example_table do
+          count_sql = 'select count(*) from ex'
 
-        @conn.begin_db_transaction
-        @conn.create "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-
-        assert_equal 1, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
-        @conn.rollback_db_transaction
-        assert_equal 0, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
-      end
+          @conn.begin_db_transaction
+          @conn.create "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (10)"
 
-      def test_views
-        assert_equal %w{ items }, @conn.tables
-
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE VIEW items_view AS
-            select id from items;
-        eosql
-        assert @conn.table_exists?('items_view')
+          assert_equal 1, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
+          @conn.rollback_db_transaction
+          assert_equal 0, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
+        end
       end
 
       def test_tables
-        assert_equal %w{ items }, @conn.tables
-
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE people (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer
-          )
-        eosql
-        assert_equal %w{ items people }.sort, @conn.tables.sort
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_equal %w{ ex }, @conn.tables
+          with_example_table 'id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, number integer', 'people' do
+            assert_equal %w{ ex people }.sort, @conn.tables.sort
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def test_tables_logs_name
-        assert_logged [['SCHEMA', []]] do
+        sql = <<-SQL
+          SELECT name FROM sqlite_master
+          WHERE (type = 'table' OR type = 'view') AND NOT name = 'sqlite_sequence'
+        SQL
+        assert_logged [[sql.squish, 'SCHEMA', []]] do
           @conn.tables('hello')
-          assert_not_nil @subscriber.logged.first.shift
         end
       end
 
       def test_indexes_logs_name
-        assert_logged [["PRAGMA index_list(\"items\")", 'SCHEMA', []]] do
-          @conn.indexes('items', 'hello')
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_logged [["PRAGMA index_list(\"ex\")", 'SCHEMA', []]] do
+            @conn.indexes('ex', 'hello')
+          end
         end
       end
 
       def test_table_exists_logs_name
-        assert @conn.table_exists?('items')
-        assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
+        with_example_table do
+          sql = <<-SQL
+            SELECT name FROM sqlite_master
+            WHERE (type = 'table' OR type = 'view')
+            AND NOT name = 'sqlite_sequence' AND name = \"ex\"
+          SQL
+          assert_logged [[sql.squish, 'SCHEMA', []]] do
+            assert @conn.table_exists?('ex')
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def test_columns
-        columns = @conn.columns('items').sort_by { |x| x.name }
-        assert_equal 2, columns.length
-        assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, columns.map { |x| x.name }
-        assert_equal [nil, nil], columns.map { |x| x.default }
-        assert_equal [true, true], columns.map { |x| x.null }
+        with_example_table do
+          columns = @conn.columns('ex').sort_by { |x| x.name }
+          assert_equal 2, columns.length
+          assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, columns.map { |x| x.name }
+          assert_equal [nil, nil], columns.map { |x| x.default }
+          assert_equal [true, true], columns.map { |x| x.null }
+        end
       end
 
       def test_columns_with_default
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE columns_with_default (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer default 10
-          )
-        eosql
-        column = @conn.columns('columns_with_default').find { |x|
-          x.name == 'number'
-        }
-        assert_equal 10, column.default
+        with_example_table 'id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, number integer default 10' do
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |x|
+            x.name == 'number'
+          }
+          assert_equal '10', column.default
+        end
       end
 
       def test_columns_with_not_null
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE columns_with_default (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer not null
-          )
-        eosql
-        column = @conn.columns('columns_with_default').find { |x|
-          x.name == 'number'
-        }
-        assert !column.null, "column should not be null"
+        with_example_table 'id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, number integer not null' do
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |x| x.name == 'number' }
+          assert_not column.null, "column should not be null"
+        end
       end
 
       def test_indexes_logs
-        assert_difference('@subscriber.logged.length') do
-          @conn.indexes('items')
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_logged [["PRAGMA index_list(\"ex\")", "SCHEMA", []]] do
+            @conn.indexes('ex')
+          end
         end
-        assert_match(/items/, @subscriber.logged.last.first)
       end
 
       def test_no_indexes
@@ -362,41 +364,45 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_index
-        @conn.add_index 'items', 'id', :unique => true, :name => 'fun'
-        index = @conn.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
+        with_example_table do
+          @conn.add_index 'ex', 'id', unique: true, name: 'fun'
+          index = @conn.indexes('ex').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
 
-        assert_equal 'items', index.table
-        assert index.unique, 'index is unique'
-        assert_equal ['id'], index.columns
+          assert_equal 'ex', index.table
+          assert index.unique, 'index is unique'
+          assert_equal ['id'], index.columns
+        end
       end
 
       def test_non_unique_index
-        @conn.add_index 'items', 'id', :name => 'fun'
-        index = @conn.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
-        assert !index.unique, 'index is not unique'
+        with_example_table do
+          @conn.add_index 'ex', 'id', name: 'fun'
+          index = @conn.indexes('ex').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
+          assert_not index.unique, 'index is not unique'
+        end
       end
 
       def test_compound_index
-        @conn.add_index 'items', %w{ id number }, :name => 'fun'
-        index = @conn.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
-        assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, index.columns.sort
+        with_example_table do
+          @conn.add_index 'ex', %w{ id number }, name: 'fun'
+          index = @conn.indexes('ex').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
+          assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, index.columns.sort
+        end
       end
 
       def test_primary_key
-        assert_equal 'id', @conn.primary_key('items')
-
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE foos (
-            internet integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer not null
-          )
-        eosql
-        assert_equal 'internet', @conn.primary_key('foos')
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_equal 'id', @conn.primary_key('ex')
+          with_example_table 'internet integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, number integer not null', 'foos' do
+            assert_equal 'internet', @conn.primary_key('foos')
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def test_no_primary_key
-        @conn.execute 'CREATE TABLE failboat (number integer not null)'
-        assert_nil @conn.primary_key('failboat')
+        with_example_table 'number integer not null' do
+          assert_nil @conn.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_supports_extensions
@@ -411,13 +417,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert @conn.respond_to?(:disable_extension)
       end
 
+      def test_statement_closed
+        db = SQLite3::Database.new(ActiveRecord::Base.
+                                   configurations['arunit']['database'])
+        statement = SQLite3::Statement.new(db,
+                                           'CREATE TABLE statement_test (number integer not null)')
+        statement.stubs(:step).raises(SQLite3::BusyException, 'busy')
+        statement.stubs(:columns).once.returns([])
+        statement.expects(:close).once
+        SQLite3::Statement.stubs(:new).returns(statement)
+
+        assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+          @conn.exec_query 'select * from statement_test'
+        end
+      end
+
       private
 
       def assert_logged logs
+        subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
+        subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', subscriber)
         yield
-        assert_equal logs, @subscriber.logged
+        assert_equal logs, subscriber.logged
+      ensure
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscription)
       end
 
+      def with_example_table(definition = nil, table_name = 'ex', &block)
+        definition ||= <<-SQL
+          id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+          number integer
+        SQL
+        super(@conn, table_name, definition, &block)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
index 500df52cd8..b6333240a8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
@@ -5,16 +5,34 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
   class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-    def setup
+    setup do
+      @original_verbose = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose
+      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.drop_table
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    teardown do
       @connection.drop_table :fruits rescue nil
       @connection.drop_table :nep_fruits rescue nil
       @connection.drop_table :nep_schema_migrations rescue nil
+      @connection.drop_table :has_timestamps rescue nil
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @original_verbose
+    end
+
+    def test_has_no_primary_key
+      old_primary_key_prefix_type = ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type
+      ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = :table_name_with_underscore
+      assert_nil ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.primary_key
+
+      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
+      assert_difference "ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.count", 1 do
+        ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create version: 12
+      end
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.drop_table
+      ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = old_primary_key_prefix_type
     end
 
     def test_schema_define
@@ -34,6 +52,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
 
     def test_schema_define_w_table_name_prefix
       table_name = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name
+      old_table_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix
       ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix  = "nep_"
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = "nep_#{table_name}"
       ActiveRecord::Schema.define(:version => 7) do
@@ -46,7 +65,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
       end
       assert_equal 7, ActiveRecord::Migrator::current_version
     ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix  = ""
+      ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix  = old_table_name_prefix
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = table_name
     end
 
@@ -66,5 +85,68 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
       end
       assert_nothing_raised { @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM fruits" }
     end
+
+    def test_normalize_version
+      assert_equal "118", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("0000118")
+      assert_equal "002", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("2")
+      assert_equal "017", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("0017")
+      assert_equal "20131219224947", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("20131219224947")
+    end
+
+    def test_timestamps_without_null_is_deprecated_on_create_table
+      assert_deprecated do
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+          create_table :has_timestamps do |t|
+            t.timestamps
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_timestamps_without_null_is_deprecated_on_change_table
+      assert_deprecated do
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+          create_table :has_timestamps
+
+          change_table :has_timestamps do |t|
+            t.timestamps
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_no_deprecation_warning_from_timestamps_on_create_table
+      assert_not_deprecated do
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+          create_table :has_timestamps do |t|
+            t.timestamps null: true
+          end
+
+          drop_table :has_timestamps
+
+          create_table :has_timestamps do |t|
+            t.timestamps null: false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_no_deprecation_warning_from_timestamps_on_change_table
+      assert_not_deprecated do
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+          create_table :has_timestamps
+          change_table :has_timestamps do |t|
+            t.timestamps null: true
+          end
+
+          drop_table :has_timestamps
+
+          create_table :has_timestamps
+          change_table :has_timestamps do |t|
+            t.timestamps null: false, default: Time.now
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
index d38648202e..3e0032ec73 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
@@ -6,9 +6,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class AssociationScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       test 'does not duplicate conditions' do
-        association_scope = AssociationScope.new(Author.new.association(:welcome_posts))
-        wheres = association_scope.scope.where_values.map(&:right)
+        scope = AssociationScope.scope(Author.new.association(:welcome_posts),
+                                        Author.connection)
+        wheres = scope.where_values.map(&:right)
+        binds = scope.bind_values.map(&:last)
+        wheres = scope.where_values.map(&:right).reject { |node|
+          Arel::Nodes::BindParam === node
+        }
         assert_equal wheres.uniq, wheres
+        assert_equal binds.uniq, binds
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
index 9340bc0a83..25555bd75c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ require 'models/essay'
 require 'models/toy'
 require 'models/invoice'
 require 'models/line_item'
+require 'models/column'
+require 'models/record'
 
 class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :topics,
@@ -231,13 +233,13 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_belongs_to_counter
     debate = Topic.create("title" => "debate")
-    assert_equal 0, debate.send(:read_attribute, "replies_count"), "No replies yet"
+    assert_equal 0, debate.read_attribute("replies_count"), "No replies yet"
 
     trash = debate.replies.create("title" => "blah!", "content" => "world around!")
-    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(debate.id).send(:read_attribute, "replies_count"), "First reply created"
+    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(debate.id).read_attribute("replies_count"), "First reply created"
 
     trash.destroy
-    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(debate.id).send(:read_attribute, "replies_count"), "First reply deleted"
+    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(debate.id).read_attribute("replies_count"), "First reply deleted"
   end
 
   def test_belongs_to_counter_with_assigning_nil
@@ -340,6 +342,17 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(1) { line_item.touch }
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch_without_updated_at_attributes
+    assert_not LineItem.column_names.include?("updated_at")
+
+    line_item = LineItem.create!
+    invoice = Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
+    initial = invoice.updated_at
+    line_item.touch
+
+    assert_not_equal initial, invoice.reload.updated_at
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch_and_removed_parent
     line_item = LineItem.create!
     Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
@@ -356,6 +369,13 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(2) { line_item.update amount: 10 }
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_empty_update
+    line_item = LineItem.create!
+    Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
+
+    assert_queries(0) { line_item.save }
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_destroy
     line_item = LineItem.create!
     Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
@@ -489,6 +509,27 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 4, topic.replies.size
   end
 
+  def test_concurrent_counter_cache_double_destroy
+    topic = Topic.create :title => "Zoom-zoom-zoom"
+
+    5.times do
+      topic.replies.create(:title => "re: zoom", :content => "speedy quick!")
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 5, topic.reload[:replies_count]
+    assert_equal 5, topic.replies.size
+
+    reply = topic.replies.first
+    reply_clone = Reply.find(reply.id)
+
+    reply.destroy
+    assert_equal 4, topic.reload[:replies_count]
+
+    reply_clone.destroy
+    assert_equal 4, topic.reload[:replies_count]
+    assert_equal 4, topic.replies.size
+  end
+
   def test_custom_counter_cache
     reply = Reply.create(:title => "re: zoom", :content => "speedy quick!")
     assert_equal 0, reply[:replies_count]
@@ -529,6 +570,19 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert companies(:first_client).readonly_firm.readonly?
   end
 
+  def test_test_polymorphic_assignment_foreign_key_type_string
+    comment = Comment.first
+    comment.author   = Author.first
+    comment.resource = Member.first
+    comment.save
+
+    assert_equal Comment.all.to_a,
+      Comment.includes(:author).to_a
+
+    assert_equal Comment.all.to_a,
+      Comment.includes(:resource).to_a
+  end
+
   def test_polymorphic_assignment_foreign_type_field_updating
     # should update when assigning a saved record
     sponsor = Sponsor.new
@@ -733,8 +787,8 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     post    = posts(:welcome)
     comment = comments(:greetings)
 
-    assert_difference lambda { post.reload.taggings_count }, -1 do
-      assert_difference 'comment.reload.taggings_count', +1 do
+    assert_difference lambda { post.reload.tags_count }, -1 do
+      assert_difference 'comment.reload.tags_count', +1 do
         tagging.taggable = comment
       end
     end
@@ -824,6 +878,17 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, comments(:greetings).reload.children_count
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_with_id_assigning
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+    comment = Comment.create! body: "foo", post: post
+    parent = comments(:greetings)
+    assert_equal 0, parent.reload.children_count
+    comment.parent_id = parent.id
+
+    comment.save!
+    assert_equal 1, parent.reload.children_count
+  end
+
   def test_polymorphic_with_custom_primary_key
     toy = Toy.create!
     sponsor = Sponsor.create!(:sponsorable => toy)
@@ -863,4 +928,21 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  test 'belongs_to works with model called Record' do
+    record = Record.create!
+    Column.create! record: record
+    assert_equal 1, Column.count
+  end
+end
+
+class BelongsToWithForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :authors, :author_addresses
+
+  def test_destroy_linked_models
+    address = AuthorAddress.create!
+    author = Author.create! name: "Author", author_address_id: address.id
+
+    author.destroy!
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
index 2d0d4541b4..5b7e462f64 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -101,6 +101,27 @@ class AssociationCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                   "after_adding#{david.id}"], ar.developers_log
   end
 
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_before_add_called_before_save
+    dev     = nil
+    new_dev = nil
+    klass = Class.new(Project) do
+      def self.name; Project.name; end
+      has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_with_callbacks,
+                                :class_name => "Developer",
+                                :before_add => lambda { |o,r|
+        dev     = r
+        new_dev = r.new_record?
+      }
+    end
+    rec = klass.create!
+    alice = Developer.new(:name => 'alice')
+    rec.developers_with_callbacks << alice
+    assert_equal alice, dev
+    assert_not_nil new_dev
+    assert new_dev, "record should not have been saved"
+    assert_not alice.new_record?
+  end
+
   def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_after_add_called_after_save
     ar = projects(:active_record)
     assert ar.developers_log.empty?
@@ -129,7 +150,7 @@ class AssociationCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                   "after_removing#{jamis.id}"], activerecord.developers_log
   end
 
-  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_remove_callback_on_clear
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_does_not_fire_callbacks_on_clear
     activerecord = projects(:active_record)
     assert activerecord.developers_log.empty?
     if activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.size == 0
@@ -138,9 +159,9 @@ class AssociationCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       activerecord.reload
       assert activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.size == 2
     end
-    log_array = activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.collect {|d| ["before_removing#{d.id}","after_removing#{d.id}"]}.flatten.sort
+    activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.flat_map {|d| ["before_removing#{d.id}","after_removing#{d.id}"]}.sort
     assert activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.clear
-    assert_equal log_array, activerecord.developers_log.sort
+    assert_predicate activerecord.developers_log, :empty?
   end
 
   def test_has_many_and_belongs_to_many_callbacks_for_save_on_parent
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
index 71c0609df5..51d8e0523e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_hmt_does_not_table_name_collide_when_joining_associations
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(:posts => {:taggings_count => 1}).to_a
+      Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(:posts => {:tags_count => 1}).to_a
     end
-    authors = Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(:posts => {:taggings_count => 1}).to_a
+    authors = Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(:posts => {:tags_count => 1}).to_a
     assert_equal 1, assert_no_queries { authors.size }
     assert_equal 10, assert_no_queries { authors[0].comments.size }
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/deprecated_counter_cache_on_has_many_through_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/deprecated_counter_cache_on_has_many_through_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..48f7ddbe83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/deprecated_counter_cache_on_has_many_through_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class DeprecatedCounterCacheOnHasManyThroughTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+    has_many :taggings, as: :taggable
+    has_many :tags, through: :taggings
+  end
+
+  class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
+    belongs_to :taggable, polymorphic: true
+    belongs_to :tag
+  end
+
+  class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  test "counter caches are updated in the database if the belongs_to association doesn't specify a counter cache" do
+    post = Post.create!(title: 'Hello', body: 'World!')
+    assert_deprecated { post.tags << Tag.create!(name: 'whatever') }
+
+    assert_equal 1, post.tags.size
+    assert_equal 1, post.tags_count
+    assert_equal 1, post.reload.tags.size
+    assert_equal 1, post.reload.tags_count
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
index 5ff117eaa0..0ff87d53ea 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class EagerLoadPolyAssocsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     generate_test_object_graphs
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     [Circle, Square, Triangle, PaintColor, PaintTexture,
      ShapeExpression, NonPolyOne, NonPolyTwo].each do |c|
       c.delete_all
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class EagerLoadNestedIncludeWithMissingDataTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @first_categorization = @davey_mcdave.categorizations.create(:category => Category.first, :post => @first_post)
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @davey_mcdave.destroy
     @first_post.destroy
     @first_comment.destroy
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
index 669569a774..a61a070331 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
 
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
 class EagerSingularizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class Virus < ActiveRecord::Base
     belongs_to :octopus
@@ -50,8 +51,6 @@ class EagerSingularizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def setup
-    skip 'Does not support migrations' unless connection.supports_migrations?
-
     connection.create_table :viri do |t|
       t.column :octopus_id, :integer
       t.column :species, :string
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ class EagerSingularizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     connection.drop_table :viri
     connection.drop_table :octopi
     connection.drop_table :passes
@@ -146,3 +145,4 @@ class EagerSingularizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
index 498a4e8144..b852bd3536 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
@@ -235,6 +235,17 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_finding_with_includes_on_empty_polymorphic_type_column
+    sponsor = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)
+    sponsor.update!(sponsorable_type: '', sponsorable_id: nil) # sponsorable_type column might be declared NOT NULL
+    sponsor = assert_queries(1) do
+      assert_nothing_raised { Sponsor.all.merge!(:includes => :sponsorable).find(sponsor.id) }
+    end
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal nil, sponsor.sponsorable
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_loading_from_an_association
     posts = authors(:david).posts.merge(:includes => :comments, :order => "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.first.comments.size
@@ -407,19 +418,19 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_one_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :favourite_reference).find(people(:michael))
+    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :favourite_reference).find(people(:michael).id)
     references(:michael_unicyclist)
     assert_no_queries{ assert_equal references(:michael_unicyclist), michael.favourite_reference}
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :references).find(people(:michael))
+    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :references).find(people(:michael).id)
     references(:michael_magician,:michael_unicyclist)
     assert_no_queries{ assert_equal references(:michael_magician,:michael_unicyclist), michael.references.sort_by(&:id) }
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_through_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :jobs).find(people(:michael))
+    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :jobs).find(people(:michael).id)
     jobs(:magician, :unicyclist)
     assert_no_queries{ assert_equal jobs(:unicyclist, :magician), michael.jobs.sort_by(&:id) }
   end
@@ -523,21 +534,13 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions
-    if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "FETCHBLOB(posts.body) = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id").to_a
-    else
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "posts.body = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id").to_a
-    end
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "posts.body = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
     assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions_array
-    if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "FETCHBLOB(posts.body) = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id").to_a
-    else
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "posts.body = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id").to_a
-    end
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "posts.body = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
     assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
   end
@@ -709,16 +712,16 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_invalid_association_reference
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=> :monkeys ).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ :monkeys ]).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ 'monkeys' ]).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys, :elephants") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys, :elephants") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ :monkeys, :elephants ]).find(6)
     }
   end
@@ -815,11 +818,15 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_preload_with_interpolation
-    post = Post.includes(:comments_with_interpolated_conditions).find(posts(:welcome).id)
-    assert_equal [comments(:greetings)], post.comments_with_interpolated_conditions
+    assert_deprecated do
+      post = Post.includes(:comments_with_interpolated_conditions).find(posts(:welcome).id)
+      assert_equal [comments(:greetings)], post.comments_with_interpolated_conditions
+    end
 
-    post = Post.joins(:comments_with_interpolated_conditions).find(posts(:welcome).id)
-    assert_equal [comments(:greetings)], post.comments_with_interpolated_conditions
+    assert_deprecated do
+      post = Post.joins(:comments_with_interpolated_conditions).find(posts(:welcome).id)
+      assert_equal [comments(:greetings)], post.comments_with_interpolated_conditions
+    end
   end
 
   def test_polymorphic_type_condition
@@ -925,13 +932,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_count_with_include
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("len(comments.body) > 15").references(:comments).count
-    elsif current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("length(FETCHBLOB(comments.body)) > 15").references(:comments).count
-    else
-      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("length(comments.body) > 15").references(:comments).count
-    end
+    assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("length(comments.body) > 15").references(:comments).count
   end
 
   def test_load_with_sti_sharing_association
@@ -1166,6 +1167,13 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  test "deep preload" do
+    post = Post.preload(author: :posts, comments: :post).first
+
+    assert_predicate post.author.association(:posts), :loaded?
+    assert_predicate post.comments.first.association(:post), :loaded?
+  end
+
   test "preloading does not cache has many association subset when preloaded with a through association" do
     author = Author.includes(:comments_with_order_and_conditions, :posts).first
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 2, author.comments_with_order_and_conditions.size }
@@ -1187,6 +1195,23 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal authors(:bob), author
   end
 
+  test "preloading with a polymorphic association and using the existential predicate but also using a select" do
+    assert_equal authors(:david), authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).first.writer
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).select(:name).any?
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "preloading the same association twice works" do
+    Member.create!
+    members = Member.preload(:current_membership).includes(current_membership: :club).all.to_a
+    assert_no_queries {
+      members_with_membership = members.select(&:current_membership)
+      assert_equal 3, members_with_membership.map(&:current_membership).map(&:club).size
+    }
+  end
+
   test "preloading with a polymorphic association and using the existential predicate" do
     assert_equal authors(:david), authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).first.writer
 
@@ -1194,4 +1219,85 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).any?
     end
   end
+
+  test "preloading associations with string joins and order references" do
+    author = assert_queries(2) {
+      Author.includes(:posts).joins("LEFT JOIN posts ON posts.author_id = authors.id").order("posts.title DESC").first
+    }
+    assert_no_queries {
+      assert_equal 5, author.posts.size
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "including associations with where.not adds implicit references" do
+    author = assert_queries(2) {
+      Author.includes(:posts).where.not(posts: { title: 'Welcome to the weblog'} ).last
+    }
+
+    assert_no_queries {
+      assert_equal 2, author.posts.size
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "including association based on sql condition and no database column" do
+    assert_equal pets(:parrot), Owner.including_last_pet.first.last_pet
+  end
+
+  test "include instance dependent associations is deprecated" do
+    message = "association scope 'posts_with_signature' is"
+    assert_deprecated message do
+      begin
+        Author.includes(:posts_with_signature).to_a
+      rescue NoMethodError
+        # it's expected that preloading of this association fails
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_deprecated message do
+      Author.preload(:posts_with_signature).to_a rescue NoMethodError
+    end
+
+    assert_deprecated message do
+      Author.eager_load(:posts_with_signature).to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "preloading readonly association" do
+    # has-one
+    firm = Firm.where(id: "1").preload(:readonly_account).first!
+    assert firm.readonly_account.readonly?
+
+    # has_and_belongs_to_many
+    project = Project.where(id: "2").preload(:readonly_developers).first!
+    assert project.readonly_developers.first.readonly?
+
+    # has-many :through
+    david = Author.where(id: "1").preload(:readonly_comments).first!
+    assert david.readonly_comments.first.readonly?
+  end
+
+  test "eager-loading readonly association" do
+    skip "eager_load does not yet preserve readonly associations"
+    # has-one
+    firm = Firm.where(id: "1").eager_load(:readonly_account).first!
+    assert firm.readonly_account.readonly?
+
+    # has_and_belongs_to_many
+    project = Project.where(id: "2").eager_load(:readonly_developers).first!
+    assert project.readonly_developers.first.readonly?
+
+    # has-many :through
+    david = Author.where(id: "1").eager_load(:readonly_comments).first!
+    assert david.readonly_comments.first.readonly?
+  end
+
+  test "preloading a polymorphic association with references to the associated table" do
+    post = Post.includes(:tags).references(:tags).where('tags.name = ?', 'General').first
+    assert_equal posts(:welcome), post
+  end
+
+  test "eager-loading a polymorphic association with references to the associated table" do
+    post = Post.eager_load(:tags).where('tags.name = ?', 'General').first
+    assert_equal posts(:welcome), post
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
index bac1cb8e2d..859310575e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ require 'models/author'
 require 'models/tag'
 require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/parrot'
+require 'models/person'
 require 'models/pirate'
 require 'models/treasure'
 require 'models/price_estimate'
@@ -20,6 +21,10 @@ require 'models/membership'
 require 'models/sponsor'
 require 'models/country'
 require 'models/treaty'
+require 'models/vertex'
+require 'models/publisher'
+require 'models/publisher/article'
+require 'models/publisher/magazine'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/conversions'
 
 class ProjectWithAfterCreateHook < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -65,6 +70,14 @@ class DeveloperWithSymbolsForKeys < ActiveRecord::Base
     :foreign_key => "developer_id"
 end
 
+class SubDeveloper < Developer
+  self.table_name = 'developers'
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :special_projects,
+    :join_table => 'developers_projects',
+    :foreign_key => "project_id",
+    :association_foreign_key => "developer_id"
+end
+
 class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :categories, :posts, :categories_posts, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects,
            :parrots, :pirates, :parrots_pirates, :treasures, :price_estimates, :tags, :taggings
@@ -81,6 +94,12 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     country.treaties << treaty
   end
 
+  def test_marshal_dump
+    post = posts :welcome
+    preloaded = Post.includes(:categories).find post.id
+    assert_equal preloaded, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(preloaded))
+  end
+
   def test_should_property_quote_string_primary_keys
     setup_data_for_habtm_case
 
@@ -215,9 +234,27 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal developers(:poor_jamis, :jamis, :david), projects(:active_record).developers
   end
 
+  def test_habtm_collection_size_from_build
+    devel = Developer.create("name" => "Fred Wu")
+    devel.projects << Project.create("name" => "Grimetime")
+    devel.projects.build
+
+    assert_equal 2, devel.projects.size
+  end
+
+  def test_habtm_collection_size_from_params
+    devel = Developer.new({
+      projects_attributes: {
+        '0' => {}
+      }
+    })
+
+    assert_equal 1, devel.projects.size
+  end
+
   def test_build
     devel = Developer.find(1)
-    proj = assert_no_queries { devel.projects.build("name" => "Projekt") }
+    proj = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { devel.projects.build("name" => "Projekt") }
     assert !devel.projects.loaded?
 
     assert_equal devel.projects.last, proj
@@ -232,7 +269,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_new_aliased_to_build
     devel = Developer.find(1)
-    proj = assert_no_queries { devel.projects.new("name" => "Projekt") }
+    proj = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { devel.projects.new("name" => "Projekt") }
     assert !devel.projects.loaded?
 
     assert_equal devel.projects.last, proj
@@ -466,7 +503,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     developer = project.developers.first
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert project.developers.loaded?
       assert project.developers.include?(developer)
     end
@@ -785,9 +822,9 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], Pirate.where(id: redbeard.id)
   end
 
-  test "has and belongs to many associations on new records use null relations" do
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_on_new_records_use_null_relations
     projects = Developer.new.projects
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], projects
       assert_equal [], projects.where(title: 'omg')
       assert_equal [], projects.pluck(:title)
@@ -795,4 +832,55 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_association_with_validate_false_does_not_run_associated_validation_callbacks_on_create
+    rich_person = RichPerson.new
+
+    treasure = Treasure.new
+    treasure.rich_people << rich_person
+    treasure.valid?
+
+    assert_equal 1, treasure.rich_people.size
+    assert_nil rich_person.first_name, 'should not run associated person validation on create when validate: false'
+  end
+
+  def test_association_with_validate_false_does_not_run_associated_validation_callbacks_on_update
+    rich_person = RichPerson.create!
+    person_first_name = rich_person.first_name
+    assert_not_nil person_first_name
+
+    treasure = Treasure.new
+    treasure.rich_people << rich_person
+    treasure.valid?
+
+    assert_equal 1, treasure.rich_people.size
+    assert_equal person_first_name, rich_person.first_name, 'should not run associated person validation on update when validate: false'
+  end
+
+  def test_custom_join_table
+    assert_equal 'edges', Vertex.reflect_on_association(:sources).join_table
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_in_a_namespaced_model_pointing_to_a_namespaced_model
+    magazine = Publisher::Magazine.create
+    article = Publisher::Article.create
+    magazine.articles << article
+    magazine.save
+
+    assert_includes magazine.articles, article
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_in_a_namespaced_model_pointing_to_a_non_namespaced_model
+    article = Publisher::Article.create
+    tag = Tag.create
+    article.tags << tag
+    article.save
+
+    assert_includes article.tags, tag
+  end
+
+  def test_redefine_habtm
+    child = SubDeveloper.new("name" => "Aredridel")
+    child.special_projects << SpecialProject.new("name" => "Special Project")
+    assert child.save, 'child object should be saved'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
index 321440cab7..e34b993029 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -22,8 +22,13 @@ require 'models/engine'
 require 'models/categorization'
 require 'models/minivan'
 require 'models/speedometer'
+require 'models/reference'
+require 'models/job'
+require 'models/college'
+require 'models/student'
 require 'models/pirate'
 require 'models/ship'
+require 'models/tyre'
 
 class HasManyAssociationsTestForReorderWithJoinDependency < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :authors, :posts, :comments
@@ -32,7 +37,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTestForReorderWithJoinDependency < ActiveRecord::TestCa
     author = authors(:david)
     # this can fail on adapters which require ORDER BY expressions to be included in the SELECT expression
     # if the reorder clauses are not correctly handled
-    assert author.posts_with_comments_sorted_by_comment_id.where('comments.id > 0').reorder('posts.comments_count DESC', 'posts.taggings_count DESC').last
+    assert author.posts_with_comments_sorted_by_comment_id.where('comments.id > 0').reorder('posts.comments_count DESC', 'posts.tags_count DESC').last
   end
 end
 
@@ -41,12 +46,18 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :categories, :companies, :developers, :projects,
            :developers_projects, :topics, :authors, :comments,
            :people, :posts, :readers, :taggings, :cars, :essays,
-           :categorizations
+           :categorizations, :jobs, :tags
 
   def setup
     Client.destroyed_client_ids.clear
   end
 
+  def test_sti_subselect_count
+    tag = Tag.first
+    len = Post.tagged_with(tag.id).limit(10).size
+    assert_operator len, :>, 0
+  end
+
   def test_anonymous_has_many
     developer = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
       self.table_name = 'developers'
@@ -65,6 +76,13 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                  dev.developer_projects.map(&:project_id).sort
   end
 
+  def test_has_many_build_with_options
+    college = College.create(name: 'UFMT')
+    Student.create(active: true, college_id: college.id, name: 'Sarah')
+
+    assert_equal college.students, Student.where(active: true, college_id: college.id)
+  end
+
   def test_create_from_association_should_respect_default_scope
     car = Car.create(:name => 'honda')
     assert_equal 'honda', car.name
@@ -109,6 +127,32 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, Bulb.count, "bulbs should have been deleted using :delete_all strategy"
   end
 
+  def test_delete_all_on_association_is_the_same_as_not_loaded
+    author = authors :david
+    author.thinking_posts.create!(:body => "test")
+    author.reload
+    expected_sql = capture_sql { author.thinking_posts.delete_all }
+
+    author.thinking_posts.create!(:body => "test")
+    author.reload
+    author.thinking_posts.inspect
+    loaded_sql = capture_sql { author.thinking_posts.delete_all }
+    assert_equal(expected_sql, loaded_sql)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_all_on_association_with_nil_dependency_is_the_same_as_not_loaded
+    author = authors :david
+    author.posts.create!(:title => "test", :body => "body")
+    author.reload
+    expected_sql = capture_sql { author.posts.delete_all }
+
+    author.posts.create!(:title => "test", :body => "body")
+    author.reload
+    author.posts.to_a
+    loaded_sql = capture_sql { author.posts.delete_all }
+    assert_equal(expected_sql, loaded_sql)
+  end
+
   def test_building_the_associated_object_with_implicit_sti_base_class
     firm = DependentFirm.new
     company = firm.companies.build
@@ -563,7 +607,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_adding_to_new_record
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       firm = Firm.new
       firm.clients_of_firm.concat(Client.new("name" => "Natural Company"))
     end
@@ -578,7 +622,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_new_aliased_to_build
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.new("name" => "Another Client") }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.new("name" => "Another Client") }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
@@ -588,7 +632,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
@@ -624,7 +668,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build_many
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_clients = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) }
+    new_clients = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) }
     assert_equal 2, new_clients.size
   end
 
@@ -650,7 +694,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build_via_block
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build {|client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build {|client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
@@ -660,7 +704,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build_many_via_block
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_clients = assert_no_queries do
+    new_clients = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) do |client|
         client.name = "changed"
       end
@@ -729,6 +773,36 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal topic.replies.to_a.size, topic.replies_count
   end
 
+  def test_counter_cache_updates_in_memory_after_concat
+    topic = Topic.create title: "Zoom-zoom-zoom"
+
+    topic.replies << Reply.create(title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!")
+    assert_equal 1, topic.replies_count
+    assert_equal 1, topic.replies.size
+    assert_equal 1, topic.reload.replies.size
+  end
+
+  def test_counter_cache_updates_in_memory_after_create
+    topic = Topic.create title: "Zoom-zoom-zoom"
+
+    topic.replies.create!(title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!")
+    assert_equal 1, topic.replies_count
+    assert_equal 1, topic.replies.size
+    assert_equal 1, topic.reload.replies.size
+  end
+
+  def test_counter_cache_updates_in_memory_after_create_with_array
+    topic = Topic.create title: "Zoom-zoom-zoom"
+
+    topic.replies.create!([
+      { title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!" },
+      { title: "re: zoom 2", content: "OMG lol!" },
+    ])
+    assert_equal 2, topic.replies_count
+    assert_equal 2, topic.replies.size
+    assert_equal 2, topic.reload.replies.size
+  end
+
   def test_pushing_association_updates_counter_cache
     topic = Topic.order("id ASC").first
     reply = Reply.create!
@@ -741,14 +815,14 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_deleting_updates_counter_cache_without_dependent_option
     post = posts(:welcome)
 
-    assert_difference "post.reload.taggings_count", -1 do
+    assert_difference "post.reload.tags_count", -1 do
       post.taggings.delete(post.taggings.first)
     end
   end
 
   def test_deleting_updates_counter_cache_with_dependent_delete_all
     post = posts(:welcome)
-    post.update_columns(taggings_with_delete_all_count: post.taggings_count)
+    post.update_columns(taggings_with_delete_all_count: post.tags_count)
 
     assert_difference "post.reload.taggings_with_delete_all_count", -1 do
       post.taggings_with_delete_all.delete(post.taggings_with_delete_all.first)
@@ -757,13 +831,20 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_deleting_updates_counter_cache_with_dependent_destroy
     post = posts(:welcome)
-    post.update_columns(taggings_with_destroy_count: post.taggings_count)
+    post.update_columns(taggings_with_destroy_count: post.tags_count)
 
     assert_difference "post.reload.taggings_with_destroy_count", -1 do
       post.taggings_with_destroy.delete(post.taggings_with_destroy.first)
     end
   end
 
+  def test_calling_empty_with_counter_cache
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+    assert_queries(0) do
+      assert_not post.comments.empty?
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_custom_named_counter_cache
     topic = topics(:first)
 
@@ -848,7 +929,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_transaction_when_deleting_new_record
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       firm = Firm.new
       client = Client.new("name" => "New Client")
       firm.clients_of_firm << client
@@ -1244,6 +1325,16 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal orig_accounts, firm.accounts
   end
 
+  def test_replace_with_same_content
+    firm = Firm.first
+    firm.clients = []
+    firm.save
+
+    assert_queries(0, ignore_none: true) do
+      firm.clients = []
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_transactions_when_replacing_on_persisted
     good = Client.new(:name => "Good")
     bad  = Client.new(:name => "Bad", :raise_on_save => true)
@@ -1259,7 +1350,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_replacing_on_new_record
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       firm = Firm.new
       firm.clients_of_firm = [Client.new("name" => "New Client")]
     end
@@ -1397,7 +1488,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm.clients.load_target
     assert firm.clients.loaded?
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       firm.clients.first
       assert_equal 2, firm.clients.first(2).size
       firm.clients.last
@@ -1745,7 +1836,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "has many associations on new records use null relations" do
     post = Post.new
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], post.comments
       assert_equal [], post.comments.where(body: 'omg')
       assert_equal [], post.comments.pluck(:body)
@@ -1833,11 +1924,35 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test 'has_many_association passes context validation to validate children' do
+  test 'passes custom context validation to validate children' do
     pirate = FamousPirate.new
     pirate.famous_ships << ship = FamousShip.new
-    assert_equal true, pirate.valid?
-    assert_equal false, pirate.valid?(:conference)
+
+    assert pirate.valid?
+    assert_not pirate.valid?(:conference)
     assert_equal "can't be blank", ship.errors[:name].first
   end
+
+  test 'association with instance dependent scope' do
+    bob = authors(:bob)
+    Post.create!(title: "signed post by bob", body: "stuff", author: authors(:bob))
+    Post.create!(title: "anonymous post", body: "more stuff", author: authors(:bob))
+    assert_equal ["misc post by bob", "other post by bob",
+                  "signed post by bob"], bob.posts_with_signature.map(&:title).sort
+
+    assert_equal [], authors(:david).posts_with_signature.map(&:title)
+  end
+
+  test 'associations autosaves when object is already persited' do
+    bulb = Bulb.create!
+    tyre = Tyre.create!
+
+    car = Car.create! do |c|
+      c.bulbs << bulb
+      c.tyres << tyre
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 1, car.bulbs.count
+    assert_equal 1, car.tyres.count
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
index 47592f312e..cddf1a1f72 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -330,6 +330,19 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert post.single_people.include?(person)
   end
 
+  def test_both_parent_ids_set_when_saving_new
+    post = Post.new(title: 'Hello', body: 'world')
+    person = Person.new(first_name: 'Sean')
+
+    post.people = [person]
+    post.save
+
+    assert post.id
+    assert person.id
+    assert_equal post.id, post.readers.first.post_id
+    assert_equal person.id, post.readers.first.person_id
+  end
+
   def test_delete_association
     assert_queries(2){posts(:welcome);people(:michael); }
 
@@ -476,7 +489,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     post = posts(:welcome)
     tag  = post.tags.create!(:name => 'doomed')
 
-    assert_difference ['post.reload.taggings_count', 'post.reload.tags_count'], -1 do
+    assert_difference ['post.reload.tags_count'], -1 do
       posts(:welcome).tags.delete(tag)
     end
   end
@@ -486,7 +499,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     tag  = post.tags.create!(:name => 'doomed')
     post.update_columns(tags_with_destroy_count: post.tags.count)
 
-    assert_difference ['post.reload.taggings_count', 'post.reload.tags_with_destroy_count'], -1 do
+    assert_difference ['post.reload.tags_with_destroy_count'], -1 do
       posts(:welcome).tags_with_destroy.delete(tag)
     end
   end
@@ -496,7 +509,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     tag  = post.tags.create!(:name => 'doomed')
     post.update_columns(tags_with_nullify_count: post.tags.count)
 
-    assert_no_difference 'post.reload.taggings_count' do
+    assert_no_difference 'post.reload.tags_count' do
       assert_difference 'post.reload.tags_with_nullify_count', -1 do
         posts(:welcome).tags_with_nullify.delete(tag)
       end
@@ -511,14 +524,14 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     tag.tagged_posts = []
     post.reload
 
-    assert_equal(post.taggings.count, post.taggings_count)
+    assert_equal(post.taggings.count, post.tags_count)
   end
 
   def test_update_counter_caches_on_destroy
     post = posts(:welcome)
     tag  = post.tags.create!(name: 'doomed')
 
-    assert_difference 'post.reload.taggings_count', -1 do
+    assert_difference 'post.reload.tags_count', -1 do
       tag.tagged_posts.destroy(post)
     end
   end
@@ -698,9 +711,6 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       [:added, :before, "Roger"],
       [:added, :after, "Roger"]
     ], log.last(4)
-
-    post.people_with_callbacks.clear
-    assert_equal((%w(Michael David Julian Roger) * 2).sort, log.last(8).collect(&:last).sort)
   end
 
   def test_dynamic_find_should_respect_association_include
@@ -817,6 +827,13 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert author.named_categories(true).include?(category)
   end
 
+  def test_collection_exists
+    author   = authors(:mary)
+    category = Category.create!(author_ids: [author.id], name: "Primary")
+    assert category.authors.exists?(id: author.id)
+    assert category.reload.authors.exists?(id: author.id)
+  end
+
   def test_collection_delete_with_nonstandard_primary_key_on_belongs_to
     author   = authors(:mary)
     category = author.named_categories.create(:name => "Primary")
@@ -1075,10 +1092,10 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ["parrot", "bulbul"], owner.toys.map { |r| r.pet.name }
   end
 
-  test "has many through associations on new records use null relations" do
+  def test_has_many_through_associations_on_new_records_use_null_relations
     person = Person.new
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], person.posts
       assert_equal [], person.posts.where(body: 'omg')
       assert_equal [], person.posts.pluck(:body)
@@ -1087,7 +1104,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "has many through with default scope on the target" do
+  def test_has_many_through_with_default_scope_on_the_target
     person = people(:michael)
     assert_equal [posts(:thinking)], person.first_posts
 
@@ -1098,4 +1115,36 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_has_many_through_with_includes_in_through_association_scope
     assert_not_empty posts(:welcome).author_address_extra_with_address
   end
+
+  def test_insert_records_via_has_many_through_association_with_scope
+    club = Club.create!
+    member = Member.create!
+    Membership.create!(club: club, member: member)
+
+    club.favourites << member
+    assert_equal [member], club.favourites
+
+    club.reload
+    assert_equal [member], club.favourites
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_through_unscope_default_scope
+    post = Post.create!(:title => 'Beaches', :body => "I like beaches!")
+    Reader.create! :person => people(:david), :post => post
+    LazyReader.create! :person => people(:susan), :post => post
+
+    assert_equal 2, post.people.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 1, post.lazy_people.to_a.size
+
+    assert_equal 2, post.lazy_readers_unscope_skimmers.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 2, post.lazy_people_unscope_skimmers.to_a.size
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_through_add_with_sti_middle_relation
+    club = SuperClub.create!(name: 'Fight Club')
+    member = Member.create!(name: 'Tyler Durden')
+
+    club.members << member
+    assert_equal 1, SuperMembership.where(member_id: member.id, club_id: club.id).count
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
index a4650ccdf2..d412b3168e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_build_association_dont_create_transaction
-    assert_no_queries {
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) {
       Firm.new.build_account
     }
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
index a2725441b3..089cb0a3a2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -45,6 +45,20 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal clubs(:moustache_club), new_member.club
   end
 
+  def test_creating_association_sets_both_parent_ids_for_new
+    member = Member.new(name: 'Sean Griffin')
+    club = Club.new(name: 'Da Club')
+
+    member.club = club
+
+    member.save!
+
+    assert member.id
+    assert club.id
+    assert_equal member.id, member.current_membership.member_id
+    assert_equal club.id, member.current_membership.club_id
+  end
+
   def test_replace_target_record
     new_club = Club.create(:name => "Marx Bros")
     @member.club = new_club
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
index a9efa6d86a..07cf65a760 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
@@ -117,4 +117,23 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal [author], Author.where(id: author).joins(:special_categorizations)
   end
+
+  test "the default scope of the target is correctly aliased when joining associations" do
+    author = Author.create! name: "Jon"
+    author.categories.create! name: 'Not Special'
+    author.special_categories.create! name: 'Special'
+
+    categories = author.categories.includes(:special_categorizations).references(:special_categorizations).to_a
+    assert_equal 2, categories.size
+  end
+
+  test "the correct records are loaded when including an aliased association" do
+    author = Author.create! name: "Jon"
+    author.categories.create! name: 'Not Special'
+    author.special_categories.create! name: 'Special'
+
+    categories = author.categories.eager_load(:special_categorizations).order(:name).to_a
+    assert_equal 0, categories.first.special_categorizations.size
+    assert_equal 1, categories.second.special_categorizations.size
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
index 893030345f..60df4e14dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
@@ -100,6 +100,17 @@ class AutomaticInverseFindingTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_respond_to club_reflection, :has_inverse?
     assert !club_reflection.has_inverse?, "A has_many_through association should not find an inverse automatically"
   end
+
+  def test_polymorphic_relationships_should_still_not_have_inverses_when_non_polymorphic_relationship_has_the_same_name
+    man_reflection = Man.reflect_on_association(:polymorphic_face_without_inverse)
+    face_reflection = Face.reflect_on_association(:man)
+
+    assert_respond_to face_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert face_reflection.has_inverse?, "For this test, the non-polymorphic association must have an inverse"
+
+    assert_respond_to man_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert !man_reflection.has_inverse?, "The target of a polymorphic association should not find an inverse automatically"
+  end
 end
 
 class InverseAssociationTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -333,7 +344,7 @@ class InverseHasManyTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_within_create_block_of_new_child
     man = Man.first
-    interest = man.interests.build do |i|
+    interest = man.interests.create do |i|
       assert i.man.equal?(man), "Man of child should be the same instance as a parent"
     end
     assert interest.man.equal?(man), "Man of the child should still be the same instance as a parent"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
index aabeea025f..cace7ba142 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
@@ -326,11 +326,11 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_belongs_to_polymorphic_with_counter_cache
-    assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome)[:taggings_count]
+    assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome)[:tags_count]
     tagging = posts(:welcome).taggings.create(:tag => tags(:general))
-    assert_equal 2, posts(:welcome, :reload)[:taggings_count]
+    assert_equal 2, posts(:welcome, :reload)[:tags_count]
     tagging.destroy
-    assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome, :reload)[:taggings_count]
+    assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome, :reload)[:tags_count]
   end
 
   def test_unavailable_through_reflection
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                 message = "Expected a Tag in tags collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
     assert_nil( wrong = post_thinking.taggings.detect { |t| t.class != Tagging },
                 message = "Expected a Tagging in taggings collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
-    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.tags.size)
+    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.reload.tags.size)
     assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
 
     assert_kind_of Tag, post_thinking.tags.create!(:name => 'foo')
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                 message = "Expected a Tag in tags collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
     assert_nil( wrong = post_thinking.taggings.detect { |t| t.class != Tagging },
                 message = "Expected a Tagging in taggings collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
-    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.tags.size)
+    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.reload.tags.size)
     assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
 
     assert_nothing_raised { post_thinking.tags.concat(Tag.create!(:name => 'abc'), Tag.create!(:name => 'def')) }
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                 message = "Expected a Tag in tags collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
     assert_nil( wrong = post_thinking.taggings.detect { |t| t.class != Tagging },
                 message = "Expected a Tagging in taggings collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
-    assert_equal(count + 4, post_thinking.tags.size)
+    assert_equal(count + 4, post_thinking.reload.tags.size)
     assert_equal(count + 4, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
 
     # Raises if the wrong reflection name is used to set the Edge belongs_to
@@ -554,34 +554,35 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_delete_associate_when_deleting_from_has_many_through
     count = posts(:thinking).tags.count
-    tags_before = posts(:thinking).tags
+    tags_before = posts(:thinking).tags.sort
     tag = Tag.create!(:name => 'doomed')
     post_thinking = posts(:thinking)
     post_thinking.tags << tag
     assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.taggings(true).size)
-    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
+    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.reload.tags(true).size)
+    assert_not_equal(tags_before, post_thinking.tags.sort)
 
     assert_nothing_raised { post_thinking.tags.delete(tag) }
     assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags.size)
     assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
     assert_equal(count, post_thinking.taggings(true).size)
-    assert_equal(tags_before.sort, post_thinking.tags.sort)
+    assert_equal(tags_before, post_thinking.tags.sort)
   end
 
   def test_delete_associate_when_deleting_from_has_many_through_with_multiple_tags
     count = posts(:thinking).tags.count
-    tags_before = posts(:thinking).tags
+    tags_before = posts(:thinking).tags.sort
     doomed = Tag.create!(:name => 'doomed')
     doomed2 = Tag.create!(:name => 'doomed2')
     quaked = Tag.create!(:name => 'quaked')
     post_thinking = posts(:thinking)
     post_thinking.tags << doomed << doomed2
-    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
+    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.reload.tags(true).size)
 
     assert_nothing_raised { post_thinking.tags.delete(doomed, doomed2, quaked) }
     assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags.size)
     assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
-    assert_equal(tags_before.sort, post_thinking.tags.sort)
+    assert_equal(tags_before, post_thinking.tags.sort)
   end
 
   def test_deleting_junk_from_has_many_through_should_raise_type_mismatch
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
index 8ef351cda8..31b68c940e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_has_many_through_has_one_through_with_has_one_source_reflection_preload
     members = assert_queries(4) { Member.includes(:nested_sponsors).to_a }
     mustache = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [mustache], members.first.nested_sponsors
     end
   end
@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_one_with_has_many_through_source_reflection_preload
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_alias_length  # preheat cache
     members = assert_queries(4) { Member.includes(:organization_member_details).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
     groucho_details, other_details = member_details(:groucho), member_details(:some_other_guy)
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..24a332bb4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class RequiredAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class Parent < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  class Child < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :parents, force: true
+    @connection.create_table :children, force: true do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :parent
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute("DROP TABLE parents") if @connection.table_exists? 'parents'
+    @connection.execute("DROP TABLE children") if @connection.table_exists? 'children'
+  end
+
+  test "belongs_to associations are not required by default" do
+    model = subclass_of(Child) do
+      belongs_to :parent, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Parent"
+    end
+
+    assert model.new.save
+    assert model.new(parent: Parent.new).save
+  end
+
+  test "required belongs_to associations have presence validated" do
+    model = subclass_of(Child) do
+      belongs_to :parent, required: true, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Parent"
+    end
+
+    record = model.new
+    assert_not record.save
+    assert_equal ["Parent can't be blank"], record.errors.full_messages
+
+    record.parent = Parent.new
+    assert record.save
+  end
+
+  test "has_one associations are not required by default" do
+    model = subclass_of(Parent) do
+      has_one :child, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Child"
+    end
+
+    assert model.new.save
+    assert model.new(child: Child.new).save
+  end
+
+  test "required has_one associations have presence validated" do
+    model = subclass_of(Parent) do
+      has_one :child, required: true, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Child"
+    end
+
+    record = model.new
+    assert_not record.save
+    assert_equal ["Child can't be blank"], record.errors.full_messages
+
+    record.child = Child.new
+    assert record.save
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def subclass_of(klass, &block)
+    subclass = Class.new(klass, &block)
+    def subclass.name
+      superclass.name
+    end
+    subclass
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
index f663b5490c..9b0cf4c18f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ require 'models/interest'
 
 class AssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects,
-           :computers, :people, :readers
+           :computers, :people, :readers, :authors, :author_favorites
 
   def test_eager_loading_should_not_change_count_of_children
     liquid = Liquid.create(:name => 'salty')
@@ -35,6 +35,13 @@ class AssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, liquids[0].molecules.length
   end
 
+  def test_subselect
+    author = authors :david
+    favs = author.author_favorites
+    fav2 = author.author_favorites.where(:author => Author.where(id: author.id)).to_a
+    assert_equal favs, fav2
+  end
+
   def test_clear_association_cache_stored
     firm = Firm.find(1)
     assert_kind_of Firm, firm
@@ -350,4 +357,18 @@ class GeneratedMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_model_method_overrides_association_method
     assert_equal(comments(:greetings).body, posts(:welcome).first_comment)
   end
+
+  module MyModule
+    def comments; :none end
+  end
+
+  class MyArticle < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "articles"
+    include MyModule
+    has_many :comments, inverse_of: false
+  end
+
+  def test_included_module_overwrites_association_methods
+    assert_equal :none, MyArticle.new.comments
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..644876752e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeDecoratorsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    class Model < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'attribute_decorators_model'
+    end
+
+    class StringDecorator < SimpleDelegator
+      def initialize(delegate, decoration = "decorated!")
+        @decoration = decoration
+        super(delegate)
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_from_user(value)
+        "#{super} #{@decoration}"
+      end
+
+      alias type_cast_from_database type_cast_from_user
+    end
+
+    setup do
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      @connection.create_table :attribute_decorators_model, force: true do |t|
+        t.string :a_string
+      end
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      return unless @connection
+      @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE attribute_decorators_model' if @connection.table_exists? 'attribute_decorators_model'
+      Model.attribute_type_decorations.clear
+      Model.reset_column_information
+    end
+
+    test "attributes can be decorated" do
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello')
+      assert_equal 'Hello', model.a_string
+
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello')
+      assert_equal 'Hello decorated!', model.a_string
+    end
+
+    test "decoration does not eagerly load existing columns" do
+      Model.reset_column_information
+      assert_no_queries do
+        Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "undecorated columns are not touched" do
+      Model.attribute :another_string, Type::String.new, default: 'something or other'
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      assert_equal 'something or other', Model.new.another_string
+    end
+
+    test "decorators can be chained" do
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :other) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello!')
+
+      assert_equal 'Hello! decorated! decorated!', model.a_string
+    end
+
+    test "decoration of the same type multiple times is idempotent" do
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello')
+      assert_equal 'Hello decorated!', model.a_string
+    end
+
+    test "decorations occur in order of declaration" do
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :other) do |type|
+        StringDecorator.new(type, 'decorated again!')
+      end
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello!')
+
+      assert_equal 'Hello! decorated! decorated again!', model.a_string
+    end
+
+    test "decorating attributes does not modify parent classes" do
+      Model.attribute :another_string, Type::String.new, default: 'whatever'
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      child_class = Class.new(Model)
+      child_class.decorate_attribute_type(:another_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      child_class.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :other) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello!')
+      child = child_class.new(a_string: 'Hello!')
+
+      assert_equal 'Hello! decorated!', model.a_string
+      assert_equal 'whatever', model.another_string
+      assert_equal 'Hello! decorated! decorated!', child.a_string
+      assert_equal 'whatever decorated!', child.another_string
+    end
+
+    class Multiplier < SimpleDelegator
+      def type_cast_from_user(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        value * 2
+      end
+      alias type_cast_from_database type_cast_from_user
+    end
+
+    test "decorating with a proc" do
+      Model.attribute :an_int, Type::Integer.new
+      type_is_integer = proc { |_, type| type.type == :integer }
+      Model.decorate_matching_attribute_types type_is_integer, :multiplier do |type|
+        Multiplier.new(type)
+      end
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'whatever', an_int: 1)
+
+      assert_equal 'whatever', model.a_string
+      assert_equal 2, model.an_int
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
index c0659fddef..e38b32d7fc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @klass = Class.new do
           def self.superclass; Base; end
           def self.base_class; self; end
+          def self.decorate_matching_attribute_types(*); end
+          def self.initialize_generated_modules; end
 
           include ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/serialization_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 75de773961..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/serialization_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module AttributeMethods
-    class SerializationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      class FakeColumn < Struct.new(:name)
-        def type; :integer; end
-        def type_cast(s); "#{s}!"; end
-      end
-
-      class NullCoder
-        def load(v); v; end
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_serialized_value
-        value = Serialization::Attribute.new(NullCoder.new, "Hello world", :serialized)
-        type = Serialization::Type.new(FakeColumn.new)
-        assert_equal "Hello world!", type.type_cast(value)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_unserialized_value
-        value = Serialization::Attribute.new(nil, "Hello world", :unserialized)
-        type = Serialization::Type.new(FakeColumn.new)
-        type.type_cast(value)
-        assert_equal "Hello world", type.type_cast(value)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index 6c581a432f..b4917e727a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @target.table_name = 'topics'
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveRecord::Base.send(:attribute_method_matchers).clear
     ActiveRecord::Base.send(:attribute_method_matchers).concat(@old_matchers)
   end
@@ -143,7 +143,11 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # Syck calls respond_to? before actually calling initialize
   def test_respond_to_with_allocated_object
-    topic = Topic.allocate
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'topics'
+    end
+
+    topic = klass.allocate
     assert !topic.respond_to?("nothingness")
     assert !topic.respond_to?(:nothingness)
     assert_respond_to topic, "title"
@@ -253,6 +257,15 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal @loaded_fixtures['computers']['workstation'].to_hash, Computer.first.attributes
   end
 
+  def test_attributes_without_primary_key
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'developers_projects'
+    end
+
+    assert_equal klass.column_names, klass.new.attributes.keys
+    assert_not klass.new.has_attribute?('id')
+  end
+
   def test_hashes_not_mangled
     new_topic = { :title => "New Topic" }
     new_topic_values = { :title => "AnotherTopic" }
@@ -288,10 +301,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_read_attribute
     topic = Topic.new
     topic.title = "Don't change the topic"
-    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.send(:read_attribute, "title")
+    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.read_attribute("title")
     assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic["title"]
 
-    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.send(:read_attribute, :title)
+    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.read_attribute(:title)
     assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic[:title]
   end
 
@@ -299,6 +312,8 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     computer = Computer.select('id').first
     assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { computer[:developer] }
     assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { computer[:extendedWarranty] }
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { computer[:no_column_exists] = 'Hello!' }
+    assert_nothing_raised { computer[:developer] = 'Hello!' }
   end
 
   def test_read_attribute_when_false
@@ -358,10 +373,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       super(attr_name).upcase
     end
 
-    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.send(:read_attribute, "title")
+    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.read_attribute("title")
     assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic["title"]
 
-    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.send(:read_attribute, :title)
+    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.read_attribute(:title)
     assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic[:title]
   end
 
@@ -449,10 +464,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_declared_suffixed_attribute_method_affects_respond_to_and_method_missing
-    topic = @target.new(:title => 'Budget')
     %w(_default _title_default _it! _candidate= able?).each do |suffix|
       @target.class_eval "def attribute#{suffix}(*args) args end"
       @target.attribute_method_suffix suffix
+      topic = @target.new(:title => 'Budget')
 
       meth = "title#{suffix}"
       assert topic.respond_to?(meth)
@@ -463,10 +478,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_declared_affixed_attribute_method_affects_respond_to_and_method_missing
-    topic = @target.new(:title => 'Budget')
     [['mark_', '_for_update'], ['reset_', '!'], ['default_', '_value?']].each do |prefix, suffix|
       @target.class_eval "def #{prefix}attribute#{suffix}(*args) args end"
       @target.attribute_method_affix({ :prefix => prefix, :suffix => suffix })
+      topic = @target.new(:title => 'Budget')
 
       meth = "#{prefix}title#{suffix}"
       assert topic.respond_to?(meth)
@@ -515,44 +530,36 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_only_time_related_columns_are_meant_to_be_cached_by_default
-    expected = %w(datetime timestamp time date).sort
-    assert_equal expected, ActiveRecord::Base.attribute_types_cached_by_default.map(&:to_s).sort
-  end
+  def test_deprecated_cache_attributes
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Topic.cache_attributes :replies_count
+    end
 
-  def test_declaring_attributes_as_cached_adds_them_to_the_attributes_cached_by_default
-    default_attributes = Topic.cached_attributes
-    Topic.cache_attributes :replies_count
-    expected = default_attributes + ["replies_count"]
-    assert_equal expected.sort, Topic.cached_attributes.sort
-    Topic.instance_variable_set "@cached_attributes", nil
-  end
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Topic.cached_attributes
+    end
 
-  def test_cacheable_columns_are_actually_cached
-    assert_equal cached_columns.sort, Topic.cached_attributes.sort
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Topic.cache_attribute? :replies_count
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_accessing_cached_attributes_caches_the_converted_values_and_nothing_else
-    t = topics(:first)
-    cache = t.instance_variable_get "@attributes_cache"
+  def test_converted_values_are_returned_after_assignment
+    developer = Developer.new(name: 1337, salary: "50000")
 
-    assert_not_nil cache
-    assert cache.empty?
+    assert_equal "50000", developer.salary_before_type_cast
+    assert_equal 1337, developer.name_before_type_cast
 
-    all_columns = Topic.columns.map(&:name)
-    uncached_columns = all_columns - cached_columns
+    assert_equal 50000, developer.salary
+    assert_equal "1337", developer.name
 
-    all_columns.each do |attr_name|
-      attribute_gets_cached = Topic.cache_attribute?(attr_name)
-      val = t.send attr_name unless attr_name == "type"
-      if attribute_gets_cached
-        assert cached_columns.include?(attr_name)
-        assert_equal val, cache[attr_name]
-      else
-        assert uncached_columns.include?(attr_name)
-        assert !cache.include?(attr_name)
-      end
-    end
+    developer.save!
+
+    assert_equal "50000", developer.salary_before_type_cast
+    assert_equal 1337, developer.name_before_type_cast
+
+    assert_equal 50000, developer.salary
+    assert_equal "1337", developer.name
   end
 
   def test_write_nil_to_time_attributes
@@ -728,19 +735,40 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert "unknown attribute: hello", error.message
   end
 
-  def test_read_attribute_overwrites_private_method_not_considered_implemented
-    # simulate a model with a db column that shares its name an inherited
-    # private method (e.g. Object#system)
-    #
-    Object.class_eval do
-      private
-      def title; "private!"; end
+  def test_methods_override_in_multi_level_subclass
+    klass = Class.new(Developer) do
+      def name
+        "dev:#{read_attribute(:name)}"
+      end
     end
-    assert !@target.instance_method_already_implemented?(:title)
-    topic = @target.new
-    assert_nil topic.title
 
-    Object.send(:undef_method, :title) # remove test method from object
+    2.times { klass = Class.new klass }
+    dev = klass.new(name: 'arthurnn')
+    dev.save!
+    assert_equal 'dev:arthurnn', dev.reload.name
+  end
+
+  def test_global_methods_are_overwritten
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'computers'
+    end
+
+    assert !klass.instance_method_already_implemented?(:system)
+    computer = klass.new
+    assert_nil computer.system
+  end
+
+  def test_global_methods_are_overwritte_when_subclassing
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) { self.abstract_class = true }
+
+    subklass = Class.new(klass) do
+      self.table_name = 'computers'
+    end
+
+    assert !klass.instance_method_already_implemented?(:system)
+    assert !subklass.instance_method_already_implemented?(:system)
+    computer = subklass.new
+    assert_nil computer.system
   end
 
   def test_instance_method_should_be_defined_on_the_base_class
@@ -782,6 +810,24 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "lol", topic.author_name
   end
 
+  def test_inherited_custom_accessors_with_reserved_names
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'computers'
+      self.abstract_class = true
+      def system; "omg"; end
+      def system=(val); self.developer = val; end
+    end
+
+    subklass = Class.new(klass)
+    [klass, subklass].each(&:define_attribute_methods)
+
+    computer = subklass.find(1)
+    assert_equal "omg", computer.system
+
+    computer.developer = 99
+    assert_equal 99, computer.developer
+  end
+
   def test_on_the_fly_super_invokable_generated_attribute_methods_via_method_missing
     klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
       def title
@@ -804,6 +850,49 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal !real_topic.title?, klass.find(real_topic.id).title?
   end
 
+  def test_calling_super_when_parent_does_not_define_method_raises_error
+    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
+      def some_method_that_is_not_on_super
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      klass.new.some_method_that_is_not_on_super
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_method?
+    assert @target.attribute_method?(:title)
+    assert @target.attribute_method?(:title=)
+    assert_not @target.attribute_method?(:wibble)
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_method_returns_false_if_table_does_not_exist
+    @target.table_name = 'wibble'
+    assert_not @target.attribute_method?(:title)
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_names_on_new_record
+    model = @target.new
+
+    assert_equal @target.column_names, model.attribute_names
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_names_on_queried_record
+    model = @target.last!
+
+    assert_equal @target.column_names, model.attribute_names
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_names_with_custom_select
+    model = @target.select('id').last!
+
+    assert_equal ['id'], model.attribute_names
+    # Sanity check, make sure other columns exist
+    assert_not_equal ['id'], @target.column_names
+  end
+
   private
 
   def new_topic_like_ar_class(&block)
@@ -817,7 +906,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def cached_columns
-    Topic.columns.map(&:name) - Topic.serialized_attributes.keys
+    Topic.columns.map(&:name)
   end
 
   def time_related_columns_on_topic
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc20c3c676
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeSetTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    test "building a new set from raw attributes" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2')
+
+      assert_equal 1, attributes[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 2.2, attributes[:bar].value
+      assert_equal :foo, attributes[:foo].name
+      assert_equal :bar, attributes[:bar].name
+    end
+
+    test "building with custom types" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database({ foo: '3.3', bar: '4.4' }, { bar: Type::Integer.new })
+
+      assert_equal 3.3, attributes[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 4, attributes[:bar].value
+    end
+
+    test "[] returns a null object" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '3.3')
+
+      assert_equal '3.3', attributes[:foo].value_before_type_cast
+      assert_equal nil, attributes[:bar].value_before_type_cast
+      assert_equal :bar, attributes[:bar].name
+    end
+
+    test "duping creates a new hash and dups each attribute" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::String.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: 1, bar: 'foo')
+
+      # Ensure the type cast value is cached
+      attributes[:foo].value
+      attributes[:bar].value
+
+      duped = attributes.dup
+      duped.write_from_database(:foo, 2)
+      duped[:bar].value << 'bar'
+
+      assert_equal 1, attributes[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 2, duped[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 'foo', attributes[:bar].value
+      assert_equal 'foobar', duped[:bar].value
+    end
+
+    test "freezing cloned set does not freeze original" do
+      attributes = AttributeSet.new({})
+      clone = attributes.clone
+
+      clone.freeze
+
+      assert clone.frozen?
+      assert_not attributes.frozen?
+    end
+
+    test "to_hash returns a hash of the type cast values" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2')
+
+      assert_equal({ foo: 1, bar: 2.2 }, attributes.to_hash)
+      assert_equal({ foo: 1, bar: 2.2 }, attributes.to_h)
+    end
+
+    test "values_before_type_cast" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Integer.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2')
+
+      assert_equal({ foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2' }, attributes.values_before_type_cast)
+    end
+
+    test "known columns are built with uninitialized attributes" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert attributes[:foo].initialized?
+      assert_not attributes[:bar].initialized?
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes are not included in the attributes hash" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_equal({ foo: 1 }, attributes.to_hash)
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes are not included in keys" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_equal [:foo], attributes.keys
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes return false for key?" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert attributes.key?(:foo)
+      assert_not attributes.key?(:bar)
+    end
+
+    test "unknown attributes return false for key?" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_not attributes.key?(:wibble)
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value returns the value for the given initialized attribute" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2')
+
+      assert_equal 1, attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+      assert_equal 2.2, attributes.fetch_value(:bar)
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value returns nil for unknown attributes" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:wibble)
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value uses the given block for uninitialized attributes" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      value = attributes.fetch_value(:bar) { |n| n.to_s + '!' }
+      assert_equal 'bar!', value
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value returns nil for uninitialized attributes if no block is given" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:bar)
+    end
+
+    class MyType
+      def type_cast_from_user(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        value + " from user"
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        value + " from database"
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "write_from_database sets the attribute with database typecasting" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: MyType.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database
+
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+
+      attributes.write_from_database(:foo, "value")
+
+      assert_equal "value from database", attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+    end
+
+    test "write_from_user sets the attribute with user typecasting" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: MyType.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database
+
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+
+      attributes.write_from_user(:foo, "value")
+
+      assert_equal "value from user", attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+    end
+
+    def attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1')
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b325abf1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'minitest/mock'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    setup do
+      @type = Minitest::Mock.new
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      assert @type.verify
+    end
+
+    test "from_database + read type casts from database" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_database, 'type cast from database', ['a value'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'a value', @type)
+
+      type_cast_value = attribute.value
+
+      assert_equal 'type cast from database', type_cast_value
+    end
+
+    test "from_user + read type casts from user" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_user, 'type cast from user', ['a value'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_user(nil, 'a value', @type)
+
+      type_cast_value = attribute.value
+
+      assert_equal 'type cast from user', type_cast_value
+    end
+
+    test "reading memoizes the value" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_database, 'from the database', ['whatever'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'whatever', @type)
+
+      type_cast_value = attribute.value
+      second_read = attribute.value
+
+      assert_equal 'from the database', type_cast_value
+      assert_same type_cast_value, second_read
+    end
+
+    test "reading memoizes falsy values" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_database, false, ['whatever'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'whatever', @type)
+
+      attribute.value
+      attribute.value
+    end
+
+    test "read_before_typecast returns the given value" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'raw value', @type)
+
+      raw_value = attribute.value_before_type_cast
+
+      assert_equal 'raw value', raw_value
+    end
+
+    test "from_database + read_for_database type casts to and from database" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_database, 'read from database', ['whatever'])
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_for_database, 'ready for database', ['read from database'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'whatever', @type)
+
+      type_cast_for_database = attribute.value_for_database
+
+      assert_equal 'ready for database', type_cast_for_database
+    end
+
+    test "from_user + read_for_database type casts from the user to the database" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_user, 'read from user', ['whatever'])
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_for_database, 'ready for database', ['read from user'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_user(nil, 'whatever', @type)
+
+      type_cast_for_database = attribute.value_for_database
+
+      assert_equal 'ready for database', type_cast_for_database
+    end
+
+    test "duping dups the value" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_database, 'type cast', ['a value'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'a value', @type)
+
+      value_from_orig = attribute.value
+      value_from_clone = attribute.dup.value
+      value_from_orig << ' foo'
+
+      assert_equal 'type cast foo', value_from_orig
+      assert_equal 'type cast', value_from_clone
+    end
+
+    test "duping does not dup the value if it is not dupable" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_database, false, ['a value'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'a value', @type)
+
+      assert_same attribute.value, attribute.dup.value
+    end
+
+    test "duping does not eagerly type cast if we have not yet type cast" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'a value', @type)
+      attribute.dup
+    end
+
+    class MyType
+      def type_cast_from_user(value)
+        value + " from user"
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        value + " from database"
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "with_value_from_user returns a new attribute with the value from the user" do
+      old = Attribute.from_database(nil, "old", MyType.new)
+      new = old.with_value_from_user("new")
+
+      assert_equal "old from database", old.value
+      assert_equal "new from user", new.value
+    end
+
+    test "with_value_from_database returns a new attribute with the value from the database" do
+      old = Attribute.from_user(nil, "old", MyType.new)
+      new = old.with_value_from_database("new")
+
+      assert_equal "old from user", old.value
+      assert_equal "new from database", new.value
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes yield their name if a block is given to value" do
+      block = proc { |name| name.to_s + "!" }
+      foo = Attribute.uninitialized(:foo, nil)
+      bar = Attribute.uninitialized(:bar, nil)
+
+      assert_equal "foo!", foo.value(&block)
+      assert_equal "bar!", bar.value(&block)
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes have no value" do
+      assert_nil Attribute.uninitialized(:foo, nil).value
+    end
+
+    test "attributes equal other attributes with the same constructor arguments" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      assert_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "attributes do not equal attributes with different names" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_database(:bar, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      assert_not_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "attributes do not equal attributes with different types" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Float.new)
+      assert_not_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "attributes do not equal attributes with different values" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 2, Type::Integer.new)
+      assert_not_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "attributes do not equal attributes of other classes" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_user(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      assert_not_equal first, second
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79ef0502cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+class OverloadedType < ActiveRecord::Base
+  attribute :overloaded_float, Type::Integer.new
+  attribute :overloaded_string_with_limit, Type::String.new(limit: 50)
+  attribute :non_existent_decimal, Type::Decimal.new
+  attribute :string_with_default, Type::String.new, default: 'the overloaded default'
+end
+
+class ChildOfOverloadedType < OverloadedType
+end
+
+class GrandchildOfOverloadedType < ChildOfOverloadedType
+  attribute :overloaded_float, Type::Float.new
+end
+
+class UnoverloadedType < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'overloaded_types'
+end
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class CustomPropertiesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_overloading_types
+      data = OverloadedType.new
+
+      data.overloaded_float = "1.1"
+      data.unoverloaded_float = "1.1"
+
+      assert_equal 1, data.overloaded_float
+      assert_equal 1.1, data.unoverloaded_float
+    end
+
+    def test_overloaded_properties_save
+      data = OverloadedType.new
+
+      data.overloaded_float = "2.2"
+      data.save!
+      data.reload
+
+      assert_equal 2, data.overloaded_float
+      assert_kind_of Fixnum, OverloadedType.last.overloaded_float
+      assert_equal 2.0, UnoverloadedType.last.overloaded_float
+      assert_kind_of Float, UnoverloadedType.last.overloaded_float
+    end
+
+    def test_properties_assigned_in_constructor
+      data = OverloadedType.new(overloaded_float: '3.3')
+
+      assert_equal 3, data.overloaded_float
+    end
+
+    def test_overloaded_properties_with_limit
+      assert_equal 50, OverloadedType.columns_hash['overloaded_string_with_limit'].limit
+      assert_equal 255, UnoverloadedType.columns_hash['overloaded_string_with_limit'].limit
+    end
+
+    def test_nonexistent_attribute
+      data = OverloadedType.new(non_existent_decimal: 1)
+
+      assert_equal BigDecimal.new(1), data.non_existent_decimal
+      assert_raise ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError do
+        UnoverloadedType.new(non_existent_decimal: 1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_changing_defaults
+      data = OverloadedType.new
+      unoverloaded_data = UnoverloadedType.new
+
+      assert_equal 'the overloaded default', data.string_with_default
+      assert_equal 'the original default', unoverloaded_data.string_with_default
+    end
+
+    def test_children_inherit_custom_properties
+      data = ChildOfOverloadedType.new(overloaded_float: '4.4')
+
+      assert_equal 4, data.overloaded_float
+    end
+
+    def test_children_can_override_parents
+      data = GrandchildOfOverloadedType.new(overloaded_float: '4.4')
+
+      assert_equal 4.4, data.overloaded_float
+    end
+
+    def test_overloading_properties_does_not_change_column_order
+      column_names = OverloadedType.column_names
+      assert_equal %w(id overloaded_float unoverloaded_float overloaded_string_with_limit string_with_default non_existent_decimal), column_names
+    end
+
+    def test_caches_are_cleared
+      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType)
+
+      assert_equal 6, klass.columns.length
+      assert_not klass.columns_hash.key?('wibble')
+      assert_equal 6, klass.column_types.length
+      assert_equal 6, klass.column_defaults.length
+      assert_not klass.column_names.include?('wibble')
+      assert_equal 5, klass.content_columns.length
+
+      klass.attribute :wibble, Type::Value.new
+
+      assert_equal 7, klass.columns.length
+      assert klass.columns_hash.key?('wibble')
+      assert_equal 7, klass.column_types.length
+      assert_equal 7, klass.column_defaults.length
+      assert klass.column_names.include?('wibble')
+      assert_equal 6, klass.content_columns.length
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
index c55dd685a1..025cdbeba9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
@@ -21,6 +21,31 @@ require 'models/electron'
 require 'models/molecule'
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  def test_autosave_validation
+    person = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+      self.table_name = 'people'
+      validate :should_be_cool, :on => :create
+      def self.name; 'Person'; end
+
+      private
+
+      def should_be_cool
+        unless self.first_name == 'cool'
+          errors.add :first_name, "not cool"
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    reference = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+      self.table_name = "references"
+      def self.name; 'Reference'; end
+      belongs_to :person, autosave: true, class: person
+    }
+
+    u = person.create!(first_name: 'cool')
+    u.update_attributes!(first_name: 'nah') # still valid because validation only applies on 'create'
+    assert reference.create!(person: u).persisted?
+  end
+
   def test_should_not_add_the_same_callbacks_multiple_times_for_has_one
     assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for Pirate, :ship
   end
@@ -39,10 +64,6 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   private
 
-  def base
-    ActiveRecord::Base
-  end
-
   def assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for(model, association_name)
     reflection = model.reflect_on_association(association_name)
     assert_no_difference "callbacks_for_model(#{model.name}).length" do
@@ -51,9 +72,9 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def callbacks_for_model(model)
-    model.instance_variables.grep(/_callbacks$/).map do |ivar|
+    model.instance_variables.grep(/_callbacks$/).flat_map do |ivar|
       model.instance_variable_get(ivar)
-    end.flatten
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -478,7 +499,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
 
   def test_build_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     company.name += '-changed'
@@ -489,7 +510,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
 
   def test_build_many_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) }
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) }
 
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(3) { assert company.save }
@@ -498,7 +519,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
 
   def test_build_via_block_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build {|client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build {|client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     company.name += '-changed'
@@ -509,7 +530,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
 
   def test_build_many_via_block_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) do |client|
         client.name = "changed"
       end
@@ -597,15 +618,15 @@ end
 class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-  def setup
-    super
+  setup do
     @pirate = Pirate.create(:catchphrase => "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
     @ship = @pirate.create_ship(:name => 'Nights Dirty Lightning')
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     # We are running without transactional fixtures and need to cleanup.
     Bird.delete_all
+    Parrot.delete_all
     @ship.delete
     @pirate.delete
   end
@@ -662,10 +683,23 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
 
+    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = "Changed Catchphrase"
+
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) { assert !@pirate.save }
     assert_not_nil @pirate.reload.ship
   end
 
+  def test_should_save_changed_has_one_changed_object_if_child_is_saved
+    @pirate.ship.name = "NewName"
+    assert @pirate.save
+    assert_equal "NewName", @pirate.ship.reload.name
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_save_changed_has_one_unchanged_object_if_child_is_saved
+    @pirate.ship.expects(:save).never
+    assert @pirate.save
+  end
+
   # belongs_to
   def test_should_destroy_a_parent_association_as_part_of_the_save_transaction_if_it_was_marked_for_destroyal
     assert !@ship.pirate.marked_for_destruction?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
index 8a0b0b9589..fb535e74fc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_columns_should_obey_set_primary_key
-    pk = Subscriber.columns.find { |x| x.name == 'nick' }
-    assert pk.primary, 'nick should be primary key'
+    pk = Subscriber.columns_hash[Subscriber.primary_key]
+    assert_equal 'nick', pk.name, 'nick should be primary key'
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_with_no_id
@@ -160,19 +160,11 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_preserving_date_objects
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      # Sybase ctlib does not (yet?) support the date type; use datetime instead.
-      assert_kind_of(
-        Time, Topic.find(1).last_read,
-        "The last_read attribute should be of the Time class"
-      )
-    else
-      # Oracle enhanced adapter allows to define Date attributes in model class (see topic.rb)
-      assert_kind_of(
-        Date, Topic.find(1).last_read,
-        "The last_read attribute should be of the Date class"
-      )
-    end
+    # Oracle enhanced adapter allows to define Date attributes in model class (see topic.rb)
+    assert_kind_of(
+      Date, Topic.find(1).last_read,
+      "The last_read attribute should be of the Date class"
+    )
   end
 
   def test_previously_changed
@@ -212,7 +204,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     )
 
     # For adapters which support microsecond resolution.
-    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
+    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter) || mysql_56?
       assert_equal 11, Topic.find(1).written_on.sec
       assert_equal 223300, Topic.find(1).written_on.usec
       assert_equal 9900, Topic.find(2).written_on.usec
@@ -480,8 +472,8 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
-  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
+  # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
+  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
     def test_utc_as_time_zone
       with_timezone_config default: :utc do
         attributes = { "bonus_time" => "5:42:00AM" }
@@ -515,12 +507,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic = Topic.find(topic.id)
     assert_nil topic.last_read
 
-    # Sybase adapter does not allow nulls in boolean columns
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      assert topic.approved == false
-    else
-      assert_nil topic.approved
-    end
+    assert_nil topic.approved
   end
 
   def test_equality
@@ -531,8 +518,13 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Topic.find('1-meowmeow'), Topic.find(1)
   end
 
+  def test_find_by_slug_with_array
+    assert_equal Topic.find(['1-meowmeow', '2-hello']), Topic.find([1, 2])
+  end
+
   def test_equality_of_new_records
     assert_not_equal Topic.new, Topic.new
+    assert_equal false, Topic.new == Topic.new
   end
 
   def test_equality_of_destroyed_records
@@ -544,6 +536,47 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal topic_2, topic_1
   end
 
+  def test_equality_with_blank_ids
+    one = Subscriber.new(:id => '')
+    two = Subscriber.new(:id => '')
+    assert_equal one, two
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_relation_and_collection_proxy
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert car.bulbs == Bulb.where(car_id: car.id), 'CollectionProxy should be comparable with Relation'
+    assert Bulb.where(car_id: car.id) == car.bulbs, 'Relation should be comparable with CollectionProxy'
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_relation_and_array
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert Bulb.where(car_id: car.id) == car.bulbs.to_a, 'Relation should be comparable with Array'
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_relation_and_association_relation
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert_equal Bulb.where(car_id: car.id), car.bulbs.includes(:car), 'Relation should be comparable with AssociationRelation'
+    assert_equal car.bulbs.includes(:car), Bulb.where(car_id: car.id), 'AssociationRelation should be comparable with Relation'
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_collection_proxy_and_association_relation
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert_equal car.bulbs, car.bulbs.includes(:car), 'CollectionProxy should be comparable with AssociationRelation'
+    assert_equal car.bulbs.includes(:car), car.bulbs, 'AssociationRelation should be comparable with CollectionProxy'
+  end
+
   def test_hashing
     assert_equal [ Topic.find(1) ], [ Topic.find(2).topic ] & [ Topic.find(1) ]
   end
@@ -578,12 +611,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal nil, Topic.find_by_id(topic.id)
   end
 
-  def test_blank_ids
-    one = Subscriber.new(:id => '')
-    two = Subscriber.new(:id => '')
-    assert_equal one, two
-  end
-
   def test_comparison_with_different_objects
     topic = Topic.create
     category = Category.create(:name => "comparison")
@@ -649,8 +676,8 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_attributes_on_dummy_time
-    # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
-    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
+    # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
+    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
 
     with_timezone_config default: :local do
       attributes = {
@@ -663,8 +690,8 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_attributes_on_dummy_time_with_invalid_time
-    # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
-    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
+    # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
+    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
 
     attributes = {
       "bonus_time" => "not a time"
@@ -751,8 +778,14 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal("c", duped_topic.title)
   end
 
+  DeveloperSalary = Struct.new(:amount)
   def test_dup_with_aggregate_of_same_name_as_attribute
-    dev = DeveloperWithAggregate.find(1)
+    developer_with_aggregate = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'developers'
+      composed_of :salary, :class_name => 'BasicsTest::DeveloperSalary', :mapping => [%w(salary amount)]
+    end
+
+    dev = developer_with_aggregate.find(1)
     assert_kind_of DeveloperSalary, dev.salary
 
     dup = nil
@@ -951,6 +984,10 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   class NumericData < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'numeric_data'
+
+    attribute :world_population, Type::Integer.new
+    attribute :my_house_population, Type::Integer.new
+    attribute :atoms_in_universe, Type::Integer.new
   end
 
   def test_big_decimal_conditions
@@ -1310,14 +1347,32 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_compute_type_no_method_error
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stubs(:constantize).raises(NoMethodError)
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stubs(:safe_constantize).raises(NoMethodError)
     assert_raises NoMethodError do
       ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'InvalidModel'
     end
   end
 
+  def test_compute_type_on_undefined_method
+    error = nil
+    begin
+      Class.new(Author) do
+        alias_method :foo, :bar
+      end
+    rescue => e
+      error = e
+    end
+
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stubs(:safe_constantize).raises(e)
+
+    exception = assert_raises NameError do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'InvalidModel'
+    end
+    assert_equal error.message, exception.message
+  end
+
   def test_compute_type_argument_error
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stubs(:constantize).raises(ArgumentError)
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stubs(:safe_constantize).raises(ArgumentError)
     assert_raises ArgumentError do
       ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'InvalidModel'
     end
@@ -1451,15 +1506,14 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     attrs = topic.attributes.dup
     attrs.delete 'id'
 
-    typecast = Class.new {
+    typecast = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Type::Value) {
       def type_cast value
         "t.lo"
       end
     }
 
     types = { 'author_name' => typecast.new }
-    topic = Topic.allocate.init_with 'attributes' => attrs,
-                                     'column_types' => types
+    topic = Topic.instantiate(attrs, types)
 
     assert_equal 't.lo', topic.author_name
   end
@@ -1486,20 +1540,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "", Company.new.description
   end
 
-  ["find_by", "find_by!"].each do |meth|
-    test "#{meth} delegates to scoped" do
-      record = stub
-
-      scope = mock
-      scope.expects(meth).with(:foo, :bar).returns(record)
-
-      klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-      klass.stubs(:all => scope)
-
-      assert_equal record, klass.public_send(meth, :foo, :bar)
-    end
-  end
-
   test "scoped can take a values hash" do
     klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
     assert_equal ['foo'], klass.all.merge!(select: 'foo').select_values
@@ -1560,4 +1600,11 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal after_handler, new_handler
     assert_equal orig_handler, klass.connection_handler
   end
+
+  # Note: This is a performance optimization for Array#uniq and Hash#[] with
+  # AR::Base objects. If the future has made this irrelevant, feel free to
+  # delete this.
+  test "records without an id have unique hashes" do
+    assert_not_equal Post.new.hash, Post.new.hash
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
index 9a486cf8b8..ccf2be369d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
 # Without using prepared statements, it makes no sense to test
-# BLOB data with DB2 or Firebird, because the length of a statement
+# BLOB data with DB2, because the length of a statement
 # is limited to 32KB.
-unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :DB2Adapter, :FirebirdAdapter)
+unless current_adapter?(:DB2Adapter)
   require 'models/binary'
 
   class BinaryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :DB2Adapter, :FirebirdAdapter)
 
       name = binary.name
 
-      # Mysql adapter doesn't properly encode things, so we have to do it
+      # MySQL adapter doesn't properly encode things, so we have to do it
       if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
         name.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
index 291751c435..0bc7ee6d64 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def setup
       super
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-      @listener   = LogListener.new
-      @pk         = Topic.columns.find { |c| c.primary }
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @listener)
+      @subscriber   = LogListener.new
+      @pk         = Topic.columns_hash[Topic.primary_key]
+      @subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
     end
 
-    def teardown
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@listener)
+    teardown do
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscription)
     end
 
     if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_statement_cache?
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @connection.exec_query(sql, 'SQL', binds)
 
-        message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:sql] == sql }
+        message = @subscriber.calls.find { |args| args[4][:sql] == sql }
         assert_equal binds, message[4][:binds]
       end
 
@@ -48,24 +48,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @connection.exec_query(sql, 'SQL', binds)
 
-        message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:sql] == sql }
+        message = @subscriber.calls.find { |args| args[4][:sql] == sql }
         assert_equal [[@pk, 3]], message[4][:binds]
       end
 
       def test_find_one_uses_binds
         Topic.find(1)
         binds = [[@pk, 1]]
-        message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:binds] == binds }
+        message = @subscriber.calls.find { |args| args[4][:binds] == binds }
         assert message, 'expected a message with binds'
       end
 
       def test_logs_bind_vars
-        pk = Topic.columns.find { |x| x.primary }
-
         payload = {
           :name  => 'SQL',
           :sql   => 'select * from topics where id = ?',
-          :binds => [[pk, 10]]
+          :binds => [[@pk, 10]]
         }
         event  = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(
           'foo',
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         }.new
 
         logger.sql event
-        assert_match([[pk.name, 10]].inspect, logger.debugs.first)
+        assert_match([[@pk.name, 10]].inspect, logger.debugs.first)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
index db999f90ab..ec6a319ab5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
@@ -11,14 +11,16 @@ require 'models/minivan'
 require 'models/speedometer'
 require 'models/ship_part'
 
-Company.has_many :accounts
-
 class NumericData < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'numeric_data'
+
+  attribute :world_population, Type::Integer.new
+  attribute :my_house_population, Type::Integer.new
+  attribute :atoms_in_universe, Type::Integer.new
 end
 
 class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :companies, :accounts, :topics
+  fixtures :companies, :accounts, :topics, :speedometers, :minivans
 
   def test_should_sum_field
     assert_equal 318, Account.sum(:credit_limit)
@@ -49,11 +51,6 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nil NumericData.average(:bank_balance)
   end
 
-  def test_type_cast_calculated_value_should_convert_db_averages_of_fixnum_class_to_decimal
-    assert_equal 0, NumericData.all.send(:type_cast_calculated_value, 0, nil, 'avg')
-    assert_equal 53.0, NumericData.all.send(:type_cast_calculated_value, 53, nil, 'avg')
-  end
-
   def test_should_get_maximum_of_field
     assert_equal 60, Account.maximum(:credit_limit)
   end
@@ -387,6 +384,20 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Account.count(1, 2, 3) }
   end
 
+  def test_count_with_order
+    assert_equal 6, Account.order(:credit_limit).count
+  end
+
+  def test_count_with_reverse_order
+    assert_equal 6, Account.order(:credit_limit).reverse_order.count
+  end
+
+  def test_count_with_where_and_order
+    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: '37signals').count
+    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: '37signals').order(:firm_name).count
+    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: '37signals').order(:firm_name).reverse_order.count
+  end
+
   def test_should_sum_expression
     # Oracle adapter returns floating point value 636.0 after SUM
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
@@ -592,4 +603,11 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5], taks_relation.pluck(:id)
     assert_equal [false, true, true, true, true], taks_relation.pluck(:approved)
   end
+
+  def test_pluck_columns_with_same_name
+    expected = [["The First Topic", "The Second Topic of the day"], ["The Third Topic of the day", "The Fourth Topic of the day"]]
+    actual = Topic.joins(:replies)
+      .pluck('topics.title', 'replies_topics.title')
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
index c7b64f29c3..bcfd66b4bf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
@@ -11,30 +11,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @viz = @adapter.schema_creation
       end
 
-      def test_can_set_coder
-        column = Column.new("title", nil, "varchar(20)")
-        column.coder = YAML
-        assert_equal YAML, column.coder
-      end
-
-      def test_encoded?
-        column = Column.new("title", nil, "varchar(20)")
-        assert !column.encoded?
-
-        column.coder = YAML
-        assert column.encoded?
-      end
-
-      def test_type_case_coded_column
-        column = Column.new("title", nil, "varchar(20)")
-        column.coder = YAML
-        assert_equal "hello", column.type_cast("--- hello")
-      end
-
       # Avoid column definitions in create table statements like:
       # `title` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL
       def test_should_not_include_default_clause_when_default_is_null
-        column = Column.new("title", nil, "varchar(20)")
+        column = Column.new("title", nil, Type::String.new(limit: 20))
         column_def = ColumnDefinition.new(
           column.name, "string",
           column.limit, column.precision, column.scale, column.default, column.null)
@@ -42,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_should_include_default_clause_when_default_is_present
-        column = Column.new("title", "Hello", "varchar(20)")
+        column = Column.new("title", "Hello", Type::String.new(limit: 20))
         column_def = ColumnDefinition.new(
           column.name, "string",
           column.limit, column.precision, column.scale, column.default, column.null)
@@ -50,7 +30,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_should_specify_not_null_if_null_option_is_false
-        column = Column.new("title", "Hello", "varchar(20)", false)
+        column = Column.new("title", "Hello", Type::String.new(limit: 20), "varchar(20)", false)
         column_def = ColumnDefinition.new(
           column.name, "string",
           column.limit, column.precision, column.scale, column.default, column.null)
@@ -59,81 +39,81 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
         def test_should_set_default_for_mysql_binary_data_types
-          binary_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", "binary(1)")
+          binary_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", Type::Binary.new, "binary(1)")
           assert_equal "a", binary_column.default
 
-          varbinary_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", "varbinary(1)")
+          varbinary_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", Type::Binary.new, "varbinary(1)")
           assert_equal "a", varbinary_column.default
         end
 
         def test_should_not_set_default_for_blob_and_text_data_types
           assert_raise ArgumentError do
-            MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", "blob")
+            MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", Type::Binary.new, "blob")
           end
 
           assert_raise ArgumentError do
-            MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "Hello", "text")
+            MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "Hello", Type::Text.new)
           end
 
-          text_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text")
+          text_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, Type::Text.new)
           assert_equal nil, text_column.default
 
-          not_null_text_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text", false)
+          not_null_text_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, Type::Text.new, "text", false)
           assert_equal "", not_null_text_column.default
         end
 
         def test_has_default_should_return_false_for_blob_and_text_data_types
-          blob_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, "blob")
+          blob_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, Type::Binary.new, "blob")
           assert !blob_column.has_default?
 
-          text_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text")
+          text_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, Type::Text.new)
           assert !text_column.has_default?
         end
       end
 
       if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
         def test_should_set_default_for_mysql_binary_data_types
-          binary_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "a", "binary(1)")
+          binary_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "a", Type::Binary.new, "binary(1)")
           assert_equal "a", binary_column.default
 
-          varbinary_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "a", "varbinary(1)")
+          varbinary_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "a", Type::Binary.new, "varbinary(1)")
           assert_equal "a", varbinary_column.default
         end
 
         def test_should_not_set_default_for_blob_and_text_data_types
           assert_raise ArgumentError do
-            Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "a", "blob")
+            Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "a", Type::Binary.new, "blob")
           end
 
           assert_raise ArgumentError do
-            Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "Hello", "text")
+            Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "Hello", Type::Text.new)
           end
 
-          text_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text")
+          text_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, Type::Text.new)
           assert_equal nil, text_column.default
 
-          not_null_text_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text", false)
+          not_null_text_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, Type::Text.new, "text", false)
           assert_equal "", not_null_text_column.default
         end
 
         def test_has_default_should_return_false_for_blob_and_text_data_types
-          blob_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, "blob")
+          blob_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, Type::Binary.new, "blob")
           assert !blob_column.has_default?
 
-          text_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text")
+          text_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, Type::Text.new)
           assert !text_column.has_default?
         end
       end
 
       if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
         def test_bigint_column_should_map_to_integer
-          oid = PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Identity.new
+          oid = PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Integer.new
           bigint_column = PostgreSQLColumn.new('number', nil, oid, "bigint")
           assert_equal :integer, bigint_column.type
         end
 
         def test_smallint_column_should_map_to_integer
-          oid = PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Identity.new
+          oid = PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Integer.new
           smallint_column = PostgreSQLColumn.new('number', nil, oid, "smallint")
           assert_equal :integer, smallint_column.type
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a6d8cc2ab..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/company'
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class ColumnTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      def test_type_cast_boolean
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "boolean")
-        assert column.type_cast('').nil?
-        assert column.type_cast(nil).nil?
-
-        assert column.type_cast(true)
-        assert column.type_cast(1)
-        assert column.type_cast('1')
-        assert column.type_cast('t')
-        assert column.type_cast('T')
-        assert column.type_cast('true')
-        assert column.type_cast('TRUE')
-        assert column.type_cast('on')
-        assert column.type_cast('ON')
-
-        # explicitly check for false vs nil
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast(false)
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast(0)
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('0')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('f')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('F')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('false')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('FALSE')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('off')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('OFF')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast(' ')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast("\u3000\r\n")
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast("\u0000")
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('SOMETHING RANDOM')
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast(1)
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast('1')
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast('1ignore')
-        assert_equal 0, column.type_cast('bad1')
-        assert_equal 0, column.type_cast('bad')
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast(1.7)
-        assert_equal 0, column.type_cast(false)
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast(true)
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(nil)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_non_integer_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_nil column.type_cast([1,2])
-        assert_nil column.type_cast({1 => 2})
-        assert_nil column.type_cast((1..2))
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_activerecord_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        firm = Firm.create(:name => 'Apple')
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(firm)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_object_without_to_i_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(Object.new)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_nan_and_infinity_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(Float::NAN)
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(1.0/0.0)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_time
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "time")
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast(nil)
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('')
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('ABC')
-
-        time_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%T")
-        assert_equal time_string, column.type_cast(time_string).strftime("%T")
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_datetime_and_timestamp
-        [Column.new("field", nil, "datetime"), Column.new("field", nil, "timestamp")].each do |column|
-          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast(nil)
-          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('')
-          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('  ')
-          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('ABC')
-
-          datetime_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%FT%T")
-          assert_equal datetime_string, column.type_cast(datetime_string).strftime("%FT%T")
-        end
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_date
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "date")
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast(nil)
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('')
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast(' ')
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('ABC')
-
-        date_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%F")
-        assert_equal date_string, column.type_cast(date_string).strftime("%F")
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_duration_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_equal 1800, column.type_cast(30.minutes)
-        assert_equal 7200, column.type_cast(2.hours)
-      end
-
-      def test_string_to_time_with_timezone
-        [:utc, :local].each do |zone|
-          with_timezone_config default: zone do
-            assert_equal Time.utc(2013, 9, 4, 0, 0, 0), Column.string_to_time("Wed, 04 Sep 2013 03:00:00 EAT")
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eb2fe5639b..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class ConnectionPool
-      def insert_connection_for_test!(c)
-        synchronize do
-          @connections << c
-          @available.add c
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class AbstractAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      attr_reader :adapter
-
-      def setup
-        @adapter = AbstractAdapter.new nil, nil
-      end
-
-      def test_in_use?
-        assert_not adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is not in use'
-        assert adapter.lease, 'lease adapter'
-        assert adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
-      end
-
-      def test_lease_twice
-        assert adapter.lease, 'should lease adapter'
-        assert_not adapter.lease, 'should not lease adapter'
-      end
-
-      def test_last_use
-        assert_not adapter.last_use
-        adapter.lease
-        assert adapter.last_use
-      end
-
-      def test_expire_mutates_in_use
-        assert adapter.lease, 'lease adapter'
-        assert adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
-        adapter.expire
-        assert_not adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
-      end
-
-      def test_close
-        pool = ConnectionPool.new(ConnectionSpecification.new({}, nil))
-        pool.insert_connection_for_test! adapter
-        adapter.pool = pool
-
-        # Make sure the pool marks the connection in use
-        assert_equal adapter, pool.connection
-        assert adapter.in_use?
-
-        # Close should put the adapter back in the pool
-        adapter.close
-        assert_not adapter.in_use?
-
-        assert_equal adapter, pool.connection
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..662e19f35e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class AdapterLeasingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      class Pool < ConnectionPool
+        def insert_connection_for_test!(c)
+          synchronize do
+            @connections << c
+            @available.add c
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup
+        @adapter = AbstractAdapter.new nil, nil
+      end
+
+      def test_in_use?
+        assert_not @adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is not in use'
+        assert @adapter.lease, 'lease adapter'
+        assert @adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
+      end
+
+      def test_lease_twice
+        assert @adapter.lease, 'should lease adapter'
+        assert_not @adapter.lease, 'should not lease adapter'
+      end
+
+      def test_expire_mutates_in_use
+        assert @adapter.lease, 'lease adapter'
+        assert @adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
+        @adapter.expire
+        assert_not @adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
+      end
+
+      def test_close
+        pool = Pool.new(ConnectionSpecification.new({}, nil))
+        pool.insert_connection_for_test! @adapter
+        @adapter.pool = pool
+
+        # Make sure the pool marks the connection in use
+        assert_equal @adapter, pool.connection
+        assert @adapter.in_use?
+
+        # Close should put the adapter back in the pool
+        @adapter.close
+        assert_not @adapter.in_use?
+
+        assert_equal @adapter, pool.connection
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
index 318cc5a32c..3e33b30144 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
@@ -2,133 +2,6 @@ require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-
-    class MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfigTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-
-      def klass
-        ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig
-      end
-
-      def setup
-        @previous_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
-      end
-
-      def teardown
-        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = @previous_database_url
-      end
-
-      def test_string_connection
-        config   = { "production" => "postgres://localhost/foo" }
-        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
-        expected = { "production" =>
-                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
-                       "database" => "foo",
-                       "host"     => "localhost"
-                      }
-                    }
-        assert_equal expected, actual
-      end
-
-      def test_url_sub_key
-        config   = { "production" => { "url" => "postgres://localhost/foo" } }
-        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
-        expected = { "production" =>
-                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
-                       "database" => "foo",
-                       "host"     => "localhost"
-                      }
-                    }
-        assert_equal expected, actual
-      end
-
-      def test_hash
-        config = { "production" => { "adapter" => "postgres", "database" => "foo" } }
-        actual = klass.new(config).resolve
-        assert_equal config, actual
-      end
-
-      def test_blank
-        config = {}
-        actual = klass.new(config).resolve
-        assert_equal config, actual
-      end
-
-      def test_blank_with_database_url
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
-
-        config   = {}
-        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
-        expected = { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
-                     "database" => "foo",
-                     "host"     => "localhost" }
-        assert_equal expected, actual["production"]
-        assert_equal expected, actual["development"]
-        assert_equal expected, actual["test"]
-        assert_equal nil,      actual[:production]
-        assert_equal nil,      actual[:development]
-        assert_equal nil,      actual[:test]
-      end
-
-      def test_sting_with_database_url
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "NOT-POSTGRES://localhost/NOT_FOO"
-
-        config   = { "production" => "postgres://localhost/foo" }
-        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
-
-        expected = { "production" =>
-                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
-                       "database" => "foo",
-                       "host"     => "localhost"
-                      }
-                    }
-        assert_equal expected, actual
-      end
-
-      def test_url_sub_key_with_database_url
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "NOT-POSTGRES://localhost/NOT_FOO"
-
-        config   = { "production" => { "url" => "postgres://localhost/foo" } }
-        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
-        expected = { "production" =>
-                    { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
-                       "database" => "foo",
-                       "host"     => "localhost"
-                      }
-                    }
-        assert_equal expected, actual
-      end
-
-      def test_merge_no_conflicts_with_database_url
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
-
-        config   = {"production" => { "pool" => "5" } }
-        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
-        expected = { "production" =>
-                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
-                       "database" => "foo",
-                       "host"     => "localhost",
-                       "pool"     => "5"
-                      }
-                    }
-        assert_equal expected, actual
-      end
-
-      def test_merge_conflicts_with_database_url
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
-
-        config   = {"production" => { "adapter" => "NOT-POSTGRES", "database" => "NOT-FOO", "pool" => "5" } }
-        actual   = klass.new(config).resolve
-        expected = { "production" =>
-                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
-                       "database" => "foo",
-                       "host"     => "localhost",
-                       "pool"     => "5"
-                      }
-                    }
-        assert_equal expected, actual
-      end
-    end
-
     class ConnectionHandlerTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def setup
         @klass    = Class.new(Base)   { def self.name; 'klass';    end }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e1b2804a18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfigTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def setup
+        @previous_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
+      end
+
+      teardown do
+        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = @previous_database_url
+      end
+
+      def resolve_config(config)
+        ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig.new(config).resolve
+      end
+
+      def resolve_spec(spec, config)
+        ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(resolve_config(config)).resolve(spec)
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_current_env_symbol_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "not_production" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:default_env, config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_and_current_env_string_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "default_env" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual   = assert_deprecated { resolve_spec("default_env", config) }
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_known_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "production" => { "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo", "host" => "localhost" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:production, config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"not_postgres", "database"=>"not_foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_unknown_symbol_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "not_production" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        assert_raises AdapterNotSpecified do
+          resolve_spec(:production, config)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_unknown_string_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "not_production" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        assert_deprecated do
+          assert_raises AdapterNotSpecified do
+           resolve_spec("production", config)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_supplied_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "not-postgres://not-localhost/not_foo"
+        config   = { "production" => {  "adapter" => "also_not_postgres", "database" => "also_not_foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec("postgres://localhost/foo", config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_jdbc_url
+        config   = { "production" => { "url" => "jdbc:postgres://localhost/foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        assert_equal config, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_environment_does_not_exist_in_config_url_does_exist
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config      = { "not_default_env" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual      = resolve_config(config)
+        expect_prod = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expect_prod, actual["default_env"]
+      end
+
+      def test_url_with_hyphenated_scheme
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "ibm-db://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo", "host" => "localhost" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:default_env, config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"ibm_db", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_string_connection
+        config   = { "default_env" => "postgres://localhost/foo" }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_url_sub_key
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "url" => "postgres://localhost/foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_hash
+        config = { "production" => { "adapter" => "postgres", "database" => "foo" } }
+        actual = resolve_config(config)
+        assert_equal config, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_blank
+        config = {}
+        actual = resolve_config(config)
+        assert_equal config, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_blank_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {}
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                     "database" => "foo",
+                     "host"     => "localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual["default_env"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["production"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["development"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["test"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:production]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:development]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:test]
+      end
+
+      def test_database_url_with_ipv6_host_and_port
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://[::1]:5454/foo"
+
+        config   = {}
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                     "database" => "foo",
+                     "host"     => "::1",
+                     "port"     => 5454 }
+        assert_equal expected, actual["default_env"]
+      end
+
+      def test_url_sub_key_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "NOT-POSTGRES://localhost/NOT_FOO"
+
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "url" => "postgres://localhost/foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                    { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_merge_no_conflicts_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {"default_env" => { "pool" => "5" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost",
+                       "pool"     => "5"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_merge_conflicts_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {"default_env" => { "adapter" => "NOT-POSTGRES", "database" => "NOT-FOO", "pool" => "5" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost",
+                       "pool"     => "5"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d4d67487db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class MysqlTypeLookupTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      end
+
+      def test_boolean_types
+        emulate_booleans(true) do
+          assert_lookup_type :boolean, 'tinyint(1)'
+          assert_lookup_type :boolean, 'TINYINT(1)'
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_string_types
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "enum('one', 'two', 'three')"
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "ENUM('one', 'two', 'three')"
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "set('one', 'two', 'three')"
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "SET('one', 'two', 'three')"
+      end
+
+      def test_binary_types
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'bit'
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'BIT'
+      end
+
+      def test_integer_types
+        emulate_booleans(false) do
+          assert_lookup_type :integer, 'tinyint(1)'
+          assert_lookup_type :integer, 'TINYINT(1)'
+          assert_lookup_type :integer, 'year'
+          assert_lookup_type :integer, 'YEAR'
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def assert_lookup_type(type, lookup)
+        cast_type = @connection.type_map.lookup(lookup)
+        assert_equal type, cast_type.type
+      end
+
+      def emulate_booleans(value)
+        old_emulate_booleans = @connection.emulate_booleans
+        change_emulate_booleans(value)
+        yield
+      ensure
+        change_emulate_booleans(old_emulate_booleans)
+      end
+
+      def change_emulate_booleans(value)
+        @connection.emulate_booleans = value
+        @connection.clear_cache!
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
index ecad7c942f..c7531f5418 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @cache = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(@cache))
 
-        assert_equal 12, @cache.columns('posts').size
-        assert_equal 12, @cache.columns_hash('posts').size
+        assert_equal 11, @cache.columns('posts').size
+        assert_equal 11, @cache.columns_hash('posts').size
         assert @cache.tables('posts')
         assert_equal 'id', @cache.primary_keys('posts')
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5c1dc1e5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) # PostgreSQL does not use type strigns for lookup
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class TypeLookupTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      end
+
+      def test_boolean_types
+        assert_lookup_type :boolean, 'boolean'
+        assert_lookup_type :boolean, 'BOOLEAN'
+      end
+
+      def test_string_types
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'char'
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'varchar'
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'VARCHAR'
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'varchar(255)'
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'character varying'
+      end
+
+      def test_binary_types
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'binary'
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'BINARY'
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'blob'
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'BLOB'
+      end
+
+      def test_text_types
+        assert_lookup_type :text, 'text'
+        assert_lookup_type :text, 'TEXT'
+        assert_lookup_type :text, 'clob'
+        assert_lookup_type :text, 'CLOB'
+      end
+
+      def test_date_types
+        assert_lookup_type :date, 'date'
+        assert_lookup_type :date, 'DATE'
+      end
+
+      def test_time_types
+        assert_lookup_type :time, 'time'
+        assert_lookup_type :time, 'TIME'
+      end
+
+      def test_datetime_types
+        assert_lookup_type :datetime, 'datetime'
+        assert_lookup_type :datetime, 'DATETIME'
+        assert_lookup_type :datetime, 'timestamp'
+        assert_lookup_type :datetime, 'TIMESTAMP'
+      end
+
+      def test_decimal_types
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'decimal'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'decimal(2,8)'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'DECIMAL'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'numeric'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'numeric(2,8)'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'NUMERIC'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'number'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'number(2,8)'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'NUMBER'
+      end
+
+      def test_float_types
+        assert_lookup_type :float, 'float'
+        assert_lookup_type :float, 'FLOAT'
+        assert_lookup_type :float, 'double'
+        assert_lookup_type :float, 'DOUBLE'
+      end
+
+      def test_integer_types
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'integer'
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'INTEGER'
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'tinyint'
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'smallint'
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'bigint'
+      end
+
+      def test_decimal_without_scale
+        types = %w{decimal(2) decimal(2,0) numeric(2) numeric(2,0) number(2) number(2,0)}
+        types.each do |type|
+          cast_type = @connection.type_map.lookup(type)
+
+          assert_equal :decimal, cast_type.type
+          assert_equal 2, cast_type.type_cast_from_user(2.1)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def assert_lookup_type(type, lookup)
+        cast_type = @connection.type_map.lookup(lookup)
+        assert_equal type, cast_type.type
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
index 1cf215017b..8d15a76735 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'active_support/concurrency/latch'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
@@ -22,8 +23,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         @pool.disconnect!
       end
 
@@ -89,10 +89,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_full_pool_exception
+        @pool.size.times { @pool.checkout }
         assert_raises(ConnectionTimeoutError) do
-          (@pool.size + 1).times do
-            @pool.checkout
-          end
+          @pool.checkout
         end
       end
 
@@ -125,7 +124,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @pool.checkout
         @pool.checkout
         @pool.checkout
-        @pool.dead_connection_timeout = 0
 
         connections = @pool.connections.dup
 
@@ -135,21 +133,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_reap_inactive
+        ready = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
         @pool.checkout
-        @pool.checkout
-        @pool.checkout
-        @pool.dead_connection_timeout = 0
-
-        connections = @pool.connections.dup
-        connections.each do |conn|
-          conn.extend(Module.new { def active_threadsafe?; false; end; })
+        child = Thread.new do
+          @pool.checkout
+          @pool.checkout
+          ready.release
+          Thread.stop
         end
+        ready.await
+
+        assert_equal 3, active_connections(@pool).size
 
+        child.terminate
+        child.join
         @pool.reap
 
-        assert_equal 0, @pool.connections.length
+        assert_equal 1, active_connections(@pool).size
       ensure
-        connections.each(&:close)
+        @pool.connections.each(&:close)
       end
 
       def test_remove_connection
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
index fdd1914cba..3c2f5d4219 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
@@ -82,15 +82,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
           assert_equal password, spec["password"]
         end
 
-        def test_url_host_db_for_sqlite3
-          spec = resolve 'sqlite3://foo:bar@dburl:9000/foo_test'
+        def test_url_with_authority_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3:///foo_test'
           assert_equal('/foo_test', spec["database"])
         end
 
-        def test_url_host_memory_db_for_sqlite3
-          spec = resolve 'sqlite3://foo:bar@dburl:9000/:memory:'
+        def test_url_absolute_path_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3:/foo_test'
+          assert_equal('/foo_test', spec["database"])
+        end
+
+        def test_url_relative_path_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3:foo_test'
+          assert_equal('foo_test', spec["database"])
+        end
+
+        def test_url_memory_db_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3::memory:'
           assert_equal(':memory:', spec["database"])
         end
+
+        def test_url_sub_key_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve :production, 'production' => {"url" => 'sqlite3:foo?encoding=utf8'}
+          assert_equal({
+            "adapter"  => "sqlite3",
+            "database" => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
+        end
+
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
index 2a52bf574c..715d92af99 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'pp'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 
 class NonExistentTable < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 
@@ -30,4 +32,70 @@ class CoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_inspect_class_without_table
     assert_equal "NonExistentTable(Table doesn't exist)", NonExistentTable.inspect
   end
+
+  def test_pretty_print_new
+    topic = Topic.new
+    actual = ''
+    PP.pp(topic, StringIO.new(actual))
+    expected = <<-PRETTY.strip_heredoc
+    #<Topic:0xXXXXXX
+     id: nil,
+     title: nil,
+     author_name: nil,
+     author_email_address: "test@test.com",
+     written_on: nil,
+     bonus_time: nil,
+     last_read: nil,
+     content: nil,
+     important: nil,
+     approved: true,
+     replies_count: 0,
+     unique_replies_count: 0,
+     parent_id: nil,
+     parent_title: nil,
+     type: nil,
+     group: nil,
+     created_at: nil,
+     updated_at: nil>
+    PRETTY
+    assert actual.start_with?(expected.split('XXXXXX').first)
+    assert actual.end_with?(expected.split('XXXXXX').last)
+  end
+
+  def test_pretty_print_persisted
+    topic = topics(:first)
+    actual = ''
+    PP.pp(topic, StringIO.new(actual))
+    expected = <<-PRETTY.strip_heredoc
+    #<Topic:0x\\w+
+     id: 1,
+     title: "The First Topic",
+     author_name: "David",
+     author_email_address: "david@loudthinking.com",
+     written_on: 2003-07-16 14:28:11 UTC,
+     bonus_time: 2000-01-01 14:28:00 UTC,
+     last_read: Thu, 15 Apr 2004,
+     content: "Have a nice day",
+     important: nil,
+     approved: false,
+     replies_count: 1,
+     unique_replies_count: 0,
+     parent_id: nil,
+     parent_title: nil,
+     type: nil,
+     group: nil,
+     created_at: [^,]+,
+     updated_at: [^,>]+>
+    PRETTY
+    assert_match(/\A#{expected}\z/, actual)
+  end
+
+  def test_pretty_print_uninitialized
+    topic = Topic.allocate
+    actual = ''
+    PP.pp(topic, StringIO.new(actual))
+    expected = "#<Topic:XXXXXX not initialized>\n"
+    assert actual.start_with?(expected.split('XXXXXX').first)
+    assert actual.end_with?(expected.split('XXXXXX').last)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
index ee3d8a81c2..07a182070b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ class CounterCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   class ::SpecialTopic < ::Topic
     has_many :special_replies, :foreign_key => 'parent_id'
+    has_many :lightweight_special_replies, -> { select('topics.id, topics.title') }, :foreign_key => 'parent_id', :class_name => 'SpecialReply'
   end
 
   class ::SpecialReply < ::Reply
@@ -51,6 +52,16 @@ class CounterCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "reset counters by counter name" do
+    # throw the count off by 1
+    Topic.increment_counter(:replies_count, @topic.id)
+
+    # check that it gets reset
+    assert_difference '@topic.reload.replies_count', -1 do
+      Topic.reset_counters(@topic.id, :replies_count)
+    end
+  end
+
   test 'reset multiple counters' do
     Topic.update_counters @topic.id, replies_count: 1, unique_replies_count: 1
     assert_difference ['@topic.reload.replies_count', '@topic.reload.unique_replies_count'], -1 do
@@ -154,10 +165,19 @@ class CounterCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "the passed symbol needs to be an association name" do
+  test "the passed symbol needs to be an association name or counter name" do
     e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
-      Topic.reset_counters(@topic.id, :replies_count)
+      Topic.reset_counters(@topic.id, :undefined_count)
+    end
+    assert_equal "'Topic' has no association called 'undefined_count'", e.message
+  end
+
+  test "reset counter works with select declared on association" do
+    special = SpecialTopic.create!(:title => 'Special')
+    SpecialTopic.increment_counter(:replies_count, special.id)
+
+    assert_difference 'special.reload.replies_count', -1 do
+      SpecialTopic.reset_counters(special.id, :lightweight_special_replies)
     end
-    assert_equal "'Topic' has no association called 'replies_count'", e.message
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
index 7e3d91e08c..c089e63128 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class DefaultTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :FirebirdAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter, :OracleAdapter)
+  if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :OracleAdapter)
     def test_default_integers
       default = Default.new
       assert_instance_of Fixnum, default.positive_integer
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
         t.column :omit, :integer, :null => false
       end
 
-      assert_equal 0, klass.columns_hash['zero'].default
+      assert_equal '0', klass.columns_hash['zero'].default
       assert !klass.columns_hash['zero'].null
       # 0 in MySQL 4, nil in 5.
       assert [0, nil].include?(klass.columns_hash['omit'].default)
@@ -206,7 +206,12 @@ if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
       assert_equal "some text", Default.new.text_col, "Default of text column was not correctly parse after updating default using '::text' since postgreSQL will add parens to the default in db"
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    def test_default_containing_quote_and_colons
+      @connection.execute "ALTER TABLE defaults ALTER COLUMN string_col SET DEFAULT 'foo''::bar'"
+      assert_equal "foo'::bar", Default.new.string_col
+    end
+
+    teardown do
       @connection.schema_search_path = @old_search_path
       Default.reset_column_information
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
index df4183c065..eb9b1a2d74 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
@@ -169,7 +169,19 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => 'Yar!')
     pirate.catchphrase = 'Ahoy!'
 
-    pirate.reset_catchphrase!
+    assert_deprecated do
+      pirate.reset_catchphrase!
+    end
+    assert_equal "Yar!", pirate.catchphrase
+    assert_equal Hash.new, pirate.changes
+    assert !pirate.catchphrase_changed?
+  end
+
+  def test_restore_attribute!
+    pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => 'Yar!')
+    pirate.catchphrase = 'Ahoy!'
+
+    pirate.restore_catchphrase!
     assert_equal "Yar!", pirate.catchphrase
     assert_equal Hash.new, pirate.changes
     assert !pirate.catchphrase_changed?
@@ -309,16 +321,14 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_attribute_will_change!
     pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => 'arr')
 
-    pirate.catchphrase << ' matey'
     assert !pirate.catchphrase_changed?
-
     assert pirate.catchphrase_will_change!
     assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?
-    assert_equal ['arr matey', 'arr matey'], pirate.catchphrase_change
+    assert_equal ['arr', 'arr'], pirate.catchphrase_change
 
-    pirate.catchphrase << '!'
+    pirate.catchphrase << ' matey!'
     assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?
-    assert_equal ['arr matey', 'arr matey!'], pirate.catchphrase_change
+    assert_equal ['arr', 'arr matey!'], pirate.catchphrase_change
   end
 
   def test_association_assignment_changes_foreign_key
@@ -400,7 +410,7 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_dup_objects_should_not_copy_dirty_flag_from_creator
     pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => "shiver me timbers")
     pirate_dup = pirate.dup
-    pirate_dup.reset_catchphrase!
+    pirate_dup.restore_catchphrase!
     pirate.catchphrase = "I love Rum"
     assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?
     assert !pirate_dup.catchphrase_changed?
@@ -445,11 +455,20 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_save_should_store_serialized_attributes_even_with_partial_writes
     with_partial_writes(Topic) do
       topic = Topic.create!(:content => {:a => "a"})
+
+      assert_not topic.changed?
+
       topic.content[:b] = "b"
-      #assert topic.changed? # Known bug, will fail
+
+      assert topic.changed?
+
       topic.save!
+
+      assert_not topic.changed?
       assert_equal "b", topic.content[:b]
+
       topic.reload
+
       assert_equal "b", topic.content[:b]
     end
   end
@@ -616,6 +635,69 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "defaults with type that implements `type_cast_for_database`" do
+    type = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Type::Value) do
+      def type_cast(value)
+        value.to_i
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        value.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    model_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'numeric_data'
+      attribute :foo, type.new, default: 1
+    end
+
+    model = model_class.new
+    assert_not model.foo_changed?
+
+    model = model_class.new(foo: 1)
+    assert_not model.foo_changed?
+
+    model = model_class.new(foo: '1')
+    assert_not model.foo_changed?
+  end
+
+  test "in place mutation detection" do
+    pirate = Pirate.create!(catchphrase: "arrrr")
+    pirate.catchphrase << " matey!"
+
+    assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?
+    expected_changes = {
+      "catchphrase" => ["arrrr", "arrrr matey!"]
+    }
+    assert_equal(expected_changes, pirate.changes)
+    assert_equal("arrrr", pirate.catchphrase_was)
+    assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?(from: "arrrr")
+    assert_not pirate.catchphrase_changed?(from: "anything else")
+    assert pirate.changed_attributes.include?(:catchphrase)
+
+    pirate.save!
+    pirate.reload
+
+    assert_equal "arrrr matey!", pirate.catchphrase
+    assert_not pirate.changed?
+  end
+
+  test "in place mutation for binary" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = :binaries
+      serialize :data
+    end
+
+    klass.create!(data: "foo")
+    binary = klass.last
+
+    assert_not binary.changed?
+
+    binary.data << "bar"
+
+    assert binary.changed?
+  end
+
   private
     def with_partial_writes(klass, on = true)
       old = klass.partial_writes?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
index 9e268dad74..94447addc1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class TestDisconnectedAdapter < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     return if in_memory_db?
     spec = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(spec)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
index 1e6ccecfab..638cffe0e6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/topic'
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -32,6 +33,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert duped.new_record?, 'topic is new'
     end
 
+    def test_dup_not_destroyed
+      topic = Topic.first
+      topic.destroy
+
+      duped = topic.dup
+      assert_not duped.destroyed?
+    end
+
     def test_dup_has_no_id
       topic = Topic.first
       duped = topic.dup
@@ -132,5 +141,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     ensure
       Topic.default_scopes = prev_default_scopes
     end
+
+    def test_dup_without_primary_key
+      klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        self.table_name = 'parrots_pirates'
+      end
+
+      record = klass.create!
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        record.dup
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
index 1b95708cb3..346fcab6ea 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
@@ -194,6 +194,8 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       :valid,    # generates #valid?, which conflicts with an AR method
       :save,     # generates #save!, which conflicts with an AR method
       :proposed, # same value as an existing enum
+      :public, :private, :protected, # some important methods on Module and Class
+      :name, :parent, :superclass
     ]
 
     conflicts.each_with_index do |value, i|
@@ -222,4 +224,67 @@ class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  test "validate uniqueness" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Book'; end
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written]
+      validates_uniqueness_of :status
+    end
+    klass.delete_all
+    klass.create!(status: "proposed")
+    book = klass.new(status: "written")
+    assert book.valid?
+    book.status = "proposed"
+    assert_not book.valid?
+  end
+
+  test "validate inclusion of value in array" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Book'; end
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written]
+      validates_inclusion_of :status, in: ["written"]
+    end
+    klass.delete_all
+    invalid_book = klass.new(status: "proposed")
+    assert_not invalid_book.valid?
+    valid_book = klass.new(status: "written")
+    assert valid_book.valid?
+  end
+
+  test "enums are distinct per class" do
+    klass1 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written]
+    end
+
+    klass2 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:drafted, :uploaded]
+    end
+
+    book1 = klass1.proposed.create!
+    book1.status = :written
+    assert_equal ['proposed', 'written'], book1.status_change
+
+    book2 = klass2.drafted.create!
+    book2.status = :uploaded
+    assert_equal ['drafted', 'uploaded'], book2.status_change
+  end
+
+  test "enums are inheritable" do
+    subklass1 = Class.new(Book)
+
+    subklass2 = Class.new(Book) do
+      enum status: [:drafted, :uploaded]
+    end
+
+    book1 = subklass1.proposed.create!
+    book1.status = :written
+    assert_equal ['proposed', 'written'], book1.status_change
+
+    book2 = subklass2.drafted.create!
+    book2.status = :uploaded
+    assert_equal ['drafted', 'uploaded'], book2.status_change
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
index b00e2744b9..8de2ddb10d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
       assert queries.empty?
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    teardown do
       ActiveRecord::ExplainRegistry.reset
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
index 6dac5db111..9d25bdd82a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
@@ -26,8 +26,12 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
 
       sql, binds = queries[0]
       assert_match "SELECT", sql
-      assert_match "honda", sql
-      assert_equal [], binds
+      if binds.any?
+        assert_equal 1, binds.length
+        assert_equal "honda", binds.flatten.last
+      else
+        assert_match 'honda', sql
+      end
     end
 
     def test_exec_explain_with_no_binds
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
index b1eded6494..fc91b728c2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require 'models/author'
 require 'models/categorization'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/company'
+require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/entrant'
@@ -33,8 +34,25 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(topics(:first).title, Topic.find(1).title)
   end
 
+  def test_find_with_proc_parameter_and_block
+    exception = assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+      Topic.all.find(-> { raise "should happen" }) { |e| e.title == "non-existing-title" }
+    end
+    assert_equal "should happen", exception.message
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError) do
+      Topic.all.find(-> { raise "should not happen" }) { |e| e.title == topics(:first).title }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_passing_active_record_object_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Topic.find(Topic.last)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_symbols_table_ref
-    Post.first # warm up
+    Post.where("author_id" => nil)  # warm up
     x = Symbol.all_symbols.count
     Post.where("title" => {"xxxqqqq" => "bar"})
     assert_equal x, Symbol.all_symbols.count
@@ -56,17 +74,46 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(id: [1, 9999])
 
     assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(45)
-    assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(Topic.new)
+    assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(Topic.new.id)
 
-    begin
-      assert_equal false, Topic.exists?("foo")
-    rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-      # PostgreSQL complains about string comparison with integer field
-    rescue Exception
-      flunk
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.exists?([1,2]) }
+  end
+
+  def test_exists_with_polymorphic_relation
+    post = Post.create!(title: 'Post', body: 'default', taggings: [Tagging.new(comment: 'tagging comment')])
+    relation = Post.tagged_with_comment('tagging comment')
+
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?(title: ['Post'])
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?(['title LIKE ?', 'Post%'])
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?(post.id)
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?(post.id.to_s)
+
+    assert_equal false, relation.exists?(false)
+  end
+
+  def test_exists_passing_active_record_object_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Topic.exists?(Topic.new)
     end
+  end
 
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.exists?([1,2]) }
+  def test_exists_fails_when_parameter_has_invalid_type
+    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :MysqlAdapter)
+      assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+        Topic.exists?(("9"*53).to_i) # number that's bigger than int
+      end
+    else
+      assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(("9"*53).to_i) # number that's bigger than int
+    end
+
+    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+        Topic.exists?("foo")
+      end
+    else
+      assert_equal false, Topic.exists?("foo")
+    end
   end
 
   def test_exists_does_not_select_columns_without_alias
@@ -111,8 +158,8 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_exists_with_distinct_association_includes_limit_and_order
     author = Author.first
-    assert_equal false, author.unique_categorized_posts.includes(:special_comments).order('comments.taggings_count DESC').limit(0).exists?
-    assert_equal true, author.unique_categorized_posts.includes(:special_comments).order('comments.taggings_count DESC').limit(1).exists?
+    assert_equal false, author.unique_categorized_posts.includes(:special_comments).order('comments.tags_count DESC').limit(0).exists?
+    assert_equal true, author.unique_categorized_posts.includes(:special_comments).order('comments.tags_count DESC').limit(1).exists?
   end
 
   def test_exists_with_empty_table_and_no_args_given
@@ -474,6 +521,34 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9], Comment.where(id: [1..2, 3, 5, 6..8, 9]).to_a.map(&:id).sort
   end
 
+  def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_array_of_ranges
+    assert_equal [1,2,6,7,8], Comment.where(id: [1..2, 6..8]).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+  end
+
+  def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_nested_array_of_integers_and_ranges
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9], Comment.where(id: [[1..2], 3, [5], 6..8, 9]).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_array_of_integers_and_arrays
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9], Comment.where(id: [[1, 2], 3, 5, [6, [7], 8], 9]).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_nested_array_of_integers_and_ranges_and_nils
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal [1,3,4,5], Topic.where(parent_id: [[2..6], nil]).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_nested_array_of_integers_and_ranges_and_more_nils
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal [], Topic.where(parent_id: [[7..10, nil, [nil]], [nil]]).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_find_on_multiple_hash_conditions
     assert Topic.where(author_name: "David", title: "The First Topic", replies_count: 1, approved: false).find(1)
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(author_name: "David", title: "The First Topic", replies_count: 1, approved: true).find(1) }
@@ -980,6 +1055,48 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Topic.offset("3").to_a }
   end
 
+  test "find_by with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by(id: posts(:eager_other).id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by("id = #{posts(:eager_other).id}")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by('id = ?', posts(:eager_other).id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by returns nil if the record is missing" do
+    assert_equal nil, Post.find_by("1 = 0")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by doesn't have implicit ordering" do
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by(id: posts(:eager_other).id) }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by!(id: posts(:eager_other).id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by!("id = #{posts(:eager_other).id}")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by!('id = ?', posts(:eager_other).id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! doesn't have implicit ordering" do
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by!(id: posts(:eager_other).id) }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! raises RecordNotFound if the record is missing" do
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+      Post.find_by!("1 = 0")
+    end
+  end
+
   protected
     def bind(statement, *vars)
       if vars.first.is_a?(Hash)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
index 37c6af74da..385ec48005 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
@@ -84,12 +84,6 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert fixtures.detect { |f| f.name == 'collections' }, "no fixtures named 'collections' in #{fixtures.map(&:name).inspect}"
   end
 
-  def test_create_symbol_fixtures_is_deprecated
-    assert_deprecated do
-      ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(FIXTURES_ROOT, :collections, :collections => 'Course') { Course.connection }
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_attributes
     topics = create_fixtures("topics").first
     assert_equal("The First Topic", topics["first"]["title"])
@@ -254,7 +248,7 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_fixtures_are_set_up_with_database_env_variable
     db_url_tmp = ENV['DATABASE_URL']
-    ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "sqlite3:///:memory:"
+    ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "sqlite3::memory:"
     ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns({})
     test_case = Class.new(ActiveRecord::TestCase) do
       fixtures :accounts
@@ -650,6 +644,7 @@ class LoadAllFixturesWithPathnameTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class FasterFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
   fixtures :categories, :authors
 
   def load_extra_fixture(name)
@@ -677,6 +672,12 @@ end
 class FoxyFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :parrots, :parrots_pirates, :pirates, :treasures, :mateys, :ships, :computers, :developers, :"admin/accounts", :"admin/users"
 
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.adapter_name == 'PostgreSQL'
+    require 'models/uuid_parent'
+    require 'models/uuid_child'
+    fixtures :uuid_parents, :uuid_children 
+  end
+
   def test_identifies_strings
     assert_equal(ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify("foo"), ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify("foo"))
     assert_not_equal(ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify("foo"), ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify("FOO"))
@@ -689,6 +690,9 @@ class FoxyFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_identifies_consistently
     assert_equal 207281424, ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:ruby)
     assert_equal 1066363776, ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:sapphire_2)
+
+    assert_equal 'f92b6bda-0d0d-5fe1-9124-502b18badded', ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:daddy, :uuid)
+    assert_equal 'b4b10018-ad47-595d-b42f-d8bdaa6d01bf', ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:sonny, :uuid)
   end
 
   TIMESTAMP_COLUMNS = %w(created_at created_on updated_at updated_on)
@@ -782,6 +786,10 @@ class FoxyFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal("frederick", parrots(:frederick).name)
   end
 
+  def test_supports_label_string_interpolation
+    assert_equal("X marks the spot!", pirates(:mark).catchphrase)
+  end
+
   def test_supports_polymorphic_belongs_to
     assert_equal(pirates(:redbeard), treasures(:sapphire).looter)
     assert_equal(parrots(:louis), treasures(:ruby).looter)
@@ -816,15 +824,20 @@ end
 
 class FixtureLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_logs_message_for_failed_dependency_load
-    ActiveRecord::TestCase.expects(:require_dependency).with(:does_not_exist).raises(LoadError)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.logger.expects(:warn)
-    ActiveRecord::TestCase.try_to_load_dependency(:does_not_exist)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.logger.expects(:warn).twice
+    ActiveRecord::TestCase.try_to_load_dependency('does_not_exist')
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_logs_message_for_dependency_that_has_been_defined_with_set_fixture_class
+    ActiveRecord::TestCase.set_fixture_class unknown_dead_parrots: DeadParrot
+    ActiveRecord::Base.logger.expects(:warn).never
+    ActiveRecord::TestCase.try_to_load_dependency('unknown_dead_parrot')
   end
 
   def test_does_not_logs_message_for_successful_dependency_load
-    ActiveRecord::TestCase.expects(:require_dependency).with(:works_out_fine)
+    ActiveRecord::TestCase.expects(:require_dependency).with('works_out_fine')
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger.expects(:warn).never
-    ActiveRecord::TestCase.try_to_load_dependency(:works_out_fine)
+    ActiveRecord::TestCase.try_to_load_dependency('works_out_fine')
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
index 981a75faf6..f4e7646f03 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
@@ -66,4 +66,34 @@ class ForbiddenAttributesProtectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     person = Person.new
     assert_nil person.assign_attributes(ProtectedParams.new({}))
   end
+
+  def test_create_with_checks_permitted
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille', gender: 'm')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) do
+      Person.create_with(params).create!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_with_works_with_params_values
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille')
+
+    person = Person.create_with(first_name: params[:first_name]).create!
+    assert_equal 'Guille', person.first_name
+  end
+
+  def test_where_checks_permitted
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille', gender: 'm')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) do
+      Person.where(params).create!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_where_works_with_params_values
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille')
+
+    person = Person.where(first_name: params[:first_name]).create!
+    assert_equal 'Guille', person.first_name
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
index 3758224b0c..3d9328b198 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ require 'active_record'
 require 'cases/test_case'
 require 'active_support/dependencies'
 require 'active_support/logger'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 
 require 'support/config'
 require 'support/connection'
@@ -23,6 +24,9 @@ ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 # Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
 I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 
+# Enable raise errors in after_commit and after_rollback.
+ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = true
+
 # Connect to the database
 ARTest.connect
 
@@ -41,6 +45,15 @@ def in_memory_db?
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec.config[:database] == ":memory:"
 end
 
+def mysql_56?
+  current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter) &&
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.send(:version).join(".") >= "5.6.0"
+end
+
+def mysql_enforcing_gtid_consistency?
+  current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter) && 'ON' == ActiveRecord::Base.connection.show_variable('enforce_gtid_consistency')
+end
+
 def supports_savepoints?
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_savepoints?
 end
@@ -106,6 +119,23 @@ def verify_default_timezone_config
   end
 end
 
+def enable_extension!(extension, connection)
+  return false unless connection.supports_extensions?
+  return connection.reconnect! if connection.extension_enabled?(extension)
+
+  connection.enable_extension extension
+  connection.commit_db_transaction
+  connection.reconnect!
+end
+
+def disable_extension!(extension, connection)
+  return false unless connection.supports_extensions?
+  return true unless connection.extension_enabled?(extension)
+
+  connection.disable_extension extension
+  connection.reconnect!
+end
+
 unless ENV['FIXTURE_DEBUG']
   module ActiveRecord::TestFixtures::ClassMethods
     def try_to_load_dependency_with_silence(*args)
@@ -163,7 +193,7 @@ class SQLSubscriber
 
   def start(name, id, payload)
     @payloads << payload
-    @logged << [payload[:sql], payload[:name], payload[:binds]]
+    @logged << [payload[:sql].squish, payload[:name], payload[:binds]]
   end
 
   def finish(name, id, payload); end
@@ -184,3 +214,10 @@ module InTimeZone
     ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = old_tz
   end
 end
+
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
+
+# FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+# remove this method call.
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.my_tests_are_order_dependent!
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
index 367d04a154..b4617cf6f9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class HotCompatibilityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   teardown do
-    @klass.connection.drop_table :hot_compatibilities
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :hot_compatibilities
   end
 
   test "insert after remove_column" do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
index e2ff2aa451..792950d24d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
@@ -95,16 +95,8 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_a_bad_type_column
-    #SQLServer need to turn Identity Insert On before manually inserting into the Identity column
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      Company.connection.execute "SET IDENTITY_INSERT companies ON"
-    end
     Company.connection.insert "INSERT INTO companies (id, #{QUOTED_TYPE}, name) VALUES(100, 'bad_class!', 'Not happening')"
 
-    #We then need to turn it back Off before continuing.
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      Company.connection.execute "SET IDENTITY_INSERT companies OFF"
-    end
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound) { Company.find(100) }
   end
 
@@ -339,7 +331,7 @@ class InheritanceComputeTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.log_activity = true
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.log_activity = false
     self.class.const_remove :FirmOnTheFly rescue nil
     Firm.const_remove :FirmOnTheFly rescue nil
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
index f6774d7ef4..8416c81f45 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class TestAdapterWithInvalidConnection < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Bird.establish_connection adapter: 'mysql', database: 'i_do_not_exist'
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     Bird.remove_connection
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
index debacf815c..8144f3e5c5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
@@ -122,12 +122,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    setup do
+      @verbose_was, ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose, false
+    end
+
+    teardown do
       %w[horses new_horses].each do |table|
         if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?(table)
           ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table(table)
         end
       end
+      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
     end
 
     def test_no_reverse
@@ -271,16 +276,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ''
     end
 
-    def test_migrate_revert_add_index_with_name
-      RevertNamedIndexMigration1.new.migrate(:up)
-      RevertNamedIndexMigration2.new.migrate(:up)
-      RevertNamedIndexMigration2.new.migrate(:down)
-
-      connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-      assert connection.index_exists?(:horses, :content),
-             "index on content should exist"
-      assert !connection.index_exists?(:horses, :content, name: "horses_index_named"),
-             "horses_index_named index should not exist"
+    # MySQL 5.7 and Oracle do not allow to create duplicate indexes on the same columns
+    unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :OracleAdapter)
+      def test_migrate_revert_add_index_with_name
+        RevertNamedIndexMigration1.new.migrate(:up)
+        RevertNamedIndexMigration2.new.migrate(:up)
+        RevertNamedIndexMigration2.new.migrate(:down)
+
+        connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        assert connection.index_exists?(:horses, :content),
+               "index on content should exist"
+        assert !connection.index_exists?(:horses, :content, name: "horses_index_named"),
+              "horses_index_named index should not exist"
+      end
     end
 
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
index c373dc1511..5a4b1fb919 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require 'models/job'
 require 'models/reader'
 require 'models/ship'
 require 'models/legacy_thing'
+require 'models/personal_legacy_thing'
 require 'models/reference'
 require 'models/string_key_object'
 require 'models/car'
@@ -273,8 +274,11 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert RichPerson.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM peoples_treasures WHERE rich_person_id = 1").empty?
   end
 
-  def test_quoted_locking_column_is_deprecated
-    assert_deprecated { ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column }
+  def test_yaml_dumping_with_lock_column
+    t1 = LockWithoutDefault.new
+    t2 = YAML.load(YAML.dump(t1))
+
+    assert_equal t1.attributes, t2.attributes
   end
 end
 
@@ -308,30 +312,24 @@ class OptimisticLockingWithSchemaChangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # See Lighthouse ticket #1966
   def test_destroy_dependents
-    # Establish dependent relationship between People and LegacyThing
-    add_counter_column_to(Person, 'legacy_things_count')
-    LegacyThing.connection.add_column LegacyThing.table_name, 'person_id', :integer
-    LegacyThing.reset_column_information
-    LegacyThing.class_eval do
-      belongs_to :person, :counter_cache => true
-    end
-    Person.class_eval do
-      has_many :legacy_things, :dependent => :destroy
-    end
+    # Establish dependent relationship between Person and PersonalLegacyThing
+    add_counter_column_to(Person, 'personal_legacy_things_count')
+    PersonalLegacyThing.reset_column_information
 
     # Make sure that counter incrementing doesn't cause problems
     p1 = Person.new(:first_name => 'fjord')
     p1.save!
-    t = LegacyThing.new(:person => p1)
+    t = PersonalLegacyThing.new(:person => p1)
     t.save!
     p1.reload
-    assert_equal 1, p1.legacy_things_count
+    assert_equal 1, p1.personal_legacy_things_count
     assert p1.destroy
     assert_equal true, p1.frozen?
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Person.find(p1.id) }
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { LegacyThing.find(t.id) }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { PersonalLegacyThing.find(t.id) }
   ensure
-    remove_counter_column_from(Person, 'legacy_things_count')
+    remove_counter_column_from(Person, 'personal_legacy_things_count')
+    PersonalLegacyThing.reset_column_information
   end
 
   private
@@ -339,8 +337,6 @@ class OptimisticLockingWithSchemaChangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def add_counter_column_to(model, col='test_count')
       model.connection.add_column model.table_name, col, :integer, :null => false, :default => 0
       model.reset_column_information
-      # OpenBase does not set a value to existing rows when adding a not null default column
-      model.update_all(col => 0) if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
     end
 
     def remove_counter_column_from(model, col = :test_count)
@@ -367,7 +363,7 @@ end
 # is so cumbersome. Will deadlock Ruby threads if the underlying db.execute
 # blocks, so separate script called by Kernel#system is needed.
 # (See exec vs. async_exec in the PostgreSQL adapter.)
-unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter) || in_memory_db?
+unless in_memory_db?
   class PessimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
     fixtures :people, :readers
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 97c0350911..a578e81844 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -125,5 +125,12 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       wait
       assert_match(/<16 bytes of binary data>/, @logger.logged(:debug).join)
     end
+
+    def test_nil_binary_data_is_logged
+      binary = Binary.create(data: "")
+      binary.update_attributes(data: nil)
+      wait
+      assert_match(/<NULL binary data>/, @logger.logged(:debug).join)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
index 294f2eb9fe..bd3dd29f4d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @table_name = :testings
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
         ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
+        ActiveRecord::Base.clear_cache!
       end
 
       def test_create_table_without_id
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         five = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "five" } unless mysql
 
         assert_equal "hello", one.default
-        assert_equal true, two.default
-        assert_equal false, three.default
-        assert_equal 1, four.default
+        assert_equal true, two.type_cast_from_database(two.default)
+        assert_equal false, three.type_cast_from_database(three.default)
+        assert_equal '1', four.default
         assert_equal "hello", five.default unless mysql
       end
 
@@ -176,8 +176,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_create_table_with_timestamps_should_create_datetime_columns
-        connection.create_table table_name do |t|
-          t.timestamps
+        # FIXME: Remove the silence when we change the default `null` behavior
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+          connection.create_table table_name do |t|
+            t.timestamps
+          end
         end
         created_columns = connection.columns(table_name)
 
@@ -205,9 +208,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection.create_table table_name
       end
 
-      # Sybase, and SQLite3 will not allow you to add a NOT NULL
+      # SQLite3 will not allow you to add a NOT NULL
       # column to a table without a default value.
-      unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
+      unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
         def test_add_column_not_null_without_default
           connection.create_table :testings do |t|
             t.column :foo, :string
@@ -226,18 +229,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         con = connection
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("testings", true) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
         connection.execute "insert into testings (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('foo')}) values (1, 'hello')"
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("testings", false) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
         assert_nothing_raised {connection.add_column :testings, :bar, :string, :null => false, :default => "default" }
 
         assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-          unless current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-            connection.execute "insert into testings (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('foo')}, #{con.quote_column_name('bar')}) values (2, 'hello', NULL)"
-          else
-            connection.insert("INSERT INTO testings (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('foo')}, #{con.quote_column_name('bar')}) VALUES (2, 'hello', NULL)",
-                                     "Testing Insert","id",2)
-          end
+          connection.execute "insert into testings (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('foo')}, #{con.quote_column_name('bar')}) values (2, 'hello', NULL)"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_column_with_timestamp_type
+        connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.column :foo, :timestamp
+        end
+
+        klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+        klass.table_name = 'testings'
+
+        assert_equal :datetime, klass.columns_hash['foo'].type
+
+        if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+          assert_equal 'timestamp without time zone', klass.columns_hash['foo'].sql_type
+        else
+          assert_equal klass.connection.type_to_sql('datetime'), klass.columns_hash['foo'].sql_type
         end
       end
 
@@ -265,7 +278,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         person_klass.connection.add_column "testings", "wealth", :integer, :null => false, :default => 99
         person_klass.reset_column_information
-        assert_equal 99, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].default
+        assert_equal 99, person_klass.column_defaults["wealth"]
         assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].null
         # Oracle needs primary key value from sequence
         if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
@@ -277,20 +290,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # change column default to see that column doesn't lose its not null definition
         person_klass.connection.change_column_default "testings", "wealth", 100
         person_klass.reset_column_information
-        assert_equal 100, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].default
+        assert_equal 100, person_klass.column_defaults["wealth"]
         assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].null
 
         # rename column to see that column doesn't lose its not null and/or default definition
         person_klass.connection.rename_column "testings", "wealth", "money"
         person_klass.reset_column_information
         assert_nil person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"]
-        assert_equal 100, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].default
+        assert_equal 100, person_klass.column_defaults["money"]
         assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].null
 
         # change column
         person_klass.connection.change_column "testings", "money", :integer, :null => false, :default => 1000
         person_klass.reset_column_information
-        assert_equal 1000, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].default
+        assert_equal 1000, person_klass.column_defaults["money"]
         assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].null
 
         # change column, make it nullable and clear default
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
index c1d7cd5874..777a48ad14 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection = Minitest::Mock.new
       end
 
-      def teardown
+      teardown do
         assert @connection.verify
       end
 
@@ -72,10 +72,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_and_type
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :taggable, polymorphic: true, type: :string]
+          t.references :taggable, polymorphic: true, type: :string
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_and_type
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :remove_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :taggable, polymorphic: true, type: :string]
+          t.remove_references :taggable, polymorphic: true, type: :string
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_timestamps_creates_updated_at_and_created_at
         with_change_table do |t|
-          @connection.expect :add_timestamps, nil, [:delete_me]
-          t.timestamps
+          @connection.expect :add_timestamps, nil, [:delete_me, null: true]
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
index ccf19fb4d0..763aa88f72 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
@@ -35,6 +35,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_no_column TestModel, :last_name
       end
 
+      def test_add_column_without_limit
+        # TODO: limit: nil should work with all adapters.
+        skip "MySQL wrongly enforces a limit of 255" if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+        add_column :test_models, :description, :string, limit: nil
+        TestModel.reset_column_information
+        assert_nil TestModel.columns_hash["description"].limit
+      end
+
       if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
         def test_unabstracted_database_dependent_types
           add_column :test_models, :intelligence_quotient, :tinyint
@@ -43,46 +51,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # We specifically do a manual INSERT here, and then test only the SELECT
-      # functionality. This allows us to more easily catch INSERT being broken,
-      # but SELECT actually working fine.
-      def test_native_decimal_insert_manual_vs_automatic
-        correct_value = '0012345678901234567890.0123456789'.to_d
-
-        connection.add_column "test_models", "wealth", :decimal, :precision => '30', :scale => '10'
-
-        # Do a manual insertion
-        if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (id, wealth) values (people_seq.nextval, 12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
-        elsif current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter) || (current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) && Mysql.client_version < 50003) #before mysql 5.0.3 decimals stored as strings
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values ('12345678901234567890.0123456789')"
-        elsif current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
-        else
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
-        end
+      unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        # We specifically do a manual INSERT here, and then test only the SELECT
+        # functionality. This allows us to more easily catch INSERT being broken,
+        # but SELECT actually working fine.
+        def test_native_decimal_insert_manual_vs_automatic
+          correct_value = '0012345678901234567890.0123456789'.to_d
+
+          connection.add_column "test_models", "wealth", :decimal, :precision => '30', :scale => '10'
+
+          # Do a manual insertion
+          if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+            connection.execute "insert into test_models (id, wealth) values (people_seq.nextval, 12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
+          elsif current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) && Mysql.client_version < 50003 #before MySQL 5.0.3 decimals stored as strings
+            connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values ('12345678901234567890.0123456789')"
+          elsif current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+            connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
+          else
+            connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
+          end
 
-        # SELECT
-        row = TestModel.first
-        assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
+          # SELECT
+          row = TestModel.first
+          assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
 
-        # If this assert fails, that means the SELECT is broken!
-        unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
-          assert_equal correct_value, row.wealth
-        end
+          # If this assert fails, that means the SELECT is broken!
+          unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+            assert_equal correct_value, row.wealth
+          end
 
-        # Reset to old state
-        TestModel.delete_all
+          # Reset to old state
+          TestModel.delete_all
 
-        # Now use the Rails insertion
-        TestModel.create :wealth => BigDecimal.new("12345678901234567890.0123456789")
+          # Now use the Rails insertion
+          TestModel.create :wealth => BigDecimal.new("12345678901234567890.0123456789")
 
-        # SELECT
-        row = TestModel.first
-        assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
+          # SELECT
+          row = TestModel.first
+          assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
 
-        # If these asserts fail, that means the INSERT (create function, or cast to SQL) is broken!
-        unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+          # If these asserts fail, that means the INSERT (create function, or cast to SQL) is broken!
           assert_equal correct_value, row.wealth
         end
       end
@@ -113,54 +121,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def test_native_types
-        add_column "test_models", "first_name", :string
-        add_column "test_models", "last_name", :string
-        add_column "test_models", "bio", :text
-        add_column "test_models", "age", :integer
-        add_column "test_models", "height", :float
-        add_column "test_models", "wealth", :decimal, :precision => '30', :scale => '10'
-        add_column "test_models", "birthday", :datetime
-        add_column "test_models", "favorite_day", :date
-        add_column "test_models", "moment_of_truth", :datetime
-        add_column "test_models", "male", :boolean
-
-        TestModel.create :first_name => 'bob', :last_name => 'bobsen',
-          :bio => "I was born ....", :age => 18, :height => 1.78,
-          :wealth => BigDecimal.new("12345678901234567890.0123456789"),
-          :birthday => 18.years.ago, :favorite_day => 10.days.ago,
-          :moment_of_truth => "1782-10-10 21:40:18", :male => true
-
-        bob = TestModel.first
-        assert_equal 'bob', bob.first_name
-        assert_equal 'bobsen', bob.last_name
-        assert_equal "I was born ....", bob.bio
-        assert_equal 18, bob.age
-
-        # Test for 30 significant digits (beyond the 16 of float), 10 of them
-        # after the decimal place.
-
-        unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+      unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        def test_native_types
+          add_column "test_models", "first_name", :string
+          add_column "test_models", "last_name", :string
+          add_column "test_models", "bio", :text
+          add_column "test_models", "age", :integer
+          add_column "test_models", "height", :float
+          add_column "test_models", "wealth", :decimal, :precision => '30', :scale => '10'
+          add_column "test_models", "birthday", :datetime
+          add_column "test_models", "favorite_day", :date
+          add_column "test_models", "moment_of_truth", :datetime
+          add_column "test_models", "male", :boolean
+
+          TestModel.create :first_name => 'bob', :last_name => 'bobsen',
+            :bio => "I was born ....", :age => 18, :height => 1.78,
+            :wealth => BigDecimal.new("12345678901234567890.0123456789"),
+            :birthday => 18.years.ago, :favorite_day => 10.days.ago,
+            :moment_of_truth => "1782-10-10 21:40:18", :male => true
+
+          bob = TestModel.first
+          assert_equal 'bob', bob.first_name
+          assert_equal 'bobsen', bob.last_name
+          assert_equal "I was born ....", bob.bio
+          assert_equal 18, bob.age
+
+          # Test for 30 significant digits (beyond the 16 of float), 10 of them
+          # after the decimal place.
+
           assert_equal BigDecimal.new("0012345678901234567890.0123456789"), bob.wealth
-        end
 
-        assert_equal true, bob.male?
+          assert_equal true, bob.male?
 
-        assert_equal String, bob.first_name.class
-        assert_equal String, bob.last_name.class
-        assert_equal String, bob.bio.class
-        assert_equal Fixnum, bob.age.class
-        assert_equal Time, bob.birthday.class
+          assert_equal String, bob.first_name.class
+          assert_equal String, bob.last_name.class
+          assert_equal String, bob.bio.class
+          assert_equal Fixnum, bob.age.class
+          assert_equal Time, bob.birthday.class
 
-        if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
-          # Sybase, and Oracle don't differentiate between date/time
-          assert_equal Time, bob.favorite_day.class
-        else
-          assert_equal Date, bob.favorite_day.class
-        end
+          if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+            # Oracle doesn't differentiate between date/time
+            assert_equal Time, bob.favorite_day.class
+          else
+            assert_equal Date, bob.favorite_day.class
+          end
 
-        assert_instance_of TrueClass, bob.male?
-        assert_kind_of BigDecimal, bob.wealth
+          assert_instance_of TrueClass, bob.male?
+          assert_kind_of BigDecimal, bob.wealth
+        end
       end
 
       if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
index 87e29e41ba..77a752f050 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
         ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
index 2d7a7ec73a..e6aa901814 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
@@ -53,19 +53,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         add_column 'test_models', 'salary', :integer, :default => 70000
 
         default_before = connection.columns("test_models").find { |c| c.name == "salary" }.default
-        assert_equal 70000, default_before
+        assert_equal '70000', default_before
 
         rename_column "test_models", "salary", "annual_salary"
 
         assert TestModel.column_names.include?("annual_salary")
         default_after = connection.columns("test_models").find { |c| c.name == "annual_salary" }.default
-        assert_equal 70000, default_after
+        assert_equal '70000', default_after
       end
 
       if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
         def test_mysql_rename_column_preserves_auto_increment
           rename_column "test_models", "id", "id_test"
           assert_equal "auto_increment", connection.columns("test_models").find { |c| c.name == "id_test" }.extra
+          TestModel.reset_column_information
+        ensure
+          rename_column "test_models", "id_test", "id"
         end
       end
 
@@ -193,14 +196,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         old_columns = connection.columns(TestModel.table_name)
         assert old_columns.find { |c|
-          c.name == 'approved' && c.type == :boolean && c.default == true
+          default = c.type_cast_from_database(c.default)
+          c.name == 'approved' && c.type == :boolean && default == true
         }
 
         change_column :test_models, :approved, :boolean, :default => false
         new_columns = connection.columns(TestModel.table_name)
 
-        assert_not new_columns.find { |c| c.name == 'approved' and c.type == :boolean and c.default == true }
-        assert new_columns.find { |c| c.name == 'approved' and c.type == :boolean and c.default == false }
+        assert_not new_columns.find { |c|
+          default = c.type_cast_from_database(c.default)
+          c.name == 'approved' and c.type == :boolean and default == true
+        }
+        assert new_columns.find { |c|
+          default = c.type_cast_from_database(c.default)
+          c.name == 'approved' and c.type == :boolean and default == false
+        }
         change_column :test_models, :approved, :boolean, :default => true
       end
 
@@ -274,6 +284,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ensure
         connection.drop_table(:my_table) rescue nil
       end
+
+      def test_column_with_index
+        connection.create_table "my_table", force: true do |t|
+          t.string :item_number, index: true
+        end
+
+        assert connection.index_exists?("my_table", :item_number, name: :index_my_table_on_item_number)
+      ensure
+        connection.drop_table(:my_table) rescue nil
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
index a925cf4c05..e955beae1a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
@@ -157,6 +157,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal [:remove_column, [:table, :column, :type, {}], nil], remove
       end
 
+      def test_invert_change_column
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration) do
+          @recorder.inverse_of :change_column, [:table, :column, :type, {}]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_change_column_default
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration) do
+          @recorder.inverse_of :change_column_default, [:table, :column, 'default_value']
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_change_column_null
+        add = @recorder.inverse_of :change_column_null, [:table, :column, true]
+        assert_equal [:change_column_null, [:table, :column, false]], add
+      end
+
       def test_invert_remove_column
         add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_column, [:table, :column, :type, {}]
         assert_equal [:add_column, [:table, :column, :type, {}], nil], add
@@ -253,6 +270,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
         enable = @recorder.inverse_of :disable_extension, ['uuid-ossp']
         assert_equal [:enable_extension, ['uuid-ossp'], nil], enable
       end
+
+      def test_invert_add_foreign_key
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people]
+        assert_equal [:remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_add_foreign_key_with_column
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, column: "owner_id"]
+        assert_equal [:remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, column: "owner_id"]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_add_foreign_key_with_column_and_name
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, column: "owner_id", name: "fk"]
+        assert_equal [:remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, name: "fk"]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_is_irreversible
+        assert_raises ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration do
+          @recorder.inverse_of :remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, column: "owner_id"]
+        end
+
+        assert_raises ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration do
+          @recorder.inverse_of :remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, name: "fk"]
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
index efaec0f823..bea9d6b2c9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         %w(artists_musics musics_videos catalog).each do |table_name|
           connection.drop_table table_name if connection.tables.include?(table_name)
         end
@@ -120,6 +119,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         assert !connection.tables.include?('artists_musics')
       end
+
+      def test_create_and_drop_join_table_with_common_prefix
+        with_table_cleanup do
+          connection.create_join_table 'audio_artists', 'audio_musics'
+          assert_includes connection.tables, 'audio_artists_musics'
+
+          connection.drop_join_table 'audio_artists', 'audio_musics'
+          assert !connection.tables.include?('audio_artists_musics'), "Should have dropped join table, but didn't"
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def with_table_cleanup
+          tables_before = connection.tables
+
+          yield
+        ensure
+          tables_after = connection.tables - tables_before
+
+          tables_after.each do |table|
+            connection.execute "DROP TABLE #{table}"
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba28d55e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class ForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      include DdlHelper
+      include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+      class Rocket < ActiveRecord::Base
+      end
+
+      class Astronaut < ActiveRecord::Base
+      end
+
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        @connection.create_table "rockets" do |t|
+          t.string :name
+        end
+
+        @connection.create_table "astronauts" do |t|
+          t.string :name
+          t.references :rocket
+        end
+      end
+
+      teardown do
+        if defined?(@connection)
+          @connection.execute "DROP TABLE astronauts" if @connection.table_exists? 'astronauts' 
+          @connection.execute "DROP TABLE rockets" if @connection.table_exists? 'rockets'
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_foreign_keys
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("fk_test_has_fk")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal "fk_test_has_fk", fk.from_table
+        assert_equal "fk_test_has_pk", fk.to_table
+        assert_equal "fk_id", fk.column
+        assert_equal "pk_id", fk.primary_key
+        assert_equal "fk_name", fk.name
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_inferes_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal "astronauts", fk.from_table
+        assert_equal "rockets", fk.to_table
+        assert_equal "rocket_id", fk.column
+        assert_equal "id", fk.primary_key
+        assert_match(/^fk_rails_.{10}$/, fk.name)
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_with_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id"
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal "astronauts", fk.from_table
+        assert_equal "rockets", fk.to_table
+        assert_equal "rocket_id", fk.column
+        assert_equal "id", fk.primary_key
+        assert_match(/^fk_rails_.{10}$/, fk.name)
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_with_non_standard_primary_key
+        with_example_table @connection, "space_shuttles", "pk integer PRIMARY KEY" do
+          @connection.add_foreign_key(:astronauts, :space_shuttles,
+                                      column: "rocket_id", primary_key: "pk", name: "custom_pk")
+
+          foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+          assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+          fk = foreign_keys.first
+          assert_equal "astronauts", fk.from_table
+          assert_equal "space_shuttles", fk.to_table
+          assert_equal "pk", fk.primary_key
+
+          @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, name: "custom_pk"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_on_delete_restrict_foreign_key
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :restrict
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+          # ON DELETE RESTRICT is the default on MySQL
+          assert_equal nil, fk.on_delete
+        else
+          assert_equal :restrict, fk.on_delete
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_on_delete_cascade_foreign_key
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :cascade
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal :cascade, fk.on_delete
+      end
+
+      def test_add_on_delete_nullify_foreign_key
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :nullify
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal :nullify, fk.on_delete
+      end
+
+      def test_on_update_and_on_delete_raises_with_invalid_values
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :invalid
+        end
+
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_update: :invalid
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_with_on_update
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_update: :nullify
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal :nullify, fk.on_update
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_inferes_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").size
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_by_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id"
+
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").size
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, column: "rocket_id"
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_by_name
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", name: "fancy_named_fk"
+
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").size
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, name: "fancy_named_fk"
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_non_existing_foreign_key_raises
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_schema_dumping
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+        output = dump_table_schema "astronauts"
+        assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "astronauts", "rockets"$}, output
+      end
+
+      def test_schema_dumping_with_options
+        output = dump_table_schema "fk_test_has_fk"
+        assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "fk_test_has_fk", "fk_test_has_pk", column: "fk_id", primary_key: "pk_id", name: "fk_name"$}, output
+      end
+
+      def test_schema_dumping_on_delete_and_on_update_options
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :nullify, on_update: :cascade
+
+        output = dump_table_schema "astronauts"
+        assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "astronauts",.+on_update: :cascade,.+on_delete: :nullify$}, output
+      end
+
+      class CreateCitiesAndHousesMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        def change
+          create_table("cities") { |t| }
+
+          create_table("houses") do |t|
+            t.column :city_id, :integer
+          end
+          add_foreign_key :houses, :cities, column: "city_id"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_is_reversible
+        migration = CreateCitiesAndHousesMigration.new
+        silence_stream($stdout) { migration.migrate(:up) }
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("houses").size
+      ensure
+        silence_stream($stdout) { migration.migrate(:down) }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+else
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class NoForeignKeySupportTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_should_be_noop
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :clubs, :categories
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_should_be_noop
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :clubs, :categories
+      end
+
+      def test_foreign_keys_should_raise_not_implemented
+        assert_raises NotImplementedError do
+          @connection.foreign_keys("clubs")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
index e28feedcf9..5bc0898f33 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class << self; attr_accessor :message_count; end
     self.message_count = 0
 
-    def puts(text="")
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count += 1
-    end
-
     module TestHelper
       attr_reader :connection, :table_name
 
@@ -22,7 +18,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         connection.create_table :test_models do |t|
-          t.timestamps
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
 
         TestModel.reset_column_information
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
index 8d1daa0a04..ac932378fd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
@@ -21,34 +21,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
         ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
       end
 
-      unless current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-        def test_rename_index
-          # keep the names short to make Oracle and similar behave
-          connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'old_idx')
-          connection.rename_index(table_name, 'old_idx', 'new_idx')
+      def test_rename_index
+        # keep the names short to make Oracle and similar behave
+        connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'old_idx')
+        connection.rename_index(table_name, 'old_idx', 'new_idx')
 
-          # if the adapter doesn't support the indexes call, pick defaults that let the test pass
-          assert_not connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'old_idx', false)
-          assert connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'new_idx', true)
-        end
+        # if the adapter doesn't support the indexes call, pick defaults that let the test pass
+        assert_not connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'old_idx', false)
+        assert connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'new_idx', true)
+      end
 
-        def test_double_add_index
+      def test_double_add_index
+        connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'some_idx')
+        assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
           connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'some_idx')
-          assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
-            connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'some_idx')
-          }
-        end
+        }
+      end
 
-        def test_remove_nonexistent_index
-          # we do this by name, so OpenBase is a wash as noted above
-          assert_raise(ArgumentError) { connection.remove_index(table_name, "no_such_index") }
-        end
+      def test_remove_nonexistent_index
+        assert_raise(ArgumentError) { connection.remove_index(table_name, "no_such_index") }
       end
 
       def test_add_index_works_with_long_index_names
@@ -99,6 +95,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert connection.index_exists?(:testings, [:foo, :bar])
       end
 
+      def test_index_exists_with_custom_name_checks_columns
+        connection.add_index :testings, [:foo, :bar], name: "my_index"
+        assert connection.index_exists?(:testings, [:foo, :bar], name: "my_index")
+        assert_not connection.index_exists?(:testings, [:foo], name: "my_index")
+      end
+
       def test_valid_index_options
         assert_raise ArgumentError do
           connection.add_index :testings, :foo, unqiue: true
@@ -127,50 +129,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection.add_index("testings", "last_name")
         connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name")
 
-        # Orcl nds shrt indx nms.  Sybs 2.
-        # OpenBase does not have named indexes.  You must specify a single column name
-        unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter)
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+        connection.remove_index("testings", :column => ["last_name", "first_name"])
+
+        # Oracle adapter cannot have specified index name larger than 30 characters
+        # Oracle adapter is shortening index name when just column list is given
+        unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
           connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-          connection.remove_index("testings", :column => ["last_name", "first_name"])
-
-          # Oracle adapter cannot have specified index name larger than 30 characters
-          # Oracle adapter is shortening index name when just column list is given
-          unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-            connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-            connection.remove_index("testings", :name => :index_testings_on_last_name_and_first_name)
-            connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-            connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name_and_first_name")
-          end
+          connection.remove_index("testings", :name => :index_testings_on_last_name_and_first_name)
           connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-          connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+          connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name_and_first_name")
+        end
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+        connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
 
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name"], :length => 10)
-          connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name")
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name"], :length => 10)
+        connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name")
 
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name"], :length => {:last_name => 10})
-          connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name"])
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name"], :length => {:last_name => 10})
+        connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name"])
 
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"], :length => 10)
-          connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"], :length => 10)
+        connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
 
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"], :length => {:last_name => 10, :first_name => 20})
-          connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-        end
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"], :length => {:last_name => 10, :first_name => 20})
+        connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
 
-        # quoting
-        # Note: changed index name from "key" to "key_idx" since "key" is a Firebird reserved word
-        # OpenBase does not have named indexes.  You must specify a single column name
-        unless current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["key"], :name => "key_idx", :unique => true)
-          connection.remove_index("testings", :name => "key_idx", :unique => true)
-        end
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["key"], :name => "key_idx", :unique => true)
+        connection.remove_index("testings", :name => "key_idx", :unique => true)
 
-        # Sybase adapter does not support indexes on :boolean columns
-        # OpenBase does not have named indexes.  You must specify a single column
-        unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter)
-          connection.add_index("testings", %w(last_name first_name administrator), :name => "named_admin")
-          connection.remove_index("testings", :name => "named_admin")
-        end
+        connection.add_index("testings", %w(last_name first_name administrator), :name => "named_admin")
+        connection.remove_index("testings", :name => "named_admin")
 
         # Selected adapters support index sort order
         if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter, :MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
index 97efb94b66..319d3e1af3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require "cases/helper"
 module ActiveRecord
   class Migration
     class LoggerTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      # mysql can't roll back ddl changes
+      # MySQL can't roll back ddl changes
       self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
       Migration = Struct.new(:name, :version) do
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.drop_table
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7afac83bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require "minitest/mock"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class PendingMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def setup
+        super
+        @connection = Minitest::Mock.new
+        @app = Minitest::Mock.new
+        conn = @connection
+        @pending = Class.new(CheckPending) {
+          define_method(:connection) { conn }
+        }.new(@app)
+        @pending.instance_variable_set :@last_check, -1 # Force checking
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        assert @connection.verify
+        assert @app.verify
+        super
+      end
+
+      def test_errors_if_pending
+        @connection.expect :supports_migrations?, true
+
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.stub :needs_migration?, true do
+          assert_raise ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError do
+            @pending.call(nil)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_checks_if_supported
+        @connection.expect :supports_migrations?, true
+        @app.expect :call, nil, [:foo]
+
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.stub :needs_migration?, false do
+          @pending.call(:foo)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_doesnt_check_if_unsupported
+        @connection.expect :supports_migrations?, false
+        @app.expect :call, nil, [:foo]
+
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.stub :needs_migration?, true do
+          @pending.call(:foo)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
index 19eb7d3c9e..4485701a4e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @table_name = :testings
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
index e9545f2cce..b8b4fa1135 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
@@ -55,6 +55,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert index_exists?(table_name, :tag_id, name: 'index_taggings_on_tag_id')
       end
 
+      def test_creates_reference_id_with_specified_type
+        add_reference table_name, :user, type: :string
+        assert column_exists?(table_name, :user_id, :string)
+      end
+
       def test_deletes_reference_id_column
         remove_reference table_name, :supplier
         assert_not column_exists?(table_name, :supplier_id, :integer)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
index 2a7fafc559..c8b3f75e10 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
@@ -42,13 +42,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def test_rename_table
         rename_table :test_models, :octopi
 
-        # Using explicit id in insert for compatibility across all databases
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", true) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-
         connection.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{connection.quote_column_name('id')}, #{connection.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
 
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", false) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-
         assert_equal 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM octopi WHERE id=1")
       end
 
@@ -57,10 +52,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         rename_table :test_models, :octopi
 
-        # Using explicit id in insert for compatibility across all databases
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", true) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
         connection.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{connection.quote_column_name('id')}, #{connection.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", false) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
 
         assert_equal 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM octopi WHERE id=1")
         index = connection.indexes(:octopi).first
@@ -82,7 +74,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           pk, seq = connection.pk_and_sequence_for('octopi')
 
-          assert_equal "octopi_#{pk}_seq", seq
+          assert_equal ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name.new("public", "octopi_#{pk}_seq"), seq
+        end
+
+        def test_renaming_table_doesnt_attempt_to_rename_non_existent_sequences
+          enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
+          connection.create_table :cats, id: :uuid
+          assert_nothing_raised { rename_table :cats, :felines }
+          assert connection.table_exists? :felines
+        ensure
+          disable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
+          connection.drop_table :cats if connection.table_exists? :cats
+          connection.drop_table :felines if connection.table_exists? :felines
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
index 1bda472d23..270e446c69 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,13 @@ require MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/rename/1_we_need_things"
 require MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/rename/2_rename_things"
 require MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/decimal/1_give_me_big_numbers"
 
-class BigNumber < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+class BigNumber < ActiveRecord::Base
+  unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
+    attribute :value_of_e, Type::Integer.new
+  end
+  attribute :world_population, Type::Integer.new
+  attribute :my_house_population, Type::Integer.new
+end
 
 class Reminder < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 
@@ -28,12 +34,11 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       Reminder.connection.drop_table(table) rescue nil
     end
     Reminder.reset_column_information
-    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = true
-    ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
+    @verbose_was, ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose, false
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_cache.clear!
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ""
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ""
 
@@ -57,8 +62,10 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
     Person.connection.remove_column("people", "first_name") rescue nil
     Person.connection.remove_column("people", "middle_name") rescue nil
-    Person.connection.add_column("people", "first_name", :string, :limit => 40)
+    Person.connection.add_column("people", "first_name", :string)
     Person.reset_column_information
+
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
   end
 
   def test_migrator_versions
@@ -75,6 +82,21 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
     assert_equal 3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_version
     assert_equal true, ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
+
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_version)
+    assert_equal true, ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = old_path
+  end
+
+  def test_migration_detection_without_schema_migration_table
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table('schema_migrations') if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('schema_migrations')
+
+    migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
+    old_path = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = migrations_path
+
+    assert_equal true, ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = old_path
   end
@@ -327,47 +349,6 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Reminder.reset_table_name
   end
 
-  def test_proper_table_name_on_migrator
-    reminder_class = new_isolated_reminder_class
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "table", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name('table')
-    end
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "table", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(:table)
-    end
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "reminders", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
-    end
-    reminder_class.reset_table_name
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal reminder_class.table_name, ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
-    end
-
-    # Use the model's own prefix/suffix if a model is given
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "ARprefix_"
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_ARsuffix"
-    reminder_class.table_name_prefix = 'prefix_'
-    reminder_class.table_name_suffix = '_suffix'
-    reminder_class.reset_table_name
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "prefix_reminders_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
-    end
-    reminder_class.table_name_prefix = ''
-    reminder_class.table_name_suffix = ''
-    reminder_class.reset_table_name
-
-    # Use AR::Base's prefix/suffix if string or symbol is given
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "prefix_"
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_suffix"
-    reminder_class.reset_table_name
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name('table')
-    end
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(:table)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_proper_table_name_on_migration
     reminder_class = new_isolated_reminder_class
     migration = ActiveRecord::Migration.new
@@ -449,30 +430,32 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Person.connection.drop_table :binary_testings rescue nil
   end
 
-  def test_create_table_with_query
-    Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
-    Person.connection.create_table(:person, force: true)
+  unless mysql_enforcing_gtid_consistency?
+    def test_create_table_with_query
+      Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+      Person.connection.create_table(:person, force: true)
 
-    Person.connection.create_table :table_from_query_testings, as: "SELECT id FROM person"
+      Person.connection.create_table :table_from_query_testings, as: "SELECT id FROM person"
 
-    columns = Person.connection.columns(:table_from_query_testings)
-    assert_equal 1, columns.length
-    assert_equal "id", columns.first.name
+      columns = Person.connection.columns(:table_from_query_testings)
+      assert_equal 1, columns.length
+      assert_equal "id", columns.first.name
 
-    Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
-  end
+      Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+    end
 
-  def test_create_table_with_query_from_relation
-    Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
-    Person.connection.create_table(:person, force: true)
+    def test_create_table_with_query_from_relation
+      Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+      Person.connection.create_table(:person, force: true)
 
-    Person.connection.create_table :table_from_query_testings, as: Person.select(:id)
+      Person.connection.create_table :table_from_query_testings, as: Person.select(:id)
 
-    columns = Person.connection.columns(:table_from_query_testings)
-    assert_equal 1, columns.length
-    assert_equal "id", columns.first.name
+      columns = Person.connection.columns(:table_from_query_testings)
+      assert_equal 1, columns.length
+      assert_equal "id", columns.first.name
 
-    Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+      Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+    end
   end
 
   if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
@@ -585,7 +568,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
       Person.reset_sequence_name
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    teardown do
       Person.connection.drop_table(:delete_me) rescue nil
     end
 
@@ -596,13 +579,13 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
           t.string :qualification, :experience
           t.integer :age, :default => 0
           t.date :birthdate
-          t.timestamps
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
       end
 
       assert_equal 8, columns.size
       [:name, :qualification, :experience].each {|s| assert_equal :string, column(s).type }
-      assert_equal 0, column(:age).default
+      assert_equal '0', column(:age).default
     end
 
     def test_removing_columns
@@ -930,4 +913,14 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = old
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def quietly
+    silence_stream(STDOUT) do
+      silence_stream(STDERR) do
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
index 3f9854200d..9809d83315 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
@@ -1,378 +1,388 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
-module ActiveRecord
-  class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-    # Use this class to sense if migrations have gone
-    # up or down.
-    class Sensor < ActiveRecord::Migration
-      attr_reader :went_up, :went_down
+  # Use this class to sense if migrations have gone
+  # up or down.
+  class Sensor < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    attr_reader :went_up, :went_down
 
-      def initialize name = self.class.name, version = nil
-        super
-        @went_up  = false
-        @went_down = false
-      end
-
-      def up; @went_up = true; end
-      def down; @went_down = true; end
-    end
-
-    def setup
+    def initialize name = self.class.name, version = nil
       super
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+      @went_up  = false
+      @went_down = false
     end
 
-    def teardown
-      super
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = true
-    end
+    def up; @went_up = true; end
+    def down; @went_down = true; end
+  end
 
-    def test_migrator_with_duplicate_names
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationNameError, "Multiple migrations have the name Chunky") do
-        list = [Migration.new('Chunky'), Migration.new('Chunky')]
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
+  def setup
+    super
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    @verbose_was = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.class_eval do
+      undef :puts
+      def puts(*)
+        ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count += 1
       end
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_migrator_with_duplicate_versions
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationVersionError) do
-        list = [Migration.new('Foo', 1), Migration.new('Bar', 1)]
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
+  teardown do
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.class_eval do
+      undef :puts
+      def puts(*)
+        super
       end
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_migrator_with_missing_version_numbers
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownMigrationVersionError) do
-        list = [Migration.new('Foo', 1), Migration.new('Bar', 2)]
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, 3).run
-      end
+  def test_migrator_with_duplicate_names
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationNameError, "Multiple migrations have the name Chunky") do
+      list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Chunky'), ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Chunky')]
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_finds_migrations
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid")
+  def test_migrator_with_duplicate_versions
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationVersionError) do
+      list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Foo', 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Bar', 1)]
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
+    end
+  end
 
-      [[1, 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'], [2, 'WeNeedReminders'], [3, 'InnocentJointable']].each_with_index do |pair, i|
-        assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
-        assert_equal migrations[i].name, pair.last
-      end
+  def test_migrator_with_missing_version_numbers
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownMigrationVersionError) do
+      list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Foo', 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Bar', 2)]
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, 3).run
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_finds_migrations_in_subdirectories
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_subdirectories")
+  def test_finds_migrations
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid")
 
-      [[1, 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'], [2, 'WeNeedReminders'], [3, 'InnocentJointable']].each_with_index do |pair, i|
-        assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
-        assert_equal migrations[i].name, pair.last
-      end
+    [[1, 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'], [2, 'WeNeedReminders'], [3, 'InnocentJointable']].each_with_index do |pair, i|
+      assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
+      assert_equal migrations[i].name, pair.last
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_finds_migrations_from_two_directories
-      directories = [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/valid_with_timestamps', MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/to_copy_with_timestamps']
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations directories
-
-      [[20090101010101, "PeopleHaveHobbies"],
-       [20090101010202, "PeopleHaveDescriptions"],
-       [20100101010101, "ValidWithTimestampsPeopleHaveLastNames"],
-       [20100201010101, "ValidWithTimestampsWeNeedReminders"],
-       [20100301010101, "ValidWithTimestampsInnocentJointable"]].each_with_index do |pair, i|
-        assert_equal pair.first, migrations[i].version
-        assert_equal pair.last, migrations[i].name
-       end
-    end
+  def test_finds_migrations_in_subdirectories
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_subdirectories")
 
-    def test_finds_migrations_in_numbered_directory
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/10_urban']
-      assert_equal 9, migrations[0].version
-      assert_equal 'AddExpressions', migrations[0].name
+    [[1, 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'], [2, 'WeNeedReminders'], [3, 'InnocentJointable']].each_with_index do |pair, i|
+      assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
+      assert_equal migrations[i].name, pair.last
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_relative_migrations
-      list = Dir.chdir(MIGRATIONS_ROOT) do
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations("valid/")
-      end
+  def test_finds_migrations_from_two_directories
+    directories = [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/valid_with_timestamps', MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/to_copy_with_timestamps']
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations directories
+
+    [[20090101010101, "PeopleHaveHobbies"],
+     [20090101010202, "PeopleHaveDescriptions"],
+     [20100101010101, "ValidWithTimestampsPeopleHaveLastNames"],
+     [20100201010101, "ValidWithTimestampsWeNeedReminders"],
+     [20100301010101, "ValidWithTimestampsInnocentJointable"]].each_with_index do |pair, i|
+      assert_equal pair.first, migrations[i].version
+      assert_equal pair.last, migrations[i].name
+     end
+  end
 
-      migration_proxy = list.find { |item|
-        item.name == 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'
-      }
-      assert migration_proxy, 'should find pending migration'
+  def test_finds_migrations_in_numbered_directory
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/10_urban']
+    assert_equal 9, migrations[0].version
+    assert_equal 'AddExpressions', migrations[0].name
+  end
+
+  def test_relative_migrations
+    list = Dir.chdir(MIGRATIONS_ROOT) do
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations("valid")
     end
 
-    def test_finds_pending_migrations
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1')
-      migration_list = [ Migration.new('foo', 1), Migration.new('bar', 3) ]
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migration_list).pending_migrations
+    migration_proxy = list.find { |item|
+      item.name == 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'
+    }
+    assert migration_proxy, 'should find pending migration'
+  end
 
-      assert_equal 1, migrations.size
-      assert_equal migration_list.last, migrations.first
-    end
+  def test_finds_pending_migrations
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1')
+    migration_list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new('foo', 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new('bar', 3)]
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migration_list).pending_migrations
 
-    def test_migrator_interleaved_migrations
-      pass_one = [Sensor.new('One', 1)]
+    assert_equal 1, migrations.size
+    assert_equal migration_list.last, migrations.first
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_one).migrate
-      assert pass_one.first.went_up
-      assert_not pass_one.first.went_down
+  def test_migrator_interleaved_migrations
+    pass_one = [Sensor.new('One', 1)]
 
-      pass_two = [Sensor.new('One', 1), Sensor.new('Three', 3)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_two).migrate
-      assert_not pass_two[0].went_up
-      assert pass_two[1].went_up
-      assert pass_two.all? { |x| !x.went_down }
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_one).migrate
+    assert pass_one.first.went_up
+    assert_not pass_one.first.went_down
 
-      pass_three = [Sensor.new('One', 1),
-                    Sensor.new('Two', 2),
-                    Sensor.new('Three', 3)]
+    pass_two = [Sensor.new('One', 1), Sensor.new('Three', 3)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_two).migrate
+    assert_not pass_two[0].went_up
+    assert pass_two[1].went_up
+    assert pass_two.all? { |x| !x.went_down }
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, pass_three).migrate
-      assert pass_three[0].went_down
-      assert_not pass_three[1].went_down
-      assert pass_three[2].went_down
-    end
+    pass_three = [Sensor.new('One', 1),
+                  Sensor.new('Two', 2),
+                  Sensor.new('Three', 3)]
 
-    def test_up_calls_up
-      migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
-      assert migrations.all? { |m| m.went_up }
-      assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_down }
-      assert_equal 2, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, pass_three).migrate
+    assert pass_three[0].went_down
+    assert_not pass_three[1].went_down
+    assert pass_three[2].went_down
+  end
 
-    def test_down_calls_down
-      test_up_calls_up
+  def test_up_calls_up
+    migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert migrations.all? { |m| m.went_up }
+    assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_down }
+    assert_equal 2, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
+  end
 
-      migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations).migrate
-      assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_up }
-      assert migrations.all? { |m| m.went_down }
-      assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-    end
+  def test_down_calls_down
+    test_up_calls_up
 
-    def test_current_version
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1000')
-      assert_equal 1000, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-    end
+    migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations).migrate
+    assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_up }
+    assert migrations.all? { |m| m.went_down }
+    assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
+  end
 
-    def test_migrator_one_up
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+  def test_current_version
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1000')
+    assert_equal 1000, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_one_up
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 2).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 2]], calls
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_one_down
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 2).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 2]], calls
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1], [:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_one_down
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1], [:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      assert_equal [[:down, 3], [:down, 2]], calls
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).migrate
 
-    def test_migrator_one_up_one_down
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    assert_equal [[:down, 3], [:down, 2]], calls
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_one_up_one_down
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_double_up
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_double_up
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [], calls
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_double_down
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [], calls
+  end
 
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  def test_migrator_double_down
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).run
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).run
-      assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).run
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).run
-      assert_equal [], calls
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).run
+    assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).run
+    assert_equal [], calls
 
-    def test_migrator_verbosity
-      _, migrations = sensors(3)
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
+  def test_migrator_verbosity
+    _, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
 
-    def test_migrator_verbosity_off
-      _, migrations = sensors(3)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
-    end
+  def test_migrator_verbosity_off
+    _, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-    def test_target_version_zero_should_run_only_once
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
+  end
 
-      # migrate up to 1
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_target_version_zero_should_run_only_once
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      # migrate down to 0
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+    # migrate up to 1
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      # migrate down to 0 again
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_equal [], calls
-    end
+    # migrate down to 0
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_going_down_due_to_version_target
-      calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    # migrate down to 0 again
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_equal [], calls
+  end
 
-      migrator.up("valid", 1)
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_going_down_due_to_version_target
+    calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
 
-      migrator.migrate("valid", 0)
-      assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+    migrator.up("valid", 1)
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      migrator.migrate("valid")
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1], [:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
-    end
+    migrator.migrate("valid", 0)
+    assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_rollback
-      _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator.migrate("valid")
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1], [:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
+  end
 
-      migrator.migrate("valid")
-      assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  def test_migrator_rollback
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal(2, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    migrator.migrate("valid")
+    assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal(1, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal(2, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal(1, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
-    end
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-    def test_migrator_db_has_no_schema_migrations_table
-      _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("DROP TABLE schema_migrations")
-      assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('schema_migrations')
-      migrator.migrate("valid", 1)
-      assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('schema_migrations')
-    end
+  def test_migrator_db_has_no_schema_migrations_table
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
 
-    def test_migrator_forward
-      _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
-      migrator.migrate("/valid", 1)
-      assert_equal(1, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("DROP TABLE schema_migrations")
+    assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('schema_migrations')
+    migrator.migrate("valid", 1)
+    assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('schema_migrations')
+  end
 
-      migrator.forward("/valid", 2)
-      assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  def test_migrator_forward
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator.migrate("/valid", 1)
+    assert_equal(1, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      migrator.forward("/valid")
-      assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
-    end
+    migrator.forward("/valid", 2)
+    assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+
+    migrator.forward("/valid")
+    assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  end
 
-    def test_only_loads_pending_migrations
-      # migrate up to 1
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1')
+  def test_only_loads_pending_migrations
+    # migrate up to 1
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1')
 
-      calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
-      migrator.migrate("valid", nil)
+    calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator.migrate("valid", nil)
 
-      assert_equal [[:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
-    end
+    assert_equal [[:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
+  end
 
-    def test_get_all_versions
-      _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+  def test_get_all_versions
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
 
-      migrator.migrate("valid")
-      assert_equal([1,2,3], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
+    migrator.migrate("valid")
+    assert_equal([1,2,3], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal([1,2], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal([1,2], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal([1], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal([1], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal([], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
-    end
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal([], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
+  end
 
-    private
-    def m(name, version, &block)
-      x = Sensor.new name, version
-      x.extend(Module.new {
-        define_method(:up) { block.call(:up, x); super() }
-        define_method(:down) { block.call(:down, x); super() }
-      }) if block_given?
-    end
+  private
+  def m(name, version, &block)
+    x = Sensor.new name, version
+    x.extend(Module.new {
+      define_method(:up) { block.call(:up, x); super() }
+      define_method(:down) { block.call(:down, x); super() }
+    }) if block_given?
+  end
 
-    def sensors(count)
-      calls = []
-      migrations = count.times.map { |i|
-        m(nil, i + 1) { |c,migration|
-          calls << [c, migration.version]
-        }
+  def sensors(count)
+    calls = []
+    migrations = count.times.map { |i|
+      m(nil, i + 1) { |c,migration|
+        calls << [c, migration.version]
       }
-      [calls, migrations]
-    end
+    }
+    [calls, migrations]
+  end
 
-    def migrator_class(count)
-      calls, migrations = sensors(count)
+  def migrator_class(count)
+    calls, migrations = sensors(count)
 
-      migrator = Class.new(Migrator).extend(Module.new {
-        define_method(:migrations) { |paths|
-          migrations
-        }
-      })
-      [calls, migrator]
-    end
+    migrator = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migrator).extend(Module.new {
+      define_method(:migrations) { |paths|
+        migrations
+      }
+    })
+    [calls, migrator]
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
index 9124105e6d..e87773df94 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = false
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     # reinstate the constants that we undefined in the setup
     @undefined_consts.each do |constant, value|
       Object.send :const_set, constant, value unless value.nil?
@@ -112,6 +112,34 @@ class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     classes.each(&:reset_table_name)
   end
 
+  def test_module_table_name_suffix
+    assert_equal 'companies_suffixed', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Company.table_name, 'inferred table_name for ActiveRecord model in module with table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies_suffixed', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Nested::Company.table_name, 'table_name for ActiveRecord model in nested module with a parent table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Firm.table_name, 'explicit table_name for ActiveRecord model in module with table_name_suffix should not be suffixed'
+  end
+
+  def test_module_table_name_suffix_with_global_suffix
+    classes = [ MyApplication::Business::Company,
+                MyApplication::Business::Firm,
+                MyApplication::Business::Client,
+                MyApplication::Business::Client::Contact,
+                MyApplication::Business::Developer,
+                MyApplication::Business::Project,
+                MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Company,
+                MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Nested::Company,
+                MyApplication::Billing::Account ]
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = '_global'
+    classes.each(&:reset_table_name)
+    assert_equal 'companies_global', MyApplication::Business::Company.table_name, 'inferred table_name for ActiveRecord model in module without table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies_suffixed', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Company.table_name, 'inferred table_name for ActiveRecord model in module with table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies_suffixed', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Nested::Company.table_name, 'table_name for ActiveRecord model in nested module with a parent table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Firm.table_name, 'explicit table_name for ActiveRecord model in module with table_name_suffix should not be suffixed'
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ''
+    classes.each(&:reset_table_name)
+  end
+
   def test_compute_type_can_infer_class_name_of_sibling_inside_module
     old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
index c70a8f296f..14d4ef457d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
@@ -240,8 +240,8 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = []
   end
 
-  # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
-  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
+  # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
+  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
     def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_only_column_with_time_zone_aware_attributes_does_not_do_time_zone_conversion
       with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true, zone: -28800 do
         attributes = {
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
index 2f89699df7..cf96c3fccf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
@@ -11,24 +11,8 @@ require "models/owner"
 require "models/pet"
 require 'active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access'
 
-module AssertRaiseWithMessage
-  def assert_raise_with_message(expected_exception, expected_message)
-    begin
-      error_raised = false
-      yield
-    rescue expected_exception => error
-      error_raised = true
-      actual_message = error.message
-    end
-    assert error_raised
-    assert_equal expected_message, actual_message
-  end
-end
-
 class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  include AssertRaiseWithMessage
-
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
   end
 
@@ -71,9 +55,10 @@ class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_an_ArgumentError_for_non_existing_associations
-    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, "No association found for name `honesty'. Has it been defined yet?" do
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :honesty
     end
+    assert_equal "No association found for name `honesty'. Has it been defined yet?", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_disable_allow_destroy_by_default
@@ -213,17 +198,16 @@ class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  include AssertRaiseWithMessage
-
   def setup
     @pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
     @ship = @pirate.create_ship(:name => 'Nights Dirty Lightning')
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_argument_error_if_trying_to_build_polymorphic_belongs_to
-    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, "Cannot build association `looter'. Are you trying to build a polymorphic one-to-one association?" do
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       Treasure.new(:name => 'pearl', :looter_attributes => {:catchphrase => "Arrr"})
     end
+    assert_equal "Cannot build association `looter'. Are you trying to build a polymorphic one-to-one association?", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_define_an_attribute_writer_method_for_the_association
@@ -275,9 +259,10 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_RecordNotFound_if_an_id_is_given_but_doesnt_return_a_record
-    assert_raise_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Ship with ID=1234567890 for Pirate with ID=#{@pirate.id}" do
+    exception = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
       @pirate.ship_attributes = { :id => 1234567890 }
     end
+    assert_equal "Couldn't find Ship with ID=1234567890 for Pirate with ID=#{@pirate.id}", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_take_a_hash_with_string_keys_and_update_the_associated_model
@@ -403,8 +388,6 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class TestNestedAttributesOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  include AssertRaiseWithMessage
-
   def setup
     @ship = Ship.new(:name => 'Nights Dirty Lightning')
     @pirate = @ship.build_pirate(:catchphrase => 'Aye')
@@ -460,9 +443,10 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_RecordNotFound_if_an_id_is_given_but_doesnt_return_a_record
-    assert_raise_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Pirate with ID=1234567890 for Ship with ID=#{@ship.id}" do
+    exception = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
       @ship.pirate_attributes = { :id => 1234567890 }
     end
+    assert_equal "Couldn't find Pirate with ID=1234567890 for Ship with ID=#{@ship.id}", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_take_a_hash_with_string_keys_and_update_the_associated_model
@@ -579,8 +563,6 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
-  include AssertRaiseWithMessage
-
   def test_should_define_an_attribute_writer_method_for_the_association
     assert_respond_to @pirate, association_setter
   end
@@ -670,9 +652,10 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_RecordNotFound_if_an_id_is_given_but_doesnt_return_a_record
-    assert_raise_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{@child_1.class.name} with ID=1234567890 for Pirate with ID=#{@pirate.id}" do
+    exception = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
       @pirate.attributes = { association_getter => [{ :id => 1234567890 }] }
     end
+    assert_equal "Couldn't find #{@child_1.class.name} with ID=1234567890 for Pirate with ID=#{@pirate.id}", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_automatically_build_new_associated_models_for_each_entry_in_a_hash_where_the_id_is_missing
@@ -727,9 +710,10 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
     assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { @pirate.send(association_setter, {}) }
     assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { @pirate.send(association_setter, Hash.new) }
 
-    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, 'Hash or Array expected, got String ("foo")' do
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       @pirate.send(association_setter, "foo")
     end
+    assert_equal 'Hash or Array expected, got String ("foo")', exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_work_with_update_as_well
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
index b9f0624f76..2170fe6118 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/aircraft'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/author'
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ require 'models/toy'
 require 'rexml/document'
 
 class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors, :categorizations, :categories, :posts, :minivans, :pets, :toys
+  fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors, :author_addresses, :categorizations, :categories, :posts, :minivans, :pets, :toys
 
   # Oracle UPDATE does not support ORDER BY
   unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
@@ -233,6 +234,15 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { Minimalistic.create!(:id => 2) }
   end
 
+  def test_save_with_duping_of_destroyed_object
+    developer = Developer.first
+    developer.destroy
+    new_developer = developer.dup
+    new_developer.save
+    assert new_developer.persisted?
+    assert_not new_developer.destroyed?
+  end
+
   def test_create_many
     topics = Topic.create([ { "title" => "first" }, { "title" => "second" }])
     assert_equal 2, topics.size
@@ -240,11 +250,9 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_create_columns_not_equal_attributes
-    topic = Topic.allocate.init_with(
-      'attributes' => {
-        'title'          => 'Another New Topic',
-        'does_not_exist' => 'test'
-      }
+    topic = Topic.instantiate(
+      'title'          => 'Another New Topic',
+      'does_not_exist' => 'test'
     )
     assert_nothing_raised { topic.save }
   end
@@ -290,10 +298,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic.title = "Still another topic"
     topic.save
 
-    topic_reloaded = Topic.allocate
-    topic_reloaded.init_with(
-      'attributes' => topic.attributes.merge('does_not_exist' => 'test')
-    )
+    topic_reloaded = Topic.instantiate(topic.attributes.merge('does_not_exist' => 'test'))
     topic_reloaded.title = 'A New Topic'
     assert_nothing_raised { topic_reloaded.save }
   end
@@ -323,6 +328,15 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "Reply", topic.type
   end
 
+  def test_update_sti_subclass_type
+    assert_instance_of Topic, topics(:first)
+
+    reply = topics(:first).becomes!(Reply)
+    assert_instance_of Reply, reply
+    reply.save!
+    assert_instance_of Reply, Reply.find(reply.id)
+  end
+
   def test_update_after_create
     klass = Class.new(Topic) do
       def self.name; 'Topic'; end
@@ -452,7 +466,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_attribute_for_updated_at_on
     developer = Developer.find(1)
-    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month
+    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month.change(usec: 0)
 
     developer.update_attribute(:updated_at, prev_month)
     assert_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
@@ -495,14 +509,14 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_column_should_not_leave_the_object_dirty
     topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.update_column("content", "Have a nice day")
+    topic.update_column("content", "--- Have a nice day\n...\n")
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_column(:content, "You too")
+    topic.update_column(:content, "--- You too\n...\n")
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_column("content", "Have a nice day")
+    topic.update_column("content", "--- Have a nice day\n...\n")
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
   end
 
@@ -523,7 +537,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_column_should_not_modify_updated_at
     developer = Developer.find(1)
-    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month
+    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month.change(usec: 0)
 
     developer.update_column(:updated_at, prev_month)
     assert_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
@@ -586,14 +600,14 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_columns_should_not_leave_the_object_dirty
     topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.update({ "content" => "Have a nice day", :author_name => "Jose" })
+    topic.update({ "content" => "--- Have a nice day\n...\n", :author_name => "Jose" })
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_columns({ content: "You too", "author_name" => "Sebastian" })
+    topic.update_columns({ content: "--- You too\n...\n", "author_name" => "Sebastian" })
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_columns({ content: "Have a nice day", author_name: "Jose" })
+    topic.update_columns({ content: "--- Have a nice day\n...\n", author_name: "Jose" })
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
   end
 
@@ -620,7 +634,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_columns_should_not_modify_updated_at
     developer = Developer.find(1)
-    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month
+    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month.change(usec: 0)
 
     developer.update_columns(updated_at: prev_month)
     assert_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
@@ -820,4 +834,47 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_persist_inherited_class_with_different_table_name
+    minimalistic_aircrafts = Class.new(Minimalistic) do
+      self.table_name = "aircraft"
+    end
+
+    assert_difference "Aircraft.count", 1 do
+      aircraft = minimalistic_aircrafts.create(name: "Wright Flyer")
+      aircraft.name = "Wright Glider"
+      aircraft.save
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "Wright Glider", Aircraft.last.name
+  end
+
+  def test_instantiate_creates_a_new_instance
+    post = Post.instantiate("title" => "appropriate documentation", "type" => "SpecialPost")
+    assert_equal "appropriate documentation", post.title
+    assert_instance_of SpecialPost, post
+
+    # body was not initialized
+    assert_raises ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError do
+      post.body
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reload_removes_custom_selects
+    post = Post.select('posts.*, 1 as wibble').last!
+
+    assert_equal 1, post[:wibble]
+    assert_nil post.reload[:wibble]
+  end
+
+  def test_find_via_reload
+    post = Post.new
+
+    assert post.new_record?
+
+    post.id = 1
+    post.reload
+
+    assert_equal "Welcome to the weblog", post.title
+    assert_not post.new_record?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
index 626c6aeaf8..8eea10143f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveRecord::Base.clear_all_connections!
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
     @per_test_teardown.each {|td| td.call }
@@ -48,4 +48,4 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def add_record(name)
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.with_connection { Project.create! :name => name }
   end
-end unless current_adapter?(:FrontBase) || in_memory_db?
+end unless in_memory_db?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
index 51ddd406ed..f19a6ea5e3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require 'models/subscriber'
 require 'models/movie'
 require 'models/keyboard'
 require 'models/mixed_case_monkey'
+require 'models/dashboard'
 
 class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics, :subscribers, :movies, :mixed_case_monkeys
@@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_prefix
+    old_primary_key_prefix_type = ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type
     ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = :table_name
     Topic.reset_primary_key
     assert_equal "topicid", Topic.primary_key
@@ -103,6 +105,8 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
     Topic.reset_primary_key
     assert_equal "id", Topic.primary_key
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = old_primary_key_prefix_type
   end
 
   def test_delete_should_quote_pkey
@@ -131,14 +135,22 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_returns_value_if_it_exists
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'developers'
+    end
+
     if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_primary_key?
-      assert_equal 'id', ActiveRecord::Base.connection.primary_key('developers')
+      assert_equal 'id', klass.primary_key
     end
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_returns_nil_if_it_does_not_exist
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'developers_projects'
+    end
+
     if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_primary_key?
-      assert_nil ActiveRecord::Base.connection.primary_key('developers_projects')
+      assert_nil klass.primary_key
     end
   end
 
@@ -149,42 +161,19 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal k.connection.quote_column_name("foo"), k.quoted_primary_key
   end
 
-  def test_two_models_with_same_table_but_different_primary_key
-    k1 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    k1.table_name = 'posts'
-    k1.primary_key = 'id'
-
-    k2 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    k2.table_name = 'posts'
-    k2.primary_key = 'title'
-
-    assert k1.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'id' }.primary
-    assert !k1.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'title' }.primary
-    assert k1.columns_hash['id'].primary
-    assert !k1.columns_hash['title'].primary
-
-    assert !k2.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'id' }.primary
-    assert k2.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'title' }.primary
-    assert !k2.columns_hash['id'].primary
-    assert k2.columns_hash['title'].primary
-  end
-
-  def test_models_with_same_table_have_different_columns
-    k1 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    k1.table_name = 'posts'
-
-    k2 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    k2.table_name = 'posts'
-
-    k1.columns.zip(k2.columns).each do |col1, col2|
-      assert !col1.equal?(col2)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_auto_detect_primary_key_from_schema
     MixedCaseMonkey.reset_primary_key
     assert_equal "monkeyID", MixedCaseMonkey.primary_key
   end
+
+  def test_primary_key_update_with_custom_key_name
+    dashboard = Dashboard.create!(dashboard_id: '1')
+    dashboard.id = '2'
+    dashboard.save!
+
+    dashboard = Dashboard.first
+    assert_equal '2', dashboard.id
+  end
 end
 
 class PrimaryKeyWithNoConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -219,3 +208,29 @@ if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
     end
   end
 end
+
+if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+  class PrimaryKeyBigSerialTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+    class Widget < ActiveRecord::Base
+    end
+
+    setup do
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      @connection.create_table(:widgets, id: :bigserial) { |t| }
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      @connection.drop_table :widgets
+    end
+
+    def test_bigserial_primary_key
+      assert_equal "id", Widget.primary_key
+      assert_equal :integer, Widget.columns_hash[Widget.primary_key].type
+
+      widget = Widget.create!
+      assert_not_nil widget.id
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
index da8ae672fe..9d89d6a1e8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
@@ -118,6 +118,14 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.query_cache.empty?, 'cache should be empty'
   end
 
+  def test_cache_passing_a_relation
+    post = Post.first
+    Post.cache do
+      query = post.categories.select(:post_id)
+      assert Post.connection.select_all(query).is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_find_queries
     assert_queries(2) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1) }
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
index e2439b9a24..1d6ae2f67f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
@@ -3,14 +3,6 @@ require "cases/helper"
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class QuotingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      class FakeColumn < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column
-        attr_accessor :type
-
-        def initialize type
-          @type = type
-        end
-      end
-
       def setup
         @quoter = Class.new { include Quoting }.new
       end
@@ -91,69 +83,56 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_quote_with_quoted_id
         assert_equal 1, @quoter.quote(Struct.new(:quoted_id).new(1), nil)
-        assert_equal 1, @quoter.quote(Struct.new(:quoted_id).new(1), 'foo')
       end
 
       def test_quote_nil
         assert_equal 'NULL', @quoter.quote(nil, nil)
-        assert_equal 'NULL', @quoter.quote(nil, 'foo')
       end
 
       def test_quote_true
         assert_equal @quoter.quoted_true, @quoter.quote(true, nil)
-        assert_equal '1', @quoter.quote(true, Struct.new(:type).new(:integer))
       end
 
       def test_quote_false
         assert_equal @quoter.quoted_false, @quoter.quote(false, nil)
-        assert_equal '0', @quoter.quote(false, Struct.new(:type).new(:integer))
       end
 
       def test_quote_float
         float = 1.2
         assert_equal float.to_s, @quoter.quote(float, nil)
-        assert_equal float.to_s, @quoter.quote(float, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_quote_fixnum
         fixnum = 1
         assert_equal fixnum.to_s, @quoter.quote(fixnum, nil)
-        assert_equal fixnum.to_s, @quoter.quote(fixnum, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_quote_bignum
         bignum = 1 << 100
         assert_equal bignum.to_s, @quoter.quote(bignum, nil)
-        assert_equal bignum.to_s, @quoter.quote(bignum, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_quote_bigdecimal
         bigdec = BigDecimal.new((1 << 100).to_s)
         assert_equal bigdec.to_s('F'), @quoter.quote(bigdec, nil)
-        assert_equal bigdec.to_s('F'), @quoter.quote(bigdec, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_dates_and_times
         @quoter.extend(Module.new { def quoted_date(value) 'lol' end })
         assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(Date.today, nil)
-        assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(Date.today, Object.new)
         assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(Time.now, nil)
-        assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(Time.now, Object.new)
         assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(DateTime.now, nil)
-        assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(DateTime.now, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_crazy_object
         crazy = Class.new.new
         expected = "'#{YAML.dump(crazy)}'"
         assert_equal expected, @quoter.quote(crazy, nil)
-        assert_equal expected, @quoter.quote(crazy, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_crazy_object_calls_quote_string
         crazy = Class.new { def initialize; @lol = 'lo\l' end }.new
         assert_match "lo\\\\l", @quoter.quote(crazy, nil)
-        assert_match "lo\\\\l", @quoter.quote(crazy, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_quote_string_no_column
@@ -165,36 +144,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote(string, nil)
       end
 
-      def test_quote_string_int_column
-        assert_equal "1", @quoter.quote('1', FakeColumn.new(:integer))
-        assert_equal "1", @quoter.quote('1.2', FakeColumn.new(:integer))
-      end
-
-      def test_quote_string_float_column
-        assert_equal "1.0", @quoter.quote('1', FakeColumn.new(:float))
-        assert_equal "1.2", @quoter.quote('1.2', FakeColumn.new(:float))
-      end
-
-      def test_quote_as_mb_chars_binary_column
-        string = ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars.new('lo\l')
-        assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote(string, FakeColumn.new(:binary))
-      end
-
-      def test_quote_binary_without_string_to_binary
-        assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote('lo\l', FakeColumn.new(:binary))
-      end
-
       def test_string_with_crazy_column
-        assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote('lo\l', FakeColumn.new(:foo))
+        assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote('lo\l')
       end
 
       def test_quote_duration
         assert_equal "1800", @quoter.quote(30.minutes)
       end
-
-      def test_quote_duration_int_column
-        assert_equal "7200", @quoter.quote(2.hours, FakeColumn.new(:integer))
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
index b62a41c08e..f52fd22489 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @pool = ConnectionPool.new ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         @pool.connections.each(&:close)
       end
 
@@ -64,17 +63,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         spec.config[:reaping_frequency] = 0.0001
 
         pool = ConnectionPool.new spec
-        pool.dead_connection_timeout = 0
 
-        conn = pool.checkout
-        count = pool.connections.length
+        conn = nil
+        child = Thread.new do
+          conn = pool.checkout
+          Thread.stop
+        end
+        Thread.pass while conn.nil?
+
+        assert conn.in_use?
 
-        conn.extend(Module.new { def active_threadsafe?; false; end; })
+        child.terminate
 
-        while count == pool.connections.length
+        while conn.in_use?
           Thread.pass
         end
-        assert_equal(count - 1, pool.connections.length)
+        assert !conn.in_use?
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
index d7ad5ed29f..84abaf0291 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_column_string_type_and_limit
     assert_equal :string, @first.column_for_attribute("title").type
-    assert_equal 255, @first.column_for_attribute("title").limit
+    assert_equal 250, @first.column_for_attribute("title").limit
   end
 
   def test_column_null_not_null
@@ -80,24 +80,38 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal :integer, @first.column_for_attribute("id").type
   end
 
+  def test_non_existent_columns_return_nil
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_nil @first.column_for_attribute("attribute_that_doesnt_exist")
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_reflection_klass_for_nested_class_name
-    reflection = MacroReflection.new(:company, nil, nil, { :class_name => 'MyApplication::Business::Company' }, ActiveRecord::Base)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, nil, nil, { :class_name => 'MyApplication::Business::Company' }, ActiveRecord::Base)
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_equal MyApplication::Business::Company, reflection.klass
     end
   end
 
+  def test_irregular_reflection_class_name
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+      inflect.irregular 'plural_irregular', 'plurales_irregulares'
+    end
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, 'plurales_irregulares', nil, {}, ActiveRecord::Base)
+    assert_equal 'PluralIrregular', reflection.class_name
+  end
+
   def test_aggregation_reflection
     reflection_for_address = AggregateReflection.new(
-      :composed_of, :address, nil, { :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city), %w(address_country country) ] }, Customer
+      :address, nil, { :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city), %w(address_country country) ] }, Customer
     )
 
     reflection_for_balance = AggregateReflection.new(
-      :composed_of, :balance, nil, { :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount) }, Customer
+      :balance, nil, { :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount) }, Customer
     )
 
     reflection_for_gps_location = AggregateReflection.new(
-      :composed_of, :gps_location, nil, { }, Customer
+      :gps_location, nil, { }, Customer
     )
 
     assert Customer.reflect_on_all_aggregations.include?(reflection_for_gps_location)
@@ -121,7 +135,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_reflection
-    reflection_for_clients = AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :order => "id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
+    reflection_for_clients = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :order => "id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
 
     assert_equal reflection_for_clients, Firm.reflect_on_association(:clients)
 
@@ -133,7 +147,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_one_reflection
-    reflection_for_account = AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :account, nil, { :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
+    reflection_for_account = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :account, nil, { :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
     assert_equal reflection_for_account, Firm.reflect_on_association(:account)
 
     assert_equal Account, Firm.reflect_on_association(:account).klass
@@ -192,7 +206,12 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_reflection_should_not_raise_error_when_compared_to_other_object
-    assert_nothing_raised { Firm.reflections[:clients] == Object.new }
+    assert_not_equal Object.new, Firm._reflections['clients']
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_reflection
+    assert_equal :has_and_belongs_to_many, Category.reflections['posts'].macro
+    assert_equal :posts, Category.reflect_on_all_associations(:has_and_belongs_to_many).first.name
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_reflection
@@ -265,12 +284,12 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_association_primary_key_raises_when_missing_primary_key
-    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.new(:fuu, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { reflection.association_primary_key }
 
     through = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection) {
       define_method(:source_reflection) { reflection }
-    }.new(:fuu, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
+    }.new(reflection)
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { through.association_primary_key }
   end
 
@@ -280,7 +299,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_active_record_primary_key_raises_when_missing_primary_key
-    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.new(:fuu, :author, nil, {}, Edge)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :author, nil, {}, Edge)
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { reflection.active_record_primary_key }
   end
 
@@ -298,32 +317,28 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_default_association_validation
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
 
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:belongs_to, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_always_validate_association_if_explicit
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_validate_association_if_autosave
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_never_validate_association_if_explicit
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_foreign_key
@@ -345,11 +360,11 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('categories', true)
     product = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('products', true)
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
     assert_equal 'categories_products', reflection.join_table
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(product)
     assert_equal 'categories_products', reflection.join_table
   end
@@ -358,11 +373,11 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('catalog_categories', true)
     product = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('catalog_products', true)
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
     assert_equal 'catalog_categories_products', reflection.join_table
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(product)
     assert_equal 'catalog_categories_products', reflection.join_table
   end
@@ -371,11 +386,11 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('catalog_categories', true)
     page = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('content_pages', true)
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, {}, page)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :categories, nil, {}, page)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
     assert_equal 'catalog_categories_content_pages', reflection.join_table
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :pages, nil, {}, category)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :pages, nil, {}, category)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(page)
     assert_equal 'catalog_categories_content_pages', reflection.join_table
   end
@@ -384,15 +399,47 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('categories', true)
     product = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('products', true)
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, product)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :categories, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, product)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
     assert_equal 'product_categories', reflection.join_table
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :products, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, category)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :products, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, category)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(product)
     assert_equal 'product_categories', reflection.join_table
   end
 
+  def test_includes_accepts_symbols
+    hotel = Hotel.create!
+    department = hotel.departments.create!
+    department.chefs.create!
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal department.chefs, Hotel.includes([departments: :chefs]).first.chefs
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_includes_accepts_strings
+    hotel = Hotel.create!
+    department = hotel.departments.create!
+    department.chefs.create!
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal department.chefs, Hotel.includes(['departments' => 'chefs']).first.chefs
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reflect_on_association_accepts_symbols
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal Hotel.reflect_on_association(:departments).name, :departments
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reflect_on_association_accepts_strings
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal Hotel.reflect_on_association("departments").name, :departments
+    end
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_reflection(klass, association, options)
       assert reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(association)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
index 9b2bfed039..29c9d0e2af 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       :exclude?, :find_all, :flat_map, :group_by, :include?, :length,
       :map, :none?, :one?, :partition, :reject, :reverse,
       :sample, :second, :sort, :sort_by, :third,
-      :to_ary, :to_set, :to_xml, :to_yaml
+      :to_ary, :to_set, :to_xml, :to_yaml, :join
     ]
 
     ARRAY_DELEGATES.each do |method|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
index 23500bf5d8..8f40a1890d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/developer'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/project'
+require 'models/rating'
 
 class RelationMergingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :developers, :comments, :authors, :posts
@@ -17,10 +18,9 @@ class RelationMergingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_relation_to_sql
-    sql = Post.connection.unprepared_statement do
-      Post.first.comments.to_sql
-    end
-    assert_no_match(/\?/, sql)
+    post = Post.first
+    sql = post.comments.to_sql
+    assert_match(/.?post_id.? = #{post.id}\Z/i, sql)
   end
 
   def test_relation_merging_with_arel_equalities_keeps_last_equality
@@ -81,31 +81,20 @@ class RelationMergingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     left  = Post.where(title: "omg").where(comments_count: 1)
     right = Post.where(title: "wtf").where(title: "bbq")
 
-    expected = [left.where_values[1]] + right.where_values
+    expected = [left.bind_values[1]] + right.bind_values
     merged   = left.merge(right)
 
-    assert_equal expected, merged.where_values
+    assert_equal expected, merged.bind_values
     assert !merged.to_sql.include?("omg")
     assert merged.to_sql.include?("wtf")
     assert merged.to_sql.include?("bbq")
   end
 
-  def test_merging_removes_rhs_bind_parameters
-    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
-    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    left.bind_values += [[column, 20]]
-    right   = Post.where(id: 10)
-
-    merged = left.merge(right)
-    assert_equal [], merged.bind_values
-  end
-
   def test_merging_keeps_lhs_bind_parameters
     column = Post.columns_hash['id']
     binds = [[column, 20]]
 
-    right  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
-    right.bind_values += binds
+    right  = Post.where(id: 20)
     left   = Post.where(id: 10)
 
     merged = left.merge(right)
@@ -113,25 +102,22 @@ class RelationMergingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_merging_reorders_bind_params
-    post         = Post.first
-    id_column    = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    title_column = Post.columns_hash['title']
-
-    bv = Post.connection.substitute_at id_column, 0
-
-    right  = Post.where(id: bv)
-    right.bind_values += [[id_column, post.id]]
-
-    left   = Post.where(title: bv)
-    left.bind_values += [[title_column, post.title]]
+    post  = Post.first
+    right = Post.where(id: 1)
+    left  = Post.where(title: post.title)
 
     merged = left.merge(right)
     assert_equal post, merged.first
   end
+
+  def test_merging_compares_symbols_and_strings_as_equal
+    post = PostThatLoadsCommentsInAnAfterSaveHook.create!(title: "First Post", body: "Blah blah blah.")
+    assert_equal "First comment!", post.comments.where(body: "First comment!").first_or_create.body
+  end
 end
 
 class MergingDifferentRelationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :posts, :authors
+  fixtures :posts, :authors, :developers
 
   test "merging where relations" do
     hello_by_bob = Post.where(body: "hello").joins(:author).
@@ -159,4 +145,16 @@ class MergingDifferentRelationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal ["Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "David"], posts_by_author_name
   end
+
+  test "relation merging (using a proc  argument)" do
+    dev = Developer.where(name: "Jamis").first
+
+    comment_1 = dev.comments.create!(body: "I'm Jamis", post: Post.first)
+    rating_1 = comment_1.ratings.create!
+
+    comment_2 = dev.comments.create!(body: "I'm John", post: Post.first)
+    comment_2.ratings.create!
+
+    assert_equal dev.ratings, [rating_1]
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
index 4fafa668fb..1da5c36e1c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
@@ -24,13 +24,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @relation ||= Relation.new FakeKlass.new('posts'), Post.arel_table
     end
 
-    (Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS - [:references, :extending, :order, :unscope]).each do |method|
+    (Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS - [:references, :extending, :order, :unscope, :select]).each do |method|
       test "##{method}!" do
         assert relation.public_send("#{method}!", :foo).equal?(relation)
         assert_equal [:foo], relation.public_send("#{method}_values")
       end
     end
 
+    test "#_select!" do
+      assert relation.public_send("_select!", :foo).equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.public_send("select_values")
+    end
+
     test '#order!' do
       assert relation.order!('name ASC').equal?(relation)
       assert_equal ['name ASC'], relation.order_values
@@ -107,10 +112,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     test 'reverse_order!' do
-      assert relation.reverse_order!.equal?(relation)
-      assert relation.reverse_order_value
+      relation = Post.order('title ASC, comments_count DESC')
+
+      relation.reverse_order!
+
+      assert_equal 'title DESC', relation.order_values.first
+      assert_equal 'comments_count ASC', relation.order_values.last
+
+
       relation.reverse_order!
-      assert !relation.reverse_order_value
+
+      assert_equal 'title ASC', relation.order_values.first
+      assert_equal 'comments_count DESC', relation.order_values.last
     end
 
     test 'create_with!' do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
index 14a8d97d36..4057835688 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class PredicateBuilderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def test_registering_new_handlers
       PredicateBuilder.register_handler(Regexp, proc do |column, value|
-        Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new('~', column, value.source)
+        Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new('~', column, Arel.sql(value.source))
       end)
 
-      assert_match %r{["`]topics["`].["`]title["`] ~ 'rails'}i, Topic.where(title: /rails/).to_sql
+      assert_match %r{["`]topics["`].["`]title["`] ~ rails}i, Topic.where(title: /rails/).to_sql
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
index fd2420cb88..b9e69bdb08 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
@@ -12,13 +12,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_not_eq
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'hello')
       relation = Post.where.not(title: 'hello')
-      assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
+
+      assert_equal 1, relation.where_values.length
+
+      value = relation.where_values.first
+      bind  = relation.bind_values.first
+
+      assert_bound_ast value, Post.arel_table[@name], Arel::Nodes::NotEqual
+      assert_equal 'hello', bind.last
     end
 
     def test_not_null
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], nil)
+      expected = Post.arel_table[@name].not_eq(nil)
       relation = Post.where.not(title: nil)
       assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
     end
@@ -30,13 +36,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_not_in
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotIn.new(Post.arel_table[@name], %w[hello goodbye])
+      expected = Post.arel_table[@name].not_in(%w[hello goodbye])
       relation = Post.where.not(title: %w[hello goodbye])
       assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
     end
 
     def test_association_not_eq
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Comment.arel_table[@name], 'hello')
+      expected = Comment.arel_table[@name].not_eq('hello')
       relation = Post.joins(:comments).where.not(comments: {title: 'hello'})
       assert_equal(expected.to_sql, relation.where_values.first.to_sql)
     end
@@ -44,21 +50,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def test_not_eq_with_preceding_where
       relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where.not(title: 'world')
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'hello')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values.first)
+      value = relation.where_values.first
+      bind  = relation.bind_values.first
+      assert_bound_ast value, Post.arel_table[@name], Arel::Nodes::Equality
+      assert_equal 'hello', bind.last
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'world')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values.last)
+      value = relation.where_values.last
+      bind  = relation.bind_values.last
+      assert_bound_ast value, Post.arel_table[@name], Arel::Nodes::NotEqual
+      assert_equal 'world', bind.last
     end
 
     def test_not_eq_with_succeeding_where
       relation = Post.where.not(title: 'hello').where(title: 'world')
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'hello')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values.first)
+      value = relation.where_values.first
+      bind  = relation.bind_values.first
+      assert_bound_ast value, Post.arel_table[@name], Arel::Nodes::NotEqual
+      assert_equal 'hello', bind.last
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'world')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values.last)
+      value = relation.where_values.last
+      bind  = relation.bind_values.last
+      assert_bound_ast value, Post.arel_table[@name], Arel::Nodes::Equality
+      assert_equal 'world', bind.last
     end
 
     def test_not_eq_with_string_parameter
@@ -76,41 +90,64 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def test_chaining_multiple
       relation = Post.where.not(author_id: [1, 2]).where.not(title: 'ruby on rails')
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotIn.new(Post.arel_table['author_id'], [1, 2])
+      expected = Post.arel_table['author_id'].not_in([1, 2])
       assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values[0])
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'ruby on rails')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values[1])
+      value = relation.where_values[1]
+      bind  = relation.bind_values.first
+
+      assert_bound_ast value, Post.arel_table[@name], Arel::Nodes::NotEqual
+      assert_equal 'ruby on rails', bind.last
     end
-    
+
     def test_rewhere_with_one_condition
       relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where(title: 'world').rewhere(title: 'alone')
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'alone')
       assert_equal 1, relation.where_values.size
-      assert_equal expected, relation.where_values.first
+      value = relation.where_values.first
+      bind = relation.bind_values.first
+      assert_bound_ast value, Post.arel_table[@name], Arel::Nodes::Equality
+      assert_equal 'alone', bind.last
     end
 
     def test_rewhere_with_multiple_overwriting_conditions
       relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where(body: 'world').rewhere(title: 'alone', body: 'again')
 
-      title_expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table['title'], 'alone')
-      body_expected  = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table['body'], 'again')
-
       assert_equal 2, relation.where_values.size
-      assert_equal title_expected, relation.where_values.first
-      assert_equal body_expected, relation.where_values.second
+
+      value = relation.where_values.first
+      bind = relation.bind_values.first
+      assert_bound_ast value, Post.arel_table['title'], Arel::Nodes::Equality
+      assert_equal 'alone', bind.last
+
+      value = relation.where_values[1]
+      bind = relation.bind_values[1]
+      assert_bound_ast value, Post.arel_table['body'], Arel::Nodes::Equality
+      assert_equal 'again', bind.last
+    end
+
+    def assert_bound_ast value, table, type
+      assert_equal table, value.left
+      assert_kind_of type, value
+      assert_kind_of Arel::Nodes::BindParam, value.right
     end
 
     def test_rewhere_with_one_overwriting_condition_and_one_unrelated
       relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where(body: 'world').rewhere(title: 'alone')
 
-      title_expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table['title'], 'alone')
-      body_expected  = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table['body'], 'world')
-
       assert_equal 2, relation.where_values.size
-      assert_equal body_expected, relation.where_values.first
-      assert_equal title_expected, relation.where_values.second
+
+      value = relation.where_values.first
+      bind  = relation.bind_values.first
+
+      assert_bound_ast value, Post.arel_table['body'], Arel::Nodes::Equality
+      assert_equal 'world', bind.last
+
+      value = relation.where_values.second
+      bind  = relation.bind_values.second
+
+      assert_bound_ast value, Post.arel_table['title'], Arel::Nodes::Equality
+      assert_equal 'alone', bind.last
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
index 937f226b1d..39c8afdd23 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ require 'models/post'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/edge'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/binary'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class WhereTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    fixtures :posts, :edges, :authors
+    fixtures :posts, :edges, :authors, :binaries
 
     def test_where_copies_bind_params
       author = authors(:david)
@@ -60,6 +61,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal expected.to_sql, actual.to_sql
     end
 
+    def test_belongs_to_nested_where_with_relation
+      author = authors(:david)
+
+      expected = Author.where(id: author ).joins(:posts)
+      actual   = Author.where(posts: { author_id: Author.where(id: author.id) }).joins(:posts)
+
+      assert_equal expected.to_a, actual.to_a
+    end
+
     def test_polymorphic_shallow_where
       treasure = Treasure.new
       treasure.id = 1
@@ -170,6 +180,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal 0, Post.where(:id => []).count
     end
 
+    def test_where_with_table_name_and_nested_empty_array
+      assert_deprecated do
+        assert_equal [], Post.where(:id => [[]]).to_a
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_where_with_empty_hash_and_no_foreign_key
       assert_equal 0, Edge.where(:sink => {}).count
     end
@@ -179,5 +195,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal 4, Edge.where(blank).order("sink_id").to_a.size
       end
     end
+
+    def test_where_with_integer_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => 0).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_float_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => 0.0).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_boolean_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => false).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_decimal_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => BigDecimal.new(0)).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_duration_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => 0.seconds).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_integer_for_binary_column
+      count = Binary.where(:data => 0).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
index 15611656fd..3280945d09 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def self.connection
         Post.connection
       end
+
+      def self.table_name
+        'fake_table'
+      end
     end
 
     def test_construction
@@ -231,5 +235,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
       posts_with_special_comments_with_ratings = Post.group("posts.id").joins(:special_comments).merge(special_comments_with_ratings)
       assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts.merge(posts_with_special_comments_with_ratings).count.length
     end
+
+    class EnsureRoundTripTypeCasting < ActiveRecord::Type::Value
+      def type
+        :string
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        raise value unless value == "type cast for database"
+        "type cast from database"
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        raise value unless value == "value from user"
+        "type cast for database"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class UpdateAllTestModel < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'posts'
+
+      attribute :body, EnsureRoundTripTypeCasting.new
+    end
+
+    def test_update_all_goes_through_normal_type_casting
+      UpdateAllTestModel.update_all(body: "value from user", type: nil) # No STI
+
+      assert_equal "type cast from database", UpdateAllTestModel.first.body
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
index e390d37871..7163697a68 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ require 'models/car'
 require 'models/engine'
 require 'models/tyre'
 require 'models/minivan'
+require 'models/aircraft'
 
 
 class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -151,11 +152,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select('a.*').from(relation, :a).to_a
   end
 
-  def test_finding_with_subquery_without_select
-    relation = Topic.where(:approved => true)
-    assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.from(relation).to_a
+  def test_finding_with_subquery_without_select_does_not_change_the_select
+    relation = Topic.where(approved: true)
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+      Topic.from(relation).to_a
+    end
   end
 
+
   def test_finding_with_conditions
     assert_equal ["David"], Author.where(:name => 'David').map(&:name)
     assert_equal ['Mary'],  Author.where(["name = ?", 'Mary']).map(&:name)
@@ -168,7 +172,6 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal topics(:first).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
-
   def test_finding_with_arel_order
     topics = Topic.order(Topic.arel_table[:id].asc)
     assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
@@ -191,8 +194,33 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Topic.order(:id).to_sql, Topic.order(:id => :asc).to_sql
   end
 
+  def test_finding_with_desc_order_with_string
+    topics = Topic.order(id: "desc")
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal [topics(:fifth), topics(:fourth), topics(:third), topics(:second), topics(:first)], topics.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_asc_order_with_string
+    topics = Topic.order(id: 'asc')
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal [topics(:first), topics(:second), topics(:third), topics(:fourth), topics(:fifth)], topics.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_support_upper_and_lower_case_directions
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "ASC").to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "asc").to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :ASC).to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :asc).to_sql, "ASC"
+
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "DESC").to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "desc").to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :DESC).to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :desc).to_sql,"DESC"
+  end
+
   def test_raising_exception_on_invalid_hash_params
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.order(:name, "id DESC", :id => :DeSc) }
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.order(:name, "id DESC", id: :asfsdf) }
+    assert_equal 'Direction "asfsdf" is invalid. Valid directions are: [:asc, :desc, :ASC, :DESC, "asc", "desc", "ASC", "DESC"]', e.message
   end
 
   def test_finding_last_with_arel_order
@@ -283,26 +311,26 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_none
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], Developer.none
       assert_equal [], Developer.all.none
     end
   end
 
   def test_none_chainable
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], Developer.none.where(:name => 'David')
     end
   end
 
   def test_none_chainable_to_existing_scope_extension_method
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal 1, Topic.anonymous_extension.none.one
     end
   end
 
   def test_none_chained_to_methods_firing_queries_straight_to_db
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [],    Developer.none.pluck(:id, :name)
       assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.delete_all
       assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.update_all(:name => 'David')
@@ -312,7 +340,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_null_relation_content_size_methods
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.size
       assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.count
       assert_equal true,  Developer.none.empty?
@@ -322,7 +350,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_null_relation_calculations_methods
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal 0, Developer.none.count
       assert_equal 0, Developer.none.calculate(:count, nil, {})
       assert_equal nil, Developer.none.calculate(:average, 'salary')
@@ -338,6 +366,60 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal({ 'salary' => 100_000 }, Developer.none.where(salary: 100_000).where_values_hash)
   end
 
+  def test_null_relation_sum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).sum(:id)
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).sum(:id)
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_count
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).count
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).count
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_size
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).size
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.size
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).size
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.size
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_average
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).average(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.average(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).average(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.average(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_minimum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).minimum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.minimum(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).minimum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.minimum(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_maximum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).maximum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.maximum(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).maximum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.maximum(:id)
+  end
+
   def test_joins_with_nil_argument
     assert_nothing_raised { DependentFirm.joins(nil).first }
   end
@@ -546,6 +628,12 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, actual
   end
 
+  def test_to_sql_on_scoped_proxy
+    auth = Author.first
+    Post.where("1=1").written_by(auth)
+    assert_not auth.posts.to_sql.include?("1=1")
+  end
+
   def test_loading_with_one_association_with_non_preload
     posts = Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order('comments.id DESC')
     post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
@@ -610,7 +698,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_with_list_of_ar
     author = Author.first
-    authors = Author.find([author])
+    authors = Author.find([author.id])
     assert_equal author, authors.first
   end
 
@@ -655,6 +743,13 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], relation.to_a
   end
 
+  def test_typecasting_where_with_array
+    ids = Author.pluck(:id)
+    slugs = ids.map { |id| "#{id}-as-a-slug" }
+
+    assert_equal Author.all.to_a, Author.where(id: slugs).to_a
+  end
+
   def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation
     david = authors(:david)
     # switching the lines below would succeed in current rails
@@ -742,7 +837,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ! davids.exists?(authors(:mary).id)
     assert ! davids.exists?("42")
     assert ! davids.exists?(42)
-    assert ! davids.exists?(davids.new)
+    assert ! davids.exists?(davids.new.id)
 
     fake  = Author.where(:name => 'fake author')
     assert ! fake.exists?
@@ -787,8 +882,22 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert davids.loaded?
   end
 
-  def test_delete_all_limit_error
+  def test_delete_all_with_unpermitted_relation_raises_error
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.limit(10).delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.uniq.delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.group(:name).delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.having('SUM(id) < 3').delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.offset(10).delete_all }
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_aggregates
+    posts = Post.select(:title, :body)
+
+    assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all)
+    assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    assert posts.any?
+    assert posts.many?
+    assert_not posts.empty?
   end
 
   def test_select_takes_a_variable_list_of_args
@@ -821,6 +930,17 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 9, posts.where(:comments_count => 0).count
   end
 
+  def test_count_on_association_relation
+    author = Author.last
+    another_author = Author.first
+    posts = Post.where(author_id: author.id)
+
+    assert_equal author.posts.where(author_id: author.id).size, posts.count
+
+    assert_equal 0, author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id).size
+    assert author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id).empty?
+  end
+
   def test_count_with_distinct
     posts = Post.all
 
@@ -831,6 +951,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 11, posts.distinct(false).select(:comments_count).count
   end
 
+  def test_update_all_with_scope
+    tag = Tag.first
+    Post.tagged_with(tag.id).update_all title: "rofl"
+    list = Post.tagged_with(tag.id).all.to_a
+    assert_operator list.length, :>, 0
+    list.each { |post| assert_equal 'rofl', post.title }
+  end
+
   def test_count_explicit_columns
     Post.update_all(:comments_count => nil)
     posts = Post.all
@@ -1339,6 +1467,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
   end
 
+  def test_automatically_added_where_not_references
+    scope = Post.where.not(comments: { body: "Bla" })
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.where.not('comments.body' => 'Bla')
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+  end
+
   def test_automatically_added_having_references
     scope = Post.having(:comments => { :body => "Bla" })
     assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
@@ -1383,6 +1519,18 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], scope.references_values
   end
 
+  def test_order_with_reorder_nil_removes_the_order
+    relation = Post.order(:title).reorder(nil)
+
+    assert_nil relation.order_values.first
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_order_with_reorder_nil_removes_the_order
+    relation = Post.order(:title).reverse_order.reorder(nil)
+
+    assert_nil relation.order_values.first
+  end
+
   def test_presence
     topics = Topic.all
 
@@ -1422,7 +1570,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "find_by doesn't have implicit ordering" do
-    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by(author_id: 2) }
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.all.find_by(author_id: 2) }
   end
 
   test "find_by! with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
@@ -1438,7 +1586,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "find_by! doesn't have implicit ordering" do
-    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by!(author_id: 2) }
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.all.find_by!(author_id: 2) }
   end
 
   test "find_by! raises RecordNotFound if the record is missing" do
@@ -1558,10 +1706,8 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_merging_removes_rhs_bind_parameters
-    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
-    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    left.bind_values += [[column, 20]]
-    right   = Post.where(id: 10)
+    left  = Post.where(id: 20)
+    right   = Post.where(id: [1,2,3,4])
 
     merged = left.merge(right)
     assert_equal [], merged.bind_values
@@ -1571,8 +1717,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     column = Post.columns_hash['id']
     binds = [[column, 20]]
 
-    right  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
-    right.bind_values += binds
+    right  = Post.where(id: 20)
     left   = Post.where(id: 10)
 
     merged = left.merge(right)
@@ -1580,19 +1725,15 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_merging_reorders_bind_params
-    post         = Post.first
-    id_column    = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    title_column = Post.columns_hash['title']
-
-    bv = Post.connection.substitute_at id_column, 0
-
-    right  = Post.where(id: bv)
-    right.bind_values += [[id_column, post.id]]
-
-    left   = Post.where(title: bv)
-    left.bind_values += [[title_column, post.title]]
+    post  = Post.first
+    right = Post.where(id: post.id)
+    left  = Post.where(title: post.title)
 
     merged = left.merge(right)
     assert_equal post, merged.first
   end
+
+  def test_relation_join_method
+    assert_equal 'Thank you for the welcome,Thank you again for the welcome', Post.first.comments.join(",")
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
index 2131b32a0c..d6decafad9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ])
     end
 
-    def test_to_hash_returns_row_hashes
+    test "to_hash returns row_hashes" do
       assert_equal [
         {'col_1' => 'row 1 col 1', 'col_2' => 'row 1 col 2'},
         {'col_1' => 'row 2 col 1', 'col_2' => 'row 2 col 2'},
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ], result.to_hash
     end
 
-    def test_each_with_block_returns_row_hashes
+    test "each with block returns row hashes" do
       result.each do |row|
         assert_equal ['col_1', 'col_2'], row.keys
       end
     end
 
-    def test_each_without_block_returns_an_enumerator
+    test "each without block returns an enumerator" do
       result.each.with_index do |row, index|
         assert_equal ['col_1', 'col_2'], row.keys
         assert_kind_of Integer, index
@@ -32,9 +32,45 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     if Enumerator.method_defined? :size
-      def test_each_without_block_returns_a_sized_enumerator
+      test "each without block returns a sized enumerator" do
         assert_equal 3, result.each.size
       end
     end
+
+    test "cast_values returns rows after type casting" do
+      values = [["1.1", "2.2"], ["3.3", "4.4"]]
+      columns = ["col1", "col2"]
+      types = { "col1" => Type::Integer.new, "col2" => Type::Float.new }
+      result = Result.new(columns, values, types)
+
+      assert_equal [[1, 2.2], [3, 4.4]], result.cast_values
+    end
+
+    test "cast_values uses identity type for unknown types" do
+      values = [["1.1", "2.2"], ["3.3", "4.4"]]
+      columns = ["col1", "col2"]
+      types = { "col1" => Type::Integer.new }
+      result = Result.new(columns, values, types)
+
+      assert_equal [[1, "2.2"], [3, "4.4"]], result.cast_values
+    end
+
+    test "cast_values returns single dimensional array if single column" do
+      values = [["1.1"], ["3.3"]]
+      columns = ["col1"]
+      types = { "col1" => Type::Integer.new }
+      result = Result.new(columns, values, types)
+
+      assert_equal [1, 3], result.cast_values
+    end
+
+    test "cast_values can receive types to use instead" do
+      values = [["1.1", "2.2"], ["3.3", "4.4"]]
+      columns = ["col1", "col2"]
+      types = { "col1" => Type::Integer.new, "col2" => Type::Float.new }
+      result = Result.new(columns, values, types)
+
+      assert_equal [[1.1, 2.2], [3.3, 4.4]], result.cast_values("col1" => Type::Float.new)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
index 954eab8022..dca85fb5eb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
@@ -51,4 +51,31 @@ class SanitizeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     select_author_sql = Post.send(:sanitize_sql_array, [''])
     assert_equal('', select_author_sql)
   end
+
+  def test_sanitize_sql_like
+    assert_equal '100\%', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, '100%')
+    assert_equal 'snake\_cased\_string', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'snake_cased_string')
+    assert_equal 'C:\\\\Programs\\\\MsPaint', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'C:\\Programs\\MsPaint')
+    assert_equal 'normal string 42', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'normal string 42')
+  end
+
+  def test_sanitize_sql_like_with_custom_escape_character
+    assert_equal '100!%', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, '100%', '!')
+    assert_equal 'snake!_cased!_string', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'snake_cased_string', '!')
+    assert_equal 'great!!', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'great!', '!')
+    assert_equal 'C:\\Programs\\MsPaint', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'C:\\Programs\\MsPaint', '!')
+    assert_equal 'normal string 42', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'normal string 42', '!')
+  end
+
+  def test_sanitize_sql_like_example_use_case
+    searchable_post = Class.new(Post) do
+      def self.search(term)
+        where("title LIKE ?", sanitize_sql_like(term, '!'))
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_sql(/LIKE '20!% !_reduction!_!!'/) do
+      searchable_post.search("20% _reduction_!").to_a
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
index c085663efb..d5584ad06c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 
 class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def setup
-    super
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  setup do
     ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
-    @stream = StringIO.new
   end
 
   def standard_dump
     @stream = StringIO.new
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = []
+    old_ignore_tables, ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables, []
     ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, @stream)
     @stream.string
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = old_ignore_tables
   end
 
   def test_dump_schema_information_outputs_lexically_ordered_versions
@@ -22,10 +26,13 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     schema_info = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.dump_schema_information
     assert_match(/20100201010101.*20100301010101/m, schema_info)
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all
   end
 
   def test_magic_comment
-    assert_match "# encoding: #{@stream.external_encoding.name}", standard_dump
+    output = standard_dump
+    assert_match "# encoding: #{@stream.external_encoding.name}", output
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump
@@ -63,7 +70,7 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       next if column_set.empty?
 
       lengths = column_set.map do |column|
-        if match = column.match(/t\.(?:integer|decimal|float|datetime|timestamp|time|date|text|binary|string|boolean)\s+"/)
+        if match = column.match(/t\.(?:integer|decimal|float|datetime|timestamp|time|date|text|binary|string|boolean|uuid|point)\s+"/)
           match[0].length
         end
       end
@@ -86,20 +93,12 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_includes_not_null_columns
-    stream = StringIO.new
-
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [/^[^r]/]
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
+    output = dump_all_table_schema([/^[^r]/])
     assert_match %r{null: false}, output
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_includes_limit_constraint_for_integer_columns
-    stream = StringIO.new
-
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [/^(?!integer_limits)/]
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
+    output = dump_all_table_schema([/^(?!integer_limits)/])
 
     if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
       assert_match %r{c_int_1.*limit: 2}, output
@@ -146,22 +145,14 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_with_string_ignored_table
-    stream = StringIO.new
-
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = ['accounts']
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
+    output = dump_all_table_schema(['accounts'])
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "accounts"}, output
     assert_match %r{create_table "authors"}, output
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "schema_migrations"}, output
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_with_regexp_ignored_table
-    stream = StringIO.new
-
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [/^account/]
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
+    output = dump_all_table_schema([/^account/])
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "accounts"}, output
     assert_match %r{create_table "authors"}, output
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "schema_migrations"}, output
@@ -169,15 +160,17 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_schema_dump_illegal_ignored_table_value
     stream = StringIO.new
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [5]
+    old_ignore_tables, ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables, [5]
     assert_raise(StandardError) do
       ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
     end
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = old_ignore_tables
   end
 
   def test_schema_dumps_index_columns_in_right_order
     index_definition = standard_dump.split(/\n/).grep(/add_index.*companies/).first.strip
-    if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) || current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter) || current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+    if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
       assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type", "rating"], name: "company_index", using: :btree', index_definition
     else
       assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type", "rating"], name: "company_index"', index_definition
@@ -188,7 +181,7 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     index_definition = standard_dump.split(/\n/).grep(/add_index.*company_partial_index/).first.strip
     if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
       assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", where: "(rating > 10)", using: :btree', index_definition
-    elsif current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) || current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+    elsif current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
       assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", using: :btree', index_definition
     elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter) && ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_partial_index?
       assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", where: "rating > 10"', index_definition
@@ -241,10 +234,7 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_includes_decimal_options
-    stream = StringIO.new
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [/^[^n]/]
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
+    output = dump_all_table_schema([/^[^n]/])
     assert_match %r{precision: 3,[[:space:]]+scale: 2,[[:space:]]+default: 2.78}, output
   end
 
@@ -319,6 +309,13 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
 
+    def test_schema_dump_includes_citext_shorthand_definition
+      output = standard_dump
+      if %r{create_table "postgresql_citext"} =~ output
+        assert_match %r[t.citext "text_citext"], output
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_schema_dump_includes_ltrees_shorthand_definition
       output = standard_dump
       if %r{create_table "postgresql_ltrees"} =~ output
@@ -346,9 +343,9 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     output = standard_dump
     # Oracle supports precision up to 38 and it identifies decimals with scale 0 as integers
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      assert_match %r{t.integer\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 38,\s+scale: 0}, output
+      assert_match %r{t.integer\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 38}, output
     else
-      assert_match %r{t.decimal\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 55,\s+scale: 0}, output
+      assert_match %r{t.decimal\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 55}, output
     end
   end
 
@@ -365,15 +362,28 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_match %r{create_table "subscribers", id: false}, output
   end
 
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+    def test_foreign_keys_are_dumped_at_the_bottom_to_circumvent_dependency_issues
+      output = standard_dump
+      assert_match(/^\s+add_foreign_key "fk_test_has_fk"[^\n]+\n\s+add_foreign_key "lessons_students"/, output)
+    end
+  end
+
   class CreateDogMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
     def up
+      create_table("dog_owners") do |t|
+      end
+
       create_table("dogs") do |t|
         t.column :name, :string
+        t.column :owner_id, :integer
       end
       add_index "dogs", [:name]
+      add_foreign_key :dogs, :dog_owners, column: "owner_id" if supports_foreign_keys?
     end
     def down
       drop_table("dogs")
+      drop_table("dog_owners")
     end
   end
 
@@ -387,13 +397,45 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     output = standard_dump
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "foo_.+_bar"}, output
-    assert_no_match %r{create_index "foo_.+_bar"}, output
+    assert_no_match %r{add_index "foo_.+_bar"}, output
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "schema_migrations"}, output
+
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+      assert_no_match %r{add_foreign_key "foo_.+_bar"}, output
+      assert_no_match %r{add_foreign_key "[^"]+", "foo_.+_bar"}, output
+    end
   ensure
     migration.migrate(:down)
 
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ''
     $stdout = original
   end
+end
+
+class SchemaDumperDefaultsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :defaults, force: true do |t|
+      t.string   :string_with_default,   default: "Hello!"
+      t.date     :date_with_default,     default: '2014-06-05'
+      t.datetime :datetime_with_default, default: "2014-06-05 07:17:04"
+      t.time     :time_with_default,     default: "07:17:04"
+    end
+  end
 
+  teardown do
+    return unless @connection
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE defaults' if @connection.table_exists? 'defaults'
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_defaults_with_universally_supported_types
+    output = dump_table_schema('defaults')
+
+    assert_match %r{t\.string\s+"string_with_default",\s+default: "Hello!"}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.date\s+"date_with_default",\s+default: '2014-06-05'}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.datetime\s+"datetime_with_default",\s+default: '2014-06-05 07:17:04'}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.time\s+"time_with_default",\s+default: '2000-01-01 07:17:04'}, output
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
index 170e9a49eb..a5c4404175 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/post'
+require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/developer'
 
 class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :developers, :posts
+  fixtures :developers, :posts, :comments
 
   def test_default_scope
     expected = Developer.all.merge!(:order => 'salary DESC').to_a.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
@@ -378,6 +379,24 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, DeveloperWithIncludes.where(:audit_logs => { :message => 'foo' }).count
   end
 
+  def test_default_scope_with_references_works_through_collection_association
+    post = PostWithCommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation.create!(title: "Hello World", body: "Here we go.")
+    comment = post.comment_with_default_scope_references_associations.create!(body: "Great post.", developer_id: Developer.first.id)
+    assert_equal comment, post.comment_with_default_scope_references_associations.to_a.first
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_with_references_works_through_association
+    post = PostWithCommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation.create!(title: "Hello World", body: "Here we go.")
+    comment = post.comment_with_default_scope_references_associations.create!(body: "Great post.", developer_id: Developer.first.id)
+    assert_equal comment, post.first_comment
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_with_references_works_with_find_by
+    post = PostWithCommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation.create!(title: "Hello World", body: "Here we go.")
+    comment = post.comment_with_default_scope_references_associations.create!(body: "Great post.", developer_id: Developer.first.id)
+    assert_equal comment, CommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation.find_by(id: comment.id)
+  end
+
   unless in_memory_db?
     def test_default_scope_is_threadsafe
       threads = []
@@ -395,4 +414,22 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       threads.each(&:join)
     end
   end
+
+  test "additional conditions are ANDed with the default scope" do
+    scope = DeveloperCalledJamis.where(name: "David")
+    assert_equal 2, scope.where_values.length
+    assert_equal [], scope.to_a
+  end
+
+  test "additional conditions in a scope are ANDed with the default scope" do
+    scope = DeveloperCalledJamis.david
+    assert_equal 2, scope.where_values.length
+    assert_equal [], scope.to_a
+  end
+
+  test "a scope can remove the condition from the default scope" do
+    scope = DeveloperCalledJamis.david2
+    assert_equal 1, scope.where_values.length
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: "David").map(&:id), scope.map(&:id)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
index f0ad9ebb8a..d3546bd471 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
@@ -291,6 +291,12 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       :relation,      # private class method on AR::Base
       :new,           # redefined class method on AR::Base
       :all,           # a default scope
+      :public,        # some imporant methods on Module and Class
+      :protected,
+      :private,
+      :name,
+      :parent,
+      :superclass
     ]
 
     non_conflicts = [
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
index 0018fc06f2..8e512e118a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ require 'models/reference'
 class RelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :authors, :developers, :projects, :comments, :posts, :developers_projects
 
+  setup do
+    developers(:david)
+  end
+
   def test_reverse_order
     assert_equal Developer.order("id DESC").to_a.reverse, Developer.order("id DESC").reverse_order
   end
@@ -192,8 +196,9 @@ class NestedRelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Developer.where('salary = 80000').scoping do
       Developer.limit(10).scoping do
         devs = Developer.all
-        assert_match '(salary = 80000)', devs.to_sql
-        assert_equal 10, devs.taken
+        sql = devs.to_sql
+        assert_match '(salary = 80000)', sql
+        assert_match 'LIMIT 10', sql
       end
     end
   end
@@ -259,7 +264,7 @@ class NestedRelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class HasManyScopingTest< ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class HasManyScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :comments, :posts, :people, :references
 
   def setup
@@ -305,7 +310,7 @@ class HasManyScopingTest< ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class HasAndBelongsToManyScopingTest< ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class HasAndBelongsToManyScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :posts, :categories, :categories_posts
 
   def setup
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
index c46060a646..3f52e80e11 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/contact'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/book'
 
 class SerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :books
+
   FORMATS = [ :xml, :json ]
 
   def setup
@@ -65,4 +68,28 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.include_root_in_json = original_root_in_json
   end
+
+  def test_read_attribute_for_serialization_with_format_without_method_missing
+    klazz = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klazz.table_name = 'books'
+
+    book = klazz.new
+    assert_nil book.read_attribute_for_serialization(:format)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_attribute_for_serialization_with_format_after_init
+    klazz = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klazz.table_name = 'books'
+
+    book = klazz.new(format: 'paperback')
+    assert_equal 'paperback', book.read_attribute_for_serialization(:format)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_attribute_for_serialization_with_format_after_find
+    klazz = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klazz.table_name = 'books'
+
+    book = klazz.find(books(:awdr).id)
+    assert_equal 'paperback', book.read_attribute_for_serialization(:format)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
index bc67da8d27..c5fb491b10 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
@@ -3,20 +3,29 @@ require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/traffic_light'
+require 'models/post'
 require 'bcrypt'
 
 class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics
+  fixtures :topics, :posts
 
   MyObject = Struct.new :attribute1, :attribute2
 
-  def teardown
-    super
+  teardown do
     Topic.serialize("content")
   end
 
+  def test_serialize_does_not_eagerly_load_columns
+    Topic.reset_column_information
+    assert_no_queries do
+      Topic.serialize(:content)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_list_of_serialized_attributes
-    assert_equal %w(content), Topic.serialized_attributes.keys
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal %w(content), Topic.serialized_attributes.keys
+    end
   end
 
   def test_serialized_attribute
@@ -30,12 +39,6 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(myobj, topic.content)
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_attribute_init_with
-    topic = Topic.allocate
-    topic.init_with('attributes' => { 'content' => '--- foo' })
-    assert_equal 'foo', topic.content
-  end
-
   def test_serialized_attribute_in_base_class
     Topic.serialize("content", Hash)
 
@@ -47,34 +50,56 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(hash, important_topic.content)
   end
 
-  # This test was added to fix GH #4004. Obviously the value returned
-  # is not really the value 'before type cast' so we should maybe think
-  # about changing that in the future.
-  def test_serialized_attribute_before_type_cast_returns_unserialized_value
+  def test_serialized_attributes_from_database_on_subclass
     Topic.serialize :content, Hash
 
-    t = Topic.new(content: { foo: :bar })
-    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content_before_type_cast)
+    t = Reply.new(content: { foo: :bar })
+    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content)
     t.save!
-    t.reload
-    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content_before_type_cast)
+    t = Reply.last
+    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content)
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_attributes_before_type_cast_returns_unserialized_value
-    Topic.serialize :content, Hash
+  def test_serialized_attribute_calling_dup_method
+    Topic.serialize :content, JSON
 
-    t = Topic.new(content: { foo: :bar })
-    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.attributes_before_type_cast["content"])
+    orig = Topic.new(content: { foo: :bar })
+    clone = orig.dup
+    assert_equal(orig.content, clone.content)
+  end
+
+  def test_serialized_json_attribute_returns_unserialized_value
+    Topic.serialize :content, JSON
+    my_post = posts(:welcome)
+
+    t = Topic.new(content: my_post)
     t.save!
     t.reload
-    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.attributes_before_type_cast["content"])
+
+    assert_instance_of(Hash, t.content)
+    assert_equal(my_post.id, t.content["id"])
+    assert_equal(my_post.title, t.content["title"])
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_attribute_calling_dup_method
+  def test_json_read_legacy_null
     Topic.serialize :content, JSON
 
-    t = Topic.new(:content => { :foo => :bar }).dup
-    assert_equal({ :foo => :bar }, t.content_before_type_cast)
+    # Force a row to have a JSON "null" instead of a database NULL (this is how
+    # null values are saved on 4.1 and before)
+    id = Topic.connection.insert "INSERT INTO topics (content) VALUES('null')"
+    t = Topic.find(id)
+
+    assert_nil t.content
+  end
+
+  def test_json_read_db_null
+    Topic.serialize :content, JSON
+
+    # Force a row to have a database NULL instead of a JSON "null"
+    id = Topic.connection.insert "INSERT INTO topics (content) VALUES(NULL)"
+    t = Topic.find(id)
+
+    assert_nil t.content
   end
 
   def test_serialized_attribute_declared_in_subclass
@@ -117,8 +142,10 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_serialized_attribute_should_raise_exception_on_save_with_wrong_type
     Topic.serialize(:content, Hash)
-    topic = Topic.new(:content => "string")
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SerializationTypeMismatch) { topic.save }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SerializationTypeMismatch) do
+      topic = Topic.new(content: 'string')
+      topic.save
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_exception_on_serialized_attribute_with_type_mismatch
@@ -169,45 +196,22 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_serialize_with_coder
-    coder = Class.new {
-      # Identity
-      def load(thing)
-        thing
-      end
-
-      # base 64
-      def dump(thing)
-        [thing].pack('m')
+    some_class = Struct.new(:foo) do
+      def self.dump(value)
+        value.foo
       end
-    }.new
 
-    Topic.serialize(:content, coder)
-    s = 'hello world'
-    topic = Topic.new(:content => s)
-    assert topic.save
-    topic = topic.reload
-    assert_equal [s].pack('m'), topic.content
-  end
-
-  def test_serialize_with_bcrypt_coder
-    crypt_coder = Class.new {
-      def load(thing)
-        return unless thing
-        BCrypt::Password.new thing
+      def self.load(value)
+        new(value)
       end
+    end
 
-      def dump(thing)
-        BCrypt::Password.create(thing).to_s
-      end
-    }.new
-
-    Topic.serialize(:content, crypt_coder)
-    password = 'password'
-    topic = Topic.new(:content => password)
-    assert topic.save
-    topic = topic.reload
-    assert_kind_of BCrypt::Password, topic.content
-    assert_equal(true, topic.content == password, 'password should equal')
+    Topic.serialize(:content, some_class)
+    topic = Topic.new(:content => some_class.new('my value'))
+    topic.save!
+    topic.reload
+    assert_kind_of some_class, topic.content
+    assert_equal topic.content, some_class.new('my value')
   end
 
   def test_serialize_attribute_via_select_method_when_time_zone_available
@@ -236,13 +240,19 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], light.long_state
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_column_should_not_be_wrapped_twice
-    Topic.serialize(:content, MyObject)
+  def test_serialized_column_should_unserialize_after_update_column
+    t = Topic.create(content: "first")
+    assert_equal("first", t.content)
 
-    myobj = MyObject.new('value1', 'value2')
-    Topic.create(content: myobj)
-    Topic.create(content: myobj)
-    type = Topic.column_types["content"]
-    assert !type.instance_variable_get("@column").is_a?(ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Serialization::Type)
+    t.update_column(:content, Topic.type_for_attribute('content').type_cast_for_database("second"))
+    assert_equal("second", t.content)
+  end
+
+  def test_serialized_column_should_unserialize_after_update_attribute
+    t = Topic.create(content: "first")
+    assert_equal("first", t.content)
+
+    t.update_attribute(:content, "second")
+    assert_equal("second", t.content)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
index 76da49707f..a704b861cb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
@@ -10,27 +10,61 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     end
 
+    #Cache v 1.1 tests
+    def test_statement_cache
+      Book.create(name: "my book")
+      Book.create(name: "my other book")
+
+      cache = StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
+        Book.where(:name => params.bind)
+      end
+
+      b = cache.execute([ "my book" ], Book, Book.connection)
+      assert_equal "my book", b[0].name
+      b = cache.execute([ "my other book" ], Book, Book.connection)
+      assert_equal "my other book", b[0].name
+    end
+
+
+    def test_statement_cache_id
+      b1 = Book.create(name: "my book")
+      b2 = Book.create(name: "my other book")
+
+      cache = StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
+        Book.where(id: params.bind)
+      end
+
+      b = cache.execute([ b1.id ], Book, Book.connection)
+      assert_equal b1.name, b[0].name
+      b = cache.execute([ b2.id ], Book, Book.connection)
+      assert_equal b2.name, b[0].name
+    end
+
+    def test_find_or_create_by
+      Book.create(name: "my book")
+
+      a = Book.find_or_create_by(name: "my book")
+      b = Book.find_or_create_by(name: "my other book")
+
+      assert_equal("my book", a.name)
+      assert_equal("my other book", b.name)
+    end
+
+    #End
+
     def test_statement_cache_with_simple_statement
-      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
+      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
         Book.where(name: "my book").where("author_id > 3")
       end
 
       Book.create(name: "my book", author_id: 4)
 
-      books = cache.execute
+      books = cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
       assert_equal "my book", books[0].name
     end
 
-    def test_statement_cache_with_nil_statement_raises_error
-      assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-        ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     def test_statement_cache_with_complex_statement
-      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
+      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
         Liquid.joins(:molecules => :electrons).where('molecules.name' => 'dioxane', 'electrons.name' => 'lepton')
       end
 
@@ -38,12 +72,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       molecule = salty.molecules.create(name: 'dioxane')
       molecule.electrons.create(name: 'lepton')
 
-      liquids = cache.execute
+      liquids = cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
       assert_equal "salty", liquids[0].name
     end
 
     def test_statement_cache_values_differ
-      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
+      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
         Book.where(name: "my book")
       end
 
@@ -51,13 +85,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         Book.create(name: "my book")
       end
 
-      first_books = cache.execute
+      first_books = cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
 
       3.times do
         Book.create(name: "my book")
       end
 
-      additional_books = cache.execute
+      additional_books = cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
       assert first_books != additional_books
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
index 978cee9cfb..e9cdf94c99 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
@@ -163,22 +163,24 @@ class StoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [:width, :height], second_model.stored_attributes[:data]
   end
 
-  test "YAML coder initializes the store when a Nil value is given" do
-    assert_equal({}, @john.params)
-  end
+  test "stored_attributes are tracked per subclass" do
+    first_model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      store_accessor :data, :color
+    end
+    second_model = Class.new(first_model) do
+      store_accessor :data, :width, :height
+    end
+    third_model = Class.new(first_model) do
+      store_accessor :data, :area, :volume
+    end
 
-  test "attributes_for_coder should return stored fields already serialized" do
-    attributes = {
-      "id" => @john.id,
-      "name"=> @john.name,
-      "settings" => "--- !ruby/hash:ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess\ncolor: black\n",
-      "preferences" => "--- !ruby/hash:ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess\nremember_login: true\n",
-      "json_data" => "{\"height\":\"tall\"}", "json_data_empty"=>"{\"is_a_good_guy\":true}",
-      "params" => "--- !ruby/hash:ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess {}\n",
-      "account_id"=> @john.account_id
-    }
+    assert_equal [:color], first_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+    assert_equal [:color, :width, :height], second_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+    assert_equal [:color, :area, :volume], third_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+  end
 
-    assert_equal attributes, @john.attributes_for_coder
+  test "YAML coder initializes the store when a Nil value is given" do
+    assert_equal({}, @john.params)
   end
 
   test "dump, load and dump again a model" do
@@ -187,7 +189,6 @@ class StoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal @john, loaded
 
     second_dump = YAML.dump(loaded)
-    assert_equal dumped, second_dump
     assert_equal @john, YAML.load(second_dump)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
index bf9e14fa4f..2fa033ed45 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
     end
 
-    def test_creates_configurations_with_local_ip
+    def test_drops_configurations_with_local_ip
       @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => '127.0.0.1')
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop)
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
     end
 
-    def test_creates_configurations_with_local_host
+    def test_drops_configurations_with_local_host
       @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => 'localhost')
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop)
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
     end
 
-    def test_creates_configurations_with_blank_hosts
+    def test_drops_configurations_with_blank_hosts
       @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => nil)
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop)
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns(@configurations)
     end
 
-    def test_creates_current_environment_database
+    def test_drops_current_environment_database
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).
         with('database' => 'prod-db')
 
@@ -273,6 +273,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
+  class DatabaseTasksMigrateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_migrate_receives_correct_env_vars
+      verbose, version = ENV['VERBOSE'], ENV['VERSION']
+
+      ENV['VERBOSE'] = 'false'
+      ENV['VERSION'] = '4'
+
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.expects(:migrate).with(ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, 4)
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
+    ensure
+      ENV['VERBOSE'], ENV['VERSION'] = verbose, version
+    end
+  end
 
   class DatabaseTasksPurgeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     include DatabaseTasksSetupper
@@ -285,6 +298,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
+  class DatabaseTasksPurgeCurrentTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_purges_current_environment_database
+      configurations = {
+        'development' => {'database' => 'dev-db'},
+        'test'        => {'database' => 'test-db'},
+        'production'  => {'database' => 'prod-db'}
+      }
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns(configurations)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:purge).
+        with('database' => 'prod-db')
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(:production)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge_current('production')
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksPurgeAllTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_purge_all_local_configurations
+      configurations = {:development => {'database' => 'my-db'}}
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns(configurations)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:purge).
+        with('database' => 'my-db')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge_all
+    end
+  end
+
   class DatabaseTasksCharsetTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     include DatabaseTasksSetupper
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
index 3e3a2828f3..f58535f044 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
+if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
 module ActiveRecord
   class MysqlDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def setup
@@ -196,8 +197,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
     end
 
-    def test_establishes_connection_to_test_database
-      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(:test)
+    def test_establishes_connection_to_the_appropriate_database
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(@configuration)
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge @configuration
     end
@@ -307,3 +308,4 @@ module ActiveRecord
   end
 
 end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
index 6ea225178f..0d574d071c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
+if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
 module ActiveRecord
   class PostgreSQLDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def setup
@@ -241,3 +242,4 @@ module ActiveRecord
   end
 
 end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
index da3471adf9..750d5e42dc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'pathname'
 
+if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
 module ActiveRecord
   class SqliteDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def setup
@@ -189,3 +190,4 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
index 4476ce3410..eb44c4a83c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
@@ -10,19 +10,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def assert_date_from_db(expected, actual, message = nil)
-      # SybaseAdapter doesn't have a separate column type just for dates,
-      # so the time is in the string and incorrectly formatted
-      if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-        assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_date.to_s, message
-      else
-        assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_s, message
-      end
+      assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_s, message
     end
 
-    def assert_sql(*patterns_to_match)
+    def capture(stream)
+      stream = stream.to_s
+      captured_stream = Tempfile.new(stream)
+      stream_io = eval("$#{stream}")
+      origin_stream = stream_io.dup
+      stream_io.reopen(captured_stream)
+
+      yield
+
+      stream_io.rewind
+      return captured_stream.read
+    ensure
+      captured_stream.close
+      captured_stream.unlink
+      stream_io.reopen(origin_stream)
+    end
+
+    def capture_sql
       SQLCounter.clear_log
       yield
-      SQLCounter.log_all
+      SQLCounter.log_all.dup
+    end
+
+    def assert_sql(*patterns_to_match)
+      capture_sql { yield }
     ensure
       failed_patterns = []
       patterns_to_match.each do |pattern|
@@ -78,8 +93,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # ignored SQL, or better yet, use a different notification for the queries
     # instead examining the SQL content.
     oracle_ignored     = [/^select .*nextval/i, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO/, /^\s*select .* from all_triggers/im, /^\s*select .* from all_constraints/im, /^\s*select .* from all_tab_cols/im]
-    mysql_ignored      = [/^SHOW TABLES/i, /^SHOW FULL FIELDS/, /^SHOW CREATE TABLE /i]
-    postgresql_ignored = [/^\s*select\b.*\bfrom\b.*pg_namespace\b/im, /^\s*select\b.*\battname\b.*\bfrom\b.*\bpg_attribute\b/im, /^SHOW search_path/i]
+    mysql_ignored      = [/^SHOW TABLES/i, /^SHOW FULL FIELDS/, /^SHOW CREATE TABLE /i, /^SHOW VARIABLES /]
+    postgresql_ignored = [/^\s*select\b.*\bfrom\b.*pg_namespace\b/im, /^\s*select tablename\b.*from pg_tables\b/im, /^\s*select\b.*\battname\b.*\bfrom\b.*\bpg_attribute\b/im, /^SHOW search_path/i]
     sqlite3_ignored =    [/^\s*SELECT name\b.*\bFROM sqlite_master/im]
 
     [oracle_ignored, mysql_ignored, postgresql_ignored, sqlite3_ignored].each do |db_ignored_sql|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
index 717e0e1866..abf6becc17 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 require 'models/developer'
 require 'models/owner'
 require 'models/pet'
@@ -89,6 +90,18 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_in_delta Time.now, task.ending, 1
   end
 
+  def test_touching_many_attributes_updates_them
+    task = Task.first
+    previous_starting = task.starting
+    previous_ending = task.ending
+    task.touch(:starting, :ending)
+
+    assert_not_equal previous_starting, task.starting
+    assert_not_equal previous_ending, task.ending
+    assert_in_delta Time.now, task.starting, 1
+    assert_in_delta Time.now, task.ending, 1
+  end
+
   def test_touching_a_record_without_timestamps_is_unexceptional
     assert_nothing_raised { Car.first.touch }
   end
@@ -140,6 +153,25 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !@developer.no_touching?
   end
 
+  def test_no_touching_with_callbacks
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "developers"
+
+      attr_accessor :after_touch_called
+
+      after_touch do |user|
+        user.after_touch_called = true
+      end
+    end
+
+    developer = klass.first
+
+    klass.no_touching do
+      developer.touch
+      assert_not developer.after_touch_called
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_saving_a_record_with_a_belongs_to_that_specifies_touching_the_parent_should_update_the_parent_updated_at
     pet   = Pet.first
     owner = pet.owner
@@ -350,6 +382,19 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_equal time, pet.updated_at
   end
 
+  def test_timestamp_column_values_are_present_in_the_callbacks
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'people'
+
+      before_create do
+        self.born_at = self.created_at
+      end
+    end
+
+    person = klass.create first_name: 'David'
+    assert_not_equal person.born_at, nil
+  end
+
   def test_timestamp_attributes_for_create
     toy = Toy.first
     assert_equal [:created_at, :created_on], toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_create)
@@ -380,3 +425,21 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [:created_at, :updated_at], toy.send(:all_timestamp_attributes_in_model)
   end
 end
+
+class TimestampsWithoutTransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include DdlHelper
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class TimestampAttributePost < ActiveRecord::Base
+    attr_accessor :created_at, :updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_do_not_write_timestamps_on_save_if_they_are_not_attributes
+    with_example_table ActiveRecord::Base.connection, "timestamp_attribute_posts", "id integer primary key" do
+      post = TimestampAttributePost.new(id: 1)
+      post.save! # should not try to assign and persist created_at, updated_at
+      assert_nil post.created_at
+      assert_nil post.updated_at
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
index 3d64ecb464..b5ac1bdaf9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
@@ -129,6 +129,19 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [:commit_on_update], @first.history
   end
 
+  def test_only_call_after_commit_on_top_level_transactions
+    @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.history << :after_commit}
+    assert @first.history.empty?
+
+    @first.transaction do
+      @first.transaction(requires_new: true) do
+        @first.touch
+      end
+      assert @first.history.empty?
+    end
+    assert_equal [:after_commit], @first.history
+  end
+
   def test_call_after_rollback_after_transaction_rollsback
     @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.history << :after_commit}
     @first.after_rollback_block{|r| r.history << :after_rollback}
@@ -254,6 +267,9 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_after_transaction_callbacks_should_prevent_callbacks_from_being_called
+    old_transaction_config = ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks
+    ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = false
+
     def @first.last_after_transaction_error=(e); @last_transaction_error = e; end
     def @first.last_after_transaction_error; @last_transaction_error; end
     @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.last_after_transaction_error = :commit; raise "fail!";}
@@ -278,6 +294,79 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
     assert_equal :rollback, @first.last_after_transaction_error
     assert_equal [:after_rollback], second.history
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = old_transaction_config
+  end
+
+  def test_after_commit_should_not_raise_when_raise_in_transactional_callbacks_false
+    old_transaction_config = ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks
+    ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = false
+    @first.after_commit_block{ fail "boom" }
+    Topic.transaction { @first.save! }
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = old_transaction_config
+  end
+
+  def test_after_commit_callback_should_not_swallow_errors
+    @first.after_commit_block{ fail "boom" }
+    assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+      Topic.transaction do
+        @first.save!
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_after_commit_callback_when_raise_should_not_restore_state
+    first = TopicWithCallbacks.new
+    second = TopicWithCallbacks.new
+    first.after_commit_block{ fail "boom" }
+    second.after_commit_block{ fail "boom" }
+
+    begin
+      Topic.transaction do
+        first.save!
+        assert_not_nil first.id
+        second.save!
+        assert_not_nil second.id
+      end
+    rescue
+    end
+    assert_not_nil first.id
+    assert_not_nil second.id
+    assert first.reload
+  end
+
+  def test_after_rollback_callback_should_not_swallow_errors_when_set_to_raise
+    error_class = Class.new(StandardError)
+    @first.after_rollback_block{ raise error_class }
+    assert_raises(error_class) do
+      Topic.transaction do
+        @first.save!
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_after_rollback_callback_when_raise_should_restore_state
+    error_class = Class.new(StandardError)
+
+    first = TopicWithCallbacks.new
+    second = TopicWithCallbacks.new
+    first.after_rollback_block{ raise error_class }
+    second.after_rollback_block{ raise error_class }
+
+    begin
+      Topic.transaction do
+        first.save!
+        assert_not_nil first.id
+        second.save!
+        assert_not_nil second.id
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+      end
+    rescue error_class
+    end
+    assert_nil first.id
+    assert_nil second.id
   end
 
   def test_after_rollback_callbacks_should_validate_on_condition
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
index 1664f1a096..9cfe041de2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require 'models/developer'
 require 'models/book'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/post'
+require 'models/movie'
 
 class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
@@ -14,6 +15,11 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @first, @second = Topic.find(1, 2).sort_by { |t| t.id }
   end
 
+  def test_persisted_in_a_model_with_custom_primary_key_after_failed_save
+    movie = Movie.create
+    assert !movie.persisted?
+  end
+
   def test_raise_after_destroy
     assert_not @first.frozen?
 
@@ -74,6 +80,30 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_number_of_transactions_in_commit
+    num = nil
+
+    Topic.connection.class_eval do
+      alias :real_commit_db_transaction :commit_db_transaction
+      define_method(:commit_db_transaction) do
+        num = transaction_manager.open_transactions
+        real_commit_db_transaction
+      end
+    end
+
+    Topic.transaction do
+      @first.approved  = true
+      @first.save!
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 0, num
+  ensure
+    Topic.connection.class_eval do
+      remove_method :commit_db_transaction
+      alias :commit_db_transaction :real_commit_db_transaction rescue nil
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_successful_with_instance_method
     @first.transaction do
       @first.approved  = true
@@ -117,6 +147,19 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !Topic.find(1).approved?
   end
 
+  def test_rolling_back_in_a_callback_rollbacks_before_save
+    def @first.before_save_for_transaction
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+    assert !@first.approved
+
+    Topic.transaction do
+      @first.approved  = true
+      @first.save!
+    end
+    assert !Topic.find(@first.id).approved?, "Should not commit the approved flag"
+  end
+
   def test_raising_exception_in_nested_transaction_restore_state_in_save
     topic = Topic.new
 
@@ -405,6 +448,26 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_savepoints_name
+    Topic.transaction do
+      assert_nil Topic.connection.current_savepoint_name
+      assert_nil Topic.connection.current_transaction.savepoint_name
+
+      Topic.transaction(requires_new: true) do
+        assert_equal "active_record_1", Topic.connection.current_savepoint_name
+        assert_equal "active_record_1", Topic.connection.current_transaction.savepoint_name
+
+        Topic.transaction(requires_new: true) do
+          assert_equal "active_record_2", Topic.connection.current_savepoint_name
+          assert_equal "active_record_2", Topic.connection.current_transaction.savepoint_name
+        end
+
+        assert_equal "active_record_1", Topic.connection.current_savepoint_name
+        assert_equal "active_record_1", Topic.connection.current_transaction.savepoint_name
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_rollback_when_commit_raises
     Topic.connection.expects(:begin_db_transaction)
     Topic.connection.expects(:commit_db_transaction).raises('OH NOES')
@@ -507,13 +570,13 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_transactions_state_from_rollback
     connection = Topic.connection
-    transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ClosedTransaction.new(connection).begin
+    transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TransactionManager.new(connection).begin_transaction
 
     assert transaction.open?
     assert !transaction.state.rolledback?
     assert !transaction.state.committed?
 
-    transaction.perform_rollback
+    transaction.rollback
 
     assert transaction.state.rolledback?
     assert !transaction.state.committed?
@@ -521,13 +584,13 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_transactions_state_from_commit
     connection = Topic.connection
-    transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ClosedTransaction.new(connection).begin
+    transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TransactionManager.new(connection).begin_transaction
 
     assert transaction.open?
     assert !transaction.state.rolledback?
     assert !transaction.state.committed?
 
-    transaction.perform_commit
+    transaction.commit
 
     assert !transaction.state.rolledback?
     assert transaction.state.committed?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/decimal_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/decimal_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..da30de373e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/decimal_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class DecimalTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def test_type_cast_decimal
+        type = Decimal.new
+        assert_equal BigDecimal.new("0"), type.type_cast_from_user(BigDecimal.new("0"))
+        assert_equal BigDecimal.new("123"), type.type_cast_from_user(123.0)
+        assert_equal BigDecimal.new("1"), type.type_cast_from_user(:"1")
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_decimal_from_float_with_large_precision
+        type = Decimal.new(precision: ::Float::DIG + 2)
+        assert_equal BigDecimal.new("123.0"), type.type_cast_from_user(123.0)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_decimal_from_rational_with_precision
+        type = Decimal.new(precision: 2)
+        assert_equal BigDecimal("0.33"), type.type_cast_from_user(Rational(1, 3))
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_decimal_from_rational_without_precision_defaults_to_18_36
+        type = Decimal.new
+        assert_equal BigDecimal("0.333333333333333333E0"), type.type_cast_from_user(Rational(1, 3))
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_decimal_from_object_responding_to_d
+        value = Object.new
+        def value.to_d
+          BigDecimal.new("1")
+        end
+        type = Decimal.new
+        assert_equal BigDecimal("1"), type.type_cast_from_user(value)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..420177ed49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class StringTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    test "type casting" do
+      type = Type::String.new
+      assert_equal "1", type.type_cast_from_user(true)
+      assert_equal "0", type.type_cast_from_user(false)
+      assert_equal "123", type.type_cast_from_user(123)
+    end
+
+    test "values are duped coming out" do
+      s = "foo"
+      type = Type::String.new
+      assert_not_same s, type.type_cast_from_user(s)
+      assert_not_same s, type.type_cast_from_database(s)
+    end
+
+    test "string mutations are detected" do
+      klass = Class.new(Base)
+      klass.table_name = 'authors'
+
+      author = klass.create!(name: 'Sean')
+      assert_not author.changed?
+
+      author.name << ' Griffin'
+      assert author.name_changed?
+
+      author.save!
+      author.reload
+
+      assert_equal 'Sean Griffin', author.name
+      assert_not author.changed?
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e32f92dd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class TypeMapTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def test_default_type
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        assert_kind_of Value, mapping.lookup(:undefined)
+      end
+
+      def test_registering_types
+        boolean = Boolean.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/boolean/i, boolean)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('boolean'), boolean
+      end
+
+      def test_overriding_registered_types
+        time = Time.new
+        timestamp = DateTime.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/time/i, time)
+        mapping.register_type(/time/i, timestamp)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('time'), timestamp
+      end
+
+      def test_fuzzy_lookup
+        string = String.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/varchar/i, string)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar(20)'), string
+      end
+
+      def test_aliasing_types
+        string = String.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/string/i, string)
+        mapping.alias_type(/varchar/i, 'string')
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar'), string
+      end
+
+      def test_changing_type_changes_aliases
+        time = Time.new
+        timestamp = DateTime.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/timestamp/i, time)
+        mapping.alias_type(/datetime/i, 'timestamp')
+        mapping.register_type(/timestamp/i, timestamp)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('datetime'), timestamp
+      end
+
+      def test_aliases_keep_metadata
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/decimal/i) { |sql_type| sql_type }
+        mapping.alias_type(/number/i, 'decimal')
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('number(20)'), 'decimal(20)'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('number'), 'decimal'
+      end
+
+      def test_register_proc
+        string = String.new
+        binary = Binary.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/varchar/i) do |type|
+          if type.include?('(')
+            string
+          else
+            binary
+          end
+        end
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar(20)'), string
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar'), binary
+      end
+
+      def test_additional_lookup_args
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/varchar/i) do |type, limit|
+          if limit > 255
+            'text'
+          else
+            'string'
+          end
+        end
+        mapping.alias_type(/string/i, 'varchar')
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar', 200), 'string'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar', 400), 'text'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('string', 400), 'text'
+      end
+
+      def test_requires_value_or_block
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+          mapping.register_type(/only key/i)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_lookup_non_strings
+        mapping = HashLookupTypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(1, 'string')
+        mapping.register_type(2, 'int')
+        mapping.alias_type(3, 1)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup(1), 'string'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup(2), 'int'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup(3), 'string'
+        assert_kind_of Type::Value, mapping.lookup(4)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db4f78d354
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/company'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class TypesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def test_type_cast_boolean
+        type = Type::Boolean.new
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('').nil?
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user(nil).nil?
+
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user(true)
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user(1)
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('1')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('t')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('T')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('true')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('TRUE')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('on')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('ON')
+
+        # explicitly check for false vs nil
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user(false)
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user(0)
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('0')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('f')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('F')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('false')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('FALSE')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('off')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('OFF')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user(' ')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user("\u3000\r\n")
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user("\u0000")
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('SOMETHING RANDOM')
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_integer
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_equal 1, type.type_cast_from_user(1)
+        assert_equal 1, type.type_cast_from_user('1')
+        assert_equal 1, type.type_cast_from_user('1ignore')
+        assert_equal 0, type.type_cast_from_user('bad1')
+        assert_equal 0, type.type_cast_from_user('bad')
+        assert_equal 1, type.type_cast_from_user(1.7)
+        assert_equal 0, type.type_cast_from_user(false)
+        assert_equal 1, type.type_cast_from_user(true)
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user(nil)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_non_integer_to_integer
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user([1,2])
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user({1 => 2})
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user((1..2))
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_activerecord_to_integer
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        firm = Firm.create(:name => 'Apple')
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user(firm)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_object_without_to_i_to_integer
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user(Object.new)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_nan_and_infinity_to_integer
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user(Float::NAN)
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user(1.0/0.0)
+      end
+
+      def test_changing_integers
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+
+        assert type.changed?(5, 5, '5wibble')
+        assert_not type.changed?(5, 5, '5')
+        assert_not type.changed?(5, 5, '5.0')
+        assert_not type.changed?(nil, nil, nil)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_float
+        type = Type::Float.new
+        assert_equal 1.0, type.type_cast_from_user("1")
+      end
+
+      def test_changing_float
+        type = Type::Float.new
+
+        assert type.changed?(5.0, 5.0, '5wibble')
+        assert_not type.changed?(5.0, 5.0, '5')
+        assert_not type.changed?(5.0, 5.0, '5.0')
+        assert_not type.changed?(nil, nil, nil)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_binary
+        type = Type::Binary.new
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user(nil)
+        assert_equal "1", type.type_cast_from_user("1")
+        assert_equal 1, type.type_cast_from_user(1)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_time
+        type = Type::Time.new
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user(nil)
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('')
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('ABC')
+
+        time_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%T")
+        assert_equal time_string, type.type_cast_from_user(time_string).strftime("%T")
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_datetime_and_timestamp
+        type = Type::DateTime.new
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user(nil)
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('')
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('  ')
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('ABC')
+
+        datetime_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%FT%T")
+        assert_equal datetime_string, type.type_cast_from_user(datetime_string).strftime("%FT%T")
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_date
+        type = Type::Date.new
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user(nil)
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('')
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user(' ')
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('ABC')
+
+        date_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%F")
+        assert_equal date_string, type.type_cast_from_user(date_string).strftime("%F")
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_duration_to_integer
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_equal 1800, type.type_cast_from_user(30.minutes)
+        assert_equal 7200, type.type_cast_from_user(2.hours)
+      end
+
+      def test_string_to_time_with_timezone
+        [:utc, :local].each do |zone|
+          with_timezone_config default: zone do
+            type = Type::DateTime.new
+            assert_equal Time.utc(2013, 9, 4, 0, 0, 0), type.type_cast_from_user("Wed, 04 Sep 2013 03:00:00 EAT")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_type_equality
+        assert_equal Type::Value.new, Type::Value.new
+        assert_not_equal Type::Value.new, Type::Integer.new
+        assert_not_equal Type::Value.new(precision: 1), Type::Value.new(precision: 2)
+      end
+
+      if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        def test_binary_encoding
+          type = SQLite3Binary.new
+          utf8_string = "a string".encode(Encoding::UTF_8)
+          type_cast = type.type_cast_from_user(utf8_string)
+
+          assert_equal Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, type_cast.encoding
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
index e82ca3f93d..afb893a52c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class TestUnconnectedAdapter < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @specification = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @underlying = nil
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@specification)
     load_schema if in_memory_db?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
index 602f633c45..e4edc437e6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,44 +1,14 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
-require 'models/owner'
-require 'models/pet'
 require 'models/man'
 require 'models/interest'
 
 class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics, :owners
+  fixtures :topics
 
   repair_validations(Topic, Reply)
 
-  def test_validates_size_of_association
-    repair_validations Owner do
-      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1 }
-      o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
-      assert !o.save
-      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-      o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
-      assert o.valid?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_validates_size_of_association_using_within
-    repair_validations Owner do
-      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :within => 1..2 }
-      o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
-      assert !o.save
-      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-
-      o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
-      assert o.valid?
-
-      2.times { o.pets.build('name' => 'apet') }
-      assert !o.save
-      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_validates_associated_many
     Topic.validates_associated(:replies)
     Reply.validates_presence_of(:content)
@@ -94,17 +64,6 @@ class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert r.valid?
   end
 
-  def test_validates_size_of_association_utf8
-    repair_validations Owner do
-      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1 }
-      o = Owner.new('name' => 'あいうえおかきくけこ')
-      assert !o.save
-      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-      o.pets.build('name' => 'あいうえおかきくけこ')
-      assert o.valid?
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_validates_presence_of_belongs_to_association__parent_is_new_record
     repair_validations(Interest) do
       # Note that Interest and Man have the :inverse_of option set
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index efa0c9b934..268d7914b5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   repair_validations(Topic, Reply)
 
   def setup
+    repair_validations(Topic, Reply)
     Reply.validates_presence_of(:title)
     @topic = Topic.new
     @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     I18n.backend.store_translations('en', :errors => {:messages => {:custom => nil}})
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
     I18n.backend = @old_backend
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a92da38ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/owner'
+require 'models/pet'
+
+class LengthValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :owners
+  repair_validations(Owner)
+
+  def test_validates_size_of_association
+    repair_validations Owner do
+      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1 }
+      o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
+      assert !o.save
+      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+      o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
+      assert o.valid?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_size_of_association_using_within
+    repair_validations Owner do
+      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :within => 1..2 }
+      o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
+      assert !o.save
+      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+
+      o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
+      assert o.valid?
+
+      2.times { o.pets.build('name' => 'apet') }
+      assert !o.save
+      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_size_of_association_utf8
+    repair_validations Owner do
+      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1 }
+      o = Owner.new('name' => 'あいうえおかきくけこ')
+      assert !o.save
+      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+      o.pets.build('name' => 'あいうえおかきくけこ')
+      assert o.valid?
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
index 3790d3c8cf..4f38849131 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
@@ -52,14 +52,15 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validates_presence_doesnt_convert_to_array
-    Speedometer.validates_presence_of :dashboard
+    speedometer = Class.new(Speedometer)
+    speedometer.validates_presence_of :dashboard
 
     dash = Dashboard.new
 
     # dashboard has to_a method
     def dash.to_a; ['(/)', '(\)']; end
 
-    s = Speedometer.new
+    s = speedometer.new
     s.dashboard = dash
 
     assert_nothing_raised { s.valid? }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
index 74c696c858..18221cc73d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert t_utf8.save, "Should save t_utf8 as unique"
 
     # If database hasn't UTF-8 character set, this test fails
-    if Topic.all.merge!(:select => 'LOWER(title) AS title').find(t_utf8).title == "я тоже уникальный!"
+    if Topic.all.merge!(:select => 'LOWER(title) AS title').find(t_utf8.id).title == "я тоже уникальный!"
       t2_utf8 = Topic.new("title" => "я тоже УНИКАЛЬНЫЙ!")
       assert !t2_utf8.valid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
       assert !t2_utf8.save, "Shouldn't save t2_utf8 as unique"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
index c02b3241cd..2bbf0f23b3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def repair_validations(*model_classes)
-      yield
+      yield if block_given?
     ensure
       model_classes.each do |k|
         k.clear_validators!
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index de618902aa..55804f9576 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -14,28 +14,28 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   # Other classes we mess with will be dealt with in the specific tests
   repair_validations(Topic)
 
-  def test_error_on_create
+  def test_valid_uses_create_context_when_new
     r = WrongReply.new
     r.title = "Wrong Create"
-    assert !r.save
+    assert_not r.valid?
     assert r.errors[:title].any?, "A reply with a bad title should mark that attribute as invalid"
     assert_equal ["is Wrong Create"], r.errors[:title], "A reply with a bad content should contain an error"
   end
 
-  def test_error_on_update
+  def test_valid_uses_update_context_when_persisted
     r = WrongReply.new
     r.title = "Bad"
     r.content = "Good"
-    assert r.save, "First save should be successful"
+    assert r.save, "First validation should be successful"
 
     r.title = "Wrong Update"
-    assert !r.save, "Second save should fail"
+    assert_not r.valid?, "Second validation should fail"
 
     assert r.errors[:title].any?, "A reply with a bad title should mark that attribute as invalid"
     assert_equal ["is Wrong Update"], r.errors[:title], "A reply with a bad content should contain an error"
   end
 
-  def test_error_on_given_context
+  def test_valid_using_special_context
     r = WrongReply.new(:title => "Valid title")
     assert !r.valid?(:special_case)
     assert_equal "Invalid", r.errors[:author_name].join
@@ -45,11 +45,26 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert r.valid?(:special_case)
 
     r.author_name = nil
-    assert !r.save(:context => :special_case)
+    assert_not r.valid?(:special_case)
     assert_equal "Invalid", r.errors[:author_name].join
 
     r.author_name = "secret"
-    assert r.save(:context => :special_case)
+    assert r.valid?(:special_case)
+  end
+
+  def test_validate
+    r = WrongReply.new
+
+    r.validate
+    assert_empty r.errors[:author_name]
+
+    r.validate(:special_case)
+    assert_not_empty r.errors[:author_name]
+
+    r.author_name = "secret"
+
+    r.validate(:special_case)
+    assert_empty r.errors[:author_name]
   end
 
   def test_invalid_record_exception
@@ -63,6 +78,20 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal r, invalid.record
   end
 
+  def test_validate_with_bang
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
+      WrongReply.new.validate!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_validate_with_bang_and_context
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
+      WrongReply.new.validate!(:special_case)
+    end
+    r = WrongReply.new(:title => "Valid title", :author_name => "secret", :content => "Good")
+    assert r.validate!(:special_case)
+  end
+
   def test_exception_on_create_bang_many
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
       WrongReply.create!([ { "title" => "OK" }, { "title" => "Wrong Create" }])
@@ -85,7 +114,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_create_without_validation
+  def test_save_without_validation
     reply = WrongReply.new
     assert !reply.save
     assert reply.save(:validate => false)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b79dd03676
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/book"
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_views?
+class ViewWithPrimaryKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :books
+
+  class Ebook < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.primary_key = "id"
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.execute <<-SQL
+      CREATE VIEW ebooks
+        AS SELECT id, name, status FROM books WHERE format = 'ebook'
+    SQL
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute "DROP VIEW IF EXISTS ebooks"
+  end
+
+  def test_reading
+    books = Ebook.all
+    assert_equal [books(:rfr).id], books.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal ["Ruby for Rails"], books.map(&:name)
+  end
+
+  def test_table_exists
+    view_name = Ebook.table_name
+    assert @connection.table_exists?(view_name), "'#{view_name}' table should exist"
+  end
+
+  def test_column_definitions
+    assert_equal([["id", :integer],
+                  ["name", :string],
+                  ["status", :integer]], Ebook.columns.map { |c| [c.name, c.type] })
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
index 78fa2f935a..c34e7d5a30 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require "rexml/document"
 require 'models/contact'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/author'
@@ -225,7 +226,6 @@ class DatabaseConnectedXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     xml = REXML::Document.new(topics(:first).to_xml(:indent => 0))
     bonus_time_in_current_timezone = topics(:first).bonus_time.xmlschema
     written_on_in_current_timezone = topics(:first).written_on.xmlschema
-    last_read_in_current_timezone = topics(:first).last_read.xmlschema
 
     assert_equal "topic", xml.root.name
     assert_equal "The First Topic" , xml.elements["//title"].text
@@ -247,14 +247,9 @@ class DatabaseConnectedXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "integer", xml.elements["//parent-id"].attributes['type']
     assert_equal "true", xml.elements["//parent-id"].attributes['nil']
 
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      assert_equal last_read_in_current_timezone, xml.elements["//last-read"].text
-      assert_equal "dateTime" , xml.elements["//last-read"].attributes['type']
-    else
-      # Oracle enhanced adapter allows to define Date attributes in model class (see topic.rb)
-      assert_equal "2004-04-15", xml.elements["//last-read"].text
-      assert_equal "date" , xml.elements["//last-read"].attributes['type']
-    end
+    # Oracle enhanced adapter allows to define Date attributes in model class (see topic.rb)
+    assert_equal "2004-04-15", xml.elements["//last-read"].text
+    assert_equal "date" , xml.elements["//last-read"].attributes['type']
 
     # Oracle and DB2 don't have true boolean or time-only fields
     unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :DB2Adapter)
@@ -421,8 +416,9 @@ class DatabaseConnectedXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_should_support_aliased_attributes
     xml = Author.select("name as firstname").to_xml
-    array = Hash.from_xml(xml)['authors']
-    assert_equal array.size, array.select { |author| author.has_key? 'firstname' }.size
+    Author.all.each do |author|
+      assert xml.include?(%(<firstname>#{author.name}</firstname>)), xml
+    end
   end
 
   def test_array_to_xml_including_has_many_association
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
index 15815d56e4..bce59b4fcd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/reply'
+require 'models/post'
+require 'models/author'
 
 class YamlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics
+  fixtures :topics, :authors, :posts
 
   def test_to_yaml_with_time_with_zone_should_not_raise_exception
     with_timezone_config aware_attributes: true, zone: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
@@ -23,13 +26,6 @@ class YamlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal({:omg=>:lol}, YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).content)
   end
 
-  def test_encode_with_coder
-    topic = Topic.first
-    coder = {}
-    topic.encode_with coder
-    assert_equal({'attributes' => topic.attributes}, coder)
-  end
-
   def test_psych_roundtrip
     topic = Topic.first
     assert topic
@@ -47,4 +43,44 @@ class YamlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_active_record_relation_serialization
     [Topic.all].to_yaml
   end
+
+  def test_raw_types_are_not_changed_on_round_trip
+    topic = Topic.new(parent_id: "123")
+    assert_equal "123", topic.parent_id_before_type_cast
+    assert_equal "123", YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).parent_id_before_type_cast
+  end
+
+  def test_cast_types_are_not_changed_on_round_trip
+    topic = Topic.new(parent_id: "123")
+    assert_equal 123, topic.parent_id
+    assert_equal 123, YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).parent_id
+  end
+
+  def test_new_records_remain_new_after_round_trip
+    topic = Topic.new
+
+    assert topic.new_record?, "Sanity check that new records are new"
+    assert YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).new_record?, "Record should be new after deserialization"
+
+    topic.save!
+
+    assert_not topic.new_record?, "Saved records are not new"
+    assert_not YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).new_record?, "Saved record should not be new after deserialization"
+
+    topic = Topic.select('title').last
+
+    assert_not topic.new_record?, "Loaded records without ID are not new"
+    assert_not YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).new_record?, "Record should not be new after deserialization"
+  end
+
+  def test_types_of_virtual_columns_are_not_changed_on_round_trip
+    author = Author.select('authors.*, count(posts.id) as posts_count')
+      .joins(:posts)
+      .group('authors.id')
+      .first
+    dumped = YAML.load(YAML.dump(author))
+
+    assert_equal 5, author.posts_count
+    assert_equal 5, dumped.posts_count
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/config.example.yml b/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
index 479b8c050d..ce30cff9e7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
@@ -51,32 +51,11 @@ connections:
       password: arunit
       database: arunit2
 
-  firebird:
-    arunit:
-      host: localhost
-      username: rails
-      password: rails
-      charset: UTF8
-    arunit2:
-      host: localhost
-      username: rails
-      password: rails
-      charset: UTF8
-
-  frontbase:
-    arunit:
-      host: localhost
-      username: rails
-      session_name: unittest-<%= $$ %>
-    arunit2:
-      host: localhost
-      username: rails
-      session_name: unittest-<%= $$ %>
-
   mysql:
     arunit:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8
+      collation: utf8_unicode_ci
     arunit2:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8
@@ -85,6 +64,7 @@ connections:
     arunit:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8
+      collation: utf8_unicode_ci
     arunit2:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8
@@ -130,11 +110,3 @@ connections:
     arunit2:
       adapter: sqlite3
       database: ':memory:'
-
-  sybase:
-    arunit:
-      host: database_ASE
-      username: sa
-    arunit2:
-      host: database_ASE
-      username: sa
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml
index fb48645456..abe56752c6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ awdr:
   author_id: 1
   id: 1
   name: "Agile Web Development with Rails"
+  format: "paperback"
 
 rfr:
   author_id: 1
   id: 2
   name: "Ruby for Rails"
+  format: "ebook"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml
index daf969d7da..7281a4d768 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 workstation:
   id: 1
+  system: 'Linux'
   developer: 1
   extendedWarranty: 1
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/developers.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/developers.yml
index 3656564f63..1a74563dc6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/developers.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/developers.yml
@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ dev_<%= digit %>:
 poor_jamis:
   id: 11
   name: Jamis
-  salary: 9000
\ No newline at end of file
+  salary: 9000
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/fk_test_has_pk.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/fk_test_has_pk.yml
index c93952180b..73882bac41 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/fk_test_has_pk.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/fk_test_has_pk.yml
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 first:
-  id: 1
\ No newline at end of file
+  pk_id: 1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/pirates.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/pirates.yml
index 6004f390a4..1bb3bf0051 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/pirates.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/pirates.yml
@@ -7,3 +7,6 @@ redbeard:
   parrot: louis
   created_on: "<%= 2.weeks.ago.to_s(:db) %>"
   updated_on: "<%= 2.weeks.ago.to_s(:db) %>"
+
+mark:
+  catchphrase: "X $LABELs the spot!"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/posts.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/posts.yml
index 7298096025..86d46f753a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/posts.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/posts.yml
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ welcome:
   title: Welcome to the weblog
   body: Such a lovely day
   comments_count: 2
-  taggings_count: 1
   tags_count: 1
   type: Post
 
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ thinking:
   title: So I was thinking
   body: Like I hopefully always am
   comments_count: 1
-  taggings_count: 1
   tags_count: 1
   type: SpecialPost
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml
index bf049abbf1..4c98b10380 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ first:
   written_on: 2003-07-16t15:28:11.2233+01:00
   last_read: 2004-04-15
   bonus_time: 2005-01-30t15:28:00.00+01:00
-  content: Have a nice day
+  content: "--- Have a nice day\n...\n"
   approved: false
   replies_count: 1
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ second:
   title: The Second Topic of the day
   author_name: Mary
   written_on: 2004-07-15t15:28:00.0099+01:00
-  content: Have a nice day
+  content: "--- Have a nice day\n...\n"
   approved: true
   replies_count: 0
   parent_id: 1
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ third:
   title: The Third Topic of the day
   author_name: Carl
   written_on: 2012-08-12t20:24:22.129346+00:00
-  content: I'm a troll
+  content: "--- I'm a troll\n...\n"
   approved: true
   replies_count: 1
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fourth:
   title: The Fourth Topic of the day
   author_name: Carl
   written_on: 2006-07-15t15:28:00.0099+01:00
-  content: Why not?
+  content: "--- Why not?\n...\n"
   approved: true
   type: Reply
   parent_id: 3
@@ -45,5 +45,5 @@ fifth:
   title: The Fifth Topic of the day
   author_name: Jason
   written_on: 2013-07-13t12:11:00.0099+01:00
-  content: Omakase
+  content: "--- Omakase\n...\n"
   approved: true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_children.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_children.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7b15016e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_children.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+sonny:
+  uuid_parent: daddy
+  name: Sonny
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_parents.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_parents.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b40225c5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_parents.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+daddy:
+  name: Daddy
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
index c197951c71..8949cf5826 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
@@ -140,6 +140,8 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :posts_with_default_include, :class_name => 'PostWithDefaultInclude'
   has_many :comments_on_posts_with_default_include, :through => :posts_with_default_include, :source => :comments
 
+  has_many :posts_with_signature, ->(record) { where("posts.title LIKE ?", "%by #{record.name.downcase}%") }, class_name: "Post"
+
   scope :relation_include_posts, -> { includes(:posts) }
   scope :relation_include_tags,  -> { includes(:tags) }
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
index 7da39a8e33..272223e1d8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
   has_many :categorizations
+  has_many :special_categorizations
   has_many :post_comments, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
 
   has_many :authors, :through => :categorizations
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/club.rb b/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
index 566e0873f1..6ceafe5858 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
@@ -6,9 +6,18 @@ class Club < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :sponsored_member, :through => :sponsor, :source => :sponsorable, :source_type => "Member"
   belongs_to :category
 
+  has_many :favourites, -> { where(memberships: { favourite: true }) }, through: :memberships, source: :member
+
   private
 
   def private_method
     "I'm sorry sir, this is a *private* club, not a *pirate* club"
   end
 end
+
+class SuperClub < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "clubs"
+
+  has_many :memberships, class_name: 'SuperMembership', foreign_key: 'club_id'
+  has_many :members, through: :memberships
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/college.rb b/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
index c7495d7deb..501af4a8dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 require_dependency 'models/arunit2_model'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
 
 class College < ARUnit2Model
   has_many :courses
+
+  with_options dependent: :destroy do |assoc|
+    assoc.has_many :students, -> { where(active: true) }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/column.rb b/activerecord/test/models/column.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..499358b4cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/column.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Column < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :record
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
index ede5fbd0c6..b38b17e90e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :created, -> { all }
 
   belongs_to :post, :counter_cache => true
+  belongs_to :author,   polymorphic: true
+  belongs_to :resource, polymorphic: true
+  belongs_to :developer
+
   has_many :ratings
 
   belongs_to :first_post, :foreign_key => :post_id
@@ -26,6 +30,10 @@ class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
     all
   end
   scope :all_as_scope, -> { all }
+
+  def to_s
+    body
+  end
 end
 
 class SpecialComment < Comment
@@ -36,3 +44,16 @@ end
 
 class VerySpecialComment < Comment
 end
+
+class CommentThatAutomaticallyAltersPostBody < Comment
+  belongs_to :post, class_name: "PostThatLoadsCommentsInAnAfterSaveHook", foreign_key: :post_id
+
+  after_save do |comment|
+    comment.post.update_attributes(body: "Automatically altered")
+  end
+end
+
+class CommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation < Comment
+  default_scope ->{ includes(:developer).order('developers.name').references(:developer) }
+  belongs_to :developer
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
index 76411ecb37..42f7fb4680 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ class Company < AbstractCompany
   has_one :dummy_account, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account"
   has_many :contracts
   has_many :developers, :through => :contracts
+  has_many :accounts
 
   scope :of_first_firm, lambda {
     joins(:account => :firm).
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
index 38b0b6aafa..dae102d12b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
@@ -46,6 +46,24 @@ module MyApplication
         end
       end
     end
+
+    module Suffixed
+      def self.table_name_suffix
+        '_suffixed'
+      end
+
+      class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+      end
+
+      class Firm < Company
+        self.table_name = 'companies'
+      end
+
+      module Nested
+        class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   module Billing
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb b/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
index a1cb8d62b6..3ea17c3abf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ module ContactFakeColumns
         table_name => 'id'
       }
 
+      column :id,             :integer
       column :name,           :string
       column :age,            :integer
       column :avatar,         :binary
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
index 2e2d8a0d37..3627cfdd09 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
   end
 
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects
+
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects_extended_by_name,
       -> { extending(DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension) },
       :class_name => "Project",
@@ -44,6 +46,8 @@ class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :audit_logs
   has_many :contracts
   has_many :firms, :through => :contracts, :source => :firm
+  has_many :comments, ->(developer) { where(body: "I'm #{developer.name}") }
+  has_many :ratings, through: :comments
 
   scope :jamises, -> { where(:name => 'Jamis') }
 
@@ -74,12 +78,6 @@ class AuditLog < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :unvalidated_developer, :class_name => 'Developer'
 end
 
-DeveloperSalary = Struct.new(:amount)
-class DeveloperWithAggregate < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = 'developers'
-  composed_of :salary, :class_name => 'DeveloperSalary', :mapping => [%w(salary amount)]
-end
-
 class DeveloperWithBeforeDestroyRaise < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :join_table => 'developers_projects', :foreign_key => 'developer_id'
@@ -165,6 +163,8 @@ class DeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   default_scope { where(:name => 'Jamis') }
   scope :poor, -> { where('salary < 150000') }
+  scope :david, -> { where name: "David" }
+  scope :david2, -> { unscoped.where name: "David" }
 end
 
 class PoorDeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/face.rb b/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
index edb75d333f..91e46f83e5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 class Face < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :man, :inverse_of => :face
   belongs_to :polymorphic_man, :polymorphic => true, :inverse_of => :polymorphic_face
+  # Oracle identifier lengh is limited to 30 bytes or less, `polymorphic` renamed `poly`
+  belongs_to :poly_man_without_inverse, :polymorphic => true
   # These is a "broken" inverse_of for the purposes of testing
   belongs_to :horrible_man, :class_name => 'Man', :inverse_of => :horrible_face
   belongs_to :horrible_polymorphic_man, :polymorphic => true, :inverse_of => :horrible_polymorphic_face
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/man.rb b/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
index f4d127730c..4fbb6b226b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 class Man < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :face, :inverse_of => :man
   has_one :polymorphic_face, :class_name => 'Face', :as => :polymorphic_man, :inverse_of => :polymorphic_man
+  has_one :polymorphic_face_without_inverse, :class_name => 'Face', :as => :poly_man_without_inverse
   has_many :interests, :inverse_of => :man
   has_many :polymorphic_interests, :class_name => 'Interest', :as => :polymorphic_man, :inverse_of => :polymorphic_man
   # These are "broken" inverse_of associations for the purposes of testing
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb b/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
index c441be2bef..0302abad1e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 class Movie < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = "movieid"
+
+  validates_presence_of :name
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb b/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
index cf24502d3a..2e3a9a3681 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,18 @@ class Owner < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :pets, -> { order 'pets.name desc' }
   has_many :toys, :through => :pets
 
+  belongs_to :last_pet, class_name: 'Pet'
+  scope :including_last_pet, -> {
+    select(%q[
+      owners.*, (
+        select p.pet_id from pets p
+        where p.owner_id = owners.owner_id
+        order by p.name desc
+        limit 1
+      ) as last_pet_id
+    ]).includes(:last_pet)
+  }
+
   after_commit :execute_blocks
 
   def blocks
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
index 1a282dbce4..ad12f00d42 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :agents_of_agents, :through => :agents, :source => :agents
   belongs_to :number1_fan, :class_name => 'Person'
 
+  has_many :personal_legacy_things, :dependent => :destroy
+
   has_many :agents_posts,         :through => :agents,       :source => :posts
   has_many :agents_posts_authors, :through => :agents_posts, :source => :author
   has_many :essays, primary_key: "first_name", foreign_key: "writer_id"
@@ -89,6 +91,19 @@ class RichPerson < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'people'
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :treasures, :join_table => 'peoples_treasures'
+
+  before_validation :run_before_create, on: :create
+  before_validation :run_before_validation
+
+  private
+
+  def run_before_create
+    self.first_name = first_name.to_s + 'run_before_create'
+  end
+
+  def run_before_validation
+    self.first_name = first_name.to_s + 'run_before_validation'
+  end
 end
 
 class NestedPerson < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/personal_legacy_thing.rb b/activerecord/test/models/personal_legacy_thing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7ee3a0bca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/personal_legacy_thing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class PersonalLegacyThing < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.locking_column = :version
+  belongs_to :person, :counter_cache => true
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
index 8510c596a7..90a3c3ecee 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ class Pirate < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :treasures, :as => :looter
   has_many :treasure_estimates, :through => :treasures, :source => :price_estimates
 
-  # These both have :autosave enabled because accepts_nested_attributes_for is used on them.
   has_one :ship
   has_one :update_only_ship, :class_name => 'Ship'
   has_one :non_validated_ship, :class_name => 'Ship'
@@ -88,8 +87,6 @@ end
 
 class FamousPirate < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'pirates'
-
   has_many :famous_ships
-
   validates_presence_of :catchphrase, on: :conference
-end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
index faf539a562..256b720c9a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :with_comments, -> { preload(:comments) }
   scope :with_tags, -> { preload(:taggings) }
 
+  scope :tagged_with, ->(id) { joins(:taggings).where(taggings: { tag_id: id }) }
+  scope :tagged_with_comment, ->(comment) { joins(:taggings).where(taggings: { comment: comment }) }
+
   has_many   :comments do
     def find_most_recent
       order("id DESC").first
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories
   has_and_belongs_to_many :special_categories, :join_table => "categories_posts", :association_foreign_key => 'category_id'
 
-  has_many :taggings, :as => :taggable
+  has_many :taggings, :as => :taggable, :counter_cache => :tags_count
   has_many :tags, :through => :taggings do
     def add_joins_and_select
       select('tags.*, authors.id as author_id')
@@ -145,10 +148,18 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :lazy_readers
   has_many :lazy_readers_skimmers_or_not, -> { where(skimmer: [ true, false ]) }, :class_name => 'LazyReader'
 
+  has_many :lazy_people, :through => :lazy_readers, :source => :person
+  has_many :lazy_readers_unscope_skimmers, -> { skimmers_or_not }, :class_name => 'LazyReader'
+  has_many :lazy_people_unscope_skimmers, :through => :lazy_readers_unscope_skimmers, :source => :person
+
   def self.top(limit)
     ranked_by_comments.limit_by(limit)
   end
 
+  def self.written_by(author)
+    where(id: author.posts.pluck(:id))
+  end
+
   def self.reset_log
     @log = []
   end
@@ -157,10 +168,6 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     return @log if message.nil?
     @log << [message, side, new_record]
   end
-
-  def self.what_are_you
-    'a post...'
-  end
 end
 
 class SpecialPost < Post; end
@@ -202,3 +209,18 @@ class SpecialPostWithDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'posts'
   default_scope { where(:id => [1, 5,6]) }
 end
+
+class PostThatLoadsCommentsInAnAfterSaveHook < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'posts'
+  has_many :comments, class_name: "CommentThatAutomaticallyAltersPostBody", foreign_key: :post_id
+
+  after_save do |post|
+    post.comments.load
+  end
+end
+
+class PostWithCommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'posts'
+  has_many :comment_with_default_scope_references_associations, foreign_key: :post_id
+  has_one :first_comment, class_name: "CommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation", foreign_key: :post_id
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d4a7f9235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module Publisher
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d73a8eb936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class Publisher::Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :magazines
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :tags
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82e1a14008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Publisher::Magazine < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :articles
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb b/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
index 3a6b7fad34..91afc1898c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ class LazyReader < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "readers"
   default_scope -> { where(skimmer: true) }
 
+  scope :skimmers_or_not, -> { unscope(:where => :skimmer) }
+
   belongs_to :post
   belongs_to :person
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/record.rb b/activerecord/test/models/record.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f77ac9fc03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/record.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class Record < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb b/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
index 7a369b9d9a..77a4728d0b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ end
 
 class FamousShip < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'ships'
-
   belongs_to :famous_pirate
-
   validates_presence_of :name, on: :conference
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/student.rb b/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
index f459f2a9a3..28a0b6c99b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 class Student < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :lessons
+  belongs_to :college
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
index a581b381e8..80d4725f7e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :taggables, :through => :taggings
   has_one  :tagging
 
-  has_many :tagged_posts, :through => :taggings, :source => :taggable, :source_type => 'Post'
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+  has_many :tagged_posts, :through => :taggings, :source => 'taggable', :source_type => 'Post'
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
index f91f2ad2e9..a6c05da26a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :invalid_tag, :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => 'tag_id'
   belongs_to :blue_tag, -> { where :tags => { :name => 'Blue' } }, :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => :tag_id
   belongs_to :tag_with_primary_key, :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => :tag_id, :primary_key => :custom_primary_key
-  belongs_to :taggable, :polymorphic => true, :counter_cache => true
+  belongs_to :taggable, :polymorphic => true, :counter_cache => :tags_count
   has_many :things, :through => :taggable
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb b/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
index e864295acf..a69d3fd3df 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ class Treasure < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :looter, :polymorphic => true
 
   has_many :price_estimates, :as => :estimate_of
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :rich_people, join_table: 'peoples_treasures', validate: false
 
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :looter
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/uuid_child.rb b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_child.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3d0962ad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_child.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class UuidChild < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :uuid_parent
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/uuid_parent.rb b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_parent.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5634f22d0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_parent.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class UuidParent < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :uuid_children
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
index a86a188bcf..e9294a11b9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
-  %w(postgresql_tsvectors postgresql_hstores postgresql_arrays postgresql_moneys postgresql_numbers postgresql_times postgresql_network_addresses postgresql_bit_strings postgresql_uuids postgresql_ltrees
-      postgresql_oids postgresql_xml_data_type defaults geometrics postgresql_timestamp_with_zones postgresql_partitioned_table postgresql_partitioned_table_parent postgresql_json_data_type).each do |table_name|
+  %w(postgresql_tsvectors postgresql_hstores postgresql_arrays postgresql_moneys postgresql_numbers postgresql_times postgresql_network_addresses postgresql_uuids postgresql_ltrees
+      postgresql_oids postgresql_xml_data_type defaults geometrics postgresql_timestamp_with_zones postgresql_partitioned_table postgresql_partitioned_table_parent postgresql_json_data_type postgresql_citext).each do |table_name|
     execute "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name table_name}"
   end
 
@@ -99,21 +99,23 @@ _SQL
 _SQL
   end
 
-  if 't' == select_value("select 'json'=ANY(select typname from pg_type)")
+  if 't' == select_value("select 'citext'=ANY(select typname from pg_type)")
   execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_json_data_type (
+  CREATE TABLE postgresql_citext (
     id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    json_data json default '{}'::json
+    text_citext citext default ''::citext
   );
 _SQL
   end
 
+  if 't' == select_value("select 'json'=ANY(select typname from pg_type)")
   execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_moneys (
+  CREATE TABLE postgresql_json_data_type (
     id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    wealth MONEY
+    json_data json default '{}'::json
   );
 _SQL
+  end
 
   execute <<_SQL
   CREATE TABLE postgresql_numbers (
@@ -141,14 +143,6 @@ _SQL
 _SQL
 
   execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_bit_strings (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    bit_string BIT(8),
-    bit_string_varying BIT VARYING(8)
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL
   CREATE TABLE postgresql_oids (
     id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
     obj_id OID
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
index 99a53434f6..10de3d34cb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   #put adapter specific setup here
   case adapter_name
-    # For Firebird, set the sequence values 10000 when create_table is called;
-    # this prevents primary key collisions between "normally" created records
-    # and fixture-based (YAML) records.
-  when "Firebird"
-    def create_table(*args, &block)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(*args, &block)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "SET GENERATOR #{args.first}_seq TO 10000"
+  when "PostgreSQL"
+    enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', ActiveRecord::Base.connection)
+    create_table :uuid_parents, id: :uuid, force: true do |t|
+      t.string :name
+    end
+    create_table :uuid_children, id: :uuid, force: true do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.uuid :uuid_parent_id
     end
   end
 
@@ -53,6 +54,19 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string :name
   end
 
+  create_table :articles, force: true do |t|
+  end
+
+  create_table :articles_magazines, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :article
+    t.references :magazine
+  end
+
+  create_table :articles_tags, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :article
+    t.references :tag
+  end
+
   create_table :audit_logs, force: true do |t|
     t.column :message, :string, null: false
     t.column :developer_id, :integer, null: false
@@ -70,6 +84,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   create_table :author_addresses, force: true do |t|
   end
 
+  add_foreign_key :authors, :author_addresses
+
   create_table :author_favorites, force: true do |t|
     t.column :author_id, :integer
     t.column :favorite_author_id, :integer
@@ -94,6 +110,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   create_table :books, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :author_id
+    t.string :format
     t.column :name, :string
     t.column :status, :integer, default: 0
     t.column :read_status, :integer, default: 0
@@ -121,7 +138,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :engines_count
     t.integer :wheels_count
     t.column :lock_version, :integer, null: false, default: 0
-    t.timestamps
+    t.timestamps null: false
   end
 
   create_table :categories, force: true do |t|
@@ -161,6 +178,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :references, null: false
   end
 
+  create_table :columns, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :record
+  end
+
   create_table :comments, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :post_id, null: false
     # use VARCHAR2(4000) instead of CLOB datatype as CLOB data type has many limitations in
@@ -171,9 +192,13 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
       t.text    :body, null: false
     end
     t.string  :type
-    t.integer :taggings_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :tags_count, default: 0
     t.integer :children_count, default: 0
     t.integer :parent_id
+    t.references :author, polymorphic: true
+    t.string :resource_id
+    t.string :resource_type
+    t.integer :developer_id
   end
 
   create_table :companies, force: true do |t|
@@ -198,6 +223,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   end
 
   create_table :computers, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :system
     t.integer :developer, null: false
     t.integer :extendedWarranty, null: false
   end
@@ -371,6 +397,9 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :custom_lock_version, :integer
   end
 
+  create_table :magazines, force: true do |t|
+  end
+
   create_table :mateys, id: false, force: true do |t|
     t.column :pirate_id, :integer
     t.column :target_id, :integer
@@ -508,7 +537,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.references :best_friend
     t.references :best_friend_of
     t.integer    :insures, null: false, default: 0
-    t.timestamps
+    t.timestamp :born_at
+    t.timestamps null: false
   end
 
   create_table :peoples_treasures, id: false, force: true do |t|
@@ -516,10 +546,16 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :treasure_id, :integer
   end
 
+  create_table :personal_legacy_things, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :tps_report_number
+    t.integer :person_id
+    t.integer :version, null: false, default: 0
+  end
+
   create_table :pets, primary_key: :pet_id, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :owner_id, :integer
-    t.timestamps
+    t.timestamps null: false
   end
 
   create_table :pirates, force: true do |t|
@@ -542,7 +578,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     end
     t.string  :type
     t.integer :comments_count, default: 0
-    t.integer :taggings_count, default: 0
     t.integer :taggings_with_delete_all_count, default: 0
     t.integer :taggings_with_destroy_count, default: 0
     t.integer :tags_count, default: 0
@@ -637,6 +672,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   create_table :students, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
+    t.boolean :active
+    t.integer :college_id
   end
 
   create_table :subscribers, force: true, id: false do |t|
@@ -670,10 +707,14 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   end
 
   create_table :topics, force: true do |t|
-    t.string   :title
+    t.string   :title, limit: 250
     t.string   :author_name
     t.string   :author_email_address
-    t.datetime :written_on
+    if mysql_56?
+      t.datetime :written_on, limit: 6
+    else
+      t.datetime :written_on
+    end
     t.time     :bonus_time
     t.date     :last_read
     # use VARCHAR2(4000) instead of CLOB datatype as CLOB data type has many limitations in
@@ -692,13 +733,13 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string   :parent_title
     t.string   :type
     t.string   :group
-    t.timestamps
+    t.timestamps null: true
   end
 
   create_table :toys, primary_key: :toy_id, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :pet_id, :integer
-    t.timestamps
+    t.timestamps null: false
   end
 
   create_table :traffic_lights, force: true do |t|
@@ -747,6 +788,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :man_id
     t.integer :polymorphic_man_id
     t.string  :polymorphic_man_type
+    t.integer :poly_man_without_inverse_id
+    t.string  :poly_man_without_inverse_type
     t.integer :horrible_polymorphic_man_id
     t.string  :horrible_polymorphic_man_type
   end
@@ -812,6 +855,8 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :department_id
   end
 
+  create_table :records, force: true do |t|
+  end
 
   except 'SQLite' do
     # fk_test_has_fk should be before fk_test_has_pk
@@ -819,12 +864,18 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
       t.integer :fk_id, null: false
     end
 
-    create_table :fk_test_has_pk, force: true do |t|
+    create_table :fk_test_has_pk, force: true, primary_key: "pk_id" do |t|
     end
 
-    execute "ALTER TABLE fk_test_has_fk ADD CONSTRAINT fk_name FOREIGN KEY (#{quote_column_name 'fk_id'}) REFERENCES #{quote_table_name 'fk_test_has_pk'} (#{quote_column_name 'id'})"
+    add_foreign_key :fk_test_has_fk, :fk_test_has_pk, column: "fk_id", name: "fk_name", primary_key: "pk_id"
+    add_foreign_key :lessons_students, :students
+  end
 
-    execute "ALTER TABLE lessons_students ADD CONSTRAINT student_id_fk FOREIGN KEY (#{quote_column_name 'student_id'}) REFERENCES #{quote_table_name 'students'} (#{quote_column_name 'id'})"
+  create_table :overloaded_types, force: true do |t|
+    t.float :overloaded_float, default: 500
+    t.float :unoverloaded_float
+    t.string :overloaded_string_with_limit, limit: 255
+    t.string :string_with_default, default: 'the original default'
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
index b7aff4f47d..b5552c2755 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   execute "DROP TABLE fk_test_has_pk" rescue nil
   execute <<_SQL
   CREATE TABLE 'fk_test_has_pk' (
-    'id' INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
+    'pk_id' INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
   );
 _SQL
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ _SQL
     'id'    INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
     'fk_id' INTEGER NOT NULL,
 
-    FOREIGN KEY ('fk_id') REFERENCES 'fk_test_has_pk'('id')
+    FOREIGN KEY ('fk_id') REFERENCES 'fk_test_has_pk'('pk_id')
   );
 _SQL
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/connection_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/support/connection_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a19e5df44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/connection_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+module ConnectionHelper
+  def run_without_connection
+    original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+    yield original_connection
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
+  end
+
+  # Used to drop all cache query plans in tests.
+  def reset_connection
+    original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/ddl_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/support/ddl_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43cb235e01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/ddl_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+module DdlHelper
+  def with_example_table(connection, table_name, definition = nil)
+    connection.execute("CREATE TABLE #{table_name}(#{definition})")
+    yield
+  ensure
+    connection.execute("DROP TABLE #{table_name}")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/schema_dumping_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/support/schema_dumping_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d1651454d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/schema_dumping_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+module SchemaDumpingHelper
+  def dump_table_schema(table, connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection)
+    old_ignore_tables = ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = connection.tables - [table]
+    stream = StringIO.new
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
+    stream.string
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = old_ignore_tables
+  end
+
+  def dump_all_table_schema(ignore_tables)
+    old_ignore_tables, ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables, ignore_tables
+    stream = StringIO.new
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
+    stream.string
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = old_ignore_tables
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md b/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
index 43bfeff079..f995082a15 100644
--- a/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,617 +1,338 @@
-*   Fix the implementation of Multibyte::Unicode.tidy_bytes for JRuby
+*   Fixed a bug in Inflector#underscore where acroynms in nested constant names
+    are incorrectly parsed as camelCase.
 
-    The existing implementation caused JRuby to raise the error:
-    `Encoding::ConverterNotFoundError: code converter not found (UTF-8 to UTF8-MAC)`
+    Fixes #8015.
 
-    *Justin Coyne*
+    *Fred Wu*, *Matthew Draper*
 
-*   Fix `to_param` behavior when there are nested empty hashes.
+*   Make Time#change throw an exception if the :usec option is out of range and
+    the time has an offset other than UTC or local.
 
-    Before:
-
-        params = {c: 3, d: {}}.to_param # => "&c=3"
+    *Agis Anastasopoulos*
 
-    After:
+*   `Method` objects now report themselves as not `duplicable?`. This allows
+    hashes and arrays containing `Method` objects to be `deep_dup`ed.
 
-        params = {c: 3, d: {}}.to_param # => "c=3&d="
+    *Peter Jaros*
 
-    Fixes #13892.
+*   `determine_constant_from_test_name` does no longer shadow `NameError`s
+    which happen during constant autoloading.
 
-    *Hincu Petru*
+    Fixes #9933.
 
-*   Deprecate custom `BigDecimal` serialization.
+    *Guo Xiang Tan*
 
-    Deprecate the custom `BigDecimal` serialization that is included when requiring
-    `active_support/all` as a fix for #12467. Let Ruby handle YAML serialization
-    for `BigDecimal` instead.
+*   Added instance_eval version to Object#try, so you can do this:
 
-    *David Celis*
+      person.try { name.first }
 
-*   Fix parsing bugs in `XmlMini`
+    instead of:
 
-    Symbols or boolean parsing would raise an error for non string values (e.g.
-    integers). Decimal parsing would fail due to a missing requirement.
+      person.try { |person| person.name.first }
 
-    *Birkir A. Barkarson*
-
-*   Maintain the current timezone when calling `wrap_with_time_zone`
+    *DHH*
 
-    Extend the solution from the fix for #12163 to the general case where `Time`
-    methods are wrapped with a time zone.
+*   Fix the `ActiveSupport::Duration#instance_of?` method to return the right
+    value with the class itself since it was previously delegated to the
+    internal value.
 
-    Fixes #12596.
+    *Robin Dupret*
 
-    *Andrew White*
+*   Fix rounding errors with #travel_to by resetting the usec on any passed time to zero, so we only travel
+    with per-second precision, not anything deeper than that.
 
-*   Remove behavior that automatically remove the Date/Time stubs, added by `travel`
-    and `travel_to` methods, after each test case.
+    *DHH*
 
-    Now users have to use the `travel_back` or the block version of `travel` and
-    `travel_to` methods to clean the stubs.
+*   Fix ActiveSupport::TestCase not to order users' test cases by default.
+    If this change breaks your tests because your tests are order dependent, you need to explicitly call
+    ActiveSupport::TestCase.my_tests_are_order_dependent! at the top of your tests.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    *Akira Matsuda*
 
-*   Add `travel_back` to remove stubs from `travel` and `travel_to`.
+*   Fix DateTime comparison with DateTime::Infinity object.
 
     *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Remove the deprecation about the `#filter` method.
-
-    Filter objects should now rely on method corresponding to the filter type
-    (e.g. `#before`).
-
-    *Aaron Patterson*
-
-*   Add `ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision` as a way to configure the
-    precision of encoded time values:
-
-        Time.utc(2000, 1, 1).as_json                      # => "2000-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"
-        ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
-        Time.utc(2000, 1, 1).as_json                      # => "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"
-
-    *Parker Selbert*
-
-*   Maintain the current timezone when calling `change` during DST overlap
-
-    Currently if a time is changed during DST overlap in the autumn then the method
-    `period_for_local` will return the DST period. However if the original time is
-    not DST then this can be surprising and is not what is generally wanted. This
-    commit changes that behavior to maintain the current period if it's in the list
-    of periods returned by `periods_for_local`.
-
-    Fixes #12163.
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Added `Hash#compact` and `Hash#compact!` for removing items with nil value
-    from hash.
-
-    *Celestino Gomes*
-
-*   Maintain proleptic gregorian in Time#advance
-
-    `Time#advance` uses `Time#to_date` and `Date#advance` to calculate a new date.
-    The `Date` object returned by `Time#to_date` is constructed with the assumption
-    that the `Time` object represents a proleptic gregorian date, but it is
-    configured to observe the default julian calendar reform date (2299161j)
-    for purposes of calculating month, date and year:
-
-        Time.new(1582, 10, 4).to_date.to_s           # => "1582-09-24"
-        Time.new(1582, 10, 4).to_date.gregorian.to_s # => "1582-10-04"
-
-    This patch ensures that when the intermediate `Date` object is advanced
-    to yield a new `Date` object, that the `Time` object for return is constructed
-    with a proleptic gregorian month, date and year.
-
-    *Riley Lynch*
-
-*   `MemCacheStore` should only accept a `Dalli::Client`, or create one.
-
-    *arthurnn*
-
-*   Don't lazy load the `tzinfo` library as it causes problems on Windows.
-
-    Fixes #13553.
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Use `remove_possible_method` instead of `remove_method` to avoid
-    a `NameError` to be thrown on FreeBSD with the `Date` object.
-
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*, *Robin Dupret*
-
-*   `blank?` and `present?` commit to return singletons.
-
-    *Xavier Noria*, *Pavel Pravosud*
-
-*   Fixed Float related error in NumberHelper with large precisions.
-
-    Before:
-
-        ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_rounded '3.14159', precision: 50
-        #=> "3.14158999999999988261834005243144929409027099609375"
-
-    After:
-
-        ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_rounded '3.14159', precision: 50
-        #=> "3.14159000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-
-    *Kenta Murata*, *Akira Matsuda*
-
-*   Default the new `I18n.enforce_available_locales` config to `true`, meaning
-    `I18n` will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in the
-    `available_locales` list.
-
-    To disable it add the following configuration to your application:
-
-        config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = false
-
-    This also ensures I18n configuration is properly initialized taking the new
-    option into account, to avoid their deprecations while booting up the app.
-
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*, *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Introduce Module#concerning: a natural, low-ceremony way to separate
-    responsibilities within a class.
-
-    Imported from https://github.com/37signals/concerning#readme
+*   Added Object#itself which returns the object itself. Useful when dealing with a chaining scenario, like Active Record scopes:
 
-        class Todo < ActiveRecord::Base
-          concerning :EventTracking do
-            included do
-              has_many :events
-            end
-
-            def latest_event
-              ...
-            end
-
-            private
-              def some_internal_method
-                ...
-              end
-          end
+        Event.public_send(state.presence_in([ :trashed, :drafted ]) || :itself).order(:created_at)
 
-          concerning :Trashable do
-            def trashed?
-              ...
-            end
-
-            def latest_event
-              super some_option: true
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-    is equivalent to defining these modules inline, extending them into
-    concerns, then mixing them in to the class.
-
-    Inline concerns tame "junk drawer" classes that intersperse many unrelated
-    class-level declarations, public instance methods, and private
-    implementation. Coalesce related bits and give them definition.
-    These are a stepping stone toward future growth & refactoring.
-
-    When to move on from an inline concern:
-     * Encapsulating state? Extract collaborator object.
-     * Encompassing more public behavior or implementation? Move to separate file.
-     * Sharing behavior among classes? Move to separate file.
-
-    *Jeremy Kemper*
-
-*   Fix file descriptor being leaked on each call to `Kernel.silence_stream`.
-
-    *Mario Visic*
-
-*   Added `Date#all_week/month/quarter/year` for generating date ranges.
-
-    *Dmitriy Meremyanin*
-
-*   Add `Time.zone.yesterday` and `Time.zone.tomorrow`. These follow the
-    behavior of Ruby's `Date.yesterday` and `Date.tomorrow` but return localized
-    versions, similar to how `Time.zone.today` has returned a localized version
-    of `Date.today`.
-
-    *Colin Bartlett*
-
-*   Show valid keys when `assert_valid_keys` raises an exception, and show the
-    wrong value as it was entered.
-
-    *Gonzalo Rodríguez-Baltanás Díaz*
-
-*   Both `cattr_*` and `mattr_*` method definitions now live in `active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors`.
-
-    Requires to `active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors` are
-    deprecated and will be removed in Ruby on Rails 4.2.
-
-    *Genadi Samokovarov*
-
-*   Deprecated `Numeric#{ago,until,since,from_now}`, the user is expected to explicitly
-    convert the value into an AS::Duration, i.e. `5.ago` => `5.seconds.ago`
+    *DHH*
 
-    This will help to catch subtle bugs like:
+*   `Object#with_options` executes block in merging option context when
+    explicit receiver in not passed.
 
-        def recent?(days = 3)
-          self.created_at >= days.ago
-        end
+    *Pavel Pravosud*
 
-    The above code would check if the model is created within the last 3 **seconds**.
+*   Fixed a compatibility issue with the `Oj` gem when cherry-picking the file
+    `active_support/core_ext/object/json` without requiring `active_support/json`.
 
-    In the future, `Numeric#{ago,until,since,from_now}` should be removed completely,
-    or throw some sort of errors to indicate there are no implicit conversion from
-    Numeric to AS::Duration.
+    Fixes #16131.
 
     *Godfrey Chan*
 
-*   Requires JSON gem version 1.7.7 or above due to a security issue in older versions.
+*   Make `Hash#with_indifferent_access` copy the default proc too.
 
-    *Godfrey Chan*
+    *arthurnn*, *Xanders*
 
-*   Removed the old pure-Ruby JSON encoder and switched to a new encoder based on the built-in JSON
-    gem.
+*   Add `String#truncate_words` to truncate a string by a number of words.
 
-    Support for encoding `BigDecimal` as a JSON number, as well as defining custom `encode_json`
-    methods to control the JSON output has been **removed from core**. The new encoder will always
-    encode BigDecimals as `String`s and ignore any custom `encode_json` methods.
+    *Mohamed Osama*
 
-    The old encoder has been extracted into the `activesupport-json_encoder` gem. Installing that
-    gem will bring back the ability to encode `BigDecimal`s as numbers as well as `encode_json`
-    support.
+*   Deprecate `capture` and `quietly`.
 
-    Setting the related configuration `ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string` without the
-    `activesupport-json_encoder` gem installed will raise an error.
+    These methods are not thread safe and may cause issues when used in threaded environments.
+    To avoid problems we are deprecating them.
 
-    *Godfrey Chan*
+    *Tom Meier*
 
-*   Add `ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers#travel` and `#travel_to`. These methods change current
-    time to the given time or time difference by stubbing `Time.now` and `Date.today` to return the
-    time or date after the difference calculation, or the time or date that got passed into the
-    method respectively.
+*   `DateTime#to_f` now preserves the fractional seconds instead of always
+    rounding to `.0`.
 
-    Example for `#travel`:
+    Fixes #15994.
 
-        Time.now # => 2013-11-09 15:34:49 -05:00
-        travel 1.day
-        Time.now # => 2013-11-10 15:34:49 -05:00
-        Date.today # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013
+    *John Paul Ashenfelter*
 
-    Example for `#travel_to`:
+*   Add `Hash#transform_values` to simplify a common pattern where the values of a
+    hash must change, but the keys are left the same.
 
-        Time.now # => 2013-11-09 15:34:49 -05:00
-        travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
-        Time.now # => 2004-11-24 01:04:44 -05:00
-        Date.today # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    Both of these methods also accept a block, which will return the current time back to its
-    original state at the end of the block:
+*   Always instrument `ActiveSupport::Cache`.
 
-        Time.now # => 2013-11-09 15:34:49 -05:00
+    Since `ActiveSupport::Notifications` only instrument items when there
+    are subscriber we don't need to disable instrumentation.
 
-        travel 1.day do
-          User.create.created_at # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
-        end
+    *Peter Wagenet*
 
-        travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44) do
-          User.create.created_at # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004 01:04:44 EST -05:00
-        end
+*   Make the `apply_inflections` method case-insensitive when checking
+    whether a word is uncountable or not.
 
-        Time.now # => 2013-11-09 15:34:49 -05:00
+    *Robin Dupret*
 
-    This module is included in `ActiveSupport::TestCase` automatically.
+*   Make Dependencies pass a name to NameError error.
 
-    *Prem Sichanugrist*, *DHH*
+    *arthurnn*
 
-*   Unify `cattr_*` interface: allow to pass a block to `cattr_reader`.
+*   Fixed `ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore` exploding with long paths.
 
-    Example:
+    *Adam Panzer / Michael Grosser*
 
-        class A
-          cattr_reader(:defr) { 'default_reader_value' }
-        end
-        A.defr # => 'default_reader_value'
+*   Fixed `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone#-` so precision is not unnecessarily lost
+    when working with objects with a nanosecond component.
 
-    *Alexey Chernenkov*
+    `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone#-` should return the same result as if we were
+    using `Time#-`:
 
-*   Improved compatibility with the stdlib JSON gem.
+        Time.now.end_of_day - Time.now.beginning_of_day #=> 86399.999999999
 
-    Previously, calling `::JSON.{generate,dump}` sometimes causes unexpected
-    failures such as intridea/multi_json#86.
+    Before:
 
-    `::JSON.{generate,dump}` now bypasses the ActiveSupport JSON encoder
-    completely and yields the same result with or without ActiveSupport. This
-    means that it will **not** call `as_json` and will ignore any options that
-    the JSON gem does not natively understand. To invoke ActiveSupport's JSON
-    encoder instead, use `obj.to_json(options)` or
-    `ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(obj, options)`.
+        Time.zone.now.end_of_day.nsec #=> 999999999
+        Time.zone.now.end_of_day - Time.zone.now.beginning_of_day #=> 86400.0
 
-    *Godfrey Chan*
+    After:
 
-*   Fix Active Support `Time#to_json` and `DateTime#to_json` to return 3 decimal
-    places worth of fractional seconds, similar to `TimeWithZone`.
+        Time.zone.now.end_of_day - Time.zone.now.beginning_of_day
+        #=> 86399.999999999
 
-    *Ryan Glover*
+    *Gordon Chan*
 
-*   Removed circular reference protection in JSON encoder, deprecated
-    `ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError`.
+*   Fixed precision error in NumberHelper when using Rationals.
 
-    *Godfrey Chan*, *Sergio Campamá*
+    Before:
 
-*   Add `capitalize` option to `Inflector.humanize`, so strings can be humanized without being capitalized:
+        ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_rounded Rational(1000, 3), precision: 2
+        #=> "330.00"
 
-        'employee_salary'.humanize                    # => "Employee salary"
-        'employee_salary'.humanize(capitalize: false) # => "employee salary"
+    After:
 
-    *claudiob*
+        ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_rounded Rational(1000, 3), precision: 2
+        #=> "333.33"
 
-*   Fixed `Object#as_json` and `Struct#as_json` not working properly with options. They now take
-    the same options as `Hash#as_json`:
+    See #15379.
 
-        struct = Struct.new(:foo, :bar).new
-        struct.foo = "hello"
-        struct.bar = "world"
-        json = struct.as_json(only: [:foo]) # => {foo: "hello"}
+    *Juanjo Bazán*
 
-    *Sergio Campamá*, *Godfrey Chan*
+*   Removed deprecated `Numeric#ago` and friends
 
-*   Added `Numeric#in_milliseconds`, like `1.hour.in_milliseconds`, so we can feed them to JavaScript functions like `getTime()`.
+    Replacements:
 
-    *DHH*
+        5.ago   => 5.seconds.ago
+        5.until => 5.seconds.until
+        5.since => 5.seconds.since
+        5.from_now => 5.seconds.from_now
 
-*   Calling `ActiveSupport::JSON.decode` with unsupported options now raises an error.
+    See #12389 for the history and rationale behind this.
 
     *Godfrey Chan*
 
-*   Support `:unless_exist` in `FileStore`.
-
-    *Michael Grosser*
+*   DateTime `advance` now supports partial days.
 
-*   Fix `slice!` deleting the default value of the hash.
+    Before:
 
-    *Antonio Santos*
+        DateTime.now.advance(days: 1, hours: 12)
 
-*   `require_dependency` accepts objects that respond to `to_path`, in
-    particular `Pathname` instances.
+    After:
 
-    *Benjamin Fleischer*
+        DateTime.now.advance(days: 1.5)
 
-*   Disable the ability to iterate over Range of AS::TimeWithZone
-    due to significant performance issues.
+    Fixes #12005.
 
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+    *Shay Davidson*
 
-*   Allow attaching event subscribers to ActiveSupport::Notifications namespaces
-    before they're defined. Essentially, this means instead of this:
+*   `Hash#deep_transform_keys` and `Hash#deep_transform_keys!` now transform hashes
+    in nested arrays.  This change also applies to `Hash#deep_stringify_keys`,
+    `Hash#deep_stringify_keys!`, `Hash#deep_symbolize_keys` and
+    `Hash#deep_symbolize_keys!`.
 
-        class JokeSubscriber < ActiveSupport::Subscriber
-          def sql(event)
-            puts "A rabbi and a priest walk into a bar..."
-          end
+    *OZAWA Sakuro*
 
-          # This call needs to happen *after* defining the methods.
-          attach_to "active_record"
-        end
+*   Fixed confusing `DelegationError` in `Module#delegate`.
 
-    You can do this:
+    See #15186.
 
-        class JokeSubscriber < ActiveSupport::Subscriber
-          # This is much easier to read!
-          attach_to "active_record"
+    *Vladimir Yarotsky*
 
-          def sql(event)
-            puts "A rabbi and a priest walk into a bar..."
-          end
-        end
+*   Fixed `ActiveSupport::Subscriber` so that no duplicate subscriber is created
+    when a subscriber method is redefined.
 
-    This should make it easier to read and understand these subscribers.
+    *Dennis Schön*
 
-    *Daniel Schierbeck*
+*   Remove deprecated string based terminators for `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`.
 
-*   Add `Date#middle_of_day`, `DateTime#middle_of_day` and `Time#middle_of_day` methods.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-    Also added `midday`, `noon`, `at_midday`, `at_noon` and `at_middle_of_day` as aliases.
+*   Fixed an issue when using
+    `ActiveSupport::NumberHelper::NumberToDelimitedConverter` to
+    convert a value that is an `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer` introduced
+    in 2da9d67.
 
-    *Anatoli Makarevich*
+    See #15064.
 
-*   Fix ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore#cleanup to no longer rely on missing each_key method.
-
-    *Murray Steele*
+    *Mark J. Titorenko*
 
-*   Ensure that autoloaded constants in all-caps nestings are marked as
-    autoloaded.
+*   `TimeZone#parse` defaults the day of the month to '1' if any other date
+    components are specified. This is more consistent with the behavior of
+    `Time#parse`.
 
-    *Simon Coffey*
+    *Ulysse Carion*
 
-*   Add `String#remove(pattern)` as a short-hand for the common pattern of
-    `String#gsub(pattern, '')`.
+*   `humanize` strips leading underscores, if any.
 
-    *DHH*
-
-*   Adds a new deprecation behaviour that raises an exception. Throwing this
-    line into +config/environments/development.rb+
+    Before:
 
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :raise
+        '_id'.humanize # => ""
 
-    will cause the application to raise an +ActiveSupport::DeprecationException+
-    on deprecations.
+    After:
 
-    Use this for aggressive deprecation cleanups.
+        '_id'.humanize # => "Id"
 
     *Xavier Noria*
 
-*   Remove 'cow' => 'kine' irregular inflection from default inflections.
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Add `DateTime#to_s(:iso8601)` and `Date#to_s(:iso8601)` for consistency.
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Add `Time#to_s(:iso8601)` for easy conversion of times to the iso8601 format for easy Javascript date parsing.
-
-    *DHH*
-
-*   Improve `ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore` cache size calculation.
-    The memory used by a key/entry pair is calculated via `#cached_size`:
-
-        def cached_size(key, entry)
-          key.to_s.bytesize + entry.size + PER_ENTRY_OVERHEAD
-        end
-
-    The value of `PER_ENTRY_OVERHEAD` is 240 bytes based on an [empirical
-    estimation](https://gist.github.com/ssimeonov/6047200) for 64-bit MRI on
-    1.9.3 and 2.0.
-
-    Fixes #11512.
-
-    *Simeon Simeonov*
-
-*   Only raise `Module::DelegationError` if it's the source of the exception.
+*   Fixed backward compatibility isues introduced in 326e652.
 
-    Fixes #10559.
+    Empty Hash or Array should not present in serialization result.
 
-    *Andrew White*
+        {a: []}.to_query # => ""
+        {a: {}}.to_query # => ""
 
-*   Make `Time.at_with_coercion` retain the second fraction and return local time.
+    For more info see #14948.
 
-    Fixes #11350.
-
-    *Neer Friedman*, *Andrew White*
-
-*   Make `HashWithIndifferentAccess#select` always return the hash, even when
-    `Hash#select!` returns `nil`, to allow further chaining.
-
-    *Marc Schütz*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `String#encoding_aware?` core extensions (`core_ext/string/encoding`).
-
-    *Arun Agrawal*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `Module#local_constant_names` in favor of `Module#local_constants`.
-
-    *Arun Agrawal*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `DateTime.local_offset` in favor of `DateTime.civil_from_format`.
-
-    *Arun Agrawal*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `Logger` core extensions (`core_ext/logger.rb`).
-
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `Time#time_with_datetime_fallback`, `Time#utc_time`
-    and `Time#local_time` in favor of `Time#utc` and `Time#local`.
-
-    *Vipul A M*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `Hash#diff` with no replacement.
-
-    If you're using it to compare hashes for the purpose of testing, please use
-    MiniTest's `assert_equal` instead.
-
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `Date#to_time_in_current_zone` in favor of `Date#in_time_zone`.
-
-    *Vipul A M*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `Proc#bind` with no replacement.
-
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `Array#uniq_by` and `Array#uniq_by!`, use native
-    `Array#uniq` and `Array#uniq!` instead.
-
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveSupport::BasicObject`, use `ActiveSupport::ProxyObject` instead.
-
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `BufferedLogger`, use `ActiveSupport::Logger` instead.
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `assert_present` and `assert_blank` methods, use `assert
-    object.blank?` and `assert object.present?` instead.
-
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Fix return value from `BacktraceCleaner#noise` when the cleaner is configured
-    with multiple silencers.
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*
 
-    Fixes #11030.
+*   Add `Digest::UUID::uuid_v3` and `Digest::UUID::uuid_v5` to support stable
+    UUID fixtures on PostgreSQL.
 
-    *Mark J. Titorenko*
+    *Roderick van Domburg*
 
-*   `HashWithIndifferentAccess#select` now returns a `HashWithIndifferentAccess`
-    instance instead of a `Hash` instance.
+*   Fixed `ActiveSupport::Duration#eql?` so that `1.second.eql?(1.second)` is
+    true.
 
-    Fixes #10723.
+    This fixes the current situation of:
 
-    *Albert Llop*
+        1.second.eql?(1.second) #=> false
 
-*   Add `DateTime#usec` and `DateTime#nsec` so that `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone` keeps
-    sub-second resolution when wrapping a `DateTime` value.
+    `eql?` also requires that the other object is an `ActiveSupport::Duration`.
+    This requirement makes `ActiveSupport::Duration`'s behavior consistent with
+    the behavior of Ruby's numeric types:
 
-    Fixes #10855.
+        1.eql?(1.0) #=> false
+        1.0.eql?(1) #=> false
 
-    *Andrew White*
+        1.second.eql?(1) #=> false (was true)
+        1.eql?(1.second) #=> false
 
-*   Fix `ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Loadable#load_dependency` calling
-    `#blame_file!` on Exceptions that do not have the Blamable mixin
+        { 1 => "foo", 1.0 => "bar" }
+        #=> { 1 => "foo", 1.0 => "bar" }
 
-    *Andrew Kreiling*
+        { 1 => "foo", 1.second => "bar" }
+        # now => { 1 => "foo", 1.second => "bar" }
+        # was => { 1 => "bar" }
 
-*   Override `Time.at` to support the passing of Time-like values when called with a single argument.
+    And though the behavior of these hasn't changed, for reference:
 
-    *Andrew White*
+        1 == 1.0 #=> true
+        1.0 == 1 #=> true
 
-*   Prevent side effects to hashes inside arrays when
-    `Hash#with_indifferent_access` is called.
+        1 == 1.second #=> true
+        1.second == 1 #=> true
 
-    Fixes #10526.
+    *Emily Dobervich*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend` acts like `String#prepend` and modifies
+    instance in-place, returning self. `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend!` is
+    deprecated.
 
-*   Removed deprecated `ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable` with no replacement.
+    *Pavel Pravosud*
 
-    *Toshinori Kajihara*
+*   `HashWithIndifferentAccess` better respects `#to_hash` on objects it's
+    given. In particular, `.new`, `#update`, `#merge`, `#replace` all accept
+    objects which respond to `#to_hash`, even if those objects are not Hashes
+    directly.
 
-*   Raise an error when multiple `included` blocks are defined for a Concern.
-    The old behavior would silently discard previously defined blocks, running
-    only the last one.
+    *Peter Jaros*
 
-    *Mike Dillon*
+*   Deprecate `Class#superclass_delegating_accessor`, use `Class#class_attribute` instead.
 
-*   Replace `multi_json` with `json`.
+    *Akshay Vishnoi*
 
-    Since Rails requires Ruby 1.9 and since Ruby 1.9 includes `json` in the standard library,
-    `multi_json` is no longer necessary.
+*   Ensure classes which `include Enumerable` get `#to_json` in addition to
+    `#as_json`.
 
-    *Erik Michaels-Ober*
+    *Sammy Larbi*
 
-*   Added escaping of U+2028 and U+2029 inside the json encoder.
-    These characters are legal in JSON but break the Javascript interpreter.
-    After escaping them, the JSON is still legal and can be parsed by Javascript.
+*   Change the signature of `fetch_multi` to return a hash rather than an
+    array. This makes it consistent with the output of `read_multi`.
 
-    *Mario Caropreso + Viktor Kelemen + zackham*
+    *Parker Selbert*
 
-*   Fix skipping object callbacks using metadata fetched via callback chain
-    inspection methods (`_*_callbacks`)
+*   Introduce `Concern#class_methods` as a sleek alternative to clunky
+    `module ClassMethods`. Add `Kernel#concern` to define at the toplevel
+    without chunky `module Foo; extend ActiveSupport::Concern` boilerplate.
 
-    *Sean Walbran*
+        # app/models/concerns/authentication.rb
+        concern :Authentication do
+          included do
+            after_create :generate_private_key
+          end
 
-*   Add a `fetch_multi` method to the cache stores. The method provides
-    an easy to use API for fetching multiple values from the cache.
+          class_methods do
+            def authenticate(credentials)
+              # ...
+            end
+          end
 
-    Example:
+          def generate_private_key
+            # ...
+          end
+        end
 
-        # Calculating scores is expensive, so we only do it for posts
-        # that have been updated. Cache keys are automatically extracted
-        # from objects that define a #cache_key method.
-        scores = Rails.cache.fetch_multi(*posts) do |post|
-          calculate_score(post)
+        # app/models/user.rb
+        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+          include Authentication
         end
 
-    *Daniel Schierbeck*
+    *Jeremy Kemper*
 
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activesupport/README.rdoc b/activesupport/README.rdoc
index f3582767c0..a6424a353a 100644
--- a/activesupport/README.rdoc
+++ b/activesupport/README.rdoc
@@ -30,6 +30,11 @@ API documentation is at:
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
index f3625e8b79..80d1d35888 100644
--- a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
+++ b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.rdoc_options.concat ['--encoding',  'UTF-8']
 
-  s.add_dependency 'i18n',       '~> 0.6', '>= 0.6.9'
+  s.add_dependency 'i18n',       '>= 0.7.0.beta1', '< 0.8'
   s.add_dependency 'json',       '~> 1.7', '>= 1.7.7'
   s.add_dependency 'tzinfo',     '~> 1.1'
   s.add_dependency 'minitest',   '~> 5.1'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
index d58578b7bc..d06f22ad5c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # can focus on the rest.
   #
   #   bc = BacktraceCleaner.new
-  #   bc.add_filter   { |line| line.gsub(Rails.root, '') } # strip the Rails.root prefix
+  #   bc.add_filter   { |line| line.gsub(Rails.root.to_s, '') } # strip the Rails.root prefix
   #   bc.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /mongrel|rubygems/ } # skip any lines from mongrel or rubygems
   #   bc.clean(exception.backtrace) # perform the cleanup
   #
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       @silencers << block
     end
 
-    # Will remove all silencers, but leave in the filters. This is useful if
-    # your context of debugging suddenly expands as you suspect a bug in one of
+    # Removes all silencers, but leaves in the filters. Useful if your
+    # context of debugging suddenly expands as you suspect a bug in one of
     # the libraries you use.
     def remove_silencers!
       @silencers = []
     end
 
-    # Removes all filters, but leaves in silencers. Useful if you suddenly
+    # Removes all filters, but leaves in the silencers. Useful if you suddenly
     # need to see entire filepaths in the backtrace that you had already
     # filtered out.
     def remove_filters!
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
index 2b7f5943b5..ff67a6828c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # See ActiveSupport::Cache::Store for documentation.
@@ -178,14 +179,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @silence = previous_silence
       end
 
-      # Set to +true+ if cache stores should be instrumented.
-      # Default is +false+.
+      # :deprecated:
       def self.instrument=(boolean)
-        Thread.current[:instrument_cache_store] = boolean
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActiveSupport::Cache.instrument= is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5. Instrumentation is now always on so you can safely stop using it."
+        true
       end
 
+      # :deprecated:
       def self.instrument
-        Thread.current[:instrument_cache_store] || false
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActiveSupport::Cache.instrument is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5. Instrumentation is now always on so you can safely stop using it."
+        true
       end
 
       # Fetches data from the cache, using the given key. If there is data in
@@ -234,7 +237,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # seconds. Because of extended life of the previous cache, other processes
       # will continue to use slightly stale data for a just a bit longer. In the
       # meantime that first process will go ahead and will write into cache the
-      # new value. After that all the processes will start getting new value.
+      # new value. After that all the processes will start getting the new value.
       # The key is to keep <tt>:race_condition_ttl</tt> small.
       #
       # If the process regenerating the entry errors out, the entry will be
@@ -357,20 +360,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       #
-      # Returns an array with the data for each of the names. For example:
+      # Returns a hash with the data for each of the names. For example:
       #
       #   cache.write("bim", "bam")
-      #   cache.fetch_multi("bim", "boom") {|key| key * 2 }
-      #   # => ["bam", "boomboom"]
+      #   cache.fetch_multi("bim", "boom") { |key| key * 2 }
+      #   # => { "bam" => "bam", "boom" => "boomboom" }
       #
       def fetch_multi(*names)
         options = names.extract_options!
         options = merged_options(options)
-
         results = read_multi(*names, options)
 
-        names.map do |name|
-          results.fetch(name) do
+        names.each_with_object({}) do |name, memo|
+          memo[name] = results.fetch(name) do
             value = yield name
             write(name, value, options)
             value
@@ -540,13 +542,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
         def instrument(operation, key, options = nil)
           log(operation, key, options)
 
-          if self.class.instrument
-            payload = { :key => key }
-            payload.merge!(options) if options.is_a?(Hash)
-            ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("cache_#{operation}.active_support", payload){ yield(payload) }
-          else
-            yield(nil)
-          end
+          payload = { :key => key }
+          payload.merge!(options) if options.is_a?(Hash)
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("cache_#{operation}.active_support", payload){ yield(payload) }
         end
 
         def log(operation, key, options = nil)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
index 8ed60aebac..d08ecd2f7d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       DIR_FORMATTER = "%03X"
       FILENAME_MAX_SIZE = 228 # max filename size on file system is 255, minus room for timestamp and random characters appended by Tempfile (used by atomic write)
+      FILEPATH_MAX_SIZE = 900 # max is 1024, plus some room
       EXCLUDED_DIRS = ['.', '..'].freeze
 
       def initialize(cache_path, options = nil)
@@ -117,6 +118,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         # Translate a key into a file path.
         def key_file_path(key)
+          if key.size > FILEPATH_MAX_SIZE
+            key = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(key)
+          end
+
           fname = URI.encode_www_form_component(key)
           hash = Zlib.adler32(fname)
           hash, dir_1 = hash.divmod(0x1000)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
index 4eaf57f385..73c6b3cb88 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
-require 'rack/body_proxy'
+require 'active_support/per_thread_registry'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Cache
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # duration of a block. Repeated calls to the cache for the same key will hit the
       # in-memory cache for faster access.
       module LocalCache
+        autoload :Middleware, 'active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware'
+
         # Class for storing and registering the local caches.
         class LocalCacheRegistry # :nodoc:
           extend ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry
@@ -64,37 +66,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         def with_local_cache
           use_temporary_local_cache(LocalStore.new) { yield }
         end
-
-        #--
-        # This class wraps up local storage for middlewares. Only the middleware method should
-        # construct them.
-        class Middleware # :nodoc:
-          attr_reader :name, :local_cache_key
-
-          def initialize(name, local_cache_key)
-            @name             = name
-            @local_cache_key = local_cache_key
-            @app              = nil
-          end
-
-          def new(app)
-            @app = app
-            self
-          end
-
-          def call(env)
-            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, LocalStore.new)
-            response = @app.call(env)
-            response[2] = ::Rack::BodyProxy.new(response[2]) do
-              LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
-            end
-            response
-          rescue Exception
-            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
-            raise
-          end
-        end
-
         # Middleware class can be inserted as a Rack handler to be local cache for the
         # duration of request.
         def middleware
@@ -115,13 +86,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         def increment(name, amount = 1, options = nil) # :nodoc:
           value = bypass_local_cache{super}
-          increment_or_decrement(value, name, amount, options)
+          set_cache_value(value, name, amount, options)
           value
         end
 
         def decrement(name, amount = 1, options = nil) # :nodoc:
           value = bypass_local_cache{super}
-          increment_or_decrement(value, name, amount, options)
+          set_cache_value(value, name, amount, options)
           value
         end
 
@@ -149,8 +120,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             super
           end
 
-        private
-          def increment_or_decrement(value, name, amount, options)
+          def set_cache_value(value, name, amount, options)
             if local_cache
               local_cache.mute do
                 if value
@@ -162,6 +132,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
             end
           end
 
+        private
+
           def local_cache_key
             @local_cache_key ||= "#{self.class.name.underscore}_local_cache_#{object_id}".gsub(/[\/-]/, '_').to_sym
           end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6f24b1a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require 'rack/body_proxy'
+require 'rack/utils'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Cache
+    module Strategy
+      module LocalCache
+
+        #--
+        # This class wraps up local storage for middlewares. Only the middleware method should
+        # construct them.
+        class Middleware # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :name, :local_cache_key
+
+          def initialize(name, local_cache_key)
+            @name             = name
+            @local_cache_key = local_cache_key
+            @app              = nil
+          end
+
+          def new(app)
+            @app = app
+            self
+          end
+
+          def call(env)
+            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, LocalStore.new)
+            response = @app.call(env)
+            response[2] = ::Rack::BodyProxy.new(response[2]) do
+              LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
+            end
+            response
+          rescue Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError
+            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
+            [400, {}, []]
+          rescue Exception
+            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
index e14ece7f35..cd467e13f6 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # order.
     #
     # If the callback chain was halted, returns +false+. Otherwise returns the
-    # result of the block, or +true+ if no block is given.
+    # result of the block, +nil+ if no callbacks have been set, or +true+
+    # if callbacks have been set but no block is given.
     #
     #   run_callbacks :save do
     #     save
@@ -131,8 +132,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
           end
         end
 
-        private
-
         def self.halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, halted_lambda, filter)
           lambda { |env|
             target = env.target
@@ -149,6 +148,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             next_callback.call env
           }
         end
+        private_class_method :halting_and_conditional
 
         def self.halting(next_callback, user_callback, halted_lambda, filter)
           lambda { |env|
@@ -166,6 +166,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             next_callback.call env
           }
         end
+        private_class_method :halting
 
         def self.conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
           lambda { |env|
@@ -178,6 +179,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             next_callback.call env
           }
         end
+        private_class_method :conditional
 
         def self.simple(next_callback, user_callback)
           lambda { |env|
@@ -185,6 +187,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             next_callback.call env
           }
         end
+        private_class_method :simple
       end
 
       class After
@@ -208,8 +211,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
           end
         end
 
-        private
-
         def self.halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
           lambda { |env|
             env = next_callback.call env
@@ -223,6 +224,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             env
           }
         end
+        private_class_method :halting_and_conditional
 
         def self.halting(next_callback, user_callback)
           lambda { |env|
@@ -233,6 +235,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             env
           }
         end
+        private_class_method :halting
 
         def self.conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
           lambda { |env|
@@ -246,6 +249,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             env
           }
         end
+        private_class_method :conditional
 
         def self.simple(next_callback, user_callback)
           lambda { |env|
@@ -254,6 +258,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             env
           }
         end
+        private_class_method :simple
       end
 
       class Around
@@ -269,8 +274,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
           end
         end
 
-        private
-
         def self.halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
           lambda { |env|
             target = env.target
@@ -288,23 +291,25 @@ module ActiveSupport
             end
           }
         end
+        private_class_method :halting_and_conditional
 
         def self.halting(next_callback, user_callback)
           lambda { |env|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
 
-            unless env.halted
+            if env.halted
+              next_callback.call env
+            else
               user_callback.call(target, value) {
                 env = next_callback.call env
                 env.value
               }
               env
-            else
-              next_callback.call env
             end
           }
         end
+        private_class_method :halting
 
         def self.conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
           lambda { |env|
@@ -322,6 +327,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             end
           }
         end
+        private_class_method :conditional
 
         def self.simple(next_callback, user_callback)
           lambda { |env|
@@ -332,6 +338,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             env
           }
         end
+        private_class_method :simple
       end
     end
 
@@ -409,15 +416,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   Procs::   A proc to call with the object.
       #   Objects:: An object with a <tt>before_foo</tt> method on it to call.
       #
-      # All of these objects are compiled into methods and handled
-      # the same after this point:
-      #
-      #   Symbols:: Already methods.
-      #   Strings:: class_eval'd into methods.
-      #   Procs::   using define_method compiled into methods.
-      #   Objects::
-      #     a method is created that calls the before_foo method
-      #     on the object.
+      # All of these objects are converted into a lambda and handled
+      # the same after this point.
       def make_lambda(filter)
         case filter
         when Symbol
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       #   set_callback :save, :before, :before_meth
       #   set_callback :save, :after,  :after_meth, if: :condition
-      #   set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, &block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
+      #   set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
       #
       # The second arguments indicates whether the callback is to be run +:before+,
       # +:after+, or +:around+ the event. If omitted, +:before+ is assumed. This
@@ -718,12 +718,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   would call <tt>Audit#save</tt>.
       def define_callbacks(*names)
         options = names.extract_options!
-        if options.key?(:terminator) && String === options[:terminator]
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "String based terminators are deprecated, please use a lambda"
-          value = options[:terminator]
-          line = class_eval "lambda { |result| #{value} }", __FILE__, __LINE__
-          options[:terminator] = lambda { |target, result| target.instance_exec(result, &line) }
-        end
 
         names.each do |name|
           class_attribute "_#{name}_callbacks"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
index b796d01dfd..9d5cee54e3 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #       scope :disabled, -> { where(disabled: true) }
   #     end
   #
-  #     module ClassMethods
+  #     class_methods do
   #       ...
   #     end
   #   end
@@ -130,5 +130,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
         super
       end
     end
+
+    def class_methods(&class_methods_module_definition)
+      mod = const_defined?(:ClassMethods) ?
+        const_get(:ClassMethods) :
+        const_set(:ClassMethods, Module.new)
+
+      mod.module_eval(&class_methods_module_definition)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
index 67f58bc0fe..caa499dfa2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ class Array
   #   %w( a b c d ).from(2)  # => ["c", "d"]
   #   %w( a b c d ).from(10) # => []
   #   %w().from(0)           # => []
+  #   %w( a b c d ).from(-2) # => ["c", "d"]
+  #   %w( a b c ).from(-10)  # => []
   def from(position)
     self[position, length] || []
   end
@@ -15,8 +17,10 @@ class Array
   #   %w( a b c d ).to(2)  # => ["a", "b", "c"]
   #   %w( a b c d ).to(10) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
   #   %w().to(0)           # => []
+  #   %w( a b c d ).to(-2) # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+  #   %w( a b c ).to(-10)  # => []
   def to(position)
-    first position + 1
+    self[0..position]
   end
 
   # Equal to <tt>self[1]</tt>.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
index 3529d57174..87ae052eb0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ class Array
   #   ["3", "4"]
   #   ["5"]
   def in_groups_of(number, fill_with = nil)
+    if number.to_i <= 0
+      raise ArgumentError,
+        "Group size must be a positive integer, was #{number.inspect}"
+    end
+
     if fill_with == false
       collection = self
     else
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
index 083b165dce..84d5e95e7a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
+# cattr_* became mattr_* aliases in 7dfbd91b0780fbd6a1dd9bfbc176e10894871d2d,
+# but we keep this around for libraries that directly require it knowing they
+# want cattr_*. No need to deprecate.
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
-
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-  "The cattr_* method definitions have been moved into active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors. Please require that instead."
-)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
index c2219beb5a..1c305c5970 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation'
+
 
 class Class
   def superclass_delegating_accessor(name, options = {})
@@ -21,6 +23,8 @@ class Class
     end
   end
 
+  deprecate superclass_delegating_accessor: :class_attribute
+
   private
     # Take the object being set and store it in a method. This gives us automatic
     # inheritance behavior, without having to store the object in an instance
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
index 73ad0aa097..dc4e767e9d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
@@ -53,6 +53,16 @@ class DateTime
   # <tt>:months</tt>, <tt>:weeks</tt>, <tt>:days</tt>, <tt>:hours</tt>,
   # <tt>:minutes</tt>, <tt>:seconds</tt>.
   def advance(options)
+    unless options[:weeks].nil?
+      options[:weeks], partial_weeks = options[:weeks].divmod(1)
+      options[:days] = options.fetch(:days, 0) + 7 * partial_weeks
+    end
+
+    unless options[:days].nil?
+      options[:days], partial_days = options[:days].divmod(1)
+      options[:hours] = options.fetch(:hours, 0) + 24 * partial_days
+    end
+
     d = to_date.advance(options)
     datetime_advanced_by_date = change(:year => d.year, :month => d.month, :day => d.day)
     seconds_to_advance = \
@@ -63,7 +73,7 @@ class DateTime
     if seconds_to_advance.zero?
       datetime_advanced_by_date
     else
-      datetime_advanced_by_date.since seconds_to_advance
+      datetime_advanced_by_date.since(seconds_to_advance)
     end
   end
 
@@ -151,7 +161,9 @@ class DateTime
   # Layers additional behavior on DateTime#<=> so that Time and
   # ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instances can be compared with a DateTime.
   def <=>(other)
-    if other.respond_to? :to_datetime
+    if other.kind_of?(Infinity)
+      super
+    elsif other.respond_to? :to_datetime
       super other.to_datetime
     else
       nil
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
index 6ddfb72a0d..2a9c09fc29 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ class DateTime
     civil(year, month, day, hour, min, sec, offset)
   end
 
-  # Converts +self+ to a floating-point number of seconds since the Unix epoch.
+  # Converts +self+ to a floating-point number of seconds, including fractional microseconds, since the Unix epoch.
   def to_f
-    seconds_since_unix_epoch.to_f
+    seconds_since_unix_epoch.to_f + sec_fraction
   end
 
   # Converts +self+ to an integer number of seconds since the Unix epoch.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..593c51bba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+require 'securerandom'
+
+module Digest
+  module UUID
+    DNS_NAMESPACE  = "k\xA7\xB8\x10\x9D\xAD\x11\xD1\x80\xB4\x00\xC0O\xD40\xC8" #:nodoc:
+    URL_NAMESPACE  = "k\xA7\xB8\x11\x9D\xAD\x11\xD1\x80\xB4\x00\xC0O\xD40\xC8" #:nodoc:
+    OID_NAMESPACE  = "k\xA7\xB8\x12\x9D\xAD\x11\xD1\x80\xB4\x00\xC0O\xD40\xC8" #:nodoc:
+    X500_NAMESPACE = "k\xA7\xB8\x14\x9D\xAD\x11\xD1\x80\xB4\x00\xC0O\xD40\xC8" #:nodoc:
+
+    # Generates a v5 non-random UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier).
+    #
+    # Using Digest::MD5 generates version 3 UUIDs; Digest::SHA1 generates version 5 UUIDs.
+    # uuid_from_hash always generates the same UUID for a given name and namespace combination.
+    #
+    # See RFC 4122 for details of UUID at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4122.txt
+    def self.uuid_from_hash(hash_class, uuid_namespace, name)
+      if hash_class == Digest::MD5
+        version = 3
+      elsif hash_class == Digest::SHA1
+        version = 5
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Expected Digest::SHA1 or Digest::MD5, got #{hash_class.name}."
+      end
+
+      hash = hash_class.new
+      hash.update(uuid_namespace)
+      hash.update(name)
+
+      ary = hash.digest.unpack('NnnnnN')
+      ary[2] = (ary[2] & 0x0FFF) | (version << 12)
+      ary[3] = (ary[3] & 0x3FFF) | 0x8000
+
+      "%08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%04x%08x" % ary
+    end
+
+    # Convenience method for uuid_from_hash using Digest::MD5.
+    def self.uuid_v3(uuid_namespace, name)
+      self.uuid_from_hash(Digest::MD5, uuid_namespace, name)
+    end
+
+    # Convenience method for uuid_from_hash using Digest::SHA1.
+    def self.uuid_v5(uuid_namespace, name)
+      self.uuid_from_hash(Digest::SHA1, uuid_namespace, name)
+    end
+
+    # Convenience method for SecureRandom.uuid.
+    def self.uuid_v4
+      SecureRandom.uuid
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
index f68e1662f9..af4d1da0eb 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
@@ -6,3 +6,4 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
index 7bea461c77..2149d4439d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class Hash
     #   hash = Hash.from_xml(xml)
     #   # => {"hash"=>{"foo"=>1, "bar"=>2}}
     #
-    # DisallowedType is raised if the XML contains attributes with <tt>type="yaml"</tt> or
+    # +DisallowedType+ is raised if the XML contains attributes with <tt>type="yaml"</tt> or
     # <tt>type="symbol"</tt>. Use <tt>Hash.from_trusted_xml</tt> to parse this XML.
     def from_xml(xml, disallowed_types = nil)
       ActiveSupport::XMLConverter.new(xml, disallowed_types).to_h
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def garbage?(value)
         # If the type is the only element which makes it then
         # this still makes the value nil, except if type is
-        # a XML node(where type['value'] is a Hash)
+        # an XML node(where type['value'] is a Hash)
         value['type'] && !value['type'].is_a?(::Hash) && value.size == 1
       end
 
@@ -241,4 +241,3 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
index dc86c92003..763d563231 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,38 @@
 class Hash
   # Returns a new hash with +self+ and +other_hash+ merged recursively.
   #
-  #   h1 = { x: { y: [4, 5, 6] }, z: [7, 8, 9] }
-  #   h2 = { x: { y: [7, 8, 9] }, z: 'xyz' }
+  #   h1 = { a: true, b: { c: [1, 2, 3] } }
+  #   h2 = { a: false, b: { x: [3, 4, 5] } }
   #
-  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) # => {x: {y: [7, 8, 9]}, z: "xyz"}
-  #   h2.deep_merge(h1) # => {x: {y: [4, 5, 6]}, z: [7, 8, 9]}
-  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) { |key, old, new| Array.wrap(old) + Array.wrap(new) }
-  #   # => {:x=>{:y=>[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]}, :z=>[7, 8, 9, "xyz"]}
+  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) #=> { a: false, b: { c: [1, 2, 3], x: [3, 4, 5] } }
+  #
+  # Like with Hash#merge in the standard library, a block can be provided
+  # to merge values:
+  #
+  #   h1 = { a: 100, b: 200, c: { c1: 100 } }
+  #   h2 = { b: 250, c: { c1: 200 } }
+  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) { |key, this_val, other_val| this_val + other_val }
+  #   # => { a: 100, b: 450, c: { c1: 300 } }
   def deep_merge(other_hash, &block)
     dup.deep_merge!(other_hash, &block)
   end
 
   # Same as +deep_merge+, but modifies +self+.
   def deep_merge!(other_hash, &block)
-    other_hash.each_pair do |k,v|
-      tv = self[k]
-      if tv.is_a?(Hash) && v.is_a?(Hash)
-        self[k] = tv.deep_merge(v, &block)
+    other_hash.each_pair do |current_key, other_value|
+      this_value = self[current_key]
+
+      self[current_key] = if this_value.is_a?(Hash) && other_value.is_a?(Hash)
+        this_value.deep_merge(other_value, &block)
       else
-        self[k] = block && tv ? block.call(k, tv, v) : v
+        if block_given? && key?(current_key)
+          block.call(current_key, this_value, other_value)
+        else
+          other_value
+        end
       end
     end
+
     self
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb
index 970d6faa1d..28cb3e2a3b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ class Hash
   #
   #   b = { b: 1 }
   #   { a: b }.with_indifferent_access['a'] # calls b.nested_under_indifferent_access
-  #   # => {"b"=>32}
+  #   # => {"b"=>1}
   alias nested_under_indifferent_access with_indifferent_access
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
index 3d41aa8572..f4105f66b0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ class Hash
   #  hash.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
   #  # => {"NAME"=>"Rob", "AGE"=>"28"}
   def transform_keys
-    result = {}
+    return enum_for(:transform_keys) unless block_given?
+    result = self.class.new
     each_key do |key|
       result[yield(key)] = self[key]
     end
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ class Hash
   # Destructively convert all keys using the block operations.
   # Same as transform_keys but modifies +self+.
   def transform_keys!
+    return enum_for(:transform_keys!) unless block_given?
     keys.each do |key|
       self[yield(key)] = delete(key)
     end
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ class Hash
   #   hash = { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }
   #
   #   hash.stringify_keys
-  #   # => { "name" => "Rob", "age" => "28" }
+  #   # => {"name"=>"Rob", "age"=>"28"}
   def stringify_keys
     transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s }
   end
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ class Hash
   #   hash = { 'name' => 'Rob', 'age' => '28' }
   #
   #   hash.symbolize_keys
-  #   # => { name: "Rob", age: "28" }
+  #   # => {:name=>"Rob", :age=>"28"}
   def symbolize_keys
     transform_keys{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
@@ -57,9 +59,11 @@ class Hash
   end
   alias_method :to_options!, :symbolize_keys!
 
-  # Validate all keys in a hash match <tt>*valid_keys</tt>, raising ArgumentError
-  # on a mismatch. Note that keys are NOT treated indifferently, meaning if you
-  # use strings for keys but assert symbols as keys, this will fail.
+  # Validate all keys in a hash match <tt>*valid_keys</tt>, raising
+  # ArgumentError on a mismatch.
+  #
+  # Note that keys are treated differently than HashWithIndifferentAccess,
+  # meaning that string and symbol keys will not match.
   #
   #   { name: 'Rob', years: '28' }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age) # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: :years. Valid keys are: :name, :age"
   #   { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }.assert_valid_keys('name', 'age') # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: :name. Valid keys are: 'name', 'age'"
@@ -75,34 +79,26 @@ class Hash
 
   # Returns a new hash with all keys converted by the block operation.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   #
   #  hash = { person: { name: 'Rob', age: '28' } }
   #
   #  hash.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
   #  # => {"PERSON"=>{"NAME"=>"Rob", "AGE"=>"28"}}
   def deep_transform_keys(&block)
-    result = {}
-    each do |key, value|
-      result[yield(key)] = value.is_a?(Hash) ? value.deep_transform_keys(&block) : value
-    end
-    result
+    _deep_transform_keys_in_object(self, &block)
   end
 
   # Destructively convert all keys by using the block operation.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   def deep_transform_keys!(&block)
-    keys.each do |key|
-      value = delete(key)
-      self[yield(key)] = value.is_a?(Hash) ? value.deep_transform_keys!(&block) : value
-    end
-    self
+    _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(self, &block)
   end
 
   # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   #
   #   hash = { person: { name: 'Rob', age: '28' } }
   #
@@ -114,14 +110,14 @@ class Hash
 
   # Destructively convert all keys to strings.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   def deep_stringify_keys!
     deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s }
   end
 
   # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as
   # they respond to +to_sym+. This includes the keys from the root hash
-  # and from all nested hashes.
+  # and from all nested hashes and arrays.
   #
   #   hash = { 'person' => { 'name' => 'Rob', 'age' => '28' } }
   #
@@ -133,8 +129,38 @@ class Hash
 
   # Destructively convert all keys to symbols, as long as they respond
   # to +to_sym+. This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   def deep_symbolize_keys!
     deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
+
+  private
+    # support methods for deep transforming nested hashes and arrays
+    def _deep_transform_keys_in_object(object, &block)
+      case object
+      when Hash
+        object.each_with_object({}) do |(key, value), result|
+          result[yield(key)] = _deep_transform_keys_in_object(value, &block)
+        end
+      when Array
+        object.map {|e| _deep_transform_keys_in_object(e, &block) }
+      else
+        object
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(object, &block)
+      case object
+      when Hash
+        object.keys.each do |key|
+          value = object.delete(key)
+          object[yield(key)] = _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(value, &block)
+        end
+        object
+      when Array
+        object.map! {|e| _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(e, &block)}
+      else
+        object
+      end
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e9bcce761f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+class Hash
+  # Returns a new hash with the results of running +block+ once for every value.
+  # The keys are unchanged.
+  #
+  #   { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }.transform_values { |x| x * 2 }
+  #   # => { a: 2, b: 4, c: 6 }
+  def transform_values
+    return enum_for(:transform_values) unless block_given?
+    result = self.class.new
+    each do |key, value|
+      result[key] = yield(value)
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  # Destructive +transform_values+
+  def transform_values!
+    return enum_for(:transform_values!) unless block_given?
+    each do |key, value|
+      self[key] = yield(value)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb
index 0275f4c037..293a3b2619 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/agnostics'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger' if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf72caa058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/concerning'
+
+module Kernel
+  # A shortcut to define a toplevel concern, not within a module.
+  #
+  # See Module::Concerning for more.
+  def concern(topic, &module_definition)
+    Object.concern topic, &module_definition
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
index 3b5e205244..80c531b694 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
@@ -31,9 +31,13 @@ module Kernel
 
   # For compatibility
   def silence_stderr #:nodoc:
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+      "#silence_stderr is deprecated and will be removed in the next release"
+    ) #not thread-safe
     silence_stream(STDERR) { yield }
   end
 
+  # Deprecated : this method is not thread safe
   # Silences any stream for the duration of the block.
   #
   #   silence_stream(STDOUT) do
@@ -41,6 +45,8 @@ module Kernel
   #   end
   #
   #   puts 'But this will'
+  #
+  # This method is not thread-safe.
   def silence_stream(stream)
     old_stream = stream.dup
     stream.reopen(RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/ ? 'NUL:' : '/dev/null')
@@ -80,6 +86,9 @@ module Kernel
   #   stream = capture(:stderr) { system('echo error 1>&2') }
   #   stream # => "error\n"
   def capture(stream)
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+      "#capture(stream) is deprecated and will be removed in the next release"
+    ) #not thread-safe
     stream = stream.to_s
     captured_stream = Tempfile.new(stream)
     stream_io = eval("$#{stream}")
@@ -100,7 +109,12 @@ module Kernel
   # Silences both STDOUT and STDERR, even for subprocesses.
   #
   #   quietly { system 'bundle install' }
+  #
+  # This method is not thread-safe.
   def quietly
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+      "#quietly is deprecated and will be removed in the next release"
+    ) #not thread-safe
     silence_stream(STDOUT) do
       silence_stream(STDERR) do
         yield
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb
index fe24f3716d..768b980f21 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ class LoadError
   ]
 
   unless method_defined?(:path)
+    # Returns the path which was unable to be loaded.
     def path
       @path ||= begin
         REGEXPS.find do |regex|
@@ -17,9 +18,11 @@ class LoadError
     end
   end
 
+  # Returns true if the given path name (except perhaps for the ".rb"
+  # extension) is the missing file which caused the exception to be raised.
   def is_missing?(location)
     location.sub(/\.rb$/, '') == path.sub(/\.rb$/, '')
   end
 end
 
-MissingSourceFile = LoadError
\ No newline at end of file
+MissingSourceFile = LoadError
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
index f855833a24..e926392952 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
@@ -170,38 +170,26 @@ class Module
       # methods still accept two arguments.
       definition = (method =~ /[^\]]=$/) ? 'arg' : '*args, &block'
 
-      # The following generated methods call the target exactly once, storing
+      # The following generated method calls the target exactly once, storing
       # the returned value in a dummy variable.
       #
       # Reason is twofold: On one hand doing less calls is in general better.
       # On the other hand it could be that the target has side-effects,
       # whereas conceptually, from the user point of view, the delegator should
       # be doing one call.
-      if allow_nil
-        method_def = [
-          "def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})",  # def customer_name(*args, &block)
-          "_ = #{to}",                                     #   _ = client
-          "if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:#{method})",     #   if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:name)
-          "  _.#{method}(#{definition})",                  #     _.name(*args, &block)
-          "end",                                           #   end
-        "end"                                              # end
-        ].join ';'
-      else
-        exception = %(raise DelegationError, "#{self}##{method_prefix}#{method} delegated to #{to}.#{method}, but #{to} is nil: \#{self.inspect}")
 
-        method_def = [
-          "def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})",  # def customer_name(*args, &block)
-          " _ = #{to}",                                    #   _ = client
-          "  _.#{method}(#{definition})",                  #   _.name(*args, &block)
-          "rescue NoMethodError => e",                     # rescue NoMethodError => e
-          "  if _.nil? && e.name == :#{method}",           #   if _.nil? && e.name == :name
-          "    #{exception}",                              #     # add helpful message to the exception
-          "  else",                                        #   else
-          "    raise",                                     #     raise
-          "  end",                                         #   end
-          "end"                                            # end
-        ].join ';'
-      end
+      exception = %(raise DelegationError, "#{self}##{method_prefix}#{method} delegated to #{to}.#{method}, but #{to} is nil: \#{self.inspect}")
+
+      method_def = [
+        "def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})",
+        "  _ = #{to}",
+        "  if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:#{method})",
+        "    _.#{method}(#{definition})",
+        "  else",
+        "    #{exception unless allow_nil}",
+        "  end",
+        "end"
+      ].join ';'
 
       module_eval(method_def, file, line)
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
index 704c4248d9..689fae4830 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
@@ -61,25 +61,7 @@ class Numeric
   end
   alias :fortnight :fortnights
 
-  # Reads best without arguments:  10.minutes.ago
-  def ago(time = ::Time.current)
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Calling #ago or #until on a number (e.g. 5.ago) is deprecated and will be removed in the future, use 5.seconds.ago instead"
-    time - self
-  end
-
-  # Reads best with argument:  10.minutes.until(time)
-  alias :until :ago
-
-  # Reads best with argument:  10.minutes.since(time)
-  def since(time = ::Time.current)
-    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "Calling #since or #from_now on a number (e.g. 5.since) is deprecated and will be removed in the future, use 5.seconds.since instead"
-    time + self
-  end
-
-  # Reads best without arguments:  10.minutes.from_now
-  alias :from_now :since
-
-  # Used with the standard time durations, like 1.hour.in_milliseconds -- 
+  # Used with the standard time durations, like 1.hour.in_milliseconds --
   # so we can feed them to JavaScript functions like getTime().
   def in_milliseconds
     self * 1000
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
index f4f9152d6a..f1106cca9b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/acts_like'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/itself'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
index 9cd7485e2e..665cb0f96d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 class Object
   # Can you safely dup this object?
   #
-  # False for +nil+, +false+, +true+, symbol, and number objects;
+  # False for +nil+, +false+, +true+, symbol, number and BigDecimal(in 1.9.x) objects;
   # true otherwise.
   def duplicable?
     true
@@ -78,6 +78,9 @@ end
 
 require 'bigdecimal'
 class BigDecimal
+  # Needed to support Ruby 1.9.x, as it doesn't allow dup on BigDecimal, instead
+  # raises TypeError exception. Checking here on the runtime whether BigDecimal
+  # will allow dup or not.
   begin
     BigDecimal.new('4.56').dup
 
@@ -88,3 +91,13 @@ class BigDecimal
     # can't dup, so use superclass implementation
   end
 end
+
+class Method
+  # Methods are not duplicable:
+  #
+  #  method(:puts).duplicable? # => false
+  #  method(:puts).dup         # => TypeError: allocator undefined for Method
+  def duplicable?
+    false
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
index b5671f66d0..55f281b213 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
@@ -12,4 +12,16 @@ class Object
   rescue NoMethodError
     raise ArgumentError.new("The parameter passed to #in? must respond to #include?")
   end
+
+  # Returns the receiver if it's included in the argument otherwise returns +nil+.
+  # Argument must be any object which responds to +#include?+. Usage:
+  #
+  #   params[:bucket_type].presence_in %w( project calendar )
+  #
+  # This will throw an ArgumentError if the argument doesn't respond to +#include?+.
+  #
+  # @return [Object]
+  def presence_in(another_object)
+    self.in?(another_object) ? self : nil
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/itself.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/itself.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d71cea6674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/itself.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+class Object
+  # TODO: Remove this file when we drop support for Ruby < 2.2
+  unless respond_to?(:itself)
+    # Returns the object itself.
+    #
+    # Useful for chaining methods, such as Active Record scopes:
+    #
+    #   Event.public_send(state.presence_in([ :trashed, :drafted ]) || :itself).order(:created_at)
+    #
+    # @return Object
+    def itself
+      self
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb
index 8e08cfbf26..698b2d1920 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
 # bypassed completely. This means that as_json won't be invoked and the JSON gem will simply
 # ignore any options it does not natively understand. This also means that ::JSON.{generate,dump}
 # should give exactly the same results with or without active support.
-[Object, Array, FalseClass, Float, Hash, Integer, NilClass, String, TrueClass].each do |klass|
+[Object, Array, FalseClass, Float, Hash, Integer, NilClass, String, TrueClass, Enumerable].each do |klass|
   klass.class_eval do
     def to_json_with_active_support_encoder(options = nil)
       if options.is_a?(::JSON::State)
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ end
 
 class Time
   def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
+    if ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format
       xmlschema(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision)
     else
       %(#{strftime("%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S")} #{formatted_offset(false)})
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ end
 
 class Date
   def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
+    if ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format
       strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
     else
       strftime("%Y/%m/%d")
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ end
 
 class DateTime
   def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
+    if ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format
       xmlschema(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision)
     else
       strftime('%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S %z')
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3dcae6fc7f..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'You have required `active_support/core_ext/object/to_json`. ' \
-  'This file will be removed in Rails 4.2. You should require `active_support/core_ext/object/json` ' \
-  'instead.'
-
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb
index 13be0038c2..684d4ef57e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb
@@ -1,62 +1 @@
-class Object
-  # Alias of <tt>to_s</tt>.
-  def to_param
-    to_s
-  end
-end
-
-class NilClass
-  # Returns +self+.
-  def to_param
-    self
-  end
-end
-
-class TrueClass
-  # Returns +self+.
-  def to_param
-    self
-  end
-end
-
-class FalseClass
-  # Returns +self+.
-  def to_param
-    self
-  end
-end
-
-class Array
-  # Calls <tt>to_param</tt> on all its elements and joins the result with
-  # slashes. This is used by <tt>url_for</tt> in Action Pack.
-  def to_param
-    collect { |e| e.to_param }.join '/'
-  end
-end
-
-class Hash
-  # Returns a string representation of the receiver suitable for use as a URL
-  # query string:
-  #
-  #   {name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_param
-  #   # => "name=David&nationality=Danish"
-  #
-  # An optional namespace can be passed to enclose the param names:
-  #
-  #   {name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_param('user')
-  #   # => "user[name]=David&user[nationality]=Danish"
-  #
-  # The string pairs "key=value" that conform the query string
-  # are sorted lexicographically in ascending order.
-  #
-  # This method is also aliased as +to_query+.
-  def to_param(namespace = nil)
-    if empty?
-      namespace ? nil.to_query(namespace) : ''
-    else
-      collect do |key, value|
-        value.to_query(namespace ? "#{namespace}[#{key}]" : key)
-      end.sort! * '&'
-    end
-  end
-end
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_query'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb
index 37352fa608..ccd568bbf5 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,46 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
+require 'cgi'
 
 class Object
-  # Converts an object into a string suitable for use as a URL query string, using the given <tt>key</tt> as the
-  # param name.
-  #
-  # Note: This method is defined as a default implementation for all Objects for Hash#to_query to work.
+  # Alias of <tt>to_s</tt>.
+  def to_param
+    to_s
+  end
+
+  # Converts an object into a string suitable for use as a URL query string,
+  # using the given <tt>key</tt> as the param name.
   def to_query(key)
-    require 'cgi' unless defined?(CGI) && defined?(CGI::escape)
     "#{CGI.escape(key.to_param)}=#{CGI.escape(to_param.to_s)}"
   end
 end
 
+class NilClass
+  # Returns +self+.
+  def to_param
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class TrueClass
+  # Returns +self+.
+  def to_param
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class FalseClass
+  # Returns +self+.
+  def to_param
+    self
+  end
+end
+
 class Array
+  # Calls <tt>to_param</tt> on all its elements and joins the result with
+  # slashes. This is used by <tt>url_for</tt> in Action Pack.
+  def to_param
+    collect { |e| e.to_param }.join '/'
+  end
+
   # Converts an array into a string suitable for use as a URL query string,
   # using the given +key+ as the param name.
   #
@@ -28,5 +57,28 @@ class Array
 end
 
 class Hash
-  alias_method :to_query, :to_param
+  # Returns a string representation of the receiver suitable for use as a URL
+  # query string:
+  #
+  #   {name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_query
+  #   # => "name=David&nationality=Danish"
+  #
+  # An optional namespace can be passed to enclose key names:
+  #
+  #   {name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_query('user')
+  #   # => "user%5Bname%5D=David&user%5Bnationality%5D=Danish"
+  #
+  # The string pairs "key=value" that conform the query string
+  # are sorted lexicographically in ascending order.
+  #
+  # This method is also aliased as +to_param+.
+  def to_query(namespace = nil)
+    collect do |key, value|
+      unless (value.is_a?(Hash) || value.is_a?(Array)) && value.empty?
+        value.to_query(namespace ? "#{namespace}[#{key}]" : key)
+      end
+    end.compact.sort! * '&'
+  end
+
+  alias_method :to_param, :to_query
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
index 48190e1e66..31919474ed 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,11 @@ class Object
   #     ...
   #   end
   #
+  # You can also call try with a block without accepting an argument, and the block
+  # will be instance_eval'ed instead:
+  #
+  #   @person.try { upcase.truncate(50) }
+  #
   # Please also note that +try+ is defined on +Object+, therefore it won't work
   # with instances of classes that do not have +Object+ among their ancestors,
   # like direct subclasses of +BasicObject+. For example, using +try+ with
@@ -40,7 +45,11 @@ class Object
   # delegator itself.
   def try(*a, &b)
     if a.empty? && block_given?
-      yield self
+      if b.arity.zero?
+        instance_eval(&b)
+      else
+        yield self
+      end
     else
       public_send(*a, &b) if respond_to?(a.first)
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb
index 42e388b065..42e87c4424 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb
@@ -34,9 +34,22 @@ class Object
   #     body    i18n.t :body, user_name: user.name
   #   end
   #
+  # When you don't pass an explicit receiver, it executes the whole block
+  # in merging options context:
+  #
+  #   class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     with_options dependent: :destroy do
+  #       has_many :customers
+  #       has_many :products
+  #       has_many :invoices
+  #       has_many :expenses
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
   # <tt>with_options</tt> can also be nested since the call is forwarded to its receiver.
   # Each nesting level will merge inherited defaults in addition to their own.
-  def with_options(options)
-    yield ActiveSupport::OptionMerger.new(self, options)
+  def with_options(options, &block)
+    option_merger = ActiveSupport::OptionMerger.new(self, options)
+    block.arity.zero? ? option_merger.instance_eval(&block) : block.call(option_merger)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
index 6018fd9641..ebd0dd3fc7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class String
 
   # Returns the first character. If a limit is supplied, returns a substring
   # from the beginning of the string until it reaches the limit value. If the
-  # given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns self.
+  # given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns a copy of self.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
   #   str.first    # => "h"
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class String
     if limit == 0
       ''
     elsif limit >= size
-      self
+      self.dup
     else
       to(limit - 1)
     end
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class String
 
   # Returns the last character of the string. If a limit is supplied, returns a substring
   # from the end of the string until it reaches the limit value (counting backwards). If
-  # the given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns self.
+  # the given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns a copy of self.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
   #   str.last    # => "o"
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class String
     if limit == 0
       ''
     elsif limit >= size
-      self
+      self.dup
     else
       from(-limit)
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
index 49c0df6026..1dfaf76673 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
@@ -62,4 +62,28 @@ class String
 
     "#{self[0, stop]}#{omission}"
   end
+
+  # Truncates a given +text+ after a given number of words (<tt>words_count</tt>):
+  #
+  #   'Once upon a time in a world far far away'.truncate_words(4)
+  #   # => "Once upon a time..."
+  #
+  # Pass a string or regexp <tt>:separator</tt> to specify a different separator of words:
+  #
+  #   'Once<br>upon<br>a<br>time<br>in<br>a<br>world'.truncate_words(5, separator: '<br>')
+  #   # => "Once<br>upon<br>a<br>time<br>in..."
+  #
+  # The last characters will be replaced with the <tt>:omission</tt> string (defaults to "..."):
+  #
+  #   'And they found that many people were sleeping better.'.truncate_words(5, omission: '... (continued)')
+  #   # => "And they found that many... (continued)"
+  def truncate_words(words_count, options = {})
+    sep = options[:separator] || /\s+/
+    sep = Regexp.escape(sep.to_s) unless Regexp === sep
+    if self =~ /\A((?:.+?#{sep}){#{words_count - 1}}.+?)#{sep}.*/m
+      $1 + (options[:omission] || '...')
+    else
+      dup
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
index cf9b1a4ec0..a943752f17 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class String
   def pluralize(count = nil, locale = :en)
     locale = count if count.is_a?(Symbol)
     if count == 1
-      self
+      self.dup
     else
       ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(self, locale)
     end
@@ -130,6 +130,8 @@ class String
   #
   #   'ActiveRecord::CoreExtensions::String::Inflections'.demodulize # => "Inflections"
   #   'Inflections'.demodulize                                       # => "Inflections"
+  #   '::Inflections'.demodulize                                     # => "Inflections"
+  #   ''.demodulize                                                  # => ''
   #
   # See also +deconstantize+.
   def demodulize
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
index eb02b6a442..c761325108 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 require 'erb'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
 class ERB
   module Util
     HTML_ESCAPE = { '&' => '&amp;',  '>' => '&gt;',   '<' => '&lt;', '"' => '&quot;', "'" => '&#39;' }
     JSON_ESCAPE = { '&' => '\u0026', '>' => '\u003e', '<' => '\u003c', "\u2028" => '\u2028', "\u2029" => '\u2029' }
     HTML_ESCAPE_REGEXP = /[&"'><]/
-    HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP = /["><']|&(?!([a-zA-Z]+|(#\d+));)/
+    HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP = /["><']|&(?!([a-zA-Z]+|(#\d+)|(#[xX][\dA-Fa-f]+));)/
     JSON_ESCAPE_REGEXP = /[\u2028\u2029&><]/u
 
     # A utility method for escaping HTML tag characters.
@@ -18,12 +19,7 @@ class ERB
     #   puts html_escape('is a > 0 & a < 10?')
     #   # => is a &gt; 0 &amp; a &lt; 10?
     def html_escape(s)
-      s = s.to_s
-      if s.html_safe?
-        s
-      else
-        s.gsub(HTML_ESCAPE_REGEXP, HTML_ESCAPE).html_safe
-      end
+      unwrapped_html_escape(s).html_safe
     end
 
     # Aliasing twice issues a warning "discarding old...". Remove first to avoid it.
@@ -35,6 +31,18 @@ class ERB
     singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :html_escape)
     module_function :html_escape
 
+    # HTML escapes strings but doesn't wrap them with an ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.
+    # This method is not for public consumption! Seriously!
+    def unwrapped_html_escape(s) # :nodoc:
+      s = s.to_s
+      if s.html_safe?
+        s
+      else
+        s.gsub(HTML_ESCAPE_REGEXP, HTML_ESCAPE)
+      end
+    end
+    module_function :unwrapped_html_escape
+
     # A utility method for escaping HTML without affecting existing escaped entities.
     #
     #   html_escape_once('1 < 2 &amp; 3')
@@ -124,7 +132,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
   class SafeBuffer < String
     UNSAFE_STRING_METHODS = %w(
       capitalize chomp chop delete downcase gsub lstrip next reverse rstrip
-      slice squeeze strip sub succ swapcase tr tr_s upcase prepend
+      slice squeeze strip sub succ swapcase tr tr_s upcase
     )
 
     alias_method :original_concat, :concat
@@ -170,14 +178,19 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     end
 
     def concat(value)
-      if !html_safe? || value.html_safe?
-        super(value)
-      else
-        super(ERB::Util.h(value))
-      end
+      super(html_escape_interpolated_argument(value))
     end
     alias << concat
 
+    def prepend(value)
+      super(html_escape_interpolated_argument(value))
+    end
+
+    def prepend!(value)
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.deprecation_warning "ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend!", :prepend
+      prepend value
+    end
+
     def +(other)
       dup.concat(other)
     end
@@ -227,7 +240,8 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     private
 
     def html_escape_interpolated_argument(arg)
-      (!html_safe? || arg.html_safe?) ? arg : ERB::Util.h(arg)
+      (!html_safe? || arg.html_safe?) ? arg :
+        arg.to_s.gsub(ERB::Util::HTML_ESCAPE_REGEXP, ERB::Util::HTML_ESCAPE)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb
index ac1ffa4128..4cd6634558 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb
@@ -62,6 +62,13 @@ class Thread
     _locals.has_key?(key.to_sym)
   end
 
+  # Freezes the thread so that thread local variables cannot be set via
+  # Thread#thread_variable_set, nor can fiber local variables be set.
+  #
+  #   me = Thread.current
+  #   me.freeze
+  #   me.thread_variable_set(:oliver, "a")  #=> RuntimeError: can't modify frozen thread locals
+  #   me[:oliver] = "a"                     #=> RuntimeError: can't modify frozen thread locals
   def freeze
     _locals.freeze
     super
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
index 89cd7516cd..6a7bf7445a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ class Time
     elsif zone
       ::Time.local(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec, new_usec)
     else
+      raise ArgumentError, 'argument out of range' if new_usec > 999999
       ::Time.new(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec + (new_usec.to_r / 1000000), utc_offset)
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
index 9fd26156c7..dbf1f2f373 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class Time
     :iso8601      => lambda { |time| time.iso8601 }
   }
 
-  # Converts to a formatted string. See DATE_FORMATS for builtin formats.
+  # Converts to a formatted string. See DATE_FORMATS for built-in formats.
   #
   # This method is aliased to <tt>to_s</tt>.
   #
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
index 59675d744e..93a11d4586 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
@@ -180,13 +180,14 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         Dependencies.load_missing_constant(from_mod, const_name)
       end
 
-      # Dependencies assumes the name of the module reflects the nesting (unless
-      # it can be proven that is not the case), and the path to the file that
-      # defines the constant. Anonymous modules cannot follow these conventions
-      # and we assume therefore the user wants to refer to a top-level constant.
+      # We assume that the name of the module reflects the nesting
+      # (unless it can be proven that is not the case) and the path to the file
+      # that defines the constant. Anonymous modules cannot follow these
+      # conventions and therefore we assume that the user wants to refer to a
+      # top-level constant.
       def guess_for_anonymous(const_name)
         if Object.const_defined?(const_name)
-          raise NameError, "#{const_name} cannot be autoloaded from an anonymous class or module"
+          raise NameError.new "#{const_name} cannot be autoloaded from an anonymous class or module", const_name
         else
           Object
         end
@@ -515,9 +516,9 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         end
       end
 
-      raise NameError,
-            "uninitialized constant #{qualified_name}",
-            caller.reject { |l| l.starts_with? __FILE__ }
+      name_error = NameError.new("uninitialized constant #{qualified_name}", const_name)
+      name_error.set_backtrace(caller.reject {|l| l.starts_with? __FILE__ })
+      raise name_error
     end
 
     # Remove the constants that have been autoloaded, and those that have been
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
index ab16977bda..46e9996d59 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # and the second is a library name
     #
     #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.new('2.0', 'MyLibrary')
-    def initialize(deprecation_horizon = '4.2', gem_name = 'Rails')
+    def initialize(deprecation_horizon = '5.0', gem_name = 'Rails')
       self.gem_name = gem_name
       self.deprecation_horizon = deprecation_horizon
       # By default, warnings are not silenced and debugging is off.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
index 7df4857c25..1a6c02a39b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
     alias :kind_of? :is_a?
 
+    def instance_of?(klass) # :nodoc:
+      Duration == klass || value.instance_of?(klass)
+    end
+
     # Returns +true+ if +other+ is also a Duration instance with the
     # same +value+, or if <tt>other == value</tt>.
     def ==(other)
@@ -49,6 +53,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
+    def eql?(other)
+      other.is_a?(Duration) && self == other
+    end
+
     def self.===(other) #:nodoc:
       other.is_a?(Duration)
     rescue ::NoMethodError
@@ -101,8 +109,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       # We define it as a workaround to Ruby 2.0.0-p353 bug.
       # For more information, check rails/rails#13055.
-      # It should be dropped once a new Ruby patch-level
-      # release after 2.0.0-p353 happens.
+      # Remove it when we drop support for 2.0.0-p353.
       def ===(other) #:nodoc:
         value === other
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_watcher.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_watcher.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 81e63e76a7..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_watcher.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveSupport
-  class FileWatcher
-    class Backend
-      def initialize(path, watcher)
-        @watcher = watcher
-        @path    = path
-      end
-
-      def trigger(files)
-        @watcher.trigger(files)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def initialize
-      @regex_matchers = {}
-    end
-
-    def watch(pattern, &block)
-      @regex_matchers[pattern] = block
-    end
-
-    def trigger(files)
-      trigger_files = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = Hash.new { |h2,k2| h2[k2] = [] } }
-
-      files.each do |file, state|
-        @regex_matchers.each do |pattern, block|
-          trigger_files[block][state] << file if pattern === file
-        end
-      end
-
-      trigger_files.each do |block, payload|
-        block.call payload
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a2b4c1618
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Active Support as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 2
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "beta1"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
index 594a4ca938..3d8f2d572b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def initialize(constructor = {})
-      if constructor.is_a?(Hash)
+      if constructor.respond_to?(:to_hash)
         super()
         update(constructor)
       else
@@ -72,8 +72,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def self.new_from_hash_copying_default(hash)
+      hash = hash.to_hash
       new(hash).tap do |new_hash|
         new_hash.default = hash.default
+        new_hash.default_proc = hash.default_proc if hash.default_proc
       end
     end
 
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       if other_hash.is_a? HashWithIndifferentAccess
         super(other_hash)
       else
-        other_hash.each_pair do |key, value|
+        other_hash.to_hash.each_pair do |key, value|
           if block_given? && key?(key)
             value = yield(convert_key(key), self[key], value)
           end
@@ -175,7 +177,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       indices.collect { |key| self[convert_key(key)] }
     end
 
-    # Returns an exact copy of the hash.
+    # Returns a shallow copy of the hash.
+    #
+    #   hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ a: { b: 'b' } })
+    #   dup  = hash.dup
+    #   dup[:a][:c] = 'c'
+    #
+    #   hash[:a][:c] # => nil
+    #   dup[:a][:c]  # => "c"
     def dup
       self.class.new(self).tap do |new_hash|
         new_hash.default = default
@@ -237,11 +246,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Convert to a regular hash with string keys.
     def to_hash
-      _new_hash= {}
+      _new_hash = Hash.new(default)
       each do |key, value|
-        _new_hash[convert_key(key)] = convert_value(value, for: :to_hash)
+        _new_hash[key] = convert_value(value, for: :to_hash)
       end
-      Hash.new(default).merge!(_new_hash)
+      _new_hash
     end
 
     protected
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
index 23cd6716e3..affcfb7398 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ module I18n
     config.i18n.railties_load_path = []
     config.i18n.load_path = []
     config.i18n.fallbacks = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-    # Enforce I18n to check the available locales when setting a locale.
-    config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = true
 
     # Set the i18n configuration after initialization since a lot of
     # configuration is still usually done in application initializers.
@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ module I18n
       # Avoid issues with setting the default_locale by disabling available locales
       # check while configuring.
       enforce_available_locales = app.config.i18n.delete(:enforce_available_locales)
-      enforce_available_locales = I18n.enforce_available_locales unless I18n.enforce_available_locales.nil?
+      enforce_available_locales = I18n.enforce_available_locales if enforce_available_locales.nil?
       I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 
       app.config.i18n.each do |setting, value|
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
index eda0edff28..97401ccec7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   uncountable 'money', 'information'
       #   uncountable %w( money information rice )
       def uncountable(*words)
-        (@uncountables << words).flatten!
+        @uncountables += words.flatten.map(&:downcase)
       end
 
       # Specifies a humanized form of a string by a regular expression rule or
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
index b642d87d76..f35e71ce81 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
@@ -89,8 +89,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     #   'SSLError'.underscore.camelize # => "SslError"
     def underscore(camel_cased_word)
+      return camel_cased_word unless camel_cased_word =~ /[A-Z-]|::/
       word = camel_cased_word.to_s.gsub('::', '/')
-      word.gsub!(/(?:([A-Za-z\d])|^)(#{inflections.acronym_regex})(?=\b|[^a-z])/) { "#{$1}#{$1 && '_'}#{$2.downcase}" }
+      word.gsub!(/(?:([A-Za-z\d])|\b)(#{inflections.acronym_regex})(?=\b|[^a-z])/) { "#{$1}#{$1 && '_'}#{$2.downcase}" }
       word.gsub!(/([A-Z\d]+)([A-Z][a-z])/,'\1_\2')
       word.gsub!(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/,'\1_\2')
       word.tr!("-", "_")
@@ -98,26 +99,46 @@ module ActiveSupport
       word
     end
 
-    # Capitalizes the first word, turns underscores into spaces, and strips a
-    # trailing '_id' if present.
-    # Like +titleize+, this is meant for creating pretty output.
+    # Tweaks an attribute name for display to end users.
+    #
+    # Specifically, +humanize+ performs these transformations:
+    #
+    #   * Applies human inflection rules to the argument.
+    #   * Deletes leading underscores, if any.
+    #   * Removes a "_id" suffix if present.
+    #   * Replaces underscores with spaces, if any.
+    #   * Downcases all words except acronyms.
+    #   * Capitalizes the first word.
     #
     # The capitalization of the first word can be turned off by setting the
-    # optional parameter +capitalize+ to false.
-    # By default, this parameter is true.
+    # +:capitalize+ option to false (default is true).
     #
     #   humanize('employee_salary')              # => "Employee salary"
     #   humanize('author_id')                    # => "Author"
     #   humanize('author_id', capitalize: false) # => "author"
+    #   humanize('_id')                          # => "Id"
+    #
+    # If "SSL" was defined to be an acronym:
+    #
+    #   humanize('ssl_error') # => "SSL error"
+    #
     def humanize(lower_case_and_underscored_word, options = {})
       result = lower_case_and_underscored_word.to_s.dup
+
       inflections.humans.each { |(rule, replacement)| break if result.sub!(rule, replacement) }
-      result.gsub!(/_id$/, "")
+
+      result.sub!(/\A_+/, '')
+      result.sub!(/_id\z/, '')
       result.tr!('_', ' ')
-      result.gsub!(/([a-z\d]*)/i) { |match|
+
+      result.gsub!(/([a-z\d]*)/i) do |match|
         "#{inflections.acronyms[match] || match.downcase}"
-      }
-      result.gsub!(/^\w/) { |match| match.upcase } if options.fetch(:capitalize, true)
+      end
+
+      if options.fetch(:capitalize, true)
+        result.sub!(/\A\w/) { |match| match.upcase }
+      end
+
       result
     end
 
@@ -154,7 +175,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # Singular names are not handled correctly:
     #
-    #   'business'.classify     # => "Busines"
+    #   'calculus'.classify     # => "Calculu"
     def classify(table_name)
       # strip out any leading schema name
       camelize(singularize(table_name.to_s.sub(/.*\./, '')))
@@ -171,6 +192,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     #   'ActiveRecord::CoreExtensions::String::Inflections'.demodulize # => "Inflections"
     #   'Inflections'.demodulize                                       # => "Inflections"
+    #   '::Inflections'.demodulize                                     # => "Inflections"
+    #   ''.demodulize                                                  # => ""
     #
     # See also +deconstantize+.
     def demodulize(path)
@@ -227,7 +250,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     def constantize(camel_cased_word)
       names = camel_cased_word.split('::')
 
-      # Trigger a builtin NameError exception including the ill-formed constant in the message.
+      # Trigger a built-in NameError exception including the ill-formed constant in the message.
       Object.const_get(camel_cased_word) if names.empty?
 
       # Remove the first blank element in case of '::ClassName' notation.
@@ -241,8 +264,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
           next candidate if constant.const_defined?(name, false)
           next candidate unless Object.const_defined?(name)
 
-          # Go down the ancestors to check it it's owned
-          # directly before we reach Object or the end of ancestors.
+          # Go down the ancestors to check if it is owned directly. The check
+          # stops when we reach Object or the end of ancestors tree.
           constant = constant.ancestors.inject do |const, ancestor|
             break const    if ancestor == Object
             break ancestor if ancestor.const_defined?(name, false)
@@ -280,8 +303,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     def safe_constantize(camel_cased_word)
       constantize(camel_cased_word)
     rescue NameError => e
-      raise unless e.message =~ /(uninitialized constant|wrong constant name) #{const_regexp(camel_cased_word)}$/ ||
-        e.name.to_s == camel_cased_word.to_s
+      raise if e.name && !(camel_cased_word.to_s.split("::").include?(e.name.to_s) ||
+        e.name.to_s == camel_cased_word.to_s)
     rescue ArgumentError => e
       raise unless e.message =~ /not missing constant #{const_regexp(camel_cased_word)}\!$/
     end
@@ -325,10 +348,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     private
 
-    # Mount a regular expression that will match part by part of the constant.
+    # Mounts a regular expression, returned as a string to ease interpolation,
+    # that will match part by part the given constant.
     #
-    #   const_regexp("Foo::Bar::Baz") # => /Foo(::Bar(::Baz)?)?/
-    #   const_regexp("::")            # => /::/
+    #   const_regexp("Foo::Bar::Baz") # => "Foo(::Bar(::Baz)?)?"
+    #   const_regexp("::")            # => "::"
     def const_regexp(camel_cased_word) #:nodoc:
       parts = camel_cased_word.split("::")
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
index b019ad0dec..92ab6fe648 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Options:
     # * <tt>:cipher</tt>     - Cipher to use. Can be any cipher returned by
     #   <tt>OpenSSL::Cipher.ciphers</tt>. Default is 'aes-256-cbc'.
+    # * <tt>:digest</tt> - String of digest to use for signing. Default is +SHA1+.
     # * <tt>:serializer</tt> - Object serializer to use. Default is +Marshal+.
     def initialize(secret, *signature_key_or_options)
       options = signature_key_or_options.extract_options!
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       @secret = secret
       @sign_secret = sign_secret
       @cipher = options[:cipher] || 'aes-256-cbc'
-      @verifier = MessageVerifier.new(@sign_secret || @secret, :serializer => NullSerializer)
+      @verifier = MessageVerifier.new(@sign_secret || @secret, digest: options[:digest] || 'SHA1', serializer: NullSerializer)
       @serializer = options[:serializer] || Marshal
     end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
index ea3cdcd024..89009d1f55 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
@@ -213,7 +213,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       # Ruby >= 2.1 has String#scrub, which is faster than the workaround used for < 2.1.
-      if '<3'.respond_to?(:scrub)
+      # Rubinius' String#scrub, however, doesn't support ASCII-incompatible chars.
+      if '<3'.respond_to?(:scrub) && !defined?(Rubinius)
         # Replaces all ISO-8859-1 or CP1252 characters by their UTF-8 equivalent
         # resulting in a valid UTF-8 string.
         #
@@ -335,7 +336,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           begin
             @codepoints, @composition_exclusion, @composition_map, @boundary, @cp1252 = File.open(self.class.filename, 'rb') { |f| Marshal.load f.read }
           rescue => e
-              raise IOError.new("Couldn't load the Unicode tables for UTF8Handler (#{e.message}), ActiveSupport::Multibyte is unusable")
+            raise IOError.new("Couldn't load the Unicode tables for UTF8Handler (#{e.message}), ActiveSupport::Multibyte is unusable")
           end
 
           # Redefine the === method so we can write shorter rules for grapheme cluster breaks
@@ -367,6 +368,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       private
 
       def apply_mapping(string, mapping) #:nodoc:
+        database.codepoints
         string.each_codepoint.map do |codepoint|
           cp = database.codepoints[codepoint]
           if cp and (ncp = cp.send(mapping)) and ncp > 0
@@ -384,7 +386,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def database
         @database ||= UnicodeDatabase.new
       end
-
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
index 7a96c66626..325a3d75dc 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
@@ -141,6 +141,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #
   #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscriber)
   #
+  # You can also unsubscribe by passing the name of the subscriber object. Note
+  # that this will unsubscribe all subscriptions with the given name:
+  #
+  #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe("render")
+  #
   # == Default Queue
   #
   # Notifications ships with a queue implementation that consumes and publishes events
@@ -173,8 +178,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
         unsubscribe(subscriber)
       end
 
-      def unsubscribe(args)
-        notifier.unsubscribe(args)
+      def unsubscribe(subscriber_or_name)
+        notifier.unsubscribe(subscriber_or_name)
       end
 
       def instrumenter
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
index 8f5fa646e8..6bf8c7d5de 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
@@ -25,9 +25,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
         subscriber
       end
 
-      def unsubscribe(subscriber)
+      def unsubscribe(subscriber_or_name)
         synchronize do
-          @subscribers.reject! { |s| s.matches?(subscriber) }
+          case subscriber_or_name
+          when String
+            @subscribers.reject! { |s| s.matches?(subscriber_or_name) }
+          else
+            @subscribers.delete(subscriber_or_name)
+          end
+
           @listeners_for.clear
         end
       end
@@ -97,12 +103,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
           end
 
           def subscribed_to?(name)
-            @pattern === name.to_s
+            @pattern === name
           end
 
-          def matches?(subscriber_or_name)
-            self === subscriber_or_name ||
-              @pattern && @pattern === subscriber_or_name
+          def matches?(name)
+            @pattern && @pattern === name
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
index b169e3af01..5ecda9593a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
@@ -232,12 +232,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2)                  # => 1.2 MB
     #   number_to_human_size(483989, precision: 2)                   # => 470 KB
     #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2, separator: ',')  # => 1,2 MB
-    #
-    # Non-significant zeros after the fractional separator are stripped out by
-    # default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to +false+ to change that):
-    #
-    #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5) # => "1.1229 TB"
-    #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)     # => "500 MB"
+    #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5)            # => "1.1228 TB"
+    #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)                # => "500 MB"
     def number_to_human_size(number, options = {})
       NumberToHumanSizeConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
@@ -305,12 +301,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #                            separator: ',',
     #                            significant: false) # => "1,2 Million"
     #
+    #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)           # => "500 Million"
+    #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant: false)   # => "12.345 Billion"
+    #
     # Non-significant zeros after the decimal separator are stripped
     # out by default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to
     # +false+ to change that):
     #
-    #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant_digits: 6) # => "12.345 Billion"
-    #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)            # => "500 Million"
+    # number_to_human(12.00001)                                       # => "12"
+    # number_to_human(12.00001, strip_insignificant_zeros: false)     # => "12.0"
     #
     # ==== Custom Unit Quantifiers
     #
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb
index 6405afc9a6..d85cc086d7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         def parts
           left, right = number.to_s.split('.')
-          left.gsub!(DELIMITED_REGEX) { "#{$1}#{options[:delimiter]}" }
+          left.gsub!(DELIMITED_REGEX) do |digit_to_delimit|
+            "#{digit_to_delimit}#{options[:delimiter]}"
+          end
           [left, right].compact
         end
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb
index c42354fc83..dcf9a567e8 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb
@@ -12,11 +12,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         when Float, String
           @number = BigDecimal(number.to_s)
         when Rational
-          if significant
-            @number = BigDecimal(number, digit_count(number.to_i) + precision)
-          else
-            @number = BigDecimal(number, precision)
-          end
+          @number = BigDecimal(number, digit_count(number.to_i) + precision)
         else
           @number = number.to_d
         end
@@ -32,13 +28,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         formatted_string =
-          case rounded_number
-          when BigDecimal
+          if BigDecimal === rounded_number && rounded_number.finite?
             s = rounded_number.to_s('F') + '0'*precision
             a, b = s.split('.', 2)
             a + '.' + b[0, precision]
           else
-            "%01.#{precision}f" % rounded_number
+            "%00.#{precision}f" % rounded_number
           end
 
         delimited_number = NumberToDelimitedConverter.convert(formatted_string, options)
@@ -64,7 +59,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         def digit_count(number)
-          (Math.log10(absolute_number(number)) + 1).floor
+          number.zero? ? 1 : (Math.log10(absolute_number(number)) + 1).floor
         end
 
         def strip_insignificant_zeros
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
index e55ffd12c3..dea84e437f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     private
       def method_missing(method, *arguments, &block)
-        if arguments.last.is_a?(Proc)
+        if arguments.first.is_a?(Proc)
           proc = arguments.pop
           arguments << lambda { |*args| @options.deep_merge(proc.call(*args)) }
         else
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
index 58a2ce2105..4680d5acb7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       coder.represent_seq '!omap', map { |k,v| { k => v } }
     end
 
+    def select(*args, &block)
+      dup.tap { |hash| hash.select!(*args, &block) }
+    end
+
     def reject(*args, &block)
       dup.tap { |hash| hash.reject!(*args, &block) }
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
index 4b9b48539f..98be78b41b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
@@ -64,12 +64,21 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def add_event_subscriber(event)
         return if %w{ start finish }.include?(event.to_s)
 
-        notifier.subscribe("#{event}.#{namespace}", subscriber)
+        pattern = "#{event}.#{namespace}"
+
+        # don't add multiple subscribers (eg. if methods are redefined)
+        return if subscriber.patterns.include?(pattern)
+
+        subscriber.patterns << pattern
+        notifier.subscribe(pattern, subscriber)
       end
     end
 
+    attr_reader :patterns # :nodoc:
+
     def initialize
       @queue_key = [self.class.name, object_id].join "-"
+      @patterns  = []
       super
     end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
index 2fb5c04316..0df599b692 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
@@ -11,25 +11,15 @@ require 'active_support/testing/time_helpers'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
-begin
-  silence_warnings { require 'mocha/setup' }
-rescue LoadError
-end
-
 module ActiveSupport
   class TestCase < ::Minitest::Test
     Assertion = Minitest::Assertion
 
-    alias_method :method_name, :name
-
-    $tags = {}
-    def self.for_tag(tag)
-      yield if $tags[tag]
+    class << self
+      alias :my_tests_are_order_dependent! :i_suck_and_my_tests_are_order_dependent!
     end
 
-    # FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
-    # remove this method call.
-    self.i_suck_and_my_tests_are_order_dependent!
+    alias_method :method_name, :name
 
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::TaggedLogging
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::SetupAndTeardown
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
index 76a591bc3b..11cca82995 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       #   assert_not nil    # => true
       #   assert_not false  # => true
-      #   assert_not 'foo'  # => 'foo' is not nil or false
+      #   assert_not 'foo'  # => Expected "foo" to be nil or false
       #
       # An error message can be specified.
       #
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/constant_lookup.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/constant_lookup.rb
index 1b2a75c35d..07d477c0db 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/constant_lookup.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/constant_lookup.rb
@@ -36,12 +36,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
           while names.size > 0 do
             names.last.sub!(/Test$/, "")
             begin
-              constant = names.join("::").constantize
+              constant = names.join("::").safe_constantize
               break(constant) if yield(constant)
-            rescue NoMethodError # subclass of NameError
-              raise
-            rescue NameError
-              # Constant wasn't found, move on
             ensure
               names.pop
             end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
index c349bb5fb1..0bf3643a56 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
@@ -1,30 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveSupport
   module Testing
     module Declarative
-
-      def self.extended(klass) #:nodoc:
-        klass.class_eval do
-
-          unless method_defined?(:describe)
-            def self.describe(text)
-              if block_given?
-                super
-              else
-                message = "`describe` without a block is deprecated, please switch to: `def self.name; #{text.inspect}; end`\n"
-                ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-
-                class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-                  def self.name
-                    "#{text}"
-                  end
-                RUBY_EVAL
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-        end
-      end
-
       unless defined?(Spec)
         # Helper to define a test method using a String. Under the hood, it replaces
         # spaces with underscores and defines the test method.
@@ -34,7 +10,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         #   end
         def test(name, &block)
           test_name = "test_#{name.gsub(/\s+/,'_')}".to_sym
-          defined = instance_method(test_name) rescue false
+          defined = method_defined? test_name
           raise "#{test_name} is already defined in #{self}" if defined
           if block_given?
             define_method(test_name, &block)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
index 908af176be..68bda35980 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
@@ -70,14 +70,24 @@ module ActiveSupport
             exit!
           else
             Tempfile.open("isolation") do |tmpfile|
-              ENV["ISOLATION_TEST"]   = self.class.name
-              ENV["ISOLATION_OUTPUT"] = tmpfile.path
+              env = {
+                ISOLATION_TEST: self.class.name,
+                ISOLATION_OUTPUT: tmpfile.path
+              }
 
               load_paths = $-I.map {|p| "-I\"#{File.expand_path(p)}\"" }.join(" ")
-              `#{Gem.ruby} #{load_paths} #{$0} #{ORIG_ARGV.join(" ")}`
-
-              ENV.delete("ISOLATION_TEST")
-              ENV.delete("ISOLATION_OUTPUT")
+              orig_args = ORIG_ARGV.join(" ")
+              test_opts = "-n#{self.class.name}##{self.name}"
+              command = "#{Gem.ruby} #{load_paths} #{$0} #{orig_args} #{test_opts}"
+
+              # IO.popen lets us pass env in a cross-platform way
+              child = IO.popen([env, command])
+
+              begin
+                Process.wait(child.pid)
+              rescue Errno::ECHILD # The child process may exit before we wait
+                nil
+              end
 
               return tmpfile.read.unpack("m")[0]
             end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb
index f4cee64091..843ce4a867 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       attr_writer :tagged_logger
 
       def before_setup
-        if tagged_logger
+        if tagged_logger && tagged_logger.info?
           heading = "#{self.class}: #{name}"
           divider = '-' * heading.size
           tagged_logger.info divider
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb
index 9e0a3d6345..1112c6e0b1 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def stub_object(object, method_name, return_value)
         key = [object.object_id, method_name]
 
-        if (stub = @stubs[key])
+        if stub = @stubs[key]
           unstub_object(stub)
         end
 
@@ -61,14 +61,27 @@ module ActiveSupport
         travel_to Time.now + duration, &block
       end
 
-      # Changes current time to the given time by stubbing +Time.now+ and +Date.today+ to return the
-      # time or date passed into this method.
+      # Changes current time to the given time by stubbing +Time.now+ and
+      # +Date.today+ to return the time or date passed into this method.
       #
       #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
       #   travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
       #   Time.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004 01:04:44 EST -05:00
       #   Date.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004
       #
+      # Dates are taken as their timestamp at the beginning of the day in the
+      # application time zone. <tt>Time.current</tt> returns said timestamp,
+      # and <tt>Time.now</tt> its equivalent in the system time zone. Similarly,
+      # <tt>Date.current</tt> returns a date equal to the argument, and
+      # <tt>Date.today</tt> the date according to <tt>Time.now</tt>, which may
+      # be different. (Note that you rarely want to deal with <tt>Time.now</tt>,
+      # or <tt>Date.today</tt>, in order to honor the application time zone
+      # please always use <tt>Time.current</tt> and <tt>Date.current</tt>.)
+      #
+      # Note that the usec for the time passed will be set to 0 to prevent rounding
+      # errors with external services, like MySQL (which will round instead of floor,
+      # leading to off-by-one-second errors).
+      #
       # This method also accepts a block, which will return the current time back to its original
       # state at the end of the block:
       #
@@ -78,12 +91,21 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   end
       #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
       def travel_to(date_or_time, &block)
-        simple_stubs.stub_object(Time, :now, date_or_time.to_time)
-        simple_stubs.stub_object(Date, :today, date_or_time.to_date)
+        if date_or_time.is_a?(Date) && !date_or_time.is_a?(DateTime)
+          now = date_or_time.midnight.to_time
+        else
+          now = date_or_time.to_time.change(usec: 0)
+        end
+
+        simple_stubs.stub_object(Time, :now, now)
+        simple_stubs.stub_object(Date, :today, now.to_date)
 
         if block_given?
-          block.call
-          travel_back
+          begin
+            block.call
+          ensure
+            travel_back
+          end
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb
index 92a593965e..ea2d3391bd 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support'
-
 module ActiveSupport
   autoload :Duration, 'active_support/duration'
   autoload :TimeWithZone, 'active_support/time_with_zone'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
index c25c97cfa8..4a0ed356b1 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
@@ -185,8 +185,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
     alias_method :rfc822, :rfc2822
 
-    # <tt>:db</tt> format outputs time in UTC; all others output time in local.
-    # Uses TimeWithZone's +strftime+, so <tt>%Z</tt> and <tt>%z</tt> work correctly.
+    # Returns a string of the object's date and time.
+    # Accepts an optional <tt>format</tt>:
+    # * <tt>:default</tt> - default value, mimics Ruby 1.9 Time#to_s format.
+    # * <tt>:db</tt> - format outputs time in UTC :db time. See Time#to_formatted_s(:db).
+    # * Any key in <tt>Time::DATE_FORMATS</tt> can be used. See active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb.
     def to_s(format = :default)
       if format == :db
         utc.to_s(format)
@@ -259,7 +262,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # If we're subtracting a Duration of variable length (i.e., years, months, days), move backwards from #time,
       # otherwise move backwards #utc, for accuracy when moving across DST boundaries
       if other.acts_like?(:time)
-        utc.to_f - other.to_f
+        to_time - other.to_time
       elsif duration_of_variable_length?(other)
         method_missing(:-, other)
       else
@@ -350,6 +353,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       initialize(variables[0].utc, ::Time.find_zone(variables[1]), variables[2].utc)
     end
 
+    # respond_to_missing? is not called in some cases, such as when type conversion is
+    # performed with Kernel#String
+    def respond_to?(sym, include_priv = false)
+      # ensure that we're not going to throw and rescue from NoMethodError in method_missing which is slow
+      return false if sym.to_sym == :to_str
+      super
+    end
+
     # Ensure proxy class responds to all methods that underlying time instance
     # responds to.
     def respond_to_missing?(sym, include_priv)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
index eb785d46ce..49dfee96ec 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
@@ -188,16 +188,72 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     @lazy_zones_map = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
 
-    # Assumes self represents an offset from UTC in seconds (as returned from
-    # Time#utc_offset) and turns this into an +HH:MM formatted string.
-    #
-    #   TimeZone.seconds_to_utc_offset(-21_600) # => "-06:00"
-    def self.seconds_to_utc_offset(seconds, colon = true)
-      format = colon ? UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON : UTC_OFFSET_WITHOUT_COLON
-      sign = (seconds < 0 ? '-' : '+')
-      hours = seconds.abs / 3600
-      minutes = (seconds.abs % 3600) / 60
-      format % [sign, hours, minutes]
+    class << self
+      # Assumes self represents an offset from UTC in seconds (as returned from
+      # Time#utc_offset) and turns this into an +HH:MM formatted string.
+      #
+      #   TimeZone.seconds_to_utc_offset(-21_600) # => "-06:00"
+      def seconds_to_utc_offset(seconds, colon = true)
+        format = colon ? UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON : UTC_OFFSET_WITHOUT_COLON
+        sign = (seconds < 0 ? '-' : '+')
+        hours = seconds.abs / 3600
+        minutes = (seconds.abs % 3600) / 60
+        format % [sign, hours, minutes]
+      end
+
+      def find_tzinfo(name)
+        TZInfo::TimezoneProxy.new(MAPPING[name] || name)
+      end
+
+      alias_method :create, :new
+
+      # Returns a TimeZone instance with the given name, or +nil+ if no
+      # such TimeZone instance exists. (This exists to support the use of
+      # this class with the +composed_of+ macro.)
+      def new(name)
+        self[name]
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of all TimeZone objects. There are multiple
+      # TimeZone objects per time zone, in many cases, to make it easier
+      # for users to find their own time zone.
+      def all
+        @zones ||= zones_map.values.sort
+      end
+
+      def zones_map
+        @zones_map ||= begin
+          MAPPING.each_key {|place| self[place]} # load all the zones
+          @lazy_zones_map
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Locate a specific time zone object. If the argument is a string, it
+      # is interpreted to mean the name of the timezone to locate. If it is a
+      # numeric value it is either the hour offset, or the second offset, of the
+      # timezone to find. (The first one with that offset will be returned.)
+      # Returns +nil+ if no such time zone is known to the system.
+      def [](arg)
+        case arg
+          when String
+          begin
+            @lazy_zones_map[arg] ||= create(arg).tap { |tz| tz.utc_offset }
+          rescue TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier
+            nil
+          end
+          when Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration
+            arg *= 3600 if arg.abs <= 13
+            all.find { |z| z.utc_offset == arg.to_i }
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "invalid argument to TimeZone[]: #{arg.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # A convenience method for returning a collection of TimeZone objects
+      # for time zones in the USA.
+      def us_zones
+        @us_zones ||= all.find_all { |z| z.name =~ /US|Arizona|Indiana|Hawaii|Alaska/ }
+      end
     end
 
     include Comparable
@@ -220,8 +276,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       if @utc_offset
         @utc_offset
       else
-        @current_period ||= tzinfo.try(:current_period)
-        @current_period.try(:utc_offset)
+        @current_period ||= tzinfo.current_period if tzinfo
+        @current_period.utc_offset if @current_period
       end
     end
 
@@ -282,14 +338,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     #   Time.zone.now               # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00
     #   Time.zone.parse('22:30:00') # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 22:30:00 HST -10:00
-    def parse(str, now=now)
+    #
+    # However, if the date component is not provided, but any other upper
+    # components are supplied, then the day of the month defaults to 1:
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.parse('Mar 2000') # => Wed, 01 Mar 2000 00:00:00 HST -10:00
+    def parse(str, now=now())
       parts = Date._parse(str, false)
       return if parts.empty?
 
       time = Time.new(
         parts.fetch(:year, now.year),
         parts.fetch(:mon, now.month),
-        parts.fetch(:mday, now.day),
+        parts.fetch(:mday, parts[:year] || parts[:mon] ? 1 : now.day),
         parts.fetch(:hour, 0),
         parts.fetch(:min, 0),
         parts.fetch(:sec, 0) + parts.fetch(:sec_fraction, 0),
@@ -356,66 +417,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
       tzinfo.periods_for_local(time)
     end
 
-    def self.find_tzinfo(name)
-      TZInfo::TimezoneProxy.new(MAPPING[name] || name)
-    end
-
-    class << self
-      alias_method :create, :new
-
-      # Returns a TimeZone instance with the given name, or +nil+ if no
-      # such TimeZone instance exists. (This exists to support the use of
-      # this class with the +composed_of+ macro.)
-      def new(name)
-        self[name]
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of all TimeZone objects. There are multiple
-      # TimeZone objects per time zone, in many cases, to make it easier
-      # for users to find their own time zone.
-      def all
-        @zones ||= zones_map.values.sort
-      end
-
-      def zones_map
-        @zones_map ||= begin
-          MAPPING.each_key {|place| self[place]} # load all the zones
-          @lazy_zones_map
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Locate a specific time zone object. If the argument is a string, it
-      # is interpreted to mean the name of the timezone to locate. If it is a
-      # numeric value it is either the hour offset, or the second offset, of the
-      # timezone to find. (The first one with that offset will be returned.)
-      # Returns +nil+ if no such time zone is known to the system.
-      def [](arg)
-        case arg
-          when String
-          begin
-            @lazy_zones_map[arg] ||= create(arg).tap { |tz| tz.utc_offset }
-          rescue TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier
-            nil
-          end
-          when Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration
-            arg *= 3600 if arg.abs <= 13
-            all.find { |z| z.utc_offset == arg.to_i }
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "invalid argument to TimeZone[]: #{arg.inspect}"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # A convenience method for returning a collection of TimeZone objects
-      # for time zones in the USA.
-      def us_zones
-        @us_zones ||= all.find_all { |z| z.name =~ /US|Arizona|Indiana|Hawaii|Alaska/ }
-      end
-    end
-
     private
-
-    def time_now
-      Time.now
-    end
+      def time_now
+        Time.now
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb
index b3f0e7198d..fe03984546 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActiveSupport
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveSupport as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveSupport as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.1.0.beta1"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActiveSupport.version.segments
-    STRING = ActiveSupport.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb b/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 0b393e0c7a..52fbaf8a85 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -36,3 +36,10 @@ end
 def jruby_skip(message = '')
   skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
+
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
+
+# FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+# remove this method call.
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.my_tests_are_order_dependent!
diff --git a/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb b/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
index c3c65cf805..5945605f7b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
@@ -60,36 +60,25 @@ class CacheKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_expand_cache_key_with_rails_cache_id
-    begin
-      ENV['RAILS_CACHE_ID'] = 'c99'
+    with_env('RAILS_CACHE_ID' => 'c99') do
       assert_equal 'c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(:foo)
       assert_equal 'c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo])
       assert_equal 'c99/foo/bar', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo, :bar])
       assert_equal 'nm/c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(:foo, :nm)
       assert_equal 'nm/c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo], :nm)
       assert_equal 'nm/c99/foo/bar', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo, :bar], :nm)
-    ensure
-      ENV['RAILS_CACHE_ID'] = nil
     end
   end
 
   def test_expand_cache_key_with_rails_app_version
-    begin
-      ENV['RAILS_APP_VERSION'] = 'rails3'
+    with_env('RAILS_APP_VERSION' => 'rails3') do
       assert_equal 'rails3/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(:foo)
-    ensure
-      ENV['RAILS_APP_VERSION'] = nil
     end
   end
 
   def test_expand_cache_key_rails_cache_id_should_win_over_rails_app_version
-    begin
-      ENV['RAILS_CACHE_ID'] = 'c99'
-      ENV['RAILS_APP_VERSION'] = 'rails3'
+    with_env('RAILS_CACHE_ID' => 'c99', 'RAILS_APP_VERSION' => 'rails3') do
       assert_equal 'c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(:foo)
-    ensure
-      ENV['RAILS_CACHE_ID'] = nil
-      ENV['RAILS_APP_VERSION'] = nil
     end
   end
 
@@ -124,6 +113,16 @@ class CacheKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_expand_cache_key_of_array_like_object
     assert_equal 'foo/bar/baz', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(%w{foo bar baz}.to_enum)
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def with_env(kv)
+    old_values = {}
+    kv.each { |key, value| old_values[key], ENV[key] = ENV[key], value }
+    yield
+  ensure
+    old_values.each { |key, value| ENV[key] = value}
+  end
 end
 
 class CacheStoreSettingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -297,20 +296,21 @@ module CacheStoreBehavior
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
     @cache.write('fud', 'biz')
 
-    values = @cache.fetch_multi('foo', 'fu', 'fud') {|value| value * 2 }
+    values = @cache.fetch_multi('foo', 'fu', 'fud') { |value| value * 2 }
 
-    assert_equal(["bar", "fufu", "biz"], values)
-    assert_equal("fufu", @cache.read('fu'))
+    assert_equal({ 'foo' => 'bar', 'fu' => 'fufu', 'fud' => 'biz' }, values)
+    assert_equal('fufu', @cache.read('fu'))
   end
 
   def test_multi_with_objects
-    foo = stub(:title => "FOO!", :cache_key => "foo")
-    bar = stub(:cache_key => "bar")
+    foo = stub(:title => 'FOO!', :cache_key => 'foo')
+    bar = stub(:cache_key => 'bar')
+
+    @cache.write('bar', 'BAM!')
 
-    @cache.write('bar', "BAM!")
+    values = @cache.fetch_multi(foo, bar) { |object| object.title }
 
-    values = @cache.fetch_multi(foo, bar) {|object| object.title }
-    assert_equal(["FOO!", "BAM!"], values)
+    assert_equal({ foo => 'FOO!', bar => 'BAM!' }, values)
   end
 
   def test_read_and_write_compressed_small_data
@@ -691,6 +691,11 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert File.exist?(filepath)
   end
 
+  def test_long_keys
+    @cache.write("a"*10000, 1)
+    assert_equal 1, @cache.read("a"*10000)
+  end
+
   def test_key_transformation
     key = @cache.send(:key_file_path, "views/index?id=1")
     assert_equal "views/index?id=1", @cache.send(:file_path_key, key)
@@ -934,8 +939,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_read_should_return_a_different_object_id_each_time_it_is_called
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
-    assert_not_equal @cache.read('foo').object_id, @cache.read('foo').object_id
     value = @cache.read('foo')
+    assert_not_equal value.object_id, @cache.read('foo').object_id
     value << 'bingo'
     assert_not_equal value, @cache.read('foo')
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb b/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb
index dd67a45cf6..05580352a9 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ class BacktraceCleanerSilencerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       [ "/other/class.rb" ],
       @bc.clean([ "/mongrel/class.rb", "/other/class.rb", "/mongrel/stuff.rb" ])
   end
+
+  test "backtrace cleaner should allow removing silencer" do
+    @bc.remove_silencers!
+    assert_equal ["/mongrel/stuff.rb"], @bc.clean(["/mongrel/stuff.rb"])
+  end
 end
 
 class BacktraceCleanerMultipleSilencersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb b/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
index a74ee880b2..60bd8a06aa 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ class ConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   module Baz
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    module ClassMethods
+    class_methods do
       def baz
         "baz"
       end
@@ -33,6 +33,12 @@ class ConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     include Baz
 
+    module ClassMethods
+      def baz
+        "bar's baz + " + super
+      end
+    end
+
     def bar
       "bar"
     end
@@ -73,7 +79,7 @@ class ConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @klass.send(:include, Bar)
     assert_equal "bar", @klass.new.bar
     assert_equal "bar+baz", @klass.new.baz
-    assert_equal "baz", @klass.baz
+    assert_equal "bar's baz + baz", @klass.baz
     assert @klass.included_modules.include?(ConcernTest::Bar)
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb b/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
index bbeb710a0c..366e4e5ef0 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'dependencies_test_helpers'
+
 module Ace
   module Base
     class Case
@@ -23,17 +25,30 @@ class Object
 end
 
 module ConstantizeTestCases
+  include DependenciesTestHelpers
+
   def run_constantize_tests_on
     assert_equal Ace::Base::Case, yield("Ace::Base::Case")
     assert_equal Ace::Base::Case, yield("::Ace::Base::Case")
     assert_equal Ace::Base::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Base::Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal Ace::Base::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Base::Fase::Dice")
     assert_equal Ace::Base::Fase::Dice, yield("Ace::Base::Fase::Dice")
+
     assert_equal Ace::Gas::Case, yield("Ace::Gas::Case")
     assert_equal Ace::Gas::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Gas::Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal Ace::Base::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Gas::Case::Dice")
+
     assert_equal Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal AddtlGlobalConstants::Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal Object::AddtlGlobalConstants::Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice")
+
     assert_equal Case::Dice, yield("Object::Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal AddtlGlobalConstants::Case::Dice, yield("Object::Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal Object::AddtlGlobalConstants::Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice")
+
     assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("ConstantizeTestCases")
     assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("::ConstantizeTestCases")
+
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass::Ace") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass::Ace::Base") }
@@ -45,6 +60,19 @@ module ConstantizeTestCases
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("Ace::Gas::ConstantizeTestCases") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("::") }
+    assert_raises(NameError) { yield("Ace::gas") }
+
+    assert_raises(NameError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        yield("RaisesNameError")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        yield("RaisesNoMethodError")
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def run_safe_constantize_tests_on
@@ -71,5 +99,18 @@ module ConstantizeTestCases
     assert_nil yield("Ace::Gas::Base")
     assert_nil yield("Ace::Gas::ConstantizeTestCases")
     assert_nil yield("#<Class:0x7b8b718b>::Nested_1")
+    assert_nil yield("Ace::gas")
+
+    assert_raises(NameError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        yield("RaisesNameError")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        yield("RaisesNoMethodError")
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/access_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/access_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f14f64421d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/access_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+
+class AccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_from
+    assert_equal %w( a b c d ), %w( a b c d ).from(0)
+    assert_equal %w( c d ), %w( a b c d ).from(2)
+    assert_equal %w(), %w( a b c d ).from(10)
+    assert_equal %w( d e ), %w( a b c d e ).from(-2)
+    assert_equal %w(), %w( a b c d e ).from(-10)
+  end
+
+  def test_to
+    assert_equal %w( a ), %w( a b c d ).to(0)
+    assert_equal %w( a b c ), %w( a b c d ).to(2)
+    assert_equal %w( a b c d ), %w( a b c d ).to(10)
+    assert_equal %w( a b c ), %w( a b c d ).to(-2)
+    assert_equal %w(), %w( a b c ).to(-10)
+  end
+
+  def test_specific_accessor
+    array = (1..42).to_a
+
+    assert_equal array[1], array.second
+    assert_equal array[2], array.third
+    assert_equal array[3], array.fourth
+    assert_equal array[4], array.fifth
+    assert_equal array[41], array.forty_two
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/conversions_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/conversions_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..577b889410
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/conversions_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string'
+
+class ToSentenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_plain_array_to_sentence
+    assert_equal "", [].to_sentence
+    assert_equal "one", ['one'].to_sentence
+    assert_equal "one and two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence
+    assert_equal "one, two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
+  end
+
+  def test_to_sentence_with_words_connector
+    assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(words_connector: ' ')
+    assert_equal "one & two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(words_connector: ' & ')
+    assert_equal "onetwo, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(words_connector: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_sentence_with_last_word_connector
+    assert_equal "one, two, and also three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(last_word_connector: ', and also ')
+    assert_equal "one, twothree", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(last_word_connector: nil)
+    assert_equal "one, two three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(last_word_connector: ' ')
+    assert_equal "one, two and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(last_word_connector: ' and ')
+  end
+
+  def test_two_elements
+    assert_equal "one and two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence
+    assert_equal "one two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence(two_words_connector: ' ')
+  end
+
+  def test_one_element
+    assert_equal "one", ['one'].to_sentence
+  end
+
+  def test_one_element_not_same_object
+    elements = ["one"]
+    assert_not_equal elements[0].object_id, elements.to_sentence.object_id
+  end
+
+  def test_one_non_string_element
+    assert_equal '1', [1].to_sentence
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_modify_given_hash
+    options = { words_connector: ' ' }
+    assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(options)
+    assert_equal({ words_connector: ' ' }, options)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_blank_elements
+    assert_equal ", one, , two, and three", [nil, 'one', '', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
+  end
+
+  def test_with_invalid_options
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      ['one', 'two'].to_sentence(passing: 'invalid option')
+    end
+
+    assert_equal exception.message, "Unknown key: :passing. Valid keys are: :words_connector, :two_words_connector, :last_word_connector, :locale"
+  end
+end
+
+class ToSTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class TestDB
+    @@counter = 0
+    def id
+      @@counter += 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s_db
+    collection = [TestDB.new, TestDB.new, TestDB.new]
+
+    assert_equal "null", [].to_s(:db)
+    assert_equal "1,2,3", collection.to_s(:db)
+  end
+end
+
+class ToXmlTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_to_xml_with_hash_elements
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", age: 26, age_in_millis: 820497600000 },
+      { name: "Jason", age: 31, age_in_millis: BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_equal '<objects type="array"><object>', xml.first(30)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<age type="integer">26</age>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<age-in-millis type="integer">820497600000</age-in-millis>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<name>David</name>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<age type="integer">31</age>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<age-in-millis type="decimal">1.0</age-in-millis>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<name>Jason</name>)), xml
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_non_hash_elements
+    xml = [1, 2, 3].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_equal '<fixnums type="array"><fixnum', xml.first(29)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<fixnum type="integer">2</fixnum>)), xml
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_non_hash_different_type_elements
+    xml = [1, 2.0, '3'].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_equal '<objects type="array"><object', xml.first(29)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<object type="integer">1</object>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<object type="float">2.0</object>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(object>3</object>)), xml
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_dedicated_name
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", age: 26, age_in_millis: 820497600000 }, { name: "Jason", age: 31 }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0, root: "people")
+
+    assert_equal '<people type="array"><person>', xml.first(29)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_options
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", street_address: "Paulina" }, { name: "Jason", street_address: "Evergreen" }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, skip_types: true, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<name>David</name>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<name>Jason</name>))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_indent_set
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", street_address: "Paulina" }, { name: "Jason", street_address: "Evergreen" }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, skip_types: true, indent: 4)
+
+    assert_equal "<objects>\n    <object>", xml.first(22)
+    assert xml.include?(%(\n        <street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(\n        <name>David</name>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(\n        <street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(\n        <name>Jason</name>))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_dasherize_false
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", street_address: "Paulina" }, { name: "Jason", street_address: "Evergreen" }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, skip_types: true, indent: 0, dasherize: false)
+
+    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street_address>Paulina</street_address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street_address>Evergreen</street_address>))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_dasherize_true
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", street_address: "Paulina" }, { name: "Jason", street_address: "Evergreen" }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, skip_types: true, indent: 0, dasherize: true)
+
+    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_instruct
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", age: 26, age_in_millis: 820497600000 },
+      { name: "Jason", age: 31, age_in_millis: BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: false, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_match(/^<\?xml [^>]*/, xml)
+    assert_equal 0, xml.rindex(/<\?xml /)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_block
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", age: 26, age_in_millis: 820497600000 },
+      { name: "Jason", age: 31, age_in_millis: BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0) do |builder|
+      builder.count 2
+    end
+
+    assert xml.include?(%(<count>2</count>)), xml
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_empty
+    xml = [].to_xml
+    assert_match(/type="array"\/>/, xml)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_dups_options
+    options = { skip_instruct: true }
+    [].to_xml(options)
+    # :builder, etc, shouldn't be added to options
+    assert_equal({ skip_instruct: true }, options)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/extract_options_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/extract_options_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0481a507cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/extract_options_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash'
+
+class ExtractOptionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class HashSubclass < Hash
+  end
+
+  class ExtractableHashSubclass < Hash
+    def extractable_options?
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_extract_options
+    assert_equal({}, [].extract_options!)
+    assert_equal({}, [1].extract_options!)
+    assert_equal({ a: :b }, [{ a: :b }].extract_options!)
+    assert_equal({ a: :b }, [1, { a: :b }].extract_options!)
+  end
+
+  def test_extract_options_doesnt_extract_hash_subclasses
+    hash = HashSubclass.new
+    hash[:foo] = 1
+    array = [hash]
+    options = array.extract_options!
+    assert_equal({}, options)
+    assert_equal([hash], array)
+  end
+
+  def test_extract_options_extracts_extractable_subclass
+    hash = ExtractableHashSubclass.new
+    hash[:foo] = 1
+    array = [hash]
+    options = array.extract_options!
+    assert_equal({ foo: 1 }, options)
+    assert_equal([], array)
+  end
+
+  def test_extract_options_extracts_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    array = [{ foo: 1 }.with_indifferent_access]
+    options = array.extract_options!
+    assert_equal(1, options[:foo])
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/grouping_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/grouping_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2eb0f05141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/grouping_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+
+class GroupingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    Fixnum.send :private, :/  # test we avoid Integer#/ (redefined by mathn)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    Fixnum.send :public, :/
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_of_with_perfect_fit
+    groups = []
+    ('a'..'i').to_a.in_groups_of(3) do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g h i)], groups
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g h i)], ('a'..'i').to_a.in_groups_of(3)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_of_with_padding
+    groups = []
+    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3) do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), ['g', nil, nil]], groups
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_of_pads_with_specified_values
+    groups = []
+
+    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3, 'foo') do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g foo foo)], groups
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_of_without_padding
+    groups = []
+
+    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3, false) do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g)], groups
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_returned_array_size
+    array = (1..7).to_a
+
+    1.upto(array.size + 1) do |number|
+      assert_equal number, array.in_groups(number).size
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_with_empty_array
+    assert_equal [[], [], []], [].in_groups(3)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_with_block
+    array = (1..9).to_a
+    groups = []
+
+    array.in_groups(3) do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal array.in_groups(3), groups
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_with_perfect_fit
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]],
+      (1..9).to_a.in_groups(3)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_with_padding
+    array = (1..7).to_a
+
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, nil], [6, 7, nil]],
+      array.in_groups(3)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 'foo'], [6, 7, 'foo']],
+      array.in_groups(3, 'foo')
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_without_padding
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]],
+      (1..7).to_a.in_groups(3, false)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_invalid_argument
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { [].in_groups_of(0) }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { [].in_groups_of(-1) }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { [].in_groups_of(nil) }
+  end
+end
+
+class SplitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_split_with_empty_array
+    assert_equal [[]], [].split(0)
+  end
+
+  def test_split_with_argument
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5]],  a.split(3)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]], a.split(0)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a
+  end
+
+  def test_split_with_block
+    a = (1..10).to_a
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8], [10]], a.split { |i| i % 3 == 0 }
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ,10], a
+  end
+
+  def test_split_with_edge_values
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4, 5]],  a.split(1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4], []],  a.split(5)
+    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4], []], a.split { |i| i == 1 || i == 5 }
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/prepend_append_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/prepend_append_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..762aa69b2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/prepend_append_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+
+class PrependAppendTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_append
+    assert_equal [1, 2], [1].append(2)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend
+    assert_equal [2, 1], [1].prepend(2)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/wrap_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/wrap_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..baf426506f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/wrap_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+
+class WrapTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class FakeCollection
+    def to_ary
+      ["foo", "bar"]
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Proxy
+    def initialize(target) @target = target end
+    def method_missing(*a) @target.send(*a) end
+  end
+
+  class DoubtfulToAry
+    def to_ary
+      :not_an_array
+    end
+  end
+
+  class NilToAry
+    def to_ary
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_array
+    ary = %w(foo bar)
+    assert_same ary, Array.wrap(ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil
+    assert_equal [], Array.wrap(nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_object
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
+  end
+
+  def test_string
+    assert_equal ["foo"], Array.wrap("foo")
+  end
+
+  def test_string_with_newline
+    assert_equal ["foo\nbar"], Array.wrap("foo\nbar")
+  end
+
+  def test_object_with_to_ary
+    assert_equal ["foo", "bar"], Array.wrap(FakeCollection.new)
+  end
+
+  def test_proxy_object
+    p = Proxy.new(Object.new)
+    assert_equal [p], Array.wrap(p)
+  end
+
+  def test_proxy_to_object_with_to_ary
+    p = Proxy.new(FakeCollection.new)
+    assert_equal [p], Array.wrap(p)
+  end
+
+  def test_struct
+    o = Struct.new(:foo).new(123)
+    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
+  end
+
+  def test_wrap_returns_wrapped_if_to_ary_returns_nil
+    o = NilToAry.new
+    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
+  end
+
+  def test_wrap_does_not_complain_if_to_ary_does_not_return_an_array
+    assert_equal DoubtfulToAry.new.to_ary, Array.wrap(DoubtfulToAry.new)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 57722fd52a..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,451 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/conversions'
-
-require 'active_support/core_ext' # FIXME: pulling in all to_xml extensions
-require 'active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access'
-
-class ArrayExtAccessTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_from
-    assert_equal %w( a b c d ), %w( a b c d ).from(0)
-    assert_equal %w( c d ), %w( a b c d ).from(2)
-    assert_equal %w(), %w( a b c d ).from(10)
-  end
-
-  def test_to
-    assert_equal %w( a ), %w( a b c d ).to(0)
-    assert_equal %w( a b c ), %w( a b c d ).to(2)
-    assert_equal %w( a b c d ), %w( a b c d ).to(10)
-  end
-
-  def test_second_through_tenth
-    array = (1..42).to_a
-
-    assert_equal array[1], array.second
-    assert_equal array[2], array.third
-    assert_equal array[3], array.fourth
-    assert_equal array[4], array.fifth
-    assert_equal array[41], array.forty_two
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtToParamTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class ToParam < String
-    def to_param
-      "#{self}1"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_string_array
-    assert_equal '', %w().to_param
-    assert_equal 'hello/world', %w(hello world).to_param
-    assert_equal 'hello/10', %w(hello 10).to_param
-  end
-
-  def test_number_array
-    assert_equal '10/20', [10, 20].to_param
-  end
-
-  def test_to_param_array
-    assert_equal 'custom1/param1', [ToParam.new('custom'), ToParam.new('param')].to_param
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtToSentenceTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_plain_array_to_sentence
-    assert_equal "", [].to_sentence
-    assert_equal "one", ['one'].to_sentence
-    assert_equal "one and two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence
-    assert_equal "one, two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
-  end
-
-  def test_to_sentence_with_words_connector
-    assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:words_connector => ' ')
-    assert_equal "one & two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:words_connector => ' & ')
-    assert_equal "onetwo, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:words_connector => nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_sentence_with_last_word_connector
-    assert_equal "one, two, and also three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:last_word_connector => ', and also ')
-    assert_equal "one, twothree", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:last_word_connector => nil)
-    assert_equal "one, two three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:last_word_connector => ' ')
-    assert_equal "one, two and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:last_word_connector => ' and ')
-  end
-
-  def test_two_elements
-    assert_equal "one and two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence
-    assert_equal "one two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' ')
-  end
-
-  def test_one_element
-    assert_equal "one", ['one'].to_sentence
-  end
-
-  def test_one_element_not_same_object
-    elements = ["one"]
-    assert_not_equal elements[0].object_id, elements.to_sentence.object_id
-  end
-
-  def test_one_non_string_element
-    assert_equal '1', [1].to_sentence
-  end
-
-  def test_does_not_modify_given_hash
-    options = { words_connector: ' ' }
-    assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(options)
-    assert_equal({ words_connector: ' ' }, options)
-  end
-
-  def test_with_blank_elements
-    assert_equal ", one, , two, and three", [nil, 'one', '', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtToSTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_to_s_db
-    collection = [
-      Class.new { def id() 1 end }.new,
-      Class.new { def id() 2 end }.new,
-      Class.new { def id() 3 end }.new
-    ]
-
-    assert_equal "null", [].to_s(:db)
-    assert_equal "1,2,3", collection.to_s(:db)
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtGroupingTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    Fixnum.send :private, :/  # test we avoid Integer#/ (redefined by mathn)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    Fixnum.send :public, :/
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_of_with_perfect_fit
-    groups = []
-    ('a'..'i').to_a.in_groups_of(3) do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g h i)], groups
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g h i)], ('a'..'i').to_a.in_groups_of(3)
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_of_with_padding
-    groups = []
-    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3) do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), ['g', nil, nil]], groups
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_of_pads_with_specified_values
-    groups = []
-
-    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3, 'foo') do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), ['g', 'foo', 'foo']], groups
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_of_without_padding
-    groups = []
-
-    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3, false) do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), ['g']], groups
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_returned_array_size
-    array = (1..7).to_a
-
-    1.upto(array.size + 1) do |number|
-      assert_equal number, array.in_groups(number).size
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_with_empty_array
-    assert_equal [[], [], []], [].in_groups(3)
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_with_block
-    array = (1..9).to_a
-    groups = []
-
-    array.in_groups(3) do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal array.in_groups(3), groups
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_with_perfect_fit
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]],
-      (1..9).to_a.in_groups(3)
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_with_padding
-    array = (1..7).to_a
-
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, nil], [6, 7, nil]],
-      array.in_groups(3)
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 'foo'], [6, 7, 'foo']],
-      array.in_groups(3, 'foo')
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_without_padding
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]],
-      (1..7).to_a.in_groups(3, false)
-  end
-end
-
-class ArraySplitTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_split_with_empty_array
-    assert_equal [[]], [].split(0)
-  end
-
-  def test_split_with_argument
-    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5]],  a.split(3)
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]], a.split(0)
-    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a
-  end
-
-  def test_split_with_block
-    a = (1..10).to_a
-    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8], [10]], a.split { |i| i % 3 == 0 }
-    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ,10], a
-  end
-
-  def test_split_with_edge_values
-    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4, 5]],  a.split(1)
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4], []],  a.split(5)
-    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4], []], a.split { |i| i == 1 || i == 5 }
-    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayToXmlTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_to_xml
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :age => 26, :age_in_millis => 820497600000 },
-      { :name => "Jason", :age => 31, :age_in_millis => BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :indent => 0)
-
-    assert_equal '<objects type="array"><object>', xml.first(30)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<age type="integer">26</age>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<age-in-millis type="integer">820497600000</age-in-millis>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<name>David</name>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<age type="integer">31</age>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<age-in-millis type="decimal">1.0</age-in-millis>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<name>Jason</name>)), xml
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_dedicated_name
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :age => 26, :age_in_millis => 820497600000 }, { :name => "Jason", :age => 31 }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :indent => 0, :root => "people")
-
-    assert_equal '<people type="array"><person>', xml.first(29)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_options
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :street_address => "Paulina" }, { :name => "Jason", :street_address => "Evergreen" }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :skip_types => true, :indent => 0)
-
-    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<name>David</name>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<name>Jason</name>))
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_dasherize_false
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :street_address => "Paulina" }, { :name => "Jason", :street_address => "Evergreen" }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :skip_types => true, :indent => 0, :dasherize => false)
-
-    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street_address>Paulina</street_address>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street_address>Evergreen</street_address>))
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_dasherize_true
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :street_address => "Paulina" }, { :name => "Jason", :street_address => "Evergreen" }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :skip_types => true, :indent => 0, :dasherize => true)
-
-    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
-  end
-
-  def test_to_with_instruct
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :age => 26, :age_in_millis => 820497600000 },
-      { :name => "Jason", :age => 31, :age_in_millis => BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => false, :indent => 0)
-
-    assert_match(/^<\?xml [^>]*/, xml)
-    assert_equal 0, xml.rindex(/<\?xml /)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_block
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :age => 26, :age_in_millis => 820497600000 },
-      { :name => "Jason", :age => 31, :age_in_millis => BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :indent => 0) do |builder|
-      builder.count 2
-    end
-
-    assert xml.include?(%(<count>2</count>)), xml
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_empty
-    xml = [].to_xml
-    assert_match(/type="array"\/>/, xml)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_dups_options
-    options = {:skip_instruct => true}
-    [].to_xml(options)
-    # :builder, etc, shouldn't be added to options
-    assert_equal({:skip_instruct => true}, options)
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtractOptionsTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class HashSubclass < Hash
-  end
-
-  class ExtractableHashSubclass < Hash
-    def extractable_options?
-      true
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_extract_options
-    assert_equal({}, [].extract_options!)
-    assert_equal({}, [1].extract_options!)
-    assert_equal({:a=>:b}, [{:a=>:b}].extract_options!)
-    assert_equal({:a=>:b}, [1, {:a=>:b}].extract_options!)
-  end
-
-  def test_extract_options_doesnt_extract_hash_subclasses
-    hash = HashSubclass.new
-    hash[:foo] = 1
-    array = [hash]
-    options = array.extract_options!
-    assert_equal({}, options)
-    assert_equal [hash], array
-  end
-
-  def test_extract_options_extracts_extractable_subclass
-    hash = ExtractableHashSubclass.new
-    hash[:foo] = 1
-    array = [hash]
-    options = array.extract_options!
-    assert_equal({:foo => 1}, options)
-    assert_equal [], array
-  end
-
-  def test_extract_options_extracts_hwia
-    hash = [{:foo => 1}.with_indifferent_access]
-    options = hash.extract_options!
-    assert_equal 1, options[:foo]
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayWrapperTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class FakeCollection
-    def to_ary
-      ["foo", "bar"]
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Proxy
-    def initialize(target) @target = target end
-    def method_missing(*a) @target.send(*a) end
-  end
-
-  class DoubtfulToAry
-    def to_ary
-      :not_an_array
-    end
-  end
-
-  class NilToAry
-    def to_ary
-      nil
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_array
-    ary = %w(foo bar)
-    assert_same ary, Array.wrap(ary)
-  end
-
-  def test_nil
-    assert_equal [], Array.wrap(nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_object
-    o = Object.new
-    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
-  end
-
-  def test_string
-    assert_equal ["foo"], Array.wrap("foo")
-  end
-
-  def test_string_with_newline
-    assert_equal ["foo\nbar"], Array.wrap("foo\nbar")
-  end
-
-  def test_object_with_to_ary
-    assert_equal ["foo", "bar"], Array.wrap(FakeCollection.new)
-  end
-
-  def test_proxy_object
-    p = Proxy.new(Object.new)
-    assert_equal [p], Array.wrap(p)
-  end
-
-  def test_proxy_to_object_with_to_ary
-    p = Proxy.new(FakeCollection.new)
-    assert_equal [p], Array.wrap(p)
-  end
-
-  def test_struct
-    o = Struct.new(:foo).new(123)
-    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
-  end
-
-  def test_wrap_returns_wrapped_if_to_ary_returns_nil
-    o = NilToAry.new
-    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
-  end
-
-  def test_wrap_does_not_complain_if_to_ary_does_not_return_an_array
-    assert_equal DoubtfulToAry.new.to_ary, Array.wrap(DoubtfulToAry.new)
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayPrependAppendTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_append
-    assert_equal [1, 2], [1].append(2)
-  end
-
-  def test_prepend
-    assert_equal [2, 1], [1].prepend(2)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb
index 0e0742d147..447b1d10ad 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb
@@ -6,14 +6,18 @@ module DelegatingFixtures
   end
 
   class Child < Parent
-    superclass_delegating_accessor :some_attribute
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      superclass_delegating_accessor :some_attribute
+    end
   end
 
   class Mokopuna < Child
   end
 
   class PercysMom
-    superclass_delegating_accessor :superpower
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      superclass_delegating_accessor :superpower
+    end
   end
 
   class Percy < PercysMom
@@ -29,7 +33,10 @@ class DelegatingAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_simple_accessor_declaration
-    single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
+    assert_deprecated do
+      single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
+    end
+
     # Class should have accessor and mutator
     # the instance should have an accessor only
     assert_respond_to single_class, :both
@@ -40,7 +47,11 @@ class DelegatingAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_simple_accessor_declaration_with_instance_reader_false
     _instance_methods = single_class.public_instance_methods
-    single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :no_instance_reader, :instance_reader => false
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :no_instance_reader, :instance_reader => false
+    end
+
     assert_respond_to single_class, :no_instance_reader
     assert_respond_to single_class, :no_instance_reader=
     assert !_instance_methods.include?(:no_instance_reader)
@@ -49,7 +60,9 @@ class DelegatingAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_working_with_simple_attributes
-    single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
+    assert_deprecated do
+      single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
+    end
 
     single_class.both = "HMMM"
 
@@ -65,7 +78,11 @@ class DelegatingAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_child_class_delegates_to_parent_but_can_be_overridden
     parent = Class.new
-    parent.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      parent.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
+    end
+
     child = Class.new(parent)
     parent.both = "1"
     assert_equal "1", child.both
@@ -97,4 +114,9 @@ class DelegatingAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     Child.some_attribute=nil
   end
 
+  def test_deprecation_warning
+    assert_deprecated(/superclass_delegating_accessor is deprecated/) do
+      single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :test_attribute
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
index 5d0af035cc..e89be25b53 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'core_ext/date_and_time_behavior'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def date_time_init(year,month,day,*args)
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   include DateAndTimeBehavior
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def test_yesterday_in_calendar_reform
     assert_equal Date.new(1582,10,4), Date.new(1582,10,15).yesterday
@@ -349,22 +351,6 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     Date.new(2005,2,28).advance(options)
     assert_equal({ :years => 3, :months => 11, :days => 2 }, options)
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
-
-    def with_tz_default(tz = nil)
-      old_tz = Time.zone
-      Time.zone = tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      Time.zone = old_tz
-    end
 end
 
 class DateExtBehaviorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
index 0a40aeb96c..74319ecd09 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'core_ext/date_and_time_behavior'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def date_time_init(year,month,day,hour,minute,second,*args)
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   include DateAndTimeBehavior
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def test_to_s
     datetime = DateTime.new(2005, 2, 21, 14, 30, 0, 0)
@@ -162,6 +164,12 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2013,10,17,20,22,19), DateTime.civil(2005,2,28,15,15,10).advance(:years => 7, :months => 19, :weeks => 2, :days => 5, :hours => 5, :minutes => 7, :seconds => 9)
   end
 
+  def test_advance_partial_days
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2012,9,29,13,15,10),  DateTime.civil(2012,9,28,1,15,10).advance(:days => 1.5)
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2012,9,28,13,15,10),  DateTime.civil(2012,9,28,1,15,10).advance(:days => 0.5)
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2012,10,29,13,15,10), DateTime.civil(2012,9,28,1,15,10).advance(:days => 1.5, :months => 1)
+  end
+
   def test_advanced_processes_first_the_date_deltas_and_then_the_time_deltas
     # If the time deltas were processed first, the following datetimes would be advanced to 2010/04/01 instead.
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2010, 3, 29), DateTime.civil(2010, 2, 28, 23, 59, 59).advance(:months => 1, :seconds => 1)
@@ -330,6 +338,7 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_to_f
     assert_equal 946684800.0, DateTime.civil(2000).to_f
     assert_equal 946684800.0, DateTime.civil(1999,12,31,19,0,0,Rational(-5,24)).to_f
+    assert_equal 946684800.5, DateTime.civil(1999,12,31,19,0,0.5,Rational(-5,24)).to_f
   end
 
   def test_to_i
@@ -346,12 +355,4 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, DateTime.civil(2000).nsec
     assert_equal 500000000, DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, Rational(1,2)).nsec
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/digest/uuid_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/digest/uuid_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08e0a1d6e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/digest/uuid_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid'
+
+class DigestUUIDExt < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_v3_uuids
+    assert_equal "3d813cbb-47fb-32ba-91df-831e1593ac29", Digest::UUID.uuid_v3(Digest::UUID::DNS_NAMESPACE, "www.widgets.com")
+    assert_equal "86df55fb-428e-3843-8583-ba3c05f290bc", Digest::UUID.uuid_v3(Digest::UUID::URL_NAMESPACE, "http://www.widgets.com")
+    assert_equal "8c29ab0e-a2dc-3482-b5eb-20cb2e2387a1", Digest::UUID.uuid_v3(Digest::UUID::OID_NAMESPACE, "1.2.3")
+    assert_equal "ee49149d-53a4-304a-890b-468229f6afc3", Digest::UUID.uuid_v3(Digest::UUID::X500_NAMESPACE, "cn=John Doe, ou=People, o=Acme, Inc., c=US")
+  end
+
+  def test_v5_uuids
+    assert_equal "21f7f8de-8051-5b89-8680-0195ef798b6a", Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::DNS_NAMESPACE, "www.widgets.com")
+    assert_equal "4e570fd8-186d-5a74-90f0-4d28e34673a1", Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::URL_NAMESPACE, "http://www.widgets.com")
+    assert_equal "42d5e23b-3a02-5135-85c6-52d1102f1f00", Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::OID_NAMESPACE, "1.2.3")
+    assert_equal "fd5b2ddf-bcfe-58b6-90d6-db50f74db527", Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::X500_NAMESPACE, "cn=John Doe, ou=People, o=Acme, Inc., c=US")
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_hash_class
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      Digest::UUID.uuid_from_hash(Digest::SHA2, Digest::UUID::OID_NAMESPACE, '1.2.3')
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duplicable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/duplicable_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e0566e012c..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duplicable_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'bigdecimal'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
-
-class DuplicableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  RAISE_DUP  = [nil, false, true, :symbol, 1, 2.3, 5.seconds]
-  YES = ['1', Object.new, /foo/, [], {}, Time.now, Class.new, Module.new]
-  NO = []
-
-  begin
-    bd = BigDecimal.new('4.56')
-    YES << bd.dup
-  rescue TypeError
-    RAISE_DUP << bd
-  end
-
-
-  def test_duplicable
-    (RAISE_DUP + NO).each do |v|
-      assert !v.duplicable?
-    end
-
-    YES.each do |v|
-      assert v.duplicable?, "#{v.class} should be duplicable"
-    end
-
-    (YES + NO).each do |v|
-      assert_nothing_raised { v.dup }
-    end
-
-    RAISE_DUP.each do |v|
-      assert_raises(TypeError, v.class.name) do
-        v.dup
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb
index 28ba33331e..a89202f518 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb
@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/inflector'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/json'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def test_is_a
     d = 1.day
     assert d.is_a?(ActiveSupport::Duration)
@@ -17,6 +20,12 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !d.is_a?(k)
   end
 
+  def test_instance_of
+    assert 1.minute.instance_of?(Fixnum)
+    assert 2.days.instance_of?(ActiveSupport::Duration)
+    assert !3.second.instance_of?(Numeric)
+  end
+
   def test_threequals
     assert ActiveSupport::Duration === 1.day
     assert !(ActiveSupport::Duration === 1.day.to_i)
@@ -31,6 +40,16 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !(1.day == 'foo')
   end
 
+  def test_eql
+    rubinius_skip "Rubinius' #eql? definition relies on #instance_of? " \
+                  "which behaves oddly for the sake of backward-compatibility."
+
+    assert 1.minute.eql?(1.minute)
+    assert 2.days.eql?(48.hours)
+    assert !1.second.eql?(1)
+    assert !1.eql?(1.second)
+  end
+
   def test_inspect
     assert_equal '0 seconds',                       0.seconds.inspect
     assert_equal '1 month',                         1.month.inspect
@@ -152,6 +171,10 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal counter, 60
   end
 
+  def test_as_json
+    assert_equal 172800, 2.days.as_json
+  end
+
   def test_to_json
     assert_equal '172800', 2.days.to_json
   end
@@ -160,12 +183,4 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     cased = case 1.day when 1.day then "ok" end
     assert_equal cased, "ok"
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_keys_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_keys_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7e12117f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_keys_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
+class TransformKeysTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "transform_keys returns a new hash with the keys computed from the block" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_keys { |k| "#{k}!".to_sym }
+
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a', b: 'b' }, original)
+    assert_equal({ a!: 'a', b!: 'b' }, mapped)
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys! modifies the keys of the original" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_keys! { |k| "#{k}!".to_sym }
+
+    assert_equal({ a!: 'a', b!: 'b' }, original)
+    assert_same original, mapped
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys returns an Enumerator if no block is given" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    enumerator = original.transform_keys
+    assert_equal Enumerator, enumerator.class
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys is chainable with Enumerable methods" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_keys.with_index { |k, i| [k, i].join.to_sym }
+    assert_equal({ a0: 'a', b1: 'b' }, mapped)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_values_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_values_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45ed11fef7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_values_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
+
+class TransformValuesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "transform_values returns a new hash with the values computed from the block" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_values { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a', b: 'b' }, original)
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a!', b: 'b!' }, mapped)
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values! modifies the values of the original" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_values! { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a!', b: 'b!' }, original)
+    assert_same original, mapped
+  end
+
+  test "indifferent access is still indifferent after mapping values" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }.with_indifferent_access
+    mapped = original.transform_values { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal 'a!', mapped[:a]
+    assert_equal 'a!', mapped['a']
+  end
+
+  # This is to be consistent with the behavior of Ruby's built in methods
+  # (e.g. #select, #reject) as of 2.2
+  test "default values do not persist during mapping" do
+    original = Hash.new('foo')
+    original[:a] = 'a'
+    mapped = original.transform_values { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal 'a!', mapped[:a]
+    assert_nil mapped[:b]
+  end
+
+  test "default procs do not persist after mapping" do
+    original = Hash.new { 'foo' }
+    original[:a] = 'a'
+    mapped = original.transform_values { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal 'a!', mapped[:a]
+    assert_nil mapped[:b]
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values returns an Enumerator if no block is given" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    enumerator = original.transform_values
+    assert_equal Enumerator, enumerator.class
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values is chainable with Enumerable methods" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_values.with_index { |v, i| [v, i].join }
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a0', b: 'b1' }, mapped)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
index 40c8f03374..5e9fdfd872 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,16 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  class HashByConversion
+    def initialize(hash)
+      @hash = hash
+    end
+
+    def to_hash
+      @hash
+    end
+  end
+
   def setup
     @strings = { 'a' => 1, 'b' => 2 }
     @nested_strings = { 'a' => { 'b' => { 'c' => 3 } } }
@@ -36,6 +46,10 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @nested_illegal_symbols = { [] => { [] => 3} }
     @upcase_strings = { 'A' => 1, 'B' => 2 }
     @nested_upcase_strings = { 'A' => { 'B' => { 'C' => 3 } } }
+    @string_array_of_hashes = { 'a' => [ { 'b' => 2 }, { 'c' => 3 }, 4 ] }
+    @symbol_array_of_hashes = { :a => [ { :b => 2 }, { :c => 3 }, 4 ] }
+    @mixed_array_of_hashes = { :a => [ { :b => 2 }, { 'c' => 3 }, 4 ] }
+    @upcase_array_of_hashes = { 'A' => [ { 'B' => 2 }, { 'C' => 3 }, 4 ] }
   end
 
   def test_methods
@@ -56,6 +70,8 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_respond_to h, :to_options!
     assert_respond_to h, :compact
     assert_respond_to h, :compact!
+    assert_respond_to h, :except
+    assert_respond_to h, :except!
   end
 
   def test_transform_keys
@@ -74,6 +90,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_strings.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
   end
 
   def test_deep_transform_keys_not_mutates
@@ -99,6 +118,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
   end
 
   def test_deep_transform_keys_with_bang_mutates
@@ -124,6 +146,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_symbols.deep_symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_strings.deep_symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_mixed.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_symbolize_keys
   end
 
   def test_deep_symbolize_keys_not_mutates
@@ -149,6 +174,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
   end
 
   def test_deep_symbolize_keys_with_bang_mutates
@@ -194,6 +222,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_stringify_keys
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_strings.deep_stringify_keys
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_stringify_keys
   end
 
   def test_deep_stringify_keys_not_mutates
@@ -219,6 +250,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
   end
 
   def test_deep_stringify_keys_with_bang_mutates
@@ -411,6 +445,12 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert [updated_with_strings, updated_with_symbols, updated_with_mixed].all? { |h| h.keys.size == 2 }
   end
 
+  def test_update_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    hash.update HashByConversion.new({ :a => 1 })
+    assert_equal hash['a'], 1
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_merging
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     hash[:a] = 'failure'
@@ -430,6 +470,12 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, hash['b']
   end
 
+  def test_merge_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    merged = hash.merge HashByConversion.new({ :a => 1 })
+    assert_equal merged['a'], 1
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_replace
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     hash[:a] = 42
@@ -442,6 +488,18 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_same hash, replaced
   end
 
+  def test_replace_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    hash[:a] = 42
+
+    replaced = hash.replace(HashByConversion.new(b: 12))
+
+    assert hash.key?('b')
+    assert !hash.key?(:a)
+    assert_equal 12, hash[:b]
+    assert_same hash, replaced
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_merging_with_block
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     hash[:a] = 1
@@ -528,6 +586,8 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     roundtrip = mixed_with_default.with_indifferent_access.to_hash
     assert_equal @strings, roundtrip
     assert_equal '1234', roundtrip.default
+
+    # Ensure nested hashes are not HashWithIndiffereneAccess
     new_to_hash = @nested_mixed.with_indifferent_access.to_hash
     assert_not new_to_hash.instance_of?(HashWithIndifferentAccess)
     assert_not new_to_hash["a"].instance_of?(HashWithIndifferentAccess)
@@ -601,7 +661,15 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, h['first']
   end
 
-  def test_indifferent_subhashes
+  def test_to_options_on_indifferent_preserves_works_as_hash_with_dup
+    h = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ a: { b: 'b' } })
+    dup = h.dup
+
+    dup[:a][:c] = 'c'
+    assert_equal 'c', h[:a][:c]
+  end
+
+  def test_indifferent_sub_hashes
     h = {'user' => {'id' => 5}}.with_indifferent_access
     ['user', :user].each {|user| [:id, 'id'].each {|id| assert_equal 5, h[user][id], "h[#{user.inspect}][#{id.inspect}] should be 5"}}
 
@@ -625,6 +693,11 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       { :failure => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys([ :failure, :funny ])
       { :failure => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure, :funny)
     end
+    # not all valid keys are required to be present
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      { :failure => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys([ :failure, :funny, :sunny ])
+      { :failure => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure, :funny, :sunny)
+    end
 
     exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys([ :failure, :funny ])
@@ -635,6 +708,16 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure, :funny)
     end
     assert_equal "Unknown key: :failore. Valid keys are: :failure, :funny", exception.message
+
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys([ :failure ])
+    end
+    assert_equal "Unknown key: :failore. Valid keys are: :failure", exception.message
+
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure)
+    end
+    assert_equal "Unknown key: :failore. Valid keys are: :failure", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_assorted_keys_not_stringified
@@ -663,6 +746,16 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, hash_1
   end
 
+  def test_deep_merge_with_falsey_values
+    hash_1 = { e: false }
+    hash_2 = { e: 'e' }
+    expected = { e: [:e, false, 'e'] }
+    assert_equal(expected, hash_1.deep_merge(hash_2) { |k, o, n| [k, o, n] })
+
+    hash_1.deep_merge!(hash_2) { |k, o, n| [k, o, n] }
+    assert_equal expected, hash_1
+  end
+
   def test_deep_merge_on_indifferent_access
     hash_1 = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ :a => "a", :b => "b", :c => { :c1 => "c1", :c2 => "c2", :c3 => { :d1 => "d1" } } })
     hash_2 = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ :a => 1, :c => { :c1 => 2, :c3 => { :d2 => "d2" } } })
@@ -853,13 +946,19 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_except_with_more_than_one_argument
     original = { :a => 'x', :b => 'y', :c => 10 }
     expected = { :a => 'x' }
+
     assert_equal expected, original.except(:b, :c)
+
+    assert_equal expected, original.except!(:b, :c)
+    assert_equal expected, original
   end
 
   def test_except_with_original_frozen
     original = { :a => 'x', :b => 'y' }
     original.freeze
     assert_nothing_raised { original.except(:a) }
+
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { original.except!(:a) }
   end
 
   def test_except_with_mocha_expectation_on_original
@@ -871,11 +970,11 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_compact
     hash_contain_nil_value = @symbols.merge(z: nil)
     hash_with_only_nil_values = { a: nil, b: nil }
-    
+
     h = hash_contain_nil_value.dup
     assert_equal(@symbols, h.compact)
     assert_equal(hash_contain_nil_value, h)
-    
+
     h = hash_with_only_nil_values.dup
     assert_equal({}, h.compact)
     assert_equal(hash_with_only_nil_values, h)
@@ -884,15 +983,21 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_compact!
     hash_contain_nil_value = @symbols.merge(z: nil)
     hash_with_only_nil_values = { a: nil, b: nil }
-    
+
     h = hash_contain_nil_value.dup
     assert_equal(@symbols, h.compact!)
     assert_equal(@symbols, h)
-    
+
     h = hash_with_only_nil_values.dup
     assert_equal({}, h.compact!)
     assert_equal({}, h)
   end
+
+  def test_new_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(HashByConversion.new(a: 1))
+    assert hash.key?('a')
+    assert_equal 1, hash[:a]
+  end
 end
 
 class IWriteMyOwnXML
@@ -1397,12 +1502,32 @@ class HashToXmlTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_from_xml_array_one
+    expected = { 'numbers' => { 'type' => 'Array', 'value' => '1' }}
+    assert_equal expected, Hash.from_xml('<numbers type="Array"><value>1</value></numbers>')
+  end
+
+  def test_from_xml_array_many
+    expected = { 'numbers' => { 'type' => 'Array', 'value' => [ '1', '2' ] }}
+    assert_equal expected, Hash.from_xml('<numbers type="Array"><value>1</value><value>2</value></numbers>')
+  end
+
   def test_from_trusted_xml_allows_symbol_and_yaml_types
     expected = { 'product' => { 'name' => :value }}
     assert_equal expected, Hash.from_trusted_xml('<product><name type="symbol">value</name></product>')
     assert_equal expected, Hash.from_trusted_xml('<product><name type="yaml">:value</name></product>')
   end
 
+  def test_should_use_default_proc_for_unknown_key
+    hash_wia = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new { 1 +  2 }
+    assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:new_key]
+  end
+
+  def test_should_use_default_proc_if_no_key_is_supplied
+    hash_wia = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new { 1 +  2 }
+    assert_equal 3, hash_wia.default
+  end
+
   def test_should_use_default_value_for_unknown_key
     hash_wia = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(3)
     assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:new_key]
@@ -1430,6 +1555,17 @@ class HashToXmlTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 3, hash_wia.default
   end
 
+  def test_should_copy_the_default_proc_when_converting_to_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    hash = Hash.new do
+      2 + 1
+    end
+    assert_equal 3, hash[:foo]
+
+    hash_wia = hash.with_indifferent_access
+    assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:foo]
+    assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:bar]
+  end
+
   # The XML builder seems to fail miserably when trying to tag something
   # with the same name as a Kernel method (throw, test, loop, select ...)
   def test_kernel_method_names_to_xml
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel/concern_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel/concern_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..478a00d2d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel/concern_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern'
+
+class KernelConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_may_be_defined_at_toplevel
+    mod = ::TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval 'concern(:ToplevelConcern) { }'
+    assert_equal mod, ::ToplevelConcern
+    assert_kind_of ActiveSupport::Concern, ::ToplevelConcern
+    assert_not Object.ancestors.include?(::ToplevelConcern), mod.ancestors.inspect
+  ensure
+    Object.send :remove_const, :ToplevelConcern
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
index 18b251173f..a87af0007c 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
@@ -30,14 +30,6 @@ class KernelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
 
-  def test_silence_stderr
-    old_stderr_position = STDERR.tell
-    silence_stderr { STDERR.puts 'hello world' }
-    assert_equal old_stderr_position, STDERR.tell
-  rescue Errno::ESPIPE
-    # Skip if we can't STDERR.tell
-  end
-
   def test_silence_stream
     old_stream_position = STDOUT.tell
     silence_stream(STDOUT) { STDOUT.puts 'hello world' }
@@ -56,9 +48,11 @@ class KernelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_quietly
     old_stdout_position, old_stderr_position = STDOUT.tell, STDERR.tell
-    quietly do
-      puts 'see me, feel me'
-      STDERR.puts 'touch me, heal me'
+    assert_deprecated do
+      quietly do
+        puts 'see me, feel me'
+        STDERR.puts 'touch me, heal me'
+      end
     end
     assert_equal old_stdout_position, STDOUT.tell
     assert_equal old_stderr_position, STDERR.tell
@@ -66,10 +60,6 @@ class KernelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     # Skip if we can't STDERR.tell
   end
 
-  def test_silence_stderr_with_return_value
-    assert_equal 1, silence_stderr { 1 }
-  end
-
   def test_class_eval
     o = Object.new
     class << o; @x = 1; end
@@ -77,10 +67,18 @@ class KernelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_capture
-    assert_equal 'STDERR', capture(:stderr) { $stderr.print 'STDERR' }
-    assert_equal 'STDOUT', capture(:stdout) { print 'STDOUT' }
-    assert_equal "STDERR\n", capture(:stderr) { system('echo STDERR 1>&2') }
-    assert_equal "STDOUT\n", capture(:stdout) { system('echo STDOUT') }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal 'STDERR', capture(:stderr) { $stderr.print 'STDERR' }
+    end
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal 'STDOUT', capture(:stdout) { print 'STDOUT' }
+    end
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal "STDERR\n", capture(:stderr) { system('echo STDERR 1>&2') }
+    end
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal "STDOUT\n", capture(:stdout) { system('echo STDOUT') }
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -137,4 +135,4 @@ class KernelDebuggerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   ensure
     Object.send(:remove_const, :Rails)
   end
-end
+end if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb
index 31863d0aca..5f804c749b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,15 @@ class TestMissingSourceFile < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal 'nor/this/one.rb', e.path
     end
   end
+
+  def test_is_missing
+    begin load 'nor_does_this_one'
+    rescue MissingSourceFile => e
+      assert e.is_missing?('nor_does_this_one')
+      assert e.is_missing?('nor_does_this_one.rb')
+      assert_not e.is_missing?('some_other_file')
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class TestLoadError < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -29,4 +38,4 @@ class TestLoadError < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal 'nor/this/one.rb', e.path
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/concerning_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/concerning_test.rb
index c6863b24a4..07d860b71c 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/concerning_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/concerning_test.rb
@@ -1,35 +1,65 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/concerning'
 
-class ConcerningTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_concern_shortcut_creates_a_module_but_doesnt_include_it
-    mod = Module.new { concern(:Foo) { } }
-    assert_kind_of Module, mod::Foo
-    assert mod::Foo.respond_to?(:included)
-    assert !mod.ancestors.include?(mod::Foo), mod.ancestors.inspect
+class ModuleConcerningTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_concerning_declares_a_concern_and_includes_it_immediately
+    klass = Class.new { concerning(:Foo) { } }
+    assert klass.ancestors.include?(klass::Foo), klass.ancestors.inspect
   end
+end
 
+class ModuleConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_concern_creates_a_module_extended_with_active_support_concern
     klass = Class.new do
-      concern :Foo do
+      concern :Baz do
         included { @foo = 1 }
         def should_be_public; end
       end
     end
 
     # Declares a concern but doesn't include it
-    assert_kind_of Module, klass::Foo
-    assert !klass.ancestors.include?(klass::Foo), klass.ancestors.inspect
+    assert klass.const_defined?(:Baz, false)
+    assert !ModuleConcernTest.const_defined?(:Baz)
+    assert_kind_of ActiveSupport::Concern, klass::Baz
+    assert !klass.ancestors.include?(klass::Baz), klass.ancestors.inspect
 
     # Public method visibility by default
-    assert klass::Foo.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s).include?('should_be_public')
+    assert klass::Baz.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s).include?('should_be_public')
 
     # Calls included hook
-    assert_equal 1, Class.new { include klass::Foo }.instance_variable_get('@foo')
+    assert_equal 1, Class.new { include klass::Baz }.instance_variable_get('@foo')
   end
 
-  def test_concerning_declares_a_concern_and_includes_it_immediately
-    klass = Class.new { concerning(:Foo) { } }
-    assert klass.ancestors.include?(klass::Foo), klass.ancestors.inspect
+  class Foo
+    concerning :Bar do
+      module ClassMethods
+        def will_be_orphaned; end
+      end
+
+      const_set :ClassMethods, Module.new {
+        def hacked_on; end
+      }
+
+      # Doesn't overwrite existing ClassMethods module.
+      class_methods do
+        def nicer_dsl; end
+      end
+
+      # Doesn't overwrite previous class_methods definitions.
+      class_methods do
+        def doesnt_clobber; end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_class_methods_blocks_instead_of_ClassMethods_module
+    assert !Foo.respond_to?(:will_be_orphaned)
+    assert Foo.respond_to?(:hacked_on)
+    assert Foo.respond_to?(:nicer_dsl)
+    assert Foo.respond_to?(:doesnt_clobber)
+
+    # Orphan in Foo::ClassMethods, not Bar::ClassMethods.
+    assert Foo.const_defined?(:ClassMethods)
+    assert Foo::ClassMethods.method_defined?(:will_be_orphaned)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
index ff6e21854e..380f5ad42b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Product = Struct.new(:name) do
 
   def type
     @type ||= begin
-      nil.type_name
+      :thing_without_same_method_name_as_delegated.name
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
index 3b1dabea8d..b82448458d 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
@@ -22,18 +22,6 @@ class NumericExtTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_deprecated_since_and_ago
-    assert_equal @now + 1, assert_deprecated { 1.since(@now) }
-    assert_equal @now - 1, assert_deprecated { 1.ago(@now) }
-  end
-
-  def test_deprecated_since_and_ago_without_argument
-    now = Time.now
-    assert assert_deprecated { 1.since } >= now + 1
-    now = Time.now
-    assert assert_deprecated { 1.ago } >= now - 1
-  end
-
   def test_irregular_durations
     assert_equal @now.advance(:days => 3000), 3000.days.since(@now)
     assert_equal @now.advance(:months => 1), 1.month.since(@now)
@@ -83,44 +71,6 @@ class NumericExtTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.utc(2005,2,28,15,15,10), Time.utc(2004,2,29,15,15,10) + 1.year
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2005,2,28,15,15,10), DateTime.civil(2004,2,29,15,15,10) + 1.year
   end
-
-  def test_since_and_ago_anchored_to_time_now_when_time_zone_is_not_set
-    Time.zone = nil
-    with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
-      # since
-      assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, assert_deprecated { 5.since }
-      assert_equal Time.local(2000,1,1,0,0,5), assert_deprecated { 5.since }
-      # ago
-      assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, assert_deprecated { 5.ago }
-      assert_equal Time.local(1999,12,31,23,59,55), assert_deprecated { 5.ago }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_since_and_ago_anchored_to_time_zone_now_when_time_zone_is_set
-    Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
-    with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
-      # since
-      assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, assert_deprecated { 5.since }
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2000,1,1,0,0,5), assert_deprecated { 5.since.time }
-      assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)',  assert_deprecated { 5.since.time_zone.name }
-      # ago
-      assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, assert_deprecated { 5.ago }
-      assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,23,59,55), assert_deprecated { 5.ago.time }
-      assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', assert_deprecated { 5.ago.time_zone.name }
-    end
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
 
 class NumericExtDateTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -435,7 +385,7 @@ class NumericExtFormattingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal BigDecimal, BigDecimal("1000010").class
     assert_equal '1 Million', BigDecimal("1000010").to_s(:human)
   end
-  
+
   def test_in_milliseconds
     assert_equal 10_000, 10.seconds.in_milliseconds
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/acts_like_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/acts_like_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e68b1d23cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/acts_like_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
+
+class ObjectTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class DuckTime
+    def acts_like_time?
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_duck_typing
+    object = Object.new
+    time   = Time.now
+    date   = Date.today
+    dt     = DateTime.new
+    duck   = DuckTime.new
+
+    assert !object.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert !object.acts_like?(:date)
+
+    assert time.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert !time.acts_like?(:date)
+
+    assert !date.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert date.acts_like?(:date)
+
+    assert dt.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert dt.acts_like?(:date)
+
+    assert duck.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert !duck.acts_like?(:date)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/blank_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/blank_test.rb
index 246bc7fa61..246bc7fa61 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/blank_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/blank_test.rb
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/deep_dup_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/deep_dup_test.rb
index 91d558dbb5..91d558dbb5 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/deep_dup_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/deep_dup_test.rb
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/duplicable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/duplicable_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34679cb362
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/duplicable_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'bigdecimal'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+class DuplicableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  RAISE_DUP  = [nil, false, true, :symbol, 1, 2.3, 5.seconds, method(:puts)]
+  ALLOW_DUP = ['1', Object.new, /foo/, [], {}, Time.now, Class.new, Module.new]
+
+  # Needed to support Ruby 1.9.x, as it doesn't allow dup on BigDecimal, instead
+  # raises TypeError exception. Checking here on the runtime whether BigDecimal
+  # will allow dup or not.
+  begin
+    bd = BigDecimal.new('4.56')
+    ALLOW_DUP << bd.dup
+  rescue TypeError
+    RAISE_DUP << bd
+  end
+
+  def test_duplicable
+    RAISE_DUP.each do |v|
+      assert !v.duplicable?
+      assert_raises(TypeError, v.class.name) { v.dup }
+    end
+
+    ALLOW_DUP.each do |v|
+      assert v.duplicable?, "#{ v.class } should be duplicable"
+      assert_nothing_raised { v.dup }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
index 478706eeae..32d512eca3 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
@@ -37,14 +37,23 @@ class InTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
   class C < B
   end
+  class D
+  end
 
   def test_in_module
     assert A.in?(B)
     assert A.in?(C)
     assert !A.in?(A)
+    assert !A.in?(D)
   end
   
   def test_no_method_catching
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.in?(1) }
   end
+  
+  def test_presence_in
+    assert_equal "stuff", "stuff".presence_in(%w( lots of stuff ))
+    assert_nil "stuff".presence_in(%w( lots of crap ))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.presence_in(1) }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/instance_variables_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/instance_variables_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9f4c5dc4f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/instance_variables_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
+
+class ObjectInstanceVariableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @source, @dest = Object.new, Object.new
+    @source.instance_variable_set(:@bar, 'bar')
+    @source.instance_variable_set(:@baz, 'baz')
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_variable_names
+    assert_equal %w(@bar @baz), @source.instance_variable_names.sort
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_values
+    assert_equal({'bar' => 'bar', 'baz' => 'baz'}, @source.instance_values)
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_passes_arguments_to_block
+    assert_equal %w(hello goodbye), 'hello'.instance_exec('goodbye') { |v| [self, v] }
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_with_frozen_obj
+    assert_equal %w(olleh goodbye), 'hello'.freeze.instance_exec('goodbye') { |v| [reverse, v] }
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_nested
+    assert_equal %w(goodbye olleh bar), 'hello'.instance_exec('goodbye') { |arg|
+      [arg] + instance_exec('bar') { |v| [reverse, v] } }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/itself_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/itself_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65db0ddf40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/itself_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
+
+class Object::ItselfTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'itself returns self' do
+    object = 'fun'
+    assert_equal object, object.itself
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_cherry_pick_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_cherry_pick_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f7ea3a497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_cherry_pick_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+# These test cases were added to test that cherry-picking the json extensions
+# works correctly, primarily for dependencies problems reported in #16131. They
+# need to be executed in isolation to reproduce the scenario correctly, because
+# other test cases might have already loaded additional dependencies.
+
+class JsonCherryPickTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+  def test_time_as_json
+    require_or_skip 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
+
+    expected = Time.new(2004, 7, 25)
+    actual   = Time.parse(expected.as_json)
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_date_as_json
+    require_or_skip 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
+
+    expected = Date.new(2004, 7, 25)
+    actual   = Date.parse(expected.as_json)
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_as_json
+    require_or_skip 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
+
+    expected = DateTime.new(2004, 7, 25)
+    actual   = DateTime.parse(expected.as_json)
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  private
+    def require_or_skip(file)
+      require(file) || skip("'#{file}' was already loaded")
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d3d31530df..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class JsonTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  # See activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb for JSON encoding tests
-
-  def test_deprecated_require_to_json_rb
-    assert_deprecated { require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_json' }
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_param_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_param_test.rb
index bd7c6c422a..30a7557dc2 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_param_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_param_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
 
 class ToParamTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class CustomString < String
+    def to_param
+      "custom-#{ self }"
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_object
     foo = Object.new
     def foo.to_s; 'foo' end
@@ -16,4 +22,16 @@ class ToParamTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal true, true.to_param
     assert_equal false, false.to_param
   end
+
+  def test_array
+    # Empty Array
+    assert_equal '', [].to_param
+
+    array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    assert_equal "1/2/3/4", array.to_param
+
+    # Array of different objects
+    array = [1, '3', { a: 1, b: 2 }, nil, true, false, CustomString.new('object')]
+    assert_equal "1/3/a=1&b=2//true/false/custom-object", array.to_param
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb
index f887a9e613..09cab3ed35 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb
@@ -46,19 +46,35 @@ class ToQueryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       :person => {:id => [20, 10]}
   end
 
+  def test_empty_array
+    assert_equal "person%5B%5D=", [].to_query('person')
+  end
+
   def test_nested_empty_hash
     assert_equal '',
       {}.to_query
-    assert_query_equal 'a=1&b%5Bc%5D=3&b%5Bd%5D=',
+    assert_query_equal 'a=1&b%5Bc%5D=3',
       { a: 1, b: { c: 3, d: {} } }
+    assert_query_equal '',
+      { a: {b: {c: {}}} }
     assert_query_equal 'b%5Bc%5D=false&b%5Be%5D=&b%5Bf%5D=&p=12',
       { p: 12, b: { c: false, e: nil, f: '' } }
-    assert_query_equal 'b%5Bc%5D=3&b%5Bf%5D=&b%5Bk%5D=',
+    assert_query_equal 'b%5Bc%5D=3&b%5Bf%5D=',
       { b: { c: 3, k: {}, f: '' } }
-    assert_query_equal 'a%5B%5D=&b=3',
+    assert_query_equal 'b=3',
       {a: [], b: 3}
   end
 
+  def test_hash_with_namespace
+    hash = { name: 'Nakshay', nationality: 'Indian' }
+    assert_equal "user%5Bname%5D=Nakshay&user%5Bnationality%5D=Indian", hash.to_query('user')
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_sorted_lexicographically
+    hash = { type: 'human', name: 'Nakshay' }
+    assert_equal "name=Nakshay&type=human", hash.to_query
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_query_equal(expected, actual)
       assert_equal expected.split('&'), actual.to_query.split('&')
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/try_test.rb
index 0f454fdd95..225c20fa36 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/try_test.rb
@@ -1,70 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses'
-
-class ObjectTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class DuckTime
-    def acts_like_time?
-      true
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_duck_typing
-    object = Object.new
-    time   = Time.now
-    date   = Date.today
-    dt     = DateTime.new
-    duck   = DuckTime.new
-
-    assert !object.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert !object.acts_like?(:date)
-
-    assert time.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert !time.acts_like?(:date)
-
-    assert !date.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert date.acts_like?(:date)
-
-    assert dt.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert dt.acts_like?(:date)
-
-    assert duck.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert !duck.acts_like?(:date)
-  end
-end
-
-class ObjectInstanceVariableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @source, @dest = Object.new, Object.new
-    @source.instance_variable_set(:@bar, 'bar')
-    @source.instance_variable_set(:@baz, 'baz')
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_variable_names
-    assert_equal %w(@bar @baz), @source.instance_variable_names.sort
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_values
-    object = Object.new
-    object.instance_variable_set :@a, 1
-    object.instance_variable_set :@b, 2
-    assert_equal({'a' => 1, 'b' => 2}, object.instance_values)
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_exec_passes_arguments_to_block
-    assert_equal %w(hello goodbye), 'hello'.instance_exec('goodbye') { |v| [self, v] }
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_exec_with_frozen_obj
-    assert_equal %w(olleh goodbye), 'hello'.freeze.instance_exec('goodbye') { |v| [reverse, v] }
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_exec_nested
-    assert_equal %w(goodbye olleh bar), 'hello'.instance_exec('goodbye') { |arg|
-      [arg] + instance_exec('bar') { |v| [reverse, v] } }
-  end
-end
 
 class ObjectTryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
@@ -130,6 +65,10 @@ class ObjectTryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal false, ran
   end
 
+  def test_try_with_instance_eval_block
+    assert_equal @string.reverse, @string.try { reverse }
+  end
+
   def test_try_with_private_method_bang
     klass = Class.new do
       private
@@ -141,7 +80,7 @@ class ObjectTryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { klass.new.try!(:private_method) }
   end
-  
+
   def test_try_with_private_method
     klass = Class.new do
       private
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
index 150e6b65fb..98c4ec6b5e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     date_range = Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 15, 30)..Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 17, 30)
     assert_equal "BETWEEN '2005-12-10 15:30:00' AND '2005-12-10 17:30:00'", date_range.to_s(:db)
   end
-  
+
   def test_date_range
     assert_instance_of Range, DateTime.new..DateTime.new
     assert_instance_of Range, DateTime::Infinity.new..DateTime::Infinity.new
+    assert_instance_of Range, DateTime.new..DateTime::Infinity.new
   end
 
   def test_overlaps_last_inclusive
@@ -116,4 +117,9 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     datetime = DateTime.now
     assert ((datetime - 1.hour)..datetime).each {}
   end
+
+  def test_date_time_with_step
+    datetime = DateTime.now
+    assert ((datetime - 1.hour)..datetime).step(1) {}
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
index 072b970a2d..18b4727c3b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
@@ -10,10 +10,12 @@ require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/indent'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include InflectorTestCases
   include ConstantizeTestCases
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def test_strip_heredoc_on_an_empty_string
     assert_equal '', ''.strip_heredoc
@@ -58,6 +60,11 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal("blargles", "blargle".pluralize(2))
   end
 
+  test 'pluralize with count = 1 still returns new string' do
+    name = "Kuldeep"
+    assert_not_same name.pluralize(1), name
+  end
+
   def test_singularize
     SingularToPlural.each do |singular, plural|
       assert_equal(singular, plural.singularize)
@@ -189,14 +196,14 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       "with tabs( ), newlines( ), unicode nextlines( ) and many spaces( )."
 
     # Make sure squish returns what we expect:
-    assert_equal original.squish,  expected
+    assert_equal expected, original.squish
     # But doesn't modify the original string:
-    assert_not_equal original, expected
+    assert_not_equal expected, original
 
     # Make sure squish! returns what we expect:
-    assert_equal original.squish!, expected
+    assert_equal expected, original.squish!
     # And changes the original string:
-    assert_equal original, expected
+    assert_equal expected, original
   end
 
   def test_string_inquiry
@@ -209,19 +216,40 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Hello Wor...", "Hello World!!".truncate(12)
   end
 
-  def test_truncate_with_omission_and_seperator
+  def test_truncate_with_omission_and_separator
     assert_equal "Hello[...]", "Hello World!".truncate(10, :omission => "[...]")
     assert_equal "Hello[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(13, :omission => "[...]", :separator => ' ')
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(14, :omission => "[...]", :separator => ' ')
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(15, :omission => "[...]", :separator => ' ')
   end
 
-  def test_truncate_with_omission_and_regexp_seperator
+  def test_truncate_with_omission_and_regexp_separator
     assert_equal "Hello[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(13, :omission => "[...]", :separator => /\s/)
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(14, :omission => "[...]", :separator => /\s/)
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(15, :omission => "[...]", :separator => /\s/)
   end
 
+  def test_truncate_words
+    assert_equal "Hello Big World!", "Hello Big World!".truncate_words(3)
+    assert_equal "Hello Big...", "Hello Big World!".truncate_words(2)
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_words_with_omission
+    assert_equal "Hello Big World!", "Hello Big World!".truncate_words(3, :omission => "[...]")
+    assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate_words(2, :omission => "[...]")
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_words_with_separator
+    assert_equal "Hello<br>Big<br>World!...", "Hello<br>Big<br>World!<br>".truncate_words(3, :separator => '<br>')
+    assert_equal "Hello<br>Big<br>World!", "Hello<br>Big<br>World!".truncate_words(3, :separator => '<br>')
+    assert_equal "Hello\n<br>Big...", "Hello\n<br>Big<br>Wide<br>World!".truncate_words(2, :separator => '<br>')
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_words_with_separator_and_omission
+    assert_equal "Hello<br>Big<br>World![...]", "Hello<br>Big<br>World!<br>".truncate_words(3, :omission => "[...]", :separator => '<br>')
+    assert_equal "Hello<br>Big<br>World!", "Hello<br>Big<br>World!".truncate_words(3, :omission => "[...]", :separator => '<br>')
+  end
+
   def test_truncate_multibyte
     assert_equal "\354\225\204\353\246\254\353\236\221 \354\225\204\353\246\254 ...".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8),
       "\354\225\204\353\246\254\353\236\221 \354\225\204\353\246\254 \354\225\204\353\235\274\353\246\254\354\230\244".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).truncate(10)
@@ -296,6 +324,12 @@ class StringAccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'x', 'x'.first(4)
   end
 
+  test "#first with Fixnum >= string length still returns a new string" do
+    string = "hello"
+    different_string = string.first(5)
+    assert_not_same different_string, string
+  end
+
   test "#last returns the last character" do
     assert_equal "o", "hello".last
     assert_equal 'x', 'x'.last
@@ -308,6 +342,12 @@ class StringAccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'x', 'x'.last(4)
   end
 
+  test "#last with Fixnum >= string length still returns a new string" do
+    string = "hello"
+    different_string = string.last(5)
+    assert_not_same different_string, string
+  end
+
   test "access returns a real string" do
     hash = {}
     hash["h"] = true
@@ -337,6 +377,8 @@ class StringAccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 end
 
 class StringConversionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def test_string_to_time
     with_env_tz "Europe/Moscow" do
       assert_equal Time.utc(2005, 2, 27, 23, 50), "2005-02-27 23:50".to_time(:utc)
@@ -506,14 +548,6 @@ class StringConversionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_nil "".to_date
     assert_equal Date.new(Date.today.year, 2, 3), "Feb 3rd".to_date
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
 
 class StringBehaviourTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -608,6 +642,29 @@ class OutputSafetyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !@other_combination.html_safe?
   end
 
+  test "Prepending safe onto unsafe yields unsafe" do
+    @string.prepend "other".html_safe
+    assert !@string.html_safe?
+    assert_equal @string, "otherhello"
+  end
+
+  test "Prepending unsafe onto safe yields escaped safe" do
+    other = "other".html_safe
+    other.prepend "<foo>"
+    assert other.html_safe?
+    assert_equal other, "&lt;foo&gt;other"
+  end
+
+  test "Deprecated #prepend! method is still present" do
+    other = "other".html_safe
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      other.prepend! "<foo>"
+    end
+
+    assert_equal other, "&lt;foo&gt;other"
+  end
+
   test "Concatting safe onto unsafe yields unsafe" do
     @other_string = "other"
 
@@ -718,6 +775,14 @@ class OutputSafetyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     string = "<b>hello</b>".html_safe
     assert_equal string, ERB::Util.html_escape(string)
   end
+
+  test "ERB::Util.html_escape_once only escapes once" do
+    string = '1 < 2 &amp; 3'
+    escaped_string = "1 &lt; 2 &amp; 3"
+
+    assert_equal escaped_string, ERB::Util.html_escape_once(string)
+    assert_equal escaped_string, ERB::Util.html_escape_once(escaped_string)
+  end
 end
 
 class StringExcludeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
index e0a4b1be3e..9a5bd19be2 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'core_ext/date_and_time_behavior'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def date_time_init(year,month,day,hour,minute,second,usec=0)
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   include DateAndTimeBehavior
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def test_seconds_since_midnight
     assert_equal 1,Time.local(2005,1,1,0,0,1).seconds_since_midnight
@@ -403,6 +405,7 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,16,0,0,"-08:00"),   Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:hour => 16)
     assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,16,45,0,"-08:00"),  Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:hour => 16, :min => 45)
     assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,15,45,0,"-08:00"),  Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:min => 45)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.new(2005, 2, 22, 15, 15, 45, "-08:00").change(:usec => 1000000) }
   end
 
   def test_advance
@@ -847,15 +850,6 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_all_year
     assert_equal Time.local(2011,1,1,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,12,31,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_year
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
-
 end
 
 class TimeExtMarshalingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
index 7fe4d4a6b2..3000da8da4 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def setup
     @utc = Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0)
@@ -246,16 +248,31 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Hawaii'] ) - Time.utc(2000, 1, 1)
   end
 
+  def test_minus_with_time_precision
+    assert_equal  86_399.999999998,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 23, 59, 59, Rational(999999999, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, Rational(1, 1000))
+    assert_equal  86_399.999999998,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 23, 59, 59, Rational(999999999, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Hawaii'] ) - Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, Rational(1, 1000))
+  end
+
   def test_minus_with_time_with_zone
     twz1 = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] )
     twz2 = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] )
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  twz2 - twz1
   end
 
+  def test_minus_with_time_with_zone_precision
+    twz1 = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, Rational(1, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] )
+    twz2 = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59, Rational(999999999, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] )
+    assert_equal  86_399.999999998,  twz2 - twz1
+  end
+
   def test_minus_with_datetime
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1)
   end
 
+  def test_minus_with_datetime_precision
+    assert_equal  86_399.999999999,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59, Rational(999999999, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1)
+  end
+
   def test_minus_with_wrapped_datetime
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - Time.utc(2000, 1, 1)
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1)
@@ -350,6 +367,7 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_acts_like_time
+    assert @twz.acts_like_time?
     assert @twz.acts_like?(:time)
     assert ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(DateTime.civil(2000), @time_zone).acts_like?(:time)
   end
@@ -795,23 +813,17 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "undefined method `this_method_does_not_exist' for Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00:Time", e.message
     assert_no_match "rescue", e.backtrace.first
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
 
 class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def setup
-    @t, @dt = Time.utc(2000), DateTime.civil(2000)
+    @t, @dt, @zone = Time.utc(2000), DateTime.civil(2000), Time.zone
   end
 
   def teardown
-    Time.zone = nil
+    Time.zone = @zone
   end
 
   def test_in_time_zone
@@ -867,8 +879,6 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_localtime
     Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
     assert_equal @dt.in_time_zone.localtime, @dt.in_time_zone.utc.to_time.getlocal
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
   end
 
   def test_use_zone
@@ -907,6 +917,7 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_time_zone_getter_and_setter_with_zone_default_set
+    old_zone_default = Time.zone_default
     Time.zone_default = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska']
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska'], Time.zone
     Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Hawaii']
@@ -914,8 +925,7 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     Time.zone = nil
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska'], Time.zone
   ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
-    Time.zone_default = nil
+    Time.zone_default = old_zone_default
   end
 
   def test_time_zone_setter_is_thread_safe
@@ -987,8 +997,6 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', Time.current.time_zone.name
       assert_equal Time.utc(2000), Time.current.time
     end
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
   end
 
   def test_time_in_time_zone_doesnt_affect_receiver
@@ -999,25 +1007,15 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_not time.utc?, 'time expected to be local, but is UTC'
     end
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
 
 class TimeWithZoneMethodsForDate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def setup
     @d = Date.civil(2000)
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
   def test_in_time_zone
     with_tz_default 'Alaska' do
       assert_equal 'Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 AKST -09:00', @d.in_time_zone.inspect
@@ -1050,28 +1048,17 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForDate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @d.in_time_zone(-15.hours) }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @d.in_time_zone(Object.new) }
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_tz_default(tz = nil)
-      old_tz = Time.zone
-      Time.zone = tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      Time.zone = old_tz
-    end
 end
 
 class TimeWithZoneMethodsForString < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def setup
     @s = "Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00"
     @u = "Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 UTC +00:00"
     @z = "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00"
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
   def test_in_time_zone
     with_tz_default 'Alaska' do
       assert_equal 'Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 AKST -09:00', @s.in_time_zone.inspect
@@ -1126,13 +1113,4 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForString < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @u.in_time_zone(Object.new) }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @z.in_time_zone(Object.new) }
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_tz_default(tz = nil)
-      old_tz = Time.zone
-      Time.zone = tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      Time.zone = old_tz
-    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/uri_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/uri_ext_test.rb
index 03e388dd7a..43a5997ddd 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/uri_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/uri_ext_test.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class URIExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_uri_decode_handle_multibyte
     str = "\xE6\x97\xA5\xE6\x9C\xAC\xE8\xAA\x9E" # Ni-ho-nn-go in UTF-8, means Japanese.
 
-    parser = URI::Parser.new
+    parser = URI.parser
     assert_equal str, parser.unescape(parser.escape(str))
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
index 4ca63b3417..899bb75eae 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
@@ -47,18 +47,22 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_tracking_loaded_files
-    require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
-    require_dependency 'dependencies/service_two'
-    assert_equal 2, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.size
+    with_loading do
+      require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
+      require_dependency 'dependencies/service_two'
+      assert_equal 2, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.size
+    end
   ensure
     Object.send(:remove_const, :ServiceOne) if Object.const_defined?(:ServiceOne)
     Object.send(:remove_const, :ServiceTwo) if Object.const_defined?(:ServiceTwo)
   end
 
   def test_tracking_identical_loaded_files
-    require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
-    require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.size
+    with_loading do
+      require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
+      require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
+      assert_equal 1, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.size
+    end
   ensure
     Object.send(:remove_const, :ServiceOne) if Object.const_defined?(:ServiceOne)
   end
@@ -367,9 +371,11 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       e = assert_raise(NameError) { A::DoesNotExist.nil? }
       assert_equal "uninitialized constant A::DoesNotExist", e.message
+      assert_equal :DoesNotExist, e.name
 
       e = assert_raise(NameError) { A::B::DoesNotExist.nil? }
       assert_equal "uninitialized constant A::B::DoesNotExist", e.message
+      assert_equal :DoesNotExist, e.name
     end
   end
 
@@ -537,6 +543,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       mod = Module.new
       e = assert_raise(NameError) { mod::E }
       assert_equal 'E cannot be autoloaded from an anonymous class or module', e.message
+      assert_equal :E, e.name
     end
   end
 
@@ -881,6 +888,8 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         assert_raise(NameError) { assert_equal 123, ::RaisesNameError::FooBarBaz }
       end
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:RaisesNameError)
   end
 
   def test_autoload_doesnt_shadow_name_error
@@ -954,7 +963,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_kind_of Class, A::B # Necessary to load A::B for the test
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.mark_for_unload(A::B)
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_unloadable_constants!
-       
+
       A::B # Make sure no circular dependency error
     end
   end
@@ -987,11 +996,4 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.hook!
   end
-
-private
-  def remove_constants(*constants)
-    constants.each do |constant|
-      Object.send(:remove_const, constant) if Object.const_defined?(constant)
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb b/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
index ee1c69502e..7aff56cbad 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
@@ -355,4 +355,21 @@ class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
       deprecator
     end
+
+    def capture(stream)
+      stream = stream.to_s
+      captured_stream = Tempfile.new(stream)
+      stream_io = eval("$#{stream}")
+      origin_stream = stream_io.dup
+      stream_io.reopen(captured_stream)
+
+      yield
+
+      stream_io.rewind
+      return captured_stream.read
+    ensure
+      captured_stream.close
+      captured_stream.unlink
+      stream_io.reopen(origin_stream)
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb b/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb
index 5ef59b6e6b..3faa15e7fd 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb
@@ -99,7 +99,6 @@ class I18nTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_to_sentence_with_empty_i18n_store
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
     assert_equal 'a, b, and c', %w[a b c].to_sentence(locale: 'empty')
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb b/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
index 35967ba656..b37f31bc5f 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       ["SSLError",          "ssl_error",          "SSL error",          "SSL Error"],
       ["RESTful",           "restful",            "RESTful",            "RESTful"],
       ["RESTfulController", "restful_controller", "RESTful controller", "RESTful Controller"],
+      ["Nested::RESTful",   "nested/restful",     "Nested/RESTful",     "Nested/RESTful"],
       ["IHeartW3C",         "i_heart_w3c",        "I heart W3C",        "I Heart W3C"],
       ["PhDRequired",       "phd_required",       "PhD required",       "PhD Required"],
       ["IRoRU",             "i_ror_u",            "I RoR u",            "I RoR U"],
@@ -200,6 +201,7 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_demodulize
     assert_equal "Account", ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize("MyApplication::Billing::Account")
     assert_equal "Account", ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize("Account")
+    assert_equal "Account", ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize("::Account")
     assert_equal "", ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize("")
   end
 
@@ -497,10 +499,10 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   %w(plurals singulars uncountables humans acronyms).each do |scope|
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-      define_method("test_clear_inflections_with_#{scope}") do
-        with_dup do
-          # clear the inflections
+    define_method("test_clear_inflections_with_#{scope}") do
+      with_dup do
+        # clear the inflections
+        ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
           inflect.clear(scope)
           assert_equal [], inflect.send(scope)
         end
@@ -508,6 +510,14 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_inflections_with_uncountable_words
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+      inflect.uncountable "HTTP"
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "HTTP", ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize("HTTP")
+  end
+
   # Dups the singleton and yields, restoring the original inflections later.
   # Use this in tests what modify the state of the singleton.
   #
@@ -515,9 +525,10 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   # there are module functions that access ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections,
   # so we need to replace the singleton itself.
   def with_dup
-    original = ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_get(:@__instance__)
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, original.dup)
+    original = ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_get(:@__instance__)[:en]
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, en: original.dup)
+    yield
   ensure
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, original)
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, en: original)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb b/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
index 4bd1b2e47c..3770f00fe3 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     "HTMLTidyGenerator"     => "html_tidy_generator",
     "FreeBSD"               => "free_bsd",
     "HTML"                  => "html",
+    "ForceXMLController"    => "force_xml_controller",
   }
 
   CamelWithModuleToUnderscoreWithSlash = {
@@ -208,9 +209,11 @@ module InflectorTestCases
   }
 
   UnderscoreToHuman = {
-    "employee_salary" => "Employee salary",
-    "employee_id"     => "Employee",
-    "underground"     => "Underground"
+    'employee_salary' => 'Employee salary',
+    'employee_id'     => 'Employee',
+    'underground'     => 'Underground',
+    '_id'             => 'Id',
+    '_external_id'    => 'External'
   }
 
   UnderscoreToHumanWithoutCapitalize = {
@@ -314,7 +317,7 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     'child'  => 'children',
     'sex'    => 'sexes',
     'move'   => 'moves',
-    'cow'    => 'kine',
+    'cow'    => 'kine', # Test inflections with different starting letters
     'zombie' => 'zombies',
     'genus'  => 'genera'
   }
diff --git a/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb b/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
index 07d7e530ca..80bf255080 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
@@ -73,22 +73,20 @@ class TestJSONDecoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   TESTS.each_with_index do |(json, expected), index|
     test "json decodes #{index}" do
-      prev = ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
-      ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = true
-      silence_warnings do
-        assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json), "JSON decoding \
-        failed for #{json}"
+      with_parse_json_times(true) do
+        silence_warnings do
+          assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json), "JSON decoding \
+          failed for #{json}"
+        end
       end
-      ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = prev
     end
   end
 
   test "json decodes time json with time parsing disabled" do
-    prev = ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
-    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = false
-    expected = {"a" => "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}
-    assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%({"a": "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}))
-    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = prev
+    with_parse_json_times(false) do
+      expected = {"a" => "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}
+      assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%({"a": "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_failed_json_decoding
@@ -101,5 +99,15 @@ class TestJSONDecoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_cannot_pass_unsupported_options
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.decode("", create_additions: true) }
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def with_parse_json_times(value)
+    old_value = ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
+    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = value
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = old_value
+  end
 end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
index c4283ee79a..ad358ad21d 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 require 'active_support/json'
 require 'active_support/time'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   class Foo
     def initialize(a, b)
       @a, @b = a, b
@@ -327,12 +330,39 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal(%([{"address":{"city":"London"}},{"address":{"city":"Paris"}}]), json)
   end
 
-  def test_enumerable_should_pass_encoding_options_to_children_in_as_json
-    people = [
-      { :name => 'John', :address => { :city => 'London', :country => 'UK' }},
-      { :name => 'Jean', :address => { :city => 'Paris' , :country => 'France' }}
+  People = Class.new(BasicObject) do
+    include Enumerable
+    def initialize()
+      @people = [
+        { :name => 'John', :address => { :city => 'London', :country => 'UK' }},
+        { :name => 'Jean', :address => { :city => 'Paris' , :country => 'France' }}
+      ]
+    end
+    def each(*, &blk)
+      @people.each do |p|
+        yield p if blk
+        p
+      end.each
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_enumerable_should_generate_json_with_as_json
+    json = People.new.as_json :only => [:address, :city]
+    expected = [
+      { 'address' => { 'city' => 'London' }},
+      { 'address' => { 'city' => 'Paris' }}
     ]
-    json = people.each.as_json :only => [:address, :city]
+
+    assert_equal(expected, json)
+  end
+
+  def test_enumerable_should_generate_json_with_to_json
+    json = People.new.to_json :only => [:address, :city]
+    assert_equal(%([{"address":{"city":"London"}},{"address":{"city":"Paris"}}]), json)
+  end
+
+  def test_enumerable_should_pass_encoding_options_to_children_in_as_json
+    json = People.new.each.as_json :only => [:address, :city]
     expected = [
       { 'address' => { 'city' => 'London' }},
       { 'address' => { 'city' => 'Paris' }}
@@ -342,11 +372,7 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_enumerable_should_pass_encoding_options_to_children_in_to_json
-    people = [
-      { :name => 'John', :address => { :city => 'London', :country => 'UK' }},
-      { :name => 'Jean', :address => { :city => 'Paris' , :country => 'France' }}
-    ]
-    json = people.each.to_json :only => [:address, :city]
+    json = People.new.each.to_json :only => [:address, :city]
 
     assert_equal(%([{"address":{"city":"London"}},{"address":{"city":"Paris"}}]), json)
   end
@@ -468,31 +494,28 @@ EXPECTED
 
   def test_twz_to_json_with_custom_time_precision
     with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
-      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
-      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
-      time = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), zone)
-      assert_equal "\"1999-12-31T19:00:00-05:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(time)
+      with_time_precision(0) do
+        zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+        time = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), zone)
+        assert_equal "\"1999-12-31T19:00:00-05:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(time)
+      end
     end
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 3
   end
 
   def test_time_to_json_with_custom_time_precision
     with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
-      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
-      assert_equal "\"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2000))
+      with_time_precision(0) do
+        assert_equal "\"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2000))
+      end
     end
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 3
   end
 
   def test_datetime_to_json_with_custom_time_precision
     with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
-      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
-      assert_equal "\"2000-01-01T00:00:00+00:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(DateTime.new(2000))
+      with_time_precision(0) do
+        assert_equal "\"2000-01-01T00:00:00+00:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(DateTime.new(2000))
+      end
     end
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 3
   end
 
   def test_twz_to_json_when_wrapping_a_date_time
@@ -507,17 +530,18 @@ EXPECTED
       json_object[1..-2].scan(/([^{}:,\s]+):/).flatten.sort
     end
 
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
+    def with_standard_json_time_format(boolean = true)
+      old, ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format, boolean
       yield
     ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
+      ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = old
     end
 
-    def with_standard_json_time_format(boolean = true)
-      old, ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format, boolean
+    def with_time_precision(value)
+      old_value = ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision
+      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = value
       yield
     ensure
-      ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = old
+      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = old_value
     end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/key_generator_test.rb b/activesupport/test/key_generator_test.rb
index 525082d313..f7e8e9a795 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/key_generator_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/key_generator_test.rb
@@ -29,4 +29,34 @@ class KeyGeneratorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 end
 
+class CachingKeyGeneratorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @secret    = SecureRandom.hex(64)
+    @generator = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(@secret, :iterations=>2)
+    @caching_generator = ActiveSupport::CachingKeyGenerator.new(@generator)
+  end
+
+  test "Generating a cached key for same salt and key size" do
+    derived_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 32)
+    cached_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 32)
+
+    assert_equal derived_key, cached_key
+    assert_equal derived_key.object_id, cached_key.object_id
+  end
+
+  test "Does not cache key for different salt" do
+    derived_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 32)
+    different_salt_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("other_salt", 32)
+
+    assert_not_equal derived_key, different_salt_key
+  end
+
+  test "Does not cache key for different length" do
+    derived_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 32)
+    different_length_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 64)
+
+    assert_not_equal derived_key, different_length_key
+  end
+end
+
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
index 659fceb852..feca013675 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
@@ -3,19 +3,12 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'multibyte_test_helpers'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/multibyte'
 
-class String
-  def __method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result; 1; end
-  def __method_for_multibyte_testing; 'result'; end
-  def __method_for_multibyte_testing!; 'result'; end
-  def __method_for_multibyte_testing_that_returns_nil!; end
-end
-
 class MultibyteCharsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include MultibyteTestHelpers
 
   def setup
     @proxy_class = ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
-    @chars = @proxy_class.new UNICODE_STRING
+    @chars = @proxy_class.new UNICODE_STRING.dup
   end
 
   def test_wraps_the_original_string
@@ -24,6 +17,8 @@ class MultibyteCharsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_method_calls_to_string
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing; 'result'; end }
+
     assert_nothing_raised do
       @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing
     end
@@ -33,28 +28,35 @@ class MultibyteCharsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_forwarded_method_calls_should_return_new_chars_instance
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing; 'result'; end }
+
     assert_kind_of @proxy_class, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing
     assert_not_equal @chars.object_id, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing.object_id
   end
 
   def test_forwarded_bang_method_calls_should_return_the_original_chars_instance_when_result_is_not_nil
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing!; 'result'; end }
+
     assert_kind_of @proxy_class, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing!
     assert_equal @chars.object_id, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing!.object_id
   end
 
   def test_forwarded_bang_method_calls_should_return_nil_when_result_is_nil
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing_that_returns_nil!; end }
+
     assert_nil @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing_that_returns_nil!
   end
 
   def test_methods_are_forwarded_to_wrapped_string_for_byte_strings
-    original_encoding = BYTE_STRING.encoding
     assert_equal BYTE_STRING.length, BYTE_STRING.mb_chars.length
-  ensure
-    BYTE_STRING.force_encoding(original_encoding)
   end
 
   def test_forwarded_method_with_non_string_result_should_be_returned_vertabim
-    assert_equal ''.__method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result
+    str = ''
+    str.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result; 1; end }
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result; 1; end }
+
+    assert_equal str.__method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result
   end
 
   def test_should_concatenate
@@ -103,7 +105,6 @@ class MultibyteCharsUTF8BehaviourTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @chars = UNICODE_STRING.dup.mb_chars
     # Ruby 1.9 only supports basic whitespace
     @whitespace = "\n\t "
-    @byte_order_mark = [65279].pack('U')
   end
 
   def test_split_should_return_an_array_of_chars_instances
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_conformance.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_conformance_test.rb
index 2baf724da4..aba81b8248 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_conformance.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_conformance_test.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ require 'tmpdir'
 class Downloader
   def self.download(from, to)
     unless File.exist?(to)
-      $stderr.puts "Downloading #{from} to #{to}"
       unless File.exist?(File.dirname(to))
         system "mkdir -p #{File.dirname(to)}"
       end
@@ -20,8 +19,9 @@ class Downloader
             target.write l
           end
         end
-       end
-     end
+      end
+    end
+    true
   end
 end
 
@@ -31,11 +31,15 @@ class MultibyteConformanceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   UNIDATA_URL = "http://www.unicode.org/Public/#{ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode::UNICODE_VERSION}/ucd"
   UNIDATA_FILE = '/NormalizationTest.txt'
   CACHE_DIR = File.join(Dir.tmpdir, 'cache')
+  FileUtils.mkdir_p(CACHE_DIR)
+  RUN_P = begin
+            Downloader.download(UNIDATA_URL + UNIDATA_FILE, CACHE_DIR + UNIDATA_FILE)
+          rescue
+          end
 
   def setup
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p(CACHE_DIR)
-    Downloader.download(UNIDATA_URL + UNIDATA_FILE, CACHE_DIR + UNIDATA_FILE)
     @proxy = ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
+    skip "Unable to download test data" unless RUN_P
   end
 
   def test_normalizations_C
@@ -126,4 +130,4 @@ class MultibyteConformanceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     def inspect_codepoints(str)
       str.to_s.unpack("U*").map{|cp| cp.to_s(16) }.join(' ')
     end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_proxy_test.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_proxy_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8ffd7ca9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_proxy_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class MultibyteProxyText < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class AsciiOnlyEncoder
+    attr_reader :wrapped_string
+    alias to_s wrapped_string
+
+    def initialize(string)
+      @wrapped_string = string.gsub(/[^\u0000-\u007F]/, '?')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_custom_encoder(encoder)
+    original_proxy_class = ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class
+
+    begin
+      ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class = encoder
+
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class = original_proxy_class
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "custom multibyte encoder" do
+    with_custom_encoder(AsciiOnlyEncoder) do
+      assert_equal "s?me string 123", "søme string 123".mb_chars.to_s
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "søme string 123", "søme string 123".mb_chars.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_test_helpers.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_test_helpers.rb
index fdbe2f4350..90af2dadd4 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_test_helpers.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_test_helpers.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 
 module MultibyteTestHelpers
-  UNICODE_STRING = 'こにちわ'
-  ASCII_STRING = 'ohayo'
-  BYTE_STRING = "\270\236\010\210\245".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
+  UNICODE_STRING = 'こにちわ'.freeze
+  ASCII_STRING = 'ohayo'.freeze
+  BYTE_STRING = "\270\236\010\210\245".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT").freeze
 
   def chars(str)
     ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars.new(str)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb b/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb
index 65aecece71..e6925e9083 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       :custom_units_for_number_to_human => {:mili => "mm", :centi => "cm", :deci => "dm", :unit => "m", :ten => "dam", :hundred => "hm", :thousand => "km"}
     end
 
+    def teardown
+      I18n.backend.reload!
+    end
+
     def test_number_to_i18n_currency
       assert_equal("&$ - 10.00", number_to_currency(10, :locale => 'ts'))
       assert_equal("(&$ - 10.00)", number_to_currency(-10, :locale => 'ts'))
@@ -50,8 +54,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_to_currency_with_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("$10.00", number_to_currency(10, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("-$10.00", number_to_currency(-10, :locale => 'empty'))
     end
@@ -80,8 +82,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_with_i18n_precision_and_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("123456789.123", number_to_rounded(123456789.123456789, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("1.000", number_to_rounded(1.0000, :locale => 'empty'))
     end
@@ -92,8 +92,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_with_i18n_delimiter_and_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("1,000,000.234", number_to_delimited(1000000.234, :locale => 'empty'))
     end
 
@@ -107,8 +105,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_to_i18n_percentage_and_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("1.000%", number_to_percentage(1, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("1.243%", number_to_percentage(1.2434, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("12434.000%", number_to_percentage(12434, :locale => 'empty'))
@@ -121,8 +117,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_to_i18n_human_size_with_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("2 KB", number_to_human_size(2048, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("42 Bytes", number_to_human_size(42, :locale => 'empty'))
     end
@@ -142,8 +136,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_to_human_with_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal "2 Thousand", number_to_human(2000, :locale => 'empty')
       assert_equal "1.23 Billion", number_to_human(1234567890, :locale => 'empty')
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb b/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
index 6d8d835de7..50d84a9470 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/number_helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module NumberHelper
@@ -79,6 +80,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal("123.4%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(123.400, :precision => 3, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true))
           assert_equal("1.000,000%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ','))
           assert_equal("1000.000  %", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, :format => "%n  %"))
+          assert_equal("98a%", number_helper.number_to_percentage("98a"))
+          assert_equal("NaN%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(Float::NAN))
+          assert_equal("Inf%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(Float::INFINITY))
         end
       end
 
@@ -94,6 +98,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal("123,456,789.78901", number_helper.number_to_delimited(123456789.78901))
           assert_equal("0.78901", number_helper.number_to_delimited(0.78901))
           assert_equal("123,456.78", number_helper.number_to_delimited("123456.78"))
+          assert_equal("123,456.78", number_helper.number_to_delimited("123456.78".html_safe))
         end
       end
 
@@ -129,6 +134,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal("111.23460000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded('111.2346', :precision => 20))
           assert_equal("111.23460000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(BigDecimal(111.2346, Float::DIG), :precision => 20))
           assert_equal("111.2346" + "0"*96, number_helper.number_to_rounded('111.2346', :precision => 100))
+          assert_equal("111.2346", number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(1112346, 10000), :precision => 4))
+          assert_equal('0.00', number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(0, 1), :precision => 2))
         end
       end
 
@@ -169,6 +176,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(BigDecimal(9775), :precision => 20, :significant => true )
           assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded("9775", :precision => 20, :significant => true )
           assert_equal "9775." + "0"*96, number_helper.number_to_rounded("9775", :precision => 100, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal("97.7", number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(9772, 100), :precision => 3, :significant => true))
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/option_merger_test.rb b/activesupport/test/option_merger_test.rb
index 9d139b61b8..4c0364e68b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/option_merger_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/option_merger_test.rb
@@ -79,6 +79,15 @@ class OptionMergerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::OptionMerger, ActiveSupport::OptionMerger.new('', '').class
   end
 
+  def test_option_merger_implicit_receiver
+    @options.with_options foo: "bar" do
+      merge! fizz: "buzz"
+    end
+
+    expected = { hello: "world", foo: "bar", fizz: "buzz" }
+    assert_equal expected, @options
+  end
+
   private
     def method_with_options(options = {})
       options
diff --git a/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb b/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb
index 0b54026c64..460a61613e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb
@@ -120,7 +120,9 @@ class OrderedHashTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_select
-    assert_equal @keys, @ordered_hash.select { true }.map(&:first)
+    new_ordered_hash = @ordered_hash.select { true }
+    assert_equal @keys, new_ordered_hash.map(&:first)
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::OrderedHash, new_ordered_hash
   end
 
   def test_delete_if
@@ -143,6 +145,7 @@ class OrderedHashTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal copy, @ordered_hash
     assert !new_ordered_hash.keys.include?('pink')
     assert @ordered_hash.keys.include?('pink')
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::OrderedHash, new_ordered_hash
   end
 
   def test_clear
diff --git a/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb b/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb
index 253411aa3d..a88d8d9eba 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb
@@ -4,20 +4,28 @@ require 'active_support/subscriber'
 class TestSubscriber < ActiveSupport::Subscriber
   attach_to :doodle
 
-  cattr_reader :event
+  cattr_reader :events
 
   def self.clear
-    @@event = nil
+    @@events = []
   end
 
   def open_party(event)
-    @@event = event
+    events << event
   end
 
   private
 
   def private_party(event)
-    @@event = event
+    events << event
+  end
+end
+
+# Monkey patch subscriber to test that only one subscriber per method is added.
+class TestSubscriber
+  remove_method :open_party
+  def open_party(event)
+    events << event
   end
 end
 
@@ -29,12 +37,18 @@ class SubscriberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_attaches_subscribers
     ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("open_party.doodle")
 
-    assert_equal "open_party.doodle", TestSubscriber.event.name
+    assert_equal "open_party.doodle", TestSubscriber.events.first.name
+  end
+
+  def test_attaches_only_one_subscriber
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("open_party.doodle")
+
+    assert_equal 1, TestSubscriber.events.size
   end
 
   def test_does_not_attach_private_methods
     ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("private_party.doodle")
 
-    assert_nil TestSubscriber.event
+    assert_equal [], TestSubscriber.events
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/test_test.rb b/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
index 0fa08c0e3a..c93192f207 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/test_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/date'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
 
 class AssertDifferenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
@@ -28,12 +26,30 @@ class AssertDifferenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'custom', e.message
   end
 
-  def test_assert_no_difference
+  def test_assert_no_difference_pass
     assert_no_difference '@object.num' do
       # ...
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_no_difference_fail
+    error = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+      assert_no_difference '@object.num' do
+        @object.increment
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "\"@object.num\" didn't change by 0.\nExpected: 0\n  Actual: 1", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_difference_with_message_fail
+    error = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+      assert_no_difference '@object.num', 'Object Changed' do
+        @object.increment
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "Object Changed.\n\"@object.num\" didn't change by 0.\nExpected: 0\n  Actual: 1", error.message
+  end
+
   def test_assert_difference
     assert_difference '@object.num', +1 do
       @object.increment
@@ -156,65 +172,3 @@ class TestCaseTaggedLoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_match "#{self.class}: #{name}\n", @out.string
   end
 end
-
-class TimeHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  setup do
-    Time.stubs now: Time.now
-  end
-
-  teardown do
-    travel_back
-  end
-
-  def test_time_helper_travel
-    expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
-    travel 1.day
-
-    assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
-    assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
-  end
-
-  def test_time_helper_travel_with_block
-    expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
-
-    travel 1.day do
-      assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
-      assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
-    end
-
-    assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
-    assert_not_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
-  end
-
-  def test_time_helper_travel_to
-    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
-    travel_to expected_time
-
-    assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
-    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
-  end
-
-  def test_time_helper_travel_to_with_block
-    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
-
-    travel_to expected_time do
-      assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
-      assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
-    end
-
-    assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
-    assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
-  end
-
-  def test_time_helper_travel_back
-    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
-
-    travel_to expected_time
-    assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
-    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
-    travel_back
-
-    assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
-    assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb b/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb
index 71a9561189..0f16419c8b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb
@@ -65,4 +65,12 @@ class ConstantLookupTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       }
     }
   end
+
+  def test_does_not_swallow_exception_on_no_name_error_within_constant
+    assert_raises(NameError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        self.class.determine_constant_from_test_name('RaisesNameError')
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/time_travel_test.rb b/activesupport/test/time_travel_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..065539671d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/time_travel_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+class TimeTravelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    Time.stubs now: Time.now
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    travel_back
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel
+    expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
+    travel 1.day
+
+    assert_equal expected_time.to_s(:db), Time.now.to_s(:db)
+    assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_with_block
+    expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
+
+    travel 1.day do
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_s(:db), Time.now.to_s(:db)
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+    end
+
+    assert_not_equal expected_time.to_s(:db), Time.now.to_s(:db)
+    assert_not_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_to
+    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+    travel_to expected_time
+
+    assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_to_with_block
+    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+
+    travel_to expected_time do
+      assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+      assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+    end
+
+    assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_back
+    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+
+    travel_to expected_time
+    assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+    travel_back
+
+    assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+  end
+
+  def test_travel_to_will_reset_the_usec_to_avoid_mysql_rouding
+    travel_to Time.utc(2014, 10, 10, 10, 10, 50, 999999) do
+      assert_equal 50, Time.now.sec
+      assert_equal 0, Time.now.usec
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
index cd79efbe8c..b7a89ed332 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def test_utc_to_local
     zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
     assert_equal Time.utc(1999, 12, 31, 19), zone.utc_to_local(Time.utc(2000, 1)) # standard offset -0500
@@ -124,6 +127,32 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     travel_back
   end
 
+  def test_travel_to_a_date
+    with_env_tz do
+      Time.use_zone('Hawaii') do
+        date = Date.new(2014, 2, 18)
+        time = date.midnight
+
+        travel_to date do
+          assert_equal date, Date.current
+          assert_equal time, Time.current
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_travel_to_travels_back_and_reraises_if_the_block_raises
+    ts = Time.current - 1.second
+
+    travel_to ts do
+      raise
+    end
+
+    flunk # ensure travel_to re-raises
+  rescue
+    assert_not_equal ts, Time.current
+  end
+
   def test_local
     time = ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Hawaii"].local(2007, 2, 5, 15, 30, 45)
     assert_equal Time.utc(2007, 2, 5, 15, 30, 45), time.time
@@ -228,6 +257,15 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,19), twz.time
   end
 
+  def test_parse_with_day_omitted
+    with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
+      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+      assert_equal Time.local(2000, 2, 1), zone.parse('Feb', Time.local(2000, 1, 1))
+      assert_equal Time.local(2005, 2, 1), zone.parse('Feb 2005', Time.local(2000, 1, 1))
+      assert_equal Time.local(2005, 2, 2), zone.parse('2 Feb 2005', Time.local(2000, 1, 1))
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_parse_should_not_black_out_system_timezone_dst_jump
     with_env_tz('EET') do
       zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Pacific Time (US & Canada)']
@@ -381,12 +419,4 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert ActiveSupport::TimeZone.us_zones.include?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Hawaii"])
     assert !ActiveSupport::TimeZone.us_zones.include?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Kuala Lumpur"])
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test_helpers.rb b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test_helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9632b89d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test_helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+module TimeZoneTestHelpers
+  def with_tz_default(tz = nil)
+    old_tz = Time.zone
+    Time.zone = tz
+    yield
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = old_tz
+  end
+
+  def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
+    old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
+    yield
+  ensure
+    old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb b/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
index e0f85f4e7c..6833ae68a7 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class TransliterateTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_transliterate_should_approximate_ascii
-    # create string with range of Unicode"s western characters with
+    # create string with range of Unicode's western characters with
     # diacritics, excluding the division and multiplication signs which for
     # some reason or other are floating in the middle of all the letters.
     string = (0xC0..0x17E).to_a.reject {|c| [0xD7, 0xF7].include?(c)}.pack("U*")
diff --git a/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb b/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb
index 753effb54e..f49431cbbf 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/xml_mini'
 require 'active_support/builder'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
 
 module XmlMiniTest
   class RenameKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -88,6 +91,61 @@ module XmlMiniTest
       assert_xml "<b>Howdy</b>"
     end
 
+    test "#to_tag should use the type value in the options hash" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, "blue", @options.merge(type: 'color'))
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"color\">blue</b>" )
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts symbol types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, :name, @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"symbol\">name</b>" )
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts boolean types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, true, @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"boolean\">true</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts float types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, 3.14, @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"float\">3.14</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts decimal types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, ::BigDecimal.new("1.2"), @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"decimal\">1.2</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts date types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, Date.new(2001,2,3), @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"date\">2001-02-03</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts datetime types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, DateTime.new(2001,2,3,4,5,6,'+7'), @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"dateTime\">2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts time types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, Time.new(1993, 02, 24, 12, 0, 0, "+09:00"), @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"dateTime\">1993-02-24T12:00:00+09:00</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts array types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, ["first_name", "last_name"], @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"array\"><b>first_name</b><b>last_name</b></b>" )
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts hash types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, { first_name: "Bob", last_name: "Marley" }, @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b><first-name>Bob</first-name><last-name>Marley</last-name></b>" )
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag should not add type when skip types option is set" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, "Bob", @options.merge(skip_types: 1))
+      assert_xml( "<b>Bob</b>" )
+    end
+
     test "#to_tag should dasherize the space when passed a string with spaces as a key" do
       @xml.to_tag("New   York", 33, @options)
       assert_xml "<New---York type=\"integer\">33</New---York>"
@@ -97,7 +155,6 @@ module XmlMiniTest
       @xml.to_tag(:"New   York", 33, @options)
       assert_xml "<New---York type=\"integer\">33</New---York>"
     end
-    # TODO: test the remaining functions hidden in #to_tag.
   end
 
   class WithBackendTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/ci/travis.rb b/ci/travis.rb
index 7e68993332..db6e41ecfa 100755
--- a/ci/travis.rb
+++ b/ci/travis.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ class Build
     'amo'  => 'activemodel',
     'as'   => 'activesupport',
     'ar'   => 'activerecord',
-    'av'   => 'actionview'
+    'av'   => 'actionview',
+    'aj'   => 'activejob'
   }
 
   attr_reader :component, :options
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ class Build
 
   def tasks
     if activerecord?
-      ['mysql:rebuild_databases', "#{adapter}:#{'isolated_' if isolated?}test"]
+      ['db:mysql:rebuild', "#{adapter}:#{'isolated_' if isolated?}test"]
     else
       ["test#{':isolated' if isolated?}"]
     end
diff --git a/guides/CHANGELOG.md b/guides/CHANGELOG.md
index 4cfc5b1f10..2770fc73e7 100644
--- a/guides/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/guides/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,13 +1,27 @@
-*   Fixed missing line and shadow on service pages(404, 422, 500).
+* Change Posts to Articles in Getting Started sample application in order to
+better align with the actual guides.
 
-    *Dmitry Korotkov*
+    *John Kelly Ferguson*
 
-*   Removed repetitive th tags. Instead of them added one th tag with a colspan attribute.
+* Update all Rails 4.1.0 references to 4.1.1 within the guides and code.
 
-    *Sıtkı Bağdat*
+    *John Kelly Ferguson*
 
-*   Added the Rails maintenance policy to the guides.
+* Split up rows in the Explain Queries table of the ActiveRecord Querying section
+in order to improve readability.
+
+    *John Kelly Ferguson*
+
+*   Change all non-HTTP method 'post' references to 'article'.
+
+    *John Kelly Ferguson*
+
+*   Updates the maintenance policy to match the latest versions of Rails
 
     *Matias Korhonen*
 
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+*   Switched the order of `Applying a default scope` and `Merging of scopes` subsections so default scopes are introduced first.
+
+    *Alex Riabov*
+
+Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/guides/Rakefile b/guides/Rakefile
index d6dd950d01..94d4be8c0a 100644
--- a/guides/Rakefile
+++ b/guides/Rakefile
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ namespace :guides do
 
     desc "Generate .mobi file. The kindlegen executable must be in your PATH. You can get it for free from http://www.amazon.com/kindlepublishing"
     task :kindle do
-      unless `kindlerb -v 2> /dev/null` =~ /kindlerb 0.1.1/  
-        abort "Please `gem install kindlerb`"
+      unless `kindlerb -v 2> /dev/null` =~ /kindlerb 0.1.1/
+        abort "Please `gem install kindlerb` and make sure you have `kindlegen` in your PATH"
       end
       unless `convert` =~ /convert/  
         abort "Please install ImageMagick`"
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png
index 1918e9bf28..117a78a39f 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/challenge.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/challenge.png
index cc12162677..5b88a842b2 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/challenge.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/challenge.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png
index e57d4b409e..9755f581a6 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png
index e263f7f8b2..9f32c68472 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png
index 04ff8b1e2d..98bff37d4a 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png
index 22f994d993..0566a3ffde 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_article.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_article.png
index 89fc0b2605..bd3ae4fa67 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_article.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_article.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.jpg b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 65a44cdfe5..0000000000
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e07c948a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png
index ae83b6a68c..ed62862291 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png
index 1cbddfa0f1..08c54f921f 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_articles.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_articles.png
index 9467df6a07..4dad704f89 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_articles.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_articles.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png
index ba630cfc23..4e636d09ff 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png
index ed89c4f3d7..fd20cd53dc 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_articles.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_articles.png
index e8f2b9a16a..e948a51e4a 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_articles.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_articles.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
index e4d25dfb21..a9c7f0d016 100644
--- a/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
@@ -51,3 +51,9 @@ var guidesIndex = {
     window.location = url;
   }
 };
+
+// Disable autolink inside example code blocks of guides.
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['auto-links'] = false;
+  SyntaxHighlighter.all();
+});
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
index 898f9ff05b..318a1ef1c7 100644
--- a/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
@@ -381,9 +381,12 @@ a, a:link, a:visited {
     font: inherit;
     padding-left: .75em;
     font-size: .95em;
-    background-position: 96% -65px;
+    background-position: 96% 16px;
     -webkit-appearance: none;
   }
+  .guides-index-small .guides-index-item:hover{
+    background-position: 96% -65px;
+  }
 }
 
 #guides {
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
index d44fd9196a..20c64b4a85 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ unless File.exist?('Gemfile')
   File.write('Gemfile', <<-GEMFILE)
     source 'https://rubygems.org'
     gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
+    gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel'
+    gem 'rack', github: 'rack/rack'
+    gem 'i18n', github: 'svenfuchs/i18n'
   GEMFILE
 
   system 'bundle'
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
index d95354e12d..e7f5d0d5ff 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ unless File.exist?('Gemfile')
     source 'https://rubygems.org'
     gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
     gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel'
+    gem 'rack', github: 'rack/rack'
+    gem 'i18n', github: 'svenfuchs/i18n'
     gem 'sqlite3'
   GEMFILE
 
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/.gitignore b/guides/code/getting_started/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a502e997f..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-# See https://help.github.com/articles/ignoring-files for more about ignoring files.
-#
-# If you find yourself ignoring temporary files generated by your text editor
-# or operating system, you probably want to add a global ignore instead:
-#   git config --global core.excludesfile '~/.gitignore_global'
-
-# Ignore bundler config.
-/.bundle
-
-# Ignore the default SQLite database.
-/db/*.sqlite3
-/db/*.sqlite3-journal
-
-# Ignore all logfiles and tempfiles.
-/log/*.log
-/tmp
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile b/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index ecb6e7aa1a..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-source 'https://rubygems.org'
-
-
-# Bundle edge Rails instead: gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
-gem 'rails', '4.1.0'
-# Use sqlite3 as the database for Active Record
-gem 'sqlite3'
-# Use SCSS for stylesheets
-gem 'sass-rails', '~> 4.0.1'
-# Use Uglifier as compressor for JavaScript assets
-gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0'
-# Use CoffeeScript for .js.coffee assets and views
-gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0'
-# See https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes
-# gem 'therubyracer',  platforms: :ruby
-
-# Use jquery as the JavaScript library
-gem 'jquery-rails'
-# Turbolinks makes following links in your web application faster. Read more: https://github.com/rails/turbolinks
-gem 'turbolinks'
-# Build JSON APIs with ease. Read more: https://github.com/rails/jbuilder
-gem 'jbuilder', '~> 2.0'
-# bundle exec rake doc:rails generates the API under doc/api.
-gem 'sdoc', '~> 0.4.0',          group: :doc
-
-# Spring speeds up development by keeping your application running in the background. Read more: https://github.com/rails/spring
-gem 'spring',        group: :development
-
-# Use ActiveModel has_secure_password
-# gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.1.2'
-
-# Use unicorn as the app server
-# gem 'unicorn'
-
-# Use Capistrano for deployment
-# gem 'capistrano-rails', group: :development
-
-# Use debugger
-# gem 'debugger', group: [:development, :test]
-
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile.lock b/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile.lock
deleted file mode 100644
index a2ab76c908..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile.lock
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-GEM
-  remote: https://rubygems.org/
-  specs:
-    actionmailer (4.1.0)
-      actionpack (= 4.1.0)
-      actionview (= 4.1.0)
-      mail (~> 2.5.4)
-    actionpack (4.1.0)
-      actionview (= 4.1.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.1.0)
-      rack (~> 1.5.2)
-      rack-test (~> 0.6.2)
-    actionview (4.1.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.1.0)
-      builder (~> 3.1)
-      erubis (~> 2.7.0)
-    activemodel (4.1.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.1.0)
-      builder (~> 3.1)
-    activerecord (4.1.0)
-      activemodel (= 4.1.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.1.0)
-      arel (~> 5.0.0)
-    activesupport (4.1.0)
-      i18n (~> 0.6, >= 0.6.9)
-      json (~> 1.7, >= 1.7.7)
-      minitest (~> 5.1)
-      thread_safe (~> 0.1)
-      tzinfo (~> 1.1)
-    arel (5.0.0)
-    atomic (1.1.14)
-    builder (3.2.2)
-    coffee-rails (4.0.1)
-      coffee-script (>= 2.2.0)
-      railties (>= 4.0.0, < 5.0)
-    coffee-script (2.2.0)
-      coffee-script-source
-      execjs
-    coffee-script-source (1.6.3)
-    erubis (2.7.0)
-    execjs (2.0.2)
-    hike (1.2.3)
-    i18n (0.6.9)
-    jbuilder (2.0.2)
-      activesupport (>= 3.0.0)
-      multi_json (>= 1.2.0)
-    jquery-rails (3.0.4)
-      railties (>= 3.0, < 5.0)
-      thor (>= 0.14, < 2.0)
-    json (1.8.1)
-    mail (2.5.4)
-      mime-types (~> 1.16)
-      treetop (~> 1.4.8)
-    mime-types (1.25.1)
-    minitest (5.2.1)
-    multi_json (1.8.4)
-    polyglot (0.3.3)
-    rack (1.5.2)
-    rack-test (0.6.2)
-      rack (>= 1.0)
-    rails (4.1.0)
-      actionmailer (= 4.1.0)
-      actionpack (= 4.1.0)
-      actionview (= 4.1.0)
-      activemodel (= 4.1.0)
-      activerecord (= 4.1.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.1.0)
-      bundler (>= 1.3.0, < 2.0)
-      railties (= 4.1.0)
-      sprockets-rails (~> 2.0.0)
-    railties (4.1.0)
-      actionpack (= 4.1.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.1.0)
-      rake (>= 0.8.7)
-      thor (>= 0.18.1, < 2.0)
-    rake (10.1.1)
-    rdoc (4.1.1)
-      json (~> 1.4)
-    sass (3.2.13)
-    sass-rails (4.0.1)
-      railties (>= 4.0.0, < 5.0)
-      sass (>= 3.1.10)
-      sprockets-rails (~> 2.0.0)
-    sdoc (0.4.0)
-      json (~> 1.8)
-      rdoc (~> 4.0, < 5.0)
-    spring (1.0.0)
-    sprockets (2.10.1)
-      hike (~> 1.2)
-      multi_json (~> 1.0)
-      rack (~> 1.0)
-      tilt (~> 1.1, != 1.3.0)
-    sprockets-rails (2.0.1)
-      actionpack (>= 3.0)
-      activesupport (>= 3.0)
-      sprockets (~> 2.8)
-    sqlite3 (1.3.8)
-    thor (0.18.1)
-    thread_safe (0.1.3)
-      atomic
-    tilt (1.4.1)
-    treetop (1.4.15)
-      polyglot
-      polyglot (>= 0.3.1)
-    turbolinks (2.2.0)
-      coffee-rails
-    tzinfo (1.1.0)
-      thread_safe (~> 0.1)
-    uglifier (2.4.0)
-      execjs (>= 0.3.0)
-      json (>= 1.8.0)
-
-PLATFORMS
-  ruby
-
-DEPENDENCIES
-  coffee-rails (~> 4.0.0)
-  jbuilder (~> 2.0)
-  jquery-rails
-  rails (= 4.1.0)
-  sass-rails (~> 4.0.1)
-  sdoc (~> 0.4.0)
-  spring
-  sqlite3
-  turbolinks
-  uglifier (>= 1.3.0)
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc b/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc
deleted file mode 100644
index dd4e97e22e..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-== README
-
-This README would normally document whatever steps are necessary to get the
-application up and running.
-
-Things you may want to cover:
-
-* Ruby version
-
-* System dependencies
-
-* Configuration
-
-* Database creation
-
-* Database initialization
-
-* How to run the test suite
-
-* Services (job queues, cache servers, search engines, etc.)
-
-* Deployment instructions
-
-* ...
-
-
-Please feel free to use a different markup language if you do not plan to run
-<tt>rake doc:app</tt>.
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile b/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile
deleted file mode 100644
index 05de8bb536..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# Add your own tasks in files placed in lib/tasks ending in .rake,
-# for example lib/tasks/capistrano.rake, and they will automatically be available to Rake.
-
-require File.expand_path('../config/application', __FILE__)
-
-Blog::Application.load_tasks
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a4fbaa370..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-// This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.js, which will include all the files
-// listed below.
-//
-// Any JavaScript/Coffee file within this directory, lib/assets/javascripts, vendor/assets/javascripts,
-// or vendor/assets/javascripts of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
-//
-// It's not advisable to add code directly here, but if you do, it'll appear at the bottom of the
-// compiled file.
-//
-// stub path allows dependency to be excluded from the asset bundle.
-//
-//= require jquery
-//= require jquery_ujs
-//= require turbolinks
-//= require_tree .
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 24f83d18bb..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
-# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
-# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://coffeescript.org/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 24f83d18bb..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
-# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
-# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://coffeescript.org/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 24f83d18bb..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
-# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
-# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://coffeescript.org/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 3192ec897b..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.css, which will include all the files
- * listed below.
- *
- * Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets, vendor/assets/stylesheets,
- * or vendor/assets/stylesheets of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
- *
- * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the top of the
- * compiled file, but it's generally better to create a new file per style scope.
- *
- *= require_self
- *= require_tree .
- */
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss
deleted file mode 100644
index e730912783..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// Place all the styles related to the Comments controller here.
-// They will automatically be included in application.css.
-// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss
deleted file mode 100644
index 1a7e15390c..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// Place all the styles related to the posts controller here.
-// They will automatically be included in application.css.
-// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
deleted file mode 100644
index 77ce11a740..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// Place all the styles related to the welcome controller here.
-// They will automatically be included in application.css.
-// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d83690e1b9..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-  # Prevent CSRF attacks by raising an exception.
-  # For APIs, you may want to use :null_session instead.
-  protect_from_forgery with: :exception
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b2d9bcdf7f..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-class CommentsController < ApplicationController
-
-  http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", only: :destroy
-
-  def create
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-    @comment = @post.comments.create(comment_params)
-    redirect_to post_path(@post)
-  end
-
-  def destroy
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-    @comment = @post.comments.find(params[:id])
-    @comment.destroy
-    redirect_to post_path(@post)
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    def comment_params
-      params.require(:comment).permit(:commenter, :body)
-    end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/concerns/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/concerns/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/concerns/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 02689ad67b..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-class PostsController < ApplicationController
-
-  http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", except: [:index, :show]
-
-  def index
-    @posts = Post.all
-  end
-
-  def show
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-  end
-
-  def edit
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-  end
-
-  def update
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-
-    if @post.update(post_params)
-      redirect_to action: :show, id: @post.id
-    else
-      render 'edit'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def new
-    @post = Post.new
-  end
-
-  def create
-    @post = Post.new(post_params)
-
-    if @post.save
-      redirect_to action: :show, id: @post.id
-    else
-      render 'new'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def destroy
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-    @post.destroy
-
-    redirect_to action: :index
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    def post_params
-      params.require(:post).permit(:title, :text)
-    end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f9b859b9c9..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-class WelcomeController < ApplicationController
-  def index
-  end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index de6be7945c..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-module ApplicationHelper
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0ec9ca5f2d..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-module CommentsHelper
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a7b8cec898..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-module PostsHelper
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eeead45fc9..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-module WelcomeHelper
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e76c5b5b0..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/concerns/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/concerns/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/concerns/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 64e0d721fd..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :comments, dependent: :destroy
-  
-  validates :title,
-    presence: true,
-    length: { minimum: 5 }
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 593493339e..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-<p>
-  <strong>Commenter:</strong>
-  <%= comment.commenter %>
-</p>
- 
-<p>
-  <strong>Comment:</strong>
-  <%= comment.body %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <%= link_to 'Destroy Comment', [comment.post, comment],
-               method: :delete,
-               data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %>
-</p>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 00cb3a08f0..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
-  <p>
-    <%= f.label :commenter %><br />
-    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
-  </p>
-  <p>
-    <%= f.label :body %><br />
-    <%= f.text_area :body %>
-  </p>
-  <p>
-    <%= f.submit %>
-  </p>
-<% end %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index d0ba8415e6..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>Blog</title>
-  <%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
-  <%= javascript_include_tag 'application', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
-  <%= csrf_meta_tags %>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<%= yield %>
-
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index f2f83585e1..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
-  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
-      this post from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  <% end %>
-  <p>
-    <%= f.label :title %><br>
-    <%= f.text_field :title %>
-  </p>
-
-  <p>
-    <%= f.label :text %><br>
-    <%= f.text_area :text %>
-  </p>
-
-  <p>
-    <%= f.submit %>
-  </p>
-<% end %>
-
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 393e7430d0..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Edit post</h1>
- 
-<%= render 'form' %>
- 
-<%= link_to 'Back', action: :index %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7369f0396f..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Listing Posts</h1>
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <th>Title</th>
-    <th>Text</th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-  </tr>
- 
-<% @posts.each do |post| %>
-  <tr>
-    <td><%= post.title %></td>
-    <td><%= post.text %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Show', action: :show, id: post.id %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', action: :edit, id: post.id %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', { action: :destroy, id: post.id },
-                    method: :delete, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
-  </tr>
-<% end %>
-</table>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index efa81038ec..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-<h1>New post</h1>
- 
-<%= render 'form' %>
- 
-<%= link_to 'Back', action: :index %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index e99e9edbb3..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-<p>
-  <strong>Title:</strong>
-  <%= @post.title %>
-</p>
- 
-<p>
-  <strong>Text:</strong>
-  <%= @post.text %>
-</p>
-
-<h2>Comments</h2>
-<%= render @post.comments %>
- 
-<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= render "comments/form" %>
- 
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 56be8dd3cc..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
-
-<%= link_to "My Blog", controller: "posts" %>
-<%= link_to "New Post", new_post_path %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/bundle b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/bundle
deleted file mode 100755
index 45cf37fba4..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/bundle
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
-require 'rubygems'
-load Gem.bin_path('bundler', 'bundle')
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rails b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rails
deleted file mode 100755
index 728cd85aa5..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rails
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application',  __FILE__)
-require_relative '../config/boot'
-require 'rails/commands'
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rake b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rake
deleted file mode 100755
index 17240489f6..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rake
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-require_relative '../config/boot'
-require 'rake'
-Rake.application.run
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru b/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru
deleted file mode 100644
index ddf869e921..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
-
-require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment',  __FILE__)
-run Blog::Application
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d7604b659..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
-
-require 'rails/all'
-
-# Require the gems listed in Gemfile, including any gems
-# you've limited to :test, :development, or :production.
-Bundler.require(:default, Rails.env)
-
-module Blog
-  class Application < Rails::Application
-    # Settings in config/environments/* take precedence over those specified here.
-    # Application configuration should go into files in config/initializers
-    # -- all .rb files in that directory are automatically loaded.
-
-    # Custom directories with classes and modules you want to be autoloadable.
-    # config.autoload_paths += %W(#{config.root}/extras)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e5f0c1fac..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
-ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
-
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 51a4dd459d..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# SQLite version 3.x
-#   gem install sqlite3
-#
-#   Ensure the SQLite 3 gem is defined in your Gemfile
-#   gem 'sqlite3'
-development:
-  adapter: sqlite3
-  database: db/development.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
-
-# Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
-# re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
-# Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
-test:
-  adapter: sqlite3
-  database: db/test.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
-
-production:
-  adapter: sqlite3
-  database: db/production.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e7e341c960..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# Load the Rails application.
-require File.expand_path('../application', __FILE__)
-
-# Initialize the Rails application.
-Blog::Application.initialize!
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e5692b08b..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-Blog::Application.configure do
-  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
-
-  # In the development environment your application's code is reloaded on
-  # every request. This slows down response time but is perfect for development
-  # since you don't have to restart the web server when you make code changes.
-  config.cache_classes = false
-
-  # Do not eager load code on boot.
-  config.eager_load = false
-
-  # Show full error reports and disable caching.
-  config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
-  config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
-
-  # Don't care if the mailer can't send.
-  config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
-
-  # Print deprecation notices to the Rails logger.
-  config.active_support.deprecation = :log
-
-  # Only use best-standards-support built into browsers.
-  config.action_dispatch.best_standards_support = :builtin
-
-  # Raise an error on page load if there are pending migrations.
-  config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load
-
-  # Debug mode disables concatenation and preprocessing of assets.
-  config.assets.debug = true
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c514e065e..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-Blog::Application.configure do
-  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
-
-  # Code is not reloaded between requests.
-  config.cache_classes = true
-
-  # Eager load code on boot. This eager loads most of Rails and
-  # your application in memory, allowing both threaded web servers
-  # and those relying on copy on write to perform better.
-  # Rake tasks automatically ignore this option for performance.
-  config.eager_load = true
-
-  # Full error reports are disabled and caching is turned on.
-  config.consider_all_requests_local       = false
-  config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
-
-  # Enable Rack::Cache to put a simple HTTP cache in front of your application
-  # Add `rack-cache` to your Gemfile before enabling this.
-  # For large-scale production use, consider using a caching reverse proxy like nginx, varnish or squid.
-  # config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true
-
-  # Disable Rails's static asset server (Apache or nginx will already do this).
-  config.serve_static_assets = false
-
-  # Compress JavaScripts and CSS.
-  config.assets.js_compressor  = :uglifier
-  # config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
-
-  # Whether to fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed.
-  config.assets.compile = false
-
-  # Generate digests for assets URLs.
-  config.assets.digest = true
-
-  # Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
-  config.assets.version = '1.0'
-
-  # Specifies the header that your server uses for sending files.
-  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for apache
-  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for nginx
-
-  # Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
-  # config.force_ssl = true
-
-  # Set to :debug to see everything in the log.
-  config.log_level = :info
-
-  # Prepend all log lines with the following tags.
-  # config.log_tags = [ :subdomain, :uuid ]
-
-  # Use a different logger for distributed setups.
-  # config.logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(SyslogLogger.new)
-
-  # Use a different cache store in production.
-  # config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store
-
-  # Enable serving of images, stylesheets, and JavaScripts from an asset server.
-  # config.action_controller.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
-
-  # Precompile additional assets.
-  # application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in app/assets folder are already added.
-  # config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
-
-  # Ignore bad email addresses and do not raise email delivery errors.
-  # Set this to true and configure the email server for immediate delivery to raise delivery errors.
-  # config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
-
-  # Enable locale fallbacks for I18n (makes lookups for any locale fall back to
-  # the I18n.default_locale when a translation cannot be found).
-  config.i18n.fallbacks = true
-
-  # Send deprecation notices to registered listeners.
-  config.active_support.deprecation = :notify
-
-  # Disable automatic flushing of the log to improve performance.
-  # config.autoflush_log = false
-
-  # Use default logging formatter so that PID and timestamp are not suppressed.
-  config.log_formatter = ::Logger::Formatter.new
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 34ab1530d1..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-Blog::Application.configure do
-  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
-
-  # The test environment is used exclusively to run your application's
-  # test suite. You never need to work with it otherwise. Remember that
-  # your test database is "scratch space" for the test suite and is wiped
-  # and recreated between test runs. Don't rely on the data there!
-  config.cache_classes = true
-
-  # Do not eager load code on boot. This avoids loading your whole application
-  # just for the purpose of running a single test. If you are using a tool that
-  # preloads Rails for running tests, you may have to set it to true.
-  config.eager_load = false
-
-  # Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance.
-  config.serve_static_assets = true
-  config.static_cache_control = 'public, max-age=3600'
-
-  # Show full error reports and disable caching.
-  config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
-  config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
-
-  # Raise exceptions instead of rendering exception templates.
-  config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false
-
-  # Disable request forgery protection in test environment.
-  config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection = false
-
-  # Tell Action Mailer not to deliver emails to the real world.
-  # The :test delivery method accumulates sent emails in the
-  # ActionMailer::Base.deliveries array.
-  config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :test
-
-  # Print deprecation notices to the stderr.
-  config.active_support.deprecation = :stderr
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 59385cdf37..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# You can add backtrace silencers for libraries that you're using but don't wish to see in your backtraces.
-# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /my_noisy_library/ }
-
-# You can also remove all the silencers if you're trying to debug a problem that might stem from framework code.
-# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a994e1e7b..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Configure sensitive parameters which will be filtered from the log file.
-Rails.application.config.filter_parameters += [:password]
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ac033bf9dc..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Add new inflection rules using the following format. Inflections
-# are locale specific, and you may define rules for as many different
-# locales as you wish. All of these examples are active by default:
-# ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
-#   inflect.plural /^(ox)$/i, '\1en'
-#   inflect.singular /^(ox)en/i, '\1'
-#   inflect.irregular 'person', 'people'
-#   inflect.uncountable %w( fish sheep )
-# end
-
-# These inflection rules are supported but not enabled by default:
-# ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
-#   inflect.acronym 'RESTful'
-# end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/locale.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/locale.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d89dac7c6a..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/locale.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Set Time.zone default to the specified zone and make Active Record auto-convert to this zone.
-# Run "rake -D time" for a list of tasks for finding time zone names. Default is UTC.
-# Rails.application.config.time_zone = 'Central Time (US & Canada)'
-
-# The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded.
-# Rails.application.config.i18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('my', 'locales', '*.{rb,yml}').to_s]
-# Rails.application.config.i18n.default_locale = :de
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 72aca7e441..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Add new mime types for use in respond_to blocks:
-# Mime::Type.register "text/richtext", :rtf
-# Mime::Type.register_alias "text/html", :iphone
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index aaf57731be..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Your secret key for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
-# If you change this key, all old signed cookies will become invalid!
-
-# Make sure the secret is at least 30 characters and all random,
-# no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
-# You can use `rake secret` to generate a secure secret key.
-
-# Make sure your secret_key_base is kept private
-# if you're sharing your code publicly.
-Blog::Application.config.secret_key_base = 'e8aab50cec8a06a75694111a4cbaf6e22fc288ccbc6b268683aae7273043c69b15ca07d10c92a788dd6077a54762cbfcc55f19c3459f7531221b3169f8171a53'
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b2ca93ab9..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-Blog::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_blog_session'
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 33725e95fd..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# This file contains settings for ActionController::ParamsWrapper which
-# is enabled by default.
-
-# Enable parameter wrapping for JSON. You can disable this by setting :format to an empty array.
-ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
-  wrap_parameters format: [:json] if respond_to?(:wrap_parameters)
-end
-
-# To enable root element in JSON for ActiveRecord objects.
-# ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-#  self.include_root_in_json = true
-# end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 0653957166..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-# Files in the config/locales directory are used for internationalization
-# and are automatically loaded by Rails. If you want to use locales other
-# than English, add the necessary files in this directory.
-#
-# To use the locales, use `I18n.t`:
-#
-#     I18n.t 'hello'
-#
-# In views, this is aliased to just `t`:
-#
-#     <%= t('hello') %>
-#
-# To use a different locale, set it with `I18n.locale`:
-#
-#     I18n.locale = :es
-#
-# This would use the information in config/locales/es.yml.
-#
-# To learn more, please read the Rails Internationalization guide
-# available at http://guides.rubyonrails.org/i18n.html.
-
-en:
-  hello: "Hello world"
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0155b613a3..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-Blog::Application.routes.draw do
-  resources :posts do
-    resources :comments
-  end
-
-  root "welcome#index"
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122042648_create_posts.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122042648_create_posts.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 602bef31ab..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122042648_create_posts.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_table :posts do |t|
-      t.string :title
-      t.text :text
-
-      t.timestamps
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122045842_create_comments.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122045842_create_comments.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e51f9c0f7..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122045842_create_comments.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_table :comments do |t|
-      t.string :commenter
-      t.text :body
-      t.references :post, index: true
-
-      t.timestamps
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 101fe712a1..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-# encoding: UTF-8
-# This file is auto-generated from the current state of the database. Instead
-# of editing this file, please use the migrations feature of Active Record to
-# incrementally modify your database, and then regenerate this schema definition.
-#
-# Note that this schema.rb definition is the authoritative source for your
-# database schema. If you need to create the application database on another
-# system, you should be using db:schema:load, not running all the migrations
-# from scratch. The latter is a flawed and unsustainable approach (the more migrations
-# you'll amass, the slower it'll run and the greater likelihood for issues).
-#
-# It's strongly recommended that you check this file into your version control system.
-
-ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20130122045842) do
-
-  create_table "comments", force: true do |t|
-    t.string   "commenter"
-    t.text     "body"
-    t.integer  "post_id"
-    t.datetime "created_at"
-    t.datetime "updated_at"
-  end
-
-  add_index "comments", ["post_id"], name: "index_comments_on_post_id"
-
-  create_table "posts", force: true do |t|
-    t.string   "title"
-    t.text     "text"
-    t.datetime "created_at"
-    t.datetime "updated_at"
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4edb1e857e..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# This file should contain all the record creation needed to seed the database with its default values.
-# The data can then be loaded with the rake db:seed (or created alongside the db with db:setup).
-#
-# Examples:
-#
-#   cities = City.create([{ name: 'Chicago' }, { name: 'Copenhagen' }])
-#   Mayor.create(name: 'Emanuel', city: cities.first)
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/log/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/log/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/log/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 3265cc8e33..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>The page you were looking for doesn't exist (404)</title>
-  <style>
-  body {
-    background-color: #EFEFEF;
-    color: #2E2F30;
-    text-align: center;
-    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
-  }
-
-  div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
-    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
-    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
-    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
-    background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-
-  h1 {
-    font-size: 100%;
-    color: #730E15;
-    line-height: 1.5em;
-  }
-
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
-    background-color: #F7F7F7;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
-    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
-    border-top-color: #DADADA;
-    color: #666;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-  </style>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-  <!-- This file lives in public/404.html -->
-  <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>The page you were looking for doesn't exist.</h1>
-    <p>You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.</p>
-  </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html
deleted file mode 100644
index d823a8fc77..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>The change you wanted was rejected (422)</title>
-  <style>
-  body {
-    background-color: #EFEFEF;
-    color: #2E2F30;
-    text-align: center;
-    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
-  }
-
-  div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
-    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
-    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
-    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
-    background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-
-  h1 {
-    font-size: 100%;
-    color: #730E15;
-    line-height: 1.5em;
-  }
-
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
-    background-color: #F7F7F7;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
-    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
-    border-top-color: #DADADA;
-    color: #666;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-  </style>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-  <!-- This file lives in public/422.html -->
-  <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>The change you wanted was rejected.</h1>
-    <p>Maybe you tried to change something you didn't have access to.</p>
-  </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html
deleted file mode 100644
index ebf6d4c00c..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>We're sorry, but something went wrong (500)</title>
-  <style>
-  body {
-    background-color: #EFEFEF;
-    color: #2E2F30;
-    text-align: center;
-    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
-  }
-
-  div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
-    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
-    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
-    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
-    background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-
-  h1 {
-    font-size: 100%;
-    color: #730E15;
-    line-height: 1.5em;
-  }
-
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
-    background-color: #F7F7F7;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
-    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
-    border-top-color: #DADADA;
-    color: #666;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-  </style>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-  <!-- This file lives in public/500.html -->
-  <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>We're sorry, but something went wrong.</h1>
-  </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico b/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt b/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c9c7c01f3..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# See http://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html for documentation on how to use the robots.txt file
-#
-# To ban all spiders from the entire site uncomment the next two lines:
-# User-agent: *
-# Disallow: /
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ec71b4ec5..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class CommentsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  # test "the truth" do
-  #   assert true
-  # end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/posts_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/posts_controller_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a6ee4f1db..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/posts_controller_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  # test "the truth" do
-  #   assert true
-  # end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index dff8e9d2c5..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class WelcomeControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  test "should get index" do
-    get :index
-    assert_response :success
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e409d8a61..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# Read about fixtures at http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html
-
-one:
-  commenter: MyString
-  body: MyText
-  post_id: 
-
-two:
-  commenter: MyString
-  body: MyText
-  post_id: 
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 46b01c3bb4..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# Read about fixtures at http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html
-
-one:
-  title: MyString
-  text: MyText
-
-two:
-  title: MyString
-  text: MyText
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2518c16bd5..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class CommentsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 48549c2ea1..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class PostsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d6ded5995f..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class WelcomeHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/mailers/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/mailers/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/mailers/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/comment_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/comment_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b6d6131a96..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/comment_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class CommentTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  # test "the truth" do
-  #   assert true
-  # end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/post_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/post_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d9d463a71..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/post_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  # test "the truth" do
-  #   assert true
-  # end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f91a4375dc..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "test"
-require File.expand_path('../../config/environment', __FILE__)
-require 'rails/test_help'
-
-class ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!
-
-  # Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.yml for all tests in alphabetical order.
-  #
-  # Note: You'll currently still have to declare fixtures explicitly in integration tests
-  # -- they do not yet inherit this setting
-  fixtures :all
-
-  # Add more helper methods to be used by all tests here...
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/javascripts/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/javascripts/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/javascripts/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides.rb b/guides/rails_guides.rb
index 9d488a8a15..9d1d5567f6 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides.rb
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ begin
   require 'redcarpet'
 rescue LoadError
   # This can happen if doc:guides is executed in an application.
-  $stderr.puts('Generating guides requires Redcarpet 2.1.1+.')
+  $stderr.puts('Generating guides requires Redcarpet 3.1.2+.')
   $stderr.puts(<<ERROR) if bundler?
 Please add
 
-  gem 'redcarpet', '~> 2.1.1'
+  gem 'redcarpet', '~> 3.1.2'
 
 to the Gemfile, run
 
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb b/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
index 169453400f..a78c2e9fca 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module RailsGuides
     def author(name, nick, image = 'credits_pic_blank.gif', &block)
       image = "images/#{image}"
 
-      result = content_tag(:img, nil, :src => image, :class => 'left pic', :alt => name, :width => 91, :height => 91)
+      result = tag(:img, :src => image, :class => 'left pic', :alt => name, :width => 91, :height => 91)
       result << content_tag(:h3, name)
       result << content_tag(:p, capture(&block))
       content_tag(:div, result, :class => 'clearfix', :id => nick)
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
index 489aa3ea7a..8a908a4339 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
@@ -1,31 +1,39 @@
 module RailsGuides
   module Levenshtein
-    # Based on the pseudocode in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance
-    def self.distance(s1, s2)
-      s = s1.unpack('U*')
-      t = s2.unpack('U*')
-      m = s.length
-      n = t.length
+    # This code is based directly on the Text gem implementation
+    # Returns a value representing the "cost" of transforming str1 into str2
+    def self.distance str1, str2
+      s = str1
+      t = str2
+      n = s.length
+      m = t.length
+      max = n/2
 
-      # matrix initialization
-      d = []
-      0.upto(m) { |i| d << [i] }
-      0.upto(n) { |j| d[0][j] = j }
+      return m if (0 == n)
+      return n if (0 == m)
+      return n if (n - m).abs > max
 
-      # distance computation
-      1.upto(m) do |i|
-        1.upto(n) do |j|
-          cost = s[i] == t[j] ? 0 : 1
-          d[i][j] = [
-            d[i-1][j] + 1,      # deletion
-            d[i][j-1] + 1,      # insertion
-            d[i-1][j-1] + cost, # substitution
-          ].min
+      d = (0..m).to_a
+      x = nil
+
+      str1.each_char.each_with_index do |char1,i|
+        e = i+1
+
+        str2.each_char.each_with_index do |char2,j|
+          cost = (char1 == char2) ? 0 : 1
+          x = [
+               d[j+1] + 1, # insertion
+               e + 1,      # deletion
+               d[j] + cost # substitution
+              ].min
+          d[j] = e
+          e = x
         end
+
+        d[m] = x
       end
 
-      # all done
-      return d[m][n]
+      return x
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb b/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
index 547c6d2c15..17035069d0 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
@@ -47,8 +47,12 @@ module RailsGuides
       end
 
       def dom_id_text(text)
-        text.downcase.gsub(/\?/, '-questionmark').gsub(/!/, '-bang').gsub(/[^a-z0-9]+/, ' ')
-          .strip.gsub(/\s+/, '-')
+        escaped_chars = Regexp.escape('\\/`*_{}[]()#+-.!:,;|&<>^~=\'"')
+
+        text.downcase.gsub(/\?/, '-questionmark')
+                     .gsub(/!/, '-bang')
+                     .gsub(/[#{escaped_chars}]+/, ' ').strip
+                     .gsub(/\s+/, '-')
       end
 
       def engine
@@ -79,10 +83,10 @@ module RailsGuides
       def generate_structure
         @headings_for_index = []
         if @body.present?
-          @body = Nokogiri::HTML(@body).tap do |doc|
+          @body = Nokogiri::HTML.fragment(@body).tap do |doc|
             hierarchy = []
 
-            doc.at('body').children.each do |node|
+            doc.children.each do |node|
               if node.name =~ /^h[3-6]$/
                 case node.name
                 when 'h3'
@@ -116,7 +120,7 @@ module RailsGuides
             end
           end
 
-          @index = Nokogiri::HTML(engine.render(raw_index)).tap do |doc|
+          @index = Nokogiri::HTML.fragment(engine.render(raw_index)).tap do |doc|
             doc.at('ol')[:class] = 'chapters'
           end.to_html
 
@@ -130,8 +134,8 @@ module RailsGuides
       end
 
       def generate_title
-        if heading = Nokogiri::HTML(@header).at(:h2)
-          @title = "#{heading.text} — Ruby on Rails Guides".html_safe
+        if heading = Nokogiri::HTML.fragment(@header).at(:h2)
+          @title = "#{heading.text} — Ruby on Rails Guides"
         else
           @title = "Ruby on Rails Guides"
         end
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
index 2eb7ca17a3..688f177578 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ HTML
             when 'erb'
               'ruby; html-script: true'
             when 'html'
-              'xml' # html is understood, but there are .xml rules in the CSS
+              'xml' # HTML is understood, but there are .xml rules in the CSS
             else
               'plain'
           end
diff --git a/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md
index 522f628a7e..b11aaa15a8 100644
--- a/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Ruby on Rails 2.2 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
-Rails 2.2 delivers a number of new and improved features. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+Rails 2.2 delivers a number of new and improved features. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/2-2-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
 
 Along with Rails, 2.2 marks the launch of the [Ruby on Rails Guides](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/), the first results of the ongoing [Rails Guides hackfest](http://hackfest.rubyonrails.org/guide). This site will deliver high-quality documentation of the major features of Rails.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
index 8c633fa169..20566c9155 100644
--- a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 Ruby on Rails 2.3 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
-Rails 2.3 delivers a variety of new and improved features, including pervasive Rack integration, refreshed support for Rails Engines, nested transactions for Active Record, dynamic and default scopes, unified rendering, more efficient routing, application templates, and quiet backtraces. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub or review the `CHANGELOG` files for the individual Rails components.
+Rails 2.3 delivers a variety of new and improved features, including pervasive Rack integration, refreshed support for Rails Engines, nested transactions for Active Record, dynamic and default scopes, unified rendering, more efficient routing, application templates, and quiet backtraces. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/2-3-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub or review the `CHANGELOG` files for the individual Rails components.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Application Architecture
 ------------------------
 
-There are two major changes in the architecture of Rails applications: complete integration of the [Rack](http://rack.rubyforge.org/) modular web server interface, and renewed support for Rails Engines.
+There are two major changes in the architecture of Rails applications: complete integration of the [Rack](http://rack.github.io/) modular web server interface, and renewed support for Rails Engines.
 
 ### Rack Integration
 
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ The internals of the various <code>rake gem</code> tasks have been substantially
 * Various files in /public that deal with CGI and FCGI dispatching are no longer generated in every Rails application by default (you can still get them if you need them by adding `--with-dispatchers` when you run the `rails` command, or add them later with `rake rails:update:generate_dispatchers`).
 * Rails Guides have been converted from AsciiDoc to Textile markup.
 * Scaffolded views and controllers have been cleaned up a bit.
-* `script/server` now accepts a <tt>--path</tt> argument to mount a Rails application from a specific path.
+* `script/server` now accepts a `--path` argument to mount a Rails application from a specific path.
 * If any configured gems are missing, the gem rake tasks will skip loading much of the environment. This should solve many of the "chicken-and-egg" problems where rake gems:install couldn't run because gems were missing.
 * Gems are now unpacked exactly once. This fixes issues with gems (hoe, for instance) which are packed with read-only permissions on the files.
 
@@ -618,4 +618,4 @@ A few pieces of older code are deprecated in this release:
 Credits
 -------
 
-Release notes compiled by [Mike Gunderloy](http://afreshcup.com.) This version of the Rails 2.3 release notes was compiled based on RC2 of Rails 2.3.
+Release notes compiled by [Mike Gunderloy](http://afreshcup.com). This version of the Rails 2.3 release notes was compiled based on RC2 of Rails 2.3.
diff --git a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
index dd81ec58f9..8122d6c235 100644
--- a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Even if you don't give a hoot about any of our internal cleanups, Rails 3.0 is g
 
 On top of all that, we've tried our best to deprecate the old APIs with nice warnings. That means that you can move your existing application to Rails 3 without immediately rewriting all your old code to the latest best practices.
 
-These release notes cover the major upgrades, but don't include every little bug fix and change. Rails 3.0 consists of almost 4,000 commits by more than 250 authors! If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover the major upgrades, but don't include every little bug fix and change. Rails 3.0 consists of almost 4,000 commits by more than 250 authors! If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-0-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ NOTE. The old style `map` commands still work as before with a backwards compati
 Deprecations
 
 * The catch all route for non-REST applications (`/:controller/:action/:id`) is now commented out.
-* Routes :path\_prefix no longer exists and :name\_prefix now automatically adds "\_" at the end of the given value.
+* Routes `:path_prefix` no longer exists and `:name_prefix` now automatically adds "_" at the end of the given value.
 
 More Information:
 * [The Rails 3 Router: Rack it Up](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/12/26/the-rails-3-router-rack-it-up/)
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ More Information:
 
 Major re-write was done in the Action View helpers, implementing Unobtrusive JavaScript (UJS) hooks and removing the old inline AJAX commands. This enables Rails to use any compliant UJS driver to implement the UJS hooks in the helpers.
 
-What this means is that all previous `remote_<method>` helpers have been removed from Rails core and put into the [Prototype Legacy Helper](http://github.com/rails/prototype_legacy_helper.) To get UJS hooks into your HTML, you now pass `:remote => true` instead. For example:
+What this means is that all previous `remote_<method>` helpers have been removed from Rails core and put into the [Prototype Legacy Helper](http://github.com/rails/prototype_legacy_helper). To get UJS hooks into your HTML, you now pass `:remote => true` instead. For example:
 
 ```ruby
 form_for @post, :remote => true
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ A large effort was made in Active Support to make it cherry pickable, that is, y
 These are the main changes in Active Support:
 
 * Large clean up of the library removing unused methods throughout.
-* Active Support no longer provides vendored versions of [TZInfo](http://tzinfo.rubyforge.org/), [Memcache Client](http://deveiate.org/projects/RMemCache/) and [Builder](http://builder.rubyforge.org/,) these are all included as dependencies and installed via the `bundle install` command.
+* Active Support no longer provides vendored versions of TZInfo, Memcache Client and Builder. These are all included as dependencies and installed via the `bundle install` command.
 * Safe buffers are implemented in `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer`.
 * Added `Array.uniq_by` and `Array.uniq_by!`.
 * Removed `Array#rand` and backported `Array#sample` from Ruby 1.9.
@@ -608,4 +608,4 @@ Credits
 
 See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails 3. Kudos to all of them.
 
-Rails 3.0 Release Notes were compiled by [Mikel Lindsaar](http://lindsaar.net.)
+Rails 3.0 Release Notes were compiled by [Mikel Lindsaar](http://lindsaar.net).
diff --git a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
index 485f8c756b..b7ed285b96 100644
--- a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 3.1:
 * Assets Pipeline
 * jQuery as the default JavaScript library
 
-This release notes cover the major changes, but don't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
+commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-1-stable) in the main Rails
+repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -173,7 +176,7 @@ The assets pipeline is powered by [Sprockets](https://github.com/sstephenson/spr
 
 ### HTTP Streaming
 
-HTTP Streaming is another change that is new in Rails 3.1. This lets the browser download your stylesheets and JavaScript files while the server is still generating the response. This requires Ruby 1.9.2, is opt-in and requires support from the web server as well, but the popular combo of nginx and unicorn is ready to take advantage of it.
+HTTP Streaming is another change that is new in Rails 3.1. This lets the browser download your stylesheets and JavaScript files while the server is still generating the response. This requires Ruby 1.9.2, is opt-in and requires support from the web server as well, but the popular combo of NGINX and Unicorn is ready to take advantage of it.
 
 ### Default JS library is now jQuery
 
diff --git a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md
index ce811a583b..c5db0262e9 100644
--- a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 3.2:
 * Automatic Query Explains
 * Tagged Logging
 
-These release notes cover the major changes, but do not include each bug-fix and changes. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-2-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
+commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-2-stable) in the main Rails
+repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -187,7 +190,7 @@ Action Pack
 
     Rails will use `layouts/single_car` when a request comes in `:show` action, and use `layouts/application` (or `layouts/cars`, if exists) when a request comes in for any other actions.
 
-* `form\_for` is changed to use `#{action}\_#{as}` as the css class and id if `:as` option is provided. Earlier versions used `#{as}\_#{action}`.
+* `form_for` is changed to use `#{action}_#{as}` as the css class and id if `:as` option is provided. Earlier versions used `#{as}_#{action}`.
 
 * `ActionController::ParamsWrapper` on Active Record models now only wrap `attr_accessible` attributes if they were set. If not, only the attributes returned by the class method `attribute_names` will be wrapped. This fixes the wrapping of nested attributes by adding them to `attr_accessible`.
 
@@ -562,4 +565,4 @@ Credits
 
 See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
 
-Rails 3.2 Release Notes were compiled by [Vijay Dev](https://github.com/vijaydev.)
+Rails 3.2 Release Notes were compiled by [Vijay Dev](https://github.com/vijaydev).
diff --git a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
index 19c690233c..1aaf5ebc94 100644
--- a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 4.0:
 * Turbolinks
 * Russian Doll Caching
 
-These release notes cover only the major changes. To know about various bug fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
+commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/4-0-stable) in the main Rails
+repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
diff --git a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md
index 8fcfc71351..52a5acb75e 100644
--- a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 4.1:
 * Action Pack variants
 * Action Mailer previews
 
-These release notes cover only the major changes. To know about various bug
-fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the
-[list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main
-Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
+commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/4-1-stable) in the main Rails
+repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ By default, these preview classes live in `test/mailers/previews`.
 This can be configured using the `preview_path` option.
 
 See its
-[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html)
+[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html#class-ActionMailer::Base-label-Previewing+emails)
 for a detailed write up.
 
 ### Active Record enums
@@ -291,6 +291,10 @@ for detailed changes.
   with `config.active_record.maintain_test_schema = false`. ([Pull
   Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13528))
 
+* Introduce `Rails.gem_version` as a convenience method to return
+  `Gem::Version.new(Rails.version)`, suggesting a more reliable way to perform
+  version comparison. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14103))
+
 
 Action Pack
 -----------
@@ -346,8 +350,16 @@ for detailed changes.
   params "deep munging" that was used to address security vulnerability
   CVE-2013-0155. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13188))
 
-* New config option `config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer` for specifying
-  a serializer for the signed and encrypted cookie jars. (Pull Requests [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13692), [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13945) / [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#cookies-serializer))
+* New config option `config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer` for specifying a
+  serializer for the signed and encrypted cookie jars. (Pull Requests
+  [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13692),
+  [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13945) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#cookies-serializer))
+
+* Added `render :plain`, `render :html` and `render
+  :body`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14062) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#rendering-content-from-string))
+
 
 Action Mailer
 -------------
@@ -384,7 +396,7 @@ for detailed changes.
 * Removed deprecated `scope` use without passing a callable object.
 
 * Removed deprecated `transaction_joinable=` in favor of `begin_transaction`
-  with `d:joinable` option.
+  with a `:joinable` option.
 
 * Removed deprecated `decrement_open_transactions`.
 
@@ -453,6 +465,12 @@ for detailed changes.
 
 ### Notable changes
 
+* Default scopes are no longer overridden by chained conditions.
+
+  Before this change when you defined a `default_scope` in a model
+  it was overridden by chained conditions in the same field. Now it
+  is merged like any other scope. [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-on-default-scopes).
+
 * Added `ActiveRecord::Base.to_param` for convenient "pretty" URLs derived from
   a model's attribute or
   method. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12891))
@@ -533,12 +551,15 @@ for detailed changes.
 * Make `touch` fire the `after_commit` and `after_rollback`
   callbacks. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12031))
 
-* Enable partial indexes for `sqlite >=
-  3.8.0`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13350))
+* Enable partial indexes for `sqlite >= 3.8.0`.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13350))
 
 * Make `change_column_null`
-  revertable. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/724509a9d5322ff502aefa90dd282ba33a281a96))
+  revertible. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/724509a9d5322ff502aefa90dd282ba33a281a96))
 
+* Added a flag to disable schema dump after migration. This is set to `false`
+  by default in the production environment for new applications.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13948))
 
 Active Model
 ------------
@@ -656,9 +677,8 @@ for detailed changes.
   [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-in-json-handling))
 
 * Added `ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers#travel` and `#travel_to`. These
-  methods change current time to the given time or time difference by stubbing
-  `Time.now` and
-  `Date.today`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12824))
+  methods change current time to the given time or duration by stubbing
+  `Time.now` and `Date.today`.
 
 * Added `ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers#travel_back`. This method returns
   the current time to the original state, by removing the stubs added by `travel`
@@ -691,12 +711,15 @@ for detailed changes.
 * Default the new `I18n.enforce_available_locales` config to `true`, meaning
   `I18n` will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in the
   `available_locales`
-  list. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/8e21ae37ad9fef6b7393a84f9b5f2e18a831e49a))
+  list. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13341))
 
-* Introduce Module#concerning: a natural, low-ceremony way to separate
+* Introduce `Module#concerning`: a natural, low-ceremony way to separate
   responsibilities within a
   class. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/1eee0ca6de975b42524105a59e0521d18b38ab81))
 
+* Added `Object#presence_in` to simplify value whitelisting.
+  ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4edca106daacc5a159289eae255207d160f22396))
+
 
 Credits
 -------
diff --git a/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dad973cf5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+Ruby on Rails 4.2 Release Notes
+===============================
+
+Highlights in Rails 4.2:
+
+* Active Job, Action Mailer #deliver_later
+* Adequate Record
+* Web Console
+* Foreign key support
+
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
+commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails
+repository on GitHub.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NOTE: This document is a work in progress, please help to improve this by sending
+a [pull request](https://github.com/rails/rails/edit/master/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md).
+
+Upgrading to Rails 4.2
+----------------------
+
+If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test
+coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 4.1 in case you
+haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting
+to upgrade to Rails 4.2. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is
+available in the
+[Upgrading Ruby on Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#upgrading-from-rails-4-1-to-rails-4-2)
+guide.
+
+
+Major Features
+--------------
+
+### Active Job, Action Mailer #deliver_later
+
+Active Job is a new framework in Rails 4.2. It is an adapter layer on top of
+queuing systems like [Resque](https://github.com/resque/resque), [Delayed Job](https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job), [Sidekiq](https://github.com/mperham/sidekiq), and more. You can write your
+jobs with the Active Job API, and it'll run on all these queues with no changes
+(it comes pre-configured with an inline runner).
+
+Building on top of Active Job, Action Mailer now comes with a `#deliver_later`
+method, which adds your email to be sent as a job to a queue, so it doesn't
+bog down the controller or model.
+
+The new GlobalID library makes it easy to pass Active Record objects to jobs by
+serializing them in a generic form. This means you no longer have to manually
+pack and unpack your Active Records by passing ids. Just give the job the
+straight Active Record object, and it'll serialize it using GlobalID, and
+deserialize it at run time.
+
+### Adequate Record
+
+Rails 4.2 comes with a performance improvement feature called Adequate Record
+for Active Record. A lot of common queries are now up to twice as fast in Rails
+4.2!
+
+TODO: add some technical details
+
+### Web Console
+
+New applications generated from Rails 4.2 now come with the Web Console gem by
+default.
+
+Web Console is a set of debugging tools for your Rails application. It will add
+an interactive console on every error page, a `console` view helper and a VT100
+compatible terminal.
+
+The interactive console on the error pages lets you execute code where the
+exception originated. It's quite handy to introspect the state that led to the
+error.
+
+The `console` view helper launches an interactive console within the context of
+the view where it is invoked.
+
+Finally, you can launch a VT100 terminal that runs `rails console`. If you need
+to create or modify existing test data, you can do that straight from the
+browser.
+
+### Foreign key support
+
+The migration DSL now supports adding and removing foreign keys. They are dumped
+to `schema.rb` as well. At this time, only the `mysql`, `mysql2` and `postgresql`
+adapters support foreign keys.
+
+```ruby
+# add a foreign key to `articles.author_id` referencing `authors.id`
+add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
+
+# add a foreign key to `articles.author_id` referencing `users.lng_id`
+add_foreign_key :articles, :users, column: :author_id, primary_key: "lng_id"
+
+# remove the foreign key on `accounts.branch_id`
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
+
+# remove the foreign key on `accounts.owner_id`
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
+```
+
+See the API documentation on
+[add_foreign_key](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-add_foreign_key)
+and
+[remove_foreign_key](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-remove_foreign_key)
+for a full description.
+
+
+Incompatibilities
+-----------------
+
+Previously deprecated functionality has been removed. Please refer to the
+individual components for new deprecations in this release.
+
+The following changes may require immediate action upon upgrade.
+
+### `respond_with` / class-level `respond_to`
+
+`respond_with` and the corresponding class-level `respond_to` have been moved to
+the `responders` gem. To use the following, add `gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` to
+your Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  respond_to :html, :json
+
+  def show
+    @user = User.find(params[:id])
+    respond_with @user
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Instance-level `respond_to` is unaffected:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  def show
+    @user = User.find(params[:id])
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html
+      format.json { render json: @user }
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Production logging
+
+The default log level in the `production` environment is now `:debug`. This
+makes it consistent with the other environments, and ensures plenty of
+information is available to diagnose problems.
+
+It can be returned to the previous level, `:info`, in the environment
+configuration:
+
+```ruby
+# config/environments/production.rb
+
+# Decrease the log volume.
+config.log_level = :info
+```
+
+### HTML Sanitizer
+
+The HTML sanitizer has been replaced with a new, more robust, implementation
+built upon Loofah and Nokogiri. The new sanitizer is more secure and its
+sanitization is more powerful and flexible.
+
+With a new sanitization algorithm, the sanitized output will change for certain
+pathological inputs.
+
+If you have particular need for the exact output of the old sanitizer, you can
+add `rails-deprecated_sanitizer` to your Gemfile, and it will automatically
+replace the new implementation. Because it is opt-in, the legacy gem will not
+give deprecation warnings.
+
+`rails-deprecated_sanitizer` will be supported for Rails 4.2 only; it will not
+be maintained for Rails 5.0.
+
+See [the blog post](http://blog.plataformatec.com.br/2014/07/the-new-html-sanitizer-in-rails-4-2/)
+for more detail on the changes in the new sanitizer.
+
+### `assert_select`
+
+`assert_select` is now based on Nokogiri, making it (TODO: betterer).
+
+As a result, some previously-valid selectors are now unsupported. If your
+application is using any of these spellings, you will need to update them:
+
+*   Values in attribute selectors may need to be quoted if they contain
+    non-alphanumeric characters.
+
+    ```
+    a[href=/]      =>     a[href="/"]
+    a[href$=/]     =>     a[href$="/"]
+    ```
+
+*   DOMs built from HTML source containing invalid HTML with improperly
+    nested elements may differ.
+
+    For example:
+
+    ``` ruby
+    # content: <div><i><p></i></div>
+
+    # before:
+    assert_select('div > i')  # => true
+    assert_select('div > p')  # => false
+    assert_select('i > p')    # => true
+
+    # now:
+    assert_select('div > i')  # => true
+    assert_select('div > p')  # => true
+    assert_select('i > p')    # => false
+    ```
+
+*   If the data selected contains entities, the value selected for comparison
+    used to be raw (e.g. `AT&amp;T`), and now is evaluated
+    (e.g. `AT&T`).
+
+    ``` ruby
+    # content: <p>AT&amp;T</p>
+
+    # before:
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&amp;T')  # => true
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&T')      # => false
+
+    # now:
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&T')      # => true
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&amp;T')  # => false
+    ```
+
+
+Railties
+--------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][railties] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   The `rails application` command has been removed without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11616))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `Rails::Rack::LogTailer` without replacement.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/84a13e019e93efaa8994b3f8303d635a7702dbce))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Introduced `web-console` in the default application Gemfile.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11667))
+
+*   Added a `required` option to the model generator for associations.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16062))
+
+*   Introduced an `after_bundle` callback for use in Rails templates.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16359))
+
+*   Introduced the `x` namespace for defining custom configuration options:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # config/environments/production.rb
+    config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
+    config.x.payment_processing.retries  = 3
+    config.x.super_debugger              = true
+    ```
+
+    These options are then available through the configuration object:
+
+    ```ruby
+    Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.schedule # => :daily
+    Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.retries  # => 3
+    Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger              # => true
+    ```
+
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/611849772dd66c2e4d005dcfe153f7ce79a8a7db))
+
+*   Introduced `Rails::Application.config_for` to load a configuration for the
+    current environment.
+
+    ```ruby
+    # config/exception_notification.yml:
+    production:
+      url: http://127.0.0.1:8080
+      namespace: my_app_production
+    development:
+      url: http://localhost:3001
+      namespace: my_app_development
+
+    # config/production.rb
+    MyApp::Application.configure do
+      config.middleware.use ExceptionNotifier, config_for(:exception_notification)
+    end
+    ```
+
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16129))
+
+*   Introduced a `--skip-gems` option in the app generator to skip gems such as
+    `turbolinks` and `coffee-rails` that do not have their own specific flags.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/10565895805887d4faf004a6f71219da177f78b7))
+
+*   Introduced a `bin/setup` script to enable automated setup code when
+    bootstrapping an application.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15189))
+
+*   Changed default value for `config.assets.digest` to `true` in development.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15155))
+
+*   Introduced an API to register new extensions for `rake notes`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14379))
+
+*   Introduced `Rails.gem_version` as a convenience method to return
+    `Gem::Version.new(Rails.version)`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14101))
+
+
+Action Pack
+-----------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][action-pack] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   `respond_with` and the class-level `respond_to` were removed from Rails and
+    moved to the `responders` gem (version 2.0). Add `gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'`
+    to your `Gemfile` to continue using these features.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16526))
+
+*   Removed deprecated `AbstractController::Helpers::ClassMethods::MissingHelperError`
+    in favor of `AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a1ddde15ae0d612ff2973de9cf768ed701b594e8))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `assert_tag`, `assert_no_tag`, `find_tag` and `find_all_tag` in
+    favor of `assert_select`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing/commit/b12850bc5ff23ba4b599bf2770874dd4f11bf750))
+
+*   Deprecated support for setting the `:to` option of a router to a symbol or a
+    string that does not contain a `#` character:
+
+    ```ruby
+    get '/posts', to: MyRackApp    => (No change necessary)
+    get '/posts', to: 'post#index' => (No change necessary)
+    get '/posts', to: 'posts'      => get '/posts', controller: :posts
+    get '/posts', to: :index       => get '/posts', action: :index
+    ```
+
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/cc26b6b7bccf0eea2e2c1a9ebdcc9d30ca7390d9))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Rails will now automatically include the template's digest in ETags.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16527))
+
+*   `render nothing: true` or rendering a `nil` body no longer add a single
+    space padding to the response body.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14883))
+
+*   Introduced the `always_permitted_parameters` option to configure which
+    parameters are permitted globally. The default value of this configuration
+    is `['controller', 'action']`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15933))
+
+*   The `*_filter` family methods have been removed from the documentation. Their
+    usage is discouraged in favor of the `*_action` family methods:
+
+    ```
+    after_filter          => after_action
+    append_after_filter   => append_after_action
+    append_around_filter  => append_around_action
+    append_before_filter  => append_before_action
+    around_filter         => around_action
+    before_filter         => before_action
+    prepend_after_filter  => prepend_after_action
+    prepend_around_filter => prepend_around_action
+    prepend_before_filter => prepend_before_action
+    skip_after_filter     => skip_after_action
+    skip_around_filter    => skip_around_action
+    skip_before_filter    => skip_before_action
+    skip_filter           => skip_action_callback
+    ```
+
+    If your application currently depends on these methods, you should use the
+    replacement `*_action` methods instead. These methods will be deprecated in
+    the future and will eventually be removed from Rails.
+
+    (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6c5f43bab8206747a8591435b2aa0ff7051ad3de),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/489a8f2a44dc9cea09154ee1ee2557d1f037c7d4))
+
+*   Added HTTP method `MKCALENDAR` from RFC-4791
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15121))
+
+*   `*_fragment.action_controller` notifications now include the controller
+    and action name in the payload.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14137))
+
+*   Segments that are passed into URL helpers are now automatically escaped.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5460591f0226a9d248b7b4f89186bd5553e7768f))
+
+*   Improved the Routing Error page with fuzzy matching for route search.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14619))
+
+*   Added an option to disable logging of CSRF failures.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14280))
+
+*   When the Rails server is set to serve static assets, gzip assets will now be
+    served if the client supports it and a pre-generated gzip file (.gz) is on disk.
+    By default the asset pipeline generates `.gz` files for all compressible assets.
+    Serving gzip files minimizes data transfer and speeds up asset requests. Always
+    [use a CDN](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/asset_pipeline.html#cdns) if you are
+    serving assets from your Rails server in production.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16466))
+
+*   The way `assert_select` works has changed; specifically a different library
+    is used to interpret css selectors, build the transient DOM that the
+    selectors are applied against, and to extract the data from that DOM. These
+    changes should only affect edge cases. Examples:
+    *  Values in attribute selectors may need to be quoted if they contain
+       non-alphanumeric characters.
+    *  DOMs built from HTML source containing invalid HTML with improperly
+       nested elements may differ.
+    *  If the data selected contains entities, the value selected for comparison
+       used to be raw (e.g. `AT&amp;T`), and now is evaluated
+       (e.g. `AT&T`).
+
+
+Action View
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][action-view] for detailed changes.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `AbstractController::Base.parent_prefixes`.
+    Override `AbstractController::Base.local_prefixes` when you want to change
+    where to find views.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15026))
+
+*   Deprecated `ActionView::Digestor#digest(name, format, finder, options = {})`.
+    Arguments should be passed as a hash instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14243))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Introduced a `#{partial_name}_iteration` special local variable for use with
+    partials that are rendered with a collection. It provides access to the
+    current state of the iteration via the `#index`, `#size`, `#first?` and
+    `#last?` methods.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/7698))
+
+*   The form helpers no longer generate a `<div>` element with inline CSS around
+    the hidden fields.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14738))
+
+*   Placeholder I18n follows the same convention as `label` I18n.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16438))
+
+
+Action Mailer
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][action-mailer] for detailed changes.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `*_path` helpers in mailers. Always use `*_url` helpers instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15840))
+
+*   Deprecated `deliver` / `deliver!` in favour of `deliver_now` / `deliver_now!`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16582))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Introduced `deliver_later` which enqueues a job on the application's queue
+    to deliver emails asynchronously.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16485))
+
+*   Added the `show_previews` configuration option for enabling mailer previews
+    outside of the development environment.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15970))
+
+
+Active Record
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][active-record] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   Removed `cache_attributes` and friends. All attributes are cached.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15429))
+
+*   Removed deprecated method `ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15612))
+
+*   Removed deprecated `ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name`. Use the
+    `proper_table_name` instance method on `ActiveRecord::Migration` instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15512))
+
+*   Removed unused `:timestamp` type. Transparently alias it to `:datetime`
+    in all cases. Fixes inconsistencies when column types are sent outside of
+    `ActiveRecord`, such as for XML serialization.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15184))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated swallowing of errors inside `after_commit` and `after_rollback`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16537))
+
+*   Deprecated calling `DatabaseTasks.load_schema` without a connection. Use
+    `DatabaseTasks.load_schema_current` instead.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f15cef67f75e4b52fd45655d7c6ab6b35623c608))
+
+*   Deprecated `Reflection#source_macro` without replacement as it is no longer
+    needed in Active Record.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16373))
+
+*   Deprecated broken support for automatic detection of counter caches on
+    `has_many :through` associations. You should instead manually specify the
+    counter cache on the `has_many` and `belongs_to` associations for the
+    through records.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15754))
+
+*   Deprecated `serialized_attributes` without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15704))
+
+*   Deprecated returning `nil` from `column_for_attribute` when no column
+    exists. It will return a null object in Rails 5.0
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15878))
+
+*   Deprecated using `.joins`, `.preload` and `.eager_load` with associations
+    that depends on the instance state (i.e. those defined with a scope that
+    takes an argument) without replacement.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed56e596a0467390011bc9d56d462539776adac1))
+
+*   Deprecated passing Active Record objects to `.find` or `.exists?`. Call
+    `#id` on the objects first.
+    (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d92ae6ccca3bcfd73546d612efaea011270bd270),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d35f0033c7dec2b8d8b52058fb8db495d49596f7))
+
+*   Deprecated half-baked support for PostgreSQL range values with excluding
+    beginnings. We currently map PostgreSQL ranges to Ruby ranges. This conversion
+    is not fully possible because the Ruby range does not support excluded
+    beginnings.
+
+    The current solution of incrementing the beginning is not correct
+    and is now deprecated. For subtypes where we don't know how to increment
+    (e.g. `#succ` is not defined) it will raise an `ArgumentError` for ranges
+    with excluding beginnings.
+
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/91949e48cf41af9f3e4ffba3e5eecf9b0a08bfc3))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   The PostgreSQL adapter now supports the `JSONB` datatype in PostgreSQL 9.4+.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16220))
+
+*   The `#references` method in migrations now supports a `type` option for
+    specifying the type of the foreign key (e.g. `:uuid`).
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16231))
+
+*   Added a `:required` option to singular associations, which defines a
+    presence validation on the association.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16056))
+
+*   Introduced `ActiveRecord::Base#validate!` that raises `RecordInvalid` if the
+    record is invalid.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8639))
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Base#reload` now behaves the same as `m = Model.find(m.id)`,
+    meaning that it no longer retains the extra attributes from custom
+    `select`s.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15866))
+
+*   Introduced the `bin/rake db:purge` task to empty the database for the
+    current environment.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e2f232aba15937a4b9d14bd91e0392c6d55be58d))
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Dirty` now detects in-place changes to mutable values.
+    Serialized attributes on ActiveRecord models will no longer save when
+    unchanged. This also works with other types such as string columns and json
+    columns on PostgreSQL.
+    (Pull Requests [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15674),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15786),
+    [3](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15788))
+
+*   Added support for `#pretty_print` in `ActiveRecord::Base` objects.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15172))
+
+*   PostgreSQL and SQLite adapters no longer add a default limit of 255
+    characters on string columns.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14579))
+
+*   `sqlite3:///some/path` now resolves to the absolute system path
+    `/some/path`. For relative paths, use `sqlite3:some/path` instead.
+    (Previously, `sqlite3:///some/path` resolved to the relative path
+    `some/path`. This behaviour was deprecated on Rails 4.1).
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14569))
+
+*   Introduced `#validate` as an alias for `#valid?`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456))
+
+*   `#touch` now accepts multiple attributes to be touched at once.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14423))
+
+*   Added support for fractional seconds for MySQL 5.6 and above.
+    (Pull Request [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8240),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14359))
+
+*   Added support for the `citext` column type in PostgreSQL adapter.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12523))
+
+*   Added support for user-created range types in PostgreSQL adapter.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4cb47167e747e8f9dc12b0ddaf82bdb68c03e032))
+
+
+Active Model
+------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][active-model] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   Removed deprecated `Validator#setup` without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10716))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `reset_#{attribute}` in favor of `restore_#{attribute}`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180))
+
+*   Deprecated `ActiveModel::Dirty#reset_changes` in favor of
+    `#clear_changes_information`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Introduced the `restore_attributes` method in `ActiveModel::Dirty` to restore
+    the changed (dirty) attributes to their previous values.
+    (Pull Request [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14861),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180))
+
+*   `has_secure_password` no longer disallow blank passwords (i.e. passwords
+    that contains only spaces) by default.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16412))
+
+*   `has_secure_password` now verifies that the given password is less than 72
+    characters if validations are enabled.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15708))
+
+*   Introduced `#validate` as an alias for `#valid?`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456))
+
+
+Active Support
+--------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][active-support] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   Removed deprecated `Numeric#ago`, `Numeric#until`, `Numeric#since`,
+    `Numeric#from_now`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1eddea1e3f6faf93581c43651348f48b2b7d8bb))
+
+*   Removed deprecated string based terminators for `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15100))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `Kernel#silence_stderr`, `Kernel#capture` and `Kernel#quietly`
+    without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13392))
+
+*   Deprecated `Class#superclass_delegating_accessor`, use
+    `Class#class_attribute` instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14271))
+
+*   Deprecated `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend!` as
+    `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend` now performs the same function.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14529))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   The `travel_to` test helper now truncates the `usec` component to 0.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9f6e82ee4783e491c20f5244a613fdeb4024beb5))
+
+*   `ActiveSupport::TestCase` now randomizes the order that test cases are ran
+    by default.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6ffb29d24e05abbd9ffe3ea974140d6c70221807))
+
+*   Introduced `Object#itself` as an identity function.
+    (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/702ad710b57bef45b081ebf42e6fa70820fdd810),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/64d91122222c11ad3918cc8e2e3ebc4b0a03448a))
+
+*   `Object#with_options` can now be used without an explicit receiver.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16339))
+
+*   Introduced `String#truncate_words` to truncate a string by a number of words.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16190))
+
+*   Added `Hash#transform_values` and `Hash#transform_values!` to simplify a
+    common pattern where the values of a hash must change, but the keys are left
+    the same.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15819))
+
+*   The `humanize` inflector helper now strips any leading underscores.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/daaa21bc7d20f2e4ff451637423a25ff2d5e75c7))
+
+*   Introduced `Concern#class_methods` as an alternative to
+    `module ClassMethods`, as well as `Kernel#concern` to avoid the
+    `module Foo; extend ActiveSupport::Concern; end` boilerplate.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b16c36e688970df2f96f793a759365b248b582ad))
+
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+See the
+[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
+the many people who spent many hours making Rails the stable and robust
+framework it is today. Kudos to all of them.
+
+[railties]:       https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md
+[action-pack]:    https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
+[action-view]:    https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
+[action-mailer]:  https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
+[active-record]:  https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
+[active-model]:   https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
+[active-support]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
diff --git a/guides/source/_license.html.erb b/guides/source/_license.html.erb
index 00b4466f50..d22f016948 100644
--- a/guides/source/_license.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/_license.html.erb
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-<p>This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0</a> License</p>
+<p>This work is licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International</a> License</p>
 <p>"Rails", "Ruby on Rails", and the Rails logo are trademarks of David Heinemeier Hansson. All rights reserved.</p>
diff --git a/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
index 27c53689c4..f84f1cb376 100644
--- a/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
@@ -10,13 +10,10 @@
 </p>
 <% else %>
 <p>
-  These are the new guides for Rails 4.0 based on <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/<%= @version %>"><%= @version %></a>.
+  These are the new guides for Rails 4.2 based on <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/<%= @version %>"><%= @version %></a>.
   These guides are designed to make you immediately productive with Rails, and to help you understand how all of the pieces fit together.
 </p>
 <% end %>
 <p>
-  The guides for Rails 3.2.x are available at <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2.16/">http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2.16/</a>.
-</p>
-<p>
-  The guides for Rails 2.3.x are available at <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3.11/">http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3.11/</a>.
+  The guides for earlier releases: <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.4/">Rails 4.1.4</a>, <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.0.8/">Rails 4.0.8</a>, <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2.19/">Rails 3.2.19</a> and <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3.11/">Rails 2.3.11</a>.
 </p>
diff --git a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
index 222d86afe9..ca1e79d3ce 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ The naming convention of controllers in Rails favors pluralization of the last w
 
 Following this convention will allow you to use the default route generators (e.g. `resources`, etc) without needing to qualify each `:path` or `:controller`, and keeps URL and path helpers' usage consistent throughout your application. See [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) for more details.
 
-NOTE: The controller naming convention differs from the naming convention of models, which expected to be named in singular form.
+NOTE: The controller naming convention differs from the naming convention of models, which are expected to be named in singular form.
 
 
 Methods and Actions
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ used:
 params.require(:log_entry).permit!
 ```
 
-This will mark the `:log_entry` parameters hash and any subhash of it
+This will mark the `:log_entry` parameters hash and any sub-hash of it
 permitted. Extreme care should be taken when using `permit!` as it
 will allow all current and future model attributes to be
 mass-assigned.
@@ -364,33 +364,48 @@ If you need a different session storage mechanism, you can change it in the `con
 # Use the database for sessions instead of the cookie-based default,
 # which shouldn't be used to store highly confidential information
 # (create the session table with "rails g active_record:session_migration")
-# YourApp::Application.config.session_store :active_record_store
+# Rails.application.config.session_store :active_record_store
 ```
 
 Rails sets up a session key (the name of the cookie) when signing the session data. These can also be changed in `config/initializers/session_store.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-YourApp::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
+Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
 ```
 
 You can also pass a `:domain` key and specify the domain name for the cookie:
 
 ```ruby
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-YourApp::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session', domain: ".example.com"
+Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session', domain: ".example.com"
 ```
 
-Rails sets up (for the CookieStore) a secret key used for signing the session data. This can be changed in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`
+Rails sets up (for the CookieStore) a secret key used for signing the session data. This can be changed in `config/secrets.yml`
 
 ```ruby
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
 
-# Your secret key for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
+# Your secret key is used for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
 # If you change this key, all old signed cookies will become invalid!
+
 # Make sure the secret is at least 30 characters and all random,
 # no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
-YourApp::Application.config.secret_key_base = '49d3f3de9ed86c74b94ad6bd0...'
+# You can use `rake secret` to generate a secure secret key.
+
+# Make sure the secrets in this file are kept private
+# if you're sharing your code publicly.
+
+development:
+  secret_key_base: a75d...
+
+test:
+  secret_key_base: 492f...
+
+# Do not keep production secrets in the repository,
+# instead read values from the environment.
+production:
+  secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
 ```
 
 NOTE: Changing the secret when using the `CookieStore` will invalidate all existing sessions.
@@ -604,6 +619,30 @@ It is also possible to pass a custom serializer that responds to `load` and
 Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = MyCustomSerializer
 ```
 
+When using the `:json` or `:hybrid` serializer, you should beware that not all
+Ruby objects can be serialized as JSON. For example, `Date` and `Time` objects
+will be serialized as strings, and `Hash`es will have their keys stringified.
+
+```ruby
+class CookiesController < ApplicationController
+  def set_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] = Date.tomorrow # => Thu, 20 Mar 2014
+    redirect_to action: 'read_cookie'
+  end
+
+  def read_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] # => "2014-03-20"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+It's advisable that you only store simple data (strings and numbers) in cookies.
+If you have to store complex objects, you would need to handle the conversion
+manually when reading the values on subsequent requests.
+
+If you use the cookie session store, this would apply to the `session` and
+`flash` hash as well.
+
 Rendering XML and JSON data
 ---------------------------
 
@@ -1039,7 +1078,7 @@ Rails keeps a log file for each environment in the `log` folder. These are extre
 
 ### Parameters Filtering
 
-You can filter certain request parameters from your log files by appending them to `config.filter_parameters` in the application configuration. These parameters will be marked [FILTERED] in the log.
+You can filter out sensitive request parameters from your log files by appending them to `config.filter_parameters` in the application configuration. These parameters will be marked [FILTERED] in the log.
 
 ```ruby
 config.filter_parameters << :password
@@ -1047,7 +1086,7 @@ config.filter_parameters << :password
 
 ### Redirects Filtering
 
-Sometimes it's desirable to filter out from log files some sensible locations your application is redirecting to.
+Sometimes it's desirable to filter out from log files some sensitive locations your application is redirecting to.
 You can do that by using the `config.filter_redirect` configuration option:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1088,7 +1127,7 @@ class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
   private
 
     def record_not_found
-      render text: "404 Not Found", status: 404
+      render plain: "404 Not Found", status: 404
     end
 end
 ```
@@ -1125,8 +1164,65 @@ class ClientsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
+WARNING: You shouldn't do `rescue_from Exception` or `rescue_from StandardError` unless you have a particular reason as it will cause serious side-effects (e.g. you won't be able to see exception details and tracebacks during development). If you would like to dynamically generate error pages, see [Custom errors page](#custom-errors-page).
+
 NOTE: Certain exceptions are only rescuable from the `ApplicationController` class, as they are raised before the controller gets initialized and the action gets executed. See Pratik Naik's [article](http://m.onkey.org/2008/7/20/rescue-from-dispatching) on the subject for more information.
 
+
+### Custom errors page
+
+You can customize the layout of your error handling using controllers and views.
+First define your app own routes to display the errors page.
+
+* `config/application.rb`
+
+  ```ruby
+  config.exceptions_app = self.routes
+  ```
+
+* `config/routes.rb`
+
+  ```ruby
+  match '/404', via: :all, to: 'errors#not_found'
+  match '/422', via: :all, to: 'errors#unprocessable_entity'
+  match '/500', via: :all, to: 'errors#server_error'
+  ```
+
+Create the controller and views.
+
+* `app/controllers/errors_controller.rb`
+
+  ```ruby
+  class ErrorsController < ActionController::Base
+    layout 'error'
+
+    def not_found
+      render status: :not_found
+    end
+
+    def unprocessable_entity
+      render status: :unprocessable_entity
+    end
+
+    def server_error
+      render status: :server_error
+    end
+  end
+  ```
+
+* `app/views`
+
+  ```
+    errors/
+      not_found.html.erb
+      unprocessable_entity.html.erb
+      server_error.html.erb
+    layouts/
+      error.html.erb
+  ```
+
+Do not forget to set the correct status code on the controller as shown before. You should avoid using the database or any complex operations because the user is already on the error page. Generating another error while on an error page could cause issues.
+
 Force HTTPS protocol
 --------------------
 
diff --git a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
index 6dc7fb1606..f981d0da47 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Introduction
 ------------
 
-Action Mailer allows you to send emails from your application using mailer classes and views. Mailers work very similarly to controllers. They inherit from `ActionMailer::Base` and live in `app/mailers`, and they have associated views that appear in `app/views`.
+Action Mailer allows you to send emails from your application using mailer classes
+and views. Mailers work very similarly to controllers. They inherit from
+`ActionMailer::Base` and live in `app/mailers`, and they have associated views
+that appear in `app/views`.
 
 Sending Emails
 --------------
@@ -30,7 +33,7 @@ views.
 #### Create the Mailer
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate mailer UserMailer
+$ bin/rails generate mailer UserMailer
 create  app/mailers/user_mailer.rb
 invoke  erb
 create    app/views/user_mailer
@@ -84,8 +87,11 @@ Here is a quick explanation of the items presented in the preceding method. For
 a full list of all available options, please have a look further down at the
 Complete List of Action Mailer user-settable attributes section.
 
-* `default Hash` - This is a hash of default values for any email you send from this mailer. In this case we are setting the `:from` header to a value for all messages in this class. This can be overridden on a per-email basis.
-* `mail` - The actual email message, we are passing the `:to` and `:subject` headers in.
+* `default Hash` - This is a hash of default values for any email you send from
+this mailer. In this case we are setting the `:from` header to a value for all
+messages in this class. This can be overridden on a per-email basis.
+* `mail` - The actual email message, we are passing the `:to` and `:subject`
+headers in.
 
 Just like controllers, any instance variables we define in the method become
 available for use in the views.
@@ -146,14 +152,17 @@ Setting this up is painfully simple.
 First, let's create a simple `User` scaffold:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold user name email login
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold user name email login
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ```
 
 Now that we have a user model to play with, we will just edit the
-`app/controllers/users_controller.rb` make it instruct the UserMailer to deliver
+`app/controllers/users_controller.rb` make it instruct the `UserMailer` to deliver
 an email to the newly created user by editing the create action and inserting a
-call to `UserMailer.welcome_email` right after the user is successfully saved:
+call to `UserMailer.welcome_email` right after the user is successfully saved.
+
+Action Mailer is nicely integrated with Active Job so you can send emails outside
+of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it:
 
 ```ruby
 class UsersController < ApplicationController
@@ -165,7 +174,7 @@ class UsersController < ApplicationController
     respond_to do |format|
       if @user.save
         # Tell the UserMailer to send a welcome email after save
-        UserMailer.welcome_email(@user).deliver
+        UserMailer.welcome_email(@user).deliver_later
 
         format.html { redirect_to(@user, notice: 'User was successfully created.') }
         format.json { render json: @user, status: :created, location: @user }
@@ -178,8 +187,29 @@ class UsersController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-The method `welcome_email` returns a `Mail::Message` object which can then just
-be told `deliver` to send itself out.
+NOTE: Active Job's default behavior is to execute jobs ':inline'. So, you can use
+`deliver_later` now to send emails, and when you later decide to start sending
+them from a background job, you'll only need to set up Active Job to use a queueing
+backend (Sidekiq, Resque, etc).
+
+If you want to send emails right away (from a cronjob for example) just call
+`deliver_now`:
+
+```ruby
+class SendWeeklySummary
+  def run
+    User.find_each do |user|
+      UserMailer.weekly_summary(user).deliver_now
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The method `welcome_email` returns a `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object which
+can then just be told `deliver_now` or `deliver_later` to send itself out. The
+`ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object is just a wrapper around a `Mail::Message`. If
+you want to inspect, alter or do anything else with the `Mail::Message` object you can
+access it with the `message` method on the `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object.
 
 ### Auto encoding header values
 
@@ -230,9 +260,11 @@ different, encode your content and pass in the encoded content and encoding in a
 
     ```ruby
     encoded_content = SpecialEncode(File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg'))
-    attachments['filename.jpg'] = {mime_type: 'application/x-gzip',
-                                   encoding: 'SpecialEncoding',
-                                   content: encoded_content }
+    attachments['filename.jpg'] = {
+      mime_type: 'application/x-gzip',
+      encoding: 'SpecialEncoding',
+      content: encoded_content
+    }
     ```
 
 NOTE: If you specify an encoding, Mail will assume that your content is already
@@ -301,7 +333,7 @@ email address in the format `"Full Name <email>"`.
 ```ruby
 def welcome_email(user)
   @user = user
-  email_with_name = "#{@user.name} <#{@user.email}>"
+  email_with_name = %("#{@user.name}" <#{@user.email}>)
   mail(to: email_with_name, subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site')
 end
 ```
@@ -406,6 +438,22 @@ globally in `config/application.rb`:
 config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: 'example.com' }
 ```
 
+Because of this behavior you cannot use any of the `*_path` helpers inside of
+an email. Instead you will need to use the associated `*_url` helper. For example
+instead of using
+
+```
+<%= link_to 'welcome', welcome_path %>
+```
+
+You will need to use:
+
+```
+<%= link_to 'welcome', welcome_url %>
+```
+
+By using the full URL, your links will now work in your emails.
+
 #### generating URLs with `url_for`
 
 You need to pass the `only_path: false` option when using `url_for`. This will
@@ -608,7 +656,7 @@ files (environment.rb, production.rb, etc...)
 | Configuration | Description |
 |---------------|-------------|
 |`logger`|Generates information on the mailing run if available. Can be set to `nil` for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own `Logger` and `Log4r` loggers.|
-|`smtp_settings`|Allows detailed configuration for `:smtp` delivery method:<ul><li>`:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default "localhost" setting.</li><li>`:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.</li><li>`:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.</li><li>`:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.</li><li>`:password` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.</li><li>`:authentication` - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of `:plain`, `:login`, `:cram_md5`.</li><li>`:enable_starttls_auto` - Set this to `false` if there is a problem with your server certificate that you cannot resolve.</li></ul>|
+|`smtp_settings`|Allows detailed configuration for `:smtp` delivery method:<ul><li>`:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default `"localhost"` setting.</li><li>`:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.</li><li>`:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.</li><li>`:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.</li><li>`:password` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.</li><li>`:authentication` - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of `:plain`, `:login`, `:cram_md5`.</li><li>`:enable_starttls_auto` - Set this to `false` if there is a problem with your server certificate that you cannot resolve.</li></ul>|
 |`sendmail_settings`|Allows you to override options for the `:sendmail` delivery method.<ul><li>`:location` - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to `/usr/sbin/sendmail`.</li><li>`:arguments` - The command line arguments to be passed to sendmail. Defaults to `-i -t`.</li></ul>|
 |`raise_delivery_errors`|Whether or not errors should be raised if the email fails to be delivered. This only works if the external email server is configured for immediate delivery.|
 |`delivery_method`|Defines a delivery method. Possible values are:<ul><li>`:smtp` (default), can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.smtp_settings`.</li><li>`:sendmail`, can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings`.</li><li>`:file`: save emails to files; can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.file_settings`.</li><li>`:test`: save emails to `ActionMailer::Base.deliveries` array.</li></ul>See [API docs](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html) for more info.|
@@ -617,7 +665,7 @@ files (environment.rb, production.rb, etc...)
 |`default_options`|Allows you to set default values for the `mail` method options (`:from`, `:reply_to`, etc.).|
 
 For a complete writeup of possible configurations see the
-[Action Mailer section](configuring.html#configuring-action-mailer) in
+[Configuring Action Mailer](configuring.html#configuring-action-mailer) in
 our Configuring Rails Applications guide.
 
 ### Example Action Mailer Configuration
@@ -662,6 +710,7 @@ You can find detailed instructions on how to test your mailers in the
 
 Intercepting Emails
 -------------------
+
 There are situations where you need to edit an email before it's
 delivered. Fortunately Action Mailer provides hooks to intercept every
 email. You can register an interceptor to make modifications to mail messages
@@ -685,5 +734,5 @@ ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(SandboxEmailInterceptor) if Rails.env.st
 
 NOTE: The example above uses a custom environment called "staging" for a
 production like server but for testing purposes. You can read
-[Creating Rails environments](./configuring.html#creating-rails-environments)
+[Creating Rails environments](configuring.html#creating-rails-environments)
 for more information about custom Rails environments.
diff --git a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
index 6a355a5177..683e633668 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
@@ -28,34 +28,34 @@ For each controller there is an associated directory in the `app/views` director
 Let's take a look at what Rails does by default when creating a new resource using the scaffold generator:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold post
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold article
       [...]
       invoke  scaffold_controller
-      create    app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
+      create    app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
       invoke    erb
-      create      app/views/posts
-      create      app/views/posts/index.html.erb
-      create      app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
-      create      app/views/posts/show.html.erb
-      create      app/views/posts/new.html.erb
-      create      app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles
+      create      app/views/articles/index.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles/edit.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles/show.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles/new.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles/_form.html.erb
       [...]
 ```
 
 There is a naming convention for views in Rails. Typically, the views share their name with the associated controller action, as you can see above.
-For example, the index controller action of the `posts_controller.rb` will use the `index.html.erb` view file in the `app/views/posts` directory.
-The complete HTML returned to the client is composed of a combination of this ERB file, a layout template that wraps it, and all the partials that the view may reference. Later on this guide you can find a more detailed documentation of each one of these three components.
+For example, the index controller action of the `articles_controller.rb` will use the `index.html.erb` view file in the `app/views/articles` directory.
+The complete HTML returned to the client is composed of a combination of this ERB file, a layout template that wraps it, and all the partials that the view may reference. Within this guide you will find more detailed documentation about each of these three components.
 
 
 Templates, Partials and Layouts
 -------------------------------
 
-As mentioned before, the final HTML output is a composition of three Rails elements: `Templates`, `Partials` and `Layouts`.
-Below is a brief overview of each one of them.
+As mentioned, the final HTML output is a composition of three Rails elements: `Templates`, `Partials` and `Layouts`.
+Below is a brief overview of each of them.
 
 ### Templates
 
-Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a `.erb` extension then it uses a mixture of ERB (included in Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a `.builder` extension then a fresh instance of `Builder::XmlMarkup` library is used.
+Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a `.erb` extension then it uses a mixture of ERB (Embedded Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a `.builder` extension then the `Builder::XmlMarkup` library is used.
 
 Rails supports multiple template systems and uses a file extension to distinguish amongst them. For example, an HTML file using the ERB template system will have `.html.erb` as a file extension.
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Consider the following loop for names:
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-The loop is set up in regular embedding tags (`<% %>`) and the name is written using the output embedding tags (`<%= %>`). Note that this is not just a usage suggestion, for regular output functions like `print` or `puts` won't work with ERB templates. So this would be wrong:
+The loop is set up using regular embedding tags (`<% %>`) and the name is inserted using the output embedding tags (`<%= %>`). Note that this is not just a usage suggestion: regular output functions such as `print` and `puts` won't be rendered to the view with ERB templates. So this would be wrong:
 
 ```html+erb
 <%# WRONG %>
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ The `object` and `as` options can also be used together:
 
 #### Rendering Collections
 
-It is very common that a template needs to iterate over a collection and render a sub-template for each of the elements. This pattern has been implemented as a single method that accepts an array and renders a partial for each one of the elements in the array.
+It is very common that a template will need to iterate over a collection and render a sub-template for each of the elements. This pattern has been implemented as a single method that accepts an array and renders a partial for each one of the elements in the array.
 
 So this example for rendering all the products:
 
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ can be rewritten in a single line:
 <%= render partial: "product", collection: @products %>
 ```
 
-When a partial is called like this (eg. with a collection), the individual instances of the partial have access to the member of the collection being rendered via a variable named after the partial. In this case, the partial is `_product`, and within it you can refer to `product` to get the instance that is being rendered.
+When a partial is called with a collection, the individual instances of the partial have access to the member of the collection being rendered via a variable named after the partial. In this case, the partial is `_product`, and within it you can refer to `product` to get the collection member that is being rendered.
 
 You can use a shorthand syntax for rendering collections. Assuming `@products` is a collection of `Product` instances, you can simply write the following to produce the same result:
 
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ You can use a shorthand syntax for rendering collections. Assuming `@products` i
 <%= render @products %>
 ```
 
-Rails determines the name of the partial to use by looking at the model name in the collection, `Product` in this case. In fact, you can even create a heterogeneous collection and render it this way, and Rails will choose the proper partial for each member of the collection.
+Rails determines the name of the partial to use by looking at the model name in the collection, `Product` in this case. In fact, you can even render a collection made up of instances of different models using this shorthand, and Rails will choose the proper partial for each member of the collection.
 
 #### Spacer Templates
 
@@ -269,30 +269,30 @@ Rails will render the `_product_ruler` partial (with no data passed to it) betwe
 
 ### Layouts
 
-Layouts can be used to render a common view template around the results of Rails controller actions. Typically, every Rails application has a couple of overall layouts that most pages are rendered within. For example, a site might have a layout for a logged in user, and a layout for the marketing or sales side of the site. The logged in user layout might include top-level navigation that should be present across many controller actions. The sales layout for a SaaS app might include top-level navigation for things like "Pricing" and "Contact Us." You would expect each layout to have a different look and feel. You can read more details about Layouts in the [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide.
+Layouts can be used to render a common view template around the results of Rails controller actions. Typically, a Rails application will have a couple of layouts that pages will be rendered within. For example, a site might have one layout for a logged in user and another for the marketing or sales side of the site. The logged in user layout might include top-level navigation that should be present across many controller actions. The sales layout for a SaaS app might include top-level navigation for things like "Pricing" and "Contact Us" pages. You would expect each layout to have a different look and feel. You can read about layouts in more detail in the [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide.
 
 Partial Layouts
 ---------------
 
-Partials can have their own layouts applied to them. These layouts are different than the ones that are specified globally for the entire action, but they work in a similar fashion.
+Partials can have their own layouts applied to them. These layouts are different from those applied to a controller action, but they work in a similar fashion.
 
-Let's say we're displaying a post on a page, that should be wrapped in a `div` for display purposes. First, we'll create a new `Post`:
+Let's say we're displaying an article on a page which should be wrapped in a `div` for display purposes. Firstly, we'll create a new `Article`:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.create(body: 'Partial Layouts are cool!')
+Article.create(body: 'Partial Layouts are cool!')
 ```
 
-In the `show` template, we'll render the `_post` partial wrapped in the `box` layout:
+In the `show` template, we'll render the `_article` partial wrapped in the `box` layout:
 
-**posts/show.html.erb**
+**articles/show.html.erb**
 
 ```erb
-<%= render partial: 'post', layout: 'box', locals: {post: @post} %>
+<%= render partial: 'article', layout: 'box', locals: {article: @article} %>
 ```
 
-The `box` layout simply wraps the `_post` partial in a `div`:
+The `box` layout simply wraps the `_article` partial in a `div`:
 
-**posts/_box.html.erb**
+**articles/_box.html.erb**
 
 ```html+erb
 <div class='box'>
@@ -300,13 +300,13 @@ The `box` layout simply wraps the `_post` partial in a `div`:
 </div>
 ```
 
-The `_post` partial wraps the post's `body` in a `div` with the `id` of the post using the `div_for` helper:
+The `_article` partial wraps the article's `body` in a `div` with the `id` of the article using the `div_for` helper:
 
-**posts/_post.html.erb**
+**articles/_article.html.erb**
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= div_for(post) do %>
-  <p><%= post.body %></p>
+<%= div_for(article) do %>
+  <p><%= article.body %></p>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
@@ -314,22 +314,22 @@ this would output the following:
 
 ```html
 <div class='box'>
-  <div id='post_1'>
+  <div id='article_1'>
     <p>Partial Layouts are cool!</p>
   </div>
 </div>
 ```
 
-Note that the partial layout has access to the local `post` variable that was passed into the `render` call. However, unlike application-wide layouts, partial layouts still have the underscore prefix.
+Note that the partial layout has access to the local `article` variable that was passed into the `render` call. However, unlike application-wide layouts, partial layouts still have the underscore prefix.
 
-You can also render a block of code within a partial layout instead of calling `yield`. For example, if we didn't have the `_post` partial, we could do this instead:
+You can also render a block of code within a partial layout instead of calling `yield`. For example, if we didn't have the `_article` partial, we could do this instead:
 
-**posts/show.html.erb**
+**articles/show.html.erb**
 
 ```html+erb
-<% render(layout: 'box', locals: {post: @post}) do %>
-  <%= div_for(post) do %>
-    <p><%= post.body %></p>
+<% render(layout: 'box', locals: {article: @article}) do %>
+  <%= div_for(article) do %>
+    <p><%= article.body %></p>
   <% end %>
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -356,18 +356,18 @@ This module provides methods for generating container tags, such as `div`, for y
 
 Renders a container tag that relates to your Active Record Object.
 
-For example, given `@post` is the object of `Post` class, you can do:
+For example, given `@article` is the object of `Article` class, you can do:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @post) do %>
-  <td><%= @post.title %></td>
+<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @article) do %>
+  <td><%= @article.title %></td>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
 This will generate this HTML output:
 
 ```html
-<tr id="post_1234" class="post">
+<tr id="article_1234" class="article">
   <td>Hello World!</td>
 </tr>
 ```
@@ -375,34 +375,34 @@ This will generate this HTML output:
 You can also supply HTML attributes as an additional option hash. For example:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @post, class: "frontpage") do %>
-  <td><%= @post.title %></td>
+<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @article, class: "frontpage") do %>
+  <td><%= @article.title %></td>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
 Will generate this HTML output:
 
 ```html
-<tr id="post_1234" class="post frontpage">
+<tr id="article_1234" class="article frontpage">
   <td>Hello World!</td>
 </tr>
 ```
 
-You can pass a collection of Active Record objects. This method will loop through your objects and create a container for each of them. For example, given `@posts` is an array of two `Post` objects:
+You can pass a collection of Active Record objects. This method will loop through your objects and create a container for each of them. For example, given `@articles` is an array of two `Article` objects:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @posts) do |post| %>
-  <td><%= post.title %></td>
+<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @articles) do |article| %>
+  <td><%= article.title %></td>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
 Will generate this HTML output:
 
 ```html
-<tr id="post_1234" class="post">
+<tr id="article_1234" class="article">
   <td>Hello World!</td>
 </tr>
-<tr id="post_1235" class="post">
+<tr id="article_1235" class="article">
   <td>Ruby on Rails Rocks!</td>
 </tr>
 ```
@@ -412,15 +412,15 @@ Will generate this HTML output:
 This is actually a convenient method which calls `content_tag_for` internally with `:div` as the tag name. You can pass either an Active Record object or a collection of objects. For example:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= div_for(@post, class: "frontpage") do %>
-  <td><%= @post.title %></td>
+<%= div_for(@article, class: "frontpage") do %>
+  <td><%= @article.title %></td>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
 Will generate this HTML output:
 
 ```html
-<div id="post_1234" class="post frontpage">
+<div id="article_1234" class="article frontpage">
   <td>Hello World!</td>
 </div>
 ```
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ image_url("edit.png") # => http://www.example.com/assets/edit.png
 
 #### image_tag
 
-Returns an html image tag for the source. The source can be a full path or a file that exists in your `app/assets/images` directory.
+Returns an HTML image tag for the source. The source can be a full path or a file that exists in your `app/assets/images` directory.
 
 ```ruby
 image_tag("icon.png") # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" alt="Icon" />
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ image_tag("icon.png") # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" alt="Icon" />
 
 #### javascript_include_tag
 
-Returns an html script tag for each of the sources provided. You can pass in the filename (`.js` extension is optional) of JavaScript files that exist in your `app/assets/javascripts` directory for inclusion into the current page or you can pass the full path relative to your document root.
+Returns an HTML script tag for each of the sources provided. You can pass in the filename (`.js` extension is optional) of JavaScript files that exist in your `app/assets/javascripts` directory for inclusion into the current page or you can pass the full path relative to your document root.
 
 ```ruby
 javascript_include_tag "common" # => <script src="/assets/common.js"></script>
@@ -590,14 +590,14 @@ This helper makes building an Atom feed easy. Here's a full usage example:
 **config/routes.rb**
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts
+resources :articles
 ```
 
-**app/controllers/posts_controller.rb**
+**app/controllers/articles_controller.rb**
 
 ```ruby
 def index
-  @posts = Post.all
+  @articles = Article.all
 
   respond_to do |format|
     format.html
@@ -606,20 +606,20 @@ def index
 end
 ```
 
-**app/views/posts/index.atom.builder**
+**app/views/articles/index.atom.builder**
 
 ```ruby
 atom_feed do |feed|
-  feed.title("Posts Index")
-  feed.updated((@posts.first.created_at))
+  feed.title("Articles Index")
+  feed.updated((@articles.first.created_at))
 
-  @posts.each do |post|
-    feed.entry(post) do |entry|
-      entry.title(post.title)
-      entry.content(post.body, type: 'html')
+  @articles.each do |article|
+    feed.entry(article) do |entry|
+      entry.title(article.title)
+      entry.content(article.body, type: 'html')
 
       entry.author do |author|
-        author.name(post.author_name)
+        author.name(article.author_name)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ For example, let's say we have a standard application layout, but also a special
 </html>
 ```
 
-**app/views/posts/special.html.erb**
+**app/views/articles/special.html.erb**
 
 ```html+erb
 <p>This is a special page.</p>
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ For example, let's say we have a standard application layout, but also a special
 Returns a set of select tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected for accessing a specified date-based attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-date_select("post", "published_on")
+date_select("article", "published_on")
 ```
 
 #### datetime_select
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ date_select("post", "published_on")
 Returns a set of select tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected for accessing a specified datetime-based attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-datetime_select("post", "published_on")
+datetime_select("article", "published_on")
 ```
 
 #### distance_of_time_in_words
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now + 15.seconds, include_seconds: true
 
 #### select_date
 
-Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the `date` provided.
+Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the `date` provided.
 
 ```ruby
 # Generates a date select that defaults to the date provided (six days after today)
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ select_date()
 
 #### select_datetime
 
-Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected with the `datetime` provided.
+Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected with the `datetime` provided.
 
 ```ruby
 # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime provided (four days after today)
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ select_second(Time.now + 16.minutes)
 
 #### select_time
 
-Returns a set of html select-tags (one for hour and minute).
+Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for hour and minute).
 
 ```ruby
 # Generates a time select that defaults to the time provided
@@ -904,10 +904,10 @@ The params hash has a nested person value, which can therefore be accessed with
 Returns a checkbox tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-# Let's say that @post.validated? is 1:
-check_box("post", "validated")
-# => <input type="checkbox" id="post_validated" name="post[validated]" value="1" />
-#    <input name="post[validated]" type="hidden" value="0" />
+# Let's say that @article.validated? is 1:
+check_box("article", "validated")
+# => <input type="checkbox" id="article_validated" name="article[validated]" value="1" />
+#    <input name="article[validated]" type="hidden" value="0" />
 ```
 
 #### fields_for
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ file_field(:user, :avatar)
 Creates a form and a scope around a specific model object that is used as a base for questioning about values for the fields.
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+<%= form_for @article do |f| %>
   <%= f.label :title, 'Title' %>:
   <%= f.text_field :title %><br>
   <%= f.label :body, 'Body' %>:
@@ -961,8 +961,8 @@ hidden_field(:user, :token)
 Returns a label tag tailored for labelling an input field for a specified attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-label(:post, :title)
-# => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
+label(:article, :title)
+# => <label for="article_title">Title</label>
 ```
 
 #### password_field
@@ -979,11 +979,11 @@ password_field(:login, :pass)
 Returns a radio button tag for accessing a specified attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-# Let's say that @post.category returns "rails":
-radio_button("post", "category", "rails")
-radio_button("post", "category", "java")
-# => <input type="radio" id="post_category_rails" name="post[category]" value="rails" checked="checked" />
-#    <input type="radio" id="post_category_java" name="post[category]" value="java" />
+# Let's say that @article.category returns "rails":
+radio_button("article", "category", "rails")
+radio_button("article", "category", "java")
+# => <input type="radio" id="article_category_rails" name="article[category]" value="rails" checked="checked" />
+#    <input type="radio" id="article_category_java" name="article[category]" value="java" />
 ```
 
 #### text_area
@@ -1002,8 +1002,8 @@ text_area(:comment, :text, size: "20x30")
 Returns an input tag of the "text" type tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-text_field(:post, :title)
-# => <input type="text" id="post_title" name="post[title]" value="#{@post.title}" />
+text_field(:article, :title)
+# => <input type="text" id="article_title" name="article[title]" value="#{@article.title}" />
 ```
 
 #### email_field
@@ -1035,28 +1035,28 @@ Returns `select` and `option` tags for the collection of existing return values
 Example object structure for use with this method:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :author
 end
 
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts
+  has_many :articles
   def name_with_initial
     "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, `@post`):
+Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Article, `@article`):
 
 ```ruby
-collection_select(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, {prompt: true})
+collection_select(:article, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, {prompt: true})
 ```
 
-If `@post.author_id` is 1, this would return:
+If `@article.author_id` is 1, this would return:
 
 ```html
-<select name="post[author_id]">
+<select name="article[author_id]">
   <option value="">Please select</option>
   <option value="1" selected="selected">D. Heinemeier Hansson</option>
   <option value="2">D. Thomas</option>
@@ -1071,33 +1071,33 @@ Returns `radio_button` tags for the collection of existing return values of `met
 Example object structure for use with this method:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :author
 end
 
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts
+  has_many :articles
   def name_with_initial
     "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, `@post`):
+Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Article, `@article`):
 
 ```ruby
-collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
+collection_radio_buttons(:article, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
 ```
 
-If `@post.author_id` is 1, this would return:
+If `@article.author_id` is 1, this would return:
 
 ```html
-<input id="post_author_id_1" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="1" checked="checked" />
-<label for="post_author_id_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
-<input id="post_author_id_2" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="2" />
-<label for="post_author_id_2">D. Thomas</label>
-<input id="post_author_id_3" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="3" />
-<label for="post_author_id_3">M. Clark</label>
+<input id="article_author_id_1" name="article[author_id]" type="radio" value="1" checked="checked" />
+<label for="article_author_id_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
+<input id="article_author_id_2" name="article[author_id]" type="radio" value="2" />
+<label for="article_author_id_2">D. Thomas</label>
+<input id="article_author_id_3" name="article[author_id]" type="radio" value="3" />
+<label for="article_author_id_3">M. Clark</label>
 ```
 
 #### collection_check_boxes
@@ -1107,34 +1107,34 @@ Returns `check_box` tags for the collection of existing return values of `method
 Example object structure for use with this method:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :authors
 end
 
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :posts
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :articles
   def name_with_initial
     "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Sample usage (selecting the associated Authors for an instance of Post, `@post`):
+Sample usage (selecting the associated Authors for an instance of Article, `@article`):
 
 ```ruby
-collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
+collection_check_boxes(:article, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
 ```
 
-If `@post.author_ids` is [1], this would return:
+If `@article.author_ids` is [1], this would return:
 
 ```html
-<input id="post_author_ids_1" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" checked="checked" />
-<label for="post_author_ids_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
-<input id="post_author_ids_2" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="2" />
-<label for="post_author_ids_2">D. Thomas</label>
-<input id="post_author_ids_3" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="3" />
-<label for="post_author_ids_3">M. Clark</label>
-<input name="post[author_ids][]" type="hidden" value="" />
+<input id="article_author_ids_1" name="article[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" checked="checked" />
+<label for="article_author_ids_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
+<input id="article_author_ids_2" name="article[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="2" />
+<label for="article_author_ids_2">D. Thomas</label>
+<input id="article_author_ids_3" name="article[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="3" />
+<label for="article_author_ids_3">M. Clark</label>
+<input name="article[author_ids][]" type="hidden" value="" />
 ```
 
 #### country_options_for_select
@@ -1222,13 +1222,13 @@ Create a select tag and a series of contained option tags for the provided objec
 Example:
 
 ```ruby
-select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: true})
+select("article", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: true})
 ```
 
-If `@post.person_id` is 1, this would become:
+If `@article.person_id` is 1, this would become:
 
 ```html
-<select name="post[person_id]">
+<select name="article[person_id]">
   <option value=""></option>
   <option value="1" selected="selected">David</option>
   <option value="2">Sam</option>
@@ -1303,10 +1303,10 @@ file_field_tag 'attachment'
 Starts a form tag that points the action to an url configured with `url_for_options` just like `ActionController::Base#url_for`.
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_tag '/posts' do %>
+<%= form_tag '/articles' do %>
   <div><%= submit_tag 'Save' %></div>
 <% end %>
-# => <form action="/posts" method="post"><div><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Save" /></div></form>
+# => <form action="/articles" method="post"><div><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Save" /></div></form>
 ```
 
 #### hidden_field_tag
@@ -1368,8 +1368,8 @@ select_tag "people", "<option>David</option>"
 Creates a submit button with the text provided as the caption.
 
 ```ruby
-submit_tag "Publish this post"
-# => <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Publish this post" />
+submit_tag "Publish this article"
+# => <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Publish this article" />
 ```
 
 #### text_area_tag
@@ -1377,8 +1377,8 @@ submit_tag "Publish this post"
 Creates a text input area; use a textarea for longer text inputs such as blog posts or descriptions.
 
 ```ruby
-text_area_tag 'post'
-# => <textarea id="post" name="post"></textarea>
+text_area_tag 'article'
+# => <textarea id="article" name="article"></textarea>
 ```
 
 #### text_field_tag
@@ -1526,7 +1526,7 @@ The SanitizeHelper module provides a set of methods for scrubbing text of undesi
 
 #### sanitize
 
-This sanitize helper will html encode all tags and strip all attributes that aren't specifically allowed.
+This sanitize helper will HTML encode all tags and strip all attributes that aren't specifically allowed.
 
 ```ruby
 sanitize @article.body
@@ -1550,7 +1550,7 @@ end
 
 Sanitizes a block of CSS code.
 
-#### strip_links(html) 
+#### strip_links(html)
 Strips all link tags from text leaving just the link text.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1568,9 +1568,9 @@ strip_links('Blog: <a href="http://myblog.com/">Visit</a>.')
 # => Blog: Visit.
 ```
 
-#### strip_tags(html) 
+#### strip_tags(html)
 
-Strips all HTML tags from the html, including comments. 
+Strips all HTML tags from the html, including comments.
 This uses the html-scanner tokenizer and so its HTML parsing ability is limited by that of html-scanner.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1585,13 +1585,24 @@ strip_tags("<b>Bold</b> no more!  <a href='more.html'>See more</a>")
 
 NB: The output may still contain unescaped '<', '>', '&' characters and confuse browsers.
 
+### CsrfHelper
+
+Returns meta tags "csrf-param" and "csrf-token" with the name of the cross-site
+request forgery protection parameter and token, respectively.
+
+```html
+<%= csrf_meta_tags %>
+```
+
+NOTE: Regular forms generate hidden fields so they do not use these tags. More
+details can be found in the [Rails Security Guide](security.html#cross-site-request-forgery-csrf).
 
 Localized Views
 ---------------
 
 Action View has the ability render different templates depending on the current locale.
 
-For example, suppose you have a `PostsController` with a show action. By default, calling this action will render `app/views/posts/show.html.erb`. But if you set `I18n.locale = :de`, then `app/views/posts/show.de.html.erb` will be rendered instead. If the localized template isn't present, the undecorated version will be used. This means you're not required to provide localized views for all cases, but they will be preferred and used if available.
+For example, suppose you have a `ArticlesController` with a show action. By default, calling this action will render `app/views/articles/show.html.erb`. But if you set `I18n.locale = :de`, then `app/views/articles/show.de.html.erb` will be rendered instead. If the localized template isn't present, the undecorated version will be used. This means you're not required to provide localized views for all cases, but they will be preferred and used if available.
 
 You can use the same technique to localize the rescue files in your public directory. For example, setting `I18n.locale = :de` and creating `public/500.de.html` and `public/404.de.html` would allow you to have localized rescue pages.
 
@@ -1605,6 +1616,6 @@ def set_expert_locale
 end
 ```
 
-Then you could create special views like `app/views/posts/show.expert.html.erb` that would only be displayed to expert users.
+Then you could create special views like `app/views/articles/show.expert.html.erb` that would only be displayed to expert users.
 
 You can read more about the Rails Internationalization (I18n) API [here](i18n.html).
diff --git a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b3081993d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+Active Job Basics
+=================
+
+This guide provides you with all you need to get started in creating,
+enqueueing and executing background jobs.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to create jobs.
+* How to enqueue jobs.
+* How to run jobs in the background.
+* How to send emails from your application async.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+Active Job is a framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety
+of queueing backends. These jobs can be everything from regularly scheduled
+clean-ups, to billing charges, to mailings. Anything that can be chopped up
+into small units of work and run in parallel, really.
+
+
+The Purpose of the Active Job
+-----------------------------
+The main point is to ensure that all Rails apps will have a job infrastructure
+in place, even if it's in the form of an "immediate runner". We can then have
+framework features and other gems build on top of that, without having to
+worry about API differences between various job runners such as Delayed Job
+and Resque. Picking your queuing backend becomes more of an operational concern,
+then. And you'll be able to switch between them without having to rewrite your jobs.
+
+
+Creating a Job
+--------------
+
+This section will provide a step-by-step guide to creating a job and enqueuing it.
+
+### Create the Job
+
+Active Job provides a Rails generator to create jobs. The following will create a
+job in `app/jobs`:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate job guests_cleanup
+create  app/jobs/guests_cleanup_job.rb
+```
+
+You can also create a job that will run on a specific queue:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate job guests_cleanup --queue urgent
+create  app/jobs/guests_cleanup_job.rb
+```
+
+As you can see, you can generate jobs just like you use other generators with
+Rails.
+
+If you don't want to use a generator, you could create your own file inside of
+`app/jobs`, just make sure that it inherits from `ActiveJob::Base`.
+
+Here's what a job looks like:
+
+```ruby
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :default
+
+  def perform(*args)
+    # Do something later
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Enqueue the Job
+
+Enqueue a job like so:
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.perform_later record  # Enqueue a job to be performed as soon the queueing system is free.
+```
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later(record)  # Enqueue a job to be performed tomorrow at noon.
+```
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.set(wait: 1.week).perform_later(record) # Enqueue a job to be performed 1 week from now.
+```
+
+That's it!
+
+
+Job Execution
+-------------
+
+If no adapter is set, the job is immediately executed.
+
+### Backends
+
+Active Job has adapters for the following queueing backends:
+
+* [Backburner](https://github.com/nesquena/backburner)
+* [Delayed Job](https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job)
+* [Qu](https://github.com/bkeepers/qu)
+* [Que](https://github.com/chanks/que)
+* [QueueClassic 2.x](https://github.com/ryandotsmith/queue_classic/tree/v2.2.3)
+* [Resque 1.x](https://github.com/resque/resque/tree/1-x-stable)
+* [Sidekiq](https://github.com/mperham/sidekiq)
+* [Sneakers](https://github.com/jondot/sneakers)
+* [Sucker Punch](https://github.com/brandonhilkert/sucker_punch)
+
+#### Backends Features
+
+|                       | Async | Queues | Delayed   | Priorities | Timeout | Retries |
+|-----------------------|-------|--------|-----------|------------|---------|---------|
+| **Backburner**        | Yes   | Yes    | Yes       | Yes        | Job     | Global  |
+| **Delayed Job**       | Yes   | Yes    | Yes       | Job        | Global  | Global  |
+| **Que**               | Yes   | Yes    | Yes       | Job        | No      | Job     |
+| **Queue Classic**     | Yes   | Yes    | No*       | No         | No      | No      |
+| **Resque**            | Yes   | Yes    | Yes (Gem) | Queue      | Global  | Yes     |
+| **Sidekiq**           | Yes   | Yes    | Yes       | Queue      | No      | Job     |
+| **Sneakers**          | Yes   | Yes    | No        | Queue      | Queue   | No      |
+| **Sucker Punch**      | Yes   | Yes    | No        | No         | No      | No      |
+| **Active Job Inline** | No    | Yes    | N/A       | N/A        | N/A     | N/A     |
+| **Active Job**        | Yes   | Yes    | Yes       | No         | No      | No      |
+
+NOTE:
+* Queue Classic does not support Job scheduling. However you can implement this
+yourself or you can use the queue_classic-later gem. See the documentation for
+ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::QueueClassicAdapter.
+
+### Change Backends
+
+You can easily change your adapter:
+
+```ruby
+# be sure to have the adapter gem in your Gemfile and follow the adapter specific
+# installation and deployment instructions
+YourApp::Application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
+```
+
+
+Queues
+------
+
+Most of the adapters support multiple queues. With Active Job you can schedule
+the job to run on a specific queue:
+
+```ruby
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :low_priority
+  #....
+end
+```
+
+You can prefix the queue name for all your jobs using
+`config.active_job.queue_name_prefix` in `application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+module YourApp
+  class Application < Rails::Application
+    config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env
+  end
+end
+
+# app/jobs/guests_cleanup.rb
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :low_priority
+  #....
+end
+
+# Now your job will run on queue production_low_priority on your
+# production environment and on beta_low_priority on your beta
+# environment
+```
+
+If you want more control on what queue a job will be run you can pass a :queue
+option to #set:
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.set(queue: :another_queue).perform_later(record)
+```
+
+To control the queue from the job level you can pass a block to queue_as. The
+block will be executed in the job context (so you can access self.arguments)
+and you must return the queue name:
+
+```ruby
+class ProcessVideoJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as do
+    video = self.arguments.first
+    if video.owner.premium?
+      :premium_videojobs
+    else
+      :videojobs
+    end
+  end
+
+  def perform(video)
+    # do process video
+  end
+end
+
+ProcessVideoJob.perform_later(Video.last)
+```
+
+
+NOTE: Make sure your queueing backend "listens" on your queue name. For some
+backends you need to specify the queues to listen to.
+
+
+Callbacks
+---------
+
+Active Job provides hooks during the lifecycle of a job. Callbacks allow you to
+trigger logic during the lifecycle of a job.
+
+### Available callbacks
+
+* `before_enqueue`
+* `around_enqueue`
+* `after_enqueue`
+* `before_perform`
+* `around_perform`
+* `after_perform`
+
+### Usage
+
+```ruby
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :default
+
+  before_enqueue do |job|
+    # do something with the job instance
+  end
+
+  around_perform do |job, block|
+    # do something before perform
+    block.call
+    # do something after perform
+  end
+
+  def perform
+    # Do something later
+  end
+end
+```
+
+
+ActionMailer
+------------
+
+One of the most common jobs in a modern web application is sending emails outside
+of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it. Active Job
+is integrated with Action Mailer so you can easily send emails asynchronously:
+
+```ruby
+# If you want to send the email now use #deliver_now
+UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_now
+
+# If you want to send the email through Active Job use #deliver_later
+UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_later
+```
+
+
+GlobalID
+--------
+Active Job supports GlobalID for parameters. This makes it possible to pass live
+Active Record objects to your job instead of class/id pairs, which you then have
+to manually deserialize. Before, jobs would look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob
+  def perform(trashable_class, trashable_id, depth)
+    trashable = trashable_class.constantize.find(trashable_id)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now you can simply do:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob
+  def perform(trashable, depth)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This works with any class that mixes in `ActiveModel::GlobalIdentification`, which
+by default has been mixed into Active Model classes.
+
+
+Exceptions
+----------
+
+Active Job provides a way to catch exceptions raised during the execution of the
+job:
+
+```ruby
+
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :default
+
+  rescue_from(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do |exception|
+   # do something with the exception
+  end
+
+  def perform
+    # Do something later
+  end
+end
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/active_model_basics.md b/guides/source/active_model_basics.md
index 0019d08328..3eaeeff389 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_model_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_model_basics.md
@@ -198,3 +198,26 @@ person.valid?                        # => true
 person.token = nil
 person.valid?                        # => raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed
 ```
+
+### ActiveModel::Naming
+
+Naming adds a number of class methods which make the naming and routing
+easier to manage. The module defines the `model_name` class method which
+will define a number of accessors using some `ActiveSupport::Inflector` methods.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+end
+
+Person.model_name.name                # => "Person"
+Person.model_name.singular            # => "person"
+Person.model_name.plural              # => "people"
+Person.model_name.element             # => "person"
+Person.model_name.human               # => "Person"
+Person.model_name.collection          # => "people"
+Person.model_name.param_key           # => "person"
+Person.model_name.i18n_key            # => :person
+Person.model_name.route_key           # => "people"
+Person.model_name.singular_route_key  # => "person"
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
index a184f0753d..eff93ce41d 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
@@ -82,13 +82,13 @@ by underscores. Examples:
 * Model Class - Singular with the first letter of each word capitalized (e.g.,
 `BookClub`).
 
-| Model / Class | Table / Schema |
-| ------------- | -------------- |
-| `Post`        | `posts`        |
-| `LineItem`    | `line_items`   |
-| `Deer`        | `deers`        |
-| `Mouse`       | `mice`         |
-| `Person`      | `people`       |
+| Model / Class    | Table / Schema |
+| ---------------- | -------------- |
+| `Article`        | `articles`     |
+| `LineItem`       | `line_items`   |
+| `Deer`           | `deers`        |
+| `Mouse`          | `mice`         |
+| `Person`         | `people`       |
 
 
 ### Schema Conventions
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ to Active Record instances:
 * `(association_name)_type` - Stores the type for
   [polymorphic associations](association_basics.html#polymorphic-associations).
 * `(table_name)_count` - Used to cache the number of belonging objects on
-  associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in a `Post` class that
+  associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in a `Articles` class that
   has many instances of `Comment` will cache the number of existent comments
-  for each post.
+  for each article.
 
 NOTE: While these column names are optional, they are in fact reserved by Active Record. Steer clear of reserved keywords unless you want the extra functionality. For example, `type` is a reserved keyword used to designate a table using Single Table Inheritance (STI). If you are not using STI, try an analogous keyword like "context", that may still accurately describe the data you are modeling.
 
@@ -309,11 +309,11 @@ into the database. There are several methods that you can use to check your
 models and validate that an attribute value is not empty, is unique and not
 already in the database, follows a specific format and many more.
 
-Validation is a very important issue to consider when persisting to database, so
-the methods `create`, `save` and `update` take it into account when
+Validation is a very important issue to consider when persisting to the database, so
+the methods `save` and `update` take it into account when
 running: they return `false` when validation fails and they didn't actually
-perform any operation on database. All of these have a bang counterpart (that
-is, `create!`, `save!` and `update!`), which are stricter in that
+perform any operation on the database. All of these have a bang counterpart (that
+is, `save!` and `update!`), which are stricter in that
 they raise the exception `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if validation fails.
 A quick example to illustrate:
 
@@ -322,8 +322,9 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :name, presence: true
 end
 
-User.create  # => false
-User.create! # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
+user = User.new
+user.save  # => false
+user.save! # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
 ```
 
 You can learn more about validations in the [Active Record Validations
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
index 667433285f..9c7e60cbb0 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 The Object Life Cycle
 ---------------------
 
-During the normal operation of a Rails application, objects may be created, updated, and destroyed. Active Record provides hooks into this <em>object life cycle</em> so that you can control your application and its data.
+During the normal operation of a Rails application, objects may be created, updated, and destroyed. Active Record provides hooks into this *object life cycle* so that you can control your application and its data.
 
 Callbacks allow you to trigger logic before or after an alteration of an object's state.
 
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ Here is a list with all the available Active Record callbacks, listed in the sam
 * `around_create`
 * `after_create`
 * `after_save`
+* `after_commit/after_rollback`
 
 ### Updating an Object
 
@@ -103,12 +104,14 @@ Here is a list with all the available Active Record callbacks, listed in the sam
 * `around_update`
 * `after_update`
 * `after_save`
+* `after_commit/after_rollback`
 
 ### Destroying an Object
 
 * `before_destroy`
 * `around_destroy`
 * `after_destroy`
+* `after_commit/after_rollback`
 
 WARNING. `after_save` runs both on create and update, but always _after_ the more specific callbacks `after_create` and `after_update`, no matter the order in which the macro calls were executed.
 
@@ -258,27 +261,27 @@ WARNING. Any exception that is not `ActiveRecord::Rollback` will be re-raised by
 Relational Callbacks
 --------------------
 
-Callbacks work through model relationships, and can even be defined by them. Suppose an example where a user has many posts. A user's posts should be destroyed if the user is destroyed. Let's add an `after_destroy` callback to the `User` model by way of its relationship to the `Post` model:
+Callbacks work through model relationships, and can even be defined by them. Suppose an example where a user has many articles. A user's articles should be destroyed if the user is destroyed. Let's add an `after_destroy` callback to the `User` model by way of its relationship to the `Article` model:
 
 ```ruby
 class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts, dependent: :destroy
+  has_many :articles, dependent: :destroy
 end
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   after_destroy :log_destroy_action
 
   def log_destroy_action
-    puts 'Post destroyed'
+    puts 'Article destroyed'
   end
 end
 
 >> user = User.first
 => #<User id: 1>
->> user.posts.create!
-=> #<Post id: 1, user_id: 1>
+>> user.articles.create!
+=> #<Article id: 1, user_id: 1>
 >> user.destroy
-Post destroyed
+Article destroyed
 => #<User id: 1>
 ```
 
@@ -325,7 +328,7 @@ When writing conditional callbacks, it is possible to mix both `:if` and `:unles
 ```ruby
 class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
   after_create :send_email_to_author, if: :author_wants_emails?,
-    unless: Proc.new { |comment| comment.post.ignore_comments? }
+    unless: Proc.new { |comment| comment.article.ignore_comments? }
 end
 ```
 
diff --git a/guides/source/migrations.md b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md
index 64c4e1e07e..229c6ee458 100644
--- a/guides/source/migrations.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md
@@ -18,9 +18,10 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Migration Overview
 ------------------
 
-Migrations are a convenient way to alter your database schema over time in a
-consistent and easy way. They use a Ruby DSL so that you don't have to write
-SQL by hand, allowing your schema and changes to be database independent.
+Migrations are a convenient way to
+[alter your database schema over time](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_migration)
+in a consistent and easy way. They use a Ruby DSL so that you don't have to
+write SQL by hand, allowing your schema and changes to be database independent.
 
 You can think of each migration as being a new 'version' of the database. A
 schema starts off with nothing in it, and each migration modifies it to add or
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ Of course, calculating timestamps is no fun, so Active Record provides a
 generator to handle making it for you:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts
 ```
 
 This will create an empty but appropriately named migration:
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ followed by a list of column names and types then a migration containing the
 appropriate `add_column` and `remove_column` statements will be created.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string
 ```
 
 will generate
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ end
 If you'd like to add an index on the new column, you can do that as well:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string:index
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string:index
 ```
 
 will generate
@@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ end
 Similarly, you can generate a migration to remove a column from the command line:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration RemovePartNumberFromProducts part_number:string
+$ bin/rails generate migration RemovePartNumberFromProducts part_number:string
 ```
 
 generates
@@ -187,7 +188,7 @@ end
 You are not limited to one magically generated column. For example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts part_number:string price:decimal
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts part_number:string price:decimal
 ```
 
 generates
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ followed by a list of column names and types then a migration creating the table
 XXX with the columns listed will be generated. For example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration CreateProducts name:string part_number:string
+$ bin/rails generate migration CreateProducts name:string part_number:string
 ```
 
 generates
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ Also, the generator accepts column type as `references`(also available as
 `belongs_to`). For instance:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddUserRefToProducts user:references
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddUserRefToProducts user:references
 ```
 
 generates
@@ -248,7 +249,7 @@ This migration will create a `user_id` column and appropriate index.
 There is also a generator which will produce join tables if `JoinTable` is part of the name:
 
 ```bash
-rails g migration CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct customer product
+$ bin/rails g migration CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct customer product
 ```
 
 will produce the following migration:
@@ -272,7 +273,7 @@ relevant table. If you tell Rails what columns you want, then statements for
 adding these columns will also be created. For example, running:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Product name:string description:text
+$ bin/rails generate model Product name:string description:text
 ```
 
 will create a migration that looks like this
@@ -292,21 +293,15 @@ end
 
 You can append as many column name/type pairs as you want.
 
-### Supported Type Modifiers
+### Passing Modifiers
 
-You can also specify some options just after the field type between curly
-braces. You can use the following modifiers:
-
-* `limit`        Sets the maximum size of the `string/text/binary/integer` fields.
-* `precision`    Defines the precision for the `decimal` fields, representing the total number of digits in the number.
-* `scale`        Defines the scale for the `decimal` fields, representing the number of digits after the decimal point.
-* `polymorphic`  Adds a `type` column for `belongs_to` associations.
-* `null`         Allows or disallows `NULL` values in the column.
+Some commonly used [type modifiers](#column-modifiers) can be passed directly on
+the command line. They are enclosed by curly braces and follow the field type:
 
 For instance, running:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts 'price:decimal{5,2}' supplier:references{polymorphic}
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts 'price:decimal{5,2}' supplier:references{polymorphic}
 ```
 
 will produce a migration that looks like this
@@ -320,6 +315,8 @@ class AddDetailsToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
 end
 ```
 
+TIP: Have a look at the generators help output for further details.
+
 Writing a Migration
 -------------------
 
@@ -414,6 +411,85 @@ end
 removes the `description` and `name` columns, creates a `part_number` string
 column and adds an index on it. Finally it renames the `upccode` column.
 
+### Changing Columns
+
+Like the `remove_column` and `add_column` Rails provides the `change_column`
+migration method.
+
+```ruby
+change_column :products, :part_number, :text
+```
+
+This changes the column `part_number` on products table to be a `:text` field.
+
+Besides `change_column`, the `change_column_null` and `change_column_default`
+methods are used specifically to change the null and default values of a
+column.
+
+```ruby
+change_column_null :products, :name, false
+change_column_default :products, :approved, false
+```
+
+This sets `:name` field on products to a `NOT NULL` column and the default
+value of the `:approved` field to false.
+
+TIP: Unlike `change_column` (and `change_column_default`), `change_column_null`
+is reversible.
+
+### Column Modifiers
+
+Column modifiers can be applied when creating or changing a column:
+
+* `limit`        Sets the maximum size of the `string/text/binary/integer` fields.
+* `precision`    Defines the precision for the `decimal` fields, representing the
+total number of digits in the number.
+* `scale`        Defines the scale for the `decimal` fields, representing the
+number of digits after the decimal point.
+* `polymorphic`  Adds a `type` column for `belongs_to` associations.
+* `null`         Allows or disallows `NULL` values in the column.
+* `default`      Allows to set a default value on the column. Note that if you
+are using a dynamic value (such as a date), the default will only be calculated
+the first time (i.e. on the date the migration is applied).
+* `index`        Adds an index for the column.
+
+Some adapters may support additional options; see the adapter specific API docs
+for further information.
+
+### Foreign Keys
+
+While it's not required you might want to add foreign key constraints to
+[guarantee referential integrity](#active-record-and-referential-integrity).
+
+```ruby
+add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
+```
+
+This adds a new foreign key to the `author_id` column of the `articles`
+table. The key references the `id` column of the `articles` table. If the
+column names can not be derived from the table names, you can use the
+`:column` and `:primary_key` options.
+
+Rails will generate a name for every foreign key starting with
+`fk_rails_` followed by 10 random characters.
+There is a `:name` option to specify a different name if needed.
+
+NOTE: Active Record only supports single column foreign keys. `execute` and
+`structure.sql` are required to use composite foreign keys.
+
+Removing a foreign key is easy as well:
+
+```ruby
+# let Active Record figure out the column name
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
+
+# remove foreign key for a specific column
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
+
+# remove foreign key by name
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, name: :special_fk_name
+```
+
 ### When Helpers aren't Enough
 
 If the helpers provided by Active Record aren't enough you can use the `execute`
@@ -444,6 +520,7 @@ definitions:
 * `add_index`
 * `add_reference`
 * `add_timestamps`
+* `add_foreign_key`
 * `create_table`
 * `create_join_table`
 * `drop_table` (must supply a block)
@@ -469,24 +546,23 @@ migration what else to do when reverting it. For example:
 ```ruby
 class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
-    create_table :products do |t|
-      t.references :category
+    create_table :distributors do |t|
+      t.string :zipcode
     end
 
     reversible do |dir|
       dir.up do
-        #add a foreign key
+        # add a CHECK constraint
         execute <<-SQL
-          ALTER TABLE products
-            ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
-            FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
-            REFERENCES categories(id)
+          ALTER TABLE distributors
+            ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+              CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5) NO INHERIT;
         SQL
       end
       dir.down do
         execute <<-SQL
-          ALTER TABLE products
-            DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
+          ALTER TABLE distributors
+            DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
         SQL
       end
     end
@@ -494,12 +570,13 @@ class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
     add_column :users, :home_page_url, :string
     rename_column :users, :email, :email_address
   end
+end
 ```
 
 Using `reversible` will ensure that the instructions are executed in the
 right order too. If the previous example migration is reverted,
 the `down` block will be run after the `home_page_url` column is removed and
-right before the table `products` is dropped.
+right before the table `distributors` is dropped.
 
 Sometimes your migration will do something which is just plain irreversible; for
 example, it might destroy some data. In such cases, you can raise
@@ -522,16 +599,15 @@ made in the `up` method. The example in the `reversible` section is equivalent t
 ```ruby
 class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def up
-    create_table :products do |t|
-      t.references :category
+    create_table :distributors do |t|
+      t.string :zipcode
     end
 
-    # add a foreign key
+    # add a CHECK constraint
     execute <<-SQL
-      ALTER TABLE products
-        ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
-        FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
-        REFERENCES categories(id)
+      ALTER TABLE distributors
+        ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+        CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5);
     SQL
 
     add_column :users, :home_page_url, :string
@@ -543,11 +619,11 @@ class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
     remove_column :users, :home_page_url
 
     execute <<-SQL
-      ALTER TABLE products
-        DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
+      ALTER TABLE distributors
+        DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
     SQL
 
-    drop_table :products
+    drop_table :distributors
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -578,43 +654,27 @@ end
 The `revert` method also accepts a block of instructions to reverse.
 This could be useful to revert selected parts of previous migrations.
 For example, let's imagine that `ExampleMigration` is committed and it
-is later decided it would be best to serialize the product list instead.
-One could write:
+is later decided it would be best to use Active Record validations,
+in place of the `CHECK` constraint, to verify the zipcode.
 
 ```ruby
-class SerializeProductListMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class DontUseConstraintForZipcodeValidationMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
-    add_column :categories, :product_list
-
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up do
-        # transfer data from Products to Category#product_list
-      end
-      dir.down do
-        # create Products from Category#product_list
-      end
-    end
-
     revert do
       # copy-pasted code from ExampleMigration
-      create_table :products do |t|
-        t.references :category
-      end
-
       reversible do |dir|
         dir.up do
-          #add a foreign key
+          # add a CHECK constraint
           execute <<-SQL
-            ALTER TABLE products
-              ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
-              FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
-              REFERENCES categories(id)
+            ALTER TABLE distributors
+              ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+                CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5);
           SQL
         end
         dir.down do
           execute <<-SQL
-            ALTER TABLE products
-              DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
+            ALTER TABLE distributors
+              DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
           SQL
         end
       end
@@ -651,7 +711,7 @@ is the numerical prefix on the migration's filename. For example, to migrate
 to version 20080906120000 run:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate VERSION=20080906120000
+$ bin/rake db:migrate VERSION=20080906120000
 ```
 
 If version 20080906120000 is greater than the current version (i.e., it is
@@ -668,7 +728,7 @@ mistake in it and wish to correct it. Rather than tracking down the version
 number associated with the previous migration you can run:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:rollback
+$ bin/rake db:rollback
 ```
 
 This will rollback the latest migration, either by reverting the `change`
@@ -676,7 +736,7 @@ method or by running the `down` method. If you need to undo
 several migrations you can provide a `STEP` parameter:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:rollback STEP=3
+$ bin/rake db:rollback STEP=3
 ```
 
 will revert the last 3 migrations.
@@ -686,7 +746,7 @@ back up again. As with the `db:rollback` task, you can use the `STEP` parameter
 if you need to go more than one version back, for example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate:redo STEP=3
+$ bin/rake db:migrate:redo STEP=3
 ```
 
 Neither of these Rake tasks do anything you could not do with `db:migrate`. They
@@ -716,7 +776,7 @@ the corresponding migration will have its `change`, `up` or `down` method
 invoked, for example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate:up VERSION=20080906120000
+$ bin/rake db:migrate:up VERSION=20080906120000
 ```
 
 will run the 20080906120000 migration by running the `change` method (or the
@@ -732,7 +792,7 @@ To run migrations against another environment you can specify it using the
 migrations against the `test` environment you could run:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=test
+$ bin/rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=test
 ```
 
 ### Changing the Output of Running Migrations
@@ -818,159 +878,6 @@ The `revert` method can be helpful when writing a new migration to undo
 previous migrations in whole or in part
 (see [Reverting Previous Migrations](#reverting-previous-migrations) above).
 
-Using Models in Your Migrations
--------------------------------
-
-When creating or updating data in a migration it is often tempting to use one
-of your models. After all, they exist to provide easy access to the underlying
-data. This can be done, but some caution should be observed.
-
-For example, problems occur when the model uses database columns which are (1)
-not currently in the database and (2) will be created by this or a subsequent
-migration.
-
-Consider this example, where Alice and Bob are working on the same code base
-which contains a `Product` model:
-
-Bob goes on vacation.
-
-Alice creates a migration for the `products` table which adds a new column and
-initializes it:
-
-```ruby
-# db/migrate/20100513121110_add_flag_to_product.rb
-
-class AddFlagToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :flag, :boolean
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up { Product.update_all flag: false }
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-She also adds a validation to the `Product` model for the new column:
-
-```ruby
-# app/models/product.rb
-
-class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates :flag, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }
-end
-```
-
-Alice adds a second migration which adds another column to the `products`
-table and initializes it:
-
-```ruby
-# db/migrate/20100515121110_add_fuzz_to_product.rb
-
-class AddFuzzToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :fuzz, :string
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up { Product.update_all fuzz: 'fuzzy' }
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-She also adds a validation to the `Product` model for the new column:
-
-```ruby
-# app/models/product.rb
-
-class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates :flag, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }
-  validates :fuzz, presence: true
-end
-```
-
-Both migrations work for Alice.
-
-Bob comes back from vacation and:
-
-*   Updates the source - which contains both migrations and the latest version
-    of the Product model.
-*   Runs outstanding migrations with `rake db:migrate`, which
-    includes the one that updates the `Product` model.
-
-The migration crashes because when the model attempts to save, it tries to
-validate the second added column, which is not in the database when the _first_
-migration runs:
-
-```
-rake aborted!
-An error has occurred, this and all later migrations canceled:
-
-undefined method `fuzz' for #<Product:0x000001049b14a0>
-```
-
-A fix for this is to create a local model within the migration. This keeps
-Rails from running the validations, so that the migrations run to completion.
-
-When using a local model, it's a good idea to call
-`Product.reset_column_information` to refresh the Active Record cache for the
-`Product` model prior to updating data in the database.
-
-If Alice had done this instead, there would have been no problem:
-
-```ruby
-# db/migrate/20100513121110_add_flag_to_product.rb
-
-class AddFlagToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
-  end
-
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :flag, :boolean
-    Product.reset_column_information
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up { Product.update_all flag: false }
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-```ruby
-# db/migrate/20100515121110_add_fuzz_to_product.rb
-
-class AddFuzzToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
-  end
-
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :fuzz, :string
-    Product.reset_column_information
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up { Product.update_all fuzz: 'fuzzy' }
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-There are other ways in which the above example could have gone badly.
-
-For example, imagine that Alice creates a migration that selectively
-updates the `description` field on certain products. She runs the
-migration, commits the code, and then begins working on the next feature,
-which is to add a new column `fuzz` to the products table.
-
-She creates two migrations for this new feature, one which adds the new
-column, and a second which selectively updates the `fuzz` column based on
-other product attributes.
-
-These migrations run just fine, but when Bob comes back from his vacation
-and calls `rake db:migrate` to run all the outstanding migrations, he gets a
-subtle bug: The descriptions have defaults, and the `fuzz` column is present,
-but `fuzz` is `nil` on all products.
-
-The solution is again to use `Product.reset_column_information` before
-referencing the Product model in a migration, ensuring the Active Record's
-knowledge of the table structure is current before manipulating data in those
-records.
-
 Schema Dumping and You
 ----------------------
 
@@ -1032,10 +939,10 @@ that Active Record supports. This could be very useful if you were to
 distribute an application that is able to run against multiple databases.
 
 There is however a trade-off: `db/schema.rb` cannot express database specific
-items such as foreign key constraints, triggers, or stored procedures. While in
-a migration you can execute custom SQL statements, the schema dumper cannot
-reconstitute those statements from the database. If you are using features like
-this, then you should set the schema format to `:sql`.
+items such as triggers, or stored procedures. While in a migration you can
+execute custom SQL statements, the schema dumper cannot reconstitute those
+statements from the database. If you are using features like this, then you
+should set the schema format to `:sql`.
 
 Instead of using Active Record's schema dumper, the database's structure will
 be dumped using a tool specific to the database (via the `db:structure:dump`
@@ -1053,11 +960,16 @@ schema into a RDBMS other than the one used to create it.
 Because schema dumps are the authoritative source for your database schema, it
 is strongly recommended that you check them into source control.
 
+`db/schema.rb` contains the current version number of the database. This
+ensures conflicts are going to happen in the case of a merge where both
+branches touched the schema. When that happens, solve conflicts manually,
+keeping the highest version number of the two.
+
 Active Record and Referential Integrity
 ---------------------------------------
 
 The Active Record way claims that intelligence belongs in your models, not in
-the database. As such, features such as triggers or foreign key constraints,
+the database. As such, features such as triggers or constraints,
 which push some of that intelligence back into the database, are not heavily
 used.
 
@@ -1066,14 +978,10 @@ which models can enforce data integrity. The `:dependent` option on
 associations allows models to automatically destroy child objects when the
 parent is destroyed. Like anything which operates at the application level,
 these cannot guarantee referential integrity and so some people augment them
-with foreign key constraints in the database.
-
-Although Active Record does not provide any tools for working directly with
-such features, the `execute` method can be used to execute arbitrary SQL. You
-can also use a gem like
-[foreigner](https://github.com/matthuhiggins/foreigner) which adds foreign key
-support to Active Record (including support for dumping foreign keys in
-`db/schema.rb`).
+with [foreign key constraints](#foreign-keys) in the database.
+
+Although Active Record does not provide all the tools for working directly with
+such features, the `execute` method can be used to execute arbitrary SQL.
 
 Migrations and Seed Data
 ------------------------
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c94218ef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md
@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+Active Record and PostgreSQL
+============================
+
+This guide covers PostgreSQL specific usage of Active Record.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to use PostgreSQL's datatypes.
+* How to use UUID primary keys.
+* How to implement full text search with PostgreSQL.
+* How to back your Active Record models with database views.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+In order to use the PostgreSQL adapter you need to have at least version 8.2
+installed. Older versions are not supported.
+
+To get started with PostgreSQL have a look at the
+[configuring Rails guide](configuring.html#configuring-a-postgresql-database).
+It describes how to properly setup Active Record for PostgreSQL.
+
+Datatypes
+---------
+
+PostgreSQL offers a number of specific datatypes. Following is a list of types,
+that are supported by the PostgreSQL adapter.
+
+### Bytea
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-binary.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-binarystring.html)
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_documents.rb
+create_table :documents do |t|
+  t.binary 'payload'
+end
+
+# app/models/document.rb
+class Document < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+data = File.read(Rails.root + "tmp/output.pdf")
+Document.create payload: data
+```
+
+### Array
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/arrays.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-array.html)
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_books.rb
+create_table :books do |t|
+  t.string 'title'
+  t.string 'tags', array: true
+  t.integer 'ratings', array: true
+end
+add_index :books, :tags, using: 'gin'
+add_index :books, :ratings, using: 'gin'
+
+# app/models/book.rb
+class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Book.create title: "Brave New World",
+            tags: ["fantasy", "fiction"],
+            ratings: [4, 5]
+
+## Books for a single tag
+Book.where("'fantasy' = ANY (tags)")
+
+## Books for multiple tags
+Book.where("tags @> ARRAY[?]::varchar[]", ["fantasy", "fiction"])
+
+## Books with 3 or more ratings
+Book.where("array_length(ratings, 1) >= 3")
+```
+
+### Hstore
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/hstore.html)
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131009135255_create_profiles.rb
+ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+  create_table :profiles do |t|
+    t.hstore 'settings'
+  end
+end
+
+# app/models/profile.rb
+class Profile < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Profile.create(settings: { "color" => "blue", "resolution" => "800x600" })
+
+profile = Profile.first
+profile.settings # => {"color"=>"blue", "resolution"=>"800x600"}
+
+profile.settings = {"color" => "yellow", "resolution" => "1280x1024"}
+profile.save!
+
+## you need to call _will_change! if you are editing the store in place
+profile.settings["color"] = "green"
+profile.settings_will_change!
+profile.save!
+```
+
+### JSON
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-json.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-json.html)
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_events.rb
+create_table :events do |t|
+  t.json 'payload'
+end
+
+# app/models/event.rb
+class Event < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Event.create(payload: { kind: "user_renamed", change: ["jack", "john"]})
+
+event = Event.first
+event.payload # => {"kind"=>"user_renamed", "change"=>["jack", "john"]}
+
+## Query based on JSON document
+# The -> operator returns the original JSON type (which might be an object), whereas ->> returns text
+Event.where("payload->>'kind' = ?", "user_renamed")
+```
+
+### Range Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/rangetypes.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-range.html)
+
+This type is mapped to Ruby [`Range`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-2.1.1/Range.html) objects.
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20130923065404_create_events.rb
+create_table :events do |t|
+  t.daterange 'duration'
+end
+
+# app/models/event.rb
+class Event < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Event.create(duration: Date.new(2014, 2, 11)..Date.new(2014, 2, 12))
+
+event = Event.first
+event.duration # => Tue, 11 Feb 2014...Thu, 13 Feb 2014
+
+## All Events on a given date
+Event.where("duration @> ?::date", Date.new(2014, 2, 12))
+
+## Working with range bounds
+event = Event.
+  select("lower(duration) AS starts_at").
+  select("upper(duration) AS ends_at").first
+
+event.starts_at # => Tue, 11 Feb 2014
+event.ends_at # => Thu, 13 Feb 2014
+```
+
+### Composite Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/rowtypes.html)
+
+Currently there is no special support for composite types. They are mapped to
+normal text columns:
+
+```sql
+CREATE TYPE full_address AS
+(
+  city VARCHAR(90),
+  street VARCHAR(90)
+);
+```
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_contacts.rb
+execute <<-SQL
+ CREATE TYPE full_address AS
+ (
+   city VARCHAR(90),
+   street VARCHAR(90)
+ );
+SQL
+create_table :contacts do |t|
+  t.column :address, :full_address
+end
+
+# app/models/contact.rb
+class Contact < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Contact.create address: "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
+contact = Contact.first
+contact.address # => "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
+contact.address = "(Paris,Rue Basse)"
+contact.save!
+```
+
+### Enumerated Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-enum.html)
+
+Currently there is no special support for enumerated types. They are mapped as
+normal text columns:
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_events.rb
+execute <<-SQL
+  CREATE TYPE article_status AS ENUM ('draft', 'published');
+SQL
+create_table :articles do |t|
+  t.column :status, :article_status
+end
+
+# app/models/article.rb
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Article.create status: "draft"
+article = Article.first
+article.status # => "draft"
+
+article.status = "published"
+article.save!
+```
+
+### UUID
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-uuid.html)
+* [generator functions](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/uuid-ossp.html)
+
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_revisions.rb
+create_table :revisions do |t|
+  t.column :identifier, :uuid
+end
+
+# app/models/revision.rb
+class Revision < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Revision.create identifier: "A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11"
+
+revision = Revision.first
+revision.identifier # => "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11"
+```
+
+### Bit String Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-bit.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-bitstring.html)
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_users.rb
+create_table :users, force: true do |t|
+  t.column :settings, "bit(8)"
+end
+
+# app/models/device.rb
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+User.create settings: "01010011"
+user = User.first
+user.settings # => "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
+user.settings = "0xAF"
+user.settings # => 10101111
+user.save!
+```
+
+### Network Address Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-net-types.html)
+
+The types `inet` and `cidr` are mapped to Ruby
+[`IPAddr`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.1/libdoc/ipaddr/rdoc/IPAddr.html)
+objects. The `macaddr` type is mapped to normal text.
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20140508144913_create_devices.rb
+create_table(:devices, force: true) do |t|
+  t.inet 'ip'
+  t.cidr 'network'
+  t.macaddr 'address'
+end
+
+# app/models/device.rb
+class Device < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+macbook = Device.create(ip: "192.168.1.12",
+                        network: "192.168.2.0/24",
+                        address: "32:01:16:6d:05:ef")
+
+macbook.ip
+# => #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.1.12/255.255.255.255>
+
+macbook.network
+# => #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0>
+
+macbook.address
+# => "32:01:16:6d:05:ef"
+```
+
+### Geometric Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-geometric.html)
+
+All geometric types, with the exception of `points` are mapped to normal text.
+A point is casted to an array containing `x` and `y` coordinates.
+
+
+UUID Primary Keys
+-----------------
+
+NOTE: you need to enable the `uuid-ossp` extension to generate UUIDs.
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_devices.rb
+enable_extension 'uuid-ossp' unless extension_enabled?('uuid-ossp')
+create_table :devices, id: :uuid, default: 'uuid_generate_v4()' do |t|
+  t.string :kind
+end
+
+# app/models/device.rb
+class Device < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+device = Device.create
+device.id # => "814865cd-5a1d-4771-9306-4268f188fe9e"
+```
+
+Full Text Search
+----------------
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_documents.rb
+create_table :documents do |t|
+  t.string 'title'
+  t.string 'body'
+end
+
+execute "CREATE INDEX documents_idx ON documents USING gin(to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body));"
+
+# app/models/document.rb
+class Document < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Document.create(title: "Cats and Dogs", body: "are nice!")
+
+## all documents matching 'cat & dog'
+Document.where("to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body) @@ to_tsquery(?)",
+                 "cat & dog")
+```
+
+Database Views
+--------------
+
+* [view creation](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/sql-createview.html)
+
+Imagine you need to work with a legacy database containing the following table:
+
+```
+rails_pg_guide=# \d "TBL_ART"
+                                        Table "public.TBL_ART"
+   Column   |            Type             |                         Modifiers
+------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------
+ INT_ID     | integer                     | not null default nextval('"TBL_ART_INT_ID_seq"'::regclass)
+ STR_TITLE  | character varying           |
+ STR_STAT   | character varying           | default 'draft'::character varying
+ DT_PUBL_AT | timestamp without time zone |
+ BL_ARCH    | boolean                     | default false
+Indexes:
+    "TBL_ART_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree ("INT_ID")
+```
+
+This table does not follow the Rails conventions at all.
+Because simple PostgreSQL views are updateable by default,
+we can wrap it as follows:
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles_view.rb
+execute <<-SQL
+CREATE VIEW articles AS
+  SELECT "INT_ID" AS id,
+         "STR_TITLE" AS title,
+         "STR_STAT" AS status,
+         "DT_PUBL_AT" AS published_at,
+         "BL_ARCH" AS archived
+  FROM "TBL_ART"
+  WHERE "BL_ARCH" = 'f'
+  SQL
+
+# app/models/article.rb
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.primary_key = "id"
+  def archive!
+    update_attribute :archived, true
+  end
+end
+
+# Usage
+first = Article.create! title: "Winter is coming",
+                        status: "published",
+                        published_at: 1.year.ago
+second = Article.create! title: "Brace yourself",
+                         status: "draft",
+                         published_at: 1.month.ago
+
+Article.count # => 1
+first.archive!
+Article.count # => 2
+```
+
+NOTE: This application only cares about non-archived `Articles`. A view also
+allows for conditions so we can exclude the archived `Articles` directly.
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
index d164b08d93..cb243c95f5 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ The primary operation of `Model.find(options)` can be summarized as:
 
 Active Record provides several different ways of retrieving a single object.
 
-#### Using a Primary Key
+#### `find`
 
-Using `Model.find(primary_key)`, you can retrieve the object corresponding to the specified _primary key_ that matches any supplied options. For example:
+Using the `find` method, you can retrieve the object corresponding to the specified _primary key_ that matches any supplied options. For example:
 
 ```ruby
 # Find the client with primary key (id) 10.
@@ -109,119 +109,103 @@ The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id = 10) LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-`Model.find(primary_key)` will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception if no matching record is found.
+The `find` method will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception if no matching record is found.
 
-#### `take`
-
-`Model.take` retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example:
+You can also use this method to query for multiple objects. Call the `find` method and pass in an array of primary keys. The return will be an array containing all of the matching records for the supplied _primary keys_. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.take
-# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+# Find the clients with primary keys 1 and 10.
+client = Client.find([1, 10]) # Or even Client.find(1, 10)
+# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">, #<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">]
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id IN (1,10))
 ```
 
-`Model.take` returns `nil` if no record is found and no exception will be raised.
-
-TIP: The retrieved record may vary depending on the database engine.
+WARNING: The `find` method will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception unless a matching record is found for **all** of the supplied primary keys.
 
-#### `first`
+#### `take`
 
-`Model.first` finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+The `take` method retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.first
+client = Client.take
 # => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-`Model.first` returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
+The `take` method returns `nil` if no record is found and no exception will be raised.
 
-#### `last`
-
-`Model.last` finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+You can pass in a numerical argument to the `take` method to return up to that number of results. For example
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.last
-# => #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel">
+client = Client.take(2)
+# => [
+  #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
+  #<Client id: 220, first_name: "Sara">
+]
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 1
-```
-
-`Model.last` returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
-
-#### `find_by`
-
-`Model.find_by` finds the first record matching some conditions. For example:
-
-```ruby
-Client.find_by first_name: 'Lifo'
-# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
-
-Client.find_by first_name: 'Jon'
-# => nil
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 2
 ```
 
-It is equivalent to writing:
+The `take!` method behaves exactly like `take`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
 
-```ruby
-Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take
-```
+TIP: The retrieved record may vary depending on the database engine.
 
-#### `take!`
+#### `first`
 
-`Model.take!` retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example:
+The `first` method finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.take!
+client = Client.first
 # => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-`Model.take!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
+The `first` method returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
 
-#### `first!`
-
-`Model.first!` finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+You can pass in a numerical argument to the `first` method to return up to that number of results. For example
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.first!
-# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+client = Client.first(3)
+# => [
+  #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
+  #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Fifo">,
+  #<Client id: 3, first_name: "Filo">
+]
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 3
 ```
 
-`Model.first!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
+The `first!` method behaves exactly like `first`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
 
-#### `last!`
+#### `last`
 
-`Model.last!` finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+The `last` method finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.last!
+client = Client.last
 # => #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel">
 ```
 
@@ -231,92 +215,56 @@ The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-`Model.last!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
-
-#### `find_by!`
-
-`Model.find_by!` finds the first record matching some conditions. It raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. For example:
-
-```ruby
-Client.find_by! first_name: 'Lifo'
-# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
-
-Client.find_by! first_name: 'Jon'
-# => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
-```
-
-It is equivalent to writing:
+The `last` method returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
 
-```ruby
-Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take!
-```
-
-### Retrieving Multiple Objects
-
-#### Using Multiple Primary Keys
-
-`Model.find(array_of_primary_key)` accepts an array of _primary keys_, returning an array containing all of the matching records for the supplied _primary keys_. For example:
+You can pass in a numerical argument to the `last` method to return up to that number of results. For example
 
 ```ruby
-# Find the clients with primary keys 1 and 10.
-client = Client.find([1, 10]) # Or even Client.find(1, 10)
-# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">, #<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">]
+client = Client.last(3)
+# => [
+  #<Client id: 219, first_name: "James">,
+  #<Client id: 220, first_name: "Sara">,
+  #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel">
+]
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id IN (1,10))
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 3
 ```
 
-WARNING: `Model.find(array_of_primary_key)` will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception unless a matching record is found for **all** of the supplied primary keys.
+The `last!` method behaves exactly like `last`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
 
-#### take
+#### `find_by`
 
-`Model.take(limit)` retrieves the first number of records specified by `limit` without any explicit ordering:
+The `find_by` method finds the first record matching some conditions. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Client.take(2)
-# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
-      #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Raf">]
-```
-
-The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+Client.find_by first_name: 'Lifo'
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
 
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 2
+Client.find_by first_name: 'Jon'
+# => nil
 ```
 
-#### first
-
-`Model.first(limit)` finds the first number of records specified by `limit` ordered by primary key:
+It is equivalent to writing:
 
 ```ruby
-Client.first(2)
-# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
-      #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Raf">]
-```
-
-The SQL equivalent of the above is:
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2
+Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take
 ```
 
-#### last
-
-`Model.last(limit)` finds the number of records specified by `limit` ordered by primary key in descending order:
+The `find_by!` method behaves exactly like `find_by`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Client.last(2)
-# => [#<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">,
-      #<Client id: 9, first_name: "John">]
+Client.find_by! first_name: 'does not exist'
+# => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
 ```
 
-The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+This is equivalent to writing:
 
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 2
+```ruby
+Client.where(first_name: 'does not exist').take!
 ```
 
 ### Retrieving Multiple Objects in Batches
@@ -328,7 +276,7 @@ This may appear straightforward:
 ```ruby
 # This is very inefficient when the users table has thousands of rows.
 User.all.each do |user|
-  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
 end
 ```
 
@@ -344,7 +292,15 @@ The `find_each` method retrieves a batch of records and then yields _each_ recor
 
 ```ruby
 User.find_each do |user|
-  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
+end
+```
+
+To add conditions to a `find_each` operation you can chain other Active Record methods such as `where`:
+
+```ruby
+User.where(weekly_subscriber: true).find_each do |user|
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
 end
 ```
 
@@ -360,7 +316,7 @@ The `:batch_size` option allows you to specify the number of records to be retri
 
 ```ruby
 User.find_each(batch_size: 5000) do |user|
-  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
 end
 ```
 
@@ -372,7 +328,7 @@ For example, to send newsletters only to users with the primary key starting fro
 
 ```ruby
 User.find_each(start: 2000, batch_size: 5000) do |user|
-  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
 end
 ```
 
@@ -472,8 +428,8 @@ Client.where('locked' => true)
 In the case of a belongs_to relationship, an association key can be used to specify the model if an Active Record object is used as the value. This method works with polymorphic relationships as well.
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where(author: author)
-Author.joins(:posts).where(posts: { author: author })
+Article.where(author: author)
+Author.joins(:articles).where(articles: { author: author })
 ```
 
 NOTE: The values cannot be symbols. For example, you cannot do `Client.where(status: :active)`.
@@ -511,7 +467,7 @@ SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.orders_count IN (1,3,5))
 `NOT` SQL queries can be built by `where.not`.
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where.not(author: author)
+Article.where.not(author: author)
 ```
 
 In other words, this query can be generated by calling `where` with no argument, then immediately chain with `not` passing `where` conditions.
@@ -659,6 +615,23 @@ FROM orders
 GROUP BY date(created_at)
 ```
 
+### Total of grouped items
+
+To get the total of grouped items on a single query call `count` after the `group`.
+
+```ruby
+Order.group(:status).count
+# => { 'awaiting_approval' => 7, 'paid' => 12 }
+```
+
+The SQL that would be executed would be something like this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT COUNT (*) AS count_all, status AS status
+FROM "orders"
+GROUP BY status
+```
+
 Having
 ------
 
@@ -690,32 +663,32 @@ Overriding Conditions
 You can specify certain conditions to be removed using the `unscope` method. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id asc').except(:order)
+Article.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id asc').unscope(:order)
 ```
 
 The SQL that would be executed:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id > 10 LIMIT 20
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id > 10 LIMIT 20
 
 # Original query without `unscope`
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id asc LIMIT 20
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id asc LIMIT 20
 
 ```
 
-You can additionally unscope specific where clauses. For example:
+You can also unscope specific `where` clauses. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where(id: 10, trashed: false).unscope(where: :id)
-# => SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE trashed = 0
+Article.where(id: 10, trashed: false).unscope(where: :id)
+# SELECT "articles".* FROM "articles" WHERE trashed = 0
 ```
 
 A relation which has used `unscope` will affect any relation it is
 merged in to:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.order('id asc').merge(Post.unscope(:order))
-# => SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts"
+Article.order('id asc').merge(Article.unscope(:order))
+# SELECT "articles".* FROM "articles"
 ```
 
 ### `only`
@@ -723,16 +696,16 @@ Post.order('id asc').merge(Post.unscope(:order))
 You can also override conditions using the `only` method. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id desc').only(:order, :where)
+Article.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id desc').only(:order, :where)
 ```
 
 The SQL that would be executed:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id DESC
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id DESC
 
 # Original query without `only`
-SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE (id > 10) ORDER BY id desc LIMIT 20
+SELECT "articles".* FROM "articles" WHERE (id > 10) ORDER BY id desc LIMIT 20
 
 ```
 
@@ -741,25 +714,25 @@ SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE (id > 10) ORDER BY id desc LIMIT 20
 The `reorder` method overrides the default scope order. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  ..
-  ..
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :comments, -> { order('posted_at DESC') }
 end
 
-Post.find(10).comments.reorder('name')
+Article.find(10).comments.reorder('name')
 ```
 
 The SQL that would be executed:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id = 10 ORDER BY name
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id = 10
+SELECT * FROM comments WHERE article_id = 10 ORDER BY name
 ```
 
 In case the `reorder` clause is not used, the SQL executed would be:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id = 10 ORDER BY posted_at DESC
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id = 10
+SELECT * FROM comments WHERE article_id = 10 ORDER BY posted_at DESC
 ```
 
 ### `reverse_order`
@@ -795,25 +768,25 @@ This method accepts **no** arguments.
 The `rewhere` method overrides an existing, named where condition. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false)
+Article.where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false)
 ```
 
 The SQL that would be executed:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE `trashed` = 0
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE `trashed` = 0
 ```
 
 In case the `rewhere` clause is not used,
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where(trashed: true).where(trashed: false)
+Article.where(trashed: true).where(trashed: false)
 ```
 
 the SQL executed would be:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE `trashed` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE `trashed` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
 ```
 
 Null Relation
@@ -822,21 +795,21 @@ Null Relation
 The `none` method returns a chainable relation with no records. Any subsequent conditions chained to the returned relation will continue generating empty relations. This is useful in scenarios where you need a chainable response to a method or a scope that could return zero results.
 
 ```ruby
-Post.none # returns an empty Relation and fires no queries.
+Article.none # returns an empty Relation and fires no queries.
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# The visible_posts method below is expected to return a Relation.
-@posts = current_user.visible_posts.where(name: params[:name])
+# The visible_articles method below is expected to return a Relation.
+@articles = current_user.visible_articles.where(name: params[:name])
 
-def visible_posts
+def visible_articles
   case role
   when 'Country Manager'
-    Post.where(country: country)
+    Article.where(country: country)
   when 'Reviewer'
-    Post.published
+    Article.published
   when 'Bad User'
-    Post.none # => returning [] or nil breaks the caller code in this case
+    Article.none # => returning [] or nil breaks the caller code in this case
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -961,23 +934,23 @@ SELECT clients.* FROM clients LEFT OUTER JOIN addresses ON addresses.client_id =
 
 WARNING: This method only works with `INNER JOIN`.
 
-Active Record lets you use the names of the [associations](association_basics.html) defined on the model as a shortcut for specifying `JOIN` clause for those associations when using the `joins` method.
+Active Record lets you use the names of the [associations](association_basics.html) defined on the model as a shortcut for specifying `JOIN` clauses for those associations when using the `joins` method.
 
-For example, consider the following `Category`, `Post`, `Comment`, `Guest` and `Tag` models:
+For example, consider the following `Category`, `Article`, `Comment`, `Guest` and `Tag` models:
 
 ```ruby
 class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts
+  has_many :articles
 end
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :category
   has_many :comments
   has_many :tags
 end
 
 class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
+  belongs_to :article
   has_one :guest
 end
 
@@ -986,7 +959,7 @@ class Guest < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
+  belongs_to :article
 end
 ```
 
@@ -995,64 +968,64 @@ Now all of the following will produce the expected join queries using `INNER JOI
 #### Joining a Single Association
 
 ```ruby
-Category.joins(:posts)
+Category.joins(:articles)
 ```
 
 This produces:
 
 ```sql
 SELECT categories.* FROM categories
-  INNER JOIN posts ON posts.category_id = categories.id
+  INNER JOIN articles ON articles.category_id = categories.id
 ```
 
-Or, in English: "return a Category object for all categories with posts". Note that you will see duplicate categories if more than one post has the same category. If you want unique categories, you can use `Category.joins(:posts).uniq`.
+Or, in English: "return a Category object for all categories with articles". Note that you will see duplicate categories if more than one article has the same category. If you want unique categories, you can use `Category.joins(:articles).uniq`.
 
 #### Joining Multiple Associations
 
 ```ruby
-Post.joins(:category, :comments)
+Article.joins(:category, :comments)
 ```
 
 This produces:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT posts.* FROM posts
-  INNER JOIN categories ON posts.category_id = categories.id
-  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id
+SELECT articles.* FROM articles
+  INNER JOIN categories ON articles.category_id = categories.id
+  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.article_id = articles.id
 ```
 
-Or, in English: "return all posts that have a category and at least one comment". Note again that posts with multiple comments will show up multiple times.
+Or, in English: "return all articles that have a category and at least one comment". Note again that articles with multiple comments will show up multiple times.
 
 #### Joining Nested Associations (Single Level)
 
 ```ruby
-Post.joins(comments: :guest)
+Article.joins(comments: :guest)
 ```
 
 This produces:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT posts.* FROM posts
-  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id
+SELECT articles.* FROM articles
+  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.article_id = articles.id
   INNER JOIN guests ON guests.comment_id = comments.id
 ```
 
-Or, in English: "return all posts that have a comment made by a guest."
+Or, in English: "return all articles that have a comment made by a guest."
 
 #### Joining Nested Associations (Multiple Level)
 
 ```ruby
-Category.joins(posts: [{ comments: :guest }, :tags])
+Category.joins(articles: [{ comments: :guest }, :tags])
 ```
 
 This produces:
 
 ```sql
 SELECT categories.* FROM categories
-  INNER JOIN posts ON posts.category_id = categories.id
-  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id
+  INNER JOIN articles ON articles.category_id = categories.id
+  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.article_id = articles.id
   INNER JOIN guests ON guests.comment_id = comments.id
-  INNER JOIN tags ON tags.post_id = posts.id
+  INNER JOIN tags ON tags.article_id = articles.id
 ```
 
 ### Specifying Conditions on the Joined Tables
@@ -1121,18 +1094,18 @@ Active Record lets you eager load any number of associations with a single `Mode
 #### Array of Multiple Associations
 
 ```ruby
-Post.includes(:category, :comments)
+Article.includes(:category, :comments)
 ```
 
-This loads all the posts and the associated category and comments for each post.
+This loads all the articles and the associated category and comments for each article.
 
 #### Nested Associations Hash
 
 ```ruby
-Category.includes(posts: [{ comments: :guest }, :tags]).find(1)
+Category.includes(articles: [{ comments: :guest }, :tags]).find(1)
 ```
 
-This will find the category with id 1 and eager load all of the associated posts, the associated posts' tags and comments, and every comment's guest association.
+This will find the category with id 1 and eager load all of the associated articles, the associated articles' tags and comments, and every comment's guest association.
 
 ### Specifying Conditions on Eager Loaded Associations
 
@@ -1141,18 +1114,31 @@ Even though Active Record lets you specify conditions on the eager loaded associ
 However if you must do this, you may use `where` as you would normally.
 
 ```ruby
-Post.includes(:comments).where("comments.visible" => true)
+Article.includes(:comments).where(comments: { visible: true })
 ```
 
-This would generate a query which contains a `LEFT OUTER JOIN` whereas the `joins` method would generate one using the `INNER JOIN` function instead.
+This would generate a query which contains a `LEFT OUTER JOIN` whereas the
+`joins` method would generate one using the `INNER JOIN` function instead.
 
 ```ruby
-  SELECT "posts"."id" AS t0_r0, ... "comments"."updated_at" AS t1_r5 FROM "posts" LEFT OUTER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id" WHERE (comments.visible = 1)
+  SELECT "articles"."id" AS t0_r0, ... "comments"."updated_at" AS t1_r5 FROM "articles" LEFT OUTER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."article_id" = "articles"."id" WHERE (comments.visible = 1)
 ```
 
 If there was no `where` condition, this would generate the normal set of two queries.
 
-If, in the case of this `includes` query, there were no comments for any posts, all the posts would still be loaded. By using `joins` (an INNER JOIN), the join conditions **must** match, otherwise no records will be returned.
+NOTE: Using `where` like this will only work when you pass it a Hash. For
+SQL-fragments you need use `references` to force joined tables:
+
+```ruby
+Article.includes(:comments).where("comments.visible = true").references(:comments)
+```
+
+If, in the case of this `includes` query, there were no comments for any
+articles, all the articles would still be loaded. By using `joins` (an INNER
+JOIN), the join conditions **must** match, otherwise no records will be
+returned.
+
+
 
 Scopes
 ------
@@ -1162,7 +1148,7 @@ Scoping allows you to specify commonly-used queries which can be referenced as m
 To define a simple scope, we use the `scope` method inside the class, passing the query that we'd like to run when this scope is called:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :published, -> { where(published: true) }
 end
 ```
@@ -1170,7 +1156,7 @@ end
 This is exactly the same as defining a class method, and which you use is a matter of personal preference:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   def self.published
     where(published: true)
   end
@@ -1180,7 +1166,7 @@ end
 Scopes are also chainable within scopes:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :published,               -> { where(published: true) }
   scope :published_and_commented, -> { published.where("comments_count > 0") }
 end
@@ -1189,14 +1175,14 @@ end
 To call this `published` scope we can call it on either the class:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.published # => [published posts]
+Article.published # => [published articles]
 ```
 
-Or on an association consisting of `Post` objects:
+Or on an association consisting of `Article` objects:
 
 ```ruby
 category = Category.first
-category.posts.published # => [published posts belonging to this category]
+category.articles.published # => [published articles belonging to this category]
 ```
 
 ### Passing in arguments
@@ -1204,7 +1190,7 @@ category.posts.published # => [published posts belonging to this category]
 Your scope can take arguments:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :created_before, ->(time) { where("created_at < ?", time) }
 end
 ```
@@ -1212,13 +1198,13 @@ end
 Call the scope as if it were a class method:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.created_before(Time.zone.now)
+Article.created_before(Time.zone.now)
 ```
 
 However, this is just duplicating the functionality that would be provided to you by a class method.
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   def self.created_before(time)
     where("created_at < ?", time)
   end
@@ -1228,7 +1214,36 @@ end
 Using a class method is the preferred way to accept arguments for scopes. These methods will still be accessible on the association objects:
 
 ```ruby
-category.posts.created_before(time)
+category.articles.created_before(time)
+```
+
+### Applying a default scope
+
+If we wish for a scope to be applied across all queries to the model we can use the
+`default_scope` method within the model itself.
+
+```ruby
+class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where("removed_at IS NULL") }
+end
+```
+
+When queries are executed on this model, the SQL query will now look something like
+this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE removed_at IS NULL
+```
+
+If you need to do more complex things with a default scope, you can alternatively
+define it as a class method:
+
+```ruby
+class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def self.default_scope
+    # Should return an ActiveRecord::Relation.
+  end
+end
 ```
 
 ### Merging of scopes
@@ -1242,26 +1257,26 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 User.active.inactive
-# => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'
 ```
 
 We can mix and match `scope` and `where` conditions and the final sql
-will have all conditions joined with `AND` .
+will have all conditions joined with `AND`.
 
 ```ruby
 User.active.where(state: 'finished')
-# => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active' AND "users"."state" = 'finished'
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active' AND "users"."state" = 'finished'
 ```
 
 If we do want the `last where clause` to win then `Relation#merge` can
-be used .
+be used.
 
 ```ruby
 User.active.merge(User.inactive)
-# => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
 ```
 
-One important caveat is that `default_scope` will be overridden by
+One important caveat is that `default_scope` will be prepended in
 `scope` and `where` conditions.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1272,48 +1287,18 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 User.all
-# => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
 
 User.active
-# => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'active'
 
 User.where(state: 'inactive')
-# => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'
 ```
 
-As you can see above the `default_scope` is being overridden by both
+As you can see above the `default_scope` is being merged in both
 `scope` and `where` conditions.
 
-
-### Applying a default scope
-
-If we wish for a scope to be applied across all queries to the model we can use the
-`default_scope` method within the model itself.
-
-```ruby
-class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
-  default_scope { where("removed_at IS NULL") }
-end
-```
-
-When queries are executed on this model, the SQL query will now look something like
-this:
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients WHERE removed_at IS NULL
-```
-
-If you need to do more complex things with a default scope, you can alternatively
-define it as a class method:
-
-```ruby
-class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
-  def self.default_scope
-    # Should return an ActiveRecord::Relation.
-  end
-end
-```
-
 ### Removing All Scoping
 
 If we wish to remove scoping for any reason we can use the `unscoped` method. This is
@@ -1456,6 +1441,11 @@ If you'd like to use your own SQL to find records in a table you can use `find_b
 Client.find_by_sql("SELECT * FROM clients
   INNER JOIN orders ON clients.id = orders.client_id
   ORDER BY clients.created_at desc")
+# =>  [
+  #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lucas" >,
+  #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Jan" >,
+  # ...
+]
 ```
 
 `find_by_sql` provides you with a simple way of making custom calls to the database and retrieving instantiated objects.
@@ -1465,12 +1455,16 @@ Client.find_by_sql("SELECT * FROM clients
 `find_by_sql` has a close relative called `connection#select_all`. `select_all` will retrieve objects from the database using custom SQL just like `find_by_sql` but will not instantiate them. Instead, you will get an array of hashes where each hash indicates a record.
 
 ```ruby
-Client.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM clients WHERE id = '1'")
+Client.connection.select_all("SELECT first_name, created_at FROM clients WHERE id = '1'")
+# => [
+  {"first_name"=>"Rafael", "created_at"=>"2012-11-10 23:23:45.281189"},
+  {"first_name"=>"Eileen", "created_at"=>"2013-12-09 11:22:35.221282"}
+]
 ```
 
 ### `pluck`
 
-`pluck` can be used to query a single or multiple columns from the underlying table of a model. It accepts a list of column names as argument and returns an array of values of the specified columns with the corresponding data type.
+`pluck` can be used to query single or multiple columns from the underlying table of a model. It accepts a list of column names as argument and returns an array of values of the specified columns with the corresponding data type.
 
 ```ruby
 Client.where(active: true).pluck(:id)
@@ -1592,20 +1586,20 @@ You can also use `any?` and `many?` to check for existence on a model or relatio
 
 ```ruby
 # via a model
-Post.any?
-Post.many?
+Article.any?
+Article.many?
 
 # via a named scope
-Post.recent.any?
-Post.recent.many?
+Article.recent.any?
+Article.recent.many?
 
 # via a relation
-Post.where(published: true).any?
-Post.where(published: true).many?
+Article.where(published: true).any?
+Article.where(published: true).many?
 
 # via an association
-Post.first.categories.any?
-Post.first.categories.many?
+Article.first.categories.any?
+Article.first.categories.many?
 ```
 
 Calculations
@@ -1695,19 +1689,26 @@ Running EXPLAIN
 You can run EXPLAIN on the queries triggered by relations. For example,
 
 ```ruby
-User.where(id: 1).joins(:posts).explain
+User.where(id: 1).joins(:articles).explain
 ```
 
 may yield
 
 ```
-EXPLAIN for: SELECT `users`.* FROM `users` INNER JOIN `posts` ON `posts`.`user_id` = `users`.`id` WHERE `users`.`id` = 1
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
-| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
-|  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |             |
-|  1 | SIMPLE      | posts | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |    1 | Using where |
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+EXPLAIN for: SELECT `users`.* FROM `users` INNER JOIN `articles` ON `articles`.`user_id` = `users`.`id` WHERE `users`.`id` = 1
++----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+
+| id | select_type | table    | type  | possible_keys |
++----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | users    | const | PRIMARY       |
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | articles | ALL   | NULL          |
++----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+| key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+| PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |             |
+| NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |    1 | Using where |
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+
 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 ```
 
@@ -1717,15 +1718,15 @@ Active Record performs a pretty printing that emulates the one of the database
 shells. So, the same query running with the PostgreSQL adapter would yield instead
 
 ```
-EXPLAIN for: SELECT "users".* FROM "users" INNER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id" WHERE "users"."id" = 1
+EXPLAIN for: SELECT "users".* FROM "users" INNER JOIN "articles" ON "articles"."user_id" = "users"."id" WHERE "users"."id" = 1
                                   QUERY PLAN
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Nested Loop Left Join  (cost=0.00..37.24 rows=8 width=0)
-   Join Filter: (posts.user_id = users.id)
+   Join Filter: (articles.user_id = users.id)
    ->  Index Scan using users_pkey on users  (cost=0.00..8.27 rows=1 width=4)
          Index Cond: (id = 1)
-   ->  Seq Scan on posts  (cost=0.00..28.88 rows=8 width=4)
-         Filter: (posts.user_id = 1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on articles  (cost=0.00..28.88 rows=8 width=4)
+         Filter: (articles.user_id = 1)
 (6 rows)
 ```
 
@@ -1734,26 +1735,39 @@ may need the results of previous ones. Because of that, `explain` actually
 executes the query, and then asks for the query plans. For example,
 
 ```ruby
-User.where(id: 1).includes(:posts).explain
+User.where(id: 1).includes(:articles).explain
 ```
 
 yields
 
 ```
 EXPLAIN for: SELECT `users`.* FROM `users`  WHERE `users`.`id` = 1
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
-| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra |
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
-|  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |       |
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
+| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys |
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       |
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
+| key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra |
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
+| PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |       |
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
+
 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
-EXPLAIN for: SELECT `posts`.* FROM `posts`  WHERE `posts`.`user_id` IN (1)
-+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
-| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
-+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
-|  1 | SIMPLE      | posts | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    1 | Using where |
-+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+EXPLAIN for: SELECT `articles`.* FROM `articles`  WHERE `articles`.`user_id` IN (1)
++----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+
+| id | select_type | table    | type | possible_keys |
++----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | articles | ALL  | NULL          |
++----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+
++------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+| key  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
++------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+| NULL | NULL    | NULL |    1 | Using where |
++------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+
+
 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 ```
 
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
index a483a6dd24..582bb240dd 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ end
 We can see how it works by looking at some `rails console` output:
 
 ```ruby
-$ rails console
+$ bin/rails console
 >> p = Person.new(name: "John Doe")
 => #<Person id: nil, name: "John Doe", created_at: nil, updated_at: nil>
 >> p.new_record?
@@ -871,7 +871,7 @@ should happen, an `Array` can be used. Moreover, you can apply both `:if` and
 ```ruby
 class Computer < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :mouse, presence: true,
-                    if: ["market.retail?", :desktop?]
+                    if: ["market.retail?", :desktop?],
                     unless: Proc.new { |c| c.trackpad.present? }
 end
 ```
@@ -910,8 +910,8 @@ end
 The easiest way to add custom validators for validating individual attributes
 is with the convenient `ActiveModel::EachValidator`. In this case, the custom
 validator class must implement a `validate_each` method which takes three
-arguments: record, attribute and value which correspond to the instance, the
-attribute to be validated and the value of the attribute in the passed
+arguments: record, attribute, and value. These correspond to the instance, the
+attribute to be validated, and the value of the attribute in the passed
 instance.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1129,15 +1129,15 @@ generating a scaffold, Rails will put some ERB into the `_form.html.erb` that
 it generates that displays the full list of errors on that model.
 
 Assuming we have a model that's been saved in an instance variable named
-`@post`, it looks like this:
+`@article`, it looks like this:
 
 ```ruby
-<% if @post.errors.any? %>
+<% if @article.errors.any? %>
   <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this post from being saved:</h2>
+    <h2><%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this article from being saved:</h2>
 
     <ul>
-    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+    <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
       <li><%= msg %></li>
     <% end %>
     </ul>
@@ -1151,7 +1151,7 @@ the entry.
 
 ```
 <div class="field_with_errors">
- <input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" value="">
+ <input id="article_title" name="article[title]" size="30" type="text" value="">
 </div>
 ```
 
diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
index 59dfefd22f..2e1a3ee5dc 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
@@ -157,12 +157,12 @@ Active Support provides `duplicable?` to programmatically query an object about
 
 ```ruby
 "foo".duplicable? # => true
-"".duplicable?     # => true
+"".duplicable?    # => true
 0.0.duplicable?   # => false
-false.duplicable?  # => false
+false.duplicable? # => false
 ```
 
-By definition all objects are `duplicable?` except `nil`, `false`, `true`, symbols, numbers, class, and module objects.
+By definition all objects are `duplicable?` except `nil`, `false`, `true`, symbols, numbers, class, module, and method objects.
 
 WARNING: Any class can disallow duplication by removing `dup` and `clone` or raising exceptions from them. Thus only `rescue` can tell whether a given arbitrary object is duplicable. `duplicable?` depends on the hard-coded list above, but it is much faster than `rescue`. Use it only if you know the hard-coded list is enough in your use case.
 
@@ -572,12 +572,12 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb`.
 
 #### `alias_attribute`
 
-Model attributes have a reader, a writer, and a predicate. You can alias a model attribute having the corresponding three methods defined for you in one shot. As in other aliasing methods, the new name is the first argument, and the old name is the second (my mnemonic is they go in the same order as if you did an assignment):
+Model attributes have a reader, a writer, and a predicate. You can alias a model attribute having the corresponding three methods defined for you in one shot. As in other aliasing methods, the new name is the first argument, and the old name is the second (one mnemonic is that they go in the same order as if you did an assignment):
 
 ```ruby
 class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  # let me refer to the email column as "login",
-  # possibly meaningful for authentication code
+  # You can refer to the email column as "login".
+  # This can be meaningful for authentication code.
   alias_attribute :login, :email
 end
 ```
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ Arguments may be bare constant names:
 Math.qualified_const_get("E") # => 2.718281828459045
 ```
 
-These methods are analogous to their builtin counterparts. In particular,
+These methods are analogous to their built-in counterparts. In particular,
 `qualified_constant_defined?` accepts an optional second argument to be
 able to say whether you want the predicate to look in the ancestors.
 This flag is taken into account for each constant in the expression while
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ N.qualified_const_defined?("C::X")        # => true
 As the last example implies, the second argument defaults to true,
 as in `const_defined?`.
 
-For coherence with the builtin methods only relative paths are accepted.
+For coherence with the built-in methods only relative paths are accepted.
 Absolute qualified constant names like `::Math::PI` raise `NameError`.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/qualified_const.rb`.
@@ -964,20 +964,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb`
 
 There are cases where you need to define a method with `define_method`, but don't know whether a method with that name already exists. If it does, a warning is issued if they are enabled. No big deal, but not clean either.
 
-The method `redefine_method` prevents such a potential warning, removing the existing method before if needed. Rails uses it in a few places, for instance when it generates an association's API:
-
-```ruby
-redefine_method("#{reflection.name}=") do |new_value|
-  association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-
-  if association.nil? || association.target != new_value
-    association = association_proxy_class.new(self, reflection)
-  end
-
-  association.replace(new_value)
-  association_instance_set(reflection.name, new_value.nil? ? nil : association)
-end
-```
+The method `redefine_method` prevents such a potential warning, removing the existing method before if needed.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb`
 
@@ -1119,7 +1106,7 @@ end
 
 A model may find it useful to set `:instance_accessor` to `false` as a way to prevent mass-assignment from setting the attribute.
 
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb`. `active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb` is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby on Rails 4.2.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb`.
 
 ### Subclasses & Descendants
 
@@ -1178,9 +1165,9 @@ Inserting data into HTML templates needs extra care. For example, you can't just
 
 #### Safe Strings
 
-Active Support has the concept of <i>(html) safe</i> strings. A safe string is one that is marked as being insertable into HTML as is. It is trusted, no matter whether it has been escaped or not.
+Active Support has the concept of _(html) safe_ strings. A safe string is one that is marked as being insertable into HTML as is. It is trusted, no matter whether it has been escaped or not.
 
-Strings are considered to be <i>unsafe</i> by default:
+Strings are considered to be _unsafe_ by default:
 
 ```ruby
 "".html_safe? # => false
@@ -1323,6 +1310,38 @@ In above examples "dear" gets cut first, but then `:separator` prevents it.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`.
 
+### `truncate_words`
+
+The method `truncate_words` returns a copy of its receiver truncated after a given number of words:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(4)
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dear!..."
+```
+
+Ellipsis can be customized with the `:omission` option:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(4, omission: '&hellip;')
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dear!&hellip;"
+```
+
+Pass a `:separator` to truncate the string at a natural break:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(3, separator: '!')
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late..."
+```
+
+The option `:separator` can be a regexp:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(4, separator: /\s/)
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dear!..."
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`.
+
 ### `inquiry`
 
 The `inquiry` method converts a string into a `StringInquirer` object making equality checks prettier.
@@ -1403,6 +1422,8 @@ The third argument, `indent_empty_lines`, is a flag that says whether empty line
 
 The `indent!` method performs indentation in-place.
 
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/indent.rb`.
+
 ### Access
 
 #### `at(position)`
@@ -1642,6 +1663,9 @@ Given a string with a qualified constant name, `demodulize` returns the very con
 "Product".demodulize                        # => "Product"
 "Backoffice::UsersController".demodulize    # => "UsersController"
 "Admin::Hotel::ReservationUtils".demodulize # => "ReservationUtils"
+"::Inflections".demodulize                  # => "Inflections"
+"".demodulize                               # => ""
+
 ```
 
 Active Record for example uses this method to compute the name of a counter cache column:
@@ -1776,21 +1800,36 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
 
 #### `humanize`
 
-The method `humanize` gives you a sensible name for display out of an attribute name. To do so it replaces underscores with spaces, removes any "_id" suffix, and capitalizes the first word:
+The method `humanize` tweaks an attribute name for display to end users.
+
+Specifically performs these transformations:
+
+  * Applies human inflection rules to the argument.
+  * Deletes leading underscores, if any.
+  * Removes a "_id" suffix if present.
+  * Replaces underscores with spaces, if any.
+  * Downcases all words except acronyms.
+  * Capitalizes the first word.
+
+The capitalization of the first word can be turned off by setting the
++:capitalize+ option to false (default is true).
 
 ```ruby
-"name".humanize           # => "Name"
-"author_id".humanize      # => "Author"
-"comments_count".humanize # => "Comments count"
+"name".humanize                         # => "Name"
+"author_id".humanize                    # => "Author"
+"author_id".humanize(capitalize: false) # => "author"
+"comments_count".humanize               # => "Comments count"
+"_id".humanize                          # => "Id"
 ```
 
-The capitalization of the first word can be turned off by setting the optional parameter `capitalize` to false:
+If "SSL" was defined to be an acronym:
 
 ```ruby
-"author_id".humanize(capitalize: false) # => "author"
+'ssl_error'.humanize # => "SSL error"
 ```
 
-The helper method `full_messages` uses `humanize` as a fallback to include attribute names:
+The helper method `full_messages` uses `humanize` as a fallback to include
+attribute names:
 
 ```ruby
 def full_messages
@@ -2717,11 +2756,14 @@ The method `transform_keys` accepts a block and returns a hash that has applied
 # => {"" => nil, "A" => :a, "1" => 1}
 ```
 
-The result in case of collision is undefined:
+In case of key collision, one of the values will be chosen. The chosen value may not always be the same given the same hash:
 
 ```ruby
 {"a" => 1, a: 2}.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-# => {"A" => 2}, in my test, can't rely on this result though
+# The result could either be
+# => {"A"=>2}
+# or
+# => {"A"=>1}
 ```
 
 This method may be useful for example to build specialized conversions. For instance `stringify_keys` and `symbolize_keys` use `transform_keys` to perform their key conversions:
@@ -2756,11 +2798,14 @@ The method `stringify_keys` returns a hash that has a stringified version of the
 # => {"" => nil, "a" => :a, "1" => 1}
 ```
 
-The result in case of collision is undefined:
+In case of key collision, one of the values will be chosen. The chosen value may not always be the same given the same hash:
 
 ```ruby
 {"a" => 1, a: 2}.stringify_keys
-# => {"a" => 2}, in my test, can't rely on this result though
+# The result could either be
+# => {"a"=>2}
+# or
+# => {"a"=>1}
 ```
 
 This method may be useful for example to easily accept both symbols and strings as options. For instance `ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper` defines:
@@ -2797,11 +2842,14 @@ The method `symbolize_keys` returns a hash that has a symbolized version of the
 
 WARNING. Note in the previous example only one key was symbolized.
 
-The result in case of collision is undefined:
+In case of key collision, one of the values will be chosen. The chosen value may not always be the same given the same hash:
 
 ```ruby
 {"a" => 1, a: 2}.symbolize_keys
-# => {:a=>2}, in my test, can't rely on this result though
+# The result could either be
+# => {:a=>2}
+# or
+# => {:a=>1}
 ```
 
 This method may be useful for example to easily accept both symbols and strings as options. For instance `ActionController::UrlRewriter` defines
@@ -2846,6 +2894,20 @@ Active Record does not accept unknown options when building associations, for ex
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb`.
 
+### Working with Values
+
+#### `transform_values` && `transform_values!`
+
+The method `transform_values` accepts a block and returns a hash that has applied the block operations to each of the values in the receiver.
+
+```ruby
+{ nil => nil, 1 => 1, :x => :a }.transform_values { |value| value.to_s.upcase }
+# => {nil=>"", 1=>"1", :x=>"A"}
+```
+There's also the bang variant `transform_values!` that applies the block operations to values in the very receiver.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_text/hash/transform_values.rb`.
+
 ### Slicing
 
 Ruby has built-in support for taking slices out of strings and arrays. Active Support extends slicing to hashes:
@@ -2909,7 +2971,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb`.
 
 ### Compacting
 
-The methods `compact` and `compact!` return a Hash without items with `nil` value. 
+The methods `compact` and `compact!` return a Hash without items with `nil` value.
 
 ```ruby
 {a: 1, b: 2, c: nil}.compact # => {a: 1, b: 2}
@@ -3656,9 +3718,9 @@ t.advance(seconds: 1)
 
 #### `Time.current`
 
-Active Support defines `Time.current` to be today in the current time zone. That's like `Time.now`, except that it honors the user time zone, if defined. It also defines `Time.yesterday` and `Time.tomorrow`, and the instance predicates `past?`, `today?`, and `future?`, all of them relative to `Time.current`.
+Active Support defines `Time.current` to be today in the current time zone. That's like `Time.now`, except that it honors the user time zone, if defined. It also defines the instance predicates `past?`, `today?`, and `future?`, all of them relative to `Time.current`.
 
-When making Time comparisons using methods which honor the user time zone, make sure to use `Time.current` and not `Time.now`. There are cases where the user time zone might be in the future compared to the system time zone, which `Time.today` uses by default. This means `Time.now` may equal `Time.yesterday`.
+When making Time comparisons using methods which honor the user time zone, make sure to use `Time.current` instead of `Time.now`. There are cases where the user time zone might be in the future compared to the system time zone, which `Time.now` uses by default. This means `Time.now.to_date` may equal `Date.yesterday`.
 
 #### `all_day`, `all_week`, `all_month`, `all_quarter` and `all_year`
 
@@ -3822,7 +3884,7 @@ The name may be given as a symbol or string. A symbol is tested against the bare
 
 TIP: A symbol can represent a fully-qualified constant name as in `:"ActiveRecord::Base"`, so the behavior for symbols is defined for convenience, not because it has to be that way technically.
 
-For example, when an action of `PostsController` is called Rails tries optimistically to use `PostsHelper`. It is OK that the helper module does not exist, so if an exception for that constant name is raised it should be silenced. But it could be the case that `posts_helper.rb` raises a `NameError` due to an actual unknown constant. That should be reraised. The method `missing_name?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
+For example, when an action of `ArticlesController` is called Rails tries optimistically to use `ArticlesHelper`. It is OK that the helper module does not exist, so if an exception for that constant name is raised it should be silenced. But it could be the case that `articles_helper.rb` raises a `NameError` due to an actual unknown constant. That should be reraised. The method `missing_name?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
 
 ```ruby
 def default_helper_module!
@@ -3836,7 +3898,7 @@ rescue NameError => e
 end
 ```
 
-NOTE: Defined in `actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb`.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/name_error.rb`.
 
 Extensions to `LoadError`
 -------------------------
@@ -3845,7 +3907,7 @@ Active Support adds `is_missing?` to `LoadError`, and also assigns that class to
 
 Given a path name `is_missing?` tests whether the exception was raised due to that particular file (except perhaps for the ".rb" extension).
 
-For example, when an action of `PostsController` is called Rails tries to load `posts_helper.rb`, but that file may not exist. That's fine, the helper module is not mandatory so Rails silences a load error. But it could be the case that the helper module does exist and in turn requires another library that is missing. In that case Rails must reraise the exception. The method `is_missing?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
+For example, when an action of `ArticlesController` is called Rails tries to load `articles_helper.rb`, but that file may not exist. That's fine, the helper module is not mandatory so Rails silences a load error. But it could be the case that the helper module does exist and in turn requires another library that is missing. In that case Rails must reraise the exception. The method `is_missing?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
 
 ```ruby
 def default_helper_module!
@@ -3859,4 +3921,4 @@ rescue NameError => e
 end
 ```
 
-NOTE: Defined in `actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb`.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb`.
diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
index 6c77a40d42..7033947468 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Introduction to instrumentation
 -------------------------------
 
-The instrumentation API provided by Active Support allows developers to provide hooks which other developers may hook into. There are several of these within the Rails framework, as described below in <TODO: link to section detailing each hook point>. With this API, developers can choose to be notified when certain events occur inside their application or another piece of Ruby code.
+The instrumentation API provided by Active Support allows developers to provide hooks which other developers may hook into. There are several of these within the Rails framework, as described below in (TODO: link to section detailing each hook point). With this API, developers can choose to be notified when certain events occur inside their application or another piece of Ruby code.
 
 For example, there is a hook provided within Active Record that is called every time Active Record uses an SQL query on a database. This hook could be **subscribed** to, and used to track the number of queries during a certain action. There's another hook around the processing of an action of a controller. This could be used, for instance, to track how long a specific action has taken.
 
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ INFO. Options passed to fetch will be merged with the payload.
 | ------ | --------------------- |
 | `:key` | Key used in the store |
 
-INFO. Cache stores my add their own keys
+INFO. Cache stores may add their own keys
 
 ```ruby
 {
@@ -457,6 +457,7 @@ Most times you only care about the data itself. Here is a shortcut to just get t
 ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "process_action.action_controller" do |*args|
   data = args.extract_options!
   data # { extra: :information }
+end
 ```
 
 You may also subscribe to events matching a regular expression. This enables you to subscribe to
diff --git a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
index 295c471db9..a2ebf55335 100644
--- a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
+++ b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
@@ -13,7 +13,19 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 RDoc
 ----
 
-The Rails API documentation is generated with RDoc. Please consult the documentation for help with the [markup](http://rdoc.rubyforge.org/RDoc/Markup.html), and also take into account these [additional directives](http://rdoc.rubyforge.org/RDoc/Parser/Ruby.html).
+The [Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org) is generated with
+[RDoc](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/).
+
+```bash
+  bundle exec rake rdoc
+```
+
+Resulting HTML files can be found in the ./doc/rdoc directory.
+
+Please consult the RDoc documentation for help with the
+[markup](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/RDoc/Markup.html),
+and also take into account these [additional
+directives](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/RDoc/Parser/Ruby.html).
 
 Wording
 -------
@@ -67,7 +79,7 @@ used. Instead of:
 English
 -------
 
-Please use American English (<em>color</em>, <em>center</em>, <em>modularize</em>, etc). See [a list of American and British English spelling differences here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences).
+Please use American English (*color*, *center*, *modularize*, etc). See [a list of American and British English spelling differences here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences).
 
 Example Code
 ------------
@@ -110,14 +122,14 @@ The results of expressions follow them and are introduced by "# => ", vertically
 If a line is too long, the comment may be placed on the next line:
 
 ```ruby
-#   label(:post, :title)
-#   # => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
+#   label(:article, :title)
+#   # => <label for="article_title">Title</label>
 #
-#   label(:post, :title, "A short title")
-#   # => <label for="post_title">A short title</label>
+#   label(:article, :title, "A short title")
+#   # => <label for="article_title">A short title</label>
 #
-#   label(:post, :title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
-#   # => <label for="post_title" class="title_label">A short title</label>
+#   label(:article, :title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
+#   # => <label for="article_title" class="title_label">A short title</label>
 ```
 
 Avoid using any printing methods like `puts` or `p` for that purpose.
@@ -175,8 +187,8 @@ end
 The API is careful not to commit to any particular value, the method has
 predicate semantics, that's enough.
 
-Filenames
----------
+File Names
+----------
 
 As a rule of thumb, use filenames relative to the application root:
 
@@ -215,6 +227,13 @@ ordinary method names, symbols, paths (with forward slashes), etc. Please use
 `<tt>...</tt>` for everything else, notably class or module names with a
 namespace as in `<tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>`.
 
+You can quickly test the RDoc output with the following command:
+
+```
+$ echo "+:to_param+" | rdoc --pipe
+#=> <p><code>:to_param</code></p>
+```
+
 ### Regular Font
 
 When "true" and "false" are English words rather than Ruby keywords use a regular font:
@@ -279,3 +298,64 @@ self.class_eval %{
   end
 }
 ```
+
+Method Visibility
+-----------------
+
+When writing documentation for Rails, it's important to understand the difference between public user-facing API vs internal API.
+
+Rails, like most libraries, uses the private keyword from Ruby for defining internal API. However, public API follows a slightly different convention. Instead of assuming all public methods are designed for user consumption, Rails uses the `:nodoc:` directive to annotate these kinds of methods as internal API.
+
+This means that there are methods in Rails with `public` visibility that aren't meant for user consumption.
+
+An example of this is `ActiveRecord::Core::ClassMethods#arel_table`:
+
+```ruby
+module ActiveRecord::Core::ClassMethods
+  def arel_table #:nodoc:
+    # do some magic..
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you thought, "this method looks like a public class method for `ActiveRecord::Core`", you were right. But actually the Rails team doesn't want users to rely on this method. So they mark it as `:nodoc:` and it's removed from public documentation. The reasoning behind this is to allow the team to change these methods according to their internal needs across releases as they see fit. The name of this method could change, or the return value, or this entire class may disappear; there's no guarantee and so you shouldn't depend on this API in your plugins or applications. Otherwise, you risk your app or gem breaking when you upgrade to a newer release of Rails.
+
+As a contributor, it's important to think about whether this API is meant for end-user consumption. The Rails team is committed to not making any breaking changes to public API across releases without going through a full deprecation cycle. It's recommended that you `:nodoc:` any of your internal methods/classes unless they're already private (meaning visibility), in which case it's internal by default. Once the API stabilizes the visibility can change, but changing public API is much harder due to backwards compatibility.
+
+A class or module is marked with `:nodoc:` to indicate that all methods are internal API and should never be used directly.
+
+If you come across an existing `:nodoc:` you should tread lightly. Consider asking someone from the core team or author of the code before removing it. This should almost always happen through a pull request instead of the docrails project.
+
+A `:nodoc:` should never be added simply because a method or class is missing documentation. There may be an instance where an internal public method wasn't given a `:nodoc:` by mistake, for example when switching a method from private to public visibility. When this happens it should be discussed over a PR on a case-by-case basis and never committed directly to docrails.
+
+To summarize, the Rails team uses `:nodoc:` to mark publicly visible methods and classes for internal use; changes to the visibility of API should be considered carefully and discussed over a pull request first.
+
+Regarding the Rails Stack
+-------------------------
+
+When documenting parts of Rails API, it's important to remember all of the
+pieces that go into the Rails stack.
+
+This means that behavior may change depending on the scope or context of the
+method or class you're trying to document.
+
+In various places there is different behavior when you take the entire stack
+into account, one such example is
+`ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper#image_tag`:
+
+```ruby
+# image_tag("icon.png")
+#   # => <img alt="Icon" src="/assets/icon.png" />
+```
+
+Although the default behavior for `#image_tag` is to always return
+`/images/icon.png`, we take into account the full Rails stack (including the
+Asset Pipeline) we may see the result seen above.
+
+We're only concerned with the behavior experienced when using the full default
+Rails stack.
+
+In this case, we want to document the behavior of the _framework_, and not just
+this specific method.
+
+If you have a question on how the Rails team handles certain API, don't hesitate to open a ticket or send a patch to the [issue tracker](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues).
diff --git a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
index 9ae3fbb0b5..2a8940684f 100644
--- a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
+++ b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ the comment operator on that line to later enable the asset pipeline:
 
 To set asset compression methods, set the appropriate configuration options
 in `production.rb` - `config.assets.css_compressor` for your CSS and
-`config.assets.js_compressor` for your Javascript:
+`config.assets.js_compressor` for your JavaScript:
 
 ```ruby
 config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
-config.assets.js_compressor = :uglify
+config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
 ```
 
 NOTE: The `sass-rails` gem is automatically used for CSS compression if included
@@ -124,19 +124,22 @@ with a built-in helper. In the source the generated code looked like this:
 The query string strategy has several disadvantages:
 
 1. **Not all caches will reliably cache content where the filename only differs by
-query parameters**<br>
+query parameters**
+
     [Steve Souders recommends](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/),
  "...avoiding a querystring for cacheable resources". He found that in this
 case 5-20% of requests will not be cached. Query strings in particular do not
 work at all with some CDNs for cache invalidation.
 
-2. **The file name can change between nodes in multi-server environments.**<br>
+2. **The file name can change between nodes in multi-server environments.**
+
     The default query string in Rails 2.x is based on the modification time of
 the files. When assets are deployed to a cluster, there is no guarantee that the
 timestamps will be the same, resulting in different values being used depending
 on which server handles the request.
 
-3. **Too much cache invalidation**<br>
+3. **Too much cache invalidation**
+
     When static assets are deployed with each new release of code, the mtime
 (time of last modification) of _all_ these files changes, forcing all remote
 clients to fetch them again, even when the content of those assets has not changed.
@@ -163,7 +166,8 @@ pipeline, the preferred location for these assets is now the `app/assets`
 directory. Files in this directory are served by the Sprockets middleware.
 
 Assets can still be placed in the `public` hierarchy. Any assets under `public`
-will be served as static files by the application or web server. You should use
+will be served as static files by the application or web server when
+`config.serve_static_assets` is set to true. You should use
 `app/assets` for files that must undergo some pre-processing before they are
 served.
 
@@ -198,18 +202,13 @@ will result in your assets being included more than once.
 
 WARNING: When using asset precompilation, you will need to ensure that your
 controller assets will be precompiled when loading them on a per page basis. By
-default .coffee and .scss files will not be precompiled on their own. This will
-result in false positives during development as these files will work just fine
-since assets are compiled on the fly in development mode. When running in
-production, however, you will see 500 errors since live compilation is turned
-off by default. See [Precompiling Assets](#precompiling-assets) for more
-information on how precompiling works.
+default .coffee and .scss files will not be precompiled on their own. See
+[Precompiling Assets](#precompiling-assets) for more information on how
+precompiling works.
 
 NOTE: You must have an ExecJS supported runtime in order to use CoffeeScript.
 If you are using Mac OS X or Windows, you have a JavaScript runtime installed in
-your operating system. Check
-[ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme) documentation to know all
-supported JavaScript runtimes.
+your operating system. Check [ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme) documentation to know all supported JavaScript runtimes.
 
 You can also disable generation of controller specific asset files by adding the
 following to your `config/application.rb` configuration:
@@ -245,7 +244,7 @@ When a file is referenced from a manifest or a helper, Sprockets searches the
 three default asset locations for it.
 
 The default locations are: the `images`, `javascripts` and `stylesheets`
-directories under the `apps/assets` folder, but these subdirectories
+directories under the `app/assets` folder, but these subdirectories
 are not special - any path under `assets/*` will be searched.
 
 For example, these files:
@@ -302,7 +301,7 @@ Sprockets uses files named `index` (with the relevant extensions) for a special
 purpose.
 
 For example, if you have a jQuery library with many modules, which is stored in
-`lib/assets/library_name`, the file `lib/assets/library_name/index.js` serves as
+`lib/assets/javascripts/library_name`, the file `lib/assets/javascripts/library_name/index.js` serves as
 the manifest for all files in this library. This file could include a list of
 all the required files in order, or a simple `require_tree` directive.
 
@@ -493,14 +492,13 @@ The directives that work in JavaScript files also work in stylesheets
 one, requiring all stylesheets from the current directory.
 
 In this example, `require_self` is used. This puts the CSS contained within the
-file (if any) at the precise location of the `require_self` call. If
-`require_self` is called more than once, only the last call is respected.
+file (if any) at the precise location of the `require_self` call.
 
 NOTE. If you want to use multiple Sass files, you should generally use the [Sass `@import` rule](http://sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#import)
-instead of these Sprockets directives. Using Sprockets directives all Sass files exist within
+instead of these Sprockets directives. When using Sprockets directives, Sass files exist within
 their own scope, making variables or mixins only available within the document they were defined in.
-You can do file globbing as well using `@import "*"`, and `@import "**/*"` to add the whole tree
-equivalent to how `require_tree` works. Check the [sass-rails documentation](https://github.com/rails/sass-rails#features) for more info and important caveats.
+
+You can do file globbing as well using `@import "*"`, and `@import "**/*"` to add the whole tree which is equivalent to how `require_tree` works. Check the [sass-rails documentation](https://github.com/rails/sass-rails#features) for more info and important caveats.
 
 You can have as many manifest files as you need. For example, the `admin.css`
 and `admin.js` manifest could contain the JS and CSS files that are used for the
@@ -581,23 +579,21 @@ runtime. To disable this behavior you can set:
 config.assets.raise_runtime_errors = false
 ```
 
-When `raise_runtime_errors` is set to `false` sprockets will not check that dependencies of assets are declared properly. Here is a scenario where you must tell the asset pipeline about a dependency:
+When this option is true, the asset pipeline will check if all the assets loaded
+in your application are included in the `config.assets.precompile` list.
+If `config.assets.digest` is also true, the asset pipeline will require that
+all requests for assets include digests.
 
-If you have `application.css.erb` that references `logo.png` like this:
+### Turning Digests Off
 
-```css
-#logo { background: url(<%= asset_data_uri 'logo.png' %>) }
-```
-
-Then you must declare that `logo.png` is a dependency of `application.css.erb`, so when the image gets re-compiled, the css file does as well. You can do this using the `//= depend_on_asset` declaration:
+You can turn off digests by updating `config/environments/development.rb` to
+include:
 
-```css
-//= depend_on_asset "logo.png"
-#logo { background: url(<%= asset_data_uri 'logo.png' %>) }
+```ruby
+config.assets.digest = false
 ```
 
-Without this declaration you may experience strange behavior when pushing to production that is difficult to debug. When you have `raise_runtime_errors` set to `true`, dependencies will be checked at runtime so you can ensure that all dependencies are met.
-
+When this option is true, digests will be generated for asset URLs.
 
 ### Turning Debugging Off
 
@@ -691,7 +687,7 @@ information on compiling locally.
 The rake task is:
 
 ```bash
-$ RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake assets:precompile
+$ RAILS_ENV=production bin/rake assets:precompile
 ```
 
 Capistrano (v2.15.1 and above) includes a recipe to handle this in deployment.
@@ -714,7 +710,7 @@ The default matcher for compiling files includes `application.js`,
 automatically) from `app/assets` folders including your gems:
 
 ```ruby
-[ Proc.new { |path, fn| fn =~ /app\/assets/ && !%w(.js .css).include?(File.extname(path)) },
+[ Proc.new { |filename, path| path =~ /app\/assets/ && !%w(.js .css).include?(File.extname(filename)) },
 /application.(css|js)$/ ]
 ```
 
@@ -724,17 +720,17 @@ JS/CSS is excluded, as well as raw JS/CSS files; for example, `.coffee` and
 `.scss` files are **not** automatically included as they compile to JS/CSS.
 
 If you have other manifests or individual stylesheets and JavaScript files to
-include, you can add them to the `precompile` array in `config/application.rb`:
+include, you can add them to the `precompile` array in `config/initializers/assets.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
-config.assets.precompile += ['admin.js', 'admin.css', 'swfObject.js']
+Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += ['admin.js', 'admin.css', 'swfObject.js']
 ```
 
 Or, you can opt to precompile all assets with something like this:
 
 ```ruby
-# config/application.rb
-config.assets.precompile << Proc.new do |path|
+# config/initializers/assets.rb
+Rails.application.config.assets.precompile << Proc.new do |path|
   if path =~ /\.(css|js)\z/
     full_path = Rails.application.assets.resolve(path).to_path
     app_assets_path = Rails.root.join('app', 'assets').to_path
@@ -765,7 +761,7 @@ typical manifest file looks like:
 "digest":"12b3c7dd74d2e9df37e7cbb1efa76a6d"},"application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css":{"logical_path":"application.css","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:56:17-07:00","size":1591,
 "digest":"1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2"},"favicon-a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico":{"logical_path":"favicon.ico","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:10-07:00","size":1406,
 "digest":"a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969"},"my_image-231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62.png":{"logical_path":"my_image.png","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:27-07:00","size":6646,
-"digest":"231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62"}},"assets"{"application.js":
+"digest":"231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62"}},"assets":{"application.js":
 "application-723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681.js","application.css":
 "application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css",
 "favicon.ico":"favicona9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico","my_image.png":
@@ -781,7 +777,7 @@ exception indicating the name of the missing file(s).
 
 #### Far-future Expires Header
 
-Precompiled assets exist on the filesystem and are served directly by your web
+Precompiled assets exist on the file system and are served directly by your web
 server. They do not have far-future headers by default, so to get the benefit of
 fingerprinting you'll have to update your server configuration to add those
 headers.
@@ -793,13 +789,15 @@ For Apache:
 # `mod_expires` to be enabled.
 <Location /assets/>
   # Use of ETag is discouraged when Last-Modified is present
-  Header unset ETag FileETag None
+  Header unset ETag
+  FileETag None
   # RFC says only cache for 1 year
-  ExpiresActive On ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 year"
+  ExpiresActive On
+  ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 year"
 </Location>
 ```
 
-For nginx:
+For NGINX:
 
 ```nginx
 location ~ ^/assets/ {
@@ -821,7 +819,7 @@ compression ratio, thus reducing the size of the data transfer to the minimum.
 On the other hand, web servers can be configured to serve compressed content
 directly from disk, rather than deflating non-compressed files themselves.
 
-Nginx is able to do this automatically enabling `gzip_static`:
+NGINX is able to do this automatically enabling `gzip_static`:
 
 ```nginx
 location ~ ^/(assets)/  {
@@ -840,7 +838,7 @@ the module compiled. Otherwise, you may need to perform a manual compilation:
 ./configure --with-http_gzip_static_module
 ```
 
-If you're compiling nginx with Phusion Passenger you'll need to pass that option
+If you're compiling NGINX with Phusion Passenger you'll need to pass that option
 when prompted.
 
 A robust configuration for Apache is possible but tricky; please Google around.
@@ -859,10 +857,12 @@ duplication of work.
 Local compilation allows you to commit the compiled files into source control,
 and deploy as normal.
 
-There are two caveats:
+There are three caveats:
 
 * You must not run the Capistrano deployment task that precompiles assets.
-* You must change the following two application configuration settings.
+* You must ensure any necessary compressors or minifiers are
+available on your development system.
+* You must change the following application configuration setting:
 
 In `config/environments/development.rb`, place the following line:
 
@@ -876,9 +876,6 @@ development mode, and pass all requests to Sprockets. The prefix is still set to
 would serve the precompiled assets from `/assets` in development, and you would
 not see any local changes until you compile assets again.
 
-You will also need to ensure any necessary compressors or minifiers are
-available on your development system.
-
 In practice, this will allow you to precompile locally, have those files in your
 working tree, and commit those files to source control when needed.  Development
 mode will work as expected.
@@ -918,15 +915,206 @@ end
 
 ### CDNs
 
-If your assets are being served by a CDN, ensure they don't stick around in your
-cache forever. This can cause problems. If you use
-`config.action_controller.perform_caching = true`, Rack::Cache will use
-`Rails.cache` to store assets. This can cause your cache to fill up quickly.
+CDN stands for [Content Delivery
+Network](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), they are
+primarily designed to cache assets all over the world so that when a browser
+requests the asset, a cached copy will be geographically close to that browser.
+If you are serving assets directly from your Rails server in production, the
+best practice is to use a CDN in front of your application.
+
+A common pattern for using a CDN is to set your production application as the
+"origin" server. This means when a browser requests an asset from the CDN and
+there is a cache miss, it will grab the file from your server on the fly and
+then cache it. For example if you are running a Rails application on
+`example.com` and have a CDN configured at `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com`,
+then when a request is made to `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-
+cdn.com/assets/smile.png`, the CDN will query your server once at
+`example.com/assets/smile.png` and cache the request. The next request to the
+CDN that comes in to the same URL will hit the cached copy. When the CDN can
+serve an asset directly the request never touches your Rails server. Since the
+assets from a CDN are geographically closer to the browser, the request is
+faster, and since your server doesn't need to spend time serving assets, it can
+focus on serving application code as fast as possible.
+
+#### Set up a CDN to Serve Static Assets
+
+To set up your CDN you have to have your application running in production on
+the internet at a publically available URL, for example `example.com`. Next
+you'll need to sign up for a CDN service from a cloud hosting provider. When you
+do this you need to configure the "origin" of the CDN to point back at your
+website `example.com`, check your provider for documentation on configuring the
+origin server.
+
+The CDN you provisioned should give you a custom subdomain for your application
+such as `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com` (note fictional-cdn.com is not a
+valid CDN provider at the time of this writing). Now that you have configured
+your CDN server, you need to tell browsers to use your CDN to grab assets
+instead of your Rails server directly. You can do this by configuring Rails to
+set your CDN as the asset host instead of using a relative path. To set your
+asset host in Rails, you need to set `config.action_controller.asset_host` in
+`config/production.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.action_controller.asset_host = 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com'
+```
+
+NOTE: You only need to provide the "host", this is the subdomain and root
+domain, you do not need to specify a protocol or "scheme" such as `http://` or
+`https://`. When a web page is requested, the protocol in the link to your asset
+that is generated will match how the webpage is accessed by default.
+
+You can also set this value through an [environment
+variable](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable) to make running a
+staging copy of your site easier:
+
+```
+config.action_controller.asset_host = ENV['CDN_HOST']
+```
+
+
+
+Note: You would need to set `CDN_HOST` on your server to `mycdnsubdomain
+.fictional-cdn.com` for this to work.
+
+Once you have configured your server and your CDN when you serve a webpage that
+has an asset:
+
+```erb
+<%= asset_path('smile.png') %>
+```
+
+Instead of returning a path such as `/assets/smile.png` (digests are left out
+for readability). The URL generated will have the full path to your CDN.
+
+```
+http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
+```
+
+If the CDN has a copy of `smile.png` it will serve it to the browser and your
+server doesn't even know it was requested. If the CDN does not have a copy it
+will try to find it a the "origin" `example.com/assets/smile.png` and then store
+it for future use.
+
+If you want to serve only some assets from your CDN, you can use custom `:host`
+option your asset helper, which overwrites value set in
+`config.action_controller.asset_host`.
 
-Every cache is different, so evaluate how your CDN handles caching and make sure
-that it plays nicely with the pipeline. You may find quirks related to your
-specific set up, you may not. The defaults nginx uses, for example, should give
-you no problems when used as an HTTP cache.
+```erb
+<%= asset_path 'image.png', host: 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com' %>
+```
+
+#### Customize CDN Caching Behavior
+
+A CDN works by caching content. If the CDN has stale or bad content, then it is
+hurting rather than helping your application. The purpose of this section is to
+describe general caching behavior of most CDNs, your specific provider may
+behave slightly differently.
+
+##### CDN Request Caching
+
+While a CDN is described as being good for caching assets, in reality caches the
+entire request. This includes the body of the asset as well as any headers. The
+most important one being `Cache-Control` which tells the CDN (and web browsers)
+how to cache contents. This means that if someone requests an asset that does
+not exist `/assets/i-dont-exist.png` and your Rails application returns a 404,
+then your CDN will likely cache the 404 page if a valid `Cache-Control` header
+is present.
+
+##### CDN Header Debugging
+
+One way to check the headers are cached properly in your CDN is by using [curl](
+http://explainshell.com/explain?cmd=curl+-I+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.com). You
+can request the headers from both your server and your CDN to verify they are
+the same:
+
+```
+$ curl -I http://www.example/assets/application-
+d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Server: Cowboy
+Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:27:50 GMT
+Connection: keep-alive
+Last-Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT
+Content-Type: text/css
+Cache-Control: public, max-age=2592000
+Content-Length: 126560
+Via: 1.1 vegur
+```
+
+Versus the CDN copy.
+
+```
+$ curl -I http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/application-
+d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Cowboy Last-
+Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT Content-Type: text/css
+Cache-Control:
+public, max-age=2592000
+Via: 1.1 vegur
+Content-Length: 126560
+Accept-Ranges:
+bytes
+Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:28:45 GMT
+Via: 1.1 varnish
+Age: 885814
+Connection: keep-alive
+X-Served-By: cache-dfw1828-DFW
+X-Cache: HIT
+X-Cache-Hits:
+68
+X-Timer: S1408912125.211638212,VS0,VE0
+```
+
+Check your CDN documentation for any additional information they may provide
+such as `X-Cache` or for any additional headers they may add.
+
+##### CDNs and the Cache-Control Header
+
+The [cache control
+header](http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9) is a W3C
+specification that describes how a request can be cached. When no CDN is used, a
+browser will use this information to cache contents. This is very helpful for
+assets that are not modified so that a browser does not need to re-download a
+website's CSS or javascript on every request. Generally we want our Rails server
+to tell our CDN (and browser) that the asset is "public", that means any cache
+can store the request. Also we commonly want to set `max-age` which is how long
+the cache will store the object before invalidating the cache. The `max-age`
+value is set to seconds with a maximum possible value of `31536000` which is one
+year. You can do this in your rails application by setting
+
+```
+config.static_cache_control = "public, max-age=31536000"
+```
+
+Now when your application serves an asset in production, the CDN will store the
+asset for up to a year. Since most CDNs also cache headers of the request, this
+`Cache-Control` will be passed along to all future browsers seeking this asset,
+the browser then knows that it can store this asset for a very long time before
+needing to re-request it.
+
+##### CDNs and URL based Cache Invalidation
+
+Most CDNs will cache contents of an asset based on the complete URL. This means
+that a request to
+
+```
+http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile-123.png
+```
+
+Will be a completely different cache from
+
+```
+http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
+```
+
+If you want to set far future `max-age` in your `Cache-Control` (and you do),
+then make sure when you change your assets that your cache is invalidated. For
+example when changing the smiley face in an image from yellow to blue, you want
+all visitors of your site to get the new blue face. When using a CDN with the
+Rails asset pipeline `config.assets.digest` is set to true by default so that
+each asset will have a different file name when it is changed. This way you
+don't have to ever manually invalidate any items in your cache. By using a
+different unique asset name instead, your users get the latest asset.
 
 Customizing the Pipeline
 ------------------------
@@ -943,7 +1131,7 @@ gem.
 ```ruby
 config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
 ```
-The other option for compressing CSS if you have the sass-rails gem installed is 
+The other option for compressing CSS if you have the sass-rails gem installed is
 
 ```ruby
 config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
@@ -1018,14 +1206,15 @@ The X-Sendfile header is a directive to the web server to ignore the response
 from the application, and instead serve a specified file from disk. This option
 is off by default, but can be enabled if your server supports it. When enabled,
 this passes responsibility for serving the file to the web server, which is
-faster.
+faster. Have a look at [send_file](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/DataStreaming.html#method-i-send_file)
+on how to use this feature.
 
-Apache and nginx support this option, which can be enabled in
+Apache and NGINX support this option, which can be enabled in
 `config/environments/production.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
-# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for apache
-# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for nginx
+# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for Apache
+# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for NGINX
 ```
 
 WARNING: If you are upgrading an existing application and intend to use this
@@ -1033,6 +1222,10 @@ option, take care to paste this configuration option only into `production.rb`
 and any other environments you define with production behavior (not
 `application.rb`).
 
+TIP: For further details have a look at the docs of your production web server:
+- [Apache](https://tn123.org/mod_xsendfile/)
+- [NGINX](http://wiki.nginx.org/XSendfile)
+
 Assets Cache Store
 ------------------
 
@@ -1051,6 +1244,14 @@ cache store.
 config.assets.cache_store = :memory_store, { size: 32.megabytes }
 ```
 
+To disable the assets cache store:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.configure do |env|
+  env.cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:null_store)
+end
+```
+
 Adding Assets to Your Gems
 --------------------------
 
diff --git a/guides/source/association_basics.md b/guides/source/association_basics.md
index 5ec6ae0f21..c9e0fcd939 100644
--- a/guides/source/association_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/association_basics.md
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class CreateOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration
     end
 
     create_table :orders do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :customer
+      t.belongs_to :customer, index: true
       t.datetime :order_date
       t.timestamps
     end
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration
     end
 
     create_table :accounts do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :supplier
+      t.belongs_to :supplier, index: true
       t.string :account_number
       t.timestamps
     end
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class CreateCustomers < ActiveRecord::Migration
     end
 
     create_table :orders do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :customer
+      t.belongs_to :customer, index:true
       t.datetime :order_date
       t.timestamps
     end
@@ -216,8 +216,8 @@ class CreateAppointments < ActiveRecord::Migration
     end
 
     create_table :appointments do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :physician
-      t.belongs_to :patient
+      t.belongs_to :physician, index: true
+      t.belongs_to :patient, index: true
       t.datetime :appointment_date
       t.timestamps
     end
@@ -295,13 +295,13 @@ class CreateAccountHistories < ActiveRecord::Migration
     end
 
     create_table :accounts do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :supplier
+      t.belongs_to :supplier, index: true
       t.string :account_number
       t.timestamps
     end
 
     create_table :account_histories do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :account
+      t.belongs_to :account, index: true
       t.integer :credit_rating
       t.timestamps
     end
@@ -341,8 +341,8 @@ class CreateAssembliesAndParts < ActiveRecord::Migration
     end
 
     create_table :assemblies_parts, id: false do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :assembly
-      t.belongs_to :part
+      t.belongs_to :assembly, index: true
+      t.belongs_to :part, index: true
     end
   end
 end
@@ -379,6 +379,8 @@ class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.string  :account_number
       t.timestamps
     end
+
+    add_index :accounts, :supplier_id
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -455,6 +457,8 @@ class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.string  :imageable_type
       t.timestamps
     end
+
+    add_index :pictures, :imageable_id
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -466,7 +470,7 @@ class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     create_table :pictures do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.references :imageable, polymorphic: true
+      t.references :imageable, polymorphic: true, index: true
       t.timestamps
     end
   end
@@ -496,7 +500,7 @@ In your migrations/schema, you will add a references column to the model itself.
 class CreateEmployees < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     create_table :employees do |t|
-      t.references :manager
+      t.references :manager, index: true
       t.timestamps
     end
   end
@@ -561,6 +565,8 @@ class CreateOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.string   :order_number
       t.integer  :customer_id
     end
+
+    add_index :orders, :customer_id
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -571,7 +577,7 @@ If you create an association some time after you build the underlying model, you
 
 If you create a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, you need to explicitly create the joining table. Unless the name of the join table is explicitly specified by using the `:join_table` option, Active Record creates the name by using the lexical order of the class names. So a join between customer and order models will give the default join table name of "customers_orders" because "c" outranks "o" in lexical ordering.
 
-WARNING: The precedence between model names is calculated using the `<` operator for `String`. This means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables "paper\_boxes" and "papers" to generate a join table name of "papers\_paper\_boxes" because of the length of the name "paper\_boxes", but it in fact generates a join table name of "paper\_boxes\_papers" (because the underscore '\_' is lexicographically _less_ than 's' in common encodings).
+WARNING: The precedence between model names is calculated using the `<` operator for `String`. This means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables "paper_boxes" and "papers" to generate a join table name of "papers_paper_boxes" because of the length of the name "paper_boxes", but it in fact generates a join table name of "paper_boxes_papers" (because the underscore '_' is lexicographically _less_ than 's' in common encodings).
 
 Whatever the name, you must manually generate the join table with an appropriate migration. For example, consider these associations:
 
@@ -594,6 +600,9 @@ class CreateAssembliesPartsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.integer :assembly_id
       t.integer :part_id
     end
+
+    add_index :assemblies_parts, :assembly_id
+    add_index :assemblies_parts, :part_id
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -1131,7 +1140,7 @@ The `has_one` association supports these options:
 
 ##### `:as`
 
-Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations were discussed in detail <a href="#polymorphic-associations">earlier in this guide</a>.
+Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations were discussed in detail [earlier in this guide](#polymorphic-associations).
 
 ##### `:autosave`
 
@@ -1203,7 +1212,7 @@ The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_one :
 
 ##### `:through`
 
-The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_one :through` associations were discussed in detail <a href="#the-has-one-through-association">earlier in this guide</a>.
+The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_one :through` associations were discussed in detail [earlier in this guide](#the-has-one-through-association).
 
 ##### `:validate`
 
@@ -1312,9 +1321,9 @@ When you declare a `has_many` association, the declaring class automatically gai
 * `collection<<(object, ...)`
 * `collection.delete(object, ...)`
 * `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
-* `collection=objects`
+* `collection=(objects)`
 * `collection_singular_ids`
-* `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+* `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
 * `collection.clear`
 * `collection.empty?`
 * `collection.size`
@@ -1390,7 +1399,7 @@ The `collection.destroy` method removes one or more objects from the collection
 
 WARNING: Objects will _always_ be removed from the database, ignoring the `:dependent` option.
 
-##### `collection=objects`
+##### `collection=(objects)`
 
 The `collection=` method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
 
@@ -1402,7 +1411,7 @@ The `collection_singular_ids` method returns an array of the ids of the objects
 @order_ids = @customer.order_ids
 ```
 
-##### `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+##### `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
 
 The `collection_singular_ids=` method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
 
@@ -1497,7 +1506,7 @@ The `has_many` association supports these options:
 
 ##### `:as`
 
-Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association, as discussed <a href="#polymorphic-associations">earlier in this guide</a>.
+Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association, as discussed [earlier in this guide](#polymorphic-associations).
 
 ##### `:autosave`
 
@@ -1579,7 +1588,7 @@ The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_many
 
 ##### `:through`
 
-The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_many :through` associations provide a way to implement many-to-many relationships, as discussed <a href="#the-has-many-through-association">earlier in this guide</a>.
+The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_many :through` associations provide a way to implement many-to-many relationships, as discussed [earlier in this guide](#the-has-many-through-association).
 
 ##### `:validate`
 
@@ -1632,7 +1641,7 @@ If you use a hash-style `where` option, then record creation via this associatio
 
 ##### `extending`
 
-The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail <a href="#association-extensions">later in this guide</a>.
+The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail [later in this guide](#association-extensions).
 
 ##### `group`
 
@@ -1725,58 +1734,58 @@ mostly useful together with the `:through` option.
 ```ruby
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :readings
-  has_many :posts, through: :readings
+  has_many :articles, through: :readings
 end
 
 person = Person.create(name: 'John')
-post   = Post.create(name: 'a1')
-person.posts << post
-person.posts << post
-person.posts.inspect # => [#<Post id: 5, name: "a1">, #<Post id: 5, name: "a1">]
-Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 12, person_id: 5, post_id: 5>, #<Reading id: 13, person_id: 5, post_id: 5>]
+article   = Article.create(name: 'a1')
+person.articles << article
+person.articles << article
+person.articles.inspect # => [#<Article id: 5, name: "a1">, #<Article id: 5, name: "a1">]
+Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 12, person_id: 5, article_id: 5>, #<Reading id: 13, person_id: 5, article_id: 5>]
 ```
 
-In the above case there are two readings and `person.posts` brings out both of
-them even though these records are pointing to the same post.
+In the above case there are two readings and `person.articles` brings out both of
+them even though these records are pointing to the same article.
 
 Now let's set `distinct`:
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
   has_many :readings
-  has_many :posts, -> { distinct }, through: :readings
+  has_many :articles, -> { distinct }, through: :readings
 end
 
 person = Person.create(name: 'Honda')
-post   = Post.create(name: 'a1')
-person.posts << post
-person.posts << post
-person.posts.inspect # => [#<Post id: 7, name: "a1">]
-Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 16, person_id: 7, post_id: 7>, #<Reading id: 17, person_id: 7, post_id: 7>]
+article   = Article.create(name: 'a1')
+person.articles << article
+person.articles << article
+person.articles.inspect # => [#<Article id: 7, name: "a1">]
+Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 16, person_id: 7, article_id: 7>, #<Reading id: 17, person_id: 7, article_id: 7>]
 ```
 
-In the above case there are still two readings. However `person.posts` shows
-only one post because the collection loads only unique records.
+In the above case there are still two readings. However `person.articles` shows
+only one article because the collection loads only unique records.
 
 If you want to make sure that, upon insertion, all of the records in the
 persisted association are distinct (so that you can be sure that when you
 inspect the association that you will never find duplicate records), you should
 add a unique index on the table itself. For example, if you have a table named
-`person_posts` and you want to make sure all the posts are unique, you could
+`person_articles` and you want to make sure all the articles are unique, you could
 add the following in a migration:
 
 ```ruby
-add_index :person_posts, :post, unique: true
+add_index :person_articles, :article, unique: true
 ```
 
 Note that checking for uniqueness using something like `include?` is subject
 to race conditions. Do not attempt to use `include?` to enforce distinctness
-in an association. For instance, using the post example from above, the
+in an association. For instance, using the article example from above, the
 following code would be racy because multiple users could be attempting this
 at the same time:
 
 ```ruby
-person.posts << post unless person.posts.include?(post)
+person.articles << article unless person.articles.include?(article)
 ```
 
 #### When are Objects Saved?
@@ -1801,9 +1810,9 @@ When you declare a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, the declaring class au
 * `collection<<(object, ...)`
 * `collection.delete(object, ...)`
 * `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
-* `collection=objects`
+* `collection=(objects)`
 * `collection_singular_ids`
-* `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+* `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
 * `collection.clear`
 * `collection.empty?`
 * `collection.size`
@@ -1886,7 +1895,7 @@ The `collection.destroy` method removes one or more objects from the collection
 @part.assemblies.destroy(@assembly1)
 ```
 
-##### `collection=objects`
+##### `collection=(objects)`
 
 The `collection=` method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
 
@@ -1898,7 +1907,7 @@ The `collection_singular_ids` method returns an array of the ids of the objects
 @assembly_ids = @part.assembly_ids
 ```
 
-##### `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+##### `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
 
 The `collection_singular_ids=` method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
 
@@ -2082,7 +2091,7 @@ If you use a hash-style `where`, then record creation via this association will
 
 ##### `extending`
 
-The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail <a href="#association-extensions">later in this guide</a>.
+The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail [later in this guide](#association-extensions).
 
 ##### `group`
 
diff --git a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
index 0d45e5fb28..cbcd053950 100644
--- a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
@@ -28,15 +28,15 @@ config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
 
 ### Page Caching
 
-Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or nginx), without ever having to go through the Rails stack at all. Obviously, this is super-fast. Unfortunately, it can't be applied to every situation (such as pages that need authentication) and since the webserver is literally just serving a file from the filesystem, cache expiration is an issue that needs to be dealt with.
+Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or NGINX), without ever having to go through the Rails stack at all. Obviously, this is super-fast. Unfortunately, it can't be applied to every situation (such as pages that need authentication) and since the webserver is literally just serving a file from the filesystem, cache expiration is an issue that needs to be dealt with.
 
-INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
+INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
 
 ### Action Caching
 
 Page Caching cannot be used for actions that have before filters - for example, pages that require authentication. This is where Action Caching comes in. Action Caching works like Page Caching except the incoming web request hits the Rails stack so that before filters can be run on it before the cache is served. This allows authentication and other restrictions to be run while still serving the result of the output from a cached copy.
 
-INFO: Action Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-action_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-action_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
+INFO: Action Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-action_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-action_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
 
 ### Fragment Caching
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ This method generates a cache key that depends on all products and can be used i
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-If you want to cache a fragment under certain condition you can use `cache_if` or `cache_unless` 
+If you want to cache a fragment under certain condition you can use `cache_if` or `cache_unless`
 
 ```erb
 <% cache_if (condition, cache_key_for_products) do %>
@@ -140,6 +140,26 @@ You can also combine the two schemes which is called "Russian Doll Caching":
 
 It's called "Russian Doll Caching" because it nests multiple fragments. The advantage is that if a single product is updated, all the other inner fragments can be reused when regenerating the outer fragment.
 
+### Low-Level Caching
+
+Sometimes you need to cache a particular value or query result, instead of caching view fragments. Rails caching mechanism works great for storing __any__ kind of information.
+
+The most efficient way to implement low-level caching is using the `Rails.cache.fetch` method. This method does both reading and writing to the cache. When passed only a single argument, the key is fetched and value from the cache is returned. If a block is passed, the result of the block will be cached to the given key and the result is returned.
+
+Consider the following example. An application has a `Product` model with an instance method that looks up the product’s price on a competing website. The data returned by this method would be perfect for low-level caching:
+
+```ruby
+class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def competing_price
+    Rails.cache.fetch("#{cache_key}/competing_price", expires_in: 12.hours) do
+      Competitor::API.find_price(id)
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Notice that in this example we used `cache_key` method, so the resulting cache-key will be something like `products/233-20140225082222765838000/competing_price`. `cache_key` generates a string based on the model’s `id` and `updated_at` attributes. This is a common convention and has the benefit of invalidating the cache whenever the product is updated. In general, when you use low-level caching for instance level information, you need to generate a cache key.
+
 ### SQL Caching
 
 Query caching is a Rails feature that caches the result set returned by each query so that if Rails encounters the same query again for that request, it will use the cached result set as opposed to running the query against the database again.
@@ -165,7 +185,7 @@ end
 Cache Stores
 ------------
 
-Rails provides different stores for the cached data created by <b>action</b> and <b>fragment</b> caches.
+Rails provides different stores for the cached data created by **action** and **fragment** caches.
 
 TIP: Page caches are always stored on disk.
 
@@ -333,12 +353,17 @@ Instead of an options hash, you can also simply pass in a model, Rails will use
 class ProductsController < ApplicationController
   def show
     @product = Product.find(params[:id])
-    respond_with(@product) if stale?(@product)
+
+    if stale?(@product)
+      respond_to do |wants|
+        # ... normal response processing
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
 ```
 
-If you don't have any special response processing and are using the default rendering mechanism (i.e. you're not using respond_to or calling render yourself) then you've got an easy helper in fresh_when:
+If you don't have any special response processing and are using the default rendering mechanism (i.e. you're not using `respond_to` or calling render yourself) then you've got an easy helper in `fresh_when`:
 
 ```ruby
 class ProductsController < ApplicationController
diff --git a/guides/source/command_line.md b/guides/source/command_line.md
index 3b80faec7f..a074b849c6 100644
--- a/guides/source/command_line.md
+++ b/guides/source/command_line.md
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 * How to generate models, controllers, database migrations, and unit tests.
 * How to start a development server.
 * How to experiment with objects through an interactive shell.
-* How to profile and benchmark your new creation.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -60,9 +59,9 @@ With no further work, `rails server` will run our new shiny Rails app:
 
 ```bash
 $ cd commandsapp
-$ rails server
+$ bin/rails server
 => Booting WEBrick
-=> Rails 4.0.0 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000
+=> Rails 4.2.0 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000
 => Call with -d to detach
 => Ctrl-C to shutdown server
 [2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO  WEBrick 1.3.1
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@ INFO: You can also use the alias "s" to start the server: `rails s`.
 The server can be run on a different port using the `-p` option. The default development environment can be changed using `-e`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server -e production -p 4000
+$ bin/rails server -e production -p 4000
 ```
 
 The `-b` option binds Rails to the specified IP, by default it is 0.0.0.0. You can run a server as a daemon by passing a `-d` option.
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ The `rails generate` command uses templates to create a whole lot of things. Run
 INFO: You can also use the alias "g" to invoke the generator command: `rails g`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate
+$ bin/rails generate
 Usage: rails generate GENERATOR [args] [options]
 
 ...
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ Let's make our own controller with the controller generator. But what command sh
 INFO: All Rails console utilities have help text. As with most *nix utilities, you can try adding `--help` or `-h` to the end, for example `rails server --help`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate controller
+$ bin/rails generate controller
 Usage: rails generate controller NAME [action action] [options]
 
 ...
@@ -123,25 +122,24 @@ Usage: rails generate controller NAME [action action] [options]
 Description:
     ...
 
-    To create a controller within a module, specify the controller name as a
-    path like 'parent_module/controller_name'.
+    To create a controller within a module, specify the controller name as a path like 'parent_module/controller_name'.
 
     ...
 
 Example:
-    `rails generate controller CreditCard open debit credit close`
+    `rails generate controller CreditCards open debit credit close`
 
-    Credit card controller with URLs like /credit_card/debit.
+    Credit card controller with URLs like /credit_cards/debit.
         Controller: app/controllers/credit_card_controller.rb
-        Test:       test/controllers/credit_card_controller_test.rb
-        Views:      app/views/credit_card/debit.html.erb [...]
-        Helper:     app/helpers/credit_card_helper.rb
+        Test:       test/controllers/credit_cards_controller_test.rb
+        Views:      app/views/credit_cards/debit.html.erb [...]
+        Helper:     app/helpers/credit_cards_helper.rb
 ```
 
 The controller generator is expecting parameters in the form of `generate controller ControllerName action1 action2`. Let's make a `Greetings` controller with an action of **hello**, which will say something nice to us.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate controller Greetings hello
+$ bin/rails generate controller Greetings hello
      create  app/controllers/greetings_controller.rb
       route  get "greetings/hello"
      invoke  erb
@@ -151,8 +149,6 @@ $ rails generate controller Greetings hello
      create    test/controllers/greetings_controller_test.rb
      invoke  helper
      create    app/helpers/greetings_helper.rb
-     invoke    test_unit
-     create      test/helpers/greetings_helper_test.rb
      invoke  assets
      invoke    coffee
      create      app/assets/javascripts/greetings.js.coffee
@@ -182,7 +178,7 @@ Then the view, to display our message (in `app/views/greetings/hello.html.erb`):
 Fire up your server using `rails server`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server
+$ bin/rails server
 => Booting WEBrick...
 ```
 
@@ -193,7 +189,7 @@ INFO: With a normal, plain-old Rails application, your URLs will generally follo
 Rails comes with a generator for data models too.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model
+$ bin/rails generate model
 Usage:
   rails generate model NAME [field[:type][:index] field[:type][:index]] [options]
 
@@ -216,7 +212,7 @@ But instead of generating a model directly (which we'll be doing later), let's s
 We will set up a simple resource called "HighScore" that will keep track of our highest score on video games we play.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
     invoke  active_record
     create    db/migrate/20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb
     create    app/models/high_score.rb
@@ -238,8 +234,6 @@ $ rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
     create      test/controllers/high_scores_controller_test.rb
     invoke    helper
     create      app/helpers/high_scores_helper.rb
-    invoke      test_unit
-    create        test/helpers/high_scores_helper_test.rb
     invoke    jbuilder
     create      app/views/high_scores/index.json.jbuilder
     create      app/views/high_scores/show.json.jbuilder
@@ -254,10 +248,10 @@ $ rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
 
 The generator checks that there exist the directories for models, controllers, helpers, layouts, functional and unit tests, stylesheets, creates the views, controller, model and database migration for HighScore (creating the `high_scores` table and fields), takes care of the route for the **resource**, and new tests for everything.
 
-The migration requires that we **migrate**, that is, run some Ruby code (living in that `20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb`) to modify the schema of our database. Which database? The sqlite3 database that Rails will create for you when we run the `rake db:migrate` command. We'll talk more about Rake in-depth in a little while.
+The migration requires that we **migrate**, that is, run some Ruby code (living in that `20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb`) to modify the schema of our database. Which database? The SQLite3 database that Rails will create for you when we run the `rake db:migrate` command. We'll talk more about Rake in-depth in a little while.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ==  CreateHighScores: migrating ===============================================
 -- create_table(:high_scores)
    -> 0.0017s
@@ -269,7 +263,7 @@ INFO: Let's talk about unit tests. Unit tests are code that tests and makes asse
 Let's see the interface Rails created for us.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server
+$ bin/rails server
 ```
 
 Go to your browser and open [http://localhost:3000/high_scores](http://localhost:3000/high_scores), now we can create new high scores (55,160 on Space Invaders!)
@@ -283,18 +277,43 @@ INFO: You can also use the alias "c" to invoke the console: `rails c`.
 You can specify the environment in which the `console` command should operate.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails console staging
+$ bin/rails console staging
 ```
 
 If you wish to test out some code without changing any data, you can do that by invoking `rails console --sandbox`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails console --sandbox
-Loading development environment in sandbox (Rails 4.0.0)
+$ bin/rails console --sandbox
+Loading development environment in sandbox (Rails 4.2.0)
 Any modifications you make will be rolled back on exit
 irb(main):001:0>
 ```
 
+#### The app and helper objects
+
+Inside the `rails console` you have access to the `app` and `helper` instances.
+
+With the `app` method you can access url and path helpers, as well as do requests.
+
+```bash
+>> app.root_path
+=> "/"
+
+>> app.get _
+Started GET "/" for 127.0.0.1 at 2014-06-19 10:41:57 -0300
+...
+```
+
+With the `helper` method it is possible to access Rails and your application's helpers.
+
+```bash
+>> helper.time_ago_in_words 30.days.ago
+=> "about 1 month"
+
+>> helper.my_custom_helper
+=> "my custom helper"
+```
+
 ### `rails dbconsole`
 
 `rails dbconsole` figures out which database you're using and drops you into whichever command line interface you would use with it (and figures out the command line parameters to give to it, too!). It supports MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite and SQLite3.
@@ -306,7 +325,7 @@ INFO: You can also use the alias "db" to invoke the dbconsole: `rails db`.
 `runner` runs Ruby code in the context of Rails non-interactively. For instance:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails runner "Model.long_running_method"
+$ bin/rails runner "Model.long_running_method"
 ```
 
 INFO: You can also use the alias "r" to invoke the runner: `rails r`.
@@ -314,7 +333,7 @@ INFO: You can also use the alias "r" to invoke the runner: `rails r`.
 You can specify the environment in which the `runner` command should operate using the `-e` switch.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails runner -e staging "Model.long_running_method"
+$ bin/rails runner -e staging "Model.long_running_method"
 ```
 
 ### `rails destroy`
@@ -324,7 +343,7 @@ Think of `destroy` as the opposite of `generate`. It'll figure out what generate
 INFO: You can also use the alias "d" to invoke the destroy command: `rails d`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Oops
+$ bin/rails generate model Oops
       invoke  active_record
       create    db/migrate/20120528062523_create_oops.rb
       create    app/models/oops.rb
@@ -333,7 +352,7 @@ $ rails generate model Oops
       create      test/fixtures/oops.yml
 ```
 ```bash
-$ rails destroy model Oops
+$ bin/rails destroy model Oops
       invoke  active_record
       remove    db/migrate/20120528062523_create_oops.rb
       remove    app/models/oops.rb
@@ -353,9 +372,10 @@ To get the full backtrace for running rake task you can pass the option
 ```--trace``` to command line, for example ```rake db:create --trace```.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake --tasks
+$ bin/rake --tasks
 rake about              # List versions of all Rails frameworks and the environment
-rake assets:clean       # Remove compiled assets
+rake assets:clean       # Remove old compiled assets
+rake assets:clobber     # Remove compiled assets
 rake assets:precompile  # Compile all the assets named in config.assets.precompile
 rake db:create          # Create the database from config/database.yml for the current Rails.env
 ...
@@ -372,18 +392,18 @@ INFO: You can also use ```rake -T```  to get the list of tasks.
 `rake about` gives information about version numbers for Ruby, RubyGems, Rails, the Rails subcomponents, your application's folder, the current Rails environment name, your app's database adapter, and schema version. It is useful when you need to ask for help, check if a security patch might affect you, or when you need some stats for an existing Rails installation.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake about
+$ bin/rake about
 About your application's environment
 Ruby version              1.9.3 (x86_64-linux)
 RubyGems version          1.3.6
 Rack version              1.3
-Rails version             4.1.0
+Rails version             4.2.0
 JavaScript Runtime        Node.js (V8)
-Active Record version     4.1.0
-Action Pack version       4.1.0
-Action View version       4.1.0
-Action Mailer version     4.1.0
-Active Support version    4.1.0
+Active Record version     4.2.0
+Action Pack version       4.2.0
+Action View version       4.2.0
+Action Mailer version     4.2.0
+Active Support version    4.2.0
 Middleware                Rack::Sendfile, ActionDispatch::Static, Rack::Lock, #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x007ffd131a7c88>, Rack::Runtime, Rack::MethodOverride, ActionDispatch::RequestId, Rails::Rack::Logger, ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, ActionDispatch::Reloader, ActionDispatch::Callbacks, ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending, ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement, ActiveRecord::QueryCache, ActionDispatch::Cookies, ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore, ActionDispatch::Flash, ActionDispatch::ParamsParser, Rack::Head, Rack::ConditionalGet, Rack::ETag
 Application root          /home/foobar/commandsapp
 Environment               development
@@ -393,7 +413,12 @@ Database schema version   20110805173523
 
 ### `assets`
 
-You can precompile the assets in `app/assets` using `rake assets:precompile` and remove those compiled assets using `rake assets:clean`.
+You can precompile the assets in `app/assets` using `rake assets:precompile`,
+and remove older compiled assets using `rake assets:clean`. The `assets:clean`
+task allows for rolling deploys that may still be linking to an old asset while
+the new assets are being built.
+
+If you want to clear `public/assets` completely, you can use `rake assets:clobber`.
 
 ### `db`
 
@@ -411,10 +436,10 @@ The `doc:` namespace has the tools to generate documentation for your app, API d
 
 ### `notes`
 
-`rake notes` will search through your code for comments beginning with FIXME, OPTIMIZE or TODO. The search is done in files with extension `.builder`, `.rb`, `.erb`, `.haml` and `.slim` for both default and custom annotations.
+`rake notes` will search through your code for comments beginning with FIXME, OPTIMIZE or TODO. The search is done in files with extension `.builder`, `.rb`, `.rake`, `.yml`, `.yaml`, `.ruby`, `.css`, `.js` and `.erb` for both default and custom annotations.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake notes
+$ bin/rake notes
 (in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
 app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb:
   * [ 20] [TODO] any other way to do this?
@@ -425,10 +450,16 @@ app/models/school.rb:
   * [ 17] [FIXME]
 ```
 
+You can add support for new file extensions using `config.annotations.register_extensions` option, which receives a list of the extensions with its corresponding regex to match it up.
+
+```ruby
+config.annotations.register_extensions("scss", "sass", "less") { |annotation| /\/\/\s*(#{annotation}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
+```
+
 If you are looking for a specific annotation, say FIXME, you can use `rake notes:fixme`. Note that you have to lower case the annotation's name.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake notes:fixme
+$ bin/rake notes:fixme
 (in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
 app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb:
   * [132] high priority for next deploy
@@ -440,9 +471,9 @@ app/models/school.rb:
 You can also use custom annotations in your code and list them using `rake notes:custom` by specifying the annotation using an environment variable `ANNOTATION`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake notes:custom ANNOTATION=BUG
+$ bin/rake notes:custom ANNOTATION=BUG
 (in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
-app/models/post.rb:
+app/models/article.rb:
   * [ 23] Have to fix this one before pushing!
 ```
 
@@ -452,7 +483,7 @@ By default, `rake notes` will look in the `app`, `config`, `lib`, `bin` and `tes
 
 ```bash
 $ export SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='spec,vendor'
-$ rake notes
+$ bin/rake notes
 (in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
 app/models/user.rb:
   * [ 35] [FIXME] User should have a subscription at this point
@@ -524,9 +555,9 @@ end
 Invocation of the tasks will look like:
 
 ```bash
-rake task_name
-rake "task_name[value 1]" # entire argument string should be quoted
-rake db:nothing
+$ bin/rake task_name
+$ bin/rake "task_name[value 1]" # entire argument string should be quoted
+$ bin/rake db:nothing
 ```
 
 NOTE: If your need to interact with your application models, perform database queries and so on, your task should depend on the `environment` task, which will load your application code.
diff --git a/guides/source/configuring.md b/guides/source/configuring.md
index 7b72e27b96..dbbd0c1aea 100644
--- a/guides/source/configuring.md
+++ b/guides/source/configuring.md
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ These configuration methods are to be called on a `Rails::Railtie` object, such
     end
     ```
 
-* `config.asset_host` sets the host for the assets. Useful when CDNs are used for hosting assets, or when you want to work around the concurrency constraints builtin in browsers using different domain aliases. Shorter version of `config.action_controller.asset_host`.
+* `config.asset_host` sets the host for the assets. Useful when CDNs are used for hosting assets, or when you want to work around the concurrency constraints built-in in browsers using different domain aliases. Shorter version of `config.action_controller.asset_host`.
 
 * `config.autoload_once_paths` accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants that won't be wiped per request. Relevant if `config.cache_classes` is false, which is the case in development mode by default. Otherwise, all autoloading happens only once. All elements of this array must also be in `autoload_paths`. Default is an empty array.
 
@@ -110,17 +110,17 @@ numbers. New applications filter out passwords by adding the following `config.f
 
 * `config.log_level` defines the verbosity of the Rails logger. This option defaults to `:debug` for all modes except production, where it defaults to `:info`.
 
-* `config.log_tags` accepts a list of methods that respond to `request` object. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id - both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications.
+* `config.log_tags` accepts a list of methods that the `request` object responds to. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id - both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications.
 
-* `config.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`, with auto flushing off in production mode.
+* `config.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`.
 
 * `config.middleware` allows you to configure the application's middleware. This is covered in depth in the [Configuring Middleware](#configuring-middleware) section below.
 
 * `config.reload_classes_only_on_change` enables or disables reloading of classes only when tracked files change. By default tracks everything on autoload paths and is set to true. If `config.cache_classes` is true, this option is ignored.
 
-* `config.secret_key_base` used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `config.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`.
+* `secrets.secret_key_base` is used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `secrets.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key present in `config/secrets.yml`.
 
-* `config.serve_static_assets` configures Rails itself to serve static assets. Defaults to true, but in the production environment is turned off as the server software (e.g. Nginx or Apache) used to run the application should serve static assets instead. Unlike the default setting set this to true when running (absolutely not recommended!) or testing your app in production mode using WEBrick. Otherwise you won't be able use page caching and requests for files that exist regularly under the public directory will anyway hit your Rails app.
+* `config.serve_static_assets` configures Rails itself to serve static assets. Defaults to true, but in the production environment is turned off as the server software (e.g. NGINX or Apache) used to run the application should serve static assets instead. Unlike the default setting set this to true when running (absolutely not recommended!) or testing your app in production mode using WEBrick. Otherwise you won't be able use page caching and requests for files that exist regularly under the public directory will anyway hit your Rails app.
 
 * `config.session_store` is usually set up in `config/initializers/session_store.rb` and specifies what class to use to store the session. Possible values are `:cookie_store` which is the default, `:mem_cache_store`, and `:disabled`. The last one tells Rails not to deal with sessions. Custom session stores can also be specified:
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ numbers. New applications filter out passwords by adding the following `config.f
 * `config.assets.enabled` a flag that controls whether the asset
 pipeline is enabled. It is set to true by default.
 
-*`config.assets.raise_runtime_errors`* Set this flag to `true` to enable additional runtime error checking. Recommended in `config/environments/development.rb` to minimize unexpected behavior when deploying to `production`.
+* `config.assets.raise_runtime_errors` Set this flag to `true` to enable additional runtime error checking. Recommended in `config/environments/development.rb` to minimize unexpected behavior when deploying to `production`.
 
 * `config.assets.compress` a flag that enables the compression of compiled assets. It is explicitly set to true in `config/environments/production.rb`.
 
@@ -151,6 +151,8 @@ pipeline is enabled. It is set to true by default.
 
 * `config.assets.prefix` defines the prefix where assets are served from. Defaults to `/assets`.
 
+* `config.assets.manifest` defines the full path to be used for the asset precompiler's manifest file. Defaults to a file named `manifest-<random>.json` in the `config.assets.prefix` directory within the public folder.
+
 * `config.assets.digest` enables the use of MD5 fingerprints in asset names. Set to `true` by default in `production.rb`.
 
 * `config.assets.debug` disables the concatenation and compression of assets. Set to `true` by default in `development.rb`.
@@ -274,7 +276,7 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library.
 
 * `config.active_record.pluralize_table_names` specifies whether Rails will look for singular or plural table names in the database. If set to true (the default), then the Customer class will use the `customers` table. If set to false, then the Customer class will use the `customer` table.
 
-* `config.active_record.default_timezone` determines whether to use `Time.local` (if set to `:local`) or `Time.utc` (if set to `:utc`) when pulling dates and times from the database. The default is `:utc` for Rails, although Active Record defaults to `:local` when used outside of Rails.
+* `config.active_record.default_timezone` determines whether to use `Time.local` (if set to `:local`) or `Time.utc` (if set to `:utc`) when pulling dates and times from the database. The default is `:utc`.
 
 * `config.active_record.schema_format` controls the format for dumping the database schema to a file. The options are `:ruby` (the default) for a database-independent version that depends on migrations, or `:sql` for a set of (potentially database-dependent) SQL statements.
 
@@ -288,8 +290,6 @@ All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library.
 
 * `config.active_record.partial_writes` is a boolean value and controls whether or not partial writes are used (i.e. whether updates only set attributes that are dirty). Note that when using partial writes, you should also use optimistic locking `config.active_record.lock_optimistically` since concurrent updates may write attributes based on a possibly stale read state. The default value is `true`.
 
-* `config.active_record.attribute_types_cached_by_default` sets the attribute types that `ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods` will cache by default on reads. The default is `[:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date]`.
-
 * `config.active_record.maintain_test_schema` is a boolean value which controls whether Active Record should try to keep your test database schema up-to-date with `db/schema.rb` (or `db/structure.sql`) when you run your tests. The default is true.
 
 * `config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration` is a flag which
@@ -330,6 +330,8 @@ The schema dumper adds one additional configuration option:
 
 * `config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters` enables logging or raising an exception if parameters that are not explicitly permitted are found. Set to `:log` or `:raise` to enable. The default value is `:log` in development and test environments, and `false` in all other environments.
 
+* `config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters` sets a list of whitelisted parameters that are permitted by default. The default values are `['controller', 'action']`.
+
 ### Configuring Action Dispatch
 
 * `config.action_dispatch.session_store` sets the name of the store for session data. The default is `:cookie_store`; other valid options include `:active_record_store`, `:mem_cache_store` or the name of your own custom class.
@@ -388,13 +390,13 @@ encrypted cookies salt value. Defaults to `'signed encrypted cookie'`.
 
 * `config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms` allows you to set the default behavior for `authenticity_token` in forms with `:remote => true`. By default it's set to false, which means that remote forms will not include `authenticity_token`, which is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms get the authenticity from the `meta` tag, so embedding is unnecessary unless you support browsers without JavaScript. In such case you can either pass `:authenticity_token => true` as a form option or set this config setting to `true`
 
-* `config.action_view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace` determines whether or not partials are looked up from a subdirectory in templates rendered from namespaced controllers. For example, consider a controller named `Admin::PostsController` which renders this template:
+* `config.action_view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace` determines whether or not partials are looked up from a subdirectory in templates rendered from namespaced controllers. For example, consider a controller named `Admin::ArticlesController` which renders this template:
 
     ```erb
-    <%= render @post %>
+    <%= render @article %>
     ```
 
-    The default setting is `true`, which uses the partial at `/admin/posts/_post.erb`. Setting the value to `false` would render `/posts/_post.erb`, which is the same behavior as rendering from a non-namespaced controller such as `PostsController`.
+    The default setting is `true`, which uses the partial at `/admin/articles/_article.erb`. Setting the value to `false` would render `/articles/_article.erb`, which is the same behavior as rendering from a non-namespaced controller such as `ArticlesController`.
 
 * `config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations` determines whether an error should be raised for missing translations
 
@@ -451,6 +453,18 @@ There are a number of settings available on `config.action_mailer`:
     config.action_mailer.interceptors = ["MailInterceptor"]
     ```
 
+* `config.action_mailer.preview_path` specifies the location of mailer previews.
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
+    ```
+
+* `config.action_mailer.show_previews` enable or disable mailer previews. By default this is `true` in development.
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.action_mailer.show_previews = false
+    ```
+
 ### Configuring Active Support
 
 There are a few configuration options available in Active Support:
@@ -552,7 +566,7 @@ development:
 $ echo $DATABASE_URL
 postgresql://localhost/my_database
 
-$ rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.connections'
+$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.configurations'
 {"development"=>{"adapter"=>"postgresql", "host"=>"localhost", "database"=>"my_database"}}
 ```
 
@@ -569,7 +583,7 @@ development:
 $ echo $DATABASE_URL
 postgresql://localhost/my_database
 
-$ rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.connections'
+$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.configurations'
 {"development"=>{"adapter"=>"postgresql", "host"=>"localhost", "database"=>"my_database", "pool"=>5}}
 ```
 
@@ -580,13 +594,13 @@ The only way to explicitly not use the connection information in `ENV['DATABASE_
 ```
 $ cat config/database.yml
 development:
-  url: sqlite3://localhost/NOT_my_database
+  url: sqlite3:NOT_my_database
 
 $ echo $DATABASE_URL
 postgresql://localhost/my_database
 
-$ rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.connections'
-{"development"=>{"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "host"=>"localhost", "database"=>"NOT_my_database"}}
+$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.configurations'
+{"development"=>{"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "database"=>"NOT_my_database"}}
 ```
 
 Here the connection information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` is ignored, note the different adapter and database name.
@@ -644,11 +658,9 @@ development:
   encoding: unicode
   database: blog_development
   pool: 5
-  username: blog
-  password:
 ```
 
-Prepared Statements can be disabled thus:
+Prepared Statements are enabled by default on PostgreSQL. You can be disable prepared statements by setting `prepared_statements` to `false`:
 
 ```yaml
 production:
@@ -656,6 +668,16 @@ production:
   prepared_statements: false
 ```
 
+If enabled, Active Record will create up to `1000` prepared statements per database connection by default. To modify this behavior you can set `statement_limit` to a different value:
+
+```
+production:
+  adapter: postgresql
+  statement_limit: 200
+```
+
+The more prepared statements in use: the more memory your database will require. If your PostgreSQL database is hitting memory limits, try lowering `statement_limit` or disabling prepared statements.
+
 #### Configuring an SQLite3 Database for JRuby Platform
 
 If you choose to use SQLite3 and are using JRuby, your `config/database.yml` will look a little different. Here's the development section:
@@ -721,13 +743,47 @@ Rails will now prepend "/app1" when generating links.
 
 #### Using Passenger
 
-Passenger makes it easy to run your application in a subdirectory. You can find
-the relevant configuration in the
-[passenger manual](http://www.modrails.com/documentation/Users%20guide%20Apache.html#deploying_rails_to_sub_uri).
+Passenger makes it easy to run your application in a subdirectory. You can find the relevant configuration in the [Passenger manual](http://www.modrails.com/documentation/Users%20guide%20Apache.html#deploying_rails_to_sub_uri).
 
 #### Using a Reverse Proxy
 
-TODO
+Deploying your application using a reverse proxy has definite advantages over traditional deploys. They allow you to have more control over your server by layering the components required by your application.
+
+Many modern web servers can be used as a proxy server to balance third-party elements such as caching servers or application servers.
+
+One such application server you can use is [Unicorn](http://unicorn.bogomips.org/) to run behind a reverse proxy.
+
+In this case, you would need to configure the proxy server (NGINX, Apache, etc) to accept connections from your application server (Unicorn). By default Unicorn will listen for TCP connections on port 8080, but you can change the port or configure it to use sockets instead.
+
+You can find more information in the [Unicorn readme](http://unicorn.bogomips.org/README.html) and understand the [philosophy](http://unicorn.bogomips.org/PHILOSOPHY.html) behind it.
+
+Once you've configured the application server, you must proxy requests to it by configuring your web server appropriately. For example your NGINX config may include:
+
+```
+upstream application_server {
+  server 0.0.0.0:8080
+}
+
+server {
+  listen 80;
+  server_name localhost;
+
+  root /root/path/to/your_app/public;
+
+  try_files $uri/index.html $uri.html @app;
+
+  location @app {
+    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
+    proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
+    proxy_redirect off;
+    proxy_pass http://application_server;
+  }
+
+  # some other configuration
+}
+```
+
+Be sure to read the [NGINX documentation](http://nginx.org/en/docs/) for the most up-to-date information.
 
 #### Considerations when deploying to a subdirectory
 
@@ -939,4 +995,25 @@ ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError - could not obtain a database connection wi
 If you get the above error, you might want to increase the size of connection
 pool by incrementing the `pool` option in `database.yml`
 
-NOTE. As Rails is multi-threaded by default, there could be a chance that several threads may be accessing multiple connections simultaneously. So depending on your current request load, you could very well have multiple threads contending for a limited amount of connections.
+NOTE. If you are running in a multi-threaded environment, there could be a chance that several threads may be accessing multiple connections simultaneously. So depending on your current request load, you could very well have multiple threads contending for a limited amount of connections.
+
+
+Custom configuration
+--------------------
+
+You can configure your own code through the Rails configuration object with custom configuration. It works like this:
+
+  ```ruby
+  config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
+  config.x.payment_processing.retries  = 3
+  config.x.super_debugger = true
+  ```
+
+These configuration points are then available through the configuration object:
+
+  ```ruby
+  Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.schedule # => :daily
+  Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.retries  # => 3
+  Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger              # => true
+  Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger.not_set      # => nil
+  ```
diff --git a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
index 36e3862c6b..8bc4b10591 100644
--- a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ NOTE: Bugs in the most recent released version of Ruby on Rails are likely to ge
 
 ### Creating a Bug Report
 
-If you've found a problem in Ruby on Rails which is not a security risk, do a search in GitHub under [Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) in case it was already reported. If you find no issue addressing it you can [add a new one](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/new). (See the next section for reporting security issues.)
+If you've found a problem in Ruby on Rails which is not a security risk, do a search in GitHub under [Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) in case it has already been reported. If you do not find any issue addressing it you may proceed to [open a new one](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/new). (See the next section for reporting security issues.)
 
-At the minimum, your issue report needs a title and descriptive text. But that's only a minimum. You should include as much relevant information as possible. You need at least to post the code sample that has the issue. Even better is to include a unit test that shows how the expected behavior is not occurring. Your goal should be to make it easy for yourself - and others - to replicate the bug and figure out a fix.
+Your issue report should contain a title and a clear description of the issue at the bare minimum. You should include as much relevant information as possible and should at least post a code sample that demonstrates the issue. It would be even better if you could include a unit test that shows how the expected behavior is not occurring. Your goal should be to make it easy for yourself - and others - to replicate the bug and figure out a fix.
 
 Then, don't get your hopes up! Unless you have a "Code Red, Mission Critical, the World is Coming to an End" kind of bug, you're creating this issue report in the hope that others with the same problem will be able to collaborate with you on solving it. Do not expect that the issue report will automatically see any activity or that others will jump to fix it. Creating an issue like this is mostly to help yourself start on the path of fixing the problem and for others to confirm it with an "I'm having this problem too" comment.
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Please don't put "feature request" items into GitHub Issues. If there's a new
 feature that you want to see added to Ruby on Rails, you'll need to write the
 code yourself - or convince someone else to partner with you to write the code.
 Later in this guide you'll find detailed instructions for proposing a patch to
-Ruby on Rails. If you enter a wishlist item in GitHub Issues with no code, you
+Ruby on Rails. If you enter a wish list item in GitHub Issues with no code, you
 can expect it to be marked "invalid" as soon as it's reviewed.
 
 Sometimes, the line between 'bug' and 'feature' is a hard one to draw.
@@ -69,89 +69,6 @@ won't be accepted." But it's the proper place to discuss new ideas. GitHub
 Issues are not a particularly good venue for the sometimes long and involved
 discussions new features require.
 
-Setting Up a Development Environment
-------------------------------------
-
-To move on from submitting bugs to helping resolve existing issues or contributing your own code to Ruby on Rails, you _must_ be able to run its test suite. In this section of the guide you'll learn how to set up the tests on your own computer.
-
-### The Easy Way
-
-The easiest and recommended way to get a development environment ready to hack is to use the [Rails development box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
-
-### The Hard Way
-
-In case you can't use the Rails development box, see section above, check [this other guide](development_dependencies_install.html).
-
-
-Running an Application Against Your Local Branch
-------------------------------------------------
-
-The `--dev` flag of `rails new` generates an application that uses your local
-branch:
-
-```bash
-$ cd rails
-$ bundle exec rails new ~/my-test-app --dev
-```
-
-The application generated in `~/my-test-app` runs against your local branch
-and in particular sees any modifications upon server reboot.
-
-
-Testing Active Record
----------------------
-
-This is how you run the Active Record test suite only for SQLite3:
-
-```bash
-$ cd activerecord
-$ bundle exec rake test_sqlite3
-```
-
-You can now run the tests as you did for `sqlite3`. The tasks are respectively
-
-```bash
-test_mysql
-test_mysql2
-test_postgresql
-```
-
-Finally,
-
-```bash
-$ bundle exec rake test
-```
-
-will now run the four of them in turn.
-
-You can also run any single test separately:
-
-```bash
-$ ARCONN=sqlite3 ruby -Itest test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
-```
-
-You can invoke `test_jdbcmysql`, `test_jdbcsqlite3` or `test_jdbcpostgresql` also. See the file `activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc` for information on running more targeted database tests, or the file `ci/travis.rb` for the test suite run by the continuous integration server.
-
-### Warnings
-
-The test suite runs with warnings enabled. Ideally, Ruby on Rails should issue no warnings, but there may be a few, as well as some from third-party libraries. Please ignore (or fix!) them, if any, and submit patches that do not issue new warnings.
-
-If you are sure about what you are doing and would like to have a more clear output, there's a way to override the flag:
-
-```bash
-$ RUBYOPT=-W0 bundle exec rake test
-```
-
-### Older Versions of Ruby on Rails
-
-If you want to add a fix to older versions of Ruby on Rails, you'll need to set up and switch to your own local tracking branch. Here is an example to switch to the 3-0-stable branch:
-
-```bash
-$ git branch --track 3-0-stable origin/3-0-stable
-$ git checkout 3-0-stable
-```
-
-TIP: You may want to [put your Git branch name in your shell prompt](http://qugstart.com/blog/git-and-svn/add-colored-git-branch-name-to-your-shell-prompt/) to make it easier to remember which version of the code you're working with.
 
 Helping to Resolve Existing Issues
 ----------------------------------
@@ -192,9 +109,7 @@ After applying their branch, test it out! Here are some things to think about:
 
 Once you're happy that the pull request contains a good change, comment on the GitHub issue indicating your approval. Your comment should indicate that you like the change and what you like about it. Something like:
 
-<blockquote>
-I like the way you've restructured that code in generate_finder_sql - much nicer. The tests look good too.
-</blockquote>
+>I like the way you've restructured that code in generate_finder_sql - much nicer. The tests look good too.
 
 If your comment simply says "+1", then odds are that other reviewers aren't going to take it too seriously. Show that you took the time to review the pull request.
 
@@ -227,9 +142,21 @@ WARNING: Docrails has a very strict policy: no code can be touched whatsoever, n
 Contributing to the Rails Code
 ------------------------------
 
+### Setting Up a Development Environment
+
+To move on from submitting bugs to helping resolve existing issues or contributing your own code to Ruby on Rails, you _must_ be able to run its test suite. In this section of the guide you'll learn how to setup the tests on your own computer.
+
+#### The Easy Way
+
+The easiest and recommended way to get a development environment ready to hack is to use the [Rails development box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
+
+#### The Hard Way
+
+In case you can't use the Rails development box, see [this other guide](development_dependencies_install.html).
+
 ### Clone the Rails Repository
 
-The first thing you need to do to be able to contribute code is to clone the repository:
+To be able to contribute code, you need to clone the Rails repository:
 
 ```bash
 $ git clone git://github.com/rails/rails.git
@@ -244,29 +171,31 @@ $ git checkout -b my_new_branch
 
 It doesn't matter much what name you use, because this branch will only exist on your local computer and your personal repository on GitHub. It won't be part of the Rails Git repository.
 
+### Running an Application Against Your Local Branch
+
+In case you need a dummy Rails app to test changes, the `--dev` flag of `rails new` generates an application that uses your local branch:
+
+```bash
+$ cd rails
+$ bundle exec rails new ~/my-test-app --dev
+```
+
+The application generated in `~/my-test-app` runs against your local branch
+and in particular sees any modifications upon server reboot.
+
 ### Write Your Code
 
-Now get busy and add or edit code. You're on your branch now, so you can write whatever you want (you can check to make sure you're on the right branch with `git branch -a`). But if you're planning to submit your change back for inclusion in Rails, keep a few things in mind:
+Now get busy and add/edit code. You're on your branch now, so you can write whatever you want (make sure you're on the right branch with `git branch -a`). But if you're planning to submit your change back for inclusion in Rails, keep a few things in mind:
 
 * Get the code right.
 * Use Rails idioms and helpers.
 * Include tests that fail without your code, and pass with it.
 * Update the (surrounding) documentation, examples elsewhere, and the guides: whatever is affected by your contribution.
 
-It is not customary in Rails to run the full test suite before pushing
-changes. The railties test suite in particular takes a long time, and even
-more if the source code is mounted in `/vagrant` as happens in the recommended
-workflow with the [rails-dev-box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
-
-As a compromise, test what your code obviously affects, and if the change is
-not in railties, run the whole test suite of the affected component. If all
-tests are passing, that's enough to propose your contribution. We have
-[Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails) as a safety net for catching
-unexpected breakages elsewhere.
 
 TIP: Changes that are cosmetic in nature and do not add anything substantial to the stability, functionality, or testability of Rails will generally not be accepted.
 
-### Follow the Coding Conventions
+#### Follow the Coding Conventions
 
 Rails follows a simple set of coding style conventions:
 
@@ -284,13 +213,136 @@ Rails follows a simple set of coding style conventions:
 
 The above are guidelines - please use your best judgment in using them.
 
+### Benchmark Your Code
+
+If your change has an impact on the performance of Rails, please use the
+[benchmark-ips](https://github.com/evanphx/benchmark-ips) gem to provide
+benchmark results for comparison.
+
+Here's an example of using benchmark-ips:
+
+```ruby
+require 'benchmark/ips'
+
+Benchmark.ips do |x|
+  x.report('addition') { 1 + 2 }
+  x.report('addition with send') { 1.send(:+, 2) }
+end
+```
+
+This will generate a report with the following information:
+
+```
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+            addition     69114 i/100ms
+  addition with send     64062 i/100ms
+-------------------------------------------------
+            addition  5307644.4 (±3.5%) i/s -   26539776 in   5.007219s
+  addition with send  3702897.9 (±3.5%) i/s -   18513918 in   5.006723s
+```
+
+Please see the benchmark/ips [README](https://github.com/evanphx/benchmark-ips/blob/master/README.md) for more information.
+
+### Running Tests
+
+It is not customary in Rails to run the full test suite before pushing
+changes. The railties test suite in particular takes a long time, and even
+more if the source code is mounted in `/vagrant` as happens in the recommended
+workflow with the [rails-dev-box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
+
+As a compromise, test what your code obviously affects, and if the change is
+not in railties, run the whole test suite of the affected component. If all
+tests are passing, that's enough to propose your contribution. We have
+[Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails) as a safety net for catching
+unexpected breakages elsewhere.
+
+#### Entire Rails:
+
+To run all the tests, do:
+
+```bash
+$ cd rails
+$ bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+#### For a Particular Component
+
+You can run tests only for a particular component (e.g. Action Pack). For example,
+to run Action Mailer tests:
+
+```bash
+$ cd actionmailer
+$ bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+#### Running a Single Test
+
+You can run a single test through ruby. For instance:
+
+```bash
+$ cd actionmailer
+$ ruby -w -Itest test/mail_layout_test.rb -n test_explicit_class_layout
+```
+
+The `-n` option allows you to run a single method instead of the whole
+file.
+
+##### Testing Active Record
+
+This is how you run the Active Record test suite only for SQLite3:
+
+```bash
+$ cd activerecord
+$ bundle exec rake test:sqlite3
+```
+
+You can now run the tests as you did for `sqlite3`. The tasks are respectively
+
+```bash
+test:mysql
+test:mysql2
+test:postgresql
+```
+
+Finally,
+
+```bash
+$ bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+will now run the four of them in turn.
+
+You can also run any single test separately:
+
+```bash
+$ ARCONN=sqlite3 ruby -Itest test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+```
+
+To run a single test against all adapters, use:
+
+```bash
+$ bundle exec rake TEST=test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+```
+
+You can invoke `test_jdbcmysql`, `test_jdbcsqlite3` or `test_jdbcpostgresql` also. See the file `activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc` for information on running more targeted database tests, or the file `ci/travis.rb` for the test suite run by the continuous integration server.
+
+### Warnings
+
+The test suite runs with warnings enabled. Ideally, Ruby on Rails should issue no warnings, but there may be a few, as well as some from third-party libraries. Please ignore (or fix!) them, if any, and submit patches that do not issue new warnings.
+
+If you are sure about what you are doing and would like to have a more clear output, there's a way to override the flag:
+
+```bash
+$ RUBYOPT=-W0 bundle exec rake test
+```
+
 ### Updating the CHANGELOG
 
 The CHANGELOG is an important part of every release. It keeps the list of changes for every Rails version.
 
 You should add an entry to the CHANGELOG of the framework that you modified if you're adding or removing a feature, committing a bug fix or adding deprecation notices. Refactorings and documentation changes generally should not go to the CHANGELOG.
 
-A CHANGELOG entry should summarize what was changed and should end with author's name and it should go on top of a CHANGELOG. You can use multiple lines if you need more space and you can attach code examples indented with 4 spaces. If a change is related to a specific issue, you should attach issue's number. Here is an example CHANGELOG entry:
+A CHANGELOG entry should summarize what was changed and should end with author's name and it should go on top of a CHANGELOG. You can use multiple lines if you need more space and you can attach code examples indented with 4 spaces. If a change is related to a specific issue, you should attach the issue's number. Here is an example CHANGELOG entry:
 
 ```
 *   Summary of a change that briefly describes what was changed. You can use multiple
@@ -314,9 +366,9 @@ Your name can be added directly after the last word if you don't provide any cod
 You should not be the only person who looks at the code before you submit it.
 If you know someone else who uses Rails, try asking them if they'll check out
 your work. If you don't know anyone else using Rails, try hopping into the IRC
-room or posting about your idea to the rails-core mailing list.  Doing this in
-private before you push a patch out publicly is the “smoke test” for a patch:
-if you can’t convince one other developer of the beauty of your code, you’re
+room or posting about your idea to the rails-core mailing list. Doing this in
+private before you push a patch out publicly is the "smoke test" for a patch:
+if you can't convince one other developer of the beauty of your code, you’re
 unlikely to convince the core team either.
 
 ### Commit Your Changes
@@ -343,9 +395,9 @@ it should not be necessary to visit a webpage to check the history.
 Description can have multiple paragraphs and you can use code examples
 inside, just indent it with 4 spaces:
 
-    class PostsController
+    class ArticlesController
       def index
-        respond_with Post.limit(10)
+        render json: Article.limit(10)
       end
     end
 
@@ -467,11 +519,11 @@ the same way that you appreciate feedback on your patches.
 
 ### Iterate as Necessary
 
-It's entirely possible that the feedback you get will suggest changes. Don't get discouraged: the whole point of contributing to an active open source project is to tap into community knowledge. If people are encouraging you to tweak your code, then it's worth making the tweaks and resubmitting. If the feedback is that your code doesn't belong in the core, you might still think about releasing it as a gem.
+It's entirely possible that the feedback you get will suggest changes. Don't get discouraged: the whole point of contributing to an active open source project is to tap into the knowledge of the community. If people are encouraging you to tweak your code, then it's worth making the tweaks and resubmitting. If the feedback is that your code doesn't belong in the core, you might still think about releasing it as a gem.
 
 #### Squashing commits
 
-One of the things that we may ask you to do is "squash your commits," which
+One of the things that we may ask you to do is to "squash your commits", which
 will combine all of your commits into a single commit. We prefer pull requests
 that are a single commit. This makes it easier to backport changes to stable
 branches, squashing makes it easier to revert bad commits, and the git history
@@ -507,7 +559,18 @@ $ git push origin my_pull_request -f
 You should be able to refresh the pull request on GitHub and see that it has
 been updated.
 
-### Backporting
+### Older Versions of Ruby on Rails
+
+If you want to add a fix to older versions of Ruby on Rails, you'll need to set up and switch to your own local tracking branch. Here is an example to switch to the 4-0-stable branch:
+
+```bash
+$ git branch --track 4-0-stable origin/4-0-stable
+$ git checkout 4-0-stable
+```
+
+TIP: You may want to [put your Git branch name in your shell prompt](http://qugstart.com/blog/git-and-svn/add-colored-git-branch-name-to-your-shell-prompt/) to make it easier to remember which version of the code you're working with.
+
+#### Backporting
 
 Changes that are merged into master are intended for the next major release of Rails. Sometimes, it might be beneficial for your changes to propagate back to the maintenance releases for older stable branches. Generally, security fixes and bug fixes are good candidates for a backport, while new features and patches that introduce a change in behavior will not be accepted. When in doubt, it is best to consult a Rails team member before backporting your changes to avoid wasted effort.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/credits.html.erb b/guides/source/credits.html.erb
index 7c6858fa2c..8767fbecce 100644
--- a/guides/source/credits.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/credits.html.erb
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Oscar Del Ben is a software engineer at <a href="http://www.wildfireapp.com/">Wi
 <% end %>
 
 <%= author('Pratik Naik', 'lifo') do %>
-  Pratik Naik is a Ruby on Rails developer at <a href="http://www.37signals.com">37signals</a> and also a member of the <a href="http://rubyonrails.org/core">Rails core team</a>. He maintains a blog at <a href="http://m.onkey.org">has_many :bugs, :through =&gt; :rails</a> and has a semi-active <a href="http://twitter.com/lifo">twitter account</a>.
+  Pratik Naik is a Ruby on Rails developer at <a href="https://basecamp.com/">Basecamp</a> and also a member of the <a href="http://rubyonrails.org/core">Rails core team</a>. He maintains a blog at <a href="http://m.onkey.org">has_many :bugs, :through =&gt; :rails</a> and has a semi-active <a href="http://twitter.com/lifo">twitter account</a>.
 <% end %>
 
 <%= author('Emilio Tagua', 'miloops') do %>
diff --git a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
index 226137c89a..88c6210296 100644
--- a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
+++ b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
@@ -26,17 +26,17 @@ One common task is to inspect the contents of a variable. In Rails, you can do t
 The `debug` helper will return a \<pre> tag that renders the object using the YAML format. This will generate human-readable data from any object. For example, if you have this code in a view:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= debug @post %>
+<%= debug @article %>
 <p>
   <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 ```
 
 You'll see something like this:
 
 ```yaml
---- !ruby/object:Post
+--- !ruby/object Article
 attributes:
   updated_at: 2008-09-05 22:55:47
   body: It's a very helpful guide for debugging your Rails app.
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ Title: Rails debugging guide
 Displaying an instance variable, or any other object or method, in YAML format can be achieved this way:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= simple_format @post.to_yaml %>
+<%= simple_format @article.to_yaml %>
 <p>
   <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 ```
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ The `to_yaml` method converts the method to YAML format leaving it more readable
 As a result of this, you will have something like this in your view:
 
 ```yaml
---- !ruby/object:Post
+--- !ruby/object Article
 attributes:
 updated_at: 2008-09-05 22:55:47
 body: It's a very helpful guide for debugging your Rails app.
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Another useful method for displaying object values is `inspect`, especially when
 <%= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].inspect %>
 <p>
   <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 ```
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ config.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
 config.logger = Log4r::Logger.new("Application Log")
 ```
 
-TIP: By default, each log is created under `Rails.root/log/` and the log file name is `environment_name.log`.
+TIP: By default, each log is created under `Rails.root/log/` and the log file is named after the environment in which the application is running.
 
 ### Log Levels
 
@@ -153,18 +153,18 @@ logger.fatal "Terminating application, raised unrecoverable error!!!"
 Here's an example of a method instrumented with extra logging:
 
 ```ruby
-class PostsController < ApplicationController
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
   # ...
 
   def create
-    @post = Post.new(params[:post])
-    logger.debug "New post: #{@post.attributes.inspect}"
-    logger.debug "Post should be valid: #{@post.valid?}"
-
-    if @post.save
-      flash[:notice] = 'Post was successfully created.'
-      logger.debug "The post was saved and now the user is going to be redirected..."
-      redirect_to(@post)
+    @article = Article.new(params[:article])
+    logger.debug "New article: #{@article.attributes.inspect}"
+    logger.debug "Article should be valid: #{@article.valid?}"
+
+    if @article.save
+      flash[:notice] =  'Article was successfully created.'
+      logger.debug "The article was saved and now the user is going to be redirected..."
+      redirect_to(@article)
     else
       render action: "new"
     end
@@ -177,21 +177,21 @@ end
 Here's an example of the log generated when this controller action is executed:
 
 ```
-Processing PostsController#create (for 127.0.0.1 at 2008-09-08 11:52:54) [POST]
+Processing ArticlesController#create (for 127.0.0.1 at 2008-09-08 11:52:54) [POST]
   Session ID: BAh7BzoMY3NyZl9pZCIlMDY5MWU1M2I1ZDRjODBlMzkyMWI1OTg2NWQyNzViZjYiCmZsYXNoSUM6J0FjdGl
 vbkNvbnRyb2xsZXI6OkZsYXNoOjpGbGFzaEhhc2h7AAY6CkB1c2VkewA=--b18cd92fba90eacf8137e5f6b3b06c4d724596a4
-  Parameters: {"commit"=>"Create", "post"=>{"title"=>"Debugging Rails",
+  Parameters: {"commit"=>"Create", "article"=>{"title"=>"Debugging Rails",
  "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!", "published"=>"0"},
- "authenticity_token"=>"2059c1286e93402e389127b1153204e0d1e275dd", "action"=>"create", "controller"=>"posts"}
-New post: {"updated_at"=>nil, "title"=>"Debugging Rails", "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!",
+ "authenticity_token"=>"2059c1286e93402e389127b1153204e0d1e275dd", "action"=>"create", "controller"=>"articles"}
+New article: {"updated_at"=>nil, "title"=>"Debugging Rails", "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!",
  "published"=>false, "created_at"=>nil}
-Post should be valid: true
-  Post Create (0.000443)   INSERT INTO "posts" ("updated_at", "title", "body", "published",
+Article should be valid: true
+  Article Create (0.000443)   INSERT INTO "articles" ("updated_at", "title", "body", "published",
  "created_at") VALUES('2008-09-08 14:52:54', 'Debugging Rails',
  'I''m learning how to print in logs!!!', 'f', '2008-09-08 14:52:54')
-The post was saved and now the user is going to be redirected...
-Redirected to #<Post:0x20af760>
-Completed in 0.01224 (81 reqs/sec) | DB: 0.00044 (3%) | 302 Found [http://localhost/posts]
+The article was saved and now the user is going to be redirected...
+Redirected to # Article:0x20af760>
+Completed in 0.01224 (81 reqs/sec) | DB: 0.00044 (3%) | 302 Found [http://localhost/articles]
 ```
 
 Adding extra logging like this makes it easy to search for unexpected or unusual behavior in your logs. If you add extra logging, be sure to make sensible use of log levels to avoid filling your production logs with useless trivia.
@@ -210,8 +210,8 @@ logger.tagged("BCX") { logger.tagged("Jason") { logger.info "Stuff" } } # Logs "
 ```
 
 ### Impact of Logs on Performance
-Logging will always have a small impact on performance of your rails app, 
-        particularly when logging to disk.However, there are a few subtleties:
+Logging will always have a small impact on performance of your rails app,
+        particularly when logging to disk. However, there are a few subtleties:
 
 Using the `:debug` level will have a greater performance penalty than `:fatal`,
       as a far greater number of strings are being evaluated and written to the
@@ -224,446 +224,576 @@ Another potential pitfall is that if you have many calls to `Logger` like this
 logger.debug "Person attributes hash: #{@person.attributes.inspect}"
 ```
 
-In the above example, There will be a performance impact even if the allowed 
-output level doesn't include debug. The reason is that Ruby has to evaluate 
-these strings, which includes instantiating the somewhat heavy `String` object 
+In the above example, There will be a performance impact even if the allowed
+output level doesn't include debug. The reason is that Ruby has to evaluate
+these strings, which includes instantiating the somewhat heavy `String` object
 and interpolating the variables, and which takes time.
-Therefore, it's recommended to pass blocks to the logger methods, as these are 
-only evaluated if the output level is the same or included in the allowed level 
+Therefore, it's recommended to pass blocks to the logger methods, as these are
+only evaluated if the output level is the same or included in the allowed level
 (i.e. lazy loading). The same code rewritten would be:
 
 ```ruby
 logger.debug {"Person attributes hash: #{@person.attributes.inspect}"}
 ```
 
-The contents of the block, and therefore the string interpolation, is only 
-evaluated if debug is enabled. This performance savings is only really 
+The contents of the block, and therefore the string interpolation, is only
+evaluated if debug is enabled. This performance savings is only really
 noticeable with large amounts of logging, but it's a good practice to employ.
 
-Debugging with the `debugger` gem
+Debugging with the `byebug` gem
 ---------------------------------
 
-When your code is behaving in unexpected ways, you can try printing to logs or the console to diagnose the problem. Unfortunately, there are times when this sort of error tracking is not effective in finding the root cause of a problem. When you actually need to journey into your running source code, the debugger is your best companion.
+When your code is behaving in unexpected ways, you can try printing to logs or
+the console to diagnose the problem. Unfortunately, there are times when this
+sort of error tracking is not effective in finding the root cause of a problem.
+When you actually need to journey into your running source code, the debugger
+is your best companion.
 
-The debugger can also help you if you want to learn about the Rails source code but don't know where to start. Just debug any request to your application and use this guide to learn how to move from the code you have written deeper into Rails code.
+The debugger can also help you if you want to learn about the Rails source code
+but don't know where to start. Just debug any request to your application and
+use this guide to learn how to move from the code you have written deeper into
+Rails code.
 
 ### Setup
 
-You can use the `debugger` gem to set breakpoints and step through live code in Rails. To install it, just run:
+You can use the `byebug` gem to set breakpoints and step through live code in
+Rails. To install it, just run:
 
 ```bash
-$ gem install debugger
+$ gem install byebug
 ```
 
-Rails has had built-in support for debugging since Rails 2.0. Inside any Rails application you can invoke the debugger by calling the `debugger` method.
+Inside any Rails application you can then invoke the debugger by calling the
+`byebug` method.
 
 Here's an example:
 
 ```ruby
 class PeopleController < ApplicationController
   def new
-    debugger
+    byebug
     @person = Person.new
   end
 end
 ```
 
-If you see this message in the console or logs:
+### The Shell
+
+As soon as your application calls the `byebug` method, the debugger will be
+started in a debugger shell inside the terminal window where you launched your
+application server, and you will be placed at the debugger's prompt `(byebug)`.
+Before the prompt, the code around the line that is about to be run will be
+displayed and the current line will be marked by '=>'. Like this:
 
 ```
-***** Debugger requested, but was not available: Start server with --debugger to enable *****
+[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    3:
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     byebug
+=>  8:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    9:
+   10:     respond_to do |format|
+   11:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   12:       format.json { render json: @articles }
+
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-Make sure you have started your web server with the option `--debugger`:
+If you got there by a browser request, the browser tab containing the request
+will be hung until the debugger has finished and the trace has finished
+processing the entire request.
+
+For example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server --debugger
 => Booting WEBrick
-=> Rails 4.0.0 application starting on http://0.0.0.0:3000
-=> Debugger enabled
-...
-```
+=> Rails 4.2.0 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000
+=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options
+=> Notice: server is listening on all interfaces (0.0.0.0). Consider using 127.0.0.1 (--binding option)
+=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server
+[2014-04-11 13:11:47] INFO  WEBrick 1.3.1
+[2014-04-11 13:11:47] INFO  ruby 2.1.1 (2014-02-24) [i686-linux]
+[2014-04-11 13:11:47] INFO  WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=6370 port=3000
 
-TIP: In development mode, you can dynamically `require \'debugger\'` instead of restarting the server, even if it was started without `--debugger`.
 
-### The Shell
+Started GET "/" for 127.0.0.1 at 2014-04-11 13:11:48 +0200
+  ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration Load (0.2ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations".* FROM "schema_migrations"
+Processing by ArticlesController#index as HTML
 
-As soon as your application calls the `debugger` method, the debugger will be started in a debugger shell inside the terminal window where you launched your application server, and you will be placed at the debugger's prompt `(rdb:n)`. The _n_ is the thread number. The prompt will also show you the next line of code that is waiting to run.
+[3, 12] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    3:
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     byebug
+=>  8:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    9:
+   10:     respond_to do |format|
+   11:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   12:       format.json { render json: @articles }
 
-If you got there by a browser request, the browser tab containing the request will be hung until the debugger has finished and the trace has finished processing the entire request.
+(byebug)
+```
 
-For example:
+Now it's time to explore and dig into your application. A good place to start is
+by asking the debugger for help. Type: `help`
 
-```bash
-@posts = Post.all
-(rdb:7)
 ```
+(byebug) help
 
-Now it's time to explore and dig into your application. A good place to start is by asking the debugger for help. Type: `help`
+byebug 2.7.0
 
-```
-(rdb:7) help
-ruby-debug help v0.10.2
 Type 'help <command-name>' for help on a specific command
 
 Available commands:
-backtrace  delete   enable  help    next  quit     show    trace
-break      disable  eval    info    p     reload   source  undisplay
-catch      display  exit    irb     pp    restart  step    up
-condition  down     finish  list    ps    save     thread  var
-continue   edit     frame   method  putl  set      tmate   where
+backtrace  delete   enable  help       list    pry next  restart  source     up
+break      disable  eval    info       method  ps        save     step       var
+catch      display  exit    interrupt  next    putl      set      thread
+condition  down     finish  irb        p       quit      show     trace
+continue   edit     frame   kill       pp      reload    skip     undisplay
 ```
 
-TIP: To view the help menu for any command use `help <command-name>` at the debugger prompt. For example: _`help var`_
-
-The next command to learn is one of the most useful: `list`. You can abbreviate any debugging command by supplying just enough letters to distinguish them from other commands, so you can also use `l` for the `list` command.
+TIP: To view the help menu for any command use `help <command-name>` at the
+debugger prompt. For example: _`help list`_. You can abbreviate any debugging
+command by supplying just enough letters to distinguish them from other
+commands, so you can also use `l` for the `list` command, for example.
 
-This command shows you where you are in the code by printing 10 lines centered around the current line; the current line in this particular case is line 6 and is marked by `=>`.
+To see the previous ten lines you should type `list-` (or `l-`)
 
 ```
-(rdb:7) list
-[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
-   1  class PostsController < ApplicationController
-   2    # GET /posts
-   3    # GET /posts.json
-   4    def index
-   5      debugger
-=> 6      @posts = Post.all
-   7
-   8      respond_to do |format|
-   9        format.html # index.html.erb
-   10        format.json { render json: @posts }
-```
+(byebug) l-
 
-If you repeat the `list` command, this time using just `l`, the next ten lines of the file will be printed out.
+[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+   1  class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+   2    before_action :set_article, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
+   3
+   4    # GET /articles
+   5    # GET /articles.json
+   6    def index
+   7      byebug
+   8      @articles = Article.find_recent
+   9
+   10      respond_to do |format|
 
 ```
-(rdb:7) l
-[11, 20] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
-   11      end
-   12    end
-   13
-   14    # GET /posts/1
-   15    # GET /posts/1.json
-   16    def show
-   17      @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-   18
-   19      respond_to do |format|
-   20        format.html # show.html.erb
-```
-
-And so on until the end of the current file. When the end of file is reached, the `list` command will start again from the beginning of the file and continue again up to the end, treating the file as a circular buffer.
 
-On the other hand, to see the previous ten lines you should type `list-` (or `l-`)
+This way you can move inside the file, being able to see the code above and over
+the line where you added the `byebug` call. Finally, to see where you are in
+the code again you can type `list=`
 
 ```
-(rdb:7) l-
-[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
-   1  class PostsController < ApplicationController
-   2    # GET /posts
-   3    # GET /posts.json
-   4    def index
-   5      debugger
-   6      @posts = Post.all
-   7
-   8      respond_to do |format|
-   9        format.html # index.html.erb
-   10        format.json { render json: @posts }
-```
+(byebug) list=
 
-This way you can move inside the file, being able to see the code above and over the line you added the `debugger`.
-Finally, to see where you are in the code again you can type `list=`
+[3, 12] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    3:
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     byebug
+=>  8:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    9:
+   10:     respond_to do |format|
+   11:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   12:       format.json { render json: @articles }
 
-```
-(rdb:7) list=
-[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
-   1  class PostsController < ApplicationController
-   2    # GET /posts
-   3    # GET /posts.json
-   4    def index
-   5      debugger
-=> 6      @posts = Post.all
-   7
-   8      respond_to do |format|
-   9        format.html # index.html.erb
-   10        format.json { render json: @posts }
+(byebug)
 ```
 
 ### The Context
 
-When you start debugging your application, you will be placed in different contexts as you go through the different parts of the stack.
-
-The debugger creates a context when a stopping point or an event is reached. The context has information about the suspended program which enables a debugger to inspect the frame stack, evaluate variables from the perspective of the debugged program, and contains information about the place where the debugged program is stopped.
-
-At any time you can call the `backtrace` command (or its alias `where`) to print the backtrace of the application. This can be very helpful to know how you got where you are. If you ever wondered about how you got somewhere in your code, then `backtrace` will supply the answer.
-
-```
-(rdb:5) where
-    #0 PostsController.index
-       at line /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb:6
-    #1 Kernel.send
-       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb:1175
-    #2 ActionController::Base.perform_action_without_filters
-       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb:1175
-    #3 ActionController::Filters::InstanceMethods.call_filters(chain#ActionController::Fil...,...)
-       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/filters.rb:617
+When you start debugging your application, you will be placed in different
+contexts as you go through the different parts of the stack.
+
+The debugger creates a context when a stopping point or an event is reached. The
+context has information about the suspended program which enables the debugger
+to inspect the frame stack, evaluate variables from the perspective of the
+debugged program, and contains information about the place where the debugged
+program is stopped.
+
+At any time you can call the `backtrace` command (or its alias `where`) to print
+the backtrace of the application. This can be very helpful to know how you got
+where you are. If you ever wondered about how you got somewhere in your code,
+then `backtrace` will supply the answer.
+
+```
+(byebug) where
+--> #0  ArticlesController.index
+      at /PathTo/project/test_app/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb:8
+    #1  ActionController::ImplicitRender.send_action(method#String, *args#Array)
+      at /PathToGems/actionpack-4.2.0/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb:4
+    #2  AbstractController::Base.process_action(action#NilClass, *args#Array)
+      at /PathToGems/actionpack-4.2.0/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb:189
+    #3  ActionController::Rendering.process_action(action#NilClass, *args#NilClass)
+      at /PathToGems/actionpack-4.2.0/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb:10
 ...
 ```
 
-You move anywhere you want in this trace (thus changing the context) by using the `frame _n_` command, where _n_ is the specified frame number.
+The current frame is marked with `-->`. You can move anywhere you want in this
+trace (thus changing the context) by using the `frame _n_` command, where _n_ is
+the specified frame number. If you do that, `byebug` will display your new
+context.
 
 ```
-(rdb:5) frame 2
-#2 ActionController::Base.perform_action_without_filters
-       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb:1175
+(byebug) frame 2
+
+[184, 193] in /PathToGems/actionpack-4.2.0/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
+   184:       # is the intended way to override action dispatching.
+   185:       #
+   186:       # Notice that the first argument is the method to be dispatched
+   187:       # which is *not* necessarily the same as the action name.
+   188:       def process_action(method_name, *args)
+=> 189:         send_action(method_name, *args)
+   190:       end
+   191:
+   192:       # Actually call the method associated with the action. Override
+   193:       # this method if you wish to change how action methods are called,
+
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-The available variables are the same as if you were running the code line by line. After all, that's what debugging is.
+The available variables are the same as if you were running the code line by
+line. After all, that's what debugging is.
 
-Moving up and down the stack frame: You can use `up [n]` (`u` for abbreviated) and `down [n]` commands in order to change the context _n_ frames up or down the stack respectively. _n_ defaults to one. Up in this case is towards higher-numbered stack frames, and down is towards lower-numbered stack frames.
+You can also use `up [n]` (`u` for abbreviated) and `down [n]` commands in order
+to change the context _n_ frames up or down the stack respectively. _n_ defaults
+to one. Up in this case is towards higher-numbered stack frames, and down is
+towards lower-numbered stack frames.
 
 ### Threads
 
-The debugger can list, stop, resume and switch between running threads by using the command `thread` (or the abbreviated `th`). This command has a handful of options:
+The debugger can list, stop, resume and switch between running threads by using
+the `thread` command (or the abbreviated `th`). This command has a handful of
+options:
 
 * `thread` shows the current thread.
-* `thread list` is used to list all threads and their statuses. The plus + character and the number indicates the current thread of execution.
+* `thread list` is used to list all threads and their statuses. The plus +
+character and the number indicates the current thread of execution.
 * `thread stop _n_` stop thread _n_.
 * `thread resume _n_` resumes thread _n_.
 * `thread switch _n_` switches the current thread context to _n_.
 
-This command is very helpful, among other occasions, when you are debugging concurrent threads and need to verify that there are no race conditions in your code.
+This command is very helpful, among other occasions, when you are debugging
+concurrent threads and need to verify that there are no race conditions in your
+code.
 
 ### Inspecting Variables
 
-Any expression can be evaluated in the current context. To evaluate an expression, just type it!
-
-This example shows how you can print the instance_variables defined within the current context:
-
-```
-@posts = Post.all
-(rdb:11) instance_variables
-["@_response", "@action_name", "@url", "@_session", "@_cookies", "@performed_render", "@_flash", "@template", "@_params", "@before_filter_chain_aborted", "@request_origin", "@_headers", "@performed_redirect", "@_request"]
-```
-
-As you may have figured out, all of the variables that you can access from a controller are displayed. This list is dynamically updated as you execute code. For example, run the next line using `next` (you'll learn more about this command later in this guide).
-
-```
-(rdb:11) next
-Processing PostsController#index (for 127.0.0.1 at 2008-09-04 19:51:34) [GET]
-  Session ID: BAh7BiIKZmxhc2hJQzonQWN0aW9uQ29udHJvbGxlcjo6Rmxhc2g6OkZsYXNoSGFzaHsABjoKQHVzZWR7AA==--b16e91b992453a8cc201694d660147bba8b0fd0e
-  Parameters: {"action"=>"index", "controller"=>"posts"}
-/PathToProject/posts_controller.rb:8
-respond_to do |format|
+Any expression can be evaluated in the current context. To evaluate an
+expression, just type it!
+
+This example shows how you can print the instance variables defined within the
+current context:
+
+```
+[3, 12] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    3:
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     byebug
+=>  8:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    9:
+   10:     respond_to do |format|
+   11:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   12:       format.json { render json: @articles }
+
+(byebug) instance_variables
+[:@_action_has_layout, :@_routes, :@_headers, :@_status, :@_request,
+ :@_response, :@_env, :@_prefixes, :@_lookup_context, :@_action_name,
+ :@_response_body, :@marked_for_same_origin_verification, :@_config]
+```
+
+As you may have figured out, all of the variables that you can access from a
+controller are displayed. This list is dynamically updated as you execute code.
+For example, run the next line using `next` (you'll learn more about this
+command later in this guide).
+
+```
+(byebug) next
+[5, 14] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+   5     # GET /articles.json
+   6     def index
+   7       byebug
+   8       @articles = Article.find_recent
+   9
+=> 10       respond_to do |format|
+   11         format.html # index.html.erb
+   12        format.json { render json: @articles }
+   13      end
+   14    end
+   15
+(byebug)
 ```
 
 And then ask again for the instance_variables:
 
 ```
-(rdb:11) instance_variables.include? "@posts"
+(byebug) instance_variables.include? "@articles"
 true
 ```
 
-Now `@posts` is included in the instance variables, because the line defining it was executed.
+Now `@articles` is included in the instance variables, because the line defining it
+was executed.
 
-TIP: You can also step into **irb** mode with the command `irb` (of course!). This way an irb session will be started within the context you invoked it. But be warned: this is an experimental feature.
+TIP: You can also step into **irb** mode with the command `irb` (of course!).
+This way an irb session will be started within the context you invoked it. But
+be warned: this is an experimental feature.
 
-The `var` method is the most convenient way to show variables and their values:
+The `var` method is the most convenient way to show variables and their values.
+Let's let `byebug` to help us with it.
 
 ```
-var
-(rdb:1) v[ar] const <object>            show constants of object
-(rdb:1) v[ar] g[lobal]                  show global variables
-(rdb:1) v[ar] i[nstance] <object>       show instance variables of object
-(rdb:1) v[ar] l[ocal]                   show local variables
+(byebug) help var
+v[ar] cl[ass]                   show class variables of self
+v[ar] const <object>            show constants of object
+v[ar] g[lobal]                  show global variables
+v[ar] i[nstance] <object>       show instance variables of object
+v[ar] l[ocal]                   show local variables
 ```
 
-This is a great way to inspect the values of the current context variables. For example:
+This is a great way to inspect the values of the current context variables. For
+example, to check that we have no local variables currently defined.
 
 ```
-(rdb:9) var local
-  __dbg_verbose_save => false
+(byebug) var local
+(byebug)
 ```
 
 You can also inspect for an object method this way:
 
 ```
-(rdb:9) var instance Post.new
-@attributes = {"updated_at"=>nil, "body"=>nil, "title"=>nil, "published"=>nil, "created_at"...
+(byebug) var instance Article.new
+@_start_transaction_state = {}
+@aggregation_cache = {}
+@association_cache = {}
+@attributes = {"id"=>nil, "created_at"=>nil, "updated_at"=>nil}
 @attributes_cache = {}
-@new_record = true
+@changed_attributes = nil
+...
 ```
 
-TIP: The commands `p` (print) and `pp` (pretty print) can be used to evaluate Ruby expressions and display the value of variables to the console.
+TIP: The commands `p` (print) and `pp` (pretty print) can be used to evaluate
+Ruby expressions and display the value of variables to the console.
 
-You can use also `display` to start watching variables. This is a good way of tracking the values of a variable while the execution goes on.
+You can use also `display` to start watching variables. This is a good way of
+tracking the values of a variable while the execution goes on.
 
 ```
-(rdb:1) display @recent_comments
-1: @recent_comments =
+(byebug) display @articles
+1: @articles = nil
 ```
 
-The variables inside the displaying list will be printed with their values after you move in the stack. To stop displaying a variable use `undisplay _n_` where _n_ is the variable number (1 in the last example).
+The variables inside the displaying list will be printed with their values after
+you move in the stack. To stop displaying a variable use `undisplay _n_` where
+_n_ is the variable number (1 in the last example).
 
 ### Step by Step
 
-Now you should know where you are in the running trace and be able to print the available variables. But lets continue and move on with the application execution.
+Now you should know where you are in the running trace and be able to print the
+available variables. But lets continue and move on with the application
+execution.
 
-Use `step` (abbreviated `s`) to continue running your program until the next logical stopping point and return control to the debugger.
+Use `step` (abbreviated `s`) to continue running your program until the next
+logical stopping point and return control to the debugger.
 
-TIP: You can also use `step+ n` and `step- n` to move forward or backward `n` steps respectively.
+You may also use `next` which is similar to step, but function or method calls
+that appear within the line of code are executed without stopping.
 
-You may also use `next` which is similar to step, but function or method calls that appear within the line of code are executed without stopping. As with step, you may use plus sign to move _n_ steps.
+TIP: You can also use `step n` or `next n` to move forwards `n` steps at once.
 
-The difference between `next` and `step` is that `step` stops at the next line of code executed, doing just a single step, while `next` moves to the next line without descending inside methods.
+The difference between `next` and `step` is that `step` stops at the next line
+of code executed, doing just a single step, while `next` moves to the next line
+without descending inside methods.
 
-For example, consider this block of code with an included `debugger` statement:
+For example, consider the following situation:
 
 ```ruby
-class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_one :editorial
-  has_many :comments
+Started GET "/" for 127.0.0.1 at 2014-04-11 13:39:23 +0200
+Processing by ArticlesController#index as HTML
 
-  def find_recent_comments(limit = 10)
-    debugger
-    @recent_comments ||= comments.where("created_at > ?", 1.week.ago).limit(limit)
-  end
-end
+[1, 8] in /home/davidr/Proyectos/test_app/app/models/article.rb
+   1: class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+   2:
+   3:   def self.find_recent(limit = 10)
+   4:     byebug
+=> 5:     where('created_at > ?', 1.week.ago).limit(limit)
+   6:   end
+   7:
+   8: end
+
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-TIP: You can use the debugger while using `rails console`. Just remember to `require "debugger"` before calling the `debugger` method.
+If we use `next`, we want go deep inside method calls. Instead, byebug will go
+to the next line within the same context. In this case, this is the last line of
+the method, so `byebug` will jump to next next line of the previous frame.
 
 ```
-$ rails console
-Loading development environment (Rails 4.0.0)
->> require "debugger"
-=> []
->> author = Author.first
-=> #<Author id: 1, first_name: "Bob", last_name: "Smith", created_at: "2008-07-31 12:46:10", updated_at: "2008-07-31 12:46:10">
->> author.find_recent_comments
-/PathTo/project/app/models/author.rb:11
-)
-```
+(byebug) next
+Next went up a frame because previous frame finished
 
-With the code stopped, take a look around:
+[4, 13] in /PathTo/project/test_app/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    8:
+=>  9:     respond_to do |format|
+   10:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   11:       format.json { render json: @articles }
+   12:     end
+   13:   end
 
-```
-(rdb:1) list
-[2, 9] in /PathTo/project/app/models/author.rb
-   2    has_one :editorial
-   3    has_many :comments
-   4
-   5    def find_recent_comments(limit = 10)
-   6      debugger
-=> 7      @recent_comments ||= comments.where("created_at > ?", 1.week.ago).limit(limit)
-   8    end
-   9  end
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-You are at the end of the line, but... was this line executed? You can inspect the instance variables.
+If we use `step` in the same situation, we will literally go the next ruby
+instruction to be executed. In this case, the activesupport's `week` method.
 
 ```
-(rdb:1) var instance
-@attributes = {"updated_at"=>"2008-07-31 12:46:10", "id"=>"1", "first_name"=>"Bob", "las...
-@attributes_cache = {}
-```
+(byebug) step
 
-`@recent_comments` hasn't been defined yet, so it's clear that this line hasn't been executed yet. Use the `next` command to move on in the code:
+[50, 59] in /PathToGems/activesupport-4.2.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
+   50:     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 24.hours, [[:days, self]])
+   51:   end
+   52:   alias :day :days
+   53:
+   54:   def weeks
+=> 55:     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 7.days, [[:days, self * 7]])
+   56:   end
+   57:   alias :week :weeks
+   58:
+   59:   def fortnights
 
+(byebug)
 ```
-(rdb:1) next
-/PathTo/project/app/models/author.rb:12
-@recent_comments
-(rdb:1) var instance
-@attributes = {"updated_at"=>"2008-07-31 12:46:10", "id"=>"1", "first_name"=>"Bob", "las...
-@attributes_cache = {}
-@comments = []
-@recent_comments = []
-```
-
-Now you can see that the `@comments` relationship was loaded and @recent_comments defined because the line was executed.
 
-If you want to go deeper into the stack trace you can move single `steps`, through your calling methods and into Rails code. This is one of the best ways to find bugs in your code, or perhaps in Ruby or Rails.
+This is one of the best ways to find bugs in your code, or perhaps in Ruby on
+Rails.
 
 ### Breakpoints
 
-A breakpoint makes your application stop whenever a certain point in the program is reached. The debugger shell is invoked in that line.
+A breakpoint makes your application stop whenever a certain point in the program
+is reached. The debugger shell is invoked in that line.
 
-You can add breakpoints dynamically with the command `break` (or just `b`). There are 3 possible ways of adding breakpoints manually:
+You can add breakpoints dynamically with the command `break` (or just `b`).
+There are 3 possible ways of adding breakpoints manually:
 
 * `break line`: set breakpoint in the _line_ in the current source file.
-* `break file:line [if expression]`: set breakpoint in the _line_ number inside the _file_. If an _expression_ is given it must evaluated to _true_ to fire up the debugger.
-* `break class(.|\#)method [if expression]`: set breakpoint in _method_ (. and \# for class and instance method respectively) defined in _class_. The _expression_ works the same way as with file:line.
+* `break file:line [if expression]`: set breakpoint in the _line_ number inside
+the _file_. If an _expression_ is given it must evaluated to _true_ to fire up
+the debugger.
+* `break class(.|\#)method [if expression]`: set breakpoint in _method_ (. and
+\# for class and instance method respectively) defined in _class_. The
+_expression_ works the same way as with file:line.
+
+
+For example, in the previous situation
 
 ```
-(rdb:5) break 10
-Breakpoint 1 file /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/filters.rb, line 10
+[4, 13] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    8:
+=>  9:     respond_to do |format|
+   10:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   11:       format.json { render json: @articles }
+   12:     end
+   13:   end
+
+(byebug) break 11
+Created breakpoint 1 at /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb:11
+
 ```
 
-Use `info breakpoints _n_` or `info break _n_` to list breakpoints. If you supply a number, it lists that breakpoint. Otherwise it lists all breakpoints.
+Use `info breakpoints _n_` or `info break _n_` to list breakpoints. If you
+supply a number, it lists that breakpoint. Otherwise it lists all breakpoints.
 
 ```
-(rdb:5) info breakpoints
+(byebug) info breakpoints
 Num Enb What
-  1 y   at filters.rb:10
+1   y   at /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb:11
 ```
 
-To delete breakpoints: use the command `delete _n_` to remove the breakpoint number _n_. If no number is specified, it deletes all breakpoints that are currently active..
+To delete breakpoints: use the command `delete _n_` to remove the breakpoint
+number _n_. If no number is specified, it deletes all breakpoints that are
+currently active.
 
 ```
-(rdb:5) delete 1
-(rdb:5) info breakpoints
+(byebug) delete 1
+(byebug) info breakpoints
 No breakpoints.
 ```
 
 You can also enable or disable breakpoints:
 
-* `enable breakpoints`: allow a list _breakpoints_ or all of them if no list is specified, to stop your program. This is the default state when you create a breakpoint.
+* `enable breakpoints`: allow a _breakpoints_ list or all of them if no list is
+specified, to stop your program. This is the default state when you create a
+breakpoint.
 * `disable breakpoints`: the _breakpoints_ will have no effect on your program.
 
 ### Catching Exceptions
 
-The command `catch exception-name` (or just `cat exception-name`) can be used to intercept an exception of type _exception-name_ when there would otherwise be is no handler for it.
+The command `catch exception-name` (or just `cat exception-name`) can be used to
+intercept an exception of type _exception-name_ when there would otherwise be no
+handler for it.
 
 To list all active catchpoints use `catch`.
 
 ### Resuming Execution
 
-There are two ways to resume execution of an application that is stopped in the debugger:
-
-* `continue` [line-specification] \(or `c`): resume program execution, at the address where your script last stopped; any breakpoints set at that address are bypassed. The optional argument line-specification allows you to specify a line number to set a one-time breakpoint which is deleted when that breakpoint is reached.
-* `finish` [frame-number] \(or `fin`): execute until the selected stack frame returns. If no frame number is given, the application will run until the currently selected frame returns. The currently selected frame starts out the most-recent frame or 0 if no frame positioning (e.g up, down or frame) has been performed. If a frame number is given it will run until the specified frame returns.
+There are two ways to resume execution of an application that is stopped in the
+debugger:
+
+* `continue` [line-specification] \(or `c`): resume program execution, at the
+address where your script last stopped; any breakpoints set at that address are
+bypassed. The optional argument line-specification allows you to specify a line
+number to set a one-time breakpoint which is deleted when that breakpoint is
+reached.
+* `finish` [frame-number] \(or `fin`): execute until the selected stack frame
+returns. If no frame number is given, the application will run until the
+currently selected frame returns. The currently selected frame starts out the
+most-recent frame or 0 if no frame positioning (e.g up, down or frame) has been
+performed. If a frame number is given it will run until the specified frame
+returns.
 
 ### Editing
 
 Two commands allow you to open code from the debugger into an editor:
 
-* `edit [file:line]`: edit _file_ using the editor specified by the EDITOR environment variable. A specific _line_ can also be given.
-* `tmate _n_` (abbreviated `tm`): open the current file in TextMate. It uses n-th frame if _n_ is specified.
+* `edit [file:line]`: edit _file_ using the editor specified by the EDITOR
+environment variable. A specific _line_ can also be given.
 
 ### Quitting
 
-To exit the debugger, use the `quit` command (abbreviated `q`), or its alias `exit`.
+To exit the debugger, use the `quit` command (abbreviated `q`), or its alias
+`exit`.
 
-A simple quit tries to terminate all threads in effect. Therefore your server will be stopped and you will have to start it again.
+A simple quit tries to terminate all threads in effect. Therefore your server
+will be stopped and you will have to start it again.
 
 ### Settings
 
-The `debugger` gem can automatically show the code you're stepping through and reload it when you change it in an editor. Here are a few of the available options:
-
-* `set reload`: Reload source code when changed.
-* `set autolist`: Execute `list` command on every breakpoint.
-* `set listsize _n_`: Set number of source lines to list by default to _n_.
-* `set forcestep`: Make sure the `next` and `step` commands always move to a new line
+`byebug` has a few available options to tweak its behaviour:
 
-You can see the full list by using `help set`. Use `help set _subcommand_` to learn about a particular `set` command.
+* `set autoreload`: Reload source code when changed (default: true).
+* `set autolist`: Execute `list` command on every breakpoint (default: true).
+* `set listsize _n_`: Set number of source lines to list by default to _n_
+(default: 10)
+* `set forcestep`: Make sure the `next` and `step` commands always move to a new
+line.
 
-TIP: You can save these settings in an `.rdebugrc` file in your home directory. The debugger reads these global settings when it starts.
+You can see the full list by using `help set`. Use `help set _subcommand_` to
+learn about a particular `set` command.
 
-Here's a good start for an `.rdebugrc`:
+TIP: You can save these settings in an `.byebugrc` file in your home directory.
+The debugger reads these global settings when it starts. For example:
 
 ```bash
-set autolist
 set forcestep
 set listsize 25
 ```
@@ -671,35 +801,59 @@ set listsize 25
 Debugging Memory Leaks
 ----------------------
 
-A Ruby application (on Rails or not), can leak memory - either in the Ruby code or at the C code level.
+A Ruby application (on Rails or not), can leak memory - either in the Ruby code
+or at the C code level.
 
-In this section, you will learn how to find and fix such leaks by using tool such as Valgrind.
+In this section, you will learn how to find and fix such leaks by using tool
+such as Valgrind.
 
 ### Valgrind
 
-[Valgrind](http://valgrind.org/) is a Linux-only application for detecting C-based memory leaks and race conditions.
+[Valgrind](http://valgrind.org/) is a Linux-only application for detecting
+C-based memory leaks and race conditions.
 
-There are Valgrind tools that can automatically detect many memory management and threading bugs, and profile your programs in detail. For example, if a C extension in the interpreter calls `malloc()` but doesn't properly call `free()`, this memory won't be available until the app terminates.
+There are Valgrind tools that can automatically detect many memory management
+and threading bugs, and profile your programs in detail. For example, if a C
+extension in the interpreter calls `malloc()` but doesn't properly call
+`free()`, this memory won't be available until the app terminates.
 
-For further information on how to install Valgrind and use with Ruby, refer to [Valgrind and Ruby](http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2008/02/05/valgrind-and-ruby/) by Evan Weaver.
+For further information on how to install Valgrind and use with Ruby, refer to
+[Valgrind and Ruby](http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2008/02/05/valgrind-and-ruby/)
+by Evan Weaver.
 
 Plugins for Debugging
 ---------------------
 
-There are some Rails plugins to help you to find errors and debug your application. Here is a list of useful plugins for debugging:
-
-* [Footnotes](https://github.com/josevalim/rails-footnotes) Every Rails page has footnotes that give request information and link back to your source via TextMate.
-* [Query Trace](https://github.com/ntalbott/query_trace/tree/master) Adds query origin tracing to your logs.
-* [Query Reviewer](https://github.com/nesquena/query_reviewer) This rails plugin not only runs "EXPLAIN" before each of your select queries in development, but provides a small DIV in the rendered output of each page with the summary of warnings for each query that it analyzed.
-* [Exception Notifier](https://github.com/smartinez87/exception_notification/tree/master) Provides a mailer object and a default set of templates for sending email notifications when errors occur in a Rails application.
-* [Better Errors](https://github.com/charliesome/better_errors) Replaces the standard Rails error page with a new one containing more contextual information, like source code and variable inspection.
-* [RailsPanel](https://github.com/dejan/rails_panel) Chrome extension for Rails development that will end your tailing of development.log. Have all information about your Rails app requests in the browser - in the Developer Tools panel. Provides insight to db/rendering/total times, parameter list, rendered views and more.
+There are some Rails plugins to help you to find errors and debug your
+application. Here is a list of useful plugins for debugging:
+
+* [Footnotes](https://github.com/josevalim/rails-footnotes) Every Rails page has
+footnotes that give request information and link back to your source via
+TextMate.
+* [Query Trace](https://github.com/ntalbott/query_trace/tree/master) Adds query
+origin tracing to your logs.
+* [Query Reviewer](https://github.com/nesquena/query_reviewer) This rails plugin
+not only runs "EXPLAIN" before each of your select queries in development, but
+provides a small DIV in the rendered output of each page with the summary of
+warnings for each query that it analyzed.
+* [Exception Notifier](https://github.com/smartinez87/exception_notification/tree/master)
+Provides a mailer object and a default set of templates for sending email
+notifications when errors occur in a Rails application.
+* [Better Errors](https://github.com/charliesome/better_errors) Replaces the
+standard Rails error page with a new one containing more contextual information,
+like source code and variable inspection.
+* [RailsPanel](https://github.com/dejan/rails_panel) Chrome extension for Rails
+development that will end your tailing of development.log. Have all information
+about your Rails app requests in the browser - in the Developer Tools panel.
+Provides insight to db/rendering/total times, parameter list, rendered views and
+more.
 
 References
 ----------
 
 * [ruby-debug Homepage](http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/ruby-debug/home-page.html)
 * [debugger Homepage](https://github.com/cldwalker/debugger)
+* [byebug Homepage](https://github.com/deivid-rodriguez/byebug)
 * [Article: Debugging a Rails application with ruby-debug](http://www.sitepoint.com/debug-rails-app-ruby-debug/)
 * [Ryan Bates' debugging ruby (revised) screencast](http://railscasts.com/episodes/54-debugging-ruby-revised)
 * [Ryan Bates' stack trace screencast](http://railscasts.com/episodes/24-the-stack-trace)
diff --git a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
index 4ee43b6a97..3d9ec578ae 100644
--- a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
+++ b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
@@ -45,36 +45,14 @@ $ cd rails
 
 The test suite must pass with any submitted code. No matter whether you are writing a new patch, or evaluating someone else's, you need to be able to run the tests.
 
-Install first libxml2 and libxslt together with their development files for Nokogiri. In Ubuntu that's
+Install first SQLite3 and its development files for the `sqlite3` gem. Mac OS X
+users are done with:
 
 ```bash
-$ sudo apt-get install libxml2 libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev
+$ brew install sqlite3
 ```
 
-If you are on Fedora or CentOS, you can run
-
-```bash
-$ sudo yum install libxml2 libxml2-devel libxslt libxslt-devel
-```
-
-If you are running Arch Linux, you're done with:
-
-```bash
-$ sudo pacman -S libxml2 libxslt
-```
-
-On FreeBSD, you just have to run:
-
-```bash
-# pkg_add -r libxml2 libxslt
-```
-
-Alternatively, you can install the `textproc/libxml2` and `textproc/libxslt`
-ports.
-
-If you have any problems with these libraries, you can install them manually by compiling the source code. Just follow the instructions at the [Red Hat/CentOS section of the Nokogiri tutorials](http://nokogiri.org/tutorials/installing_nokogiri.html#red_hat__centos) .
-
-Also, SQLite3 and its development files for the `sqlite3-ruby` gem - in Ubuntu you're done with just
+In Ubuntu you're done with just:
 
 ```bash
 $ sudo apt-get install sqlite3 libsqlite3-dev
@@ -95,12 +73,12 @@ $ sudo pacman -S sqlite
 For FreeBSD users, you're done with:
 
 ```bash
-# pkg_add -r sqlite3
+# pkg install sqlite3
 ```
 
 Or compile the `databases/sqlite3` port.
 
-Get a recent version of [Bundler](http://gembundler.com/)
+Get a recent version of [Bundler](http://bundler.io/)
 
 ```bash
 $ gem install bundler
@@ -117,7 +95,7 @@ This command will install all dependencies except the MySQL and PostgreSQL Ruby
 
 NOTE: If you would like to run the tests that use memcached, you need to ensure that you have it installed and running.
 
-You can use homebrew to install memcached on OSX:
+You can use [Homebrew](http://brew.sh/) to install memcached on OS X:
 
 ```bash
 $ brew install memcached
@@ -135,6 +113,20 @@ Or use yum on Fedora or CentOS:
 $ sudo yum install memcached
 ```
 
+If you are running on Arch Linux:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo pacman -S memcached
+```
+
+For FreeBSD users, you're done with:
+
+```bash
+# pkg install memcached
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can compile the `databases/memcached` port.
+
 With the dependencies now installed, you can run the test suite with:
 
 ```bash
@@ -181,7 +173,19 @@ The Active Record test suite requires a custom config file: `activerecord/test/c
 
 #### MySQL and PostgreSQL
 
-To be able to run the suite for MySQL and PostgreSQL we need their gems. Install first the servers, their client libraries, and their development files. In Ubuntu just run
+To be able to run the suite for MySQL and PostgreSQL we need their gems. Install
+first the servers, their client libraries, and their development files.
+
+On OS X, you can run:
+
+```bash
+$ brew install mysql
+$ brew install postgresql
+```
+
+Follow the instructions given by Homebrew to start these.
+
+In Ubuntu just run:
 
 ```bash
 $ sudo apt-get install mysql-server libmysqlclient15-dev
@@ -206,8 +210,8 @@ $ sudo pacman -S postgresql postgresql-libs
 FreeBSD users will have to run the following:
 
 ```bash
-# pkg_add -r mysql56-client mysql56-server
-# pkg_add -r postgresql92-client postgresql92-server
+# pkg install mysql56-client mysql56-server
+# pkg install postgresql93-client postgresql93-server
 ```
 
 Or install them through ports (they are located under the `databases` folder).
@@ -241,20 +245,27 @@ and create the test databases:
 
 ```bash
 $ cd activerecord
-$ bundle exec rake mysql:build_databases
+$ bundle exec rake db:mysql:build
 ```
 
-PostgreSQL's authentication works differently. A simple way to set up the development environment for example is to run with your development account
+PostgreSQL's authentication works differently. To setup the development environment
+with your development account, on Linux or BSD, you just have to run:
 
 ```bash
 $ sudo -u postgres createuser --superuser $USER
 ```
 
-and then create the test databases with
+and for OS X:
+
+```bash
+$ createuser --superuser $USER
+```
+
+Then you need to create the test databases with
 
 ```bash
 $ cd activerecord
-$ bundle exec rake postgresql:build_databases
+$ bundle exec rake db:postgresql:build
 ```
 
 It is possible to build databases for both PostgreSQL and MySQL with
diff --git a/guides/source/documents.yaml b/guides/source/documents.yaml
index e4653b47fc..5c37837a1c 100644
--- a/guides/source/documents.yaml
+++ b/guides/source/documents.yaml
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
       url: active_record_basics.html
       description: This guide will get you started with models, persistence to database and the Active Record pattern and library.
     -
-      name: Rails Database Migrations
-      url: migrations.html
+      name: Active Record Migrations
+      url: active_record_migrations.html
       description: This guide covers how you can use Active Record migrations to alter your database in a structured and organized manner.
     -
       name: Active Record Validations
@@ -75,6 +75,10 @@
       url: action_mailer_basics.html
       description: This guide describes how to use Action Mailer to send and receive emails.
     -
+      name: Active Job Basics
+      url: active_job_basics.html
+      description: This guide provides you with all you need to get started in creating, enqueueing and executing background jobs.
+    -
       name: Testing Rails Applications
       url: testing.html
       work_in_progress: true
@@ -96,11 +100,6 @@
       url: command_line.html
       description: This guide covers the command line tools and rake tasks provided by Rails.
     -
-      name: Caching with Rails
-      work_in_progress: true
-      url: caching_with_rails.html
-      description: Various caching techniques provided by Rails.
-    -
       name: Asset Pipeline
       url: asset_pipeline.html
       description: This guide documents the asset pipeline.
@@ -162,12 +161,15 @@
     -
       name: Upgrading Ruby on Rails
       url: upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html
-      work_in_progress: true
       description: This guide helps in upgrading applications to latest Ruby on Rails versions.
     -
+      name: Ruby on Rails 4.2 Release Notes
+      url: 4_2_release_notes.html
+      description: Release notes for Rails 4.2.
+      work_in_progress: true
+    -
       name: Ruby on Rails 4.1 Release Notes
       url: 4_1_release_notes.html
-      work_in_progress: true
       description: Release notes for Rails 4.1.
     -
       name: Ruby on Rails 4.0 Release Notes
diff --git a/guides/source/engines.md b/guides/source/engines.md
index bbd63bb892..24548a5b01 100644
--- a/guides/source/engines.md
+++ b/guides/source/engines.md
@@ -31,27 +31,28 @@ Engines are also closely related to plugins. The two share a common `lib`
 directory structure, and are both generated using the `rails plugin new`
 generator. The difference is that an engine is considered a "full plugin" by
 Rails (as indicated by the `--full` option that's passed to the generator
-command). This guide will refer to them simply as "engines" throughout. An
-engine **can** be a plugin, and a plugin **can** be an engine.
+command). We'll actually be using the `--mountable` option here, which includes
+all the features of `--full`, and then some. This guide will refer to these 
+"full plugins" simply as "engines" throughout. An engine **can** be a plugin,
+and a plugin **can** be an engine.
 
-The engine that will be created in this guide will be called "blorgh". The
+The engine that will be created in this guide will be called "blorgh". This
 engine will provide blogging functionality to its host applications, allowing
-for new posts and comments to be created. At the beginning of this guide, you
+for new articles and comments to be created. At the beginning of this guide, you
 will be working solely within the engine itself, but in later sections you'll
 see how to hook it into an application.
 
 Engines can also be isolated from their host applications. This means that an
 application is able to have a path provided by a routing helper such as
-`posts_path` and use an engine also that provides a path also called
-`posts_path`, and the two would not clash. Along with this, controllers, models
+`articles_path` and use an engine also that provides a path also called
+`articles_path`, and the two would not clash. Along with this, controllers, models
 and table names are also namespaced. You'll see how to do this later in this
 guide.
 
 It's important to keep in mind at all times that the application should
 **always** take precedence over its engines. An application is the object that
-has final say in what goes on in the universe (with the universe being the
-application's environment) where the engine should only be enhancing it, rather
-than changing it drastically.
+has final say in what goes on in its environment. The engine should
+only be enhancing it, rather than changing it drastically.
 
 To see demonstrations of other engines, check out
 [Devise](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise), an engine that provides
@@ -73,17 +74,20 @@ options as appropriate to the need. For the "blorgh" example, you will need to
 create a "mountable" engine, running this command in a terminal:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails plugin new blorgh --mountable
+$ bin/rails plugin new blorgh --mountable
 ```
 
 The full list of options for the plugin generator may be seen by typing:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails plugin --help
+$ bin/rails plugin --help
 ```
 
-The `--full` option tells the generator that you want to create an engine,
-including a skeleton structure that provides the following:
+The `--mountable` option tells the generator that you want to create a
+"mountable" and namespace-isolated engine. This generator will provide the same
+skeleton structure as would the `--full` option. The `--full` option tells the
+generator that you want to create an engine, including a skeleton structure
+that provides the following:
 
   * An `app` directory tree
   * A `config/routes.rb` file:
@@ -94,7 +98,7 @@ including a skeleton structure that provides the following:
     ```
 
   * A file at `lib/blorgh/engine.rb`, which is identical in function to a
-  * standard Rails application's `config/application.rb` file:
+    standard Rails application's `config/application.rb` file:
 
     ```ruby
     module Blorgh
@@ -103,9 +107,7 @@ including a skeleton structure that provides the following:
     end
     ```
 
-The `--mountable` option tells the generator that you want to create a
-"mountable" and namespace-isolated engine. This generator will provide the same
-skeleton structure as would the `--full` option, and will add:
+The `--mountable` option will add to the `--full` option:
 
   * Asset manifest files (`application.js` and `application.css`)
   * A namespaced `ApplicationController` stub
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ following to the dummy application's routes file at
 `test/dummy/config/routes.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
-mount Blorgh::Engine, at: "blorgh"
+mount Blorgh::Engine => "/blorgh"
 ```
 
 ### Inside an Engine
@@ -171,7 +173,7 @@ Within `lib/blorgh/engine.rb` is the base class for the engine:
 
 ```ruby
 module Blorgh
-  class Engine < Rails::Engine
+  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
     isolate_namespace Blorgh
   end
 end
@@ -197,12 +199,12 @@ within the `Engine` class definition. Without it, classes generated in an engine
 **may** conflict with an application.
 
 What this isolation of the namespace means is that a model generated by a call
-to `rails g model`, such as `rails g model post`, won't be called `Post`, but
-instead be namespaced and called `Blorgh::Post`. In addition, the table for the
-model is namespaced, becoming `blorgh_posts`, rather than simply `posts`.
-Similar to the model namespacing, a controller called `PostsController` becomes
-`Blorgh::PostsController` and the views for that controller will not be at
-`app/views/posts`, but `app/views/blorgh/posts` instead. Mailers are namespaced
+to `bin/rails g model`, such as `bin/rails g model article`, won't be called `Article`, but
+instead be namespaced and called `Blorgh::Article`. In addition, the table for the
+model is namespaced, becoming `blorgh_articles`, rather than simply `articles`.
+Similar to the model namespacing, a controller called `ArticlesController` becomes
+`Blorgh::ArticlesController` and the views for that controller will not be at
+`app/views/articles`, but `app/views/blorgh/articles` instead. Mailers are namespaced
 as well.
 
 Finally, routes will also be isolated within the engine. This is one of the most
@@ -253,7 +255,7 @@ This means that you will be able to generate new controllers and models for this
 engine very easily by running commands like this:
 
 ```bash
-rails g model
+$ bin/rails g model
 ```
 
 Keep in mind, of course, that anything generated with these commands inside of
@@ -283,74 +285,72 @@ created in the `test` directory as well. For example, you may wish to create a
 Providing engine functionality
 ------------------------------
 
-The engine that this guide covers provides posting and commenting functionality
-and follows a similar thread to the [Getting Started
+The engine that this guide covers provides submitting articles and commenting
+functionality and follows a similar thread to the [Getting Started
 Guide](getting_started.html), with some new twists.
 
-### Generating a Post Resource
+### Generating an Article Resource
 
-The first thing to generate for a blog engine is the `Post` model and related
+The first thing to generate for a blog engine is the `Article` model and related
 controller. To quickly generate this, you can use the Rails scaffold generator.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold post title:string text:text
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold article title:string text:text
 ```
 
 This command will output this information:
 
 ```
 invoke  active_record
-create    db/migrate/[timestamp]_create_blorgh_posts.rb
-create    app/models/blorgh/post.rb
+create    db/migrate/[timestamp]_create_blorgh_articles.rb
+create    app/models/blorgh/article.rb
 invoke    test_unit
-create      test/models/blorgh/post_test.rb
-create      test/fixtures/blorgh/posts.yml
+create      test/models/blorgh/article_test.rb
+create      test/fixtures/blorgh/articles.yml
 invoke  resource_route
- route    resources :posts
+ route    resources :articles
 invoke  scaffold_controller
-create    app/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller.rb
+create    app/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller.rb
 invoke    erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/edit.html.erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/new.html.erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/_form.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/index.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/edit.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/show.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/new.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/_form.html.erb
 invoke    test_unit
-create      test/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller_test.rb
+create      test/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller_test.rb
 invoke    helper
-create      app/helpers/blorgh/posts_helper.rb
-invoke      test_unit
-create        test/helpers/blorgh/posts_helper_test.rb
+create      app/helpers/blorgh/articles_helper.rb
 invoke  assets
 invoke    js
-create      app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/posts.js
+create      app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/articles.js
 invoke    css
-create      app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/posts.css
+create      app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/articles.css
 invoke  css
 create    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css
 ```
 
 The first thing that the scaffold generator does is invoke the `active_record`
 generator, which generates a migration and a model for the resource. Note here,
-however, that the migration is called `create_blorgh_posts` rather than the
-usual `create_posts`. This is due to the `isolate_namespace` method called in
+however, that the migration is called `create_blorgh_articles` rather than the
+usual `create_articles`. This is due to the `isolate_namespace` method called in
 the `Blorgh::Engine` class's definition. The model here is also namespaced,
-being placed at `app/models/blorgh/post.rb` rather than `app/models/post.rb` due
+being placed at `app/models/blorgh/article.rb` rather than `app/models/article.rb` due
 to the `isolate_namespace` call within the `Engine` class.
 
 Next, the `test_unit` generator is invoked for this model, generating a model
-test at `test/models/blorgh/post_test.rb` (rather than
-`test/models/post_test.rb`) and a fixture at `test/fixtures/blorgh/posts.yml`
-(rather than `test/fixtures/posts.yml`).
+test at `test/models/blorgh/article_test.rb` (rather than
+`test/models/article_test.rb`) and a fixture at `test/fixtures/blorgh/articles.yml`
+(rather than `test/fixtures/articles.yml`).
 
 After that, a line for the resource is inserted into the `config/routes.rb` file
-for the engine. This line is simply `resources :posts`, turning the
+for the engine. This line is simply `resources :articles`, turning the
 `config/routes.rb` file for the engine into this:
 
 ```ruby
 Blorgh::Engine.routes.draw do
-  resources :posts
+  resources :articles
 end
 ```
 
@@ -362,18 +362,18 @@ be isolated from those routes that are within the application. The
 [Routes](#routes) section of this guide describes it in detail.
 
 Next, the `scaffold_controller` generator is invoked, generating a controller
-called `Blorgh::PostsController` (at
-`app/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller.rb`) and its related views at
-`app/views/blorgh/posts`. This generator also generates a test for the
-controller (`test/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller_test.rb`) and a helper
-(`app/helpers/blorgh/posts_controller.rb`).
+called `Blorgh::ArticlesController` (at
+`app/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller.rb`) and its related views at
+`app/views/blorgh/articles`. This generator also generates a test for the
+controller (`test/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller_test.rb`) and a helper
+(`app/helpers/blorgh/articles_controller.rb`).
 
 Everything this generator has created is neatly namespaced. The controller's
 class is defined within the `Blorgh` module:
 
 ```ruby
 module Blorgh
-  class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
     ...
   end
 end
@@ -382,22 +382,22 @@ end
 NOTE: The `ApplicationController` class being inherited from here is the
 `Blorgh::ApplicationController`, not an application's `ApplicationController`.
 
-The helper inside `app/helpers/blorgh/posts_helper.rb` is also namespaced:
+The helper inside `app/helpers/blorgh/articles_helper.rb` is also namespaced:
 
 ```ruby
 module Blorgh
-  module PostsHelper
+  module ArticlesHelper
     ...
   end
 end
 ```
 
 This helps prevent conflicts with any other engine or application that may have
-a post resource as well.
+an article resource as well.
 
 Finally, the assets for this resource are generated in two files:
-`app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/posts.js` and
-`app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/posts.css`. You'll see how to use these a little
+`app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/articles.js` and
+`app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/articles.css`. You'll see how to use these a little
 later.
 
 By default, the scaffold styling is not applied to the engine because the
@@ -412,46 +412,46 @@ tag of this layout:
 You can see what the engine has so far by running `rake db:migrate` at the root
 of our engine to run the migration generated by the scaffold generator, and then
 running `rails server` in `test/dummy`. When you open
-`http://localhost:3000/blorgh/posts` you will see the default scaffold that has
+`http://localhost:3000/blorgh/articles` you will see the default scaffold that has
 been generated. Click around! You've just generated your first engine's first
 functions.
 
 If you'd rather play around in the console, `rails console` will also work just
-like a Rails application. Remember: the `Post` model is namespaced, so to
-reference it you must call it as `Blorgh::Post`.
+like a Rails application. Remember: the `Article` model is namespaced, so to
+reference it you must call it as `Blorgh::Article`.
 
 ```ruby
->> Blorgh::Post.find(1)
-=> #<Blorgh::Post id: 1 ...>
+>> Blorgh::Article.find(1)
+=> #<Blorgh::Article id: 1 ...>
 ```
 
-One final thing is that the `posts` resource for this engine should be the root
+One final thing is that the `articles` resource for this engine should be the root
 of the engine. Whenever someone goes to the root path where the engine is
-mounted, they should be shown a list of posts. This can be made to happen if
+mounted, they should be shown a list of articles. This can be made to happen if
 this line is inserted into the `config/routes.rb` file inside the engine:
 
 ```ruby
-root to: "posts#index"
+root to: "articles#index"
 ```
 
-Now people will only need to go to the root of the engine to see all the posts,
-rather than visiting `/posts`. This means that instead of
-`http://localhost:3000/blorgh/posts`, you only need to go to
+Now people will only need to go to the root of the engine to see all the articles,
+rather than visiting `/articles`. This means that instead of
+`http://localhost:3000/blorgh/articles`, you only need to go to
 `http://localhost:3000/blorgh` now.
 
 ### Generating a Comments Resource
 
-Now that the engine can create new blog posts, it only makes sense to add
+Now that the engine can create new articles, it only makes sense to add
 commenting functionality as well. To do this, you'll need to generate a comment
-model, a comment controller and then modify the posts scaffold to display
+model, a comment controller and then modify the articles scaffold to display
 comments and allow people to create new ones.
 
 From the application root, run the model generator. Tell it to generate a
-`Comment` model, with the related table having two columns: a `post_id` integer
+`Comment` model, with the related table having two columns: a `article_id` integer
 and `text` text column.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Comment post_id:integer text:text
+$ bin/rails generate model Comment article_id:integer text:text
 ```
 
 This will output the following:
@@ -474,17 +474,17 @@ table:
 $ rake db:migrate
 ```
 
-To show the comments on a post, edit `app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb` and
+To show the comments on an article, edit `app/views/blorgh/articles/show.html.erb` and
 add this line before the "Edit" link:
 
 ```html+erb
 <h3>Comments</h3>
-<%= render @post.comments %>
+<%= render @article.comments %>
 ```
 
 This line will require there to be a `has_many` association for comments defined
-on the `Blorgh::Post` model, which there isn't right now. To define one, open
-`app/models/blorgh/post.rb` and add this line into the model:
+on the `Blorgh::Article` model, which there isn't right now. To define one, open
+`app/models/blorgh/article.rb` and add this line into the model:
 
 ```ruby
 has_many :comments
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ Turning the model into this:
 
 ```ruby
 module Blorgh
-  class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
     has_many :comments
   end
 end
@@ -505,9 +505,9 @@ NOTE: Because the `has_many` is defined inside a class that is inside the
 model for these objects, so there's no need to specify that using the
 `:class_name` option here.
 
-Next, there needs to be a form so that comments can be created on a post. To add
-this, put this line underneath the call to `render @post.comments` in
-`app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb`:
+Next, there needs to be a form so that comments can be created on an article. To
+add this, put this line underneath the call to `render @article.comments` in
+`app/views/blorgh/articles/show.html.erb`:
 
 ```erb
 <%= render "blorgh/comments/form" %>
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ directory at `app/views/blorgh/comments` and in it a new file called
 
 ```html+erb
 <h3>New comment</h3>
-<%= form_for [@post, @post.comments.build] do |f| %>
+<%= form_for [@article, @article.comments.build] do |f| %>
   <p>
     <%= f.label :text %><br>
     <%= f.text_area :text %>
@@ -529,12 +529,12 @@ directory at `app/views/blorgh/comments` and in it a new file called
 ```
 
 When this form is submitted, it is going to attempt to perform a `POST` request
-to a route of `/posts/:post_id/comments` within the engine. This route doesn't
-exist at the moment, but can be created by changing the `resources :posts` line
+to a route of `/articles/:article_id/comments` within the engine. This route doesn't
+exist at the moment, but can be created by changing the `resources :articles` line
 inside `config/routes.rb` into these lines:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts do
+resources :articles do
   resources :comments
 end
 ```
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ The route now exists, but the controller that this route goes to does not. To
 create it, run this command from the application root:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails g controller comments
+$ bin/rails g controller comments
 ```
 
 This will generate the following things:
@@ -558,8 +558,6 @@ invoke  test_unit
 create    test/controllers/blorgh/comments_controller_test.rb
 invoke  helper
 create    app/helpers/blorgh/comments_helper.rb
-invoke    test_unit
-create      test/helpers/blorgh/comments_helper_test.rb
 invoke  assets
 invoke    js
 create      app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/comments.js
@@ -567,17 +565,17 @@ invoke    css
 create      app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/comments.css
 ```
 
-The form will be making a `POST` request to `/posts/:post_id/comments`, which
+The form will be making a `POST` request to `/articles/:article_id/comments`, which
 will correspond with the `create` action in `Blorgh::CommentsController`. This
 action needs to be created, which can be done by putting the following lines
 inside the class definition in `app/controllers/blorgh/comments_controller.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
 def create
-  @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-  @comment = @post.comments.create(comment_params)
+  @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
+  @comment = @article.comments.create(comment_params)
   flash[:notice] = "Comment has been created!"
-  redirect_to posts_path
+  redirect_to articles_path
 end
 
 private
@@ -590,11 +588,11 @@ This is the final step required to get the new comment form working. Displaying
 the comments, however, is not quite right yet. If you were to create a comment
 right now, you would see this error:
 
-``` 
+```
 Missing partial blorgh/comments/comment with {:handlers=>[:erb, :builder],
 :formats=>[:html], :locale=>[:en, :en]}. Searched in:   *
 "/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/test/dummy/app/views"   *
-"/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/app/views" 
+"/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/app/views"
 ```
 
 The engine is unable to find the partial required for rendering the comments.
@@ -612,7 +610,7 @@ line inside it:
 ```
 
 The `comment_counter` local variable is given to us by the `<%= render
-@post.comments %>` call, which will define it automatically and increment the
+@article.comments %>` call, which will define it automatically and increment the
 counter as it iterates through each comment. It's used in this example to
 display a small number next to each comment when it's created.
 
@@ -625,7 +623,7 @@ Hooking Into an Application
 Using an engine within an application is very easy. This section covers how to
 mount the engine into an application and the initial setup required, as well as
 linking the engine to a `User` class provided by the application to provide
-ownership for posts and comments within the engine.
+ownership for articles and comments within the engine.
 
 ### Mounting the Engine
 
@@ -676,7 +674,7 @@ pre-defined path which may be customizable.
 
 ### Engine setup
 
-The engine contains migrations for the `blorgh_posts` and `blorgh_comments`
+The engine contains migrations for the `blorgh_articles` and `blorgh_comments`
 table which need to be created in the application's database so that the
 engine's models can query them correctly. To copy these migrations into the
 application use this command:
@@ -698,7 +696,7 @@ haven't been copied over already. The first run for this command will output
 something such as this:
 
 ```bash
-Copied migration [timestamp_1]_create_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh
+Copied migration [timestamp_1]_create_blorgh_articles.rb from blorgh
 Copied migration [timestamp_2]_create_blorgh_comments.rb from blorgh
 ```
 
@@ -709,7 +707,7 @@ migrations in the application.
 
 To run these migrations within the context of the application, simply run `rake
 db:migrate`. When accessing the engine through `http://localhost:3000/blog`, the
-posts will be empty. This is because the table created inside the application is
+articles will be empty. This is because the table created inside the application is
 different from the one created within the engine. Go ahead, play around with the
 newly mounted engine. You'll find that it's the same as when it was only an
 engine.
@@ -734,17 +732,19 @@ rake db:migrate SCOPE=blorgh VERSION=0
 
 When an engine is created, it may want to use specific classes from an
 application to provide links between the pieces of the engine and the pieces of
-the application. In the case of the `blorgh` engine, making posts and comments
+the application. In the case of the `blorgh` engine, making articles and comments
 have authors would make a lot of sense.
 
 A typical application might have a `User` class that would be used to represent
-authors for a post or a comment. But there could be a case where the application
-calls this class something different, such as `Person`. For this reason, the
-engine should not hardcode associations specifically for a `User` class.
+authors for an article or a comment. But there could be a case where the
+application calls this class something different, such as `Person`. For this
+reason, the engine should not hardcode associations specifically for a `User`
+class.
 
 To keep it simple in this case, the application will have a class called `User`
-that represents the users of the application. It can be generated using this
-command inside the application:
+that represents the users of the application (we'll get into making this
+configurable further on). It can be generated using this command inside the
+application:
 
 ```bash
 rails g model user name:string
@@ -753,14 +753,14 @@ rails g model user name:string
 The `rake db:migrate` command needs to be run here to ensure that our
 application has the `users` table for future use.
 
-Also, to keep it simple, the posts form will have a new text field called
+Also, to keep it simple, the articles form will have a new text field called
 `author_name`, where users can elect to put their name. The engine will then
 take this name and either create a new `User` object from it, or find one that
-already has that name. The engine will then associate the post with the found or
+already has that name. The engine will then associate the article with the found or
 created `User` object.
 
 First, the `author_name` text field needs to be added to the
-`app/views/blorgh/posts/_form.html.erb` partial inside the engine. This can be
+`app/views/blorgh/articles/_form.html.erb` partial inside the engine. This can be
 added above the `title` field with this code:
 
 ```html+erb
@@ -770,23 +770,23 @@ added above the `title` field with this code:
 </div>
 ```
 
-Next, we need to update our `Blorgh::PostController#post_params` method to
+Next, we need to update our `Blorgh::ArticleController#article_params` method to
 permit the new form parameter:
 
 ```ruby
-def post_params
-  params.require(:post).permit(:title, :text, :author_name)
+def article_params
+  params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text, :author_name)
 end
 ```
 
-The `Blorgh::Post` model should then have some code to convert the `author_name`
-field into an actual `User` object and associate it as that post's `author`
-before the post is saved. It will also need to have an `attr_accessor` set up
+The `Blorgh::Article` model should then have some code to convert the `author_name`
+field into an actual `User` object and associate it as that article's `author`
+before the article is saved. It will also need to have an `attr_accessor` set up
 for this field, so that the setter and getter methods are defined for it.
 
 To do all this, you'll need to add the `attr_accessor` for `author_name`, the
 association for the author and the `before_save` call into
-`app/models/blorgh/post.rb`. The `author` association will be hard-coded to the
+`app/models/blorgh/article.rb`. The `author` association will be hard-coded to the
 `User` class for the time being.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -803,14 +803,14 @@ private
 
 By representing the `author` association's object with the `User` class, a link
 is established between the engine and the application. There needs to be a way
-of associating the records in the `blorgh_posts` table with the records in the
+of associating the records in the `blorgh_articles` table with the records in the
 `users` table. Because the association is called `author`, there should be an
-`author_id` column added to the `blorgh_posts` table.
+`author_id` column added to the `blorgh_articles` table.
 
 To generate this new column, run this command within the engine:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails g migration add_author_id_to_blorgh_posts author_id:integer
+$ bin/rails g migration add_author_id_to_blorgh_articles author_id:integer
 ```
 
 NOTE: Due to the migration's name and the column specification after it, Rails
@@ -828,12 +828,12 @@ $ rake blorgh:install:migrations
 Notice that only _one_ migration was copied over here. This is because the first
 two migrations were copied over the first time this command was run.
 
-``` 
-NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh has been
+```
+NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_articles.rb from blorgh has been
 skipped. Migration with the same name already exists. NOTE Migration
 [timestamp]_create_blorgh_comments.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration
 with the same name already exists. Copied migration
-[timestamp]_add_author_id_to_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh 
+[timestamp]_add_author_id_to_blorgh_articles.rb from blorgh
 ```
 
 Run the migration using:
@@ -843,20 +843,20 @@ $ rake db:migrate
 ```
 
 Now with all the pieces in place, an action will take place that will associate
-an author - represented by a record in the `users` table - with a post,
-represented by the `blorgh_posts` table from the engine.
+an author - represented by a record in the `users` table - with an article,
+represented by the `blorgh_articles` table from the engine.
 
-Finally, the author's name should be displayed on the post's page. Add this code
-above the "Title" output inside `app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb`:
+Finally, the author's name should be displayed on the article's page. Add this code
+above the "Title" output inside `app/views/blorgh/articles/show.html.erb`:
 
 ```html+erb
 <p>
   <b>Author:</b>
-  <%= @post.author %>
+  <%= @article.author %>
 </p>
 ```
 
-By outputting `@post.author` using the `<%=` tag, the `to_s` method will be
+By outputting `@article.author` using the `<%=` tag, the `to_s` method will be
 called on the object. By default, this will look quite ugly:
 
 ```
@@ -925,15 +925,15 @@ This method works like its brothers, `attr_accessor` and `cattr_accessor`, but
 provides a setter and getter method on the module with the specified name. To
 use it, it must be referenced using `Blorgh.author_class`.
 
-The next step is to switch the `Blorgh::Post` model over to this new setting.
+The next step is to switch the `Blorgh::Article` model over to this new setting.
 Change the `belongs_to` association inside this model
-(`app/models/blorgh/post.rb`) to this:
+(`app/models/blorgh/article.rb`) to this:
 
 ```ruby
 belongs_to :author, class_name: Blorgh.author_class
 ```
 
-The `set_author` method in the `Blorgh::Post` model should also use this class:
+The `set_author` method in the `Blorgh::Article` model should also use this class:
 
 ```ruby
 self.author = Blorgh.author_class.constantize.find_or_create_by(name: author_name)
@@ -960,7 +960,7 @@ Resulting in something a little shorter, and more implicit in its behavior. The
 `author_class` method should always return a `Class` object.
 
 Since we changed the `author_class` method to return a `Class` instead of a
-`String`, we must also modify our `belongs_to` definition in the `Blorgh::Post`
+`String`, we must also modify our `belongs_to` definition in the `Blorgh::Article`
 model:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -985,14 +985,14 @@ to load that class and then reference the related table. This could lead to
 problems if the table wasn't already existing. Therefore, a `String` should be
 used and then converted to a class using `constantize` in the engine later on.
 
-Go ahead and try to create a new post. You will see that it works exactly in the
+Go ahead and try to create a new article. You will see that it works exactly in the
 same way as before, except this time the engine is using the configuration
 setting in `config/initializers/blorgh.rb` to learn what the class is.
 
 There are now no strict dependencies on what the class is, only what the API for
 the class must be. The engine simply requires this class to define a
 `find_or_create_by` method which returns an object of that class, to be
-associated with a post when it's created. This object, of course, should have
+associated with an article when it's created. This object, of course, should have
 some sort of identifier by which it can be referenced.
 
 #### General Engine Configuration
@@ -1052,6 +1052,16 @@ This tells the application that you still want to perform a `GET` request to the
 `index` action of this controller, but you want to use the engine's route to get
 there, rather than the application's one.
 
+Another way to do this is to assign the `@routes` instance variable to `Engine.routes` in your test setup:
+
+```ruby
+setup do
+  @routes = Engine.routes
+end
+```
+
+This will also ensure url helpers for the engine will work as expected in your tests.
+
 Improving engine functionality
 ------------------------------
 
@@ -1097,12 +1107,12 @@ that isn't referenced by your main application.
 
 #### Implementing Decorator Pattern Using Class#class_eval
 
-**Adding** `Post#time_since_created`:
+**Adding** `Article#time_since_created`:
 
 ```ruby
-# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/post_decorator.rb
+# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/article_decorator.rb
 
-Blorgh::Post.class_eval do
+Blorgh::Article.class_eval do
   def time_since_created
     Time.current - created_at
   end
@@ -1110,20 +1120,20 @@ end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/app/models/post.rb
+# Blorgh/app/models/article.rb
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :comments
 end
 ```
 
 
-**Overriding** `Post#summary`:
+**Overriding** `Article#summary`:
 
 ```ruby
-# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/post_decorator.rb
+# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/article_decorator.rb
 
-Blorgh::Post.class_eval do
+Blorgh::Article.class_eval do
   def summary
     "#{title} - #{truncate(text)}"
   end
@@ -1131,9 +1141,9 @@ end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/app/models/post.rb
+# Blorgh/app/models/article.rb
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :comments
   def summary
     "#{title}"
@@ -1149,13 +1159,13 @@ class modifications, you might want to consider using [`ActiveSupport::Concern`]
 ActiveSupport::Concern manages load order of interlinked dependent modules and
 classes at run time allowing you to significantly modularize your code.
 
-**Adding** `Post#time_since_created` and **Overriding** `Post#summary`:
+**Adding** `Article#time_since_created` and **Overriding** `Article#summary`:
 
 ```ruby
-# MyApp/app/models/blorgh/post.rb
+# MyApp/app/models/blorgh/article.rb
 
-class Blorgh::Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
+class Blorgh::Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Article
 
   def time_since_created
     Time.current - created_at
@@ -1168,22 +1178,22 @@ end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/app/models/post.rb
+# Blorgh/app/models/article.rb
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Article
 end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/lib/concerns/models/post
+# Blorgh/lib/concerns/models/article
 
-module Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
+module Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Article
   extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
   # 'included do' causes the included code to be evaluated in the
-  # context where it is included (post.rb), rather than being
-  # executed in the module's context (blorgh/concerns/models/post).
+  # context where it is included (article.rb), rather than being
+  # executed in the module's context (blorgh/concerns/models/article).
   included do
     attr_accessor :author_name
     belongs_to :author, class_name: "User"
@@ -1214,25 +1224,25 @@ When Rails looks for a view to render, it will first look in the `app/views`
 directory of the application. If it cannot find the view there, it will check in
 the `app/views` directories of all engines that have this directory.
 
-When the application is asked to render the view for `Blorgh::PostsController`'s
+When the application is asked to render the view for `Blorgh::ArticlesController`'s
 index action, it will first look for the path
-`app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb` within the application. If it cannot
+`app/views/blorgh/articles/index.html.erb` within the application. If it cannot
 find it, it will look inside the engine.
 
 You can override this view in the application by simply creating a new file at
-`app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb`. Then you can completely change what
+`app/views/blorgh/articles/index.html.erb`. Then you can completely change what
 this view would normally output.
 
-Try this now by creating a new file at `app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb`
+Try this now by creating a new file at `app/views/blorgh/articles/index.html.erb`
 and put this content in it:
 
 ```html+erb
-<h1>Posts</h1>
-<%= link_to "New Post", new_post_path %>
-<% @posts.each do |post| %>
-  <h2><%= post.title %></h2>
-  <small>By <%= post.author %></small>
-  <%= simple_format(post.text) %>
+<h1>Articles</h1>
+<%= link_to "New Article", new_article_path %>
+<% @articles.each do |article| %>
+  <h2><%= article.title %></h2>
+  <small>By <%= article.author %></small>
+  <%= simple_format(article.text) %>
   <hr>
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -1249,30 +1259,30 @@ Routes inside an engine are drawn on the `Engine` class within
 
 ```ruby
 Blorgh::Engine.routes.draw do
-  resources :posts
+  resources :articles
 end
 ```
 
 By having isolated routes such as this, if you wish to link to an area of an
 engine from within an application, you will need to use the engine's routing
-proxy method. Calls to normal routing methods such as `posts_path` may end up
+proxy method. Calls to normal routing methods such as `articles_path` may end up
 going to undesired locations if both the application and the engine have such a
 helper defined.
 
-For instance, the following example would go to the application's `posts_path`
-if that template was rendered from the application, or the engine's `posts_path`
+For instance, the following example would go to the application's `articles_path`
+if that template was rendered from the application, or the engine's `articles_path`
 if it was rendered from the engine:
 
 ```erb
-<%= link_to "Blog posts", posts_path %>
+<%= link_to "Blog articles", articles_path %>
 ```
 
-To make this route always use the engine's `posts_path` routing helper method,
+To make this route always use the engine's `articles_path` routing helper method,
 we must call the method on the routing proxy method that shares the same name as
 the engine.
 
 ```erb
-<%= link_to "Blog posts", blorgh.posts_path %>
+<%= link_to "Blog articles", blorgh.articles_path %>
 ```
 
 If you wish to reference the application inside the engine in a similar way, use
diff --git a/guides/source/form_helpers.md b/guides/source/form_helpers.md
index 455dc7bebe..9ced77dfd7 100644
--- a/guides/source/form_helpers.md
+++ b/guides/source/form_helpers.md
@@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
 Form Helpers
 ============
 
-Forms in web applications are an essential interface for user input. However, form markup can quickly become tedious to write and maintain because of form control naming and their numerous attributes. Rails does away with these complexities by providing view helpers for generating form markup. However, since they have different use-cases, developers are required to know all the differences between similar helper methods before putting them to use.
+Forms in web applications are an essential interface for user input. However, form markup can quickly become tedious to write and maintain because of the need to handle form control naming and its numerous attributes. Rails does away with this complexity by providing view helpers for generating form markup. However, since these helpers have different use cases, developers need to know the differences between the helper methods before putting them to use.
 
 After reading this guide, you will know:
 
 * How to create search forms and similar kind of generic forms not representing any specific model in your application.
-* How to make model-centric forms for creation and editing of specific database records.
+* How to make model-centric forms for creating and editing specific database records.
 * How to generate select boxes from multiple types of data.
-* The date and time helpers Rails provides.
+* What date and time helpers Rails provides.
 * What makes a file upload form different.
-* Some cases of building forms to external resources.
+* How to post forms to external resources and specify setting an `authenticity_token`.
 * How to build complex forms.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 NOTE: This guide is not intended to be a complete documentation of available form helpers and their arguments. Please visit [the Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/) for a complete reference.
 
-
 Dealing with Basic Forms
 ------------------------
 
@@ -32,18 +31,14 @@ The most basic form helper is `form_tag`.
 When called without arguments like this, it creates a `<form>` tag which, when submitted, will POST to the current page. For instance, assuming the current page is `/home/index`, the generated HTML will look like this (some line breaks added for readability):
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/home/index" method="post">
-  <div style="margin:0;padding:0">
-    <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
-    <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="f755bb0ed134b76c432144748a6d4b7a7ddf2b71" />
-  </div>
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/" method="post">
+  <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
+  <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="J7CBxfHalt49OSHp27hblqK20c9PgwJ108nDHX/8Cts=" />
   Form contents
 </form>
 ```
 
-Now, you'll notice that the HTML contains something extra: a `div` element with two hidden input elements inside. This div is important, because the form cannot be successfully submitted without it. The first input element with name `utf8` enforces browsers to properly respect your form's character encoding and is generated for all forms whether their actions are "GET" or "POST". The second input element with name `authenticity_token` is a security feature of Rails called **cross-site request forgery protection**, and form helpers generate it for every non-GET form (provided that this security feature is enabled). You can read more about this in the [Security Guide](./security.html#cross-site-request-forgery-csrf).
-
-NOTE: Throughout this guide, the `div` with the hidden input elements will be excluded from code samples for brevity.
+You'll notice that the HTML contains `input` element with type `hidden`. This `input` is important, because the form cannot be successfully submitted without it. The hidden input element has name attribute of `utf8` enforces browsers to properly respect your form's character encoding and is generated for all forms whether their actions are "GET" or "POST". The second input element with name `authenticity_token` is a security feature of Rails called **cross-site request forgery protection**, and form helpers generate it for every non-GET form (provided that this security feature is enabled). You can read more about this in the [Security Guide](security.html#cross-site-request-forgery-csrf).
 
 ### A Generic Search Form
 
@@ -67,14 +62,15 @@ To create this form you will use `form_tag`, `label_tag`, `text_field_tag`, and
 This will generate the following HTML:
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/search" method="get"><div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" /></div>
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/search" method="get">
+  <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
   <label for="q">Search for:</label>
   <input id="q" name="q" type="text" />
   <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Search" />
 </form>
 ```
 
-TIP: For every form input, an ID attribute is generated from its name ("q" in the example). These IDs can be very useful for CSS styling or manipulation of form controls with JavaScript.
+TIP: For every form input, an ID attribute is generated from its name (`"q"` in above example). These IDs can be very useful for CSS styling or manipulation of form controls with JavaScript.
 
 Besides `text_field_tag` and `submit_tag`, there is a similar helper for _every_ form control in HTML.
 
@@ -146,7 +142,7 @@ Output:
 <label for="age_adult">I'm over 21</label>
 ```
 
-As with `check_box_tag`, the second parameter to `radio_button_tag` is the value of the input. Because these two radio buttons share the same name (age) the user will only be able to select one, and `params[:age]` will contain either "child" or "adult".
+As with `check_box_tag`, the second parameter to `radio_button_tag` is the value of the input. Because these two radio buttons share the same name (`age`), the user will only be able to select one of them, and `params[:age]` will contain either `"child"` or `"adult"`.
 
 NOTE: Always use labels for checkbox and radio buttons. They associate text with a specific option and,
 by expanding the clickable region,
@@ -217,7 +213,7 @@ Dealing with Model Objects
 
 ### Model Object Helpers
 
-A particularly common task for a form is editing or creating a model object. While the `*_tag` helpers can certainly be used for this task they are somewhat verbose as for each tag you would have to ensure the correct parameter name is used and set the default value of the input appropriately. Rails provides helpers tailored to this task. These helpers lack the _tag suffix, for example `text_field`, `text_area`.
+A particularly common task for a form is editing or creating a model object. While the `*_tag` helpers can certainly be used for this task they are somewhat verbose as for each tag you would have to ensure the correct parameter name is used and set the default value of the input appropriately. Rails provides helpers tailored to this task. These helpers lack the `_tag` suffix, for example `text_field`, `text_area`.
 
 For these helpers the first argument is the name of an instance variable and the second is the name of a method (usually an attribute) to call on that object. Rails will set the value of the input control to the return value of that method for the object and set an appropriate input name. If your controller has defined `@person` and that person's name is Henry then a form containing:
 
@@ -239,7 +235,7 @@ Rails provides helpers for displaying the validation errors associated with a mo
 
 ### Binding a Form to an Object
 
-While this is an increase in comfort it is far from perfect. If Person has many attributes to edit then we would be repeating the name of the edited object many times. What we want to do is somehow bind a form to a model object, which is exactly what `form_for` does.
+While this is an increase in comfort it is far from perfect. If `Person` has many attributes to edit then we would be repeating the name of the edited object many times. What we want to do is somehow bind a form to a model object, which is exactly what `form_for` does.
 
 Assume we have a controller for dealing with articles `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`:
 
@@ -264,7 +260,7 @@ There are a few things to note here:
 * `@article` is the actual object being edited.
 * There is a single hash of options. Routing options are passed in the `:url` hash, HTML options are passed in the `:html` hash. Also you can provide a `:namespace` option for your form to ensure uniqueness of id attributes on form elements. The namespace attribute will be prefixed with underscore on the generated HTML id.
 * The `form_for` method yields a **form builder** object (the `f` variable).
-* Methods to create form controls are called **on** the form builder object `f`
+* Methods to create form controls are called **on** the form builder object `f`.
 
 The resulting HTML is:
 
@@ -280,7 +276,7 @@ The name passed to `form_for` controls the key used in `params` to access the fo
 
 The helper methods called on the form builder are identical to the model object helpers except that it is not necessary to specify which object is being edited since this is already managed by the form builder.
 
-You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with the `fields_for` helper. This is useful for editing additional model objects with the same form. For example if you had a Person model with an associated ContactDetail model you could create a form for creating both like so:
+You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with the `fields_for` helper. This is useful for editing additional model objects with the same form. For example, if you had a `Person` model with an associated `ContactDetail` model, you could create a form for creating both like so:
 
 ```erb
 <%= form_for @person, url: {action: "create"} do |person_form| %>
@@ -350,7 +346,6 @@ form_for [:admin, :management, @article]
 
 For more information on Rails' routing system and the associated conventions, please see the [routing guide](routing.html).
 
-
 ### How do forms with PATCH, PUT, or DELETE methods work?
 
 The Rails framework encourages RESTful design of your applications, which means you'll be making a lot of "PATCH" and "DELETE" requests (besides "GET" and "POST"). However, most browsers _don't support_ methods other than "GET" and "POST" when it comes to submitting forms.
@@ -365,12 +360,11 @@ output:
 
 ```html
 <form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/search" method="post">
-  <div style="margin:0;padding:0">
-    <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
-    <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
-    <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="f755bb0ed134b76c432144748a6d4b7a7ddf2b71" />
-  </div>
+  <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
+  <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
+  <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="f755bb0ed134b76c432144748a6d4b7a7ddf2b71" />
   ...
+</form>
 ```
 
 When parsing POSTed data, Rails will take into account the special `_method` parameter and acts as if the HTTP method was the one specified inside it ("PATCH" in this example).
@@ -435,14 +429,19 @@ output:
 
 Whenever Rails sees that the internal value of an option being generated matches this value, it will add the `selected` attribute to that option.
 
-TIP: The second argument to `options_for_select` must be exactly equal to the desired internal value. In particular if the value is the integer 2 you cannot pass "2" to `options_for_select` - you must pass 2. Be aware of values extracted from the `params` hash as they are all strings.
+TIP: The second argument to `options_for_select` must be exactly equal to the desired internal value. In particular if the value is the integer `2` you cannot pass `"2"` to `options_for_select` - you must pass `2`. Be aware of values extracted from the `params` hash as they are all strings.
 
 WARNING: when `:include_blank` or `:prompt` are not present, `:include_blank` is forced true if the select attribute `required` is true, display `size` is one and `multiple` is not true.
 
 You can add arbitrary attributes to the options using hashes:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= options_for_select([['Lisbon', 1, {'data-size' => '2.8 million'}], ['Madrid', 2, {'data-size' => '3.2 million'}]], 2) %>
+<%= options_for_select(
+  [
+    ['Lisbon', 1, { 'data-size' => '2.8 million' }],
+    ['Madrid', 2, { 'data-size' => '3.2 million' }]
+  ], 2
+) %>
 
 output:
 
@@ -474,11 +473,21 @@ As with other helpers, if you were to use the `select` helper on a form builder
 <%= f.select(:city_id, ...) %>
 ```
 
-WARNING: If you are using `select` (or similar helpers such as `collection_select`, `select_tag`) to set a `belongs_to` association you must pass the name of the foreign key (in the example above `city_id`), not the name of association itself. If you specify `city` instead of `city_id` Active Record will raise an error along the lines of ` ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch: City(#17815740) expected, got String(#1138750) ` when you pass the `params` hash to `Person.new` or `update`. Another way of looking at this is that form helpers only edit attributes. You should also be aware of the potential security ramifications of allowing users to edit foreign keys directly.
+You can also pass a block to `select` helper:
+
+```erb
+<%= f.select(:city_id) do %>
+  <% [['Lisbon', 1], ['Madrid', 2]].each do |c| -%>
+    <%= content_tag(:option, c.first, value: c.last) %>
+  <% end %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+WARNING: If you are using `select` (or similar helpers such as `collection_select`, `select_tag`) to set a `belongs_to` association you must pass the name of the foreign key (in the example above `city_id`), not the name of association itself. If you specify `city` instead of `city_id` Active Record will raise an error along the lines of `ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch: City(#17815740) expected, got String(#1138750)` when you pass the `params` hash to `Person.new` or `update`. Another way of looking at this is that form helpers only edit attributes. You should also be aware of the potential security ramifications of allowing users to edit foreign keys directly.
 
 ### Option Tags from a Collection of Arbitrary Objects
 
-Generating options tags with `options_for_select` requires that you create an array containing the text and value for each option. But what if you had a City model (perhaps an Active Record one) and you wanted to generate option tags from a collection of those objects? One solution would be to make a nested array by iterating over them:
+Generating options tags with `options_for_select` requires that you create an array containing the text and value for each option. But what if you had a `City` model (perhaps an Active Record one) and you wanted to generate option tags from a collection of those objects? One solution would be to make a nested array by iterating over them:
 
 ```erb
 <% cities_array = City.all.map { |city| [city.name, city.id] } %>
@@ -525,7 +534,7 @@ Both of these families of helpers will create a series of select boxes for the d
 
 ### Barebones Helpers
 
-The `select_*` family of helpers take as their first argument an instance of Date, Time or DateTime that is used as the currently selected value. You may omit this parameter, in which case the current date is used. For example
+The `select_*` family of helpers take as their first argument an instance of `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime` that is used as the currently selected value. You may omit this parameter, in which case the current date is used. For example:
 
 ```erb
 <%= select_date Date.today, prefix: :start_date %>
@@ -539,7 +548,7 @@ outputs (with actual option values omitted for brevity)
 <select id="start_date_day" name="start_date[day]"> ... </select>
 ```
 
-The above inputs would result in `params[:start_date]` being a hash with keys `:year`, `:month`, `:day`. To get an actual Time or Date object you would have to extract these values and pass them to the appropriate constructor, for example
+The above inputs would result in `params[:start_date]` being a hash with keys `:year`, `:month`, `:day`. To get an actual `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime` object you would have to extract these values and pass them to the appropriate constructor, for example:
 
 ```ruby
 Date.civil(params[:start_date][:year].to_i, params[:start_date][:month].to_i, params[:start_date][:day].to_i)
@@ -582,9 +591,9 @@ NOTE: In many cases the built-in date pickers are clumsy as they do not aid the
 
 ### Individual Components
 
-Occasionally you need to display just a single date component such as a year or a month. Rails provides a series of helpers for this, one for each component `select_year`, `select_month`, `select_day`, `select_hour`, `select_minute`, `select_second`. These helpers are fairly straightforward. By default they will generate an input field named after the time component (for example "year" for `select_year`, "month" for `select_month` etc.) although this can be overridden with the `:field_name` option. The `:prefix` option works in the same way that it does for `select_date` and `select_time` and has the same default value.
+Occasionally you need to display just a single date component such as a year or a month. Rails provides a series of helpers for this, one for each component `select_year`, `select_month`, `select_day`, `select_hour`, `select_minute`, `select_second`. These helpers are fairly straightforward. By default they will generate an input field named after the time component (for example, "year" for `select_year`, "month" for `select_month` etc.) although this can be overridden with the `:field_name` option. The `:prefix` option works in the same way that it does for `select_date` and `select_time` and has the same default value.
 
-The first parameter specifies which value should be selected and can either be an instance of a Date, Time or DateTime, in which case the relevant component will be extracted, or a numerical value. For example
+The first parameter specifies which value should be selected and can either be an instance of a `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime`, in which case the relevant component will be extracted, or a numerical value. For example:
 
 ```erb
 <%= select_year(2009) %>
@@ -614,7 +623,7 @@ Rails provides the usual pair of helpers: the barebones `file_field_tag` and the
 
 ### What Gets Uploaded
 
-The object in the `params` hash is an instance of a subclass of IO. Depending on the size of the uploaded file it may in fact be a StringIO or an instance of File backed by a temporary file. In both cases the object will have an `original_filename` attribute containing the name the file had on the user's computer and a `content_type` attribute containing the MIME type of the uploaded file. The following snippet saves the uploaded content in `#{Rails.root}/public/uploads` under the same name as the original file (assuming the form was the one in the previous example).
+The object in the `params` hash is an instance of a subclass of `IO`. Depending on the size of the uploaded file it may in fact be a `StringIO` or an instance of `File` backed by a temporary file. In both cases the object will have an `original_filename` attribute containing the name the file had on the user's computer and a `content_type` attribute containing the MIME type of the uploaded file. The following snippet saves the uploaded content in `#{Rails.root}/public/uploads` under the same name as the original file (assuming the form was the one in the previous example).
 
 ```ruby
 def upload
@@ -625,7 +634,7 @@ def upload
 end
 ```
 
-Once a file has been uploaded, there are a multitude of potential tasks, ranging from where to store the files (on disk, Amazon S3, etc) and associating them with models to resizing image files and generating thumbnails. The intricacies of this are beyond the scope of this guide, but there are several libraries designed to assist with these. Two of the better known ones are [CarrierWave](https://github.com/jnicklas/carrierwave) and [Paperclip](http://www.thoughtbot.com/projects/paperclip).
+Once a file has been uploaded, there are a multitude of potential tasks, ranging from where to store the files (on disk, Amazon S3, etc) and associating them with models to resizing image files and generating thumbnails. The intricacies of this are beyond the scope of this guide, but there are several libraries designed to assist with these. Two of the better known ones are [CarrierWave](https://github.com/jnicklas/carrierwave) and [Paperclip](https://github.com/thoughtbot/paperclip).
 
 NOTE: If the user has not selected a file the corresponding parameter will be an empty string.
 
@@ -636,7 +645,7 @@ Unlike other forms making an asynchronous file upload form is not as simple as p
 Customizing Form Builders
 -------------------------
 
-As mentioned previously the object yielded by `form_for` and `fields_for` is an instance of FormBuilder (or a subclass thereof). Form builders encapsulate the notion of displaying form elements for a single object. While you can of course write helpers for your forms in the usual way, you can also subclass FormBuilder and add the helpers there. For example
+As mentioned previously the object yielded by `form_for` and `fields_for` is an instance of `FormBuilder` (or a subclass thereof). Form builders encapsulate the notion of displaying form elements for a single object. While you can of course write helpers for your forms in the usual way, you can also subclass `FormBuilder` and add the helpers there. For example:
 
 ```erb
 <%= form_for @person do |f| %>
@@ -652,7 +661,7 @@ can be replaced with
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-by defining a LabellingFormBuilder class similar to the following:
+by defining a `LabellingFormBuilder` class similar to the following:
 
 ```ruby
 class LabellingFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
@@ -670,17 +679,17 @@ The form builder used also determines what happens when you do
 <%= render partial: f %>
 ```
 
-If `f` is an instance of FormBuilder then this will render the `form` partial, setting the partial's object to the form builder. If the form builder is of class LabellingFormBuilder then the `labelling_form` partial would be rendered instead.
+If `f` is an instance of `FormBuilder` then this will render the `form` partial, setting the partial's object to the form builder. If the form builder is of class `LabellingFormBuilder` then the `labelling_form` partial would be rendered instead.
 
 Understanding Parameter Naming Conventions
 ------------------------------------------
 
-As you've seen in the previous sections, values from forms can be at the top level of the `params` hash or nested in another hash. For example in a standard `create`
+As you've seen in the previous sections, values from forms can be at the top level of the `params` hash or nested in another hash. For example, in a standard `create`
 action for a Person model, `params[:person]` would usually be a hash of all the attributes for the person to create. The `params` hash can also contain arrays, arrays of hashes and so on.
 
 Fundamentally HTML forms don't know about any sort of structured data, all they generate is name-value pairs, where pairs are just plain strings. The arrays and hashes you see in your application are the result of some parameter naming conventions that Rails uses.
 
-TIP: You may find you can try out examples in this section faster by using the console to directly invoke Racks' parameter parser. For example,
+TIP: You may find you can try out examples in this section faster by using the console to directly invoke Rack's parameter parser. For example,
 
 ```ruby
 Rack::Utils.parse_query "name=fred&phone=0123456789"
@@ -689,7 +698,7 @@ Rack::Utils.parse_query "name=fred&phone=0123456789"
 
 ### Basic Structures
 
-The two basic structures are arrays and hashes. Hashes mirror the syntax used for accessing the value in `params`. For example if a form contains
+The two basic structures are arrays and hashes. Hashes mirror the syntax used for accessing the value in `params`. For example, if a form contains:
 
 ```html
 <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" value="Henry"/>
@@ -703,7 +712,7 @@ the `params` hash will contain
 
 and `params[:person][:name]` will retrieve the submitted value in the controller.
 
-Hashes can be nested as many levels as required, for example
+Hashes can be nested as many levels as required, for example:
 
 ```html
 <input id="person_address_city" name="person[address][city]" type="text" value="New York"/>
@@ -715,7 +724,7 @@ will result in the `params` hash being
 {'person' => {'address' => {'city' => 'New York'}}}
 ```
 
-Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains an empty set of square brackets [] then they will be accumulated in an array. If you wanted people to be able to input multiple phone numbers, you could place this in the form:
+Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains an empty set of square brackets `[]` then they will be accumulated in an array. If you wanted users to be able to input multiple phone numbers, you could place this in the form:
 
 ```html
 <input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/>
@@ -723,11 +732,11 @@ Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains
 <input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/>
 ```
 
-This would result in `params[:person][:phone_number]` being an array.
+This would result in `params[:person][:phone_number]` being an array containing the inputted phone numbers.
 
 ### Combining Them
 
-We can mix and match these two concepts. For example, one element of a hash might be an array as in the previous example, or you can have an array of hashes. For example a form might let you create any number of addresses by repeating the following form fragment
+We can mix and match these two concepts. One element of a hash might be an array as in the previous example, or you can have an array of hashes. For example, a form might let you create any number of addresses by repeating the following form fragment
 
 ```html
 <input name="addresses[][line1]" type="text"/>
@@ -737,7 +746,7 @@ We can mix and match these two concepts. For example, one element of a hash migh
 
 This would result in `params[:addresses]` being an array of hashes with keys `line1`, `line2` and `city`. Rails decides to start accumulating values in a new hash whenever it encounters an input name that already exists in the current hash.
 
-There's a restriction, however, while hashes can be nested arbitrarily, only one level of "arrayness" is allowed. Arrays can be usually replaced by hashes, for example instead of having an array of model objects one can have a hash of model objects keyed by their id, an array index or some other parameter.
+There's a restriction, however, while hashes can be nested arbitrarily, only one level of "arrayness" is allowed. Arrays can usually be replaced by hashes; for example, instead of having an array of model objects, one can have a hash of model objects keyed by their id, an array index or some other parameter.
 
 WARNING: Array parameters do not play well with the `check_box` helper. According to the HTML specification unchecked checkboxes submit no value. However it is often convenient for a checkbox to always submit a value. The `check_box` helper fakes this by creating an auxiliary hidden input with the same name. If the checkbox is unchecked only the hidden input is submitted and if it is checked then both are submitted but the value submitted by the checkbox takes precedence. When working with array parameters this duplicate submission will confuse Rails since duplicate input names are how it decides when to start a new array element. It is preferable to either use `check_box_tag` or to use hashes instead of arrays.
 
@@ -809,21 +818,21 @@ As a shortcut you can append [] to the name and omit the `:index` option. This i
 
 produces exactly the same output as the previous example.
 
-Forms to external resources
+Forms to External Resources
 ---------------------------
 
-If you need to post some data to an external resource it is still great to build your form using rails form helpers. But sometimes you need to set an `authenticity_token` for this resource. You can do it by passing an `authenticity_token: 'your_external_token'` parameter to the `form_tag` options:
+Rails' form helpers can also be used to build a form for posting data to an external resource. However, at times it can be necessary to set an `authenticity_token` for the resource; this can be done by passing an `authenticity_token: 'your_external_token'` parameter to the `form_tag` options:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: 'external_token') do %>
+<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: 'external_token' do %>
   Form contents
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-Sometimes when you submit data to an external resource, like payment gateway, fields you can use in your form are limited by an external API. So you may want not to generate an `authenticity_token` hidden field at all. For doing this just pass `false` to the `:authenticity_token` option:
+Sometimes when submitting data to an external resource, like a payment gateway, the fields that can be used in the form are limited by an external API and it may be undesirable to generate an `authenticity_token`. To not send a token, simply pass `false` to the `:authenticity_token` option:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: false) do %>
+<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: false do %>
   Form contents
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -847,7 +856,7 @@ Or if you don't want to render an `authenticity_token` field:
 Building Complex Forms
 ----------------------
 
-Many apps grow beyond simple forms editing a single object. For example when creating a Person you might want to allow the user to (on the same form) create multiple address records (home, work, etc.). When later editing that person the user should be able to add, remove or amend addresses as necessary.
+Many apps grow beyond simple forms editing a single object. For example, when creating a `Person` you might want to allow the user to (on the same form) create multiple address records (home, work, etc.). When later editing that person the user should be able to add, remove or amend addresses as necessary.
 
 ### Configuring the Model
 
@@ -899,7 +908,7 @@ end
 ```
 
 The `fields_for` yields a form builder. The parameters' name will be what
-`accepts_nested_attributes_for` expects. For example when creating a user with
+`accepts_nested_attributes_for` expects. For example, when creating a user with
 2 addresses, the submitted parameters would look like:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -998,4 +1007,4 @@ As a convenience you can instead pass the symbol `:all_blank` which will create
 
 ### Adding Fields on the Fly
 
-Rather than rendering multiple sets of fields ahead of time you may wish to add them only when a user clicks on an 'Add new address' button. Rails does not provide any builtin support for this. When generating new sets of fields you must ensure the key of the associated array is unique - the current JavaScript date (milliseconds after the epoch) is a common choice.
+Rather than rendering multiple sets of fields ahead of time you may wish to add them only when a user clicks on an 'Add new address' button. Rails does not provide any built-in support for this. When generating new sets of fields you must ensure the key of the associated array is unique - the current JavaScript date (milliseconds after the epoch) is a common choice.
diff --git a/guides/source/generators.md b/guides/source/generators.md
index 4a5377c206..f5d2c67cb4 100644
--- a/guides/source/generators.md
+++ b/guides/source/generators.md
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 * How to see which generators are available in your application.
 * How to create a generator using templates.
 * How Rails searches for generators before invoking them.
+* How Rails internally generates Rails code from the templates.
 * How to customize your scaffold by creating new generators.
 * How to customize your scaffold by changing generator templates.
 * How to use fallbacks to avoid overwriting a huge set of generators.
@@ -23,19 +24,19 @@ When you create an application using the `rails` command, you are in fact using
 ```bash
 $ rails new myapp
 $ cd myapp
-$ rails generate
+$ bin/rails generate
 ```
 
 You will get a list of all generators that comes with Rails. If you need a detailed description of the helper generator, for example, you can simply do:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate helper --help
+$ bin/rails generate helper --help
 ```
 
 Creating Your First Generator
 -----------------------------
 
-Since Rails 3.0, generators are built on top of [Thor](https://github.com/erikhuda/thor). Thor provides powerful options parsing and a great API for manipulating files. For instance, let's build a generator that creates an initializer file named `initializer.rb` inside `config/initializers`.
+Since Rails 3.0, generators are built on top of [Thor](https://github.com/erikhuda/thor). Thor provides powerful options for parsing and a great API for manipulating files. For instance, let's build a generator that creates an initializer file named `initializer.rb` inside `config/initializers`.
 
 The first step is to create a file at `lib/generators/initializer_generator.rb` with the following content:
 
@@ -54,13 +55,13 @@ Our new generator is quite simple: it inherits from `Rails::Generators::Base` an
 To invoke our new generator, we just need to do:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate initializer
+$ bin/rails generate initializer
 ```
 
 Before we go on, let's see our brand new generator description:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate initializer --help
+$ bin/rails generate initializer --help
 ```
 
 Rails is usually able to generate good descriptions if a generator is namespaced, as `ActiveRecord::Generators::ModelGenerator`, but not in this particular case. We can solve this problem in two ways. The first one is calling `desc` inside our generator:
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ Creating Generators with Generators
 Generators themselves have a generator:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate generator initializer
+$ bin/rails generate generator initializer
       create  lib/generators/initializer
       create  lib/generators/initializer/initializer_generator.rb
       create  lib/generators/initializer/USAGE
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ First, notice that we are inheriting from `Rails::Generators::NamedBase` instead
 We can see that by invoking the description of this new generator (don't forget to delete the old generator file):
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate initializer --help
+$ bin/rails generate initializer --help
 Usage:
   rails generate initializer NAME [options]
 ```
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ end
 And let's execute our generator:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate initializer core_extensions
+$ bin/rails generate initializer core_extensions
 ```
 
 We can see that now an initializer named core_extensions was created at `config/initializers/core_extensions.rb` with the contents of our template. That means that `copy_file` copied a file in our source root to the destination path we gave. The method `file_name` is automatically created when we inherit from `Rails::Generators::NamedBase`.
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ end
 Before we customize our workflow, let's first see what our scaffold looks like:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold User name:string
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold User name:string
       invoke  active_record
       create    db/migrate/20130924151154_create_users.rb
       create    app/models/user.rb
@@ -191,8 +192,6 @@ $ rails generate scaffold User name:string
       create      test/controllers/users_controller_test.rb
       invoke    helper
       create      app/helpers/users_helper.rb
-      invoke      test_unit
-      create        test/helpers/users_helper_test.rb
       invoke    jbuilder
       create      app/views/users/index.json.jbuilder
       create      app/views/users/show.json.jbuilder
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ $ rails generate scaffold User name:string
 
 Looking at this output, it's easy to understand how generators work in Rails 3.0 and above. The scaffold generator doesn't actually generate anything, it just invokes others to do the work. This allows us to add/replace/remove any of those invocations. For instance, the scaffold generator invokes the scaffold_controller generator, which invokes erb, test_unit and helper generators. Since each generator has a single responsibility, they are easy to reuse, avoiding code duplication.
 
-Our first customization on the workflow will be to stop generating stylesheets, javascripts and test fixtures for scaffolds. We can achieve that by changing our configuration to the following:
+Our first customization on the workflow will be to stop generating stylesheet, JavaScript and test fixture files for scaffolds. We can achieve that by changing our configuration to the following:
 
 ```ruby
 config.generators do |g|
@@ -219,12 +218,12 @@ config.generators do |g|
 end
 ```
 
-If we generate another resource with the scaffold generator, we can see that stylesheets, javascripts and fixtures are not created anymore. If you want to customize it further, for example to use DataMapper and RSpec instead of Active Record and TestUnit, it's just a matter of adding their gems to your application and configuring your generators.
+If we generate another resource with the scaffold generator, we can see that stylesheet, JavaScript and fixture files are not created anymore. If you want to customize it further, for example to use DataMapper and RSpec instead of Active Record and TestUnit, it's just a matter of adding their gems to your application and configuring your generators.
 
 To demonstrate this, we are going to create a new helper generator that simply adds some instance variable readers. First, we create a generator within the rails namespace, as this is where rails searches for generators used as hooks:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate generator rails/my_helper
+$ bin/rails generate generator rails/my_helper
       create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper
       create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper/my_helper_generator.rb
       create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper/USAGE
@@ -248,10 +247,10 @@ end
 end
 ```
 
-We can try out our new generator by creating a helper for users:
+We can try out our new generator by creating a helper for products:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate my_helper products
+$ bin/rails generate my_helper products
       create  app/helpers/products_helper.rb
 ```
 
@@ -279,10 +278,10 @@ end
 and see it in action when invoking the generator:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold Post body:text
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold Article body:text
       [...]
       invoke    my_helper
-      create      app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
+      create      app/helpers/articles_helper.rb
 ```
 
 We can notice on the output that our new helper was invoked instead of the Rails default. However one thing is missing, which is tests for our new generator and to do that, we are going to reuse old helpers test generators.
@@ -342,6 +341,22 @@ end
 
 If you generate another resource, you can see that we get exactly the same result! This is useful if you want to customize your scaffold templates and/or layout by just creating `edit.html.erb`, `index.html.erb` and so on inside `lib/templates/erb/scaffold`.
 
+Scaffold templates in Rails frequently use ERB tags; these tags need to be
+escaped so that the generated output is valid ERB code.
+
+For example, the following escaped ERB tag would be needed in the template
+(note the extra `%`)...
+
+```ruby
+<%%= stylesheet_include_tag :application %>
+```
+
+...to generate the following output:
+
+```ruby
+<%= stylesheet_include_tag :application %>
+```
+
 Adding Generators Fallbacks
 ---------------------------
 
@@ -365,7 +380,7 @@ end
 Now, if you create a Comment scaffold, you will see that the shoulda generators are being invoked, and at the end, they are just falling back to TestUnit generators:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold Comment body:text
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold Comment body:text
       invoke  active_record
       create    db/migrate/20130924143118_create_comments.rb
       create    app/models/comment.rb
@@ -387,8 +402,6 @@ $ rails generate scaffold Comment body:text
       create      test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb
       invoke    my_helper
       create      app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
-      invoke      shoulda
-      create        test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
       invoke    jbuilder
       create      app/views/comments/index.json.jbuilder
       create      app/views/comments/show.json.jbuilder
@@ -507,7 +520,7 @@ Replaces text inside a file.
 gsub_file 'name_of_file.rb', 'method.to_be_replaced', 'method.the_replacing_code'
 ```
 
-Regular Expressions can be used to make this method more precise. You can also use append_file and prepend_file in the same way to place code at the beginning and end of a file respectively.
+Regular Expressions can be used to make this method more precise. You can also use `append_file` and `prepend_file` in the same way to place code at the beginning and end of a file respectively.
 
 ### `application`
 
diff --git a/guides/source/getting_started.md b/guides/source/getting_started.md
index 5264f82b4b..1769448531 100644
--- a/guides/source/getting_started.md
+++ b/guides/source/getting_started.md
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ application from scratch. It does not assume that you have any prior experience
 with Rails. However, to get the most out of it, you need to have some
 prerequisites installed:
 
-* The [Ruby](http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads) language version 1.9.3 or newer.
-* The [RubyGems](http://rubygems.org) packaging system, which is installed with Ruby
+* The [Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads) language version 1.9.3 or newer.
+* The [RubyGems](https://rubygems.org) packaging system, which is installed with Ruby
   versions 1.9 and later. To learn more about RubyGems, please read the [RubyGems Guides](http://guides.rubygems.org).
-* A working installation of the [SQLite3 Database](http://www.sqlite.org).
+* A working installation of the [SQLite3 Database](https://www.sqlite.org).
 
 Rails is a web application framework running on the Ruby programming language.
 If you have no prior experience with Ruby, you will find a very steep learning
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ learned elsewhere, you may have a less happy experience.
 
 The Rails philosophy includes two major guiding principles:
 
-* **Don't Repeat Yourself:** DRY is a principle of software development which 
+* **Don't Repeat Yourself:** DRY is a principle of software development which
   states that "Every piece of knowledge must have a single, unambiguous, authoritative
-  representation within a system." By not writing the same information over and over 
+  representation within a system." By not writing the same information over and over
   again, our code is more maintainable, more extensible, and less buggy.
 * **Convention Over Configuration:** Rails has opinions about the best way to do many
   things in a web application, and defaults to this set of conventions, rather than
@@ -70,13 +70,11 @@ Creating a New Rails Project
 
 The best way to use this guide is to follow each step as it happens, no code or
 step needed to make this example application has been left out, so you can
-literally follow along step by step. You can get the complete code
-[here](https://github.com/rails/docrails/tree/master/guides/code/getting_started).
+literally follow along step by step.
 
 By following along with this guide, you'll create a Rails project called
-`blog`, a
-(very) simple weblog. Before you can start building the application, you need to
-make sure that you have Rails itself installed.
+`blog`, a (very) simple weblog. Before you can start building the application,
+you need to make sure that you have Rails itself installed.
 
 TIP: The examples below use `$` to represent your terminal prompt in a UNIX-like OS,
 though it may have been customized to appear differently. If you are using Windows,
@@ -89,9 +87,9 @@ Open up a command line prompt. On Mac OS X open Terminal.app, on Windows choose
 dollar sign `$` should be run in the command line. Verify that you have a
 current version of Ruby installed:
 
-TIP. A number of tools exist to help you quickly install Ruby and Ruby
+TIP: A number of tools exist to help you quickly install Ruby and Ruby
 on Rails on your system. Windows users can use [Rails Installer](http://railsinstaller.org),
-while Mac OS X users can use [Rails One Click](http://railsoneclick.com).
+while Mac OS X users can use [Tokaido](https://github.com/tokaido/tokaidoapp).
 
 ```bash
 $ ruby -v
@@ -99,11 +97,11 @@ ruby 2.0.0p353
 ```
 
 If you don't have Ruby installed have a look at
-[ruby-lang.org](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/) for possible ways to
+[ruby-lang.org](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/installation/) for possible ways to
 install Ruby on your platform.
 
 Many popular UNIX-like OSes ship with an acceptable version of SQLite3. Windows
-users and others can find installation instructions at [the SQLite3 website](http://www.sqlite.org).
+users and others can find installation instructions at [the SQLite3 website](https://www.sqlite.org).
 Verify that it is correctly installed and in your PATH:
 
 ```bash
@@ -125,7 +123,7 @@ run the following:
 $ rails --version
 ```
 
-If it says something like "Rails 4.1.0", you are ready to continue.
+If it says something like "Rails 4.2.0", you are ready to continue.
 
 ### Creating the Blog Application
 
@@ -163,11 +161,11 @@ of the files and folders that Rails created by default:
 | File/Folder | Purpose |
 | ----------- | ------- |
 |app/|Contains the controllers, models, views, helpers, mailers and assets for your application. You'll focus on this folder for the remainder of this guide.|
-|bin/|Contains the rails script that starts your app and can contain other scripts you use to deploy or run your application.|
+|bin/|Contains the rails script that starts your app and can contain other scripts you use to setup, deploy or run your application.|
 |config/|Configure your application's routes, database, and more. This is covered in more detail in [Configuring Rails Applications](configuring.html).|
 |config.ru|Rack configuration for Rack based servers used to start the application.|
 |db/|Contains your current database schema, as well as the database migrations.|
-|Gemfile<br>Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see [the Bundler website](http://gembundler.com).|
+|Gemfile<br>Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see [the Bundler website](http://bundler.io).|
 |lib/|Extended modules for your application.|
 |log/|Application log files.|
 |public/|The only folder seen by the world as-is. Contains static files and compiled assets.|
@@ -190,23 +188,24 @@ start a web server on your development machine. You can do this by running the
 following in the `blog` directory:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server
+$ bin/rails server
 ```
 
-TIP: Compiling CoffeeScript to JavaScript requires a JavaScript runtime and the
-absence of a runtime will give you an `execjs` error. Usually Mac OS X and
-Windows come with a JavaScript runtime installed. Rails adds the `therubyracer`
-gem to the generated `Gemfile` in a commented line for new apps and you can
-uncomment if you need it. `therubyrhino` is the recommended runtime for JRuby
-users and is added by default to the `Gemfile` in apps generated under JRuby.
-You can investigate about all the supported runtimes at
-[ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme).
+TIP: Compiling CoffeeScript and JavaScript asset compression requires you
+have a JavaScript runtime available on your system, in the absence
+of a runtime you will see an `execjs` error during asset compilation.
+Usually Mac OS X and Windows come with a JavaScript runtime installed.
+Rails adds the `therubyracer` gem to the generated `Gemfile` in a 
+commented line for new apps and you can uncomment if you need it. 
+`therubyrhino` is the recommended runtime for JRuby users and is added by
+default to the `Gemfile` in apps generated under JRuby. You can investigate
+all the supported runtimes at [ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme).
 
 This will fire up WEBrick, a web server distributed with Ruby by default. To see
 your application in action, open a browser window and navigate to
 <http://localhost:3000>. You should see the Rails default information page:
 
-![Welcome aboard screenshot](images/getting_started/rails_welcome.jpg)
+![Welcome aboard screenshot](images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png)
 
 TIP: To stop the web server, hit Ctrl+C in the terminal window where it's
 running. To verify the server has stopped you should see your command prompt
@@ -243,7 +242,7 @@ tell it you want a controller called "welcome" with an action called "index",
 just like this:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate controller welcome index
+$ bin/rails generate controller welcome index
 ```
 
 Rails will create several files and a route for you.
@@ -258,8 +257,6 @@ invoke  test_unit
 create    test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb
 invoke  helper
 create    app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
-invoke    test_unit
-create      test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb
 invoke  assets
 invoke    coffee
 create      app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
@@ -267,8 +264,9 @@ invoke    scss
 create      app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
 ```
 
-Most important of these are of course the controller, located at `app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb`
-and the view, located at `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`.
+Most important of these are of course the controller, located at
+`app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb` and the view, located at
+`app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`.
 
 Open the `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb` file in your text editor. Delete all
 of the existing code in the file, and replace it with the following single line
@@ -344,7 +342,7 @@ resource. Here's what `config/routes.rb` should look like after the
 _article resource_ is declared.
 
 ```ruby
-Blog::Application.routes.draw do
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
 
   resources :articles
 
@@ -358,7 +356,7 @@ will be seen later, but for now notice that Rails has inferred the
 singular form `article` and makes meaningful use of the distinction.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake routes
+$ bin/rake routes
       Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                  Controller#Action
     articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index
              POST   /articles(.:format)          articles#create
@@ -396,7 +394,7 @@ a controller called `ArticlesController`. You can do this by running this
 command:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails g controller articles
+$ bin/rails g controller articles
 ```
 
 If you open up the newly generated `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`
@@ -427,19 +425,22 @@ are generated in Rails they are empty by default, unless you tell it
 your wanted actions during the generation process.
 
 To manually define an action inside a controller, all you need to do is to
-define a new method inside the controller.
-Open `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and inside the `ArticlesController`
-class, define a `new` method like this:
+define a new method inside the controller. Open
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and inside the `ArticlesController`
+class, define a `new` method so that the controller now looks like this:
 
 ```ruby
-def new
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def new
+  end
 end
 ```
 
 With the `new` method defined in `ArticlesController`, if you refresh
 <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll see another error:
 
-![Template is missing for articles/new](images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png)
+![Template is missing for articles/new]
+(images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png)
 
 You're getting this error now because Rails expects plain actions like this one
 to have views associated with them to display their information. With no view
@@ -448,9 +449,7 @@ available, Rails errors out.
 In the above image, the bottom line has been truncated. Let's see what the full
 thing looks like:
 
-<blockquote>
-Missing template articles/new, application/new with {locale:[:en], formats:[:html], handlers:[:erb, :builder, :coffee]}. Searched in: * "/path/to/blog/app/views"
-</blockquote>
+>Missing template articles/new, application/new with {locale:[:en], formats:[:html], handlers:[:erb, :builder, :coffee]}. Searched in: * "/path/to/blog/app/views"
 
 That's quite a lot of text! Let's quickly go through and understand what each
 part of it does.
@@ -496,8 +495,8 @@ harmoniously! It's time to create the form for a new article.
 
 ### The first form
 
-To create a form within this template, you will use a <em>form
-builder</em>. The primary form builder for Rails is provided by a helper
+To create a form within this template, you will use a *form
+builder*. The primary form builder for Rails is provided by a helper
 method called `form_for`. To use this method, add this code into
 `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`:
 
@@ -552,7 +551,7 @@ To see what Rails will do with this, we look back at the output of
 `rake routes`:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake routes
+$ bin/rake routes
       Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                  Controller#Action
     articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index
              POST   /articles(.:format)          articles#create
@@ -565,18 +564,18 @@ edit_article GET    /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit
         root GET    /                            welcome#index
 ```
 
-The `articles_path` helper tells Rails to point the form
-to the URI Pattern associated with the `articles` prefix; and
-the form will (by default) send a `POST` request
-to that route.  This is associated with the
-`create` action of the current controller, the `ArticlesController`.
+The `articles_path` helper tells Rails to point the form to the URI Pattern
+associated with the `articles` prefix; and the form will (by default) send a
+`POST` request to that route. This is associated with the `create` action of
+the current controller, the `ArticlesController`.
 
 With the form and its associated route defined, you will be able to fill in the
 form and then click the submit button to begin the process of creating a new
 article, so go ahead and do that. When you submit the form, you should see a
 familiar error:
 
-![Unknown action create for ArticlesController](images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png)
+![Unknown action create for ArticlesController]
+(images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png)
 
 You now need to create the `create` action within the `ArticlesController` for
 this to work.
@@ -585,7 +584,7 @@ this to work.
 
 To make the "Unknown action" go away, you can define a `create` action within
 the `ArticlesController` class in `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`,
-underneath the `new` action:
+underneath the `new` action, as shown:
 
 ```ruby
 class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
@@ -608,17 +607,19 @@ look like, change the `create` action to this:
 
 ```ruby
 def create
-  render text: params[:article].inspect
+  render plain: params[:article].inspect
 end
 ```
 
-The `render` method here is taking a very simple hash with a key of `text` and
+The `render` method here is taking a very simple hash with a key of `plain` and
 value of `params[:article].inspect`. The `params` method is the object which
 represents the parameters (or fields) coming in from the form. The `params`
 method returns an `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess` object, which
 allows you to access the keys of the hash using either strings or symbols. In
 this situation, the only parameters that matter are the ones from the form.
 
+TIP: Ensure you have a firm grasp of the `params` method, as you'll use it fairly regularly. Let's consider an example URL: **http://www.example.com/?username=dhh&email=dhh@email.com**. In this URL, `params[:username]` would equal "dhh" and `params[:email]` would equal "dhh@email.com".
+
 If you re-submit the form one more time you'll now no longer get the missing
 template error. Instead, you'll see something that looks like the following:
 
@@ -632,13 +633,13 @@ parameters but nothing in particular is being done with them.
 
 ### Creating the Article model
 
-Models in Rails use a singular name, and their corresponding database tables use
-a plural name. Rails provides a generator for creating models, which
-most Rails developers tend to use when creating new models.
-To create the new model, run this command in your terminal:
+Models in Rails use a singular name, and their corresponding database tables
+use a plural name. Rails provides a generator for creating models, which most
+Rails developers tend to use when creating new models. To create the new model,
+run this command in your terminal:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Article title:string text:text
+$ bin/rails generate model Article title:string text:text
 ```
 
 With that command we told Rails that we want a `Article` model, together
@@ -646,26 +647,23 @@ with a _title_ attribute of type string, and a _text_ attribute
 of type text. Those attributes are automatically added to the `articles`
 table in the database and mapped to the `Article` model.
 
-Rails responded by creating a bunch of files. For
-now, we're only interested in `app/models/article.rb` and
-`db/migrate/20140120191729_create_articles.rb` (your name could be a bit
-different). The latter is responsible
-for creating the database structure, which is what we'll look at next.
+Rails responded by creating a bunch of files. For now, we're only interested
+in `app/models/article.rb` and `db/migrate/20140120191729_create_articles.rb`
+(your name could be a bit different). The latter is responsible for creating
+the database structure, which is what we'll look at next.
 
-TIP: Active Record is smart enough to automatically map column names to
-model attributes, which means you don't have to declare attributes
-inside Rails models, as that will be done automatically by Active
-Record.
+TIP: Active Record is smart enough to automatically map column names to model
+attributes, which means you don't have to declare attributes inside Rails
+models, as that will be done automatically by Active Record.
 
 ### Running a Migration
 
-As we've just seen, `rails generate model` created a _database
-migration_ file inside the `db/migrate` directory.
-Migrations are Ruby classes that are designed to make it simple to
-create and modify database tables. Rails uses rake commands to run migrations,
-and it's possible to undo a migration after it's been applied to your database.
-Migration filenames include a timestamp to ensure that they're processed in the
-order that they were created.
+As we've just seen, `rails generate model` created a _database migration_ file
+inside the `db/migrate` directory. Migrations are Ruby classes that are
+designed to make it simple to create and modify database tables. Rails uses
+rake commands to run migrations, and it's possible to undo a migration after
+it's been applied to your database. Migration filenames include a timestamp to
+ensure that they're processed in the order that they were created.
 
 If you look in the `db/migrate/20140120191729_create_articles.rb` file (remember,
 yours will have a slightly different name), here's what you'll find:
@@ -690,13 +688,13 @@ in case you want to reverse it later. When you run this migration it will create
 an `articles` table with one string column and a text column. It also creates
 two timestamp fields to allow Rails to track article creation and update times.
 
-TIP: For more information about migrations, refer to [Rails Database
-Migrations](migrations.html).
+TIP: For more information about migrations, refer to [Rails Database Migrations]
+(migrations.html).
 
 At this point, you can use a rake command to run the migration:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ```
 
 Rails will execute this migration command and tell you it created the Articles
@@ -733,26 +731,48 @@ end
 
 Here's what's going on: every Rails model can be initialized with its
 respective attributes, which are automatically mapped to the respective
-database columns. In the first line we do just that
-(remember that `params[:article]` contains the attributes we're interested in).
-Then, `@article.save` is responsible for saving the model in the database.
-Finally, we redirect the user to the `show` action, which we'll define later.
+database columns. In the first line we do just that (remember that
+`params[:article]` contains the attributes we're interested in). Then,
+`@article.save` is responsible for saving the model in the database. Finally,
+we redirect the user to the `show` action, which we'll define later.
 
-TIP: As we'll see later, `@article.save` returns a boolean indicating
-whether the article was saved or not.
+TIP: You might be wondering why the `A` in `Article.new` is capitalized above, whereas most other references to articles in this guide have used lowercase. In this context, we are referring to the class named `Article` that is defined in `\models\article.rb`. Class names in Ruby must begin with a capital letter.
 
-If you now go to
-<http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll *almost* be able to create an
-article. Try it! You should get an error that looks like this:
+TIP: As we'll see later, `@article.save` returns a boolean indicating whether
+the article was saved or not.
 
-![Forbidden attributes for new article](images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png)
+If you now go to <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll *almost* be able
+to create an article. Try it! You should get an error that looks like this:
+
+![Forbidden attributes for new article]
+(images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png)
 
 Rails has several security features that help you write secure applications,
-and you're running into one of them now. This one is called
-`strong_parameters`, which requires us to tell Rails exactly which parameters
-we want to accept in our controllers. In this case, we want to allow the
-`title` and `text` parameters, so change your `create` controller action to
-look like this:
+and you're running into one of them now. This one is called [strong parameters](action_controller_overview.html#strong-parameters),
+which requires us to tell Rails exactly which parameters are allowed into our
+controller actions.
+
+Why do you have to bother? The ability to grab and automatically assign all
+controller parameters to your model in one shot makes the programmer's job
+easier, but this convenience also allows malicious use. What if a request to
+the server was crafted to look like a new article form submit but also included
+extra fields with values that violated your applications integrity? They would
+be 'mass assigned' into your model and then into the database along with the
+good stuff - potentially breaking your application or worse.
+
+We have to whitelist our controller parameters to prevent wrongful mass
+assignment. In this case, we want to both allow and require the `title` and
+`text` parameters for valid use of `create`. The syntax for this introduces
+`require` and `permit`. The change will involve one line in the `create` action:
+
+```ruby
+  @article = Article.new(params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text))
+```
+
+This is often factored out into its own method so it can be reused by multiple
+actions in the same controller, for example `create` and `update`. Above and
+beyond mass assignment issues, the method is often made `private` to make sure
+it can't be called outside its intended context. Here is the result:
 
 ```ruby
 def create
@@ -768,20 +788,15 @@ private
   end
 ```
 
-See the `permit`? It allows us to accept both `title` and `text` in this
-action.
-
-TIP: Note that `def article_params` is private. This new approach prevents an
-attacker from setting the model's attributes by manipulating the hash passed to
-the model.
-For more information, refer to
-[this blog article about Strong Parameters](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/3/21/strong-parameters/).
+TIP: For more information, refer to the reference above and
+[this blog article about Strong Parameters]
+(http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/3/21/strong-parameters/).
 
 ### Showing Articles
 
-If you submit the form again now, Rails will complain about not finding
-the `show` action. That's not very useful though, so let's add the
-`show` action before proceeding.
+If you submit the form again now, Rails will complain about not finding the
+`show` action. That's not very useful though, so let's add the `show` action
+before proceeding.
 
 As we have seen in the output of `rake routes`, the route for `show` action is
 as follows:
@@ -796,10 +811,24 @@ parameter, which in our case will be the id of the article.
 As we did before, we need to add the `show` action in
 `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and its respective view.
 
+NOTE: A frequent practice is to place the standard CRUD actions in each
+controller in the following order: `index`, `show`, `new`, `edit`, `create`, `update`
+and `destroy`. You may use any order you choose, but keep in mind that these
+are public methods; as mentioned earlier in this guide, they must be placed
+before any private or protected method in the controller in order to work.
+
+Given that, let's add the `show` action, as follows:
+
 ```ruby
-def show
-  @article = Article.find(params[:id])
-end
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def show
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def new
+  end
+
+  # snipped for brevity
 ```
 
 A couple of things to note. We use `Article.find` to find the article we're
@@ -838,15 +867,27 @@ articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index
 ```
 
 Add the corresponding `index` action for that route inside the
-`ArticlesController` in the `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` file:
+`ArticlesController` in the `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` file.
+When we write an `index` action, the usual practice is to place it as the
+first method in the controller. Let's do it:
 
 ```ruby
-def index
-  @articles = Article.all
-end
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @articles = Article.all
+  end
+
+  def show
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def new
+  end
+
+  # snipped for brevity
 ```
 
-And then finally, add view for this action, located at
+And then finally, add the view for this action, located at
 `app/views/articles/index.html.erb`:
 
 ```html+erb
@@ -867,7 +908,7 @@ And then finally, add view for this action, located at
 </table>
 ```
 
-Now if you go to `http://localhost:3000/articles` you will see a list of all the
+Now if you go to <http://localhost:3000/articles> you will see a list of all the
 articles that you have created.
 
 ### Adding links
@@ -896,18 +937,18 @@ Let's add links to the other views as well, starting with adding this
 
 This link will allow you to bring up the form that lets you create a new article.
 
-Also add a link in `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`, underneath the form, to
-go back to the `index` action:
+Now, add another link in `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`, underneath the
+form, to go back to the `index` action:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_for :article do |f| %>
+<%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %>
   ...
 <% end %>
 
 <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
-Finally, add another link to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` template to
+Finally, add a link to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` template to
 go back to the `index` action as well, so that people who are viewing a single
 article can go back and view the whole list again:
 
@@ -925,9 +966,9 @@ article can go back and view the whole list again:
 <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
-TIP: If you want to link to an action in the same controller, you don't
-need to specify the `:controller` option, as Rails will use the current
-controller by default.
+TIP: If you want to link to an action in the same controller, you don't need to
+specify the `:controller` option, as Rails will use the current controller by
+default.
 
 TIP: In development mode (which is what you're working in by default), Rails
 reloads your application with every browser request, so there's no need to stop
@@ -962,7 +1003,7 @@ These changes will ensure that all articles have a title that is at least five
 characters long. Rails can validate a variety of conditions in a model,
 including the presence or uniqueness of columns, their format, and the
 existence of associated objects. Validations are covered in detail in [Active
-Record Validations](active_record_validations.html)
+Record Validations](active_record_validations.html).
 
 With the validation now in place, when you call `@article.save` on an invalid
 article, it will return `false`. If you open
@@ -1011,17 +1052,21 @@ something went wrong. To do that, you'll modify
 
 ```html+erb
 <%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %>
+
   <% if @article.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
-      this article from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
+    <div id="error_explanation">
+      <h2>
+        <%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+        this article from being saved:
+      </h2>
+      <ul>
+        <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+          <li><%= msg %></li>
+        <% end %>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
   <% end %>
+
   <p>
     <%= f.label :title %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :title %>
@@ -1035,6 +1080,7 @@ something went wrong. To do that, you'll modify
   <p>
     <%= f.submit %>
   </p>
+
 <% end %>
 
 <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
@@ -1058,7 +1104,7 @@ standout.
 
 Now you'll get a nice error message when saving an article without title when
 you attempt to do just that on the new article form
-[(http://localhost:3000/articles/new)](http://localhost:3000/articles/new).
+<http://localhost:3000/articles/new>:
 
 ![Form With Errors](images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png)
 
@@ -1067,12 +1113,27 @@ you attempt to do just that on the new article form
 We've covered the "CR" part of CRUD. Now let's focus on the "U" part, updating
 articles.
 
-The first step we'll take is adding an `edit` action to the `ArticlesController`.
+The first step we'll take is adding an `edit` action to the `ArticlesController`,
+generally between the `new` and `create` actions, as shown:
 
 ```ruby
+def new
+  @article = Article.new
+end
+
 def edit
   @article = Article.find(params[:id])
 end
+
+def create
+  @article = Article.new(article_params)
+
+  if @article.save
+    redirect_to @article
+  else
+    render 'new'
+  end
+end
 ```
 
 The view will contain a form similar to the one we used when creating
@@ -1083,17 +1144,21 @@ it look as follows:
 <h1>Editing article</h1>
 
 <%= form_for :article, url: article_path(@article), method: :patch do |f| %>
+
   <% if @article.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
-      this article from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
+    <div id="error_explanation">
+      <h2>
+        <%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+        this article from being saved:
+      </h2>
+      <ul>
+        <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+          <li><%= msg %></li>
+        <% end %>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
   <% end %>
+
   <p>
     <%= f.label :title %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :title %>
@@ -1107,6 +1172,7 @@ it look as follows:
   <p>
     <%= f.submit %>
   </p>
+
 <% end %>
 
 <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
@@ -1119,12 +1185,28 @@ The `method: :patch` option tells Rails that we want this form to be submitted
 via the `PATCH` HTTP method which is the HTTP method you're expected to use to
 **update** resources according to the REST protocol.
 
-TIP: By default forms built with the _form_for_ helper are sent via `POST`.
+The first parameter of `form_for` can be an object, say, `@article` which would
+cause the helper to fill in the form with the fields of the object. Passing in a
+symbol (`:article`) with the same name as the instance variable (`@article`)
+also automagically leads to the same behavior. This is what is happening here.
+More details can be found in [form_for documentation]
+(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for).
 
-Next we need to create the `update` action in
-`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`:
+Next, we need to create the `update` action in
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`.
+Add it between the `create` action and the `private` method:
 
 ```ruby
+def create
+  @article = Article.new(article_params)
+
+  if @article.save
+    redirect_to @article
+  else
+    render 'new'
+  end
+end
+
 def update
   @article = Article.find(params[:id])
 
@@ -1166,14 +1248,14 @@ it appear next to the "Show" link:
     <th colspan="2"></th>
   </tr>
 
-<% @articles.each do |article| %>
-  <tr>
-    <td><%= article.title %></td>
-    <td><%= article.text %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
-  </tr>
-<% end %>
+  <% @articles.each do |article| %>
+    <tr>
+      <td><%= article.title %></td>
+      <td><%= article.text %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
+    </tr>
+  <% end %>
 </table>
 ```
 
@@ -1184,8 +1266,8 @@ bottom of the template:
 ```html+erb
 ...
 
-<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
-| <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %>
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %> |
+<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %>
 ```
 
 And here's how our app looks so far:
@@ -1194,10 +1276,10 @@ And here's how our app looks so far:
 
 ### Using partials to clean up duplication in views
 
-Our `edit` page looks very similar to the `new` page, in fact they
-both share the same code for displaying the form. Let's remove some duplication
-by using a view partial. By convention, partial files are prefixed by an
-underscore.
+Our `edit` page looks very similar to the `new` page; in fact, they
+both share the same code for displaying the form. Let's remove this
+duplication by using a view partial. By convention, partial files are
+prefixed by an underscore.
 
 TIP: You can read more about partials in the
 [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide.
@@ -1207,17 +1289,21 @@ content:
 
 ```html+erb
 <%= form_for @article do |f| %>
+
   <% if @article.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
-      this article from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
+    <div id="error_explanation">
+      <h2>
+        <%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+        this article from being saved:
+      </h2>
+      <ul>
+        <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+          <li><%= msg %></li>
+        <% end %>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
   <% end %>
+
   <p>
     <%= f.label :title %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :title %>
@@ -1231,6 +1317,7 @@ content:
   <p>
     <%= f.submit %>
   </p>
+
 <% end %>
 ```
 
@@ -1239,8 +1326,8 @@ The reason we can use this shorter, simpler `form_for` declaration
 to stand in for either of the other forms is that `@article` is a *resource*
 corresponding to a full set of RESTful routes, and Rails is able to infer
 which URI and method to use.
-For more information about this use of `form_for`, see
-[Resource-oriented style](//api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for-label-Resource-oriented+style).
+For more information about this use of `form_for`, see [Resource-oriented style]
+(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for-label-Resource-oriented+style).
 
 Now, let's update the `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` view to use this new
 partial, rewriting it completely:
@@ -1281,9 +1368,11 @@ people to craft malicious URLs like this:
 <a href='http://example.com/articles/1/destroy'>look at this cat!</a>
 ```
 
-We use the `delete` method for destroying resources, and this route is mapped to
-the `destroy` action inside `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`, which
-doesn't exist yet, but is provided below:
+We use the `delete` method for destroying resources, and this route is mapped
+to the `destroy` action inside `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`, which
+doesn't exist yet. The `destroy` method is generally the last CRUD action in
+the controller, and like the other public CRUD actions, it must be placed
+before any `private` or `protected` methods. Let's add it:
 
 ```ruby
 def destroy
@@ -1294,13 +1383,67 @@ def destroy
 end
 ```
 
+The complete `ArticlesController` in the
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` file should now look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @articles = Article.all
+  end
+
+  def show
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def new
+    @article = Article.new
+  end
+
+  def edit
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def create
+    @article = Article.new(article_params)
+
+    if @article.save
+      redirect_to @article
+    else
+      render 'new'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def update
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+
+    if @article.update(article_params)
+      redirect_to @article
+    else
+      render 'edit'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def destroy
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+    @article.destroy
+
+    redirect_to articles_path
+  end
+
+  private
+    def article_params
+      params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text)
+    end
+end
+```
+
 You can call `destroy` on Active Record objects when you want to delete
 them from the database. Note that we don't need to add a view for this
 action since we're redirecting to the `index` action.
 
 Finally, add a 'Destroy' link to your `index` action template
-(`app/views/articles/index.html.erb`) to wrap everything
-together.
+(`app/views/articles/index.html.erb`) to wrap everything together.
 
 ```html+erb
 <h1>Listing Articles</h1>
@@ -1312,16 +1455,17 @@ together.
     <th colspan="3"></th>
   </tr>
 
-<% @articles.each do |article| %>
-  <tr>
-    <td><%= article.title %></td>
-    <td><%= article.text %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', article_path(article),
-                    method: :delete, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
-  </tr>
-<% end %>
+  <% @articles.each do |article| %>
+    <tr>
+      <td><%= article.title %></td>
+      <td><%= article.text %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', article_path(article),
+              method: :delete,
+              data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
+    </tr>
+  <% end %>
 </table>
 ```
 
@@ -1339,9 +1483,8 @@ Without this file, the confirmation dialog box wouldn't appear.
 Congratulations, you can now create, show, list, update and destroy
 articles.
 
-TIP: In general, Rails encourages the use of resources objects in place
-of declaring routes manually.
-For more information about routing, see
+TIP: In general, Rails encourages using resources objects instead of
+declaring routes manually. For more information about routing, see
 [Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html).
 
 Adding a Second Model
@@ -1357,7 +1500,7 @@ the `Article` model. This time we'll create a `Comment` model to hold
 reference of article comments. Run this command in your terminal:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Comment commenter:string body:text article:references
+$ bin/rails generate model Comment commenter:string body:text article:references
 ```
 
 This command will generate four files:
@@ -1390,6 +1533,8 @@ class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration
     create_table :comments do |t|
       t.string :commenter
       t.text :body
+
+      # this line adds an integer column called `article_id`.
       t.references :article, index: true
 
       t.timestamps
@@ -1403,7 +1548,7 @@ the two models. An index for this association is also created on this column.
 Go ahead and run the migration:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ```
 
 Rails is smart enough to only execute the migrations that have not already been
@@ -1479,10 +1624,10 @@ With the model in hand, you can turn your attention to creating a matching
 controller. Again, we'll use the same generator we used before:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate controller Comments
+$ bin/rails generate controller Comments
 ```
 
-This creates six files and one empty directory:
+This creates five files and one empty directory:
 
 | File/Directory                               | Purpose                                  |
 | -------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
@@ -1490,7 +1635,6 @@ This creates six files and one empty directory:
 | app/views/comments/                          | Views of the controller are stored here  |
 | test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb | The test for the controller              |
 | app/helpers/comments_helper.rb               | A view helper file                       |
-| test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb         | The test for the helper                  |
 | app/assets/javascripts/comment.js.coffee     | CoffeeScript for the controller          |
 | app/assets/stylesheets/comment.css.scss      | Cascading style sheet for the controller |
 
@@ -1529,8 +1673,8 @@ So first, we'll wire up the Article show template
   </p>
 <% end %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
-| <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %>
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %> |
+<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %>
 ```
 
 This adds a form on the `Article` show page that creates a new comment by
@@ -1724,7 +1868,7 @@ Then you make the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` look like the following:
 <%= render @article.comments %>
 
 <h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= render "comments/form" %>
+<%= render 'comments/form' %>
 
 <%= link_to 'Edit Article', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
 <%= link_to 'Back to Articles', articles_path %>
@@ -1800,8 +1944,8 @@ database and send us back to the show action for the article.
 
 ### Deleting Associated Objects
 
-If you delete an article then its associated comments will also need to be
-deleted. Otherwise they would simply occupy space in the database. Rails allows
+If you delete an article, its associated comments will also need to be
+deleted, otherwise they would simply occupy space in the database. Rails allows
 you to use the `dependent` option of an association to achieve this. Modify the
 Article model, `app/models/article.rb`, as follows:
 
@@ -1818,21 +1962,21 @@ Security
 
 ### Basic Authentication
 
-If you were to publish your blog online, anybody would be able to add, edit and
+If you were to publish your blog online, anyone would be able to add, edit and
 delete articles or delete comments.
 
 Rails provides a very simple HTTP authentication system that will work nicely in
 this situation.
 
-In the `ArticlesController` we need to have a way to block access to the various
-actions if the person is not authenticated, here we can use the Rails
-`http_basic_authenticate_with` method, allowing access to the requested
+In the `ArticlesController` we need to have a way to block access to the
+various actions if the person is not authenticated. Here we can use the Rails
+`http_basic_authenticate_with` method, which allows access to the requested
 action if that method allows it.
 
 To use the authentication system, we specify it at the top of our
-`ArticlesController`, in this case, we want the user to be authenticated on
-every action, except for `index` and `show`, so we write that in
-`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`:
+`ArticlesController` in `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`. In our case,
+we want the user to be authenticated on every action except `index` and `show`,
+so we write that:
 
 ```ruby
 class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
@@ -1856,14 +2000,14 @@ class CommentsController < ApplicationController
 
   def create
     @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
-    ...
+    # ...
   end
 
   # snipped for brevity
 ```
 
 Now if you try to create a new article, you will be greeted with a basic HTTP
-Authentication challenge
+Authentication challenge:
 
 ![Basic HTTP Authentication Challenge](images/getting_started/challenge.png)
 
@@ -1878,7 +2022,7 @@ along with a number of others.
 
 Security, especially in web applications, is a broad and detailed area. Security
 in your Rails application is covered in more depth in
-The [Ruby on Rails Security Guide](security.html)
+the [Ruby on Rails Security Guide](security.html).
 
 
 What's Next?
@@ -1889,7 +2033,7 @@ update it and experiment on your own. But you don't have to do everything
 without help. As you need assistance getting up and running with Rails, feel
 free to consult these support resources:
 
-* The [Ruby on Rails guides](index.html)
+* The [Ruby on Rails Guides](index.html)
 * The [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](http://railstutorial.org/book)
 * The [Ruby on Rails mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk)
 * The [#rubyonrails](irc://irc.freenode.net/#rubyonrails) channel on irc.freenode.net
diff --git a/guides/source/i18n.md b/guides/source/i18n.md
index d72717fa3b..1023598aa4 100644
--- a/guides/source/i18n.md
+++ b/guides/source/i18n.md
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Rails adds all `.rb` and `.yml` files from the `config/locales` directory to you
 
 The default `en.yml` locale in this directory contains a sample pair of translation strings:
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 en:
   hello: "Hello world"
 ```
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ The **translations load path** (`I18n.load_path`) is just a Ruby Array of paths
 
 NOTE: The backend will lazy-load these translations when a translation is looked up for the first time. This makes it possible to just swap the backend with something else even after translations have already been announced.
 
-The default `application.rb` files has instructions on how to add locales from another directory and how to set a different default locale. Just uncomment and edit the specific lines.
+The default `application.rb` file has instructions on how to add locales from another directory and how to set a different default locale. Just uncomment and edit the specific lines.
 
 ```ruby
 # The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded.
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ If you want to translate your Rails application to a **single language other tha
 
 However, you would probably like to **provide support for more locales** in your application. In such case, you need to set and pass the locale between requests.
 
-WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a <em>cookie</em>, however **do not do this**. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being [<em>RESTful</em>](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). Read more about the RESTful approach in [Stefan Tilkov's articles](http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction). Sometimes there are exceptions to this rule and those are discussed below.
+WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a *cookie*. However, **do not do this**. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being [*RESTful*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). Read more about the RESTful approach in [Stefan Tilkov's articles](http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction). Sometimes there are exceptions to this rule and those are discussed below.
 
 The _setting part_ is easy. You can set the locale in a `before_action` in the `ApplicationController` like this:
 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ end
 # in your /etc/hosts file to try this out locally
 def extract_locale_from_tld
   parsed_locale = request.host.split('.').last
-  I18n.available_locales.include?(parsed_locale.to_sym) ? parsed_locale : nil
+  I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).include?(parsed_locale) ? parsed_locale : nil
 end
 ```
 
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ We can also set the locale from the _subdomain_ in a very similar way:
 # in your /etc/hosts file to try this out locally
 def extract_locale_from_subdomain
   parsed_locale = request.subdomains.first
-  I18n.available_locales.include?(parsed_locale.to_sym) ? parsed_locale : nil
+  I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).include?(parsed_locale) ? parsed_locale : nil
 end
 ```
 
@@ -212,17 +212,16 @@ The most usual way of setting (and passing) the locale would be to include it in
 
 This approach has almost the same set of advantages as setting the locale from the domain name: namely that it's RESTful and in accord with the rest of the World Wide Web. It does require a little bit more work to implement, though.
 
-Getting the locale from `params` and setting it accordingly is not hard; including it in every URL and thus **passing it through the requests** is. To include an explicit option in every URL (e.g. `link_to( books_url(locale: I18n.locale))`) would be tedious and probably impossible, of course.
+Getting the locale from `params` and setting it accordingly is not hard; including it in every URL and thus **passing it through the requests** is. To include an explicit option in every URL, e.g. `link_to(books_url(locale: I18n.locale))`, would be tedious and probably impossible, of course.
 
-Rails contains infrastructure for "centralizing dynamic decisions about the URLs" in its [`ApplicationController#default_url_options`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/Base.html#M000515), which is useful precisely in this scenario: it enables us to set "defaults" for [`url_for`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/Base.html#M000503) and helper methods dependent on it (by implementing/overriding this method).
+Rails contains infrastructure for "centralizing dynamic decisions about the URLs" in its [`ApplicationController#default_url_options`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/Mapper/Base.html#method-i-default_url_options), which is useful precisely in this scenario: it enables us to set "defaults" for [`url_for`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/UrlFor.html#method-i-url_for) and helper methods dependent on it (by implementing/overriding this method).
 
 We can include something like this in our `ApplicationController` then:
 
 ```ruby
 # app/controllers/application_controller.rb
-def default_url_options(options={})
-  logger.debug "default_url_options is passed options: #{options.inspect}\n"
-  { locale: I18n.locale }
+def default_url_options(options = {})
+  { locale: I18n.locale }.merge options
 end
 ```
 
@@ -263,7 +262,7 @@ get '/:locale' => 'dashboard#index'
 
 Do take special care about the **order of your routes**, so this route declaration does not "eat" other ones. (You may want to add it directly before the `root :to` declaration.)
 
-NOTE: Have a look at two plugins which simplify work with routes in this way: Sven Fuchs's [routing_filter](https://github.com/svenfuchs/routing-filter/tree/master) and Raul Murciano's [translate_routes](https://github.com/raul/translate_routes/tree/master).
+NOTE: Have a look at two plugins which simplify working with routes in this way: Sven Fuchs's [routing_filter](https://github.com/svenfuchs/routing-filter/tree/master) and Raul Murciano's [translate_routes](https://github.com/raul/translate_routes/tree/master).
 
 ### Setting the Locale from the Client Supplied Information
 
@@ -310,7 +309,7 @@ You most probably have something like this in one of your applications:
 
 ```ruby
 # config/routes.rb
-Yourapp::Application.routes.draw do
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
   root to: "home#index"
 end
 ```
@@ -370,7 +369,7 @@ NOTE: Rails adds a `t` (`translate`) helper method to your views so that you do
 
 So let's add the missing translations into the dictionary files (i.e. do the "localization" part):
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 # config/locales/en.yml
 en:
   hello_world: Hello world!
@@ -422,7 +421,7 @@ OK! Now let's add a timestamp to the view, so we can demo the **date/time locali
 
 And in our pirate translations file let's add a time format (it's already there in Rails' defaults for English):
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 # config/locales/pirate.yml
 pirate:
   time:
@@ -438,11 +437,11 @@ TIP: Right now you might need to add some more date/time formats in order to mak
 
 ### Inflection Rules For Other Locales
 
-Rails 4.0 allows you to define inflection rules (such as rules for singularization and pluralization) for locales other than English. In `config/initializers/inflections.rb`, you can define these rules for multiple locales. The initializer contains a default example for specifying additional rules for English; follow that format for other locales as you see fit.
+Rails allows you to define inflection rules (such as rules for singularization and pluralization) for locales other than English. In `config/initializers/inflections.rb`, you can define these rules for multiple locales. The initializer contains a default example for specifying additional rules for English; follow that format for other locales as you see fit.
 
 ### Localized Views
 
-Rails 2.3 introduces another convenient localization feature: localized views (templates). Let's say you have a _BooksController_ in your application. Your _index_ action renders content in `app/views/books/index.html.erb` template. When you put a _localized variant_ of this template: `index.es.html.erb` in the same directory, Rails will render content in this template, when the locale is set to `:es`. When the locale is set to the default locale, the generic `index.html.erb` view will be used. (Future Rails versions may well bring this _automagic_ localization to assets in `public`, etc.)
+Let's say you have a _BooksController_ in your application. Your _index_ action renders content in `app/views/books/index.html.erb` template. When you put a _localized variant_ of this template: `index.es.html.erb` in the same directory, Rails will render content in this template, when the locale is set to `:es`. When the locale is set to the default locale, the generic `index.html.erb` view will be used. (Future Rails versions may well bring this _automagic_ localization to assets in `public`, etc.)
 
 You can make use of this feature, e.g. when working with a large amount of static content, which would be clumsy to put inside YAML or Ruby dictionaries. Bear in mind, though, that any change you would like to do later to the template must be propagated to all of them.
 
@@ -681,62 +680,13 @@ NOTE: Automatic conversion to HTML safe translate text is only available from th
 
 ![i18n demo html safe](images/i18n/demo_html_safe.png)
 
-How to Store your Custom Translations
--------------------------------------
-
-The Simple backend shipped with Active Support allows you to store translations in both plain Ruby and YAML format.[^2]
-
-For example a Ruby Hash providing translations can look like this:
-
-```ruby
-{
-  pt: {
-    foo: {
-      bar: "baz"
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-The equivalent YAML file would look like this:
-
-```ruby
-pt:
-  foo:
-    bar: baz
-```
-
-As you see, in both cases the top level key is the locale. `:foo` is a namespace key and `:bar` is the key for the translation "baz".
-
-Here is a "real" example from the Active Support `en.yml` translations YAML file:
-
-```ruby
-en:
-  date:
-    formats:
-      default: "%Y-%m-%d"
-      short: "%b %d"
-      long: "%B %d, %Y"
-```
-
-So, all of the following equivalent lookups will return the `:short` date format `"%b %d"`:
-
-```ruby
-I18n.t 'date.formats.short'
-I18n.t 'formats.short', scope: :date
-I18n.t :short, scope: 'date.formats'
-I18n.t :short, scope: [:date, :formats]
-```
-
-Generally we recommend using YAML as a format for storing translations. There are cases, though, where you want to store Ruby lambdas as part of your locale data, e.g. for special date formats.
-
 ### Translations for Active Record Models
 
 You can use the methods `Model.model_name.human` and `Model.human_attribute_name(attribute)` to transparently look up translations for your model and attribute names.
 
 For example when you add the following translations:
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 en:
   activerecord:
     models:
@@ -751,7 +701,7 @@ Then `User.model_name.human` will return "Dude" and `User.human_attribute_name("
 
 You can also set a plural form for model names, adding as following:
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 en:
   activerecord:
     models:
@@ -762,6 +712,19 @@ en:
 
 Then `User.model_name.human(count: 2)` will return "Dudes". With `count: 1` or without params will return "Dude".
 
+In the event you need to access nested attributes within a given model, you should nest these under `model/attribute` at the model level of your translation file:
+
+```yaml
+en:
+  activerecord:
+    attributes:
+      user/gender:
+        female: "Female"
+        male: "Male"
+```
+
+Then `User.human_attribute_name("gender.female")` will return "Female".
+
 #### Error Message Scopes
 
 Active Record validation error messages can also be translated easily. Active Record gives you a couple of namespaces where you can place your message translations in order to provide different messages and translation for certain models, attributes, and/or validations. It also transparently takes single table inheritance into account.
@@ -897,6 +860,24 @@ en:
       subject: "Welcome to Rails Guides!"
 ```
 
+To send parameters to interpolation use the `default_i18n_subject` method on the mailer.
+
+```ruby
+# user_mailer.rb
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  def welcome(user)
+    mail(to: user.email, subject: default_i18n_subject(user: user.name))
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```yaml
+en:
+  user_mailer:
+    welcome:
+      subject: "%{user}, welcome to Rails Guides!"
+```
+
 ### Overview of Other Built-In Methods that Provide I18n Support
 
 Rails uses fixed strings and other localizations, such as format strings and other format information in a couple of helpers. Here's a brief overview.
@@ -921,6 +902,55 @@ Rails uses fixed strings and other localizations, such as format strings and oth
 
 * `Array#to_sentence` uses format settings as given in the [support.array](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml#L33) scope.
 
+How to Store your Custom Translations
+-------------------------------------
+
+The Simple backend shipped with Active Support allows you to store translations in both plain Ruby and YAML format.[^2]
+
+For example a Ruby Hash providing translations can look like this:
+
+```yaml
+{
+  pt: {
+    foo: {
+      bar: "baz"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+The equivalent YAML file would look like this:
+
+```yaml
+pt:
+  foo:
+    bar: baz
+```
+
+As you see, in both cases the top level key is the locale. `:foo` is a namespace key and `:bar` is the key for the translation "baz".
+
+Here is a "real" example from the Active Support `en.yml` translations YAML file:
+
+```yaml
+en:
+  date:
+    formats:
+      default: "%Y-%m-%d"
+      short: "%b %d"
+      long: "%B %d, %Y"
+```
+
+So, all of the following equivalent lookups will return the `:short` date format `"%b %d"`:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t 'date.formats.short'
+I18n.t 'formats.short', scope: :date
+I18n.t :short, scope: 'date.formats'
+I18n.t :short, scope: [:date, :formats]
+```
+
+Generally we recommend using YAML as a format for storing translations. There are cases, though, where you want to store Ruby lambdas as part of your locale data, e.g. for special date formats.
+
 Customize your I18n Setup
 -------------------------
 
diff --git a/guides/source/index.html.erb b/guides/source/index.html.erb
index 57c224c165..2fdf18a2e9 100644
--- a/guides/source/index.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/index.html.erb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Ruby on Rails Guides
 <% content_for :index_section do %>
 <div id="subCol">
   <dl>
+    <dt></dt>
     <dd class="kindle">Rails Guides are also available for <%= link_to 'Kindle', @mobi %>.</dd>
     <dd class="work-in-progress">Guides marked with this icon are currently being worked on and will not be available in the Guides Index menu. While still useful, they may contain incomplete information and even errors. You can help by reviewing them and posting your comments and corrections.</dd>
   </dl>
diff --git a/guides/source/initialization.md b/guides/source/initialization.md
index ec3cec5c6f..53bf3039fa 100644
--- a/guides/source/initialization.md
+++ b/guides/source/initialization.md
@@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ configure the load path for your Gemfile's dependencies.
 
 A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:
 
-* abstract
 * actionmailer
 * actionpack
+* actionview
 * activemodel
 * activerecord
 * activesupport
@@ -111,7 +111,6 @@ A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:
 * i18n
 * mail
 * mime-types
-* polyglot
 * rack
 * rack-cache
 * rack-mount
@@ -119,9 +118,8 @@ A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:
 * rails
 * railties
 * rake
-* sqlite3-ruby
+* sqlite3
 * thor
-* treetop
 * tzinfo
 
 ### `rails/commands.rb`
@@ -166,6 +164,7 @@ is called.
 COMMAND_WHITELIST = %(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help)
 
 def run_command!(command)
+  command = parse_command(command)
   if COMMAND_WHITELIST.include?(command)
     send(command)
   else
@@ -178,8 +177,7 @@ With the `server` command, Rails will further run the following code:
 
 ```ruby
 def set_application_directory!
-  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless
-  File.exist?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
+  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exist?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
 end
 
 def server
@@ -187,6 +185,8 @@ def server
   require_command!("server")
 
   Rails::Server.new.tap do |server|
+    # We need to require application after the server sets environment,
+    # otherwise the --environment option given to the server won't propagate.
     require APP_PATH
     Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
     server.start
@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@ sets up the `Rails::Server` class.
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'optparse'
 require 'action_dispatch'
+require 'rails'
 
 module Rails
   class Server < ::Rack::Server
@@ -273,7 +274,7 @@ def parse_options(args)
   # http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/docs/cgi/cl.html
   args.clear if ENV.include?("REQUEST_METHOD")
 
-  options.merge! opt_parser.parse! args
+  options.merge! opt_parser.parse!(args)
   options[:config] = ::File.expand_path(options[:config])
   ENV["RACK_ENV"] = options[:environment]
   options
@@ -284,18 +285,21 @@ With the `default_options` set to this:
 
 ```ruby
 def default_options
+  environment  = ENV['RACK_ENV'] || 'development'
+  default_host = environment == 'development' ? 'localhost' : '0.0.0.0'
+
   {
-    environment: ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development",
-    pid:         nil,
-    Port:        9292,
-    Host:        "0.0.0.0",
-    AccessLog:   [],
-    config:      "config.ru"
+    :environment => environment,
+    :pid         => nil,
+    :Port        => 9292,
+    :Host        => default_host,
+    :AccessLog   => [],
+    :config      => "config.ru"
   }
 end
 ```
 
-There is no `REQUEST_METHOD` key in `ENV` so we can skip over that line. The next line merges in the options from `opt_parser` which is defined plainly in `Rack::Server`
+There is no `REQUEST_METHOD` key in `ENV` so we can skip over that line. The next line merges in the options from `opt_parser` which is defined plainly in `Rack::Server`:
 
 ```ruby
 def opt_parser
@@ -348,6 +352,7 @@ private
   def print_boot_information
     ...
     puts "=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options"
+    ...
     puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
   end
 
@@ -434,7 +439,11 @@ The `app` method here is defined like so:
 
 ```ruby
 def app
-  @app ||= begin
+  @app ||= options[:builder] ? build_app_from_string : build_app_and_options_from_config
+end
+...
+private
+  def build_app_and_options_from_config
     if !::File.exist? options[:config]
       abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
     end
@@ -443,7 +452,10 @@ def app
     self.options.merge! options
     app
   end
-end
+
+  def build_app_from_string
+    Rack::Builder.new_from_string(self.options[:builder])
+  end
 ```
 
 The `options[:config]` value defaults to `config.ru` which contains this:
@@ -459,8 +471,14 @@ run <%= app_const %>
 The `Rack::Builder.parse_file` method here takes the content from this `config.ru` file and parses it using this code:
 
 ```ruby
-app = eval "Rack::Builder.new {( " + cfgfile + "\n )}.to_app",
-    TOPLEVEL_BINDING, config
+app = new_from_string cfgfile, config
+
+...
+
+def self.new_from_string(builder_script, file="(rackup)")
+  eval "Rack::Builder.new {\n" + builder_script + "\n}.to_app",
+    TOPLEVEL_BINDING, file, 0
+end
 ```
 
 The `initialize` method of `Rack::Builder` will take the block here and execute it within an instance of `Rack::Builder`. This is where the majority of the initialization process of Rails happens. The `require` line for `config/environment.rb` in `config.ru` is the first to run:
@@ -473,11 +491,22 @@ require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
 
 This file is the common file required by `config.ru` (`rails server`) and Passenger. This is where these two ways to run the server meet; everything before this point has been Rack and Rails setup.
 
-This file begins with requiring `config/application.rb`.
+This file begins with requiring `config/application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+require File.expand_path('../application', __FILE__)
+```
 
 ### `config/application.rb`
 
-This file requires `config/boot.rb`, but only if it hasn't been required before, which would be the case in `rails server` but **wouldn't** be the case with Passenger.
+This file requires `config/boot.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
+```
+
+But only if it hasn't been required before, which would be the case in `rails server`
+but **wouldn't** be the case with Passenger.
 
 Then the fun begins!
 
@@ -498,11 +527,12 @@ This file is responsible for requiring all the individual frameworks of Rails:
 require "rails"
 
 %w(
-    active_record
-    action_controller
-    action_mailer
-    rails/test_unit
-    sprockets
+  active_record
+  action_controller
+  action_view
+  action_mailer
+  rails/test_unit
+  sprockets
 ).each do |framework|
   begin
     require "#{framework}/railtie"
@@ -526,8 +556,8 @@ The rest of `config/application.rb` defines the configuration for the
 initialized. When `config/application.rb` has finished loading Rails and defined
 the application namespace, we go back to `config/environment.rb`,
 where the application is initialized. For example, if the application was called
-`Blog`, here we would find `Blog::Application.initialize!`, which is
-defined in `rails/application.rb`
+`Blog`, here we would find `Rails.application.initialize!`, which is
+defined in `rails/application.rb`.
 
 ### `railties/lib/rails/application.rb`
 
@@ -543,7 +573,7 @@ end
 ```
 
 As you can see, you can only initialize an app once. The initializers are run through
-the `run_initializers` method which is defined in `railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb`
+the `run_initializers` method which is defined in `railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
 def run_initializers(group=:default, *args)
@@ -555,7 +585,7 @@ def run_initializers(group=:default, *args)
 end
 ```
 
-The run_initializers code itself is tricky. What Rails is doing here is
+The `run_initializers` code itself is tricky. What Rails is doing here is
 traversing all the class ancestors looking for those that respond to an
 `initializers` method. It then sorts the ancestors by name, and runs them.
 For example, the `Engine` class will make all the engines available by
@@ -568,7 +598,7 @@ initializers (like building the middleware stack) are run last. The `railtie`
 initializers are the initializers which have been defined on the `Rails::Application`
 itself and are run between the `bootstrap` and `finishers`.
 
-After this is done we go back to `Rack::Server`
+After this is done we go back to `Rack::Server`.
 
 ### Rack: lib/rack/server.rb
 
@@ -576,7 +606,11 @@ Last time we left when the `app` method was being defined:
 
 ```ruby
 def app
-  @app ||= begin
+  @app ||= options[:builder] ? build_app_from_string : build_app_and_options_from_config
+end
+...
+private
+  def build_app_and_options_from_config
     if !::File.exist? options[:config]
       abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
     end
@@ -585,7 +619,10 @@ def app
     self.options.merge! options
     app
   end
-end
+
+  def build_app_from_string
+    Rack::Builder.new_from_string(self.options[:builder])
+  end
 ```
 
 At this point `app` is the Rails app itself (a middleware), and what
@@ -603,7 +640,7 @@ def build_app(app)
 end
 ```
 
-Remember, `build_app` was called (by wrapped_app) in the last line of `Server#start`.
+Remember, `build_app` was called (by `wrapped_app`) in the last line of `Server#start`.
 Here's how it looked like when we left:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -611,40 +648,50 @@ server.run wrapped_app, options, &blk
 ```
 
 At this point, the implementation of `server.run` will depend on the
-server you're using. For example, if you were using Mongrel, here's what
+server you're using. For example, if you were using Puma, here's what
 the `run` method would look like:
 
 ```ruby
-def self.run(app, options={})
-  server = ::Mongrel::HttpServer.new(
-    options[:Host]           || '0.0.0.0',
-    options[:Port]           || 8080,
-    options[:num_processors] || 950,
-    options[:throttle]       || 0,
-    options[:timeout]        || 60)
-  # Acts like Rack::URLMap, utilizing Mongrel's own path finding methods.
-  # Use is similar to #run, replacing the app argument with a hash of
-  # { path=>app, ... } or an instance of Rack::URLMap.
-  if options[:map]
-    if app.is_a? Hash
-      app.each do |path, appl|
-        path = '/'+path unless path[0] == ?/
-        server.register(path, Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(appl))
-      end
-    elsif app.is_a? URLMap
-      app.instance_variable_get(:@mapping).each do |(host, path, appl)|
-       next if !host.nil? && !options[:Host].nil? && options[:Host] != host
-       path = '/'+path unless path[0] == ?/
-       server.register(path, Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(appl))
-      end
-    else
-      raise ArgumentError, "first argument should be a Hash or URLMap"
-    end
-  else
-    server.register('/', Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(app))
+...
+DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
+  :Host => '0.0.0.0',
+  :Port => 8080,
+  :Threads => '0:16',
+  :Verbose => false
+}
+
+def self.run(app, options = {})
+  options  = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options)
+
+  if options[:Verbose]
+    app = Rack::CommonLogger.new(app, STDOUT)
   end
+
+  if options[:environment]
+    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = options[:environment].to_s
+  end
+
+  server   = ::Puma::Server.new(app)
+  min, max = options[:Threads].split(':', 2)
+
+  puts "Puma #{::Puma::Const::PUMA_VERSION} starting..."
+  puts "* Min threads: #{min}, max threads: #{max}"
+  puts "* Environment: #{ENV['RACK_ENV']}"
+  puts "* Listening on tcp://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
+
+  server.add_tcp_listener options[:Host], options[:Port]
+  server.min_threads = min
+  server.max_threads = max
   yield server if block_given?
-  server.run.join
+
+  begin
+    server.run.join
+  rescue Interrupt
+    puts "* Gracefully stopping, waiting for requests to finish"
+    server.stop(true)
+    puts "* Goodbye!"
+  end
+
 end
 ```
 
diff --git a/guides/source/layout.html.erb b/guides/source/layout.html.erb
index 0513066f5a..1005057ca9 100644
--- a/guides/source/layout.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/layout.html.erb
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/>
 
 <title><%= yield(:page_title) || 'Ruby on Rails Guides' %></title>
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/style.css" />
@@ -36,7 +35,6 @@
         <li class="more-info"><a href="https://github.com/rails/rails">Code</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/screencasts">Screencasts</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/documentation">Documentation</a></li>
-        <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/community">Community</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/">Blog</a></li>
       </ul>
@@ -78,7 +76,6 @@
           </select>
         </li>
       </ul>
-      </div>
     </div>
   </div>
   <hr class="hide" />
diff --git a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
index 93e25d619e..ac254fc000 100644
--- a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
+++ b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
@@ -236,15 +236,35 @@ render inline: "xml.p {'Horrid coding practice!'}", type: :builder
 
 #### Rendering Text
 
-You can send plain text - with no markup at all - back to the browser by using the `:text` option to `render`:
+You can send plain text - with no markup at all - back to the browser by using
+the `:plain` option to `render`:
 
 ```ruby
-render text: "OK"
+render plain: "OK"
 ```
 
-TIP: Rendering pure text is most useful when you're responding to Ajax or web service requests that are expecting something other than proper HTML.
+TIP: Rendering pure text is most useful when you're responding to Ajax or web
+service requests that are expecting something other than proper HTML.
 
-NOTE: By default, if you use the `:text` option, the text is rendered without using the current layout. If you want Rails to put the text into the current layout, you need to add the `layout: true` option.
+NOTE: By default, if you use the `:plain` option, the text is rendered without
+using the current layout. If you want Rails to put the text into the current
+layout, you need to add the `layout: true` option and use the `.txt.erb`
+extension for the layout file.
+
+#### Rendering HTML
+
+You can send a HTML string back to the browser by using the `:html` option to
+`render`:
+
+```ruby
+render html: "<strong>Not Found</strong>".html_safe
+```
+
+TIP: This is useful when you're rendering a small snippet of HTML code.
+However, you might want to consider moving it to a template file if the markup
+is complex.
+
+NOTE: This option will escape HTML entities if the string is not HTML safe.
 
 #### Rendering JSON
 
@@ -276,6 +296,22 @@ render js: "alert('Hello Rails');"
 
 This will send the supplied string to the browser with a MIME type of `text/javascript`.
 
+#### Rendering raw body
+
+You can send a raw content back to the browser, without setting any content
+type, by using the `:body` option to `render`:
+
+```ruby
+render body: "raw"
+```
+
+TIP: This option should be used only if you don't care about the content type of
+the response. Using `:plain` or `:html` might be more appropriate in most of the
+time.
+
+NOTE: Unless overridden, your response returned from this render option will be
+`text/html`, as that is the default content type of Action Dispatch response.
+
 #### Options for `render`
 
 Calls to the `render` method generally accept four options:
@@ -471,33 +507,33 @@ Layout declarations cascade downward in the hierarchy, and more specific layout
     end
     ```
 
-* `posts_controller.rb`
+* `articles_controller.rb`
 
     ```ruby
-    class PostsController < ApplicationController
+    class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
     end
     ```
 
-* `special_posts_controller.rb`
+* `special_articles_controller.rb`
 
     ```ruby
-    class SpecialPostsController < PostsController
+    class SpecialArticlesController < ArticlesController
       layout "special"
     end
     ```
 
-* `old_posts_controller.rb`
+* `old_articles_controller.rb`
 
     ```ruby
-    class OldPostsController < SpecialPostsController
+    class OldArticlesController < SpecialArticlesController
       layout false
 
       def show
-        @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+        @article = Article.find(params[:id])
       end
 
       def index
-        @old_posts = Post.older
+        @old_articles = Article.older
         render layout: "old"
       end
       # ...
@@ -507,10 +543,10 @@ Layout declarations cascade downward in the hierarchy, and more specific layout
 In this application:
 
 * In general, views will be rendered in the `main` layout
-* `PostsController#index` will use the `main` layout
-* `SpecialPostsController#index` will use the `special` layout
-* `OldPostsController#show` will use no layout at all
-* `OldPostsController#index` will use the `old` layout
+* `ArticlesController#index` will use the `main` layout
+* `SpecialArticlesController#index` will use the `special` layout
+* `OldArticlesController#show` will use no layout at all
+* `OldArticlesController#index` will use the `old` layout
 
 #### Avoiding Double Render Errors
 
@@ -868,7 +904,7 @@ You can also specify multiple videos to play by passing an array of videos to th
 This will produce:
 
 ```erb
-<video><source src="trailer.ogg" /><source src="movie.ogg" /></video>
+<video><source src="/videos/trailer.ogg" /><source src="/videos/trailer.flv" /></video>
 ```
 
 #### Linking to Audio Files with the `audio_tag`
diff --git a/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md b/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md
index 93729c6f72..6f8584b3b7 100644
--- a/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md
+++ b/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md
@@ -3,10 +3,29 @@ Maintenance Policy for Ruby on Rails
 
 Support of the Rails framework is divided into four groups: New features, bug
 fixes, security issues, and severe security issues. They are handled as
-follows, all versions in x.y.z format
+follows, all versions in `X.Y.Z` format.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+Rails follows a shifted version of [semver](http://semver.org/):
+
+**Patch `Z`**
+
+Only bug fixes, no API changes, no new features.
+Except as necessary for security fixes.
+
+**Minor `Y`**
+
+New features, may contain API changes (Serve as major versions of Semver).
+Breaking changes are paired with deprecation notices in the previous minor
+or major release.
+
+**Major `X`**
+
+New features, will likely contain API changes. The difference between Rails'
+minor and major releases is the magnitude of breaking changes, and usually
+reserved for special occasions.
+
 New Features
 ------------
 
@@ -20,7 +39,7 @@ Only the latest release series will receive bug fixes. When enough bugs are
 fixed and its deemed worthy to release a new gem, this is the branch it happens
 from.
 
-**Currently included series:** 4.0.z
+**Currently included series:** `4.1.Z`, `4.0.Z`.
 
 Security Issues
 ---------------
@@ -35,7 +54,7 @@ be built from 1.2.2, and then added to the end of 1-2-stable. This means that
 security releases are easy to upgrade to if you're running the latest version
 of Rails.
 
-**Currently included series:** 4.0.z, 3.2.z
+**Currently included series:** `4.1.Z`, `4.0.Z`.
 
 Severe Security Issues
 ----------------------
@@ -44,7 +63,7 @@ For severe security issues we will provide new versions as above, and also the
 last major release series will receive patches and new versions. The
 classification of the security issue is judged by the core team.
 
-**Currently included series:** 4.0.z, 3.2.z
+**Currently included series:** `4.1.Z`, `4.0.Z`, `3.2.Z`.
 
 Unsupported Release Series
 --------------------------
diff --git a/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md
index 855fab18e3..f0ee34cfb1 100644
--- a/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md
+++ b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Rails nested model forms
+Rails Nested Model Forms
 ========================
 
 Creating a form for a model _and_ its associations can become quite tedious. Therefore Rails provides helpers to assist in dealing with the complexities of generating these forms _and_ the required CRUD operations to create, update, and destroy associations.
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ Model setup
 
 To be able to use the nested model functionality in your forms, the model will need to support some basic operations.
 
-First of all, it needs to define a writer method for the attribute that corresponds to the association you are building a nested model form for. The `fields_for` form helper will look for this method to decide whether or not a nested model form should be build.
+First of all, it needs to define a writer method for the attribute that corresponds to the association you are building a nested model form for. The `fields_for` form helper will look for this method to decide whether or not a nested model form should be built.
 
-If the associated object is an array a form builder will be yielded for each object, else only a single form builder will be yielded.
+If the associated object is an array, a form builder will be yielded for each object, else only a single form builder will be yielded.
 
 Consider a Person model with an associated Address. When asked to yield a nested FormBuilder for the `:address` attribute, the `fields_for` form helper will look for a method on the Person instance named `address_attributes=`.
 
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
+NOTE: For greater detail on associations see [Active Record Associations](association_basics.html).
+For a complete reference on associations please visit the API documentation for [ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Associations/ClassMethods.html).
+
 ### Custom model
 
 As you might have inflected from this explanation, you _don't_ necessarily need an ActiveRecord::Base model to use this functionality. The following examples are sufficient to enable the nested model form behavior:
@@ -220,6 +223,6 @@ As you can see it has generated 2 `project name` inputs, one for each new `proje
 
 You can basically see the `projects_attributes` hash as an array of attribute hashes, one for each model instance.
 
-NOTE: The reason that `fields_for` constructed a form which would result in a hash instead of an array is that it won't work for any forms nested deeper than one level deep.
+NOTE: The reason that `fields_for` constructed a hash instead of an array is that it won't work for any form nested deeper than one level deep.
 
 TIP: You _can_ however pass an array to the writer method generated by `accepts_nested_attributes_for` if you're using plain Ruby or some other API access. See (TODO) for more info and example.
diff --git a/guides/source/plugins.md b/guides/source/plugins.md
index 720ca5d117..dbccfd4021 100644
--- a/guides/source/plugins.md
+++ b/guides/source/plugins.md
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ to run integration tests using a dummy Rails application. Create your
 plugin with the command:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails plugin new yaffle
+$ bin/rails plugin new yaffle
 ```
 
 See usage and options by asking for help:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails plugin --help
+$ bin/rails plugin new --help
 ```
 
 Testing Your Newly Generated Plugin
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ You can navigate to the directory that contains the plugin, run the `bundle inst
 You should see:
 
 ```bash
-  2 tests, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+  1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 This will tell you that everything got generated properly and you are ready to start adding functionality.
@@ -85,19 +85,19 @@ Run `rake` to run the test. This test should fail because we haven't implemented
 
 ```bash
     1) Error:
-  test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk(CoreExtTest):
-  NoMethodError: undefined method `to_squawk' for [Hello World](String)
-      test/core_ext_test.rb:5:in `test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk'
+  CoreExtTest#test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk:
+  NoMethodError: undefined method `to_squawk' for "Hello World":String
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/core_ext_test.rb:5:in `test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk'
 ```
 
 Great - now you are ready to start development.
 
-In `lib/yaffle.rb`, add `require "yaffle/core_ext"`:
+In `lib/yaffle.rb`, add `require 'yaffle/core_ext'`:
 
 ```ruby
 # yaffle/lib/yaffle.rb
 
-require "yaffle/core_ext"
+require 'yaffle/core_ext'
 
 module Yaffle
 end
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ end
 To test that your method does what it says it does, run the unit tests with `rake` from your plugin directory.
 
 ```bash
-  3 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+  2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 To see this in action, change to the test/dummy directory, fire up a console and start squawking:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails console
+$ bin/rails console
 >> "Hello World".to_squawk
 => "squawk! Hello World"
 ```
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ end
 ```ruby
 # yaffle/lib/yaffle.rb
 
-require "yaffle/core_ext"
+require 'yaffle/core_ext'
 require 'yaffle/acts_as_yaffle'
 
 module Yaffle
@@ -196,16 +196,16 @@ When you run `rake`, you should see the following:
 
 ```
     1) Error:
-  test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk(ActsAsYaffleTest):
+  ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk:
   NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Hickwall
-      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
 
     2) Error:
-  test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet(ActsAsYaffleTest):
+  ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet:
   NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Wickwall
-      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'
 
-  5 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
+  4 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 This tells us that we don't have the necessary models (Hickwall and Wickwall) that we are trying to test.
@@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ test/dummy directory:
 
 ```bash
 $ cd test/dummy
-$ rails generate model Hickwall last_squawk:string
-$ rails generate model Wickwall last_squawk:string last_tweet:string
+$ bin/rails generate model Hickwall last_squawk:string
+$ bin/rails generate model Wickwall last_squawk:string last_tweet:string
 ```
 
 Now you can create the necessary database tables in your testing database by navigating to your dummy app
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ and migrating the database. First, run:
 
 ```bash
 $ cd test/dummy
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ```
 
 While you are here, change the Hickwall and Wickwall models so that they know that they are supposed to act
@@ -270,18 +270,18 @@ You can then return to the root directory (`cd ../..`) of your plugin and rerun
 
 ```
     1) Error:
-  test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk(ActsAsYaffleTest):
-  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x000001016661b8>
-      /Users/xxx/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136@xxx/gems/activerecord-3.0.3/lib/active_record/base.rb:1008:in `method_missing'
-      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:5:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
+  ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk:
+  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x007fd105e3b218>
+    activerecord (4.1.5) lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb:26:in `method_missing'
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
 
     2) Error:
-  test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet(ActsAsYaffleTest):
-  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x00000101653748>
-      Users/xxx/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136@xxx/gems/activerecord-3.0.3/lib/active_record/base.rb:1008:in `method_missing'
-      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:9:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'
+  ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet:
+  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x007fd105e409c0>
+    activerecord (4.1.5) lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb:26:in `method_missing'
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'  
 
-  5 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
+  4 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
 
 ```
 
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle
 When you run `rake`, you should see the tests all pass:
 
 ```bash
-  5 tests, 5 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+  4 runs, 4 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 ### Add an Instance Method
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle
 Run `rake` one final time and you should see:
 
 ```
-  7 tests, 7 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+  6 runs, 6 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 NOTE: The use of `write_attribute` to write to the field in model is just one example of how a plugin can interact with the model, and will not always be the right method to use. For example, you could also use:
@@ -433,12 +433,12 @@ Once your README is solid, go through and add rdoc comments to all of the method
 Once your comments are good to go, navigate to your plugin directory and run:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake rdoc
+$ bin/rake rdoc
 ```
 
 ### References
 
 * [Developing a RubyGem using Bundler](https://github.com/radar/guides/blob/master/gem-development.md)
 * [Using .gemspecs as Intended](http://yehudakatz.com/2010/04/02/using-gemspecs-as-intended/)
-* [Gemspec Reference](http://docs.rubygems.org/read/chapter/20)
+* [Gemspec Reference](http://guides.rubygems.org/specification-reference/)
 * [GemPlugins: A Brief Introduction to the Future of Rails Plugins](http://www.intridea.com/blog/2008/6/11/gemplugins-a-brief-introduction-to-the-future-of-rails-plugins)
diff --git a/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
index e4222e1283..6512b14e60 100644
--- a/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
+++ b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ $ rails new blog -m http://example.com/template.rb
 You can use the rake task `rails:template` to apply templates to an existing Rails application. The location of the template needs to be passed in to an environment variable named LOCATION. Again, this can either be path to a file or a URL.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake rails:template LOCATION=~/template.rb
-$ rake rails:template LOCATION=http://example.com/template.rb
+$ bin/rake rails:template LOCATION=~/template.rb
+$ bin/rake rails:template LOCATION=http://example.com/template.rb
 ```
 
 Template API
@@ -38,9 +38,11 @@ generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
 route "root to: 'people#index'"
 rake("db:migrate")
 
-git :init
-git add: "."
-git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
+after_bundle do
+  git :init
+  git add: "."
+  git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
+end
 ```
 
 The following sections outline the primary methods provided by the API:
@@ -228,6 +230,22 @@ git add: "."
 git commit: "-a -m 'Initial commit'"
 ```
 
+### after_bundle(&block)
+
+Registers a callback to be executed after the gems are bundled and binstubs
+are generated. Useful for all generated files to version control:
+
+```ruby
+after_bundle do
+  git :init
+  git add: '.'
+  git commit: "-a -m 'Initial commit'"
+end
+```
+
+The callbacks gets executed even if `--skip-bundle` and/or `--skip-spring` has
+been passed.
+
 Advanced Usage
 --------------
 
diff --git a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
index 9c92cf3aea..01941fa338 100644
--- a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
+++ b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Introduction to Rack
 
 Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
 
-- [Rack API Documentation](http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/)
+* [Rack API Documentation](http://rack.github.io/)
 
 Explaining Rack is not really in the scope of this guide. In case you are not familiar with Rack's basics, you should check out the [Resources](#resources) section below.
 
@@ -27,10 +27,9 @@ Rails on Rack
 
 ### Rails Application's Rack Object
 
-`ApplicationName::Application` is the primary Rack application object of a Rails
+`Rails.application` is the primary Rack application object of a Rails
 application. Any Rack compliant web server should be using
-`ApplicationName::Application` object to serve a Rails
-application. `Rails.application` refers to the same application object.
+`Rails.application` object to serve a Rails application.
 
 ### `rails server`
 
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ NOTE: `ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack` is Rails equivalent of `Rack::Builder`,
 Rails has a handy rake task for inspecting the middleware stack in use:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake middleware
+$ bin/rake middleware
 ```
 
 For a freshly generated Rails application, this might produce something like:
@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ use ActionDispatch::ParamsParser
 use Rack::Head
 use Rack::ConditionalGet
 use Rack::ETag
-run MyApp::Application.routes
+run Rails.application.routes
 ```
 
 The default middlewares shown here (and some others) are each summarized in the [Internal Middlewares](#internal-middleware-stack) section, below.
@@ -195,13 +194,13 @@ And now if you inspect the middleware stack, you'll find that `Rack::Lock` is
 not a part of it.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake middleware
+$ bin/rake middleware
 (in /Users/lifo/Rails/blog)
 use ActionDispatch::Static
 use #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x00000001c304c8>
 use Rack::Runtime
 ...
-run Blog::Application.routes
+run Rails.application.routes
 ```
 
 If you want to remove session related middleware, do the following:
diff --git a/guides/source/routing.md b/guides/source/routing.md
index 9c495bf09d..b1a287f53a 100644
--- a/guides/source/routing.md
+++ b/guides/source/routing.md
@@ -183,61 +183,61 @@ You may wish to organize groups of controllers under a namespace. Most commonly,
 
 ```ruby
 namespace :admin do
-  resources :posts, :comments
+  resources :articles, :comments
 end
 ```
 
-This will create a number of routes for each of the `posts` and `comments` controller. For `Admin::PostsController`, Rails will create:
+This will create a number of routes for each of the `articles` and `comments` controller. For `Admin::ArticlesController`, Rails will create:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                  | Controller#Action   | Named Helper              |
-| --------- | --------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------- |
-| GET       | /admin/posts          | admin/posts#index   | admin_posts_path          |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/new      | admin/posts#new     | new_admin_post_path       |
-| POST      | /admin/posts          | admin/posts#create  | admin_posts_path          |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/:id      | admin/posts#show    | admin_post_path(:id)      |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/:id/edit | admin/posts#edit    | edit_admin_post_path(:id) |
-| PATCH/PUT | /admin/posts/:id      | admin/posts#update  | admin_post_path(:id)      |
-| DELETE    | /admin/posts/:id      | admin/posts#destroy | admin_post_path(:id)      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                     | Controller#Action      | Named Helper              |
+| --------- | ------------------------ | ---------------------- | ---------------------------- |
+| GET       | /admin/articles          | admin/articles#index   | admin_articles_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/new      | admin/articles#new     | new_admin_article_path       |
+| POST      | /admin/articles          | admin/articles#create  | admin_articles_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/:id      | admin/articles#show    | admin_article_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/:id/edit | admin/articles#edit    | edit_admin_article_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /admin/articles/:id      | admin/articles#update  | admin_article_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /admin/articles/:id      | admin/articles#destroy | admin_article_path(:id)      |
 
-If you want to route `/posts` (without the prefix `/admin`) to `Admin::PostsController`, you could use:
+If you want to route `/articles` (without the prefix `/admin`) to `Admin::ArticlesController`, you could use:
 
 ```ruby
 scope module: 'admin' do
-  resources :posts, :comments
+  resources :articles, :comments
 end
 ```
 
 or, for a single case:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts, module: 'admin'
+resources :articles, module: 'admin'
 ```
 
-If you want to route `/admin/posts` to `PostsController` (without the `Admin::` module prefix), you could use:
+If you want to route `/admin/articles` to `ArticlesController` (without the `Admin::` module prefix), you could use:
 
 ```ruby
 scope '/admin' do
-  resources :posts, :comments
+  resources :articles, :comments
 end
 ```
 
 or, for a single case:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts, path: '/admin/posts'
+resources :articles, path: '/admin/articles'
 ```
 
 In each of these cases, the named routes remain the same as if you did not use `scope`. In the last case, the following paths map to `PostsController`:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                  | Controller#Action | Named Helper        |
-| --------- | --------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------- |
-| GET       | /admin/posts          | posts#index       | posts_path          |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/new      | posts#new         | new_post_path       |
-| POST      | /admin/posts          | posts#create      | posts_path          |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/:id      | posts#show        | post_path(:id)      |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/:id/edit | posts#edit        | edit_post_path(:id) |
-| PATCH/PUT | /admin/posts/:id      | posts#update      | post_path(:id)      |
-| DELETE    | /admin/posts/:id      | posts#destroy     | post_path(:id)      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                     | Controller#Action    | Named Helper           |
+| --------- | ------------------------ | -------------------- | ---------------------- |
+| GET       | /admin/articles          | articles#index       | articles_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/new      | articles#new         | new_article_path       |
+| POST      | /admin/articles          | articles#create      | articles_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#show        | article_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/:id/edit | articles#edit        | edit_article_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#update      | article_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#destroy     | article_path(:id)      |
 
 TIP: _If you need to use a different controller namespace inside a `namespace` block you can specify an absolute controller path, e.g: `get '/foo' => '/foo#index'`._
 
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ TIP: _Resources should never be nested more than 1 level deep._
 One way to avoid deep nesting (as recommended above) is to generate the collection actions scoped under the parent, so as to get a sense of the hierarchy, but to not nest the member actions. In other words, to only build routes with the minimal amount of information to uniquely identify the resource, like this:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts do
+resources :articles do
   resources :comments, only: [:index, :new, :create]
 end
 resources :comments, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ resources :comments, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
 This idea strikes a balance between descriptive routes and deep nesting. There exists shorthand syntax to achieve just that, via the `:shallow` option:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts do
+resources :articles do
   resources :comments, shallow: true
 end
 ```
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ end
 This will generate the exact same routes as the first example. You can also specify the `:shallow` option in the parent resource, in which case all of the nested resources will be shallow:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts, shallow: true do
+resources :articles, shallow: true do
   resources :comments
   resources :quotes
   resources :drafts
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ The `shallow` method of the DSL creates a scope inside of which every nesting is
 
 ```ruby
 shallow do
-  resources :posts do
+  resources :articles do
     resources :comments
     resources :quotes
     resources :drafts
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ There exist two options for `scope` to customize shallow routes. `:shallow_path`
 
 ```ruby
 scope shallow_path: "sekret" do
-  resources :posts do
+  resources :articles do
     resources :comments, shallow: true
   end
 end
@@ -352,21 +352,21 @@ end
 
 The comments resource here will have the following routes generated for it:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                                   | Controller#Action | Named Helper        |
-| --------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------- |
-| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | post_comments       |
-| POST      | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | post_comments       |
-| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_post_comment    |
-| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id/edit(.:format)    | comments#edit     | edit_comment        |
-| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)         | comments#show     | comment             |
-| PATCH/PUT | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)         | comments#update   | comment             |
-| DELETE    | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)         | comments#destroy  | comment             |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                                         | Controller#Action | Named Helper             |
+| --------- | -------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------------ |
+| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | article_comments_path    |
+| POST      | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | article_comments_path    |
+| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_article_comment_path |
+| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id/edit(.:format)          | comments#edit     | edit_comment_path        |
+| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)               | comments#show     | comment_path             |
+| PATCH/PUT | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)               | comments#update   | comment_path             |
+| DELETE    | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)               | comments#destroy  | comment_path             |
 
 The `:shallow_prefix` option adds the specified parameter to the named helpers:
 
 ```ruby
 scope shallow_prefix: "sekret" do
-  resources :posts do
+  resources :articles do
     resources :comments, shallow: true
   end
 end
@@ -374,15 +374,15 @@ end
 
 The comments resource here will have the following routes generated for it:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                                   | Controller#Action | Named Helper        |
-| --------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------- |
-| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | post_comments       |
-| POST      | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | post_comments       |
-| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_post_comment    |
-| GET       | /comments/:id/edit(.:format)           | comments#edit     | edit_sekret_comment |
-| GET       | /comments/:id(.:format)                | comments#show     | sekret_comment      |
-| PATCH/PUT | /comments/:id(.:format)                | comments#update   | sekret_comment      |
-| DELETE    | /comments/:id(.:format)                | comments#destroy  | sekret_comment      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                                         | Controller#Action | Named Helper                |
+| --------- | -------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | --------------------------- |
+| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | article_comments_path       |
+| POST      | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | article_comments_path       |
+| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_article_comment_path    |
+| GET       | /comments/:id/edit(.:format)                 | comments#edit     | edit_sekret_comment_path    |
+| GET       | /comments/:id(.:format)                      | comments#show     | sekret_comment_path         |
+| PATCH/PUT | /comments/:id(.:format)                      | comments#update   | sekret_comment_path         |
+| DELETE    | /comments/:id(.:format)                      | comments#destroy  | sekret_comment_path         |
 
 ### Routing concerns
 
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ These concerns can be used in resources to avoid code duplication and share beha
 ```ruby
 resources :messages, concerns: :commentable
 
-resources :posts, concerns: [:commentable, :image_attachable]
+resources :articles, concerns: [:commentable, :image_attachable]
 ```
 
 The above is equivalent to:
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ resources :messages do
   resources :comments
 end
 
-resources :posts do
+resources :articles do
   resources :comments
   resources :images, only: :index
 end
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ end
 Also you can use them in any place that you want inside the routes, for example in a scope or namespace call:
 
 ```ruby
-namespace :posts do
+namespace :articles do
   concerns :commentable
 end
 ```
@@ -645,6 +645,8 @@ match 'photos', to: 'photos#show', via: :all
 
 NOTE: Routing both `GET` and `POST` requests to a single action has security implications. In general, you should avoid routing all verbs to an action unless you have a good reason to.
 
+NOTE: 'GET' in Rails won't check for CSRF token. You should never write to the database from 'GET' requests, for more information see the [security guide](security.html#csrf-countermeasures) on CSRF countermeasures.
+
 ### Segment Constraints
 
 You can use the `:constraints` option to enforce a format for a dynamic segment:
@@ -662,26 +664,26 @@ get 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/
 `:constraints` takes regular expressions with the restriction that regexp anchors can't be used. For example, the following route will not work:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/:id', to: 'posts#show', constraints: {id: /^\d/}
+get '/:id', to: 'articles#show', constraints: { id: /^\d/ }
 ```
 
 However, note that you don't need to use anchors because all routes are anchored at the start.
 
-For example, the following routes would allow for `posts` with `to_param` values like `1-hello-world` that always begin with a number and `users` with `to_param` values like `david` that never begin with a number to share the root namespace:
+For example, the following routes would allow for `articles` with `to_param` values like `1-hello-world` that always begin with a number and `users` with `to_param` values like `david` that never begin with a number to share the root namespace:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/:id', to: 'posts#show', constraints: { id: /\d.+/ }
+get '/:id', to: 'articles#show', constraints: { id: /\d.+/ }
 get '/:username', to: 'users#show'
 ```
 
 ### Request-Based Constraints
 
-You can also constrain a route based on any method on the <a href="action_controller_overview.html#the-request-object">Request</a> object that returns a `String`.
+You can also constrain a route based on any method on the [Request object](action_controller_overview.html#the-request-object) that returns a `String`.
 
 You specify a request-based constraint the same way that you specify a segment constraint:
 
 ```ruby
-get 'photos', constraints: {subdomain: 'admin'}
+get 'photos', to: 'photos#index', constraints: { subdomain: 'admin' }
 ```
 
 You can also specify constraints in a block form:
@@ -694,6 +696,8 @@ namespace :admin do
 end
 ```
 
+NOTE: Request constraints work by calling a method on the [Request object](action_controller_overview.html#the-request-object) with the same name as the hash key and then compare the return value with the hash value. Therefore, constraint values should match the corresponding Request object method return type. For example: `constraints: { subdomain: 'api' }` will match an `api` subdomain as expected, however using a symbol `constraints: { subdomain: :api }` will not, because `request.subdomain` returns `'api'` as a String.
+
 ### Advanced Constraints
 
 If you have a more advanced constraint, you can provide an object that responds to `matches?` that Rails should use. Let's say you wanted to route all users on a blacklist to the `BlacklistController`. You could do:
@@ -709,7 +713,7 @@ class BlacklistConstraint
   end
 end
 
-TwitterClone::Application.routes.draw do
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
   get '*path', to: 'blacklist#index',
     constraints: BlacklistConstraint.new
 end
@@ -718,7 +722,7 @@ end
 You can also specify constraints as a lambda:
 
 ```ruby
-TwitterClone::Application.routes.draw do
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
   get '*path', to: 'blacklist#index',
     constraints: lambda { |request| Blacklist.retrieve_ips.include?(request.remote_ip) }
 end
@@ -752,7 +756,7 @@ get '*a/foo/*b', to: 'test#index'
 
 would match `zoo/woo/foo/bar/baz` with `params[:a]` equals `'zoo/woo'`, and `params[:b]` equals `'bar/baz'`.
 
-NOTE: By requesting `'/foo/bar.json'`, your `params[:pages]` will be equals to `'foo/bar'` with the request format of JSON. If you want the old 3.0.x behavior back, you could supply `format: false` like this:
+NOTE: By requesting `'/foo/bar.json'`, your `params[:pages]` will be equal to `'foo/bar'` with the request format of JSON. If you want the old 3.0.x behavior back, you could supply `format: false` like this:
 
 ```ruby
 get '*pages', to: 'pages#show', format: false
@@ -769,20 +773,20 @@ get '*pages', to: 'pages#show', format: true
 You can redirect any path to another path using the `redirect` helper in your router:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/stories', to: redirect('/posts')
+get '/stories', to: redirect('/articles')
 ```
 
 You can also reuse dynamic segments from the match in the path to redirect to:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/stories/:name', to: redirect('/posts/%{name}')
+get '/stories/:name', to: redirect('/articles/%{name}')
 ```
 
 You can also provide a block to redirect, which receives the symbolized path parameters and the request object:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/stories/:name', to: redirect {|path_params, req| "/posts/#{path_params[:name].pluralize}" }
-get '/stories', to: redirect {|path_params, req| "/posts/#{req.subdomain}" }
+get '/stories/:name', to: redirect { |path_params, req| "/articles/#{path_params[:name].pluralize}" }
+get '/stories', to: redirect { |path_params, req| "/articles/#{req.subdomain}" }
 ```
 
 Please note that this redirection is a 301 "Moved Permanently" redirect. Keep in mind that some web browsers or proxy servers will cache this type of redirect, making the old page inaccessible.
@@ -791,7 +795,7 @@ In all of these cases, if you don't provide the leading host (`http://www.exampl
 
 ### Routing to Rack Applications
 
-Instead of a String like `'posts#index'`, which corresponds to the `index` action in the `PostsController`, you can specify any <a href="rails_on_rack.html">Rack application</a> as the endpoint for a matcher:
+Instead of a String like `'articles#index'`, which corresponds to the `index` action in the `ArticlesController`, you can specify any [Rack application](rails_on_rack.html) as the endpoint for a matcher:
 
 ```ruby
 match '/application.js', to: Sprockets, via: :all
@@ -799,7 +803,7 @@ match '/application.js', to: Sprockets, via: :all
 
 As long as `Sprockets` responds to `call` and returns a `[status, headers, body]`, the router won't know the difference between the Rack application and an action. This is an appropriate use of `via: :all`, as you will want to allow your Rack application to handle all verbs as it considers appropriate.
 
-NOTE: For the curious, `'posts#index'` actually expands out to `PostsController.action(:index)`, which returns a valid Rack application.
+NOTE: For the curious, `'articles#index'` actually expands out to `ArticlesController.action(:index)`, which returns a valid Rack application.
 
 ### Using `root`
 
@@ -835,7 +839,7 @@ get 'こんにちは', to: 'welcome#index'
 Customizing Resourceful Routes
 ------------------------------
 
-While the default routes and helpers generated by `resources :posts` will usually serve you well, you may want to customize them in some way. Rails allows you to customize virtually any generic part of the resourceful helpers.
+While the default routes and helpers generated by `resources :articles` will usually serve you well, you may want to customize them in some way. Rails allows you to customize virtually any generic part of the resourceful helpers.
 
 ### Specifying a Controller to Use
 
@@ -877,7 +881,7 @@ a warning.
 You can use the `:constraints` option to specify a required format on the implicit `id`. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :photos, constraints: {id: /[A-Z][A-Z][0-9]+/}
+resources :photos, constraints: { id: /[A-Z][A-Z][0-9]+/ }
 ```
 
 This declaration constrains the `:id` parameter to match the supplied regular expression. So, in this case, the router would no longer match `/photos/1` to this route. Instead, `/photos/RR27` would match.
@@ -917,7 +921,7 @@ will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` and route the requests to
 
 ### Overriding the `new` and `edit` Segments
 
-The `:path_names` option lets you override the automatically-generated "new" and "edit" segments in paths:
+The `:path_names` option lets you override the automatically-generated `new` and `edit` segments in paths:
 
 ```ruby
 resources :photos, path_names: { new: 'make', edit: 'change' }
@@ -952,7 +956,7 @@ end
 resources :photos
 ```
 
-This will provide route helpers such as `admin_photos_path`, `new_admin_photo_path` etc.
+This will provide route helpers such as `admin_photos_path`, `new_admin_photo_path`, etc.
 
 To prefix a group of route helpers, use `:as` with `scope`:
 
@@ -972,15 +976,15 @@ You can prefix routes with a named parameter also:
 
 ```ruby
 scope ':username' do
-  resources :posts
+  resources :articles
 end
 ```
 
-This will provide you with URLs such as `/bob/posts/1` and will allow you to reference the `username` part of the path as `params[:username]` in controllers, helpers and views.
+This will provide you with URLs such as `/bob/articles/1` and will allow you to reference the `username` part of the path as `params[:username]` in controllers, helpers and views.
 
 ### Restricting the Routes Created
 
-By default, Rails creates routes for the seven default actions (index, show, new, create, edit, update, and destroy) for every RESTful route in your application. You can use the `:only` and `:except` options to fine-tune this behavior. The `:only` option tells Rails to create only the specified routes:
+By default, Rails creates routes for the seven default actions (`index`, `show`, `new`, `create`, `edit`, `update`, and `destroy`) for every RESTful route in your application. You can use the `:only` and `:except` options to fine-tune this behavior. The `:only` option tells Rails to create only the specified routes:
 
 ```ruby
 resources :photos, only: [:index, :show]
@@ -1042,6 +1046,28 @@ end
 
 This will create routing helpers such as `magazine_periodical_ads_url` and `edit_magazine_periodical_ad_path`.
 
+### Overriding Named Route Parameters
+
+The `:param` option overrides the default resource identifier `:id` (name of
+the [dynamic segment](routing.html#dynamic-segments) used to generate the
+routes). You can access that segment from your controller using
+`params[<:param>]`.
+
+```ruby
+resources :videos, param: :identifier
+```
+
+```
+     videos GET  /videos(.:format)                  videos#index
+            POST /videos(.:format)                  videos#create
+ new_videos GET  /videos/new(.:format)              videos#new
+edit_videos GET  /videos/:identifier/edit(.:format) videos#edit
+```
+
+```ruby
+Video.find_by(identifier: params[:identifier])
+```
+
 Inspecting and Testing Routes
 -----------------------------
 
@@ -1070,7 +1096,7 @@ edit_user GET    /users/:id/edit(.:format) users#edit
 You may restrict the listing to the routes that map to a particular controller setting the `CONTROLLER` environment variable:
 
 ```bash
-$ CONTROLLER=users rake routes
+$ CONTROLLER=users bin/rake routes
 ```
 
 TIP: You'll find that the output from `rake routes` is much more readable if you widen your terminal window until the output lines don't wrap.
diff --git a/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
index 8faf03e58c..6206b3c715 100644
--- a/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
+++ b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
@@ -13,17 +13,17 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Markdown
 -------
 
-Guides are written in [GitHub Flavored Markdown](http://github.github.com/github-flavored-markdown/). There is comprehensive [documentation for Markdown](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax), a [cheatsheet](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/basics), and [additional documentation](http://github.github.com/github-flavored-markdown/) on the differences from traditional Markdown.
+Guides are written in [GitHub Flavored Markdown](https://help.github.com/articles/github-flavored-markdown). There is comprehensive [documentation for Markdown](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax), as well as a [cheatsheet](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/basics).
 
 Prologue
 --------
 
-Each guide should start with motivational text at the top (that's the little introduction in the blue area). The prologue should tell the reader what the guide is about, and what they will learn. See for example the [Routing Guide](routing.html).
+Each guide should start with motivational text at the top (that's the little introduction in the blue area). The prologue should tell the reader what the guide is about, and what they will learn. As an example, see the [Routing Guide](routing.html).
 
-Titles
+Headings
 ------
 
-The title of every guide uses `h1`; guide sections use `h2`; subsections `h3`; etc. However, the generated HTML output will have the heading tag starting from `<h2>`.
+The title of every guide uses an `h1` heading; guide sections use `h2` headings; subsections use `h3` headings; etc. Note that the generated HTML output will use heading tags starting with `<h2>`.
 
 ```
 Guide Title
@@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ Section
 ### Sub Section
 ```
 
-Capitalize all words except for internal articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and forms of the verb to be:
+When writing headings, capitalize all words except for prepositions, conjunctions, internal articles, and forms of the verb "to be":
 
 ```
 #### Middleware Stack is an Array
 #### When are Objects Saved?
 ```
 
-Use the same typography as in regular text:
+Use the same inline formatting as regular text:
 
 ```
 ##### The `:content_type` Option
@@ -51,25 +51,23 @@ Use the same typography as in regular text:
 API Documentation Guidelines
 ----------------------------
 
-The guides and the API should be coherent and consistent where appropriate. Please have a look at these particular sections of the [API Documentation Guidelines](api_documentation_guidelines.html):
+The guides and the API should be coherent and consistent where appropriate. In particular, these sections of the [API Documentation Guidelines](api_documentation_guidelines.html) also apply to the guides:
 
 * [Wording](api_documentation_guidelines.html#wording)
 * [Example Code](api_documentation_guidelines.html#example-code)
-* [Filenames](api_documentation_guidelines.html#filenames)
+* [Filenames](api_documentation_guidelines.html#file-names)
 * [Fonts](api_documentation_guidelines.html#fonts)
 
-Those guidelines apply also to guides.
-
 HTML Guides
 -----------
 
 Before generating the guides, make sure that you have the latest version of Bundler installed on your system. As of this writing, you must install Bundler 1.3.5 on your device.
 
-To install the latest version of Bundler, simply run the `gem install bundler` command
+To install the latest version of Bundler, run `gem install bundler`.
 
 ### Generation
 
-To generate all the guides, just `cd` into the `guides` directory, run `bundle install` and execute:
+To generate all the guides, just `cd` into the `guides` directory, run `bundle install`, and execute:
 
 ```
 bundle exec rake guides:generate
diff --git a/guides/source/security.md b/guides/source/security.md
index 70fb066b64..125dd82666 100644
--- a/guides/source/security.md
+++ b/guides/source/security.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Introduction
 ------------
 
-Web application frameworks are made to help developers build web applications. Some of them also help you with securing the web application. In fact one framework is not more secure than another: If you use it correctly, you will be able to build secure apps with many frameworks. Ruby on Rails has some clever helper methods, for example against SQL injection, so that this is hardly a problem. It's nice to see that all of the Rails applications I audited had a good level of security.
+Web application frameworks are made to help developers build web applications. Some of them also help you with securing the web application. In fact one framework is not more secure than another: If you use it correctly, you will be able to build secure apps with many frameworks. Ruby on Rails has some clever helper methods, for example against SQL injection, so that this is hardly a problem.
 
 In general there is no such thing as plug-n-play security. Security depends on the people using the framework, and sometimes on the development method. And it depends on all layers of a web application environment: The back-end storage, the web server and the web application itself (and possibly other layers or applications).
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ The Gartner Group however estimates that 75% of attacks are at the web applicati
 
 The threats against web applications include user account hijacking, bypass of access control, reading or modifying sensitive data, or presenting fraudulent content. Or an attacker might be able to install a Trojan horse program or unsolicited e-mail sending software, aim at financial enrichment or cause brand name damage by modifying company resources. In order to prevent attacks, minimize their impact and remove points of attack, first of all, you have to fully understand the attack methods in order to find the correct countermeasures. That is what this guide aims at.
 
-In order to develop secure web applications you have to keep up to date on all layers and know your enemies. To keep up to date subscribe to security mailing lists, read security blogs and make updating and security checks a habit (check the <a href="#additional-resources">Additional Resources</a> chapter). I do it manually because that's how you find the nasty logical security problems.
+In order to develop secure web applications you have to keep up to date on all layers and know your enemies. To keep up to date subscribe to security mailing lists, read security blogs and make updating and security checks a habit (check the [Additional Resources](#additional-resources) chapter). It is done manually because that's how you find the nasty logical security problems.
 
 Sessions
 --------
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Many web applications have an authentication system: a user provides a user name
 
 Hence, the cookie serves as temporary authentication for the web application. Anyone who seizes a cookie from someone else, may use the web application as this user - with possibly severe consequences. Here are some ways to hijack a session, and their countermeasures:
 
-* Sniff the cookie in an insecure network. A wireless LAN can be an example of such a network. In an unencrypted wireless LAN it is especially easy to listen to the traffic of all connected clients. This is one more reason not to work from a coffee shop. For the web application builder this means to _provide a secure connection over SSL_. In Rails 3.1 and later, this could be accomplished by always forcing SSL connection in your application config file:
+* Sniff the cookie in an insecure network. A wireless LAN can be an example of such a network. In an unencrypted wireless LAN it is especially easy to listen to the traffic of all connected clients. For the web application builder this means to _provide a secure connection over SSL_. In Rails 3.1 and later, this could be accomplished by always forcing SSL connection in your application config file:
 
     ```ruby
     config.force_ssl = true
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Hence, the cookie serves as temporary authentication for the web application. An
 
 * Most people don't clear out the cookies after working at a public terminal. So if the last user didn't log out of a web application, you would be able to use it as this user. Provide the user with a _log-out button_ in the web application, and _make it prominent_.
 
-* Many cross-site scripting (XSS) exploits aim at obtaining the user's cookie. You'll read <a href="#cross-site-scripting-xss">more about XSS</a> later.
+* Many cross-site scripting (XSS) exploits aim at obtaining the user's cookie. You'll read [more about XSS](#cross-site-scripting-xss) later.
 
 * Instead of stealing a cookie unknown to the attacker, they fix a user's session identifier (in the cookie) known to them. Read more about this so-called session fixation later.
 
@@ -95,9 +95,16 @@ Rails 2 introduced a new default session storage, CookieStore. CookieStore saves
 
 That means the security of this storage depends on this secret (and on the digest algorithm, which defaults to SHA1, for compatibility). So _don't use a trivial secret, i.e. a word from a dictionary, or one which is shorter than 30 characters_.
 
-`config.secret_key_base` is used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `config.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`, e.g.:
+`secrets.secret_key_base` is used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `secrets.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key present in `config/secrets.yml`, e.g.:
 
-    YourApp::Application.config.secret_key_base = '49d3f3de9ed86c74b94ad6bd0...'
+    development:
+      secret_key_base: a75d...
+
+    test:
+      secret_key_base: 492f...
+
+    production:
+      secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
 
 Older versions of Rails use CookieStore, which uses `secret_token` instead of `secret_key_base` that is used by EncryptedCookieStore. Read the upgrade documentation for more information.
 
@@ -111,9 +118,9 @@ It works like this:
 
 * A user receives credits, the amount is stored in a session (which is a bad idea anyway, but we'll do this for demonstration purposes).
 * The user buys something.
-* Their new, lower credit will be stored in the session.
-* The dark side of the user forces them to take the cookie from the first step (which they copied) and replace the current cookie in the browser.
-* The user has their credit back.
+* The new adjusted credit value is stored in the session.
+* The user takes the cookie from the first step (which they previously copied) and replaces the current cookie in the browser.
+* The user has their original credit back.
 
 Including a nonce (a random value) in the session solves replay attacks. A nonce is valid only once, and the server has to keep track of all the valid nonces. It gets even more complicated if you have several application servers (mongrels). Storing nonces in a database table would defeat the entire purpose of CookieStore (avoiding accessing the database).
 
@@ -128,8 +135,8 @@ NOTE: _Apart from stealing a user's session id, the attacker may fix a session i
 This attack focuses on fixing a user's session id known to the attacker, and forcing the user's browser into using this id. It is therefore not necessary for the attacker to steal the session id afterwards. Here is how this attack works:
 
 * The attacker creates a valid session id: They load the login page of the web application where they want to fix the session, and take the session id in the cookie from the response (see number 1 and 2 in the image).
-* They possibly maintains the session. Expiring sessions, for example every 20 minutes, greatly reduces the time-frame for attack. Therefore they access the web application from time to time in order to keep the session alive.
-* Now the attacker will force the user's browser into using this session id (see number 3 in the image). As you may not change a cookie of another domain (because of the same origin policy), the attacker has to run a JavaScript from the domain of the target web application. Injecting the JavaScript code into the application by XSS accomplishes this attack. Here is an example: `<script>document.cookie="_session_id=16d5b78abb28e3d6206b60f22a03c8d9";</script>`. Read more about XSS and injection later on.
+* They maintain the session by accessing the web application periodically in order to keep an expiring session alive.
+* The attacker forces the user's browser into using this session id (see number 3 in the image). As you may not change a cookie of another domain (because of the same origin policy), the attacker has to run a JavaScript from the domain of the target web application. Injecting the JavaScript code into the application by XSS accomplishes this attack. Here is an example: `<script>document.cookie="_session_id=16d5b78abb28e3d6206b60f22a03c8d9";</script>`. Read more about XSS and injection later on.
 * The attacker lures the victim to the infected page with the JavaScript code. By viewing the page, the victim's browser will change the session id to the trap session id.
 * As the new trap session is unused, the web application will require the user to authenticate.
 * From now on, the victim and the attacker will co-use the web application with the same session: The session became valid and the victim didn't notice the attack.
@@ -144,7 +151,7 @@ The most effective countermeasure is to _issue a new session identifier_ and dec
 reset_session
 ```
 
-If you use the popular RestfulAuthentication plugin for user management, add reset\_session to the SessionsController#create action. Note that this removes any value from the session, _you have to transfer them to the new session_.
+If you use the popular RestfulAuthentication plugin for user management, add reset_session to the SessionsController#create action. Note that this removes any value from the session, _you have to transfer them to the new session_.
 
 Another countermeasure is to _save user-specific properties in the session_, verify them every time a request comes in, and deny access, if the information does not match. Such properties could be the remote IP address or the user agent (the web browser name), though the latter is less user-specific. When saving the IP address, you have to bear in mind that there are Internet service providers or large organizations that put their users behind proxies. _These might change over the course of a session_, so these users will not be able to use your application, or only in a limited way.
 
@@ -180,7 +187,7 @@ This attack method works by including malicious code or a link in a page that ac
 
 ![](images/csrf.png)
 
-In the <a href="#sessions">session chapter</a> you have learned that most Rails applications use cookie-based sessions. Either they store the session id in the cookie and have a server-side session hash, or the entire session hash is on the client-side. In either case the browser will automatically send along the cookie on every request to a domain, if it can find a cookie for that domain. The controversial point is, that it will also send the cookie, if the request comes from a site of a different domain. Let's start with an example:
+In the [session chapter](#sessions) you have learned that most Rails applications use cookie-based sessions. Either they store the session id in the cookie and have a server-side session hash, or the entire session hash is on the client-side. In either case the browser will automatically send along the cookie on every request to a domain, if it can find a cookie for that domain. The controversial point is, that it will also send the cookie, if the request comes from a site of a different domain. Let's start with an example:
 
 * Bob browses a message board and views a post from a hacker where there is a crafted HTML image element. The element references a command in Bob's project management application, rather than an image file.
 * `<img src="http://www.webapp.com/project/1/destroy">`
@@ -191,7 +198,7 @@ In the <a href="#sessions">session chapter</a> you have learned that most Rails
 
 It is important to notice that the actual crafted image or link doesn't necessarily have to be situated in the web application's domain, it can be anywhere - in a forum, blog post or email.
 
-CSRF appears very rarely in CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) - less than 0.1% in 2006 - but it really is a 'sleeping giant' [Grossman]. This is in stark contrast to the results in my (and others) security contract work - _CSRF is an important security issue_.
+CSRF appears very rarely in CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) - less than 0.1% in 2006 - but it really is a 'sleeping giant' [Grossman]. This is in stark contrast to the results in many security contract works - _CSRF is an important security issue_.
 
 ### CSRF Countermeasures
 
@@ -232,26 +239,25 @@ Or the attacker places the code into the onmouseover event handler of an image:
 
 There are many other possibilities, like using a `<script>` tag to make a cross-site request to a URL with a JSONP or JavaScript response. The response is executable code that the attacker can find a way to run, possibly extracting sensitive data. To protect against this data leakage, we disallow cross-site `<script>` tags. Only Ajax requests may have JavaScript responses since XmlHttpRequest is subject to the browser Same-Origin policy - meaning only your site can initiate the request.
 
-To protect against all other forged requests, we introduce a _required security token_ that our site knows but other sites don't know. We include the security token in requests and verify it on the server. This is a one-liner in your application controller:
+To protect against all other forged requests, we introduce a _required security token_ that our site knows but other sites don't know. We include the security token in requests and verify it on the server. This is a one-liner in your application controller, and is the default for newly created rails applications:
 
 ```ruby
-protect_from_forgery
+protect_from_forgery with: :exception
 ```
 
-This will automatically include a security token in all forms and Ajax requests generated by Rails. If the security token doesn't match what was expected, the session will be reset.
+This will automatically include a security token in all forms and Ajax requests generated by Rails. If the security token doesn't match what was expected, an exception will be thrown.
 
 It is common to use persistent cookies to store user information, with `cookies.permanent` for example. In this case, the cookies will not be cleared and the out of the box CSRF protection will not be effective. If you are using a different cookie store than the session for this information, you must handle what to do with it yourself:
 
 ```ruby
-def handle_unverified_request
-  super
-  sign_out_user # Example method that will destroy the user cookies.
+rescue_from ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken do |exception|
+  sign_out_user # Example method that will destroy the user cookies
 end
 ```
 
-The above method can be placed in the `ApplicationController` and will be called when a CSRF token is not present on a non-GET request.
+The above method can be placed in the `ApplicationController` and will be called when a CSRF token is not present or is incorrect on a non-GET request.
 
-Note that _cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities bypass all CSRF protections_. XSS gives the attacker access to all elements on a page, so they can read the CSRF security token from a form or directly submit the form. Read <a href="#cross-site-scripting-xss">more about XSS</a> later.
+Note that _cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities bypass all CSRF protections_. XSS gives the attacker access to all elements on a page, so they can read the CSRF security token from a form or directly submit the form. Read [more about XSS](#cross-site-scripting-xss) later.
 
 Redirection and Files
 ---------------------
@@ -307,7 +313,7 @@ def sanitize_filename(filename)
 end
 ```
 
-A significant disadvantage of synchronous processing of file uploads (as the attachment\_fu plugin may do with images), is its _vulnerability to denial-of-service attacks_. An attacker can synchronously start image file uploads from many computers which increases the server load and may eventually crash or stall the server.
+A significant disadvantage of synchronous processing of file uploads (as the attachment_fu plugin may do with images), is its _vulnerability to denial-of-service attacks_. An attacker can synchronously start image file uploads from many computers which increases the server load and may eventually crash or stall the server.
 
 The solution to this is best to _process media files asynchronously_: Save the media file and schedule a processing request in the database. A second process will handle the processing of the file in the background.
 
@@ -368,7 +374,7 @@ For _countermeasures against CSRF in administration interfaces and Intranet appl
 
 The common admin interface works like this: it's located at www.example.com/admin, may be accessed only if the admin flag is set in the User model, re-displays user input and allows the admin to delete/add/edit whatever data desired. Here are some thoughts about this:
 
-* It is very important to _think about the worst case_: What if someone really got hold of my cookie or user credentials. You could _introduce roles_ for the admin interface to limit the possibilities of the attacker. Or how about _special login credentials_ for the admin interface, other than the ones used for the public part of the application. Or a _special password for very serious actions_?
+* It is very important to _think about the worst case_: What if someone really got hold of your cookies or user credentials. You could _introduce roles_ for the admin interface to limit the possibilities of the attacker. Or how about _special login credentials_ for the admin interface, other than the ones used for the public part of the application. Or a _special password for very serious actions_?
 
 * Does the admin really have to access the interface from everywhere in the world? Think about _limiting the login to a bunch of source IP addresses_. Examine request.remote_ip to find out about the user's IP address. This is not bullet-proof, but a great barrier. Remember that there might be a proxy in use, though.
 
@@ -400,7 +406,7 @@ If the parameter was nil, the resulting SQL query will be
 SELECT * FROM users WHERE (users.activation_code IS NULL) LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-And thus it found the first user in the database, returned it and logged them in. You can find out more about it in [my blog post](http://www.rorsecurity.info/2007/10/28/restful_authentication-login-security/). _It is advisable to update your plug-ins from time to time_. Moreover, you can review your application to find more flaws like this.
+And thus it found the first user in the database, returned it and logged them in. You can find out more about it in [this blog post](http://www.rorsecurity.info/2007/10/28/restful_authentication-login-security/). _It is advisable to update your plug-ins from time to time_. Moreover, you can review your application to find more flaws like this.
 
 ### Brute-Forcing Accounts
 
@@ -471,7 +477,7 @@ config.filter_parameters << :password
 
 INFO: _Do you find it hard to remember all your passwords? Don't write them down, but use the initial letters of each word in an easy to remember sentence._
 
-Bruce Schneier, a security technologist, [has analyzed](http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html) 34,000 real-world user names and passwords from the MySpace phishing attack mentioned <a href="#examples-from-the-underground">below</a>. It turns out that most of the passwords are quite easy to crack. The 20 most common passwords are:
+Bruce Schneier, a security technologist, [has analyzed](http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html) 34,000 real-world user names and passwords from the MySpace phishing attack mentioned [below](#examples-from-the-underground). It turns out that most of the passwords are quite easy to crack. The 20 most common passwords are:
 
 password1, abc123, myspace1, password, blink182, qwerty1, ****you, 123abc, baseball1, football1, 123456, soccer, monkey1, liverpool1, princess1, jordan23, slipknot1, superman1, iloveyou1, and monkey.
 
@@ -549,7 +555,7 @@ Injection is very tricky, because the same code or parameter can be malicious in
 
 ### Whitelists versus Blacklists
 
-NOTE: _When sanitizing, protecting or verifying something, whitelists over blacklists._
+NOTE: _When sanitizing, protecting or verifying something, prefer whitelists over blacklists._
 
 A blacklist can be a list of bad e-mail addresses, non-public actions or bad HTML tags. This is opposed to a whitelist which lists the good e-mail addresses, public actions, good HTML tags and so on. Although sometimes it is not possible to create a whitelist (in a SPAM filter, for example), _prefer to use whitelist approaches_:
 
@@ -624,7 +630,7 @@ Also, the second query renames some columns with the AS statement so that the we
 
 #### Countermeasures
 
-Ruby on Rails has a built-in filter for special SQL characters, which will escape ' , " , NULL character and line breaks. <em class="highlight">Using `Model.find(id)` or `Model.find_by_some thing(something)` automatically applies this countermeasure</em>. But in SQL fragments, especially <em class="highlight">in conditions fragments (`where("...")`), the `connection.execute()` or `Model.find_by_sql()` methods, it has to be applied manually</em>.
+Ruby on Rails has a built-in filter for special SQL characters, which will escape ' , " , NULL character and line breaks. *Using `Model.find(id)` or `Model.find_by_some thing(something)` automatically applies this countermeasure*. But in SQL fragments, especially *in conditions fragments (`where("...")`), the `connection.execute()` or `Model.find_by_sql()` methods, it has to be applied manually*.
 
 Instead of passing a string to the conditions option, you can pass an array to sanitize tainted strings like this:
 
@@ -726,7 +732,7 @@ Imagine a blacklist deletes "script" from the user input. Now the attacker injec
 strip_tags("some<<b>script>alert('hello')<</b>/script>")
 ```
 
-This returned "some&lt;script&gt;alert('hello')&lt;/script&gt;", which makes an attack work. That's why I vote for a whitelist approach, using the updated Rails 2 method sanitize():
+This returned "some&lt;script&gt;alert('hello')&lt;/script&gt;", which makes an attack work. That's why a whitelist approach is better, using the updated Rails 2 method sanitize():
 
 ```ruby
 tags = %w(a acronym b strong i em li ul ol h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 blockquote br cite sub sup ins p)
@@ -735,7 +741,7 @@ s = sanitize(user_input, tags: tags, attributes: %w(href title))
 
 This allows only the given tags and does a good job, even against all kinds of tricks and malformed tags.
 
-As a second step, _it is good practice to escape all output of the application_, especially when re-displaying user input, which hasn't been input-filtered (as in the search form example earlier on). _Use `escapeHTML()` (or its alias `h()`) method_ to replace the HTML input characters &amp;, &quot;, &lt;, &gt; by their uninterpreted representations in HTML (`&amp;`, `&quot;`, `&lt`;, and `&gt;`). However, it can easily happen that the programmer forgets to use it, so _it is recommended to use the [SafeErb](http://safe-erb.rubyforge.org/svn/plugins/safe_erb/) plugin_. SafeErb reminds you to escape strings from external sources.
+As a second step, _it is good practice to escape all output of the application_, especially when re-displaying user input, which hasn't been input-filtered (as in the search form example earlier on). _Use `escapeHTML()` (or its alias `h()`) method_ to replace the HTML input characters &amp;, &quot;, &lt;, &gt; by their uninterpreted representations in HTML (`&amp;`, `&quot;`, `&lt`;, and `&gt;`). However, it can easily happen that the programmer forgets to use it, so _it is recommended to use the SafeErb gem. SafeErb reminds you to escape strings from external sources.
 
 ##### Obfuscation and Encoding Injection
 
@@ -806,7 +812,7 @@ The [moz-binding](http://www.securiteam.com/securitynews/5LP051FHPE.html) CSS pr
 
 #### Countermeasures
 
-This example, again, showed that a blacklist filter is never complete. However, as custom CSS in web applications is a quite rare feature, I am not aware of a whitelist CSS filter. _If you want to allow custom colors or images, you can allow the user to choose them and build the CSS in the web application_. Use Rails' `sanitize()` method as a model for a whitelist CSS filter, if you really need one.
+This example, again, showed that a blacklist filter is never complete. However, as custom CSS in web applications is a quite rare feature, it may be hard to find a good whitelist CSS filter. _If you want to allow custom colors or images, you can allow the user to choose them and build the CSS in the web application_. Use Rails' `sanitize()` method as a model for a whitelist CSS filter, if you really need one.
 
 ### Textile Injection
 
@@ -841,7 +847,7 @@ It is recommended to _use RedCloth in combination with a whitelist input filter_
 
 NOTE: _The same security precautions have to be taken for Ajax actions as for "normal" ones. There is at least one exception, however: The output has to be escaped in the controller already, if the action doesn't render a view._
 
-If you use the [in_place_editor plugin](http://dev.rubyonrails.org/browser/plugins/in_place_editing), or actions that return a string, rather than rendering a view, _you have to escape the return value in the action_. Otherwise, if the return value contains a XSS string, the malicious code will be executed upon return to the browser. Escape any input value using the h() method.
+If you use the [in_place_editor plugin](https://rubygems.org/gems/in_place_editing), or actions that return a string, rather than rendering a view, _you have to escape the return value in the action_. Otherwise, if the return value contains a XSS string, the malicious code will be executed upon return to the browser. Escape any input value using the h() method.
 
 ### Command Line Injection
 
@@ -996,7 +1002,7 @@ _'1; mode=block' in Rails by default_ - use XSS Auditor and block page if XSS at
 * X-Content-Type-Options
 _'nosniff' in Rails by default_ - stops the browser from guessing the MIME type of a file.
 * X-Content-Security-Policy
-[A powerful mechanism for controlling which sites certain content types can be loaded from](http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/content-security-policy/raw-file/tip/csp-specification.dev.html)
+[A powerful mechanism for controlling which sites certain content types can be loaded from](http://w3c.github.io/webappsec/specs/content-security-policy/csp-specification.dev.html)
 * Access-Control-Allow-Origin
 Used to control which sites are allowed to bypass same origin policies and send cross-origin requests.
 * Strict-Transport-Security
@@ -1005,7 +1011,7 @@ Used to control which sites are allowed to bypass same origin policies and send
 Environmental Security
 ----------------------
 
-It is beyond the scope of this guide to inform you on how to secure your application code and environments. However, please secure your database configuration, e.g. `config/database.yml`, and your server-side secret, e.g. stored in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`. You may want to further restrict access, using environment-specific versions of these files and any others that may contain sensitive information.
+It is beyond the scope of this guide to inform you on how to secure your application code and environments. However, please secure your database configuration, e.g. `config/database.yml`, and your server-side secret, e.g. stored in `config/secrets.yml`. You may want to further restrict access, using environment-specific versions of these files and any others that may contain sensitive information.
 
 Additional Resources
 --------------------
diff --git a/guides/source/testing.md b/guides/source/testing.md
index 07f3aad1e6..29724ae011 100644
--- a/guides/source/testing.md
+++ b/guides/source/testing.md
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@ The `test_helper.rb` file holds the default configuration for your tests.
 
 ### The Low-Down on Fixtures
 
-For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data. In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures.
+For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data.
+In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures.
+You can find comprehensive documentation in the [fixture api documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html).
 
 #### What Are Fixtures?
 
@@ -94,6 +96,12 @@ one:
   category: about
 ```
 
+Note: For associations to reference one another by name, you cannot specify the `id:`
+ attribute on the fixtures. Rails will auto assign a primary key to be consistent between
+ runs. If you manually specify an `id:` attribute, this behavior will not work. For more
+  information on this association behavior please read the
+  [fixture api documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html).
+
 #### ERB'in It Up
 
 ERB allows you to embed Ruby code within templates. The YAML fixture format is pre-processed with ERB when Rails loads fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data. For example, the following code generates a thousand users:
@@ -134,27 +142,27 @@ Unit Testing your Models
 
 In Rails, models tests are what you write to test your models.
 
-For this guide we will be using Rails _scaffolding_. It will create the model, a migration, controller and views for the new resource in a single operation. It will also create a full test suite following Rails best practices. I will be using examples from this generated code and will be supplementing it with additional examples where necessary.
+For this guide we will be using Rails _scaffolding_. It will create the model, a migration, controller and views for the new resource in a single operation. It will also create a full test suite following Rails best practices. We will be using examples from this generated code and will be supplementing it with additional examples where necessary.
 
-NOTE: For more information on Rails <i>scaffolding</i>, refer to [Getting Started with Rails](getting_started.html)
+NOTE: For more information on Rails _scaffolding_, refer to [Getting Started with Rails](getting_started.html)
 
 When you use `rails generate scaffold`, for a resource among other things it creates a test stub in the `test/models` folder:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold post title:string body:text
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold article title:string body:text
 ...
-create  app/models/post.rb
-create  test/models/post_test.rb
-create  test/fixtures/posts.yml
+create  app/models/article.rb
+create  test/models/article_test.rb
+create  test/fixtures/articles.yml
 ...
 ```
 
-The default test stub in `test/models/post_test.rb` looks like this:
+The default test stub in `test/models/article_test.rb` looks like this:
 
 ```ruby
 require 'test_helper'
 
-class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class ArticleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   # test "the truth" do
   #   assert true
   # end
@@ -170,15 +178,15 @@ require 'test_helper'
 As you know by now, `test_helper.rb` specifies the default configuration to run our tests. This is included with all the tests, so any methods added to this file are available to all your tests.
 
 ```ruby
-class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class ArticleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 ```
 
-The `PostTest` class defines a _test case_ because it inherits from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. `PostTest` thus has all the methods available from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. You'll see those methods a little later in this guide.
+The `ArticleTest` class defines a _test case_ because it inherits from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. `ArticleTest` thus has all the methods available from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. You'll see those methods a little later in this guide.
 
-Any method defined within a class inherited from `MiniTest::Unit::TestCase`
-(which is the superclass of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`) that begins with `test` (case sensitive) is simply called a test. So, `test_password`, `test_valid_password` and `testValidPassword` all are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run.
+Any method defined within a class inherited from `Minitest::Test`
+(which is the superclass of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`) that begins with `test_` (case sensitive) is simply called a test. So, `test_password` and `test_valid_password` are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run.
 
-Rails adds a `test` method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal `MiniTest::Unit` test with method names prefixed with `test_`. So,
+Rails adds a `test` method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal `Minitest::Unit` test with method names prefixed with `test_`. So,
 
 ```ruby
 test "the truth" do
@@ -220,7 +228,7 @@ In order to run your tests, your test database will need to have the current str
 Running a test is as simple as invoking the file containing the test cases through `rake test` command.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb
+$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb
 .
 
 Finished tests in 0.009262s, 107.9680 tests/s, 107.9680 assertions/s.
@@ -231,7 +239,7 @@ Finished tests in 0.009262s, 107.9680 tests/s, 107.9680 assertions/s.
 You can also run a particular test method from the test case by running the test and providing the `test method name`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_the_truth
+$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_the_truth
 .
 
 Finished tests in 0.009064s, 110.3266 tests/s, 110.3266 assertions/s.
@@ -243,25 +251,25 @@ This will run all test methods from the test case. Note that `test_helper.rb` is
 
 The `.` (dot) above indicates a passing test. When a test fails you see an `F`; when a test throws an error you see an `E` in its place. The last line of the output is the summary.
 
-To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the `post_test.rb` test case.
+To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the `article_test.rb` test case.
 
 ```ruby
-test "should not save post without title" do
-  post = Post.new
-  assert !post.save
+test "should not save article without title" do
+  article = Article.new
+  assert_not article.save
 end
 ```
 
 Let us run this newly added test.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_not_save_post_without_title
+$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_should_not_save_article_without_title
 F
 
 Finished tests in 0.044632s, 22.4054 tests/s, 22.4054 assertions/s.
 
   1) Failure:
-test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) [test/models/post_test.rb:6]:
+test_should_not_save_article_without_title(ArticleTest) [test/models/article_test.rb:6]:
 Failed assertion, no message given.
 
 1 tests, 1 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
@@ -270,9 +278,9 @@ Failed assertion, no message given.
 In the output, `F` denotes a failure. You can see the corresponding trace shown under `1)` along with the name of the failing test. The next few lines contain the stack trace followed by a message which mentions the actual value and the expected value by the assertion. The default assertion messages provide just enough information to help pinpoint the error. To make the assertion failure message more readable, every assertion provides an optional message parameter, as shown here:
 
 ```ruby
-test "should not save post without title" do
-  post = Post.new
-  assert !post.save, "Saved the post without a title"
+test "should not save article without title" do
+  article = Article.new
+  assert_not article.save, "Saved the article without a title"
 end
 ```
 
@@ -280,14 +288,14 @@ Running this test shows the friendlier assertion message:
 
 ```bash
   1) Failure:
-test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) [test/models/post_test.rb:6]:
-Saved the post without a title
+test_should_not_save_article_without_title(ArticleTest) [test/models/article_test.rb:6]:
+Saved the article without a title
 ```
 
 Now to get this test to pass we can add a model level validation for the _title_ field.
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :title, presence: true
 end
 ```
@@ -295,7 +303,7 @@ end
 Now the test should pass. Let us verify by running the test again:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_not_save_post_without_title
+$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_should_not_save_article_without_title
 .
 
 Finished tests in 0.047721s, 20.9551 tests/s, 20.9551 assertions/s.
@@ -320,15 +328,15 @@ end
 Now you can see even more output in the console from running the tests:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_report_error
+$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_should_report_error
 E
 
 Finished tests in 0.030974s, 32.2851 tests/s, 0.0000 assertions/s.
 
   1) Error:
-test_should_report_error(PostTest):
-NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<PostTest:0x007fe32e24afe0>
-    test/models/post_test.rb:10:in `block in <class:PostTest>'
+test_should_report_error(ArticleTest):
+NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<ArticleTest:0x007fe32e24afe0>
+    test/models/article_test.rb:10:in `block in <class:ArticleTest>'
 
 1 tests, 0 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips
 ```
@@ -345,7 +353,7 @@ backtrace. simply set the `BACKTRACE` environment variable to enable this
 behavior:
 
 ```bash
-$ BACKTRACE=1 rake test test/models/post_test.rb
+$ BACKTRACE=1 bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb
 ```
 
 ### What to Include in Your Unit Tests
@@ -357,7 +365,7 @@ Ideally, you would like to include a test for everything which could possibly br
 By now you've caught a glimpse of some of the assertions that are available. Assertions are the worker bees of testing. They are the ones that actually perform the checks to ensure that things are going as planned.
 
 There are a bunch of different types of assertions you can use.
-Here's an extract of the assertions you can use with `minitest`, the default testing library used by Rails. The `[msg]` parameter is an optional string message you can specify to make your test failure messages clearer. It's not required.
+Here's an extract of the assertions you can use with [`Minitest`](https://github.com/seattlerb/minitest), the default testing library used by Rails. The `[msg]` parameter is an optional string message you can specify to make your test failure messages clearer. It's not required.
 
 | Assertion                                                        | Purpose |
 | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
@@ -369,8 +377,12 @@ Here's an extract of the assertions you can use with `minitest`, the default tes
 | `assert_not_same( expected, actual, [msg] )`                     | Ensures that `expected.equal?(actual)` is false.|
 | `assert_nil( obj, [msg] )`                                       | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is true.|
 | `assert_not_nil( obj, [msg] )`                                   | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is false.|
+| `assert_empty( obj, [msg] )`                                     | Ensures that `obj` is `empty?`.|
+| `assert_not_empty( obj, [msg] )`                                 | Ensures that `obj` is not `empty?`.|
 | `assert_match( regexp, string, [msg] )`                          | Ensures that a string matches the regular expression.|
 | `assert_no_match( regexp, string, [msg] )`                       | Ensures that a string doesn't match the regular expression.|
+| `assert_includes( collection, obj, [msg] )`                      | Ensures that `obj` is in `collection`.|
+| `assert_not_includes( collection, obj, [msg] )`                  | Ensures that `obj` is not in `collection`.|
 | `assert_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )`           | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are within `delta` of each other.|
 | `assert_not_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )`       | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are not within `delta` of each other.|
 | `assert_throws( symbol, [msg] ) { block }`                       | Ensures that the given block throws the symbol.|
@@ -384,16 +396,20 @@ Here's an extract of the assertions you can use with `minitest`, the default tes
 | `assert_not_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )`                    | Ensures that `obj` does not respond to `symbol`.|
 | `assert_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )`               | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is true.|
 | `assert_not_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )`           | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is false.|
+| `assert_predicate ( obj, predicate, [msg] )`                     | Ensures that `obj.predicate` is true, e.g. `assert_predicate str, :empty?`|
+| `assert_not_predicate ( obj, predicate, [msg] )`                 | Ensures that `obj.predicate` is false, e.g. `assert_not_predicate str, :empty?`|
 | `assert_send( array, [msg] )`                                    | Ensures that executing the method listed in `array[1]` on the object in `array[0]` with the parameters of `array[2 and up]` is true. This one is weird eh?|
 | `flunk( [msg] )`                                                 | Ensures failure. This is useful to explicitly mark a test that isn't finished yet.|
 
+The above are subset of assertions that minitest supports. For an exhaustive & more up-to-date list, please check [Minitest API documentation](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/), specifically [`Minitest::Assertions`](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/Minitest/Assertions.html)
+
 Because of the modular nature of the testing framework, it is possible to create your own assertions. In fact, that's exactly what Rails does. It includes some specialized assertions to make your life easier.
 
 NOTE: Creating your own assertions is an advanced topic that we won't cover in this tutorial.
 
 ### Rails Specific Assertions
 
-Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the `test/unit` framework:
+Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the `minitest` framework:
 
 | Assertion                                                                         | Purpose |
 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
@@ -422,26 +438,26 @@ You should test for things such as:
 * was the correct object stored in the response template?
 * was the appropriate message displayed to the user in the view?
 
-Now that we have used Rails scaffold generator for our `Post` resource, it has already created the controller code and tests. You can take look at the file `posts_controller_test.rb` in the `test/controllers` directory.
+Now that we have used Rails scaffold generator for our `Article` resource, it has already created the controller code and tests. You can take look at the file `articles_controller_test.rb` in the `test/controllers` directory.
 
-Let me take you through one such test, `test_should_get_index` from the file `posts_controller_test.rb`.
+Let me take you through one such test, `test_should_get_index` from the file `articles_controller_test.rb`.
 
 ```ruby
-class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   test "should get index" do
     get :index
     assert_response :success
-    assert_not_nil assigns(:posts)
+    assert_not_nil assigns(:articles)
   end
 end
 ```
 
-In the `test_should_get_index` test, Rails simulates a request on the action called `index`, making sure the request was successful and also ensuring that it assigns a valid `posts` instance variable.
+In the `test_should_get_index` test, Rails simulates a request on the action called `index`, making sure the request was successful and also ensuring that it assigns a valid `articles` instance variable.
 
 The `get` method kicks off the web request and populates the results into the response. It accepts 4 arguments:
 
 * The action of the controller you are requesting. This can be in the form of a string or a symbol.
-* An optional hash of request parameters to pass into the action (eg. query string parameters or post variables).
+* An optional hash of request parameters to pass into the action (eg. query string parameters or article variables).
 * An optional hash of session variables to pass along with the request.
 * An optional hash of flash values.
 
@@ -457,17 +473,17 @@ Another example: Calling the `:view` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `param
 get(:view, {'id' => '12'}, nil, {'message' => 'booya!'})
 ```
 
-NOTE: If you try running `test_should_create_post` test from `posts_controller_test.rb` it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so.
+NOTE: If you try running `test_should_create_article` test from `articles_controller_test.rb` it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so.
 
-Let us modify `test_should_create_post` test in `posts_controller_test.rb` so that all our test pass:
+Let us modify `test_should_create_article` test in `articles_controller_test.rb` so that all our test pass:
 
 ```ruby
-test "should create post" do
-  assert_difference('Post.count') do
-    post :create, post: {title: 'Some title'}
+test "should create article" do
+  assert_difference('Article.count') do
+    post :create, article: {title: 'Some title'}
   end
 
-  assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
+  assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article))
 end
 ```
 
@@ -576,12 +592,12 @@ is the correct way to assert for the layout when the view renders a partial with
 Here's another example that uses `flash`, `assert_redirected_to`, and `assert_difference`:
 
 ```ruby
-test "should create post" do
-  assert_difference('Post.count') do
-    post :create, post: {title: 'Hi', body: 'This is my first post.'}
+test "should create article" do
+  assert_difference('Article.count') do
+    post :create, article: {title: 'Hi', body: 'This is my first article.'}
   end
-  assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
-  assert_equal 'Post was successfully created.', flash[:notice]
+  assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article))
+  assert_equal 'Article was successfully created.', flash[:notice]
 end
 ```
 
@@ -589,13 +605,13 @@ end
 
 Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a useful way to test the views of your application. The `assert_select` assertion allows you to do this by using a simple yet powerful syntax.
 
-NOTE: You may find references to `assert_tag` in other documentation, but this is now deprecated in favor of `assert_select`.
+NOTE: You may find references to `assert_tag` in other documentation. This has been removed in 4.2. Use `assert_select` instead.
 
 There are two forms of `assert_select`:
 
-`assert_select(selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression with substitution values, or an `HTML::Selector` object.
+`assert_select(selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String) or an expression with substitution values.
 
-`assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the _element_ (instance of `HTML::Node`) and its descendants.
+`assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the _element_ (instance of `Nokogiri::XML::Node` or `Nokogiri::XML::NodeSet`) and its descendants.
 
 For example, you could verify the contents on the title element in your response with:
 
@@ -625,7 +641,7 @@ assert_select "ol" do
 end
 ```
 
-The `assert_select` assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its [documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/SelectorAssertions.html).
+The `assert_select` assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its [documentation](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing/blob/master/lib/rails/dom/testing/assertions/selector_assertions.rb).
 
 #### Additional View-Based Assertions
 
@@ -653,7 +669,7 @@ Integration tests are used to test the interaction among any number of controlle
 Unlike Unit and Functional tests, integration tests have to be explicitly created under the 'test/integration' folder within your application. Rails provides a generator to create an integration test skeleton for you.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate integration_test user_flows
+$ bin/rails generate integration_test user_flows
       exists  test/integration/
       create  test/integration/user_flows_test.rb
 ```
@@ -699,8 +715,6 @@ A simple integration test that exercises multiple controllers:
 require 'test_helper'
 
 class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-  fixtures :users
-
   test "login and browse site" do
     # login via https
     https!
@@ -712,7 +726,7 @@ class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'Welcome david!', flash[:notice]
 
     https!(false)
-    get "/posts/all"
+    get "/articles/all"
     assert_response :success
     assert assigns(:products)
   end
@@ -727,10 +741,7 @@ Here's an example of multiple sessions and custom DSL in an integration test
 require 'test_helper'
 
 class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-  fixtures :users
-
   test "login and browse site" do
-
     # User david logs in
     david = login(:david)
     # User guest logs in
@@ -793,57 +804,53 @@ when you initiate a Rails project.
 | `rake test:all:db`      | Runs all tests quickly by merging all types and resetting db |
 
 
-Brief Note About `MiniTest`
+Brief Note About `Minitest`
 -----------------------------
 
-Ruby ships with a boat load of libraries. Ruby 1.8 provides `Test::Unit`, a framework for unit testing in Ruby. All the basic assertions discussed above are actually defined in `Test::Unit::Assertions`. The class `ActiveSupport::TestCase` which we have been using in our unit and functional tests extends `Test::Unit::TestCase`, allowing
-us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.
+Ruby ships with a vast Standard Library for all common use-cases including testing. Since version 1.9, Ruby provides `Minitest`, a framework for testing. All the basic assertions such as `assert_equal` discussed above are actually defined in `Minitest::Assertions`. The classes `ActiveSupport::TestCase`, `ActionController::TestCase`, `ActionMailer::TestCase`, `ActionView::TestCase` and `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` - which we have been inheriting in our test classes - include `Minitest::Assertions`, allowing us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.
 
-Ruby 1.9 introduced `MiniTest`, an updated version of `Test::Unit` which provides a backwards compatible API for `Test::Unit`. You could also use `MiniTest` in Ruby 1.8 by installing the `minitest` gem.
-
-NOTE: For more information on `Test::Unit`, refer to [test/unit Documentation](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/test/unit/rdoc/)
-For more information on `MiniTest`, refer to [Minitest](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-1.9.3/libdoc/minitest/unit/rdoc/)
+NOTE: For more information on `Minitest`, refer to [Minitest](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.0/libdoc/minitest/rdoc/MiniTest.html)
 
 Setup and Teardown
 ------------------
 
-If you would like to run a block of code before the start of each test and another block of code after the end of each test you have two special callbacks for your rescue. Let's take note of this by looking at an example for our functional test in `Posts` controller:
+If you would like to run a block of code before the start of each test and another block of code after the end of each test you have two special callbacks for your rescue. Let's take note of this by looking at an example for our functional test in `Articles` controller:
 
 ```ruby
 require 'test_helper'
 
-class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   # called before every single test
   def setup
-    @post = posts(:one)
+    @article = articles(:one)
   end
 
   # called after every single test
   def teardown
-    # as we are re-initializing @post before every test
+    # as we are re-initializing @article before every test
     # setting it to nil here is not essential but I hope
     # you understand how you can use the teardown method
-    @post = nil
+    @article = nil
   end
 
-  test "should show post" do
-    get :show, id: @post.id
+  test "should show article" do
+    get :show, id: @article.id
     assert_response :success
   end
 
-  test "should destroy post" do
-    assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do
-      delete :destroy, id: @post.id
+  test "should destroy article" do
+    assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do
+      delete :destroy, id: @article.id
     end
 
-    assert_redirected_to posts_path
+    assert_redirected_to articles_path
   end
 
 end
 ```
 
-Above, the `setup` method is called before each test and so `@post` is available for each of the tests. Rails implements `setup` and `teardown` as `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`. Which essentially means you need not only use `setup` and `teardown` as methods in your tests. You could specify them by using:
+Above, the `setup` method is called before each test and so `@article` is available for each of the tests. Rails implements `setup` and `teardown` as `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`. Which essentially means you need not only use `setup` and `teardown` as methods in your tests. You could specify them by using:
 
 * a block
 * a method (like in the earlier example)
@@ -855,38 +862,38 @@ Let's see the earlier example by specifying `setup` callback by specifying a met
 ```ruby
 require 'test_helper'
 
-class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   # called before every single test
-  setup :initialize_post
+  setup :initialize_article
 
   # called after every single test
   def teardown
-    @post = nil
+    @article = nil
   end
 
-  test "should show post" do
-    get :show, id: @post.id
+  test "should show article" do
+    get :show, id: @article.id
     assert_response :success
   end
 
-  test "should update post" do
-    patch :update, id: @post.id, post: {}
-    assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
+  test "should update article" do
+    patch :update, id: @article.id, article: {}
+    assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article))
   end
 
-  test "should destroy post" do
-    assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do
-      delete :destroy, id: @post.id
+  test "should destroy article" do
+    assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do
+      delete :destroy, id: @article.id
     end
 
-    assert_redirected_to posts_path
+    assert_redirected_to articles_path
   end
 
   private
 
-    def initialize_post
-      @post = posts(:one)
+    def initialize_article
+      @article = articles(:one)
     end
 end
 ```
@@ -894,11 +901,11 @@ end
 Testing Routes
 --------------
 
-Like everything else in your Rails application, it is recommended that you test your routes. An example test for a route in the default `show` action of `Posts` controller above should look like:
+Like everything else in your Rails application, it is recommended that you test your routes. An example test for a route in the default `show` action of `Articles` controller above should look like:
 
 ```ruby
-test "should route to post" do
-  assert_routing '/posts/1', {controller: "posts", action: "show", id: "1"}
+test "should route to article" do
+  assert_routing '/articles/1', {controller: "articles", action: "show", id: "1"}
 end
 ```
 
@@ -942,8 +949,8 @@ class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   test "invite" do
     # Send the email, then test that it got queued
     email = UserMailer.create_invite('me@example.com',
-                                     'friend@example.com', Time.now).deliver
-    assert !ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.empty?
+                                     'friend@example.com', Time.now).deliver_now
+    assert_not ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.empty?
 
     # Test the body of the sent email contains what we expect it to
     assert_equal ['me@example.com'], email.from
@@ -997,7 +1004,7 @@ class UserControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     assert_equal "You have been invited by me@example.com", invite_email.subject
     assert_equal 'friend@example.com', invite_email.to[0]
-    assert_match(/Hi friend@example.com/, invite_email.body)
+    assert_match(/Hi friend@example.com/, invite_email.body.to_s)
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -1007,17 +1014,9 @@ Testing helpers
 
 In order to test helpers, all you need to do is check that the output of the
 helper method matches what you'd expect. Tests related to the helpers are
-located under the `test/helpers` directory. Rails provides a generator which
-generates both the helper and the test file:
-
-```bash
-$ rails generate helper User
-      create  app/helpers/user_helper.rb
-      invoke  test_unit
-      create    test/helpers/user_helper_test.rb
-```
+located under the `test/helpers` directory.
 
-The generated test file contains the following code:
+A helper test looks like so:
 
 ```ruby
 require 'test_helper'
@@ -1046,11 +1045,10 @@ access to Rails' helper methods such as `link_to` or `pluralize`.
 Other Testing Approaches
 ------------------------
 
-The built-in `test/unit` based testing is not the only way to test Rails applications. Rails developers have come up with a wide variety of other approaches and aids for testing, including:
+The built-in `minitest` based testing is not the only way to test Rails applications. Rails developers have come up with a wide variety of other approaches and aids for testing, including:
 
 * [NullDB](http://avdi.org/projects/nulldb/), a way to speed up testing by avoiding database use.
 * [Factory Girl](https://github.com/thoughtbot/factory_girl/tree/master), a replacement for fixtures.
-* [Machinist](https://github.com/notahat/machinist/tree/master), another replacement for fixtures.
 * [Fixture Builder](https://github.com/rdy/fixture_builder), a tool that compiles Ruby factories into fixtures before a test run.
 * [MiniTest::Spec Rails](https://github.com/metaskills/minitest-spec-rails), use the MiniTest::Spec DSL within your rails tests.
 * [Shoulda](http://www.thoughtbot.com/projects/shoulda), an extension to `test/unit` with additional helpers, macros, and assertions.
diff --git a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
index 8aae3bbc1a..0111809cfb 100644
--- a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ A Guide for Upgrading Ruby on Rails
 
 This guide provides steps to be followed when you upgrade your applications to a newer version of Ruby on Rails. These steps are also available in individual release guides.
 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 General Advice
 --------------
 
-Before attempting to upgrade an existing application, you should be sure you have a good reason to upgrade. You need to balance out several factors: the need for new features, the increasing difficulty of finding support for old code, and your available time and skills, to name a few.
+Before attempting to upgrade an existing application, you should be sure you have a good reason to upgrade. You need to balance several factors: the need for new features, the increasing difficulty of finding support for old code, and your available time and skills, to name a few.
 
 ### Test Coverage
 
@@ -22,17 +24,150 @@ Rails generally stays close to the latest released Ruby version when it's releas
 
 TIP: Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshaling bugs that crash Rails. Ruby Enterprise Edition has these fixed since the release of 1.8.7-2010.02. On the 1.9 front, Ruby 1.9.1 is not usable because it outright segfaults, so if you want to use 1.9.x, jump straight to 1.9.3 for smooth sailing.
 
-Upgrading from Rails 4.0 to Rails 4.1
+### The Rake Task
+
+Rails provides the `rails:update` rake task. After updating the Rails version
+in the Gemfile, run this rake task.
+This will help you with the creation of new files and changes of old files in a
+interactive session.
+
+```bash
+$ rake rails:update
+   identical  config/boot.rb
+       exist  config
+    conflict  config/routes.rb
+Overwrite /myapp/config/routes.rb? (enter "h" for help) [Ynaqdh]
+       force  config/routes.rb
+    conflict  config/application.rb
+Overwrite /myapp/config/application.rb? (enter "h" for help) [Ynaqdh]
+       force  config/application.rb
+    conflict  config/environment.rb
+...
+```
+
+Don't forget to review the difference, to see if there were any unexpected changes.
+
+Upgrading from Rails 4.1 to Rails 4.2
 -------------------------------------
 
-NOTE: This section is a work in progress.
+NOTE: This section is a work in progress, please help to improve this by sending
+a [pull request](https://github.com/rails/rails/edit/master/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md).
+
+### Web Console
+
+First, add `gem 'web-console', '~> 2.0.0.beta3'` to the `:development` group in your Gemfile and run `bundle install` (it won't have been included when you upgraded Rails). Once it's been installed, you can simply drop a reference to the console helper (i.e., `<%= console %>`) into any view you want to enable it for. A console will also be provided on any error page you view in your development environment.
+
+Additionally, you can tell Rails to automatically mount a VT100-compatible console on a predetermined path by setting `config.web_console.automount = true` in your application.rb. You can specify the path by setting `config.web_console.default_mount_path` (note that this defaults to `/console`).
+
+TODO: Update `web-console` version to release version.
+
+### Responders
+
+TODO: mention https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16526
+
+### Error handling in transaction callbacks
+
+Currently, Active Record suppresses errors raised
+within `after_rollback` or `after_commit` callbacks and only prints them to
+the logs. In the next version, these errors will no longer be suppressed.
+Instead, the errors will propagate normally just like in other Active
+Record callbacks.
+
+When you define a `after_rollback` or `after_commit` callback, you
+will receive a deprecation warning about this upcoming change. When
+you are ready, you can opt into the new behvaior and remove the
+deprecation warning by adding following configuration to your
+`config/application.rb`:
+
+    config.active_record.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = true
+
+See [#14488](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14488) and
+[#16537](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16537) for more details.
+
+### Serialized attributes
+
+When using a custom coder (e.g. `serialize :metadata, JSON`),
+assigning `nil` to a serialized attribute will save it to the database
+as `NULL` instead of passing the `nil` value through the coder (e.g. `"null"`
+when using the `JSON` coder).
+
+### `after_bundle` in Rails templates
+
+If you have a Rails template that adds all the files in version control, it
+fails to add the generated binstubs because it gets executed before Bundler:
+
+```ruby
+# template.rb
+generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
+route "root to: 'people#index'"
+rake("db:migrate")
+
+git :init
+git add: "."
+git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
+```
+
+You can now wrap the `git` calls in an `after_bundle` block. It will be run
+after the binstubs have been generated.
+
+```ruby
+# template.rb
+generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
+route "root to: 'people#index'"
+rake("db:migrate")
+
+after_bundle do
+  git :init
+  git add: "."
+  git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
+end
+```
+
+### Rails Html Sanitizer
+
+There's a new choice for sanitizing HTML fragments in your applications. The
+venerable html-scanner approach is now officially being deprecated in favor of
+[`Rails Html Sanitizer`](https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer).
+
+This means the methods `sanitize`, `sanitize_css`, `strip_tags` and
+`strip_links` are backed by a new implementation.
+
+In the next major Rails version `Rails Html Sanitizer` will be the default
+sanitizer. It already is for new applications.
+
+Include this in your Gemfile to try it out today:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'rails-html-sanitizer'
+```
+
+This new sanitizer uses [Loofah](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah) internally. Loofah in turn uses Nokogiri, which
+wraps XML parsers written in both C and Java, so sanitization should be faster
+no matter which Ruby version you run.
+
+The new version updates `sanitize`, so it can take a `Loofah::Scrubber` for
+powerful scrubbing.
+[See some examples of scrubbers here](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah#loofahscrubber).
+
+Two new scrubbers have also been added: `PermitScrubber` and `TargetScrubber`.
+Read the [gem's readme](https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer) for more information.
+
+The documentation for `PermitScrubber` and `TargetScrubber` explains how you
+can gain complete control over when and how elements should be stripped.
+
+### Rails DOM Testing
+
+TODO: Mention https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4e97d7585a2f4788b9eed98c6cdaf4bb6f2cf5ce
+
+Upgrading from Rails 4.0 to Rails 4.1
+-------------------------------------
 
 ### CSRF protection from remote `<script>` tags
 
 Or, "whaaat my tests are failing!!!?"
 
 Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection now covers GET requests with
-JavaScript responses, too. That prevents a third-party site from referencing
+JavaScript responses, too. This prevents a third-party site from referencing
 your JavaScript URL and attempting to run it to extract sensitive data.
 
 This means that your functional and integration tests that use
@@ -79,11 +214,14 @@ secrets, you need to:
       secret_key_base:
 
     production:
-      secret_key_base:
+      secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
     ```
 
-2. Copy the existing `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to
-   `secrets.yml` under the `production` section.
+2. Use your existing `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to
+   set the SECRET_KEY_BASE environment variable for whichever users running the
+   Rails application in production mode. Alternatively, you can simply copy the existing
+   `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to `secrets.yml`
+   under the `production` section, replacing '<%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>'.
 
 3. Remove the `secret_token.rb` initializer.
 
@@ -95,7 +233,7 @@ secrets, you need to:
 
 If your test helper contains a call to
 `ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!` this can be removed. The check
-is now done automatically when you `require 'test_help'`, although
+is now done automatically when you `require 'rails/test_help'`, although
 leaving this line in your helper is not harmful in any way.
 
 ### Cookies serializer
@@ -104,13 +242,57 @@ Applications created before Rails 4.1 uses `Marshal` to serialize cookie values
 the signed and encrypted cookie jars. If you want to use the new `JSON`-based format
 in your application, you can add an initializer file with the following content:
 
-  ```ruby
-  Rails.application.config.cookies_serializer :hybrid
-  ```
+```ruby
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :hybrid
+```
 
 This would transparently migrate your existing `Marshal`-serialized cookies into the
 new `JSON`-based format.
 
+When using the `:json` or `:hybrid` serializer, you should beware that not all
+Ruby objects can be serialized as JSON. For example, `Date` and `Time` objects
+will be serialized as strings, and `Hash`es will have their keys stringified.
+
+```ruby
+class CookiesController < ApplicationController
+  def set_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] = Date.tomorrow # => Thu, 20 Mar 2014
+    redirect_to action: 'read_cookie'
+  end
+
+  def read_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] # => "2014-03-20"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+It's advisable that you only store simple data (strings and numbers) in cookies.
+If you have to store complex objects, you would need to handle the conversion
+manually when reading the values on subsequent requests.
+
+If you use the cookie session store, this would apply to the `session` and
+`flash` hash as well.
+
+### Flash structure changes
+
+Flash message keys are
+[normalized to strings](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a668beffd64106a1e1fedb71cc25eaaa11baf0c1). They
+can still be accessed using either symbols or strings. Looping through the flash
+will always yield string keys:
+
+```ruby
+flash["string"] = "a string"
+flash[:symbol] = "a symbol"
+
+# Rails < 4.1
+flash.keys # => ["string", :symbol]
+
+# Rails >= 4.1
+flash.keys # => ["string", "symbol"]
+```
+
+Make sure you are comparing Flash message keys against strings.
+
 ### Changes in JSON handling
 
 There are a few major changes related to JSON handling in Rails 4.1.
@@ -165,6 +347,16 @@ If your application depends on one of these features, you can get them back by
 adding the [`activesupport-json_encoder`](https://github.com/rails/activesupport-json_encoder)
 gem to your Gemfile.
 
+#### JSON representation of Time objects
+
+`#as_json` for objects with time component (`Time`, `DateTime`, `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone`)
+now returns millisecond precision by default. If you need to keep old behavior with no millisecond
+precision, set the following in an initializer:
+
+```
+ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
+```
+
 ### Usage of `return` within inline callback blocks
 
 Previously, Rails allowed inline callback blocks to use `return` this way:
@@ -220,7 +412,7 @@ included in the newly introduced `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class`, in
 `test_helper.rb`.
 
 ```ruby
-class FixtureFileHelpers
+module FixtureFileHelpers
   def file_sha(path)
     Digest::SHA2.hexdigest(File.read(Rails.root.join('test/fixtures', path)))
   end
@@ -230,8 +422,8 @@ ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.send :include, FixtureFileHelpers
 
 ### I18n enforcing available locales
 
-Rails 4.1 now defaults the I18n option `enforce_available_locales` to `true`,
-meaning that it will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in
+Rails 4.1 now defaults the I18n option `enforce_available_locales` to `true`. This
+means that it will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in
 the `available_locales` list.
 
 To disable it (and allow I18n to accept *any* locale option) add the following
@@ -241,9 +433,10 @@ configuration to your application:
 config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 ```
 
-Note that this option was added as a security measure, to ensure user input could
-not be used as locale information unless previously known, so it's recommended not
-to disable this option unless you have a strong reason for doing so.
+Note that this option was added as a security measure, to ensure user input
+cannot be used as locale information unless it is previously known. Therefore,
+it's recommended not to disable this option unless you have a strong reason for
+doing so.
 
 ### Mutator methods called on Relation
 
@@ -262,6 +455,114 @@ authors = Author.where(name: 'Hank Moody').to_a
 authors.compact!
 ```
 
+### Changes on Default Scopes
+
+Default scopes are no longer overridden by chained conditions.
+
+In previous versions when you defined a `default_scope` in a model
+it was overridden by chained conditions in the same field. Now it
+is merged like any other scope.
+
+Before:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
+  scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
+  scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
+end
+
+User.all
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
+
+User.active
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'
+
+User.where(state: 'inactive')
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+```
+
+After:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
+  scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
+  scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
+end
+
+User.all
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
+
+User.active
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'active'
+
+User.where(state: 'inactive')
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+```
+
+To get the previous behavior it is needed to explicitly remove the
+`default_scope` condition using `unscoped`, `unscope`, `rewhere` or
+`except`.
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
+  scope :active, -> { unscope(where: :state).where(state: 'active') }
+  scope :inactive, -> { rewhere state: 'inactive' }
+end
+
+User.all
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
+
+User.active
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'
+
+User.inactive
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+```
+
+### Rendering content from string
+
+Rails 4.1 introduces `:plain`, `:html`, and `:body` options to `render`. Those
+options are now the preferred way to render string-based content, as it allows
+you to specify which content type you want the response sent as.
+
+* `render :plain` will set the content type to `text/plain`
+* `render :html` will set the content type to `text/html`
+* `render :body` will *not* set the content type header.
+
+From the security standpoint, if you don't expect to have any markup in your
+response body, you should be using `render :plain` as most browsers will escape
+unsafe content in the response for you.
+
+We will be deprecating the use of `render :text` in a future version. So please
+start using the more precise `:plain:`, `:html`, and `:body` options instead.
+Using `render :text` may pose a security risk, as the content is sent as
+`text/html`.
+
+### PostgreSQL json and hstore datatypes
+
+Rails 4.1 will map `json` and `hstore` columns to a string-keyed Ruby `Hash`.
+In earlier versions, a `HashWithIndifferentAccess` was used. This means that
+symbol access is no longer supported. This is also the case for
+`store_accessors` based on top of `json` or `hstore` columns. Make sure to use
+string keys consistently.
+
+### Explicit block use for `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`
+
+Rails 4.1 now expects an explicit block to be passed when calling
+`ActiveSupport::Callbacks.set_callback`. This change stems from
+`ActiveSupport::Callbacks` being largely rewritten for the 4.1 release.
+
+```ruby
+# Previously in Rails 4.0
+set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, &block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
+
+# Now in Rails 4.1
+set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
+```
+
 Upgrading from Rails 3.2 to Rails 4.0
 -------------------------------------
 
@@ -349,7 +650,7 @@ def update
   respond_to do |format|
     format.json do
       # perform a partial update
-      @post.update params[:post]
+      @article.update params[:article]
     end
 
     format.json_patch do
@@ -393,6 +694,9 @@ Rails 4.0 no longer supports loading plugins from `vendor/plugins`. You must rep
 
 * Rails 4.0 has changed `serialized_attributes` and `attr_readonly` to class methods only. You shouldn't use instance methods since it's now deprecated. You should change them to use class methods, e.g. `self.serialized_attributes` to `self.class.serialized_attributes`.
 
+* When using the default coder, assigning `nil` to a serialized attribute will save it
+to the database as `NULL` instead of passing the `nil` value through YAML (`"--- \n...\n"`).
+
 * Rails 4.0 has removed `attr_accessible` and `attr_protected` feature in favor of Strong Parameters. You can use the [Protected Attributes gem](https://github.com/rails/protected_attributes) for a smooth upgrade path.
 
 * If you are not using Protected Attributes, you can remove any options related to
@@ -567,9 +871,8 @@ Active Record Observer and Action Controller Sweeper have been extracted to the
 
 ### sprockets-rails
 
-* `assets:precompile:primary` has been removed. Use `assets:precompile` instead.
-* The `config.assets.compress` option should be changed to
-`config.assets.js_compressor` like so for instance:
+* `assets:precompile:primary` and `assets:precompile:all` have been removed. Use `assets:precompile` instead.
+* The `config.assets.compress` option should be changed to `config.assets.js_compressor` like so for instance:
 
 ```ruby
 config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
@@ -577,22 +880,23 @@ config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
 
 ### sass-rails
 
-* `asset-url` with two arguments is deprecated. For example: `asset-url("rails.png", image)` becomes `asset-url("rails.png")`
+* `asset-url` with two arguments is deprecated. For example: `asset-url("rails.png", image)` becomes `asset-url("rails.png")`.
 
 Upgrading from Rails 3.1 to Rails 3.2
 -------------------------------------
 
-If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.1.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.1 before attempting an update to Rails 3.2.
+If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.1.x, you
+should upgrade to Rails 3.1 before attempting an update to Rails 3.2.
 
-The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 3.2.16,
-the last 3.2.x version of Rails.
+The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to the latest
+3.2.x version of Rails.
 
 ### Gemfile
 
 Make the following changes to your `Gemfile`.
 
 ```ruby
-gem 'rails', '3.2.16'
+gem 'rails', '3.2.18'
 
 group :assets do
   gem 'sass-rails',   '~> 3.2.6'
@@ -753,7 +1057,7 @@ AppName::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'SOMETHINGNEW'
 or
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:sessions:clear
+$ bin/rake db:sessions:clear
 ```
 
 ### Remove :cache and :concat options in asset helpers references in views
diff --git a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
index 3c04204c29..7c3fd9f69d 100644
--- a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
@@ -111,7 +111,9 @@ paintIt = (element, backgroundColor, textColor) ->
     element.style.color = textColor
 
 $ ->
-  $("a[data-background-color]").click ->
+  $("a[data-background-color]").click (e) ->
+    e.preventDefault()
+
     backgroundColor = $(this).data("background-color")
     textColor = $(this).data("text-color")
     paintIt(this, backgroundColor, textColor)
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ is a helper that assists with writing forms. `form_for` takes a `:remote`
 option. It works like this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_for(@post, remote: true) do |f| %>
+<%= form_for(@article, remote: true) do |f| %>
   ...
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -164,7 +166,7 @@ option. It works like this:
 This will generate the following HTML:
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/posts" class="new_post" data-remote="true" id="new_post" method="post">
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" class="new_article" data-remote="true" id="new_article" method="post">
   ...
 </form>
 ```
@@ -178,10 +180,10 @@ bind to the `ajax:success` event. On failure, use `ajax:error`. Check it out:
 
 ```coffeescript
 $(document).ready ->
-  $("#new_post").on("ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
-    $("#new_post").append xhr.responseText
-  ).bind "ajax:error", (e, xhr, status, error) ->
-    $("#new_post").append "<p>ERROR</p>"
+  $("#new_article").on("ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
+    $("#new_article").append xhr.responseText
+  ).on "ajax:error", (e, xhr, status, error) ->
+    $("#new_article").append "<p>ERROR</p>"
 ```
 
 Obviously, you'll want to be a bit more sophisticated than that, but it's a
@@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ is very similar to `form_for`. It has a `:remote` option that you can use like
 this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_tag('/posts', remote: true) do %>
+<%= form_tag('/articles', remote: true) do %>
   ...
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ this:
 This will generate the following HTML:
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/posts" data-remote="true" method="post">
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" data-remote="true" method="post">
   ...
 </form>
 ```
@@ -217,21 +219,21 @@ is a helper that assists with generating links. It has a `:remote` option you
 can use like this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= link_to "a post", @post, remote: true %>
+<%= link_to "an article", @article, remote: true %>
 ```
 
 which generates
 
 ```html
-<a href="/posts/1" data-remote="true">a post</a>
+<a href="/articles/1" data-remote="true">an article</a>
 ```
 
 You can bind to the same Ajax events as `form_for`. Here's an example. Let's
-assume that we have a list of posts that can be deleted with just one
+assume that we have a list of articles that can be deleted with just one
 click. We would generate some HTML like this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= link_to "Delete post", @post, remote: true, method: :delete %>
+<%= link_to "Delete article", @article, remote: true, method: :delete %>
 ```
 
 and write some CoffeeScript like this:
@@ -239,7 +241,7 @@ and write some CoffeeScript like this:
 ```coffeescript
 $ ->
   $("a[data-remote]").on "ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
-    alert "The post was deleted."
+    alert "The article was deleted."
 ```
 
 ### button_to
@@ -247,14 +249,14 @@ $ ->
 [`button_to`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-button_to) is a helper that helps you create buttons. It has a `:remote` option that you can call like this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= button_to "A post", @post, remote: true %>
+<%= button_to "An article", @article, remote: true %>
 ```
 
 this generates
 
 ```html
-<form action="/posts/1" class="button_to" data-remote="true" method="post">
-  <div><input type="submit" value="A post"></div>
+<form action="/articles/1" class="button_to" data-remote="true" method="post">
+  <div><input type="submit" value="An article"></div>
 </form>
 ```
 
diff --git a/guides/w3c_validator.rb b/guides/w3c_validator.rb
index 6ef3df45a9..71f044b9c4 100644
--- a/guides/w3c_validator.rb
+++ b/guides/w3c_validator.rb
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ module RailsGuides
     def guides_to_validate
       guides = Dir["./output/*.html"]
       guides.delete("./output/layout.html")
+      guides.delete("./output/_license.html")
+      guides.delete("./output/_welcome.html")
       ENV.key?('ONLY') ? select_only(guides) : guides
     end
 
diff --git a/install.rb b/install.rb
index bff8fee934..96e4153165 100644
--- a/install.rb
+++ b/install.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ if version.nil?
   exit(64)
 end
 
-%w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionpack actionview actionmailer railties ).each do |framework|
+%w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionpack actionview actionmailer railties activejob ).each do |framework|
   puts "Installing #{framework}..."
   `cd #{framework} && gem build #{framework}.gemspec && gem install #{framework}-#{version}.gem --no-ri --no-rdoc && rm #{framework}-#{version}.gem`
 end
diff --git a/rails.gemspec b/rails.gemspec
index d1c199a97a..a304b16f57 100644
--- a/rails.gemspec
+++ b/rails.gemspec
@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.add_dependency 'activemodel',   version
   s.add_dependency 'activerecord',  version
   s.add_dependency 'actionmailer',  version
+  s.add_dependency 'activejob',     version
   s.add_dependency 'railties',      version
 
   s.add_dependency 'bundler',         '>= 1.3.0', '< 2.0'
-  s.add_dependency 'sprockets-rails', '~> 2.0.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'sprockets-rails', '~> 3.0.0.beta1'
 end
diff --git a/railties/CHANGELOG.md b/railties/CHANGELOG.md
index bade9ef543..7d6521b2a8 100644
--- a/railties/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/railties/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,319 +1,161 @@
-*   Do not crash when `config/secrets.yml` is empty.
+*   Fix a bug in the `gem` method for Rails templates when non-String options
+    are used.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Set `dump_schema_after_migration` config values in production.
-
-    Set `config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration` as false
-    in the generated `config/environments/production.rb` file.
-
-    *Emil Soman*
-
-*   Added Thor-action for creation of migrations.
-
-    Fixes #13588, #12674.
-
-    *Gert Goet*
-
-*   Ensure that `bin/rails` is a file before trying to execute it.
-
-    Fixes #13825.
-
-    *bronzle*
-
-*   Use single quotes in generated files.
-
-    *Cristian Mircea Messel*, *Chulki Lee*
-
-*   Only lookup `config.log_level` for stdlib `::Logger` instances.
-    Assign it as is for third party loggers like `Log4r::Logger`.
-
-    Fixes #13421.
+    Fixes #16709.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   The `Gemfile` of new applications depends on SDoc ~> 0.4.0.
-
-    *Xavier Noria*
-
-*   `test_help.rb` now automatically checks/maintains your test database
-    schema. (Use `config.active_record.maintain_test_schema = false` to
-    disable.)
+*   The [web-console](https://github.com/rails/web-console) gem is now
+    installed by default for new applications. It can help you debug
+    development exceptions by spawning an interactive console in its cause
+    binding.
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+    *Ryan Dao*, *Genadi Samokovarov*, *Guillermo Iguaran*
 
-*   Configure `secrets.yml` and `database.yml` to read configuration
-    from the system environment by default for production.
+*   Add a `required` option to the model generator for associations
 
-    *José Valim*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   `config.assets.raise_runtime_errors` is set to true by default
+*   Add `after_bundle` callbacks in Rails templates. Useful for allowing the
+    generated binstubs to be added to version control.
 
-    This option has been introduced in
-    [sprockets-rails#100][https://github.com/rails/sprockets-rails/pull/100]
-    and defaults to true in new applications in development.
+    Fixes #16292.
 
-    *Richard Schneeman*
-
-*   Generates `html` and `text` templates for mailers by default.
+    *Stefan Kanev*
 
-    *Kassio Borges*
+*   Pull in the custom configuration concept from dhh/custom_configuration, which allows you to
+    configure your own code through the Rails configuration object with custom configuration:
 
-*   Move `secret_key_base` from `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`
-    to `config/secrets.yml`.
+        # config/environments/production.rb
+        config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
+        config.x.payment_processing.retries  = 3
+        config.x.super_debugger              = true
 
-    `secret_key_base` is now saved in `Rails.application.secrets.secret_key_base`
-    and it fallbacks to the value of `config.secret_key_base` when it is not
-    present in `config/secrets.yml`.
+    These configuration points are then available through the configuration object:
 
-    `config/initializers/secret_token.rb` is not generated by default
-    in new applications.
+        Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.schedule # => :daily
+        Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.retries  # => 3
+        Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger              # => true
 
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
+    *DHH*
 
-*   Generate a new `secrets.yml` file in the `config` folder for new
-    applications. By default, this file contains the application's `secret_key_base`,
-    but it could also be used to store other secrets such as access keys for external
-    APIs.
+*   Scaffold generator `_form` partial adds `class="field"` for password
+    confirmation fields.
 
-    The secrets added to this file will be accessible via `Rails.application.secrets`.
-    For example, with the following `secrets.yml`:
+    *noinkling*
 
-        development:
-          secret_key_base: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
-          some_api_key: SOMEKEY
-
-    `Rails.application.secrets.some_api_key` will return `SOMEKEY` in the development
+*   Add `Rails::Application.config_for` to load a configuration for the current
     environment.
 
-    *Guillermo Iguaran*
-
-*   Add `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` support in `rails dbconsole`. Fixes #13320.
-
-    *Huiming Teo*
-
-*   Add `Application#message_verifier` method to return a message verifier.
-
-    This verifier can be used to generate and verify signed messages in the application.
-
-        message = Rails.application.message_verifier(:sensitive_data).generate('my sensible data')
-        Rails.application.message_verifier(:sensitive_data).verify(message)
-        # => 'my sensible data'
+        # config/exception_notification.yml:
+        production:
+          url: http://127.0.0.1:8080
+          namespace: my_app_production
+        development:
+          url: http://localhost:3001
+          namespace: my_app_development
 
-    It is recommended not to use the same verifier for different things, so you can get different
-    verifiers passing the name argument.
+        # config/production.rb
+        MyApp::Application.configure do
+          config.middleware.use ExceptionNotifier, config_for(:exception_notification)
+        end
 
-        message = Rails.application.message_verifier(:cookies).generate('my sensible cookie data')
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*, *DHH*
 
-    See the `ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier` documentation for more information.
+*   Deprecate `Rails::Rack::LogTailer` without replacement.
 
     *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   The [Spring application
-    preloader](https://github.com/rails/spring) is now installed
-    by default for new applications. It uses the development group of
-    the Gemfile, so will not be installed in production.
-
-    *Jon Leighton*
-
-*   Uses .railsrc while creating new plugin if it is available.
-    Fixes #10700.
-
-    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
-
-*   Remove turbolinks when generating a new application based on a template that skips it.
-
-    Example:
-
-        Skips turbolinks adding `add_gem_entry_filter { |gem| gem.name != "turbolinks" }`
-        to the template.
-
-    *Lauro Caetano*
-
-*   Instrument an `load_config_initializer.railties` event on each load of configuration initializer
-    from `config/initializers`. Subscribers should be attached before `load_config_initializers`
-    initializer completed.
-
-    Registering subscriber examples:
-
-        # config/application.rb
-        module RailsApp
-          class Application < Rails::Application
-            ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('load_config_initializer.railties') do |*args|
-              event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
-              puts "Loaded initializer #{event.payload[:initializer]} (#{event.duration}ms)"
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        # my_engine/lib/my_engine/engine.rb
-        module MyEngine
-          class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
-            config.before_initialize do
-              ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('load_config_initializer.railties') do |*args|
-                event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
-                puts "Loaded initializer #{event.payload[:initializer]} (#{event.duration}ms)"
-              end
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
-
-*   Support for Pathnames in eager load paths.
+*   Add a generic --skip-gems options to generator
 
-    *Mike Pack*
+    This option is useful if users want to remove some gems like jbuilder,
+    turbolinks, coffee-rails, etc that don't have specific options on the
+    generator.
 
-*   Fixed missing line and shadow on service pages(404, 422, 500).
+        rails new my_app --skip-gems turbolinks coffee-rails
 
-    *Dmitry Korotkov*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   `BACKTRACE` environment variable to show unfiltered backtraces for
-    test failures.
+*   Invalid `bin/rails generate` commands will now show spelling suggestions.
 
-    Example:
+    *Richard Schneeman*
 
-        $ BACKTRACE=1 ruby -Itest ...
-        # or with rake
-        $ BACKTRACE=1 bin/rake
+*   Add `bin/setup` script to bootstrap an application.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Removal of all javascript stuff (gems and files) when generating a new
-    application using the `--skip-javascript` option.
+*   Replace double quotes with single quotes while adding an entry into Gemfile.
 
-    *Robin Dupret*
+    *Alexander Belaev*
 
-*   Make the application name snake cased when it contains spaces
+*   Default `config.assets.digest` to `true` in development.
 
-    The application name is used to fill the `database.yml` and
-    `session_store.rb` files ; previously, if the provided name
-    contained whitespaces, it led to unexpected names in these files.
+    *Dan Kang*
 
-    *Robin Dupret*
-
-*   Added `--model-name` option to `ScaffoldControllerGenerator`.
-
-    *yalab*
+*   Load database configuration from the first `database.yml` available in paths.
 
-*   Expose MiddlewareStack#unshift to environment configuration.
+    *Pier-Olivier Thibault*
 
-    *Ben Pickles*
+*   Reading name and email from git for plugin gemspec.
 
-*   `rails server` will only extend the logger to output to STDOUT
-     in development environment.
-
-    *Richard Schneeman*
+    Fixes #9589.
 
-*   Don't require passing path to app before options in `rails new`
-    and `rails plugin new`
-
-    *Piotr Sarnacki*
-
-*   rake notes now searches *.less files
-
-    *Josh Crowder*
-
-*   Generate nested route for namespaced controller generated using
-    `rails g controller`.
-    Fixes #11532.
-
-    Example:
-
-        rails g controller admin/dashboard index
-
-        # Before:
-        get "dashboard/index"
-
-        # After:
-        namespace :admin do
-          get "dashboard/index"
-        end
+    *Arun Agrawal*, *Abd ar-Rahman Hamidi*, *Roman Shmatov*
 
-    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
+*   Fix `console` and `generators` blocks defined at different environments.
 
-*   Fix the event name of action_dispatch requests.
+    Fixes #14748.
 
     *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Make `config.log_level` work with custom loggers.
+*   Move configuration of asset precompile list and version to an initializer.
 
-    *Max Shytikov*
+    *Matthew Draper*
 
-*   Changed stylesheet load order in the stylesheet manifest generator.
-    Fixes #11639.
+*   Remove sqlite3 lines from `.gitignore` if the application is not using sqlite3.
 
-    *Pawel Janiak*
+    *Dmitrii Golub*
 
-*   Added generated unit test for generator generator using new
-    `test:generators` rake task.
+*   Add public API to register new extensions for `rake notes`.
 
-    *Josef Šimánek*
-
-*   Removed `update:application_controller` rake task.
-
-    *Josef Šimánek*
-
-*   Fix `rake environment` to do not eager load modules
-
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+    Example:
 
-*   Fix `rake notes` to look into `*.sass` files
+        config.annotations.register_extensions("scss", "sass") { |tag| /\/\/\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
 
-    *Yuri Artemev*
+    *Roberto Miranda*
 
-*   Removed deprecated `Rails.application.railties.engines`.
+*   Removed unnecessary `rails application` command.
 
     *Arun Agrawal*
 
-*   Removed deprecated threadsafe! from Rails Config.
-
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Generators::ActiveModel#update_attributes` in
-    favor of `ActiveRecord::Generators::ActiveModel#update`.
-
-    *Vipul A M*
-
-*   Remove deprecated `config.whiny_nils` option.
-
-    *Vipul A M*
+*   Make the `rails:template` rake task load the application's initializers.
 
-*   Rename `commands/plugin_new.rb` to `commands/plugin.rb` and fix references
+    Fixes #12133.
 
-    *Richard Schneeman*
-
-*   Fix `rails plugin --help` command.
-
-    *Richard Schneeman*
-
-*   Omit turbolinks configuration completely on skip_javascript generator option.
-
-    *Nikita Fedyashev*
-
-*   Removed deprecated rake tasks for running tests: `rake test:uncommitted` and
-    `rake test:recent`.
+    *Robin Dupret*
 
-    *John Wang*
+*   Introduce `Rails.gem_version` as a convenience method to return
+    `Gem::Version.new(Rails.version)`, suggesting a more reliable way to perform
+    version comparison.
 
-*   Clearing autoloaded constants triggers routes reloading.
-    Fixes #10685.
+    Example:
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
+        Rails.version #=> "4.1.2"
+        Rails.gem_version #=> #<Gem::Version "4.1.2">
 
-*   Fixes bug with scaffold generator with `--assets=false --resource-route=false`.
-    Fixes #9525.
+        Rails.version > "4.1.10" #=> false
+        Rails.gem_version > Gem::Version.new("4.1.10") #=> true
+        Gem::Requirement.new("~> 4.1.2") =~ Rails.gem_version #=> true
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+    *Prem Sichanugrist*
 
-*   Rails::Railtie no longer forces the Rails::Configurable module on everything
-    that subclasses it. Instead, the methods from Rails::Configurable have been
-    moved to class methods in Railtie and the Railtie has been made abstract.
+*   Avoid namespacing routes inside engines.
 
-    *John Wang*
+    Mountable engines are namespaced by default so the generated routes
+    were too while they should not.
 
-*   Changes repetitive th tags to use colspan attribute in `index.html.erb` template.
+    Fixes #14079.
 
-    *Sıtkı Bağdat*
+    *Yves Senn*, *Carlos Antonio da Silva*, *Robin Dupret*
 
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-1-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc b/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc
index eccdee7b07..8d847eaa1c 100644
--- a/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc
+++ b/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 == Welcome to \Rails
 
 \Rails is a web-application framework that includes everything needed to create
-database-backed web applications according to the {Model-View-Controller (MVC)}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller] pattern.
+database-backed web applications according to the {Model-View-Controller (MVC)}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-view-controller] pattern.
 
 Understanding the MVC pattern is key to understanding \Rails. MVC divides your application
 into three layers, each with a specific responsibility.
diff --git a/railties/README.rdoc b/railties/README.rdoc
index 6248b5feed..a25658668c 100644
--- a/railties/README.rdoc
+++ b/railties/README.rdoc
@@ -31,7 +31,11 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
 
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails.rb b/railties/lib/rails.rb
index be7570a5ba..e7172e491f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,13 @@ module Rails
   autoload :WelcomeController
 
   class << self
-    attr_accessor :application, :cache, :logger
+    @application = @app_class = nil
+
+    attr_writer :application
+    attr_accessor :app_class, :cache, :logger
+    def application
+      @application ||= (app_class.instance if app_class)
+    end
 
     delegate :initialize!, :initialized?, to: :application
 
@@ -80,10 +86,6 @@ module Rails
       groups
     end
 
-    def version
-      VERSION::STRING
-    end
-
     def public_path
       application && Pathname.new(application.paths["public"].first)
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/all.rb b/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
index 2e83c0fe14..45361fca83 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require "rails"
   action_controller
   action_view
   action_mailer
+  active_job
   rails/test_unit
   sprockets
 ).each do |framework|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb b/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
index 3e32576040..4d49244807 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
@@ -50,6 +50,13 @@ module Rails
           )
         },
 
+        'activejob' => {
+          :include => %w(
+            README.md
+            lib/active_job/**/*.rb
+          )
+        },
+
         'railties' => {
           :include => %w(
             README.rdoc
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb b/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb
index 56f05b3844..39d8007333 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ require 'pathname'
 
 module Rails
   module AppRailsLoader
+    extend self
+
     RUBY = Gem.ruby
     EXECUTABLES = ['bin/rails', 'script/rails']
     BUNDLER_WARNING = <<EOS
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ generate it and add it to source control:
 
 EOS
 
-    def self.exec_app_rails
+    def exec_app_rails
       original_cwd = Dir.pwd
 
       loop do
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ EOS
       end
     end
 
-    def self.find_executable
+    def find_executable
       EXECUTABLES.find { |exe| File.file?(exe) }
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
index e37347b576..67d5bac700 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
@@ -87,7 +87,15 @@ module Rails
     class << self
       def inherited(base)
         super
-        Rails.application ||= base.instance
+        Rails.app_class = base
+      end
+
+      def instance
+        super.run_load_hooks!
+      end
+
+      def create(initial_variable_values = {}, &block)
+        new(initial_variable_values, &block).run_load_hooks!
       end
 
       # Makes the +new+ method public.
@@ -116,22 +124,33 @@ module Rails
       @ordered_railties  = nil
       @railties          = nil
       @message_verifiers = {}
+      @ran_load_hooks    = false
+
+      # are these actually used?
+      @initial_variable_values = initial_variable_values
+      @block = block
 
       add_lib_to_load_path!
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if the application is initialized.
+    def initialized?
+      @initialized
+    end
+
+    def run_load_hooks! # :nodoc:
+      return self if @ran_load_hooks
+      @ran_load_hooks = true
       ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:before_configuration, self)
 
-      initial_variable_values.each do |variable_name, value|
+      @initial_variable_values.each do |variable_name, value|
         if INITIAL_VARIABLES.include?(variable_name)
           instance_variable_set("@#{variable_name}", value)
         end
       end
 
-      instance_eval(&block) if block_given?
-    end
-
-    # Returns true if the application is initialized.
-    def initialized?
-      @initialized
+      instance_eval(&@block) if @block
+      self
     end
 
     # Implements call according to the Rack API. It simply
@@ -151,14 +170,13 @@ module Rails
     def key_generator
       # number of iterations selected based on consultation with the google security
       # team. Details at https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/6952#issuecomment-7661220
-      @caching_key_generator ||= begin
+      @caching_key_generator ||=
         if secrets.secret_key_base
           key_generator = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(secrets.secret_key_base, iterations: 1000)
           ActiveSupport::CachingKeyGenerator.new(key_generator)
         else
           ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new(config.secret_token)
         end
-      end
     end
 
     # Returns a message verifier object.
@@ -186,6 +204,38 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
+    # Convenience for loading config/foo.yml for the current Rails env.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #     # config/exception_notification.yml:
+    #     production:
+    #       url: http://127.0.0.1:8080
+    #       namespace: my_app_production
+    #     development:
+    #       url: http://localhost:3001
+    #       namespace: my_app_development
+    #
+    #     # config/production.rb
+    #     MyApp::Application.configure do
+    #       config.middleware.use ExceptionNotifier, config_for(:exception_notification)
+    #     end
+    def config_for(name)
+      yaml = Pathname.new("#{paths["config"].existent.first}/#{name}.yml")
+
+      if yaml.exist?
+        require "yaml"
+        require "erb"
+        (YAML.load(ERB.new(yaml.read).result) || {})[Rails.env] || {}
+      else
+        raise "Could not load configuration. No such file - #{yaml}"
+      end
+    rescue Psych::SyntaxError => e
+      raise "YAML syntax error occurred while parsing #{yaml}. " \
+        "Please note that YAML must be consistently indented using spaces. Tabs are not allowed. " \
+        "Error: #{e.message}"
+    end
+
     # Stores some of the Rails initial environment parameters which
     # will be used by middlewares and engines to configure themselves.
     def env_config
@@ -206,7 +256,8 @@ module Rails
           "action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt,
           "action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt,
           "action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt,
-          "action_dispatch.cookies_serializer" => config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer
+          "action_dispatch.cookies_serializer" => config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer,
+          "action_dispatch.cookies_digest" => config.action_dispatch.cookies_digest
         })
       end
     end
@@ -230,6 +281,18 @@ module Rails
       self.class.runner(&blk)
     end
 
+    # Sends any console called in the instance of a new application up
+    # to the +console+ method defined in Rails::Railtie.
+    def console(&blk)
+      self.class.console(&blk)
+    end
+
+    # Sends any generators called in the instance of a new application up
+    # to the +generators+ method defined in Rails::Railtie.
+    def generators(&blk)
+      self.class.generators(&blk)
+    end
+
     # Sends the +isolate_namespace+ method up to the class method.
     def isolate_namespace(mod)
       self.class.isolate_namespace(mod)
@@ -332,6 +395,35 @@ module Rails
       config.helpers_paths
     end
 
+    console do
+      require "pp"
+    end
+
+    console do
+      unless ::Kernel.private_method_defined?(:y)
+        if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.0'
+          require "psych/y"
+        else
+          module ::Kernel
+            def y(*objects)
+              puts ::Psych.dump_stream(*objects)
+            end
+            private :y
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Return an array of railties respecting the order they're loaded
+    # and the order specified by the +railties_order+ config.
+    #
+    # While when running initializers we need engines in reverse
+    # order here when copying migrations from railties we need then in the same
+    # order as given by +railties_order+
+    def migration_railties # :nodoc:
+      ordered_railties.flatten - [self]
+    end
+
   protected
 
     alias :build_middleware_stack :app
@@ -381,13 +473,13 @@ module Rails
 
         index = order.index(:all)
         order[index] = all
-        order.reverse.flatten
+        order
       end
     end
 
     def railties_initializers(current) #:nodoc:
       initializers = []
-      ordered_railties.each do |r|
+      ordered_railties.reverse.flatten.each do |r|
         if r == self
           initializers += current
         else
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
index 33bcab1e57..0f4d932749 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
@@ -47,17 +47,14 @@ INFO
           logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDERR))
           logger.level = ActiveSupport::Logger::WARN
           logger.warn(
-            "Rails Error: Unable to access log file. Please ensure that #{path} exists and is chmod 0666. " +
+            "Rails Error: Unable to access log file. Please ensure that #{path} exists and is writable " +
+            "(ie, make it writable for user and group: chmod 0664 #{path}). " +
             "The log level has been raised to WARN and the output directed to STDERR until the problem is fixed."
           )
           logger
         end
 
-        if ::Logger === Rails.logger
-          Rails.logger.level = ActiveSupport::Logger.const_get(config.log_level.to_s.upcase)
-        else
-          Rails.logger.level = config.log_level
-        end
+        Rails.logger.level = ActiveSupport::Logger.const_get(config.log_level.to_s.upcase)
       end
 
       # Initialize cache early in the stack so railties can make use of it.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
index 20e3de32aa..2c16b83f8a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/file_update_checker'
 require 'rails/engine/configuration'
+require 'rails/source_annotation_extractor'
 
 module Rails
   class Application
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ module Rails
                     :railties_order, :relative_url_root, :secret_key_base, :secret_token,
                     :serve_static_assets, :ssl_options, :static_cache_control, :session_options,
                     :time_zone, :reload_classes_only_on_change,
-                    :beginning_of_week, :filter_redirect
+                    :beginning_of_week, :filter_redirect, :x
 
       attr_writer :log_level
       attr_reader :encoding
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ module Rails
         @eager_load                    = nil
         @secret_token                  = nil
         @secret_key_base               = nil
+        @x                             = Custom.new
 
         @assets = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
         @assets.enabled                  = true
@@ -91,9 +93,10 @@ module Rails
       # Loads and returns the entire raw configuration of database from
       # values stored in `config/database.yml`.
       def database_configuration
-        yaml = Pathname.new(paths["config/database"].first || "")
+        yaml = Pathname.new(paths["config/database"].existent.first || "")
 
         config = if yaml.exist?
+          require "yaml"
           require "erb"
           YAML.load(ERB.new(yaml.read).result) || {}
         elsif ENV['DATABASE_URL']
@@ -114,7 +117,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def log_level
-        @log_level ||= Rails.env.production? ? :info : :debug
+        @log_level ||= :debug
       end
 
       def colorize_logging
@@ -149,6 +152,26 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
+      def annotations
+        SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation
+      end
+
+      private
+        class Custom #:nodoc:
+          def initialize
+            @configurations = Hash.new
+          end
+
+          def method_missing(method, *args)
+            if method =~ /=$/
+              @configurations[$`.to_sym] = args.first
+            else
+              @configurations.fetch(method) {
+                @configurations[method] = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+              }
+            end
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
index 5b8509b2e9..7a1bb1e25c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/finisher.rb
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ module Rails
       initializer :add_builtin_route do |app|
         if Rails.env.development?
           app.routes.append do
-            get '/rails/mailers'         => "rails/mailers#index"
-            get '/rails/mailers/*path'   => "rails/mailers#preview"
             get '/rails/info/properties' => "rails/info#properties"
             get '/rails/info/routes'     => "rails/info#routes"
             get '/rails/info'            => "rails/info#index"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb
index de60423784..6cfbc70c51 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ The most common rails commands are:
              new application called MyApp in "./my_app"
 
 In addition to those, there are:
- application  Generate the Rails application code
  destroy      Undo code generated with "generate" (short-cut alias: "d")
  plugin new   Generates skeleton for developing a Rails plugin
  runner       Run a piece of code in the application environment (short-cut alias: "r")
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ In addition to those, there are:
 All commands can be run with -h (or --help) for more information.
 EOT
 
-    COMMAND_WHITELIST = %(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help)
+    COMMAND_WHITELIST = %w(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole runner new version help)
 
     def initialize(argv)
       @argv = argv
@@ -87,10 +86,6 @@ EOT
       Rails::DBConsole.start
     end
 
-    def application
-      require_command!("application")
-    end
-
     def runner
       require_command!("runner")
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
index f6bdf129d6..96ced3c2f9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,14 @@ module Rails
           opt.on("-e", "--environment=name", String,
                   "Specifies the environment to run this console under (test/development/production).",
                   "Default: development") { |v| options[:environment] = v.strip }
-          opt.on("--debugger", 'Enable the debugger.') { |v| options[:debugger] = v }
+          opt.on("--debugger", 'Enables the debugger.') do |v|
+            if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
+              options[:debugger] = v
+            else
+              puts "=> Notice: debugger option is ignored since Ruby 2.0 and " \
+                   "it will be removed in future versions."
+            end
+          end
           opt.parse!(arguments)
         end
 
@@ -69,12 +76,25 @@ module Rails
       Rails.env = environment
     end
 
-    def debugger?
-      options[:debugger]
+    if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
+      def debugger?
+        options[:debugger]
+      end
+
+      def require_debugger
+        require 'debugger'
+        puts "=> Debugger enabled"
+      rescue LoadError
+        puts "You're missing the 'debugger' gem. Add it to your Gemfile, bundle it and try again."
+        exit(1)
+      end
     end
 
     def start
-      require_debugger if debugger?
+      if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
+        require_debugger if debugger?
+      end
+
       set_environment! if environment?
 
       if sandbox?
@@ -89,13 +109,5 @@ module Rails
       end
       console.start
     end
-
-    def require_debugger
-      require 'debugger'
-      puts "=> Debugger enabled"
-    rescue LoadError
-      puts "You're missing the 'debugger' gem. Add it to your Gemfile, bundle it and try again."
-      exit(1)
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
index f6d8aec30d..1a2613a8d0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module Rails
       ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = options[:environment] || environment
 
       case config["adapter"]
-      when /^mysql/
+      when /^(jdbc)?mysql/
         args = {
           'host'      => '--host',
           'port'      => '--port',
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb
index f7a0b99005..95bbdd4cdf 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ else
               end
     if File.exist?(railsrc)
       extra_args_string = File.read(railsrc)
-      extra_args = extra_args_string.split(/\n+/).map {|l| l.split}.flatten
+      extra_args = extra_args_string.split(/\n+/).flat_map {|l| l.split}
       puts "Using #{extra_args.join(" ")} from #{railsrc}"
       ARGV.insert(1, *extra_args)
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
index fec4962fb5..c479e92ae0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
@@ -9,16 +9,33 @@ module Rails
       def parse!(args)
         args, options = args.dup, {}
 
-        opt_parser = OptionParser.new do |opts|
-          opts.banner = "Usage: rails server [mongrel, thin, etc] [options]"
+        option_parser(options).parse! args
+
+        options[:log_stdout] = options[:daemonize].blank? && (options[:environment] || Rails.env) == "development"
+        options[:server]     = args.shift
+        options
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def option_parser(options)
+        OptionParser.new do |opts|
+          opts.banner = "Usage: rails server [mongrel, thin etc] [options]"
           opts.on("-p", "--port=port", Integer,
                   "Runs Rails on the specified port.", "Default: 3000") { |v| options[:Port] = v }
-          opts.on("-b", "--binding=ip", String,
-                  "Binds Rails to the specified ip.", "Default: 0.0.0.0") { |v| options[:Host] = v }
+          opts.on("-b", "--binding=IP", String,
+                  "Binds Rails to the specified IP.", "Default: 0.0.0.0") { |v| options[:Host] = v }
           opts.on("-c", "--config=file", String,
-                  "Use custom rackup configuration file") { |v| options[:config] = v }
-          opts.on("-d", "--daemon", "Make server run as a Daemon.") { options[:daemonize] = true }
-          opts.on("-u", "--debugger", "Enable the debugger") { options[:debugger] = true }
+                  "Uses a custom rackup configuration.") { |v| options[:config] = v }
+          opts.on("-d", "--daemon", "Runs server as a Daemon.") { options[:daemonize] = true }
+          opts.on("-u", "--debugger", "Enables the debugger.") do
+            if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
+              options[:debugger] = true
+            else
+              puts "=> Notice: debugger option is ignored since Ruby 2.0 and " \
+                   "it will be removed in future versions."
+            end
+          end
           opts.on("-e", "--environment=name", String,
                   "Specifies the environment to run this server under (test/development/production).",
                   "Default: development") { |v| options[:environment] = v }
@@ -28,14 +45,8 @@ module Rails
 
           opts.separator ""
 
-          opts.on("-h", "--help", "Show this help message.") { puts opts; exit }
+          opts.on("-h", "--help", "Shows this help message.") { puts opts; exit }
         end
-
-        opt_parser.parse! args
-
-        options[:log_stdout] = options[:daemonize].blank? && (options[:environment] || Rails.env) == "development"
-        options[:server]     = args.shift
-        options
       end
     end
 
@@ -75,7 +86,9 @@ module Rails
 
     def middleware
       middlewares = []
-      middlewares << [Rails::Rack::Debugger] if options[:debugger]
+      if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
+        middlewares << [Rails::Rack::Debugger] if options[:debugger]
+      end
       middlewares << [::Rack::ContentLength]
 
       # FIXME: add Rack::Lock in the case people are using webrick.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
index 5c54cdaa70..dc3da1eb41 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def isolate_namespace(mod)
-        engine_name(generate_railtie_name(mod))
+        engine_name(generate_railtie_name(mod.name))
 
         self.routes.default_scope = { module: ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(mod.name) }
         self.isolated = true
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ module Rails
             end
 
             unless mod.respond_to?(:railtie_routes_url_helpers)
-              define_method(:railtie_routes_url_helpers) { railtie.routes.url_helpers }
+              define_method(:railtie_routes_url_helpers) {|include_path_helpers = true| railtie.routes.url_helpers(include_path_helpers) }
             end
           end
         end
@@ -429,7 +429,6 @@ module Rails
     # Load console and invoke the registered hooks.
     # Check <tt>Rails::Railtie.console</tt> for more info.
     def load_console(app=self)
-      require "pp"
       require "rails/console/app"
       require "rails/console/helpers"
       run_console_blocks(app)
@@ -510,7 +509,7 @@ module Rails
     def call(env)
       env.merge!(env_config)
       if env['SCRIPT_NAME']
-        env.merge! "ROUTES_#{routes.object_id}_SCRIPT_NAME" => env['SCRIPT_NAME'].dup
+        env["ROUTES_#{routes.object_id}_SCRIPT_NAME"] = env['SCRIPT_NAME'].dup
       end
       app.call(env)
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..672b78c599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module Rails
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Rails as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 4
+    MINOR = 2
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "beta1"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
index dce734b54e..bf2390cb7e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
@@ -156,10 +156,20 @@ module Rails
         args << "--help" if args.empty? && klass.arguments.any? { |a| a.required? }
         klass.start(args, config)
       else
-        puts "Could not find generator #{namespace}."
+        options     = sorted_groups.map(&:last).flatten
+        suggestions = options.sort_by {|suggested| levenshtein_distance(namespace.to_s, suggested) }.first(3)
+        msg =  "Could not find generator '#{namespace}'. "
+        msg << "Maybe you meant #{ suggestions.map {|s| "'#{s}'"}.join(" or ") }\n"
+        msg << "Run `rails generate --help` for more options."
+        puts msg
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns an array of generator namespaces that are hidden.
+    # Generator namespaces may be hidden for a variety of reasons.
+    # Some are aliased such as "rails:migration" and can be
+    # invoked with the shorter "migration", others are private to other generators
+    # such as "css:scaffold".
     def self.hidden_namespaces
       @hidden_namespaces ||= begin
         orm      = options[:rails][:orm]
@@ -199,17 +209,6 @@ module Rails
 
     # Show help message with available generators.
     def self.help(command = 'generate')
-      lookup!
-
-      namespaces = subclasses.map{ |k| k.namespace }
-      namespaces.sort!
-
-      groups = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
-      namespaces.each do |namespace|
-        base = namespace.split(':').first
-        groups[base] << namespace
-      end
-
       puts "Usage: rails #{command} GENERATOR [args] [options]"
       puts
       puts "General options:"
@@ -222,20 +221,74 @@ module Rails
       puts "Please choose a generator below."
       puts
 
-      # Print Rails defaults first.
+      print_generators
+    end
+
+    def self.public_namespaces
+      lookup!
+      subclasses.map { |k| k.namespace }
+    end
+
+    def self.print_generators
+      sorted_groups.each { |b, n| print_list(b, n) }
+    end
+
+    def self.sorted_groups
+      namespaces = public_namespaces
+      namespaces.sort!
+      groups = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+      namespaces.each do |namespace|
+        base = namespace.split(':').first
+        groups[base] << namespace
+      end
       rails = groups.delete("rails")
       rails.map! { |n| n.sub(/^rails:/, '') }
       rails.delete("app")
       rails.delete("plugin")
-      print_list("rails", rails)
 
       hidden_namespaces.each { |n| groups.delete(n.to_s) }
 
-      groups.sort.each { |b, n| print_list(b, n) }
+      [["rails", rails]] + groups.sort.to_a
     end
 
     protected
 
+      # This code is based directly on the Text gem implementation
+      # Returns a value representing the "cost" of transforming str1 into str2
+      def self.levenshtein_distance str1, str2
+        s = str1
+        t = str2
+        n = s.length
+        m = t.length
+        max = n/2
+
+        return m if (0 == n)
+        return n if (0 == m)
+        return n if (n - m).abs > max
+
+        d = (0..m).to_a
+        x = nil
+
+        str1.each_char.each_with_index do |char1,i|
+          e = i+1
+
+          str2.each_char.each_with_index do |char2,j|
+            cost = (char1 == char2) ? 0 : 1
+            x = [
+                 d[j+1] + 1, # insertion
+                 e + 1,      # deletion
+                 d[j] + cost # substitution
+                ].min
+            d[j] = e
+            e = x
+          end
+
+          d[m] = x
+        end
+
+        return x
+      end
+
       # Prints a list of generators.
       def self.print_list(base, namespaces) #:nodoc:
         namespaces = namespaces.reject do |n|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
index afdbf5c241..b2c9d12996 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ module Rails
       def initialize(*) # :nodoc:
         super
         @in_group = nil
+        @after_bundle_callbacks = []
       end
 
       # Adds an entry into +Gemfile+ for the supplied gem.
@@ -20,9 +21,9 @@ module Rails
 
         # Set the message to be shown in logs. Uses the git repo if one is given,
         # otherwise use name (version).
-        parts, message = [ name.inspect ], name
+        parts, message = [ quote(name) ], name
         if version ||= options.delete(:version)
-          parts   << version.inspect
+          parts   << quote(version)
           message << " (#{version})"
         end
         message = options[:git] if options[:git]
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ module Rails
         log :gemfile, message
 
         options.each do |option, value|
-          parts << "#{option}: #{value.inspect}"
+          parts << "#{option}: #{quote(value)}"
         end
 
         in_root do
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ module Rails
         log :source, source
 
         in_root do
-          prepend_file "Gemfile", "source #{source.inspect}\n", verbose: false
+          prepend_file "Gemfile", "source #{quote(source)}\n", verbose: false
         end
       end
 
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ module Rails
       #   generate(:authenticated, "user session")
       def generate(what, *args)
         log :generate, what
-        argument = args.map {|arg| arg.to_s }.flatten.join(" ")
+        argument = args.flat_map {|arg| arg.to_s }.join(" ")
 
         in_root { run_ruby_script("bin/rails generate #{what} #{argument}", verbose: false) }
       end
@@ -232,6 +233,16 @@ module Rails
         log File.read(find_in_source_paths(path))
       end
 
+      # Registers a callback to be executed after bundle and spring binstubs
+      # have run.
+      #
+      #   after_bundle do
+      #     git add: '.'
+      #   end
+      def after_bundle(&block)
+        @after_bundle_callbacks << block
+      end
+
       protected
 
         # Define log for backwards compatibility. If just one argument is sent,
@@ -255,6 +266,17 @@ module Rails
           end
         end
 
+        # Surround string with single quotes if there is no quotes.
+        # Otherwise fall back to double quotes
+        def quote(value)
+          return value.inspect unless value.is_a? String
+
+          if value.include?("'")
+            value.inspect
+          else
+            "'#{value}'"
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb
index 9c3332927f..682092fdf2 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require 'thor/actions/create_file'
+require 'thor/actions'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ module Rails
           else
             say_status :conflict, :red
             raise Error, "Another migration is already named #{migration_file_name}: " +
-                         "#{existing_migration}. Use --force to replace this migration file."
+              "#{existing_migration}. Use --force to replace this migration " +
+              "or --skip to ignore conflicted file."
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
index 815894144a..1cdad09391 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ module Rails
       DATABASES.concat(JDBC_DATABASES)
 
       attr_accessor :rails_template
-      attr_accessor :app_template
       add_shebang_option!
 
       argument :app_path, type: :string
@@ -27,9 +26,6 @@ module Rails
         class_option :template,           type: :string, aliases: '-m',
                                           desc: "Path to some #{name} template (can be a filesystem path or URL)"
 
-        class_option :app_template,       type: :string, aliases: '-n',
-                                          desc: "Path to some #{name} template (can be a filesystem path or URL)"
-
         class_option :skip_gemfile,       type: :boolean, default: false,
                                           desc: "Don't create a Gemfile"
 
@@ -45,6 +41,9 @@ module Rails
         class_option :skip_active_record, type: :boolean, aliases: '-O', default: false,
                                           desc: 'Skip Active Record files'
 
+        class_option :skip_gems,          type: :array, default: [],
+                                          desc: 'Skip the provided gems files'
+
         class_option :skip_action_view,   type: :boolean, aliases: '-V', default: false,
                                           desc: 'Skip Action View files'
 
@@ -83,8 +82,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def initialize(*args)
-        @original_wd   = Dir.pwd
-        @gem_filter    = lambda { |gem| true }
+        @gem_filter    = lambda { |gem| !options[:skip_gems].include?(gem.name) }
         @extra_entries = []
         super
         convert_database_option_for_jruby
@@ -109,15 +107,14 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def gemfile_entries
-        [ rails_gemfile_entry,
-          database_gemfile_entry,
-          assets_gemfile_entry,
-          javascript_gemfile_entry,
-          jbuilder_gemfile_entry,
-          sdoc_gemfile_entry,
-          platform_dependent_gemfile_entry,
-          spring_gemfile_entry,
-          @extra_entries].flatten.find_all(&@gem_filter)
+        [rails_gemfile_entry,
+         database_gemfile_entry,
+         assets_gemfile_entry,
+         javascript_gemfile_entry,
+         jbuilder_gemfile_entry,
+         sdoc_gemfile_entry,
+         psych_gemfile_entry,
+         @extra_entries].flatten.find_all(&@gem_filter)
       end
 
       def add_gem_entry_filter
@@ -126,10 +123,6 @@ module Rails
         }.curry[@gem_filter]
       end
 
-      def remove_gem(name)
-        add_gem_entry_filter { |gem| gem.name != name }
-      end
-
       def builder
         @builder ||= begin
           builder_class = get_builder_class
@@ -149,92 +142,21 @@ module Rails
         FileUtils.cd(destination_root) unless options[:pretend]
       end
 
-      class TemplateRecorder < ::BasicObject # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :gems
-
-        def initialize(target)
-          @target         = target
-          # unfortunately, instance eval has access to these ivars
-          @app_const      = target.send :app_const if target.respond_to?(:app_const, true)
-          @app_const_base = target.send :app_const_base if target.respond_to?(:app_const_base, true)
-          @app_name       = target.send :app_name if target.respond_to?(:app_name, true)
-          @commands       = []
-          @gems           = []
-        end
-
-        def gemfile_entry(*args)
-          @target.send :gemfile_entry, *args
-        end
-
-        def add_gem_entry_filter(*args, &block)
-          @target.send :add_gem_entry_filter, *args, &block
-        end
-
-        def remove_gem(*args, &block)
-          @target.send :remove_gem, *args, &block
-        end
-
-        def method_missing(name, *args, &block)
-          @commands << [name, args, block]
-        end
-
-        def respond_to_missing?(method, priv = false)
-          super || @target.respond_to?(method, priv)
-        end
-
-        def replay!
-          @commands.each do |name, args, block|
-            @target.send name, *args, &block
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
       def apply_rails_template
-        @recorder = TemplateRecorder.new self
-
-        apply(rails_template, target: self) if rails_template
-        apply(app_template, target: @recorder) if app_template
+        apply rails_template if rails_template
       rescue Thor::Error, LoadError, Errno::ENOENT => e
         raise Error, "The template [#{rails_template}] could not be loaded. Error: #{e}"
       end
 
-      def replay_template
-        @recorder.replay! if @recorder
-      end
-
-      def apply(path, config={})
-        verbose = config.fetch(:verbose, true)
-        target  = config.fetch(:target, self)
-        is_uri  = path =~ /^https?\:\/\//
-        path    = find_in_source_paths(path) unless is_uri
-
-        say_status :apply, path, verbose
-        shell.padding += 1 if verbose
-
-        if is_uri
-          contents = open(path, "Accept" => "application/x-thor-template") {|io| io.read }
-        else
-          contents = open(path) {|io| io.read }
-        end
-
-        target.instance_eval(contents, path)
-        shell.padding -= 1 if verbose
-      end
-
       def set_default_accessors!
         self.destination_root = File.expand_path(app_path, destination_root)
-        self.rails_template = expand_template options[:template]
-        self.app_template = expand_template options[:app_template]
-      end
-
-      def expand_template(name)
-        case name
-        when /^https?:\/\//
-          name
-        when String
-          File.expand_path(name, Dir.pwd)
-        else
-          name
+        self.rails_template = case options[:template]
+          when /^https?:\/\//
+            options[:template]
+          when String
+            File.expand_path(options[:template], Dir.pwd)
+          else
+            options[:template]
         end
       end
 
@@ -252,6 +174,10 @@ module Rails
         options[value] ? '# ' : ''
       end
 
+      def sqlite3?
+        !options[:skip_active_record] && options[:database] == 'sqlite3'
+      end
+
       class GemfileEntry < Struct.new(:name, :version, :comment, :options, :commented_out)
         def initialize(name, version, comment, options = {}, commented_out = false)
           super
@@ -268,19 +194,13 @@ module Rails
         def self.path(name, path, comment = nil)
           new(name, nil, comment, path: path)
         end
-
-        def padding(max_width)
-          ' ' * (max_width - name.length + 2)
-        end
       end
 
       def rails_gemfile_entry
         if options.dev?
-          [GemfileEntry.path('rails', Rails::Generators::RAILS_DEV_PATH),
-           GemfileEntry.github('arel', 'rails/arel')]
+          [GemfileEntry.path('rails', Rails::Generators::RAILS_DEV_PATH)]
         elsif options.edge?
-          [GemfileEntry.github('rails', 'rails/rails'),
-           GemfileEntry.github('arel', 'rails/arel')]
+          [GemfileEntry.github('rails', 'rails/rails')]
         else
           [GemfileEntry.version('rails',
                             Rails::VERSION::STRING,
@@ -326,7 +246,7 @@ module Rails
                                     'Use SCSS for stylesheets')
         else
           gems << GemfileEntry.version('sass-rails',
-                                     '~> 4.0.1',
+                                     '~> 5.0.0.beta1',
                                      'Use SCSS for stylesheets')
         end
 
@@ -337,14 +257,6 @@ module Rails
         gems
       end
 
-      def platform_dependent_gemfile_entry
-        gems = []
-        if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
-          gems << GemfileEntry.version('rubysl', nil)
-        end
-        gems
-      end
-
       def jbuilder_gemfile_entry
         comment = 'Build JSON APIs with ease. Read more: https://github.com/rails/jbuilder'
         GemfileEntry.version('jbuilder', '~> 2.0', comment)
@@ -369,8 +281,14 @@ module Rails
           []
         else
           gems = [coffee_gemfile_entry, javascript_runtime_gemfile_entry]
-          gems << GemfileEntry.version("#{options[:javascript]}-rails", nil,
-                                 "Use #{options[:javascript]} as the JavaScript library")
+
+          if options[:javascript] == 'jquery'
+            gems << GemfileEntry.version('jquery-rails', '~> 4.0.0.beta2',
+                                         'Use jQuery as the JavaScript library')
+          else
+            gems << GemfileEntry.version("#{options[:javascript]}-rails", nil,
+                                         "Use #{options[:javascript]} as the JavaScript library")
+          end
 
           gems << GemfileEntry.version("turbolinks", nil,
             "Turbolinks makes following links in your web application faster. Read more: https://github.com/rails/turbolinks")
@@ -387,10 +305,12 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
-      def spring_gemfile_entry
-        return [] unless spring_install?
-        comment = 'Spring speeds up development by keeping your application running in the background. Read more: https://github.com/rails/spring'
-        GemfileEntry.new('spring', nil, comment, group: :development)
+      def psych_gemfile_entry
+        return [] unless defined?(Rubinius)
+
+        comment = 'Use Psych as the YAML engine, instead of Syck, so serialized ' \
+                  'data can be read safely from different rubies (see http://git.io/uuLVag)'
+        GemfileEntry.new('psych', '~> 2.0', comment, platforms: :rbx)
       end
 
       def bundle_command(command)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
index 67bab96a22..9af6435f23 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ module Rails
       #
       # The first and last part used to find the generator to be invoked are
       # guessed based on class invokes hook_for, as noticed in the example above.
-      # This can be customized with two options: :base and :as.
+      # This can be customized with two options: :in and :as.
       #
       # Let's suppose you are creating a generator that needs to invoke the
       # controller generator from test unit. Your first attempt is:
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ module Rails
       #   "test_unit:controller", "test_unit"
       #
       # Similarly, if you want it to also lookup in the rails namespace, you just
-      # need to provide the :base value:
+      # need to provide the :in value:
       #
       #   class AwesomeGenerator < Rails::Generators::Base
       #     hook_for :test_framework, in: :rails, as: :controller
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
index cfd77097d5..0755ac335c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
       protected
 
       def formats
-        format
+        [format]
       end
 
       def format
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
         :erb
       end
 
-      def filename_with_extensions(name, format)
+      def filename_with_extensions(name, format = self.format)
         [name, format, handler].compact.join(".")
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb
index e62aece7c5..94c1b835d1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
 
         actions.each do |action|
           @action = action
-          Array(formats).each do |format|
+          formats.each do |format|
             @path = File.join(base_path, filename_with_extensions(action, format))
             template filename_with_extensions(:view, format), @path
           end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.html.erb
index 8bb7c2b768..b5045671b3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.html.erb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <h1><%= class_name %>#<%= @action %></h1>
 
 <p>
-  <%%= @greeting %>, find me in app/views/<%= @path %>
+  <%%= @greeting %>, find me in <%= @path %>
 </p>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.text.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.text.erb
index 6d597256a6..342285df19 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.text.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.text.erb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <%= class_name %>#<%= @action %>
 
-<%%= @greeting %>, find me in app/views/<%= @path %>
+<%%= @greeting %>, find me in <%= @path %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
index b219f459ac..c94829a0ae 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
 
       def copy_view_files
         available_views.each do |view|
-          Array(formats).each do |format|
+          formats.each do |format|
             filename = filename_with_extensions(view, format)
             template filename, File.join("app/views", controller_file_path, filename)
           end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb
index 69c10efa47..bba9141fb8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
       <h2><%%= pluralize(@<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this <%= singular_table_name %> from being saved:</h2>
 
       <ul>
-      <%% @<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-        <li><%%= msg %></li>
+      <%% @<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.full_messages.each do |message| %>
+        <li><%%= message %></li>
       <%% end %>
       </ul>
     </div>
@@ -17,17 +17,12 @@
     <%%= f.label :password %><br>
     <%%= f.password_field :password %>
   </div>
-  <div>
+  <div class="field">
     <%%= f.label :password_confirmation %><br>
     <%%= f.password_field :password_confirmation %>
 <% else -%>
-  <%- if attribute.reference? -%>
     <%%= f.label :<%= attribute.column_name %> %><br>
     <%%= f.<%= attribute.field_type %> :<%= attribute.column_name %> %>
-  <%- else -%>
-    <%%= f.label :<%= attribute.name %> %><br>
-    <%%= f.<%= attribute.field_type %> :<%= attribute.name %> %>
-  <%- end -%>
 <% end -%>
   </div>
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/edit.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/edit.html.erb
index e58b9fbd08..5620fcc850 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/edit.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/edit.html.erb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<h1>Editing <%= singular_table_name %></h1>
+<h1>Editing <%= singular_table_name.titleize %></h1>
 
 <%%= render 'form' %>
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
index 814d6fdb0e..5e194783ff 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-<h1>Listing <%= plural_table_name %></h1>
+<p id="notice"><%%= notice %></p>
+
+<h1>Listing <%= plural_table_name.titleize %></h1>
 
 <table>
   <thead>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/new.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/new.html.erb
index 02ae4d015e..db13a5d870 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/new.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/new.html.erb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<h1>New <%= singular_table_name %></h1>
+<h1>New <%= singular_table_name.titleize %></h1>
 
 <%%= render 'form' %>
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
index 5e2784c4b0..f16bd8e082 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
@@ -44,8 +44,11 @@ module Rails
             return $1, limit: $2.to_i
           when /decimal\{(\d+)[,.-](\d+)\}/
             return :decimal, precision: $1.to_i, scale: $2.to_i
-          when /(references|belongs_to)\{polymorphic\}/
-            return $1, polymorphic: true
+          when /(references|belongs_to)\{(.+)\}/
+            type = $1
+            provided_options = $2.split(/[,.-]/)
+            options = Hash[provided_options.map { |opt| [opt.to_sym, true] }]
+            return type, options
           else
             return type, {}
           end
@@ -94,6 +97,10 @@ module Rails
         name.sub(/_id$/, '').pluralize
       end
 
+      def singular_name
+        name.sub(/_id$/, '').singularize
+      end
+
       def human_name
         name.humanize
       end
@@ -119,7 +126,11 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def polymorphic?
-        self.attr_options.has_key?(:polymorphic)
+        self.attr_options[:polymorphic]
+      end
+
+      def required?
+        self.attr_options[:required]
       end
 
       def has_index?
@@ -135,12 +146,21 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def inject_options
-        "".tap { |s| @attr_options.each { |k,v| s << ", #{k}: #{v.inspect}" } }
+        "".tap { |s| options_for_migration.each { |k,v| s << ", #{k}: #{v.inspect}" } }
       end
 
       def inject_index_options
         has_uniq_index? ? ", unique: true" : ""
       end
+
+      def options_for_migration
+        @attr_options.dup.tap do |options|
+          if required?
+            options.delete(:required)
+            options[:null] = false
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/model_helpers.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/model_helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42c646543e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/model_helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'rails/generators/active_model'
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    module ModelHelpers # :nodoc:
+      PLURAL_MODEL_NAME_WARN_MESSAGE = "[WARNING] The model name '%s' was recognized as a plural, using the singular '%s' instead. " \
+                                       "Override with --force-plural or setup custom inflection rules for this noun before running the generator."
+      mattr_accessor :skip_warn
+
+      def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
+        base.class_option :force_plural, type: :boolean, default: false, desc: 'Forces the use of the given model name'
+      end
+
+      def initialize(args, *_options)
+        super
+        if name == name.pluralize && name.singularize != name.pluralize && !options[:force_plural]
+          singular = name.singularize
+          unless ModelHelpers.skip_warn
+            say PLURAL_MODEL_NAME_WARN_MESSAGE % [name, singular]
+            ModelHelpers.skip_warn = true
+          end
+          name.replace singular
+          assign_names!(name)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
index 5a92ab3e95..b7da44ca2d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,12 @@ module Rails
 
       protected
         attr_reader :file_name
-        alias :singular_name :file_name
+
+        # FIXME: We are avoiding to use alias because a bug on thor that make
+        # this method public and add it to the task list.
+        def singular_name
+          file_name
+        end
 
         # Wrap block with namespace of current application
         # if namespace exists and is not skipped
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
index d2eca5b2fb..9110c129d1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def gitignore
-      copy_file "gitignore", ".gitignore"
+      template "gitignore", ".gitignore"
     end
 
     def app
@@ -86,6 +86,16 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
+    def config_when_updating
+      cookie_serializer_config_exist = File.exist?('config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb')
+
+      config
+
+      unless cookie_serializer_config_exist
+        gsub_file 'config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb', /json/, 'marshal'
+      end
+    end
+
     def database_yml
       template "config/databases/#{options[:database]}.yml", "config/database.yml"
     end
@@ -166,7 +176,6 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       public_task :set_default_accessors!
-      public_task :apply_rails_template
       public_task :create_root
 
       def create_root_files
@@ -189,6 +198,11 @@ module Rails
         build(:config)
       end
 
+      def update_config_files
+        build(:config_when_updating)
+      end
+      remove_task :update_config_files
+
       def create_boot_file
         template "config/boot.rb"
       end
@@ -232,14 +246,25 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
+      def delete_assets_initializer_skipping_sprockets
+        if options[:skip_sprockets]
+          remove_file 'config/initializers/assets.rb'
+        end
+      end
+
       def finish_template
         build(:leftovers)
       end
 
-      public_task :run_bundle
-      public_task :replay_template
+      public_task :apply_rails_template, :run_bundle
       public_task :generate_spring_binstubs
 
+      def run_after_bundle_callbacks
+        @after_bundle_callbacks.each do |callback|
+          callback.call
+        end
+      end
+
     protected
 
       def self.banner
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
index 6d017e187d..7b1a6aa854 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
-<% max_width = gemfile_entries.map { |g| g.name.length }.max -%>
 <% gemfile_entries.each do |gem| -%>
 <% if gem.comment -%>
 
@@ -8,26 +7,42 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 <% end -%>
 <%= gem.commented_out ? '# ' : '' %>gem '<%= gem.name %>'<%= %(, '#{gem.version}') if gem.version -%>
 <% if gem.options.any? -%>
-,<%= gem.padding(max_width) %><%= gem.options.map { |k,v|
+, <%= gem.options.map { |k,v|
   "#{k}: #{v.inspect}" }.join(', ') %>
 <% end -%>
 <% end -%>
 
 # Use ActiveModel has_secure_password
-# gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.1.2'
+# gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7'
 
-# Use unicorn as the app server
+# Use Rails Html Sanitizer for HTML sanitization
+gem 'rails-html-sanitizer', '~> 1.0'
+
+# Use Unicorn as the app server
 # gem 'unicorn'
 
 # Use Capistrano for deployment
 # gem 'capistrano-rails', group: :development
 
+group :development, :test do
 <% unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) -%>
-# Use debugger
-# gem 'debugger', group: [:development, :test]
+  # Call 'debugger' anywhere in the code to stop execution and get a debugger console
+  <%- if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0' -%>
+  gem 'debugger'
+  <%- else -%>
+  gem 'byebug'
+  <%- end -%>
+
+  # Access an IRB console on exception pages or by using <%%= console %> in views
+  gem 'web-console', github: 'rails/web-console', branch: 'master'
+<%- if spring_install? %>
+  # Spring speeds up development by keeping your application running in the background. Read more: https://github.com/rails/spring
+  gem 'spring'
+<% end -%>
 <% end -%>
+end
 
 <% if RUBY_PLATFORM.match(/bccwin|cygwin|emx|mingw|mswin|wince/) -%>
 # Windows does not include zoneinfo files, so bundle the tzinfo-data gem
-gem 'tzinfo-data', platforms: [:mingw, :mswin]
+gem 'tzinfo-data', platforms: [:mingw, :mswin, :x64_mingw]
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/setup b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/setup
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e22b3fa5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/setup
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'pathname'
+
+# path to your application root.
+APP_ROOT = Pathname.new File.expand_path('../../',  __FILE__)
+
+Dir.chdir APP_ROOT do
+  # This script is a starting point to setup your application.
+  # Add necessary setup steps to this file:
+
+  puts "== Installing dependencies =="
+  system "gem install bundler --conservative"
+  system "bundle check || bundle install"
+
+  # puts "\n== Copying sample files =="
+  # unless File.exist?("config/database.yml")
+  #   system "cp config/database.yml.sample config/database.yml"
+  # end
+
+  puts "\n== Preparing database =="
+  system "bin/rake db:setup"
+
+  puts "\n== Removing old logs and tempfiles =="
+  system "rm -f log/*"
+  system "rm -rf tmp/cache"
+
+  puts "\n== Restarting application server =="
+  system "touch tmp/restart.txt"
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
index 16fe50bab8..9445c2454e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require 'rails/all'
 <% else -%>
 # Pick the frameworks you want:
 require "active_model/railtie"
+require "active_job/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_active_record %>require "active_record/railtie"
 require "action_controller/railtie"
 require "action_mailer/railtie"
@@ -30,5 +31,10 @@ module <%= app_const_base %>
     # The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded.
     # config.i18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('my', 'locales', '*.{rb,yml}').to_s]
     # config.i18n.default_locale = :de
+    <%- unless options.skip_active_record? -%>
+
+    # Do not swallow errors in after_commit/after_rollback callbacks.
+    config.active_record.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = true
+    <%- end -%>
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
index 5e5f0c1fac..6b750f00b1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
 ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
 
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+require 'bundler/setup' # Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml
index 138e3a8664..34fc0e3465 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml
@@ -23,7 +23,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="frontbase://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
index 2cdb592eeb..187ff01bac 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # IBM Dataservers
 #
 # Home Page
-#   http://rubyforge.org/projects/rubyibm/
+#   https://github.com/dparnell/ibm_db
 #
 # To install the ibm_db gem:
 #
@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@
 # Configure Using Gemfile
 # gem 'ibm_db'
 #
-# For more details on the installation and the connection parameters below,
-# please refer to the latest documents at http://rubyforge.org/docman/?group_id=2361
 #
 default: &default
   adapter: ibm_db
@@ -61,7 +59,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name[0,4] %>_tst
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="ibm-db://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml
index cefd30d519..db0a429753 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml
@@ -53,7 +53,16 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   url: jdbc:db://localhost/<%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  url: jdbc:db://localhost/<%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml
index d31761349c..acb93939e1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml
@@ -26,6 +26,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
-production: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="mysql://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
+production:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
index 0d248dc197..9e99264d33 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
@@ -42,7 +42,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml
index 66eba3bf0d..28c36eb82f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: db/test.sqlite3
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: db/production.sqlite3
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml
index d618fc28a6..4b2e6646c7 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml
@@ -32,11 +32,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Avoid production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
 #
-# Example:
-#   mysql2://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="mysql2://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
 #
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml
index d469ec0f99..9aedcc15cb 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Oracle/OCI 8i, 9, 10g
 #
 # Requires Ruby/OCI8:
-#  http://rubyforge.org/projects/ruby-oci8/
+#  https://github.com/kubo/ruby-oci8
 #
 # Specify your database using any valid connection syntax, such as a
 # tnsnames.ora service name, or an SQL connect string of the form:
@@ -32,7 +32,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="oracle://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
index 93f48656b2..feb25bbc6b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
@@ -59,11 +59,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
 #
-# Example:
-#   postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
 #
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml
index 7312ddb6cd..1c1a37ca8d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml
@@ -20,11 +20,6 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: db/test.sqlite3
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
-#
-# Example:
-#   sqlite3://myuser:mypass@localhost/full/path/to/somedatabase
-#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: db/production.sqlite3
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml
index aa960e493e..30b0df34a8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml
@@ -42,7 +42,27 @@ test:
   <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 
-# Do not keep production credentials in the repository,
-# instead read the configuration from the environment.
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="sqlserver://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  url: <%%= ENV["DATABASE_URL"] %>
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
index de12565a73..d8326d1728 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # number of complex assets.
   config.assets.debug = true
 
+  # Asset digests allow you to set far-future HTTP expiration dates on all assets,
+  # yet still be able to expire them through the digest params.
+  config.assets.digest = true
+
   # Adds additional error checking when serving assets at runtime.
   # Checks for improperly declared sprockets dependencies.
   # Raises helpful error messages.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
index d9cc60d656..2cd8040f35 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ Rails.application.configure do
 
   # Enable Rack::Cache to put a simple HTTP cache in front of your application
   # Add `rack-cache` to your Gemfile before enabling this.
-  # For large-scale production use, consider using a caching reverse proxy like nginx, varnish or squid.
+  # For large-scale production use, consider using a caching reverse proxy like NGINX, varnish or squid.
   # config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true
 
-  # Disable Rails's static asset server (Apache or nginx will already do this).
+  # Disable Rails's static asset server (Apache or NGINX will already do this).
   config.serve_static_assets = false
 
   <%- unless options.skip_sprockets? -%>
@@ -30,22 +30,22 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # Do not fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed.
   config.assets.compile = false
 
-  # Generate digests for assets URLs.
+  # Asset digests allow you to set far-future HTTP expiration dates on all assets,
+  # yet still be able to expire them through the digest params.
   config.assets.digest = true
 
-  # Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
-  config.assets.version = '1.0'
+  # `config.assets.precompile` and `config.assets.version` have moved to config/initializers/assets.rb
   <%- end -%>
 
   # Specifies the header that your server uses for sending files.
-  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for apache
-  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for nginx
+  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for Apache
+  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for NGINX
 
   # Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
   # config.force_ssl = true
 
-  # Set to :debug to see everything in the log.
-  config.log_level = :info
+  # Decrease the log volume.
+  # config.log_level = :info
 
   # Prepend all log lines with the following tags.
   # config.log_tags = [ :subdomain, :uuid ]
@@ -59,12 +59,6 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # Enable serving of images, stylesheets, and JavaScripts from an asset server.
   # config.action_controller.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
 
-  <%- unless options.skip_sprockets? -%>
-  # Precompile additional assets.
-  # application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in app/assets folder are already added.
-  # config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
-  <%- end -%>
-
   # Ignore bad email addresses and do not raise email delivery errors.
   # Set this to true and configure the email server for immediate delivery to raise delivery errors.
   # config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
@@ -76,9 +70,6 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # Send deprecation notices to registered listeners.
   config.active_support.deprecation = :notify
 
-  # Disable automatic flushing of the log to improve performance.
-  # config.autoflush_log = false
-
   # Use default logging formatter so that PID and timestamp are not suppressed.
   config.log_formatter = ::Logger::Formatter.new
   <%- unless options.skip_active_record? -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01ef3e6630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
+Rails.application.config.assets.version = '1.0'
+
+# Add additional assets to the asset load path
+# Rails.application.config.assets.paths << Emoji.images_path
+
+# Precompile additional assets.
+# application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in app/assets folder are already added.
+# Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
index 7a06a89f0f..7f70458dee 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
 
-Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :json
\ No newline at end of file
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :json
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
index 72aca7e441..dc1899682b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 
 # Add new mime types for use in respond_to blocks:
 # Mime::Type.register "text/richtext", :rtf
-# Mime::Type.register_alias "text/html", :iphone
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/gitignore b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/gitignore
index 6a502e997f..8775e5e235 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/gitignore
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/gitignore
@@ -7,10 +7,12 @@
 # Ignore bundler config.
 /.bundle
 
+<% if sqlite3? -%>
 # Ignore the default SQLite database.
 /db/*.sqlite3
 /db/*.sqlite3-journal
 
+<% end -%>
 # Ignore all logfiles and tempfiles.
 /log/*.log
 /tmp
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
index 6b011e577a..87b8fe3516 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -5,9 +5,6 @@ require 'rails/test_help'
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
 <% unless options[:skip_active_record] -%>
   # Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.yml for all tests in alphabetical order.
-  #
-  # Note: You'll currently still have to declare fixtures explicitly in integration tests
-  # -- they do not yet inherit this setting
   fixtures :all
 
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE
index de33900e0a..64239ad599 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE
@@ -16,4 +16,3 @@ Example:
         Test:       test/controllers/credit_cards_controller_test.rb
         Views:      app/views/credit_cards/debit.html.erb [...]
         Helper:     app/helpers/credit_cards_helper.rb
-        Test:       test/helpers/credit_cards_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
index 33a0d81bf6..a48cc13ed7 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ module Rails
   module Generators
     class ControllerGenerator < NamedBase # :nodoc:
       argument :actions, type: :array, default: [], banner: "action action"
+      class_option :skip_routes, type: :boolean, desc: "Don't add routes to config/routes.rb."
+
       check_class_collision suffix: "Controller"
 
       def create_controller_files
@@ -9,8 +11,10 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def add_routes
-        actions.reverse.each do |action|
-          route generate_routing_code(action)
+        unless options[:skip_routes]
+          actions.reverse.each do |action|
+            route generate_routing_code(action)
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -27,11 +31,11 @@ module Rails
         #   end
         # end
         def generate_routing_code(action)
-          depth = class_path.length
+          depth = regular_class_path.length
           # Create 'namespace' ladder
           # namespace :foo do
           #   namespace :bar do
-          namespace_ladder = class_path.each_with_index.map do |ns, i|
+          namespace_ladder = regular_class_path.each_with_index.map do |ns, i|
             indent("namespace :#{ns} do\n", i * 2)
           end.join
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/USAGE
index 30e323a858..8855ef3b01 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/USAGE
@@ -5,13 +5,9 @@ Description:
     To create a helper within a module, specify the helper name as a
     path like 'parent_module/helper_name'.
 
-    This generates a helper class in app/helpers and invokes the configured
-    test framework.
-
 Example:
     `rails generate helper CreditCard`
 
     Credit card helper.
         Helper:     app/helpers/credit_card_helper.rb
-        Test:       test/helpers/credit_card_helper_test.rb
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
index 833b7beb7f..8c3b63c3b4 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
@@ -6,6 +6,11 @@ Description:
     model's attributes. Timestamps are added by default, so you don't have to
     specify them by hand as 'created_at:datetime updated_at:datetime'.
 
+    As a special case, specifying 'password:digest' will generate a
+    password_digest field of string type, and configure your generated model and
+    tests for use with ActiveModel has_secure_password (assuming the default ORM
+    and test framework are being used).
+
     You don't have to think up every attribute up front, but it helps to
     sketch out a few so you can start working with the model immediately.
 
@@ -27,7 +32,8 @@ Available field types:
         `rails generate model post title:string body:text`
 
     will generate a title column with a varchar type and a body column with a text
-    type. You can use the following types:
+    type. If no type is specified the string type will be used by default.
+    You can use the following types:
 
         integer
         primary_key
@@ -40,7 +46,6 @@ Available field types:
         date
         time
         datetime
-        timestamp
 
     You can also consider `references` as a kind of type. For instance, if you run:
 
@@ -73,6 +78,10 @@ Available field types:
         `rails generate model user username:string{30}:uniq`
         `rails generate model product supplier:references{polymorphic}:index`
 
+    If you require a `password_digest` string column for use with
+    has_secure_password, you should specify `password:digest`:
+
+        `rails generate model user password:digest`
 
 Examples:
     `rails generate model account`
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator.rb
index ea3d69d7c9..87bab129bb 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
+require 'rails/generators/model_helpers'
+
 module Rails
   module Generators
     class ModelGenerator < NamedBase # :nodoc:
+      include Rails::Generators::ModelHelpers
+
       argument :attributes, type: :array, default: [], banner: "field[:type][:index] field[:type][:index]"
       hook_for :orm, required: true
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
index dbe1e37d8e..584f776c01 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
@@ -185,7 +185,6 @@ task default: :test
       end
 
       public_task :set_default_accessors!
-      public_task :apply_rails_template
       public_task :create_root
 
       def create_root_files
@@ -242,6 +241,7 @@ task default: :test
         build(:leftovers)
       end
 
+      public_task :apply_rails_template, :run_bundle
 
       def name
         @name ||= begin
@@ -255,9 +255,6 @@ task default: :test
         end
       end
 
-      public_task :run_bundle
-      public_task :replay_template
-
     protected
 
       def app_templates_dir
@@ -291,6 +288,10 @@ task default: :test
         options[:mountable]
       end
 
+      def skip_git?
+        options[:skip_git]
+      end
+
       def with_dummy_app?
         options[:skip_test_unit].blank? || options[:dummy_path] != 'test/dummy'
       end
@@ -307,6 +308,24 @@ task default: :test
         @camelized ||= name.gsub(/\W/, '_').squeeze('_').camelize
       end
 
+      def author
+        default = "TODO: Write your name"
+        if skip_git?
+          @author = default
+        else
+          @author = `git config user.name`.chomp rescue default
+        end
+      end
+
+      def email
+        default = "TODO: Write your email address"
+        if skip_git?
+          @email = default
+        else
+          @email = `git config user.email`.chomp rescue default
+        end
+      end
+
       def valid_const?
         if original_name =~ /[^0-9a-zA-Z_]+/
           raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters."
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec
index 5fdf0e1554..919c349470 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ require "<%= name %>/version"
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name        = "<%= name %>"
   s.version     = <%= camelized %>::VERSION
-  s.authors     = ["TODO: Your name"]
-  s.email       = ["TODO: Your email"]
+  s.authors     = ["<%= author %>"]
+  s.email       = ["<%= email %>"]
   s.homepage    = "TODO"
   s.summary     = "TODO: Summary of <%= camelized %>."
   s.description = "TODO: Description of <%= camelized %>."
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile
index f0a832f783..35ad9fbf9e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-source "https://rubygems.org"
+source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 <% if options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
-<%= '# ' if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>gem "rails", "~> <%= Rails::VERSION::STRING %>"
+<%= '# ' if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>gem 'rails', '~> <%= Rails::VERSION::STRING %>'
 <% else -%>
 # Declare your gem's dependencies in <%= name %>.gemspec.
 # Bundler will treat runtime dependencies like base dependencies, and
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ gemspec
 
 <% if options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
 group :development do
-  gem "<%= gem_for_database %>"
+  gem '<%= gem_for_database %>'
 end
 <% else -%>
 # Declare any dependencies that are still in development here instead of in
@@ -31,13 +31,17 @@ end
 <% end -%>
 <%= gem.commented_out ? '# ' : '' %>gem '<%= gem.name %>'<%= %(, '#{gem.version}') if gem.version -%>
 <% if gem.options.any? -%>
-,<%= gem.padding(max_width) %><%= gem.options.map { |k,v|
+, <%= gem.options.map { |k,v|
   "#{k}: #{v.inspect}" }.join(', ') %>
 <% end -%>
 <% end -%>
 
 <% end -%>
 <% unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) -%>
-# To use debugger
-# gem 'debugger'
+# To use a debugger
+  <%- if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0' -%>
+# gem 'debugger', group: [:development, :test]
+  <%- else -%>
+# gem 'byebug', group: [:development, :test]
+  <%- end -%>
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE
index d7a9109894..ff2fb3ba4e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright <%= Date.today.year %> YOURNAME
+Copyright <%= Date.today.year %> <%= author %>
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile
index 0ba899176c..c338a0bdb1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ APP_RAKEFILE = File.expand_path("../<%= dummy_path -%>/Rakefile", __FILE__)
 load 'rails/tasks/engine.rake'
 <% end %>
 
+<% if engine? -%>
+load 'rails/tasks/statistics.rake'
+<% end %>
+
 <% unless options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
 
 Bundler::GemHelper.install_tasks
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/USAGE
index 4a3eb2c7c7..1b2a944103 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/USAGE
@@ -9,11 +9,16 @@ Description:
 
     Attributes are field arguments specifying the model's attributes. You can
     optionally pass the type and an index to each field. For instance:
-    "title body:text tracking_id:integer:uniq" will generate a title field of
+    'title body:text tracking_id:integer:uniq' will generate a title field of
     string type, a body with text type and a tracking_id as an integer with an
     unique index. "index" could also be given instead of "uniq" if one desires
     a non unique index.
 
+    As a special case, specifying 'password:digest' will generate a
+    password_digest field of string type, and configure your generated model,
+    controller, views, and test suite for use with ActiveModel
+    has_secure_password (assuming they are using Rails defaults).
+
     Timestamps are added by default, so you don't have to specify them by hand
     as 'created_at:datetime updated_at:datetime'.
 
@@ -33,3 +38,4 @@ Examples:
     `rails generate scaffold post`
     `rails generate scaffold post title body:text published:boolean`
     `rails generate scaffold purchase amount:decimal tracking_id:integer:uniq`
+    `rails generate scaffold user email:uniq password:digest`
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
index 0e69aa101f..2c3b04043f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
     if @<%= orm_instance.save %>
       redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, notice: <%= "'#{human_name} was successfully created.'" %>
     else
-      render action: 'new'
+      render :new
     end
   end
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
     if @<%= orm_instance.update("#{singular_table_name}_params") %>
       redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, notice: <%= "'#{human_name} was successfully updated.'" %>
     else
-      render action: 'edit'
+      render :edit
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
index 7329ee9f48..4669935156 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 require 'rails/generators/active_model'
+require 'rails/generators/model_helpers'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
     # Deal with controller names on scaffold and add some helpers to deal with
     # ActiveModel.
     module ResourceHelpers # :nodoc:
-      mattr_accessor :skip_warn
 
       def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
-        base.class_option :force_plural, type: :boolean, desc: "Forces the use of a plural ModelName"
+        base.send :include, Rails::Generators::ModelHelpers
         base.class_option :model_name, type: :string, desc: "ModelName to be used"
       end
 
@@ -21,15 +21,6 @@ module Rails
           assign_names!(self.name)
         end
 
-        if name == name.pluralize && name.singularize != name.pluralize && !options[:force_plural]
-          unless ResourceHelpers.skip_warn
-            say "Plural version of the model detected, using singularized version. Override with --force-plural."
-            ResourceHelpers.skip_warn = true
-          end
-          name.replace name.singularize
-          assign_names!(name)
-        end
-
         assign_controller_names!(controller_name.pluralize)
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/helper_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/helper_generator.rb
index 0db76f9eaf..bde4e88915 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/helper_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/helper_generator.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@ require 'rails/generators/test_unit'
 module TestUnit # :nodoc:
   module Generators # :nodoc:
     class HelperGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
-      check_class_collision suffix: "HelperTest"
-
-      def create_helper_files
-        template 'helper_test.rb', File.join('test/helpers', class_path, "#{file_name}_helper_test.rb")
-      end
+      # Rails does not generate anything here.
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/templates/helper_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/templates/helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d37bda0f9..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/templates/helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-<% module_namespacing do -%>
-class <%= class_name %>HelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-end
-<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/job_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/job_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..05d9fde280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/job_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require 'rails/generators/test_unit'
+
+module TestUnit # :nodoc:
+  module Generators # :nodoc:
+    class JobGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
+      check_class_collision suffix: 'JobTest'
+
+      def create_test_file
+        template 'unit_test.rb.erb', File.join('test/job', class_path, "#{file_name}_test.rb")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/templates/unit_test.rb.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/templates/unit_test.rb.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f5351d0ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/templates/unit_test.rb.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+<% module_namespacing do -%>
+class <%= class_name %>JobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  # test "the truth" do
+  #   assert true
+  # end
+end
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb
index 2e877f8762..bd069e4bd0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'shellwords'
+
 module Rails
   module Generators
     module Testing
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb
index 7576eba6e0..e0600d0b59 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb
@@ -100,6 +100,23 @@ module Rails
             dirname, file_name = File.dirname(absolute), File.basename(absolute).sub(/\.rb$/, '')
             Dir.glob("#{dirname}/[0-9]*_*.rb").grep(/\d+_#{file_name}.rb$/).first
           end
+
+          def capture(stream)
+            stream = stream.to_s
+            captured_stream = Tempfile.new(stream)
+            stream_io = eval("$#{stream}")
+            origin_stream = stream_io.dup
+            stream_io.reopen(captured_stream)
+
+            yield
+
+            stream_io.rewind
+            return captured_stream.read
+          ensure
+            captured_stream.close
+            captured_stream.unlink
+            stream_io.reopen(origin_stream)
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/info.rb b/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
index edadeaca0e..9502876ebb 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def frameworks
-        %w( active_record action_pack action_view action_mailer active_support )
+        %w( active_record action_pack action_view action_mailer active_support active_model )
       end
 
       def framework_version(framework)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
index 908c4ce65e..49e5431a16 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ class Rails::InfoController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
   prepend_view_path ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions::RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH
   layout -> { request.xhr? ? false : 'application' }
 
-  before_filter :require_local!
+  before_action :require_local!
 
   def index
     redirect_to action: :routes
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb
index dd318f52e5..32740d66da 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ require 'rails/application_controller'
 class Rails::MailersController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
   prepend_view_path ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions::RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH
 
-  before_filter :require_local!
-  before_filter :find_preview, only: :preview
+  before_action :require_local!
+  before_action :find_preview, only: :preview
 
   def index
     @previews = ActionMailer::Preview.all
@@ -70,4 +70,4 @@ class Rails::MailersController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
         @email
       end
     end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb b/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
index 117bb37487..3eb66c07af 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ module Rails
       def filter_by(&block)
         all_paths.find_all(&block).flat_map { |path|
           paths = path.existent
-          paths - path.children.map { |p| yield(p) ? [] : p.existent }.flatten
+          paths - path.children.flat_map { |p| yield(p) ? [] : p.existent }
         }.uniq
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack.rb
index d1ee96f7fd..886f0e52e1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module Rails
   module Rack
-    autoload :Debugger,      "rails/rack/debugger"
+    autoload :Debugger,      "rails/rack/debugger"   if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
     autoload :Logger,        "rails/rack/logger"
     autoload :LogTailer,     "rails/rack/log_tailer"
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb
index 50d0eb96fc..bc26421a9e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+
 module Rails
   module Rack
     class LogTailer
       def initialize(app, log = nil)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "LogTailer is deprecated and will be removed on Rails 5"
+
         @app = app
 
         path = Pathname.new(log || "#{::File.expand_path(Rails.root)}/log/#{Rails.env}.log").cleanpath
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
index 3b35798679..9962e6d943 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module Rails
 
         instrumenter = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
         instrumenter.start 'request.action_dispatch', request: request
-        logger.info started_request_message(request)
+        logger.info { started_request_message(request) }
         resp = @app.call(env)
         resp[2] = ::Rack::BodyProxy.new(resp[2]) { finish(request) }
         resp
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb b/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
index c63e0c0758..2b33beaa2b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       protected
-        def generate_railtie_name(class_or_module)
-          ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(class_or_module).tr("/", "_")
+        def generate_railtie_name(string)
+          ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(string).tr("/", "_")
         end
 
         # If the class method does not have a method, then send the method call
@@ -221,26 +221,28 @@ module Rails
     protected
 
     def run_console_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
-      self.class.console.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+      each_registered_block(:console) { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
     def run_generators_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
-      self.class.generators.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+      each_registered_block(:generators) { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
     def run_runner_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
-      self.class.runner.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+      each_registered_block(:runner) { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
     def run_tasks_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
       extend Rake::DSL
-      self.class.rake_tasks.each { |block| instance_exec(app, &block) }
+      each_registered_block(:rake_tasks) { |block| instance_exec(app, &block) }
+    end
 
-      # Load also tasks from all superclasses
-      klass = self.class.superclass
+    private
 
-      while klass.respond_to?(:rake_tasks)
-        klass.rake_tasks.each { |t| instance_exec(app, &t) }
+    def each_registered_block(type, &block)
+      klass = self.class
+      while klass.respond_to?(type)
+        klass.public_send(type).each(&block)
         klass = klass.superclass
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb b/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb
index 3b7f358a5b..df74643a59 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9.3'
   desc = defined?(RUBY_DESCRIPTION) ? RUBY_DESCRIPTION : "ruby #{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE})"
   abort <<-end_message
 
-    Rails 4 prefers to run on Ruby 2.0.
+    Rails 4 prefers to run on Ruby 2.1 or newer.
 
     You're running
       #{desc}
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rubyprof_ext.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rubyprof_ext.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 017eba3a76..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rubyprof_ext.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-require 'prof'
-
-module Prof #:nodoc:
-  # Adapted from Shugo Maeda's unprof.rb
-  def self.print_profile(results, io = $stderr)
-    total = results.detect { |i|
-      i.method_class.nil? && i.method_id == :"#toplevel"
-    }.total_time
-    total = 0.001 if total < 0.001
-
-    io.puts "  %%   cumulative   self              self     total"
-    io.puts " time   seconds   seconds    calls  ms/call  ms/call  name"
-
-    sum = 0.0
-    results.each do |r|
-      sum += r.self_time
-
-      name =  if r.method_class.nil?
-                r.method_id.to_s
-              elsif r.method_class.is_a?(Class)
-                "#{r.method_class}##{r.method_id}"
-              else
-                "#{r.method_class}.#{r.method_id}"
-              end
-      io.printf "%6.2f %8.3f  %8.3f %8d %8.2f %8.2f  %s\n",
-        r.self_time / total * 100,
-        sum,
-        r.self_time,
-        r.count,
-        r.self_time * 1000 / r.count,
-        r.total_time * 1000 / r.count,
-        name
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
index 3cf6a005ea..201532d299 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,20 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
       @@directories ||= %w(app config db lib test) + (ENV['SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES'] || '').split(',')
     end
 
+    def self.extensions
+      @@extensions ||= {}
+    end
+
+    # Registers new Annotations File Extensions
+    #   SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation.register_extensions("css", "scss", "sass", "less", "js") { |tag| /\/\/\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
+    def self.register_extensions(*exts, &block)
+      extensions[/\.(#{exts.join("|")})$/] = block
+    end
+
+    register_extensions("builder", "rb", "rake", "yml", "yaml", "ruby") { |tag| /#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
+    register_extensions("css", "js") { |tag| /\/\/\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
+    register_extensions("erb") { |tag| /<%\s*#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*?)\s*%>/ }
+
     # Returns a representation of the annotation that looks like this:
     #
     #   [126] [TODO] This algorithm is simple and clearly correct, make it faster.
@@ -78,21 +92,14 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
       if File.directory?(item)
         results.update(find_in(item))
       else
-        pattern =
-            case item
-            when /\.(builder|rb|coffee|rake)$/
-              /#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
-            when /\.(css|scss|sass|less|js)$/
-              /\/\/\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
-            when /\.erb$/
-              /<%\s*#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*?)\s*%>/
-            when /\.haml$/
-              /-\s*#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
-            when /\.slim$/
-              /\/\s*\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
-            else nil
-            end
-        results.update(extract_annotations_from(item, pattern)) if pattern
+        extension = Annotation.extensions.detect do |regexp, _block|
+          regexp.match(item)
+        end
+
+        if extension
+          pattern = extension.last.call(tag)
+          results.update(extract_annotations_from(item, pattern)) if pattern
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -115,7 +122,7 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
   # Prints the mapping from filenames to annotations in +results+ ordered by filename.
   # The +options+ hash is passed to each annotation's +to_s+.
   def display(results, options={})
-    options[:indent] = results.map { |f, a| a.map(&:line) }.flatten.max.to_s.size
+    options[:indent] = results.flat_map { |f, a| a.map(&:line) }.max.to_s.size
     results.keys.sort.each do |file|
       puts "#{file}:"
       results[file].each do |note|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
index 94e8f83e86..a1c805f8aa 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ namespace :rails do
   task update: [ "update:configs", "update:bin" ]
 
   desc "Applies the template supplied by LOCATION=(/path/to/template) or URL"
-  task :template do
+  task template: :environment do
     template = ENV["LOCATION"]
     raise "No LOCATION value given. Please set LOCATION either as path to a file or a URL" if template.blank?
     template = File.expand_path(template) if template !~ %r{\A[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9+\-\.]*://}
     require 'rails/generators'
     require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
     generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new [Rails.root], {}, destination_root: Rails.root
-    generator.send :apply, template, verbose: false
+    generator.apply template, verbose: false
   end
 
   namespace :templates do
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ namespace :rails do
     # desc "Update config/boot.rb from your current rails install"
     task :configs do
       invoke_from_app_generator :create_boot_file
-      invoke_from_app_generator :create_config_files
+      invoke_from_app_generator :update_config_files
     end
 
     # desc "Adds new executables to the application bin/ directory"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
index c1674c72ad..b94cd244be 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
+# while having global constant is not good,
+# many 3rd party tools depend on it, like rspec-rails, cucumber-rails, etc
+# so if will be removed - deprecation warning is needed
 STATS_DIRECTORIES = [
   %w(Controllers        app/controllers),
   %w(Helpers            app/helpers),
+  %w(Jobs               app/jobs),
   %w(Models             app/models),
   %w(Mailers            app/mailers),
   %w(Javascripts        app/assets/javascripts),
@@ -13,9 +17,11 @@ STATS_DIRECTORIES = [
   %w(Integration\ tests test/integration),
   %w(Functional\ tests\ (old)  test/functional),
   %w(Unit\ tests \ (old)       test/unit)
-].collect { |name, dir| [ name, "#{Rails.root}/#{dir}" ] }.select { |name, dir| File.directory?(dir) }
+].collect do |name, dir| 
+  [ name, "#{File.dirname(Rake.application.rakefile_location)}/#{dir}" ]
+end.select { |name, dir| File.directory?(dir) }
 
-desc "Report code statistics (KLOCs, etc) from the application"
+desc "Report code statistics (KLOCs, etc) from the application or engine"
 task :stats do
   require 'rails/code_statistics'
   CodeStatistics.new(*STATS_DIRECTORIES).to_s
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
index 2e6356343d..c837fadb40 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ abort("Abort testing: Your Rails environment is running in production mode!") if
 
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
 require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'action_controller'
 require 'action_controller/test_case'
 require 'action_dispatch/testing/integration'
 require 'rails/generators/test_case'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb
index d9bffba4d7..6fa96d2ced 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module Rails
     #
     # This class takes a TestInfo class and defines the appropriate rake task
     # based on the information, then invokes it.
-    class TestCreator
+    class TestCreator # :nodoc:
       def initialize(info)
         @info = info
       end
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ module Rails
     # to test files (or can be transformed into test files). Calling <tt>files</tt>
     # provides the set of test files and is used when initializing tests after
     # a call to <tt>rake test</tt>.
-    class TestInfo
+    class TestInfo # :nodoc:
       def initialize(tasks)
         @tasks = tasks
         @files = nil
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/version.rb
index 923cab4e2a..df351c4238 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/version.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/version.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-module Rails
-  module VERSION
-    MAJOR = 4
-    MINOR = 1
-    TINY  = 0
-    PRE   = "beta1"
+require_relative 'gem_version'
 
-    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+module Rails
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Rails as a string.
+  def self.version
+    VERSION::STRING
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb b/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 9ccc286b4e..d8800eaa0f 100644
--- a/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -26,3 +26,30 @@ end
 def jruby_skip(message = '')
   skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
+
+class ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  # FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+  # remove this method call.
+  self.my_tests_are_order_dependent!
+
+  private
+
+  unless defined?(:capture)
+    def capture(stream)
+      stream = stream.to_s
+      captured_stream = Tempfile.new(stream)
+      stream_io = eval("$#{stream}")
+      origin_stream = stream_io.dup
+      stream_io.reopen(captured_stream)
+
+      yield
+
+      stream_io.rewind
+      return captured_stream.read
+    ensure
+      captured_stream.close
+      captured_stream.unlink
+      stream_io.reopen(origin_stream)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb b/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb
index 1d3b80253a..d4885447e6 100644
--- a/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb
@@ -3,13 +3,27 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rails/app_rails_loader'
 
 class AppRailsLoaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def loader
+    @loader ||= Class.new do
+      extend Rails::AppRailsLoader
+
+      def self.exec_arguments
+        @exec_arguments
+      end
+
+      def self.exec(*args)
+        @exec_arguments = args
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def write(filename, contents=nil)
     FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(filename))
     File.write(filename, contents)
   end
 
   def expects_exec(exe)
-    Rails::AppRailsLoader.expects(:exec).with(Rails::AppRailsLoader::RUBY, exe)
+    assert_equal [Rails::AppRailsLoader::RUBY, exe], loader.exec_arguments
   end
 
   setup do
@@ -22,30 +36,30 @@ class AppRailsLoaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     exe = "#{script_dir}/rails"
 
     test "is not in a Rails application if #{exe} is not found in the current or parent directories" do
-      File.stubs(:file?).with('bin/rails').returns(false)
-      File.stubs(:file?).with('script/rails').returns(false)
+      def loader.find_executables; end
 
-      assert !Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
+      assert !loader.exec_app_rails
     end
 
     test "is not in a Rails application if #{exe} exists but is a folder" do
       FileUtils.mkdir_p(exe)
 
-      assert !Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
+      assert !loader.exec_app_rails
     end
 
     ['APP_PATH', 'ENGINE_PATH'].each do |keyword|
       test "is in a Rails application if #{exe} exists and contains #{keyword}" do
         write exe, keyword
 
+        loader.exec_app_rails
+
         expects_exec exe
-        Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
       end
 
       test "is not in a Rails application if #{exe} exists but doesn't contain #{keyword}" do
         write exe
 
-        assert !Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
+        assert !loader.exec_app_rails
       end
 
       test "is in a Rails application if parent directory has #{exe} containing #{keyword} and chdirs to the root directory" do
@@ -54,8 +68,9 @@ class AppRailsLoaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
         Dir.chdir('foo/bar')
 
+        loader.exec_app_rails
+
         expects_exec exe
-        Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
 
         # Compare the realpath in case either of them has symlinks.
         #
diff --git a/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb b/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
index b235b51d90..8f091cfdbf 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
+
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       get "/assets/demo.js"
@@ -189,7 +191,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "asset pipeline should use a Sprockets::Index when config.assets.digest is true" do
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
       add_to_config "config.action_controller.perform_caching = false"
 
       ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
@@ -199,10 +200,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "precompile creates a manifest file with all the assets listed" do
+      app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
       app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>"
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "alert();"
-      # digest is default in false, we must enable it for test environment
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
 
       precompile!
       manifest = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/manifest-*.json"].first
@@ -214,8 +214,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "the manifest file should be saved by default in the same assets folder" do
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "alert();"
-      # digest is default in false, we must enable it for test environment
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
       add_to_config "config.assets.prefix = '/x'"
 
       precompile!
@@ -248,7 +246,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "precompile properly refers files referenced with asset_path and runs in the provided RAILS_ENV" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
       app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>"
-      # digest is default in false, we must enable it for test environment
       add_to_env_config "test", "config.assets.digest = true"
 
       precompile!('RAILS_ENV=test')
@@ -260,7 +257,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "precompile shouldn't use the digests present in manifest.json" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
 
-      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "//= depend_on rails.png\np { url: <%= asset_path('rails.png') %> }"
+      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "p { url: <%= asset_path('rails.png') %> }"
 
       ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
       precompile!
@@ -280,12 +277,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "precompile appends the md5 hash to files referenced with asset_path and run in production with digest true" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
       app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>"
-      add_to_config "config.assets.compile = true"
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
-
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = nil
 
-      precompile!('RAILS_GROUPS=assets')
+      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
+      precompile!
 
       file = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.css"].first
       assert_match(/\/assets\/rails-([0-z]+)\.png/, File.read(file))
@@ -341,6 +335,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
+
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       class ::OmgController < ActionController::Base
@@ -365,6 +361,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/demo.js", "alert();"
 
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
+
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       get "/assets/demo.js"
@@ -394,7 +392,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "//= require_tree ."
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/xmlhr.js.erb", "<%= Post.name %>"
 
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = false"
       precompile!
       assert_equal "Post;\n", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.js"].first)
     end
@@ -414,7 +411,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "digested assets are not mistakenly removed" do
       app_file "app/assets/application.js", "alert();"
       add_to_config "config.assets.compile = true"
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
 
       precompile!
 
@@ -437,6 +433,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "asset urls should use the request's protocol by default" do
       app_with_assets_in_view
       add_to_config "config.asset_host = 'example.com'"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       class ::PostsController < ActionController::Base; end
 
@@ -448,23 +445,24 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "asset urls should be protocol-relative if no request is in scope" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notreallyapng"
-      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/image_loader.js.erb", 'var src="<%= image_path("rails.png") %>";'
-      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{image_loader.js}"
+      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/image_loader.js.erb", "var src='<%= image_path('rails.png') %>';"
+      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{rails.png image_loader.js}"
       add_to_config "config.asset_host = 'example.com'"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
       precompile!
 
-      assert_match 'src="//example.com/assets/rails.png"', File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/image_loader-*.js"].first)
+      assert_match "src='//example.com/assets/rails.png'", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/image_loader-*.js"].first)
     end
 
     test "asset paths should use RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT by default" do
       ENV["RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT"] = "/sub/uri"
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notreallyapng"
-
-      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/app.js.erb", 'var src="<%= image_path("rails.png") %>";'
-      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{app.js}"
+      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/app.js.erb", "var src='<%= image_path('rails.png') %>';"
+      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{rails.png app.js}"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
       precompile!
 
-      assert_match 'src="/sub/uri/assets/rails.png"', File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/app-*.js"].first)
+      assert_match "src='/sub/uri/assets/rails.png'", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/app-*.js"].first)
     end
 
     test "assets:cache:clean should clean cache" do
diff --git a/railties/test/application/configuration/base_test.rb b/railties/test/application/configuration/base_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6a82b139d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/configuration/base_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
+require 'rack/test'
+require 'env_helpers'
+
+module ApplicationTests
+  module ConfigurationTests
+    class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def setup
+        build_app
+        boot_rails
+        FileUtils.rm_rf("#{app_path}/config/environments")
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        teardown_app
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(new_app) if File.directory?(new_app)
+      end
+
+      private
+        def new_app
+          File.expand_path("#{app_path}/../new_app")
+        end
+
+        def copy_app
+          FileUtils.cp_r(app_path, new_app)
+        end
+
+        def app
+          @app ||= Rails.application
+        end
+
+        def require_environment
+          require "#{app_path}/config/environment"  
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/test/application/configuration/custom_test.rb b/railties/test/application/configuration/custom_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8d22f6d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/configuration/custom_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'application/configuration/base_test'
+
+class ApplicationTests::ConfigurationTests::CustomTest < ApplicationTests::ConfigurationTests::BaseTest
+  test 'access custom configuration point' do
+    add_to_config <<-RUBY
+      config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
+      config.x.payment_processing.retries  = 3
+      config.x.super_debugger              = true
+      config.x.hyper_debugger              = false
+      config.x.nil_debugger                = nil
+    RUBY
+    require_environment
+
+    x = Rails.configuration.x
+    assert_equal :daily, x.payment_processing.schedule
+    assert_equal 3, x.payment_processing.retries
+    assert_equal true, x.super_debugger
+    assert_equal false, x.hyper_debugger
+    assert_equal nil, x.nil_debugger
+    assert_nil x.i_do_not_exist.zomg
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
index b2d0e7e202..db2106aed3 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,12 @@ end
 
 class ::MyOtherMailInterceptor < ::MyMailInterceptor; end
 
+class ::MyPreviewMailInterceptor
+  def self.previewing_email(email); email; end
+end
+
+class ::MyOtherPreviewMailInterceptor < ::MyPreviewMailInterceptor; end
+
 class ::MyMailObserver
   def self.delivered_email(email); email; end
 end
@@ -60,13 +66,25 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions  = true
       RUBY
 
+      app_file 'db/migrate/20140708012246_create_user.rb', <<-RUBY
+        class CreateUser < ActiveRecord::Migration
+          def change
+            create_table :users
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.stubs(:needs_migration?).returns(true)
-      ActiveRecord::NullMigration.any_instance.stubs(:mtime).returns(1)
 
-      get "/foo"
-      assert_equal 500, last_response.status
-      assert_match "ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError", last_response.body
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = ["#{app_path}/db/migrate"]
+
+      begin
+        get "/foo"
+        assert_equal 500, last_response.status
+        assert_match "ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError", last_response.body
+      ensure
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = nil
+      end
     end
 
     test "Rails.groups returns available groups" do
@@ -100,7 +118,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "Rails::Application responds to paths" do
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       assert_respond_to AppTemplate::Application, :paths
-      assert_equal AppTemplate::Application.paths["app/views"].expanded, ["#{app_path}/app/views"]
+      assert_equal ["#{app_path}/app/views"], AppTemplate::Application.paths["app/views"].expanded
     end
 
     test "the application root is set correctly" do
@@ -360,12 +378,14 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "default method for update can be changed" do
       app_file 'app/models/post.rb', <<-RUBY
       class Post
-        extend ActiveModel::Naming
+        include ActiveModel::Model
         def to_key; [1]; end
         def persisted?; true; end
       end
       RUBY
 
+      token = "cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae"
+
       app_file 'app/controllers/posts_controller.rb', <<-RUBY
       class PostsController < ApplicationController
         def show
@@ -375,6 +395,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
         def update
           render text: "update"
         end
+
+        private
+
+        def form_authenticity_token; token; end # stub the authenticy token
       end
       RUBY
 
@@ -386,8 +410,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
-      token = "cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae"
-      PostsController.any_instance.stubs(:form_authenticity_token).returns(token)
       params = {authenticity_token: token}
 
       get "/posts/1"
@@ -418,7 +440,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       get "/"
-      assert last_response.body =~ /_xsrf_token_here/
+      assert_match "_xsrf_token_here", last_response.body
     end
 
     test "sets ActionDispatch.test_app" do
@@ -460,6 +482,32 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal [::MyMailInterceptor, ::MyOtherMailInterceptor], ::Mail.send(:class_variable_get, "@@delivery_interceptors")
     end
 
+    test "registers preview interceptors with ActionMailer" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors = MyPreviewMailInterceptor
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      require "mail"
+
+      _ = ActionMailer::Base
+
+      assert_equal [::MyPreviewMailInterceptor], ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors
+    end
+
+    test "registers multiple preview interceptors with ActionMailer" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors = [MyPreviewMailInterceptor, "MyOtherPreviewMailInterceptor"]
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      require "mail"
+
+      _ = ActionMailer::Base
+
+      assert_equal [MyPreviewMailInterceptor, MyOtherPreviewMailInterceptor], ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors
+    end
+
     test "registers observers with ActionMailer" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.action_mailer.observers = MyMailObserver
@@ -489,7 +537,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "valid timezone is setup correctly" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.root = "#{app_path}"
-          config.time_zone = "Wellington"
+        config.time_zone = "Wellington"
       RUBY
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
@@ -500,7 +548,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "raises when an invalid timezone is defined in the config" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.root = "#{app_path}"
-          config.time_zone = "That big hill over yonder hill"
+        config.time_zone = "That big hill over yonder hill"
       RUBY
 
       assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
@@ -511,7 +559,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "valid beginning of week is setup correctly" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.root = "#{app_path}"
-          config.beginning_of_week = :wednesday
+        config.beginning_of_week = :wednesday
       RUBY
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
@@ -522,7 +570,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "raises when an invalid beginning of week is defined in the config" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.root = "#{app_path}"
-          config.beginning_of_week = :invalid
+        config.beginning_of_week = :invalid
       RUBY
 
       assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
@@ -682,6 +730,44 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match "We're sorry, but something went wrong", last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters are: controller, action by default" do
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal %w(controller action), ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters
+    end
+
+    test "config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters = ['controller', 'action', 'format']" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
+      RUBY
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal %w( controller action format ), ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters
+    end
+
+    test "config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters = ['controller','action','format'] does not raise exeception" do
+      app_file 'app/controllers/posts_controller.rb', <<-RUBY
+      class PostsController < ActionController::Base
+        def create
+          render text: params.permit(post: [:title])
+        end
+      end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        routes.prepend do
+          resources :posts
+        end
+        config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
+        config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = :raise
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal :raise, ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters
+
+      post "/posts", {post: {"title" =>"zomg"}, format: "json"}
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+    end
+
     test "config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters is :log by default on development" do
       ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "development"
 
@@ -762,7 +848,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
-    test "lookup config.log_level with custom logger (stdlib Logger)" do
+    test "config.log_level with custom logger" do
       make_basic_app do |app|
         app.config.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
         app.config.log_level = :info
@@ -770,19 +856,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal Logger::INFO, Rails.logger.level
     end
 
-    test "assign log_level as is with custom logger (third party logger)" do
-      logger_class = Class.new do
-        attr_accessor :level
-      end
-      logger_instance = logger_class.new
-      make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.config.logger = logger_instance
-        app.config.log_level = :info
-      end
-      assert_equal logger_instance, Rails.logger
-      assert_equal :info, Rails.logger.level
-    end
-
     test "respond_to? accepts include_private" do
       make_basic_app
 
@@ -806,5 +879,213 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       assert ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
     end
+
+    test "config.annotations wrapping SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation class" do
+      make_basic_app do |app|
+        app.config.annotations.register_extensions("coffee") do |tag|
+          /#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_not_nil SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation.extensions[/\.(coffee)$/]
+    end
+
+    test "rake_tasks block works at instance level" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.ran_block = false
+
+          rake_tasks do
+            config.ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_not Rails.configuration.ran_block
+
+      require 'rake'
+      require 'rake/testtask'
+      require 'rdoc/task'
+
+      Rails.application.load_tasks
+      assert Rails.configuration.ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "generators block works at instance level" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.ran_block = false
+
+          generators do
+            config.ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_not Rails.configuration.ran_block
+
+      Rails.application.load_generators
+      assert Rails.configuration.ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "console block works at instance level" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.ran_block = false
+
+          console do
+            config.ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_not Rails.configuration.ran_block
+
+      Rails.application.load_console
+      assert Rails.configuration.ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "runner block works at instance level" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.ran_block = false
+
+          runner do
+            config.ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_not Rails.configuration.ran_block
+
+      Rails.application.load_runner
+      assert Rails.configuration.ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "loading the first existing database configuration available" do
+      app_file 'config/environments/development.rb', <<-RUBY
+
+      Rails.application.configure do
+        config.paths.add 'config/database', with: 'config/nonexistant.yml'
+        config.paths['config/database'] << 'config/database.yml'
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_kind_of Hash, Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+    end
+
+    test 'config.action_mailer.show_previews defaults to true in development' do
+      Rails.env = "development"
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert Rails.application.config.action_mailer.show_previews
+    end
+
+    test 'config.action_mailer.show_previews defaults to false in production' do
+      Rails.env = "production"
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal false, Rails.application.config.action_mailer.show_previews
+    end
+
+    test 'config.action_mailer.show_previews can be set in the configuration file' do
+      Rails.env = "production"
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.show_previews = true
+      RUBY
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal true, Rails.application.config.action_mailer.show_previews
+    end
+
+    test "config_for loads custom configuration from yaml files" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      development:
+        key: 'custom key'
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal 'custom key', Rails.application.config.my_custom_config['key']
+    end
+
+    test "config_for raises an exception if the file does not exist" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      exception = assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      end
+
+      assert_equal "Could not load configuration. No such file - #{app_path}/config/custom.yml", exception.message
+    end
+
+    test "config_for without the environment configured returns an empty hash" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      test:
+        key: 'custom key'
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal({}, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config)
+    end
+
+    test "config_for with empty file returns an empty hash" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal({}, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config)
+    end
+
+    test "config_for containing ERB tags should evaluate" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      development:
+        key: <%= 'custom key' %>
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal 'custom key', Rails.application.config.my_custom_config['key']
+    end
+
+    test "config_for with syntax error show a more descritive exception" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      development:
+        key: foo:
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      exception = assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      end
+
+      assert_match 'YAML syntax error occurred while parsing', exception.message
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
index 3601a58f67..2d45c9b53f 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       expanded_path = File.expand_path("app/views", app_path)
-      assert_equal ActionController::Base.view_paths[0].to_s, expanded_path
-      assert_equal ActionMailer::Base.view_paths[0].to_s, expanded_path
+      assert_equal expanded_path, ActionController::Base.view_paths[0].to_s
+      assert_equal expanded_path, ActionMailer::Base.view_paths[0].to_s
     end
 
     test "allows me to configure default url options for ActionMailer" do
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "test.rails", ActionMailer::Base.default_url_options[:host]
     end
 
-    test "does not include url helpers as action methods" do
+    test "includes url helpers as action methods" do
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get "/foo", :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, []] }, :as => :foo
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       assert Foo.method_defined?(:foo_path)
+      assert Foo.method_defined?(:foo_url)
       assert Foo.method_defined?(:main_app)
-      assert_equal Set.new(["notify"]), Foo.action_methods
     end
 
     test "allows to not load all helpers for controllers" do
@@ -216,8 +216,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         orig_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
         orig_rails_env, Rails.env = Rails.env, 'development'
-        database_url_db_name = File.join(app_path, "db/database_url_db.sqlite3")
-        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "sqlite3://:@localhost/#{database_url_db_name}"
+        database_url_db_name = "db/database_url_db.sqlite3"
+        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "sqlite3:#{database_url_db_name}"
         ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection
         assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         assert_match(/#{database_url_db_name}/, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
index bc34897cdf..9ee54796a4 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
@@ -184,28 +184,13 @@ en:
       assert_fallbacks ca: [:ca, :"es-ES", :es, :'en-US', :en]
     end
 
-    test "config.i18n.enforce_available_locales is set to true by default and avoids I18n warnings" do
-      add_to_config <<-RUBY
-        config.i18n.default_locale = :it
-      RUBY
-
-      output = capture(:stderr) { load_app }
-      assert_no_match %r{deprecated.*enforce_available_locales}, output
-      assert_equal true, I18n.enforce_available_locales
-
-      assert_raise I18n::InvalidLocale do
-        I18n.locale = :es
-      end
-    end
-
     test "disable config.i18n.enforce_available_locales" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = false
         config.i18n.default_locale = :fr
       RUBY
 
-      output = capture(:stderr) { load_app }
-      assert_no_match %r{deprecated.*enforce_available_locales}, output
+      load_app
       assert_equal false, I18n.enforce_available_locales
 
       assert_nothing_raised do
@@ -220,8 +205,7 @@ en:
         config.i18n.default_locale = :fr
       RUBY
 
-      output = capture(:stderr) { load_app }
-      assert_no_match %r{deprecated.*enforce_available_locales}, output
+      load_app
       assert_equal false, I18n.enforce_available_locales
 
       assert_nothing_raised do
diff --git a/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb b/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb
index c588fd7012..55e917c3ec 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb
@@ -26,6 +26,20 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal 404, last_response.status
     end
 
+    test "/rails/mailers is accessible with correct configuraiton" do
+      add_to_config "config.action_mailer.show_previews = true"
+      app("production")
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+    end
+
+    test "/rails/mailers is not accessible with show_previews = false" do
+      add_to_config "config.action_mailer.show_previews = false"
+      app("development")
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_equal 404, last_response.status
+    end
+
     test "mailer previews are loaded from the default preview_path" do
       mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
         class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
@@ -403,6 +417,58 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match '<option selected value="?part=text%2Fplain">View as plain-text email</option>', last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "*_path helpers emit a deprecation" do
+
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          get 'foo', to: 'foo#index'
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def path_in_view
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+
+          def path_in_mailer
+            @url = foo_path
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      html_template 'notifier/path_in_view', "<%= link_to 'foo', foo_path %>"
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def path_in_view
+            Notifier.path_in_view
+          end
+
+          def path_in_mailer
+            Notifier.path_in_mailer
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      assert_deprecated do
+        get "/rails/mailers/notifier/path_in_view.html"
+        assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      end
+
+      html_template 'notifier/path_in_mailer', "No ERB in here"
+
+      assert_deprecated do
+        get "/rails/mailers/notifier/path_in_mailer.html"
+        assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      end
+    end
+
     private
       def build_app
         super
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb
index 946b82eeb3..97d5b5c698 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'ipaddr'
 require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/key_generator'
 
@@ -53,12 +54,25 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
+    test "remote_ip works with HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" do
+      make_basic_app
+      assert_equal "4.2.42.42", remote_ip("REMOTE_ADDR" => "1.1.1.1", "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "4.2.42.42")
+    end
+
     test "the user can set trusted proxies" do
       make_basic_app do |app|
         app.config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies = /^4\.2\.42\.42$/
       end
 
-      assert_equal "1.1.1.1", remote_ip("REMOTE_ADDR" => "4.2.42.42,1.1.1.1")
+      assert_equal "1.1.1.1", remote_ip("REMOTE_ADDR" => "1.1.1.1", "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "4.2.42.42")
+    end
+
+    test "the user can set trusted proxies with an IPAddr argument" do
+      make_basic_app do |app|
+        app.config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies = IPAddr.new('4.2.42.0/24')
+      end
+
+      assert_equal "1.1.1.1", remote_ip("REMOTE_ADDR" => "1.1.1.1", "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "10.0.0.0,4.2.42.42")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
index 1557b90d27..a905598d80 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.ssl_options = { host: 'example.com' }"
       boot!
 
-      assert_equal Rails.application.middleware.first.args, [{host: 'example.com'}]
+      assert_equal [{host: 'example.com'}], Rails.application.middleware.first.args
     end
 
     test "removing Active Record omits its middleware" do
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       end
 
-      etag = "5af83e3196bf99f440f31f2e1a6c9afe".inspect
+      etag = "W/" + "5af83e3196bf99f440f31f2e1a6c9afe".inspect
 
       get "/"
       assert_equal 200, last_response.status
diff --git a/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb b/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
index 5bfea599e0..9ebf163671 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal Rails.application.config.secret_key_base, clone.config.secret_key_base, "The base secret key on the config should be the same"
     end
 
+    def test_inheriting_multiple_times_from_application
+      new_application_class = Class.new(Rails::Application)
+
+      assert_not_equal Rails.application.object_id, new_application_class.instance.object_id
+    end
+
     def test_initialization_of_multiple_copies_of_same_application
       application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new
       application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
@@ -30,23 +36,23 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_initialization_of_application_with_previous_config
-      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new(config: Rails.application.config)
-      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.create(config: Rails.application.config)
+      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.create
 
       assert_equal Rails.application.config, application1.config, "Creating a new application while setting an initial config should result in the same config"
       assert_not_equal Rails.application.config, application2.config, "New applications without setting an initial config should not have the same config"
     end
 
     def test_initialization_of_application_with_previous_railties
-      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new(railties: Rails.application.railties)
-      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.create(railties: Rails.application.railties)
+      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.create
 
       assert_equal Rails.application.railties, application1.railties
       assert_not_equal Rails.application.railties, application2.railties
     end
 
     def test_initialize_new_application_with_all_previous_initialization_variables
-      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new(
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.create(
         config:           Rails.application.config,
         railties:         Rails.application.railties,
         routes_reloader:  Rails.application.routes_reloader,
@@ -66,26 +72,26 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_rake_tasks_defined_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
-      $run_count = 0
+      run_count = 0
 
       application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new
       application1.rake_tasks do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
       application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
       application2.rake_tasks do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
-      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "The count should stay at zero without any calls to the rake tasks"
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "The count should stay at zero without any calls to the rake tasks"
       require 'rake'
       require 'rake/testtask'
       require 'rdoc/task'
       Rails.application.load_tasks
-      assert_equal 2, $run_count, "Calling a rake task should result in two increments to the count"
+      assert_equal 2, run_count, "Calling a rake task should result in two increments to the count"
     end
 
     def test_multiple_applications_can_be_initialized
@@ -94,36 +100,56 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     def test_initializers_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
       application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new
-      $run_count = 0
+      run_count = 0
 
       AppTemplate::Application.initializer :init0 do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
       application1.initializer :init1 do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
       AppTemplate::Application.new.initializer :init2 do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
-      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "Without loading the initializers, the count should be 0"
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "Without loading the initializers, the count should be 0"
 
       # Set config.eager_load to false so that an eager_load warning doesn't pop up
       AppTemplate::Application.new { config.eager_load = false }.initialize!
 
-      assert_equal 3, $run_count, "There should have been three initializers that incremented the count"
+      assert_equal 3, run_count, "There should have been three initializers that incremented the count"
+    end
+
+    def test_consoles_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
+      run_count = 0
+      AppTemplate::Application.console { run_count += 1 }
+      AppTemplate::Application.new.console { run_count += 1 }
+
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "Without loading the consoles, the count should be 0"
+      Rails.application.load_console
+      assert_equal 2, run_count, "There should have been two consoles that increment the count"
+    end
+
+    def test_generators_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
+      run_count = 0
+      AppTemplate::Application.generators { run_count += 1 }
+      AppTemplate::Application.new.generators { run_count += 1 }
+
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "Without loading the generators, the count should be 0"
+      Rails.application.load_generators
+      assert_equal 2, run_count, "There should have been two generators that increment the count"
     end
 
     def test_runners_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
-      $run_count = 0
-      AppTemplate::Application.runner { $run_count += 1 }
-      AppTemplate::Application.new.runner { $run_count += 1 }
+      run_count = 0
+      AppTemplate::Application.runner { run_count += 1 }
+      AppTemplate::Application.new.runner { run_count += 1 }
 
-      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "Without loading the runners, the count should be 0"
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "Without loading the runners, the count should be 0"
       Rails.application.load_runner
-      assert_equal 2, $run_count, "There should have been two runners that increment the count"
+      assert_equal 2, run_count, "There should have been two runners that increment the count"
     end
 
     def test_isolate_namespace_on_an_application
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb
index 701843a6fd..0082ec9cd2 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       def setup
         build_app
+        add_to_config <<-RUBY
+          config.logger = ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper::MockLogger.new
+        RUBY
+
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         super
-        @logger = MockLogger.new
-        Rails.stubs(:logger).returns(@logger)
       end
 
       def teardown
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       def logs
-        @logs ||= @logger.logged(:info).join("\n")
+        @logs ||= Rails.logger.logged(:info).join("\n")
       end
 
       test "logger logs proper HTTP GET verb and path" do
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
index 35d9c31c1e..267469b6f5 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
@@ -17,66 +17,57 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       def database_url_db_name
-        File.join(app_path, "db/database_url_db.sqlite3")
+        "db/database_url_db.sqlite3"
       end
 
       def set_database_url
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = File.join("sqlite3://:@localhost", database_url_db_name)
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "sqlite3:#{database_url_db_name}"
         # ensure it's using the DATABASE_URL
         FileUtils.rm_rf("#{app_path}/config/database.yml")
       end
 
-      def expected
-        @expected ||= {}
-      end
-
-      def db_create_and_drop
+      def db_create_and_drop(expected_database)
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
           output = `bundle exec rake db:create`
-          assert_equal output, ""
-          assert File.exist?(expected[:database])
-          assert_equal expected[:database],
-                        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
+          assert_empty output
+          assert File.exist?(expected_database)
+          assert_equal expected_database, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
           output = `bundle exec rake db:drop`
-          assert_equal output, ""
-          assert !File.exist?(expected[:database])
+          assert_empty output
+          assert !File.exist?(expected_database)
         end
       end
 
       test 'db:create and db:drop without database url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        expected[:database] = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
-        db_create_and_drop
-       end
+        db_create_and_drop ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
+      end
 
       test 'db:create and db:drop with database url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         set_database_url
-        expected[:database] = database_url_db_name
-        db_create_and_drop
+        db_create_and_drop database_url_db_name
       end
 
-      def db_migrate_and_status
+      def db_migrate_and_status(expected_database)
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
           `rails generate model book title:string;
            bundle exec rake db:migrate`
           output = `bundle exec rake db:migrate:status`
-          assert_match(%r{database:\s+\S*#{Regexp.escape(expected[:database])}}, output)
+          assert_match(%r{database:\s+\S*#{Regexp.escape(expected_database)}}, output)
           assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create books/, output)
         end
       end
 
       test 'db:migrate and db:migrate:status without database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        expected[:database] = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
-        db_migrate_and_status
+        db_migrate_and_status ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
       end
 
       test 'db:migrate and db:migrate:status with database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         set_database_url
-        expected[:database] = database_url_db_name
-        db_migrate_and_status
+        db_migrate_and_status database_url_db_name
       end
 
       def db_schema_dump
@@ -97,12 +88,11 @@ module ApplicationTests
         db_schema_dump
       end
 
-      def db_fixtures_load
+      def db_fixtures_load(expected_database)
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
           `rails generate model book title:string;
            bundle exec rake db:migrate db:fixtures:load`
-          assert_match(/#{expected[:database]}/,
-                    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
+          assert_match expected_database, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
           require "#{app_path}/app/models/book"
           assert_equal 2, Book.count
         end
@@ -110,43 +100,50 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       test 'db:fixtures:load without database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        expected[:database] =  ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
-        db_fixtures_load
+        db_fixtures_load ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
       end
 
       test 'db:fixtures:load with database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         set_database_url
-        expected[:database] = database_url_db_name
-        db_fixtures_load
+        db_fixtures_load database_url_db_name
       end
 
-      def db_structure_dump_and_load
+      def db_structure_dump_and_load(expected_database)
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
           `rails generate model book title:string;
            bundle exec rake db:migrate db:structure:dump`
           structure_dump = File.read("db/structure.sql")
           assert_match(/CREATE TABLE \"books\"/, structure_dump)
           `bundle exec rake environment db:drop db:structure:load`
-          assert_match(/#{expected[:database]}/,
-                        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
+          assert_match expected_database, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
           require "#{app_path}/app/models/book"
           #if structure is not loaded correctly, exception would be raised
-          assert Book.count, 0
+          assert_equal 0, Book.count
         end
       end
 
       test 'db:structure:dump and db:structure:load without database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        expected[:database] =  ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
-        db_structure_dump_and_load
+        db_structure_dump_and_load ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
       end
 
       test 'db:structure:dump and db:structure:load with database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         set_database_url
-        expected[:database] = database_url_db_name
-        db_structure_dump_and_load
+        db_structure_dump_and_load database_url_db_name
+      end
+
+      test 'db:structure:dump does not dump schema information when no migrations are used' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          # create table without migrations
+          `bundle exec rails runner 'ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:posts) {|t| t.string :title }'`
+
+          stderr_output = capture(:stderr) { `bundle exec rake db:structure:dump` }
+          assert_empty stderr_output
+          structure_dump = File.read("db/structure.sql")
+          assert_match(/CREATE TABLE \"posts\"/, structure_dump)
+        end
       end
 
       def db_test_load_structure
@@ -157,9 +154,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
           ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :test
           require "#{app_path}/app/models/book"
           #if structure is not loaded correctly, exception would be raised
-          assert Book.count, 0
-          assert_match(/#{ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test']['database']}/,
-                        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
+          assert_equal 0, Book.count
+          assert_match ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test']['database'],
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
         end
       end
 
@@ -176,6 +173,35 @@ module ApplicationTests
                        "your test schema automatically, see the release notes for details.\n", output
         end
       end
+
+      test 'db:setup loads schema and seeds database' do
+        begin
+          @old_rails_env = ENV["RAILS_ENV"]
+          @old_rack_env = ENV["RACK_ENV"]
+          ENV.delete "RAILS_ENV"
+          ENV.delete "RACK_ENV"
+
+          app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+            ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: "1") do
+              create_table :users do |t|
+                t.string :name
+              end
+            end
+          RUBY
+
+          app_file 'db/seeds.rb', <<-RUBY
+            puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
+          RUBY
+
+          Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+            database_path = `bundle exec rake db:setup`
+            assert_equal "development.sqlite3", File.basename(database_path.strip)
+          end
+        ensure
+          ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = @old_rails_env
+          ENV["RACK_ENV"] = @old_rack_env
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
index b7fd5d02c5..a3819b93b2 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       test 'migration status when schema migrations table is not present' do
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake db:migrate:status` }
+        output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake db:migrate:status 2>&1` }
         assert_equal "Schema migrations table does not exist yet.\n", output
       end
 
@@ -184,6 +184,21 @@ module ApplicationTests
           assert_match(/create_table "books"/, structure_dump)
         end
       end
+
+      test 'test migration status migrated file is deleted' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+           rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
+           rake db:migrate
+           rm db/migrate/*email*.rb`
+
+          output = `rake db:migrate:status`
+          File.write('test.txt', output)
+
+          assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
+          assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+\** NO FILE \**/, output)
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
index 05f6338b68..95087bf29f 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+require 'rails/source_annotation_extractor'
 
 module ApplicationTests
   module RakeTests
@@ -18,48 +19,27 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       test 'notes finds notes for certain file_types' do
         app_file "app/views/home/index.html.erb", "<% # TODO: note in erb %>"
-        app_file "app/views/home/index.html.haml", "-# TODO: note in haml"
-        app_file "app/views/home/index.html.slim", "/ TODO: note in slim"
-        app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js.coffee", "# TODO: note in coffee"
         app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "// TODO: note in js"
         app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css", "// TODO: note in css"
-        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.scss", "// TODO: note in scss"
-        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.sass", "// TODO: note in sass"
-        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.less", "// TODO: note in less"
         app_file "app/controllers/application_controller.rb", 1000.times.map { "" }.join("\n") << "# TODO: note in ruby"
         app_file "lib/tasks/task.rake", "# TODO: note in rake"
         app_file 'app/views/home/index.html.builder', '# TODO: note in builder'
+        app_file 'config/locales/en.yml', '# TODO: note in yml'
+        app_file 'config/locales/en.yaml', '# TODO: note in yaml'
+        app_file "app/views/home/index.ruby", "# TODO: note in ruby"
 
-        boot_rails
-        require 'rake'
-        require 'rdoc/task'
-        require 'rake/testtask'
-
-        Rails.application.load_tasks
-
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `bundle exec rake notes`
-          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\](\s)/)
-
+        run_rake_notes do |output, lines|
           assert_match(/note in erb/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in haml/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in slim/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in ruby/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in coffee/, output)
           assert_match(/note in js/, output)
           assert_match(/note in css/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in scss/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in sass/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in less/, output)
           assert_match(/note in rake/, output)
           assert_match(/note in builder/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in yml/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in yaml/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in ruby/, output)
 
-          assert_equal 12, lines.size
-
-          lines.each do |line|
-            assert_equal 4, line[0].size
-            assert_equal ' ', line[1]
-          end
+          assert_equal 9, lines.size
+          assert_equal [4], lines.map(&:size).uniq
         end
       end
 
@@ -72,18 +52,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
         app_file "some_other_dir/blah.rb", "# TODO: note in some_other directory"
 
-        boot_rails
-
-        require 'rake'
-        require 'rdoc/task'
-        require 'rake/testtask'
-
-        Rails.application.load_tasks
-
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `bundle exec rake notes`
-          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]/).flatten
-
+        run_rake_notes do |output, lines|
           assert_match(/note in app directory/, output)
           assert_match(/note in config directory/, output)
           assert_match(/note in db directory/, output)
@@ -92,10 +61,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
           assert_no_match(/note in some_other directory/, output)
 
           assert_equal 5, lines.size
-
-          lines.each do |line_number|
-            assert_equal 4, line_number.size
-          end
+          assert_equal [4], lines.map(&:size).uniq
         end
       end
 
@@ -108,18 +74,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
         app_file "some_other_dir/blah.rb", "# TODO: note in some_other directory"
 
-        boot_rails
-
-        require 'rake'
-        require 'rdoc/task'
-        require 'rake/testtask'
-
-        Rails.application.load_tasks
-
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='some_other_dir' bundle exec rake notes`
-          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]/).flatten
-
+        run_rake_notes "SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='some_other_dir' bundle exec rake notes" do |output, lines|
           assert_match(/note in app directory/, output)
           assert_match(/note in config directory/, output)
           assert_match(/note in db directory/, output)
@@ -129,10 +84,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
           assert_match(/note in some_other directory/, output)
 
           assert_equal 6, lines.size
-
-          lines.each do |line_number|
-            assert_equal 4, line_number.size
-          end
+          assert_equal [4], lines.map(&:size).uniq
         end
       end
 
@@ -150,32 +102,51 @@ module ApplicationTests
           end
         EOS
 
-        boot_rails
-
-        require 'rake'
-        require 'rdoc/task'
-        require 'rake/testtask'
-
-        Rails.application.load_tasks
-
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `bundle exec rake notes_custom`
-          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]/).flatten
-
+        run_rake_notes "bundle exec rake notes_custom" do |output, lines|
           assert_match(/\[FIXME\] note in lib directory/, output)
           assert_match(/\[TODO\] note in test directory/, output)
           assert_no_match(/OPTIMIZE/, output)
           assert_no_match(/note in app directory/, output)
 
           assert_equal 2, lines.size
+          assert_equal [4], lines.map(&:size).uniq
+        end
+      end
 
-          lines.each do |line_number|
-            assert_equal 4, line_number.size
-          end
+      test 'register a new extension' do
+        add_to_config %q{ config.annotations.register_extensions("scss", "sass") { |annotation| /\/\/\s*(#{annotation}):?\s*(.*)$/ } }
+        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.scss", "// TODO: note in scss"
+        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.sass", "// TODO: note in sass"
+
+        run_rake_notes do |output, lines|
+          assert_match(/note in scss/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in sass/, output)
+          assert_equal 2, lines.size
         end
       end
 
       private
+
+      def run_rake_notes(command = 'bundle exec rake notes')
+        boot_rails
+        load_tasks
+
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          output = `#{command}`
+          lines  = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]\s/).flatten
+
+          yield output, lines
+        end
+      end
+
+      def load_tasks
+        require 'rake'
+        require 'rdoc/task'
+        require 'rake/testtask'
+
+        Rails.application.load_tasks
+      end
+
       def boot_rails
         super
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/templates_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/templates_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fca80debd..0000000000
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/templates_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-require "isolation/abstract_unit"
-
-module ApplicationTests
-  module RakeTests
-    class TemplatesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
-
-      def setup
-        build_app
-        require "rails/all"
-        super
-      end
-
-      def teardown
-        super
-        teardown_app
-      end
-
-      def test_rake_template
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          cmd = "bundle exec rake rails:template LOCATION=foo"
-          r,w = IO.pipe
-          Process.waitpid Process.spawn(cmd, out: w, err: w)
-          w.close
-          assert_match(/Could not find.*foo/, r.read)
-          r.close
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
index 317e73245c..e8c8de9f73 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
@@ -271,5 +271,16 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       end
     end
+
+    def test_template_load_initializers
+      app_file "config/initializers/dummy.rb", "puts 'Hello, World!'"
+      app_file "template.rb", ""
+
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        `bundle exec rake rails:template LOCATION=template.rb`
+      end
+
+      assert_match(/Hello, World!/, output)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/test_test.rb b/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
index a223180169..c724c867ec 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match %r{/app/test/unit/failing_test\.rb}, output
     end
 
-    test "migrations" do
+    test "ruby schema migrations" do
       output  = script('generate model user name:string')
       version = output.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
 
@@ -104,6 +104,95 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert !result.include?("create_table(:users)")
     end
 
+    test "sql structure migrations" do
+      output  = script('generate model user name:string')
+      version = output.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            User.create! name: "Jon"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'db/structure.sql', ''
+      app_file 'config/initializers/enable_sql_schema_format.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.active_record.schema_format = :sql
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_unsuccessful_run "models/user_test.rb", "Migrations are pending"
+
+      app_file 'db/structure.sql', <<-SQL
+        CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" varchar(255) NOT NULL);
+        CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "unique_schema_migrations" ON "schema_migrations" ("version");
+        CREATE TABLE "users" ("id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, "name" varchar(255));
+        INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ('#{version}');
+      SQL
+
+      app_file 'config/initializers/disable_maintain_test_schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.active_record.maintain_test_schema = false
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_unsuccessful_run "models/user_test.rb", "Could not find table 'users'"
+
+      File.delete "#{app_path}/config/initializers/disable_maintain_test_schema.rb"
+
+      assert_successful_test_run('models/user_test.rb')
+    end
+
+    test "sql structure migrations when adding column to existing table" do
+      output_1  = script('generate model user name:string')
+      version_1 = output_1.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            User.create! name: "Jon"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'config/initializers/enable_sql_schema_format.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.active_record.schema_format = :sql
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'db/structure.sql', <<-SQL
+        CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" varchar(255) NOT NULL);
+        CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "unique_schema_migrations" ON "schema_migrations" ("version");
+        CREATE TABLE "users" ("id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, "name" varchar(255));
+        INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ('#{version_1}');
+      SQL
+
+      assert_successful_test_run('models/user_test.rb')
+
+      output_2  = script('generate migration add_email_to_users')
+      version_2 = output_2.match(/(\d+)_add_email_to_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            User.create! name: "Jon", email: "jon@doe.com"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'db/structure.sql', <<-SQL
+        CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" varchar(255) NOT NULL);
+        CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "unique_schema_migrations" ON "schema_migrations" ("version");
+        CREATE TABLE "users" ("id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, "name" varchar(255), "email" varchar(255));
+        INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ('#{version_1}');
+        INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ('#{version_2}');
+      SQL
+
+      assert_successful_test_run('models/user_test.rb')
+    end
+
     private
       def assert_unsuccessful_run(name, message)
         result = run_test_file(name)
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
index a34beaedb3..4aea3e980f 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,13 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include EnvHelpers
 
   class FakeConsole
-    def self.start; end
+    def self.started?
+      @started
+    end
+
+    def self.start
+      @started = true
+    end
   end
 
   def test_sandbox_option
@@ -19,37 +25,47 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert console.sandbox?
   end
 
-  def test_debugger_option
-    console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments(["--debugger"]))
-    assert console.debugger?
-  end
-
   def test_no_options
     console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments([]))
-    assert !console.debugger?
     assert !console.sandbox?
   end
 
   def test_start
-    FakeConsole.expects(:start)
     start
+
+    assert app.console.started?
     assert_match(/Loading \w+ environment \(Rails/, output)
   end
 
-  def test_start_with_debugger
-    rails_console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments(["--debugger"]))
-    rails_console.expects(:require_debugger).returns(nil)
+  def test_start_with_sandbox
+    start ["--sandbox"]
+
 
-    silence_stream(STDOUT) { rails_console.start }
+    assert app.console.started?
+    assert app.sandbox
+    assert_match(/Loading \w+ environment in sandbox \(Rails/, output)
   end
 
-  def test_start_with_sandbox
-    app.expects(:sandbox=).with(true)
-    FakeConsole.expects(:start)
+  if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
+    def test_debugger_option
+      console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments(["--debugger"]))
+      assert console.debugger?
+    end
 
-    start ["--sandbox"]
+    def test_no_options_does_not_set_debugger_flag
+      console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments([]))
+      assert !console.debugger?
+    end
 
-    assert_match(/Loading \w+ environment in sandbox \(Rails/, output)
+    def test_start_with_debugger
+      stubbed_console = Class.new(Rails::Console) do
+        def require_debugger
+        end
+      end
+
+      rails_console = stubbed_console.new(app, parse_arguments(["--debugger"]))
+      silence_stream(STDOUT) { rails_console.start }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_console_with_environment
@@ -58,7 +74,7 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_console_defaults_to_IRB
-    app = build_app(console: nil)
+    app = build_app(nil)
     assert_equal IRB, Rails::Console.new(app).console
   end
 
@@ -109,8 +125,12 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_rails_env_is_dev_when_argument_is_dev_and_dev_env_is_present
-    Rails::Console.stubs(:available_environments).returns(['dev'])
-    options = Rails::Console.parse_arguments(['dev'])
+    stubbed_console = Class.new(Rails::Console) do
+      def available_environments
+        ['dev']
+      end
+    end
+    options = stubbed_console.parse_arguments(['dev'])
     assert_match('dev', options[:environment])
   end
 
@@ -125,15 +145,29 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def app
-    @app ||= build_app(console: FakeConsole)
+    @app ||= build_app(FakeConsole)
   end
 
-  def build_app(config)
-    config = mock("config", config)
-    app = mock("app", config: config)
-    app.stubs(:sandbox=).returns(nil)
-    app.expects(:load_console)
-    app
+  def build_app(console)
+    mocked_console = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :sandbox, :console
+
+      def initialize(console)
+        @console = console
+      end
+
+      def config
+        self
+      end
+
+      def sandbox=(arg)
+        @sandbox = arg
+      end
+
+      def load_console
+      end
+    end
+    mocked_console.new(console)
   end
 
   def parse_arguments(args)
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
index 24db395e6e..a3cd1eb0ed 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'minitest/mock'
 require 'rails/commands/dbconsole'
 
 class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -26,20 +27,21 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         "timeout"=> "3000"
       }
     }
-    app_db_config(config_sample)
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, config_sample["test"]
+    app_db_config(config_sample) do
+      assert_equal config_sample["test"], Rails::DBConsole.new.config
+    end
   end
 
   def test_config_with_no_db_config
-    app_db_config(nil)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified) {
-      Rails::DBConsole.new.config
-    }
+    app_db_config(nil) do
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified) {
+        Rails::DBConsole.new.config
+      }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_config_with_database_url_only
     ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = 'postgresql://foo:bar@localhost:9000/foo_test?pool=5&timeout=3000'
-    app_db_config(nil)
     expected = {
       "adapter"  => "postgresql",
       "host"     => "localhost",
@@ -50,7 +52,10 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       "pool"     => "5",
       "timeout"  => "3000"
     }.sort
-    assert_equal expected, Rails::DBConsole.new.config.sort
+
+    app_db_config(nil) do
+      assert_equal expected, Rails::DBConsole.new.config.sort
+    end
   end
 
   def test_config_choose_database_url_if_exists
@@ -68,68 +73,77 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         "timeout"  => "3000"
       }
     }
-    app_db_config(sample_config)
-    assert_equal host, Rails::DBConsole.new.config["host"]
+    app_db_config(sample_config) do
+      assert_equal host, Rails::DBConsole.new.config["host"]
+    end
   end
 
   def test_env
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "test"
+    assert_equal "test", Rails::DBConsole.new.environment
 
     ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = nil
     ENV['RACK_ENV'] = nil
 
-    Rails.stubs(:respond_to?).with(:env).returns(false)
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "development"
+    Rails.stub(:respond_to?, false) do
+      assert_equal "development", Rails::DBConsole.new.environment
 
-    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = "rack_env"
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "rack_env"
+      ENV['RACK_ENV'] = "rack_env"
+      assert_equal "rack_env", Rails::DBConsole.new.environment
 
-    ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = "rails_env"
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "rails_env"
+      ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = "rails_env"
+      assert_equal "rails_env", Rails::DBConsole.new.environment
+    end
   ensure
     ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = "test"
+    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = nil
   end
 
   def test_rails_env_is_development_when_argument_is_dev
-    Rails::DBConsole.stubs(:available_environments).returns(['development', 'test'])
-    options = Rails::DBConsole.new.send(:parse_arguments, ['dev'])
-    assert_match('development', options[:environment])
+    dbconsole = Rails::DBConsole.new
+
+    dbconsole.stub(:available_environments, ['development', 'test']) do
+      options = dbconsole.send(:parse_arguments, ['dev'])
+      assert_match('development', options[:environment])
+    end
   end
 
   def test_rails_env_is_dev_when_argument_is_dev_and_dev_env_is_present
-    Rails::DBConsole.stubs(:available_environments).returns(['dev'])
-    options = Rails::DBConsole.new.send(:parse_arguments, ['dev'])
-    assert_match('dev', options[:environment])
+    dbconsole = Rails::DBConsole.new
+
+    dbconsole.stub(:available_environments, ['dev']) do
+      options = dbconsole.send(:parse_arguments, ['dev'])
+      assert_match('dev', options[:environment])
+    end
   end
 
   def test_mysql
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with(%w[mysql mysql5], 'db')
     start(adapter: 'mysql', database: 'db')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal [%w[mysql mysql5], 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_mysql_full
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with(%w[mysql mysql5], '--host=locahost', '--port=1234', '--socket=socket', '--user=user', '--default-character-set=UTF-8', '-p', 'db')
     start(adapter: 'mysql', database: 'db', host: 'locahost', port: 1234, socket: 'socket', username: 'user', password: 'qwerty', encoding: 'UTF-8')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal [%w[mysql mysql5], '--host=locahost', '--port=1234', '--socket=socket', '--user=user', '--default-character-set=UTF-8', '-p', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_mysql_include_password
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with(%w[mysql mysql5], '--user=user', '--password=qwerty', 'db')
     start({adapter: 'mysql', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'qwerty'}, ['-p'])
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal [%w[mysql mysql5], '--user=user', '--password=qwerty', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_postgresql
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('psql', 'db')
     start(adapter: 'postgresql', database: 'db')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['psql', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_postgresql_full
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('psql', 'db')
     start(adapter: 'postgresql', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'q1w2e3', host: 'host', port: 5432)
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['psql', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
     assert_equal 'user', ENV['PGUSER']
     assert_equal 'host', ENV['PGHOST']
     assert_equal '5432', ENV['PGPORT']
@@ -137,60 +151,60 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_postgresql_include_password
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('psql', 'db')
     start({adapter: 'postgresql', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'q1w2e3'}, ['-p'])
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['psql', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
     assert_equal 'user', ENV['PGUSER']
     assert_equal 'q1w2e3', ENV['PGPASSWORD']
   end
 
   def test_sqlite
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite', 'db')
     start(adapter: 'sqlite', database: 'db')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlite', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s)
     start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'db.sqlite3')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlite3', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3_mode
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', '-html', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s)
     start({adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'db.sqlite3'}, ['--mode', 'html'])
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlite3', '-html', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3_header
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', '-header', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s)
     start({adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'db.sqlite3'}, ['--header'])
+    assert_equal ['sqlite3', '-header', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3_db_absolute_path
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', '/tmp/db.sqlite3')
     start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: '/tmp/db.sqlite3')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlite3', '/tmp/db.sqlite3'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3_db_without_defined_rails_root
-    Rails.stubs(:respond_to?)
-    Rails.expects(:respond_to?).with(:root).once.returns(false)
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', Rails.root.join('../config/db.sqlite3').to_s)
-    start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'config/db.sqlite3')
-    assert !aborted
+    Rails.stub(:respond_to?, false) do
+      start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'config/db.sqlite3')
+      assert !aborted
+      assert_equal ['sqlite3', Rails.root.join('../config/db.sqlite3').to_s], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
+    end
   end
 
   def test_oracle
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlplus', 'user@db')
     start(adapter: 'oracle', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'secret')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlplus', 'user@db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_oracle_include_password
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlplus', 'user/secret@db')
     start({adapter: 'oracle', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'secret'}, ['-p'])
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlplus', 'user/secret@db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_unknown_command_line_client
@@ -223,16 +237,27 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   private
 
   def app_db_config(results)
-    Rails.application.config.stubs(:database_configuration).returns(results || {})
+    Rails.application.config.stub(:database_configuration, results || {}) do
+      yield
+    end
   end
 
   def dbconsole
-    @dbconsole ||= Rails::DBConsole.new(nil)
+    @dbconsole ||= Class.new(Rails::DBConsole) do
+      attr_reader :find_cmd_and_exec_args
+
+      def find_cmd_and_exec(*args)
+        @find_cmd_and_exec_args = args
+      end
+    end.new(nil)
   end
 
   def start(config = {}, argv = [])
-    dbconsole.stubs(config: config.stringify_keys, arguments: argv)
-    capture_abort { dbconsole.start }
+    dbconsole.stub(:config, config.stringify_keys) do
+      dbconsole.stub(:arguments, argv) do
+        capture_abort { dbconsole.start }
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def capture_abort
diff --git a/railties/test/engine_test.rb b/railties/test/engine_test.rb
index 7970913d21..f46fb748f5 100644
--- a/railties/test/engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/engine_test.rb
@@ -11,4 +11,15 @@ class EngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert !engine.routes?
   end
+
+  def test_application_can_be_subclassed
+    klass = Class.new(Rails::Application) do
+      attr_reader :hello
+      def initialize
+        @hello = "world"
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "world", klass.instance.hello
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
index 0db40c1d32..2206e389b5 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
 require 'env_helpers'
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
 
 class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
@@ -41,13 +42,13 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_add_source_adds_source_to_gemfile
     run_generator
     action :add_source, 'http://gems.github.com'
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /source "http:\/\/gems\.github\.com"/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /source 'http:\/\/gems\.github\.com'/
   end
 
   def test_gem_should_put_gem_dependency_in_gemfile
     run_generator
     action :gem, 'will-paginate'
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem "will\-paginate"/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem 'will\-paginate'/
   end
 
   def test_gem_with_version_should_include_version_in_gemfile
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     action :gem, 'rspec', '>=2.0.0.a5'
 
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem "rspec", ">=2.0.0.a5"/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem 'rspec', '>=2.0.0.a5'/
   end
 
   def test_gem_should_insert_on_separate_lines
@@ -66,8 +67,8 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     action :gem, 'rspec'
     action :gem, 'rspec-rails'
 
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem "rspec"$/
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem "rspec-rails"$/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec'$/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec-rails'$/
   end
 
   def test_gem_should_include_options
@@ -75,7 +76,25 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     action :gem, 'rspec', github: 'dchelimsky/rspec', tag: '1.2.9.rc1'
 
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem "rspec", github: "dchelimsky\/rspec", tag: "1\.2\.9\.rc1"/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem 'rspec', github: 'dchelimsky\/rspec', tag: '1\.2\.9\.rc1'/
+  end
+
+  def test_gem_with_non_string_options
+    run_generator
+
+    action :gem, 'rspec', require: false
+    action :gem, 'rspec-rails', group: [:development, :test]
+
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec', require: false$/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec-rails', group: \[:development, :test\]$/
+  end
+
+  def test_gem_falls_back_to_inspect_if_string_contains_single_quote
+    run_generator
+
+    action :gem, 'rspec', ">=2.0'0"
+
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec', ">=2\.0'0"$/
   end
 
   def test_gem_group_should_wrap_gems_in_a_group
@@ -89,7 +108,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       gem 'fakeweb'
     end
 
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /\ngroup :development, :test do\n  gem "rspec-rails"\nend\n\ngroup :test do\n  gem "fakeweb"\nend/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /\ngroup :development, :test do\n  gem 'rspec-rails'\nend\n\ngroup :test do\n  gem 'fakeweb'\nend/
   end
 
   def test_environment_should_include_data_in_environment_initializer_block
@@ -234,7 +253,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   protected
 
     def action(*args, &block)
-      silence(:stdout){ generator.send(*args, &block) }
+      capture(:stdout){ generator.send(*args, &block) }
     end
 
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
index ddecee2ca1..d687a8f506 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
 require 'generators/shared_generator_tests'
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
 
 DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   .gitignore
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   bin/bundle
   bin/rails
   bin/rake
+  bin/setup
   config/environments
   config/initializers
   config/locales
@@ -119,7 +121,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true },
                                                                destination_root: app_moved_root, shell: @shell
     generator.send(:app_const)
-    quietly { generator.send(:create_config_files) }
+    quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
     assert_file "myapp_moved/config/environment.rb", /Rails\.application\.initialize!/
     assert_file "myapp_moved/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /_myapp_session/
   end
@@ -134,10 +136,46 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
     generator.send(:app_const)
-    quietly { generator.send(:create_config_files) }
+    quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
     assert_file "myapp/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /_myapp_session/
   end
 
+  def test_new_application_use_json_serialzier
+    run_generator
+
+    assert_file("config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb", /Rails\.application\.config\.action_dispatch\.cookies_serializer = :json/)
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_keep_the_cookie_serializer_if_it_is_already_configured
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    Rails.application.config.root = app_root
+    Rails.application.class.stubs(:name).returns("Myapp")
+    Rails.application.stubs(:is_a?).returns(Rails::Application)
+
+    generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+    generator.send(:app_const)
+    quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+    assert_file("#{app_root}/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb", /Rails\.application\.config\.action_dispatch\.cookies_serializer = :json/)
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_set_the_cookie_serializer_to_marchal_if_it_is_not_already_configured
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    FileUtils.rm("#{app_root}/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb")
+
+    Rails.application.config.root = app_root
+    Rails.application.class.stubs(:name).returns("Myapp")
+    Rails.application.stubs(:is_a?).returns(Rails::Application)
+
+    generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+    generator.send(:app_const)
+    quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+    assert_file("#{app_root}/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb", /Rails\.application\.config\.action_dispatch\.cookies_serializer = :marshal/)
+  end
+
   def test_application_names_are_not_singularized
     run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "hats")]
     assert_file "hats/config/environment.rb", /Rails\.application\.initialize!/
@@ -156,87 +194,20 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_config_database_is_added_by_default
     run_generator
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /sqlite3/
-    unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_gem "sqlite3"
-    else
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_arbitrary_code
-    output = Tempfile.open('my_template') do |template|
-      template.puts 'puts "You are using Rails version #{Rails::VERSION::STRING}."'
-      template.close
-      run_generator([destination_root, "-m", template.path])
-    end
-    assert_match 'You are using', output
-  end
-
-  def test_add_gemfile_entry
-    Tempfile.open('my_template') do |template|
-      template.puts 'gemfile_entry "tenderlove"'
-      template.flush
-      template.close
-      run_generator([destination_root, "-n", template.path])
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /tenderlove/
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_add_skip_entry
-    Tempfile.open 'my_template' do |template|
-      template.puts 'add_gem_entry_filter { |gem| gem.name != "jbuilder" }'
-      template.close
-
-      run_generator([destination_root, "-n", template.path])
-      assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
-        assert_no_match 'jbuilder', contents
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_remove_gem
-    Tempfile.open 'my_template' do |template|
-      template.puts 'remove_gem "jbuilder"'
-      template.close
-
-      run_generator([destination_root, "-n", template.path])
-      assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
-        assert_no_match 'jbuilder', contents
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_skip_turbolinks_when_it_is_not_on_gemfile
-    Tempfile.open 'my_template' do |template|
-      template.puts 'add_gem_entry_filter { |gem| gem.name != "turbolinks" }'
-      template.flush
-
-      run_generator([destination_root, "-n", template.path])
-      assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
-        assert_no_match 'turbolinks', contents
-      end
-
-      assert_file "app/views/layouts/application.html.erb" do |contents|
-        assert_no_match 'turbolinks', contents
-      end
-
-      assert_file "app/views/layouts/application.html.erb" do |contents|
-        assert_no_match('data-turbolinks-track', contents)
-      end
-
-      assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js" do |contents|
-        assert_no_match 'turbolinks', contents
-      end
+    else
+      assert_gem "sqlite3"
     end
   end
 
   def test_config_another_database
     run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "mysql"])
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /mysql/
-    unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_gem "mysql2"
-    else
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter"
+    else
+      assert_gem "mysql2"
     end
   end
 
@@ -248,10 +219,10 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_config_postgresql_database
     run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "postgresql"])
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /postgresql/
-    unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_gem "pg"
-    else
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter"
+    else
+      assert_gem "pg"
     end
   end
 
@@ -280,9 +251,9 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_gem "activerecord-jdbc-adapter"
   end
 
-  def test_config_jdbc_database_when_no_option_given
-    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      run_generator([destination_root])
+  if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+    def test_config_jdbc_database_when_no_option_given
+      run_generator
       assert_file "config/database.yml", /sqlite3/
       assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"
     end
@@ -304,6 +275,7 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_generator_if_skip_sprockets_is_given
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-sprockets"]
+    assert_no_file "config/initializers/assets.rb"
     assert_file "config/application.rb" do |content|
       assert_match(/#\s+require\s+["']sprockets\/railtie["']/, content)
     end
@@ -319,23 +291,15 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.digest = true/, content)
       assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.js_compressor = :uglifier/, content)
       assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.css_compressor = :sass/, content)
-      assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.version = '1\.0'/, content)
     end
   end
 
   def test_inclusion_of_javascript_runtime
-    run_generator([destination_root])
+    run_generator
     if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "therubyrhino"
     else
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem\s+["']therubyracer["']+, \s+platforms: :ruby$/
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_inclusion_of_plateform_dependent_gems
-    run_generator([destination_root])
-    if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
-      assert_gem 'rubysl'
+      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'therubyracer', platforms: :ruby/
     end
   end
 
@@ -376,17 +340,20 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_inclusion_of_jbuilder
     run_generator
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /gem 'jbuilder'/
+    assert_gem 'jbuilder'
   end
 
-  def test_inclusion_of_debugger
+  def test_inclusion_of_a_debugger
     run_generator
     if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/byebug/, content)
         assert_no_match(/debugger/, content)
       end
+    elsif RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
+      assert_gem 'debugger'
     else
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'debugger'/
+      assert_gem 'byebug'
     end
   end
 
@@ -428,10 +395,11 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test-unit", "--skip-active-record"]
     assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']rails\/test_unit\/railtie["']/
     assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']active_record\/railtie["']/
+    assert_file "config/application.rb", /\s+require\s+["']active_job\/railtie["']/
   end
 
   def test_new_hash_style
-    run_generator [destination_root]
+    run_generator
     assert_file "config/initializers/session_store.rb" do |file|
       assert_match(/config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_.+_session'/, file)
     end
@@ -452,9 +420,14 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "foo bar/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /key: '_foo_bar/
   end
 
+  def test_web_console
+    run_generator
+    assert_gem 'web-console'
+  end
+
   def test_spring
     run_generator
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /gem 'spring', \s+group: :development/
+    assert_gem 'spring'
   end
 
   def test_spring_binstubs
@@ -482,13 +455,80 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-protected
+  def test_generator_if_skip_gems_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-gems", "turbolinks", "coffee-rails"]
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/turbolinks/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/coffee-rails/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/application.html.erb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/data-turbolinks-track/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/turbolinks/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gitignore_when_sqlite3
+    run_generator
+
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |content|
+      assert_match(/sqlite3/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gitignore_when_no_active_record
+    run_generator [destination_root, '--skip-active-record']
+
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/sqlite/i, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gitignore_when_non_sqlite3_db
+    run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "mysql"])
+
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/sqlite/i, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_psych_gem
+    run_generator
+    gem_regex = /gem 'psych',\s+'~> 2.0', \s+platforms: :rbx/
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      if defined?(Rubinius)
+        assert_match(gem_regex, content)
+      else
+        assert_no_match(gem_regex, content)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_after_bundle_callback
+    path = 'http://example.org/rails_template'
+    template = %{ after_bundle { run 'echo ran after_bundle' } }
+    template.instance_eval "def read; self; end" # Make the string respond to read
+
+    generator([destination_root], template: path).expects(:open).with(path, 'Accept' => 'application/x-thor-template').returns(template)
+
+    bundler_first = sequence('bundle, binstubs, after_bundle')
+    generator.expects(:bundle_command).with('install').once.in_sequence(bundler_first)
+    generator.expects(:bundle_command).with('exec spring binstub --all').in_sequence(bundler_first)
+    generator.expects(:run).with('echo ran after_bundle').in_sequence(bundler_first)
+
+    quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+  end
+
+  protected
 
   def action(*args, &block)
-    silence(:stdout) { generator.send(*args, &block) }
+    capture(:stdout) { generator.send(*args, &block) }
   end
 
   def assert_gem(gem)
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']#{gem}["']$/
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /^\s*gem\s+["']#{gem}["']$*/
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb
index a94350cbd7..31e07bc8da 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module Rails
           output    = nil
           exit_code = nil
           scrubber.extend(Module.new {
-            define_method(:puts) { |str| output = str }
+            define_method(:puts) { |string| output = string }
             define_method(:exit) { |code| exit_code = code }
           })
           scrubber.prepare!
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
index 4b2f8539d0..a7d56dd352 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
@@ -28,13 +28,11 @@ class ControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_invokes_helper
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/helpers/account_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/account_helper_test.rb"
   end
 
   def test_does_not_invoke_helper_if_required
     run_generator ["account", "--skip-helper"]
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/account_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/account_helper_test.rb"
   end
 
   def test_invokes_assets
@@ -70,6 +68,13 @@ class ControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "config/routes.rb", /get 'account\/foo'/, /get 'account\/bar'/
   end
 
+  def test_skip_routes
+    run_generator ["account", "foo", "--skip-routes"]
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb" do |routes|
+      assert_no_match(/get 'account\/foo'/, routes)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_invokes_default_template_engine_even_with_no_action
     run_generator ["account"]
     assert_file "app/views/account"
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/generator_test.rb
index 94d2c1bf50..7871399dd7 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generator_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/test_case'
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
 require 'rails/generators/app_base'
-require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb b/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
index 77ec2f1c0c..6cc91f166b 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module Rails
   class << self
     remove_possible_method :root
     def root
-      @root ||= File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'fixtures'))
+      @root ||= Pathname.new(File.expand_path('../../fixtures', __FILE__))
     end
   end
 end
@@ -41,4 +41,12 @@ module GeneratorsTestHelper
     FileUtils.mkdir_p(destination)
     FileUtils.cp routes, destination
   end
+
+  def quietly
+    silence_stream(STDOUT) do
+      silence_stream(STDERR) do
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
index 81d4fcb129..add04f21a4 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
@@ -13,26 +13,11 @@ class HelperGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "app/helpers/admin_helper.rb", /module AdminHelper/
   end
 
-  def test_invokes_default_test_framework
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "test/helpers/admin_helper_test.rb", /class AdminHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase/
-  end
-
-  def test_logs_if_the_test_framework_cannot_be_found
-    content = run_generator ["admin", "--test-framework=rspec"]
-    assert_match(/rspec \[not found\]/, content)
-  end
-
   def test_check_class_collision
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator ["object"] }
     assert_match(/The name 'ObjectHelper' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
   end
 
-  def test_check_class_collision_on_tests
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator ["another_object"] }
-    assert_match(/The name 'AnotherObjectHelperTest' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
-  end
-
   def test_namespaced_and_not_namespaced_helpers
     run_generator ["products"]
 
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
index d209801f60..25649881eb 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
@@ -69,12 +69,12 @@ class MailerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_invokes_default_text_template_engine
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/views/notifier/foo.text.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(app/views/notifier/foo\.text\.erb), view)
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/foo\.text\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
 
     assert_file "app/views/notifier/bar.text.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(app/views/notifier/bar\.text\.erb), view)
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/bar\.text\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
   end
@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@ class MailerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_invokes_default_html_template_engine
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/views/notifier/foo.html.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(app/views/notifier/foo\.html\.erb), view)
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/foo\.html\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
 
     assert_file "app/views/notifier/bar.html.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(app/views/notifier/bar\.html\.erb), view)
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/bar\.html\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
index d876597944..72f5fe29ca 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
@@ -159,6 +159,18 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_add_migration_with_required_references
+    migration = "add_references_to_books"
+    run_generator [migration, "author:belongs_to{required}", "distributor:references{polymorphic,required}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :author, index: true, null: false/, change)
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :distributor, polymorphic: true, index: true, null: false/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_create_join_table_migration
     migration = "add_media_join_table"
     run_generator [migration, "artist_id", "musics:uniq"]
@@ -197,4 +209,54 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_properly_identifies_usage_file
     assert generator_class.send(:usage_path)
   end
+
+  def test_migration_with_singular_table_name
+    with_singular_table_name do
+      migration = "add_title_body_to_post"
+      run_generator [migration, 'title:string']
+      assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+        assert_method :change, content do |change|
+          assert_match(/add_column :post, :title, :string/, change)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_join_table_migration_with_singular_table_name
+    with_singular_table_name do
+      migration = "add_media_join_table"
+      run_generator [migration, "artist_id", "music:uniq"]
+
+      assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+        assert_method :change, content do |change|
+          assert_match(/create_join_table :artist, :music/, change)
+          assert_match(/# t.index \[:artist_id, :music_id\]/, change)
+          assert_match(/  t.index \[:music_id, :artist_id\], unique: true/, change)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_table_migration_with_singular_table_name
+    with_singular_table_name do
+      run_generator ["create_book", "title:string", "content:text"]
+      assert_migration "db/migrate/create_book.rb" do |content|
+        assert_method :change, content do |change|
+          assert_match(/create_table :book/, change)
+          assert_match(/  t\.string :title/, change)
+          assert_match(/  t\.text :content/, change)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    def with_singular_table_name
+      old_state = ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
+      ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = old_state
+    end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
index 01ab77ee20..c78597c81b 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 
 class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
@@ -34,6 +35,13 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb"
   end
 
+  def test_plural_names_are_singularized
+    content = run_generator ["accounts".freeze]
+    assert_file "app/models/account.rb", /class Account < ActiveRecord::Base/
+    assert_file "test/models/account_test.rb", /class AccountTest/
+    assert_match(/\[WARNING\] The model name 'accounts' was recognized as a plural, using the singular 'account' instead\. Override with --force-plural or setup custom inflection rules for this noun before running the generator\./, content)
+  end
+
   def test_model_with_underscored_parent_option
     run_generator ["account", "--parent", "admin/account"]
     assert_file "app/models/account.rb", /class Account < Admin::Account/
@@ -215,7 +223,7 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_migration_with_timestamps
     run_generator
-    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb", /t.timestamps/
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb", /t.timestamps null: false/
   end
 
   def test_migration_timestamps_are_skipped
@@ -356,6 +364,49 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_required_belongs_to_adds_required_association
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{required}"]
+
+    expected_file = <<-FILE.strip_heredoc
+    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+      belongs_to :supplier, required: true
+    end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/account.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
+  def test_required_polymorphic_belongs_to_generages_correct_model
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{required,polymorphic}"]
+
+    expected_file = <<-FILE.strip_heredoc
+    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+      belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true, required: true
+    end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/account.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
+  def test_required_and_polymorphic_are_order_independent
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{polymorphic.required}"]
+
+    expected_file = <<-FILE.strip_heredoc
+    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+      belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true, required: true
+    end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/account.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
+  def test_required_adds_null_false_to_column
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{required}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
+      assert_method :change, m do |up|
+        assert_match(/t\.references :supplier,.*\snull: false/, up)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_generated_fixture(path, parsed_contents)
       fixture_file = File.new File.expand_path(path, destination_root)
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
index ac5cfff229..4199e00b0d 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator'
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
 
 # Mock out what we need from AR::Base.
 module ActiveRecord
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
index d677c21f15..7eeb084eab 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ class NamespacedControllerGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
   def test_helper_is_also_namespaced
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/helpers/test_app/account_helper.rb", /module TestApp/, /  module AccountHelper/
-    assert_file "test/helpers/test_app/account_helper_test.rb", /module TestApp/, /  class AccountHelperTest/
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_test_framework
@@ -229,7 +228,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/test_app/product_lines_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/test_app/product_lines_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -260,7 +258,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/test_app/product_lines_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/test_app/product_lines_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets (should not be removed)
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -297,7 +294,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/test_app/admin/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/test_app/admin/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -329,7 +325,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/test_app/admin/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/test_app/admin/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets (should not be removed)
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -366,7 +361,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/test_app/admin/user/special/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/test_app/admin/user/special/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -397,7 +391,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/test_app/admin/user/special/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/test_app/admin/user/special/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets (should not be removed)
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
index 932cd75bcb..985644e8af 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator'
 require 'generators/shared_generator_tests'
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
 
 DEFAULT_PLUGIN_FILES = %w(
   .gitignore
@@ -64,14 +65,17 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "test/integration/navigation_test.rb", /ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest/
   end
 
-  def test_inclusion_of_debugger
+  def test_inclusion_of_a_debugger
     run_generator [destination_root, '--full']
     if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/byebug/, content)
         assert_no_match(/debugger/, content)
       end
-    else
+    elsif RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
       assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'debugger'/
+    else
+      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'byebug'/
     end
   end
 
@@ -91,7 +95,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generating_adds_dummy_app_without_javascript_and_assets_deps
-    run_generator [destination_root]
+    run_generator
 
     assert_file "test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css"
 
@@ -156,7 +160,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_match(/bukkits/, contents)
     end
     assert_match(/run  bundle install/, result)
-    assert_match(/Using bukkits \(0\.0\.1\)/, result)
+    assert_match(/Using bukkits \(?0\.0\.1\)?/, result)
     assert_match(/Your bundle is complete/, result)
     assert_equal 1, result.scan("Your bundle is complete").size
   end
@@ -185,22 +189,22 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator
     FileUtils.cd destination_root
     quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test`)
+    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test 2>&1`)
   end
 
   def test_ensure_that_tests_works_in_full_mode
     run_generator [destination_root, "--full", "--skip_active_record"]
     FileUtils.cd destination_root
     quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test`)
+    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test 2>&1`)
   end
 
   def test_ensure_that_migration_tasks_work_with_mountable_option
     run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable"]
     FileUtils.cd destination_root
     quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-    `bundle exec rake db:migrate`
-    assert_equal 0, $?.exitstatus
+    output = `bundle exec rake db:migrate 2>&1`
+    assert $?.success?, "Command failed: #{output}"
   end
 
   def test_creating_engine_in_full_mode
@@ -309,7 +313,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_file "bukkits.gemspec"
     assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
       assert_no_match('gemspec', contents)
-      assert_match(/gem "rails", "~> #{Rails.version}"/, contents)
+      assert_match(/gem 'rails', '~> #{Rails.version}'/, contents)
       assert_match_sqlite3(contents)
       assert_no_match(/# gem "jquery-rails"/, contents)
     end
@@ -320,7 +324,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_file "bukkits.gemspec"
     assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
       assert_no_match('gemspec', contents)
-      assert_match(/gem "rails", "~> #{Rails.version}"/, contents)
+      assert_match(/gem 'rails', '~> #{Rails.version}'/, contents)
       assert_match_sqlite3(contents)
     end
   end
@@ -331,7 +335,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     Object.const_set('APP_PATH', Rails.root)
     FileUtils.touch gemfile_path
 
-    run_generator [destination_root]
+    run_generator
 
     assert_file gemfile_path, /gem 'bukkits', path: 'tmp\/bukkits'/
   ensure
@@ -355,6 +359,52 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     FileUtils.rm gemfile_path
   end
 
+  def test_generating_controller_inside_mountable_engine
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable"]
+
+    capture(:stdout) do
+      `#{destination_root}/bin/rails g controller admin/dashboard foo`
+    end
+
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb" do |contents|
+      assert_match(/namespace :admin/, contents)
+      assert_no_match(/namespace :bukkit/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_git_name_and_email_in_gemspec_file
+    name = `git config user.name`.chomp rescue "TODO: Write your name"
+    email = `git config user.email`.chomp rescue "TODO: Write your email address"
+
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
+      assert_match name, contents
+      assert_match email, contents
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_git_name_in_license_file
+    name = `git config user.name`.chomp rescue "TODO: Write your name"
+
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "MIT-LICENSE" do |contents|
+      assert_match name, contents
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_no_details_from_git_when_skip_git
+    name = "TODO: Write your name"
+    email = "TODO: Write your email address"
+
+    run_generator [destination_root, '--skip-git']
+    assert_file "MIT-LICENSE" do |contents|
+      assert_match name, contents
+    end
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
+      assert_match name, contents
+      assert_match email, contents
+    end
+  end
 
 protected
   def action(*args, &block)
@@ -366,10 +416,10 @@ protected
   end
 
   def assert_match_sqlite3(contents)
-    unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem "sqlite3"\nend/, contents)
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem 'activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter'\nend/, contents)
     else
-      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"\nend/, contents)
+      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem 'sqlite3'\nend/, contents)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb
index 3d4e694361..581d80d60e 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ class ResourceGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "test/controllers/accounts_controller_test.rb", /class AccountsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/
 
     assert_file "app/helpers/accounts_helper.rb", /module AccountsHelper/
-    assert_file "test/helpers/accounts_helper_test.rb", /class AccountsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase/
   end
 
   def test_resource_controller_with_actions
@@ -63,19 +62,19 @@ class ResourceGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     content = run_generator ["accounts".freeze]
     assert_file "app/models/account.rb", /class Account < ActiveRecord::Base/
     assert_file "test/models/account_test.rb", /class AccountTest/
-    assert_match(/Plural version of the model detected, using singularized version. Override with --force-plural./, content)
+    assert_match(/\[WARNING\] The model name 'accounts' was recognized as a plural, using the singular 'account' instead\. Override with --force-plural or setup custom inflection rules for this noun before running the generator\./, content)
   end
 
   def test_plural_names_can_be_forced
     content = run_generator ["accounts", "--force-plural"]
     assert_file "app/models/accounts.rb", /class Accounts < ActiveRecord::Base/
     assert_file "test/models/accounts_test.rb", /class AccountsTest/
-    assert_no_match(/Plural version of the model detected/, content)
+    assert_no_match(/\[WARNING\]/, content)
   end
 
   def test_mass_nouns_do_not_throw_warnings
     content = run_generator ["sheep".freeze]
-    assert_no_match(/Plural version of the model detected/, content)
+    assert_no_match(/\[WARNING\]/, content)
   end
 
   def test_route_is_removed_on_revoke
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
index 26e56a162c..ca972a3bdd 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_helper_are_invoked_with_a_pluralized_name
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/helpers/users_helper.rb", /module UsersHelper/
-    assert_file "test/helpers/users_helper_test.rb", /class UsersHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase/
   end
 
   def test_views_are_generated
@@ -93,6 +92,14 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_file "app/views/layouts/users.html.erb"
   end
 
+  def test_index_page_have_notice
+    run_generator
+
+    %w(index show).each do |view|
+      assert_file "app/views/users/#{view}.html.erb", /notice/
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_functional_tests
     run_generator ["User", "name:string", "age:integer", "organization:references{polymorphic}"]
 
@@ -118,7 +125,6 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_skip_helper_if_required
     run_generator ["User", "name:string", "age:integer", "--no-helper"]
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/users_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/users_helper_test.rb"
   end
 
   def test_skip_layout_if_required
@@ -160,13 +166,6 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     Unknown::Generators.send :remove_const, :ActiveModel
   end
 
-  def test_new_hash_style
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "app/controllers/users_controller.rb" do |content|
-      assert_match(/render action: 'new'/, content)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_model_name_option
     run_generator ["Admin::User", "--model-name=User"]
     assert_file "app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb" do |content|
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
index 524bbde2b7..637bde2a44 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
@@ -70,7 +70,6 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/product_lines_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/product_lines_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Assets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -114,7 +113,6 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/product_lines_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/product_lines_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Assets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css", /:visited/
@@ -182,7 +180,6 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/admin/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/admin/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Assets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css", /:visited/
@@ -216,7 +213,6 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/admin/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/admin/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Assets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb b/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
index 8e198d5fe1..b998fef42e 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
@@ -78,9 +78,12 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
   end
 
   def test_template_raises_an_error_with_invalid_path
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "non/existent/path"]) }
-    assert_match(/The template \[.*\] could not be loaded/, content)
-    assert_match(/non\/existent\/path/, content)
+    quietly do
+      content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "non/existent/path"]) }
+
+      assert_match(/The template \[.*\] could not be loaded/, content)
+      assert_match(/non\/existent\/path/, content)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_template_is_executed_when_supplied
@@ -89,7 +92,7 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     template.instance_eval "def read; self; end" # Make the string respond to read
 
     generator([destination_root], template: path).expects(:open).with(path, 'Accept' => 'application/x-thor-template').returns(template)
-    assert_match(/It works!/, capture(:stdout) { generator.invoke_all })
+    quietly { assert_match(/It works!/, capture(:stdout) { generator.invoke_all }) }
   end
 
   def test_template_is_executed_when_supplied_an_https_path
@@ -98,7 +101,7 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     template.instance_eval "def read; self; end" # Make the string respond to read
 
     generator([destination_root], template: path).expects(:open).with(path, 'Accept' => 'application/x-thor-template').returns(template)
-    assert_match(/It works!/, capture(:stdout) { generator.invoke_all })
+    quietly { assert_match(/It works!/, capture(:stdout) { generator.invoke_all }) }
   end
 
   def test_dev_option
diff --git a/railties/test/generators_test.rb b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
index eac28badfe..127e059bf1 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator'
 require 'rails/generators/test_unit/model/model_generator'
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
 
 class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
@@ -21,8 +22,16 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_invoke_when_generator_is_not_found
-    output = capture(:stdout){ Rails::Generators.invoke :unknown }
-    assert_equal "Could not find generator unknown.\n", output
+    name = :unknown
+    output = capture(:stdout){ Rails::Generators.invoke name }
+    assert_match "Could not find generator '#{name}'", output
+    assert_match "`rails generate --help`", output
+  end
+
+  def test_generator_suggestions
+    name = :migrationz
+    output = capture(:stdout){ Rails::Generators.invoke name }
+    assert_match "Maybe you meant 'migration'", output
   end
 
   def test_help_when_a_generator_with_required_arguments_is_invoked_without_arguments
@@ -143,6 +152,8 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     klass = Rails::Generators.find_by_namespace(:plugin, :remarkable)
     assert klass
     assert_equal "test_unit:plugin", klass.namespace
+  ensure
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:remarkable)
   end
 
   def test_fallbacks_for_generators_on_find_by_namespace_with_context
@@ -150,18 +161,26 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     klass = Rails::Generators.find_by_namespace(:remarkable, :rails, :plugin)
     assert klass
     assert_equal "test_unit:plugin", klass.namespace
+  ensure
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:remarkable)
   end
 
   def test_fallbacks_for_generators_on_invoke
     Rails::Generators.fallbacks[:shoulda] = :test_unit
     TestUnit::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
     Rails::Generators.invoke "shoulda:model", ["Account"]
+  ensure
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:shoulda)
   end
 
   def test_nested_fallbacks_for_generators
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks[:shoulda] = :test_unit
     Rails::Generators.fallbacks[:super_shoulda] = :shoulda
     TestUnit::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
     Rails::Generators.invoke "super_shoulda:model", ["Account"]
+  ensure
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:shoulda)
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:super_shoulda)
   end
 
   def test_developer_options_are_overwritten_by_user_options
diff --git a/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb b/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
index 6c50911666..b38cc4277e 100644
--- a/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -276,8 +276,12 @@ module TestHelpers
     end
 
     def use_frameworks(arr)
-      to_remove =  [:actionmailer,
-                    :activerecord] - arr
+      to_remove = [:actionmailer, :activerecord] - arr
+
+      if to_remove.include?(:activerecord)
+        remove_from_config 'config.active_record.*'
+      end
+
       $:.reject! {|path| path =~ %r'/(#{to_remove.join('|')})/' }
     end
 
@@ -291,6 +295,33 @@ class ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include TestHelpers::Paths
   include TestHelpers::Rack
   include TestHelpers::Generation
+
+  private
+
+  def capture(stream)
+    stream = stream.to_s
+    captured_stream = Tempfile.new(stream)
+    stream_io = eval("$#{stream}")
+    origin_stream = stream_io.dup
+    stream_io.reopen(captured_stream)
+
+    yield
+
+    stream_io.rewind
+    return captured_stream.read
+  ensure
+    captured_stream.close
+    captured_stream.unlink
+    stream_io.reopen(origin_stream)
+  end
+
+  def quietly
+    silence_stream(STDOUT) do
+      silence_stream(STDERR) do
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 # Create a scope and build a fixture rails app
diff --git a/railties/test/path_generation_test.rb b/railties/test/path_generation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13bf29d3c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/path_generation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
+require 'rails'
+require 'rails/application'
+
+ROUTING = ActionDispatch::Routing
+
+class PathGenerationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  attr_reader :app
+
+  class TestSet < ROUTING::RouteSet
+    def initialize(block)
+      @block = block
+      super()
+    end
+
+    class Dispatcher < ROUTING::RouteSet::Dispatcher
+      def initialize(defaults, set, block)
+        super(defaults)
+        @block = block
+        @set = set
+      end
+
+      def controller_reference(controller_param)
+        block = @block
+        set = @set
+        Class.new(ActionController::Base) {
+          include set.url_helpers
+          define_method(:process) { |name| block.call(self) }
+          def to_a; [200, {}, []]; end
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def dispatcher defaults
+      TestSet::Dispatcher.new defaults, self, @block
+    end
+  end
+
+  def send_request(uri_or_host, method, path, script_name = nil)
+    host = uri_or_host.host unless path
+    path ||= uri_or_host.path
+
+    params = {'PATH_INFO'      => path,
+              'REQUEST_METHOD' => method,
+              'HTTP_HOST'      => host }
+
+    params['SCRIPT_NAME'] = script_name if script_name
+
+    status, headers, body = app.call(params)
+    new_body = []
+    body.each { |part| new_body << part }
+    body.close if body.respond_to? :close
+    [status, headers, new_body]
+  end
+
+  def test_original_script_name
+    original_logger = Rails.logger
+    Rails.logger    = Logger.new nil
+
+    app = Class.new(Rails::Application) {
+      attr_accessor :controller
+      def initialize
+        super
+        app = self
+        @routes = TestSet.new ->(c) { app.controller = c }
+        secrets.secret_key_base = "foo"
+        secrets.secret_token = "foo"
+      end
+      def app; routes; end
+    }
+
+    @app = app
+    app.routes.draw { resource :blogs }
+
+    url = URI("http://example.org/blogs")
+
+    send_request(url, 'GET', nil, '/FOO')
+    assert_equal '/FOO/blogs', app.instance.controller.blogs_path
+
+    send_request(url, 'GET', nil)
+    assert_equal '/blogs', app.instance.controller.blogs_path
+  ensure
+    Rails.logger = original_logger
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/paths_test.rb b/railties/test/paths_test.rb
index ed4559ec6f..1aeb9ec339 100644
--- a/railties/test/paths_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/paths_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rails/paths'
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
 
 class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
diff --git a/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb b/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb
index 6ebd47fff9..fcc79b57fb 100644
--- a/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ module Rails
       def setup
         @subscriber = Subscriber.new
         @notifier = ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier
-        notifier.subscribe 'request.action_dispatch', subscriber
+        @subscription = notifier.subscribe 'request.action_dispatch', subscriber
       end
 
       def teardown
-        notifier.unsubscribe subscriber
+        notifier.unsubscribe @subscription
       end
 
       def test_notification
diff --git a/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb b/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
index a9b237d0a5..8d61af4972 100644
--- a/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
 
 module ActionController
   class Base
diff --git a/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb b/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
index 44a5fd1904..4bec302ff8 100644
--- a/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
@@ -66,16 +66,6 @@ class InfoTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   protected
-    def svn_info=(info)
-      Rails::Info.module_eval do
-        class << self
-          def svn_info
-            info
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     def properties
       Rails::Info.properties
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
index c4b18e9ea5..1976466229 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
     test "serving sprocket's assets" do
       @plugin.write "app/assets/javascripts/engine.js.erb", "<%= :alert %>();"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
 
       boot_rails
       require 'rack/test'
@@ -111,6 +112,74 @@ module RailtiesTest
       end
     end
 
+    test 'respects the order of railties when installing migrations' do
+      @blog = engine "blog" do |plugin|
+        plugin.write "lib/blog.rb", <<-RUBY
+          module Blog
+            class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      @plugin.write "db/migrate/1_create_users.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @blog.write "db/migrate/2_create_blogs.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateBlogs < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config("config.railties_order = [Bukkits::Engine, Blog::Engine, :all, :main_app]")
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        output  = `bundle exec rake railties:install:migrations`.split("\n")
+
+        assert_match(/Copied migration \d+_create_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output.first)
+        assert_match(/Copied migration \d+_create_blogs.blog_engine.rb from blog_engine/, output.last)
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "dont reverse default railties order" do
+      @api = engine "api" do |plugin|
+        plugin.write "lib/api.rb", <<-RUBY
+          module Api
+            class Engine < ::Rails::Engine; end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      # added last but here is loaded before api engine
+      @core = engine "core" do |plugin|
+        plugin.write "lib/core.rb", <<-RUBY
+          module Core
+            class Engine < ::Rails::Engine; end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      @core.write "db/migrate/1_create_users.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration; end
+      RUBY
+
+      @api.write "db/migrate/2_create_keys.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateKeys < ActiveRecord::Migration; end
+      RUBY
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        output  = `bundle exec rake railties:install:migrations`.split("\n")
+
+        assert_match(/Copied migration \d+_create_users.core_engine.rb from core_engine/, output.first)
+        assert_match(/Copied migration \d+_create_keys.api_engine.rb from api_engine/, output.last)
+      end
+    end
+
     test "mountable engine should copy migrations within engine_path" do
       @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Bukkits
@@ -592,11 +661,15 @@ YAML
       @plugin.write "app/models/bukkits/post.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Bukkits
           class Post
-            extend ActiveModel::Naming
+            include ActiveModel::Model
 
             def to_param
               "1"
             end
+
+            def persisted?
+              true
+            end
           end
         end
       RUBY
@@ -704,8 +777,7 @@ YAML
       @plugin.write "app/models/bukkits/post.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Bukkits
           class Post
-            extend ActiveModel::Naming
-            include ActiveModel::Conversion
+            include ActiveModel::Model
             attr_accessor :title
 
             def to_param
@@ -1077,6 +1149,7 @@ YAML
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config("config.railties_order = [:all, :main_app, Blog::Engine]")
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
 
       boot_rails
 
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
index 0ef2ff2e2e..fb2071c7c3 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
@@ -88,18 +88,14 @@ module ApplicationTests
       @plugin.write "app/models/blog/post.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Blog
           class Post
-            extend ActiveModel::Naming
+            include ActiveModel::Model
 
             def id
               44
             end
 
-            def to_param
-              id.to_s
-            end
-
-            def new_record?
-              false
+            def persisted?
+              true
             end
           end
         end
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
index 4cbd4822be..5042d628cf 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
@@ -72,6 +72,14 @@ module RailtiesTest
       assert $to_prepare
     end
 
+    test "railtie have access to application in before_configuration callbacks" do
+      $before_configuration = false
+      class Foo < Rails::Railtie ; config.before_configuration { $before_configuration = Rails.root.to_path } ; end
+      assert_not $before_configuration
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal app_path, $before_configuration
+    end
+
     test "railtie can add after_initialize callbacks" do
       $after_initialize = false
       class Foo < Rails::Railtie ; config.after_initialize { $after_initialize = true } ; end
diff --git a/railties/test/version_test.rb b/railties/test/version_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f270d8f0c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/version_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class VersionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_rails_version_returns_a_string
+    assert Rails.version.is_a? String
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_gem_version_returns_a_correct_gem_version_object
+    assert Rails.gem_version.is_a? Gem::Version
+    assert_equal Rails.version, Rails.gem_version.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/tasks/release.rb b/tasks/release.rb
index 439a9e0c05..de05dfad99 100644
--- a/tasks/release.rb
+++ b/tasks/release.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FRAMEWORKS = %w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionview actionpack actionmailer railties )
+FRAMEWORKS = %w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionview actionpack actionmailer railties activejob )
 
 root    = File.expand_path('../../', __FILE__)
 version = File.read("#{root}/RAILS_VERSION").strip
@@ -15,38 +15,37 @@ directory "pkg"
       rm_f gem
     end
 
-    task :update_version_rb do
+    task :update_versions do
       glob = root.dup
-      glob << "/#{framework}/lib/*" unless framework == "rails"
-      glob << "/version.rb"
+      if framework == "rails"
+        glob << "/version.rb"
+      else
+        glob << "/#{framework}/lib/*"
+        glob << "/gem_version.rb"
+      end
 
       file = Dir[glob].first
       ruby = File.read(file)
 
-      if framework == "rails" || framework == "railties"
-        major, minor, tiny, pre = version.split('.')
-        pre = pre ? pre.inspect : "nil"
+      major, minor, tiny, pre = version.split('.')
+      pre = pre ? pre.inspect : "nil"
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MAJOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MAJOR = #{major}")
-        raise "Could not insert MAJOR in #{file}" unless $1
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MAJOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MAJOR = #{major}")
+      raise "Could not insert MAJOR in #{file}" unless $1
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MINOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MINOR = #{minor}")
-        raise "Could not insert MINOR in #{file}" unless $1
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MINOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MINOR = #{minor}")
+      raise "Could not insert MINOR in #{file}" unless $1
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)TINY(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1TINY  = #{tiny}")
-        raise "Could not insert TINY in #{file}" unless $1
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)TINY(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1TINY  = #{tiny}")
+      raise "Could not insert TINY in #{file}" unless $1
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)PRE(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1PRE   = #{pre}")
-        raise "Could not insert PRE in #{file}" unless $1
-      else
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)Gem::Version\.new .*?$/, "\\1Gem::Version.new \"#{version}\"")
-        raise "Could not insert Gem::Version in #{file}" unless $1
-      end
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)PRE(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1PRE   = #{pre}")
+      raise "Could not insert PRE in #{file}" unless $1
 
       File.open(file, 'w') { |f| f.write ruby }
     end
 
-    task gem => %w(update_version_rb pkg) do
+    task gem => %w(update_versions pkg) do
       cmd = ""
       cmd << "cd #{framework} && " unless framework == "rails"
       cmd << "gem build #{gemspec} && mv #{framework}-#{version}.gem #{root}/pkg/"
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ end
 
 namespace :changelog do
   task :release_date do
-    FRAMEWORKS.each do |fw|
+    (FRAMEWORKS + ['guides']).each do |fw|
       require 'date'
       replace = '\1(' + Date.today.strftime('%B %d, %Y') + ')'
       fname = File.join fw, 'CHANGELOG.md'
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ namespace :changelog do
   end
 
   task :release_summary do
-    FRAMEWORKS.each do |fw|
+    (FRAMEWORKS + ['guides']).each do |fw|
       puts "## #{fw}"
       fname    = File.join fw, 'CHANGELOG.md'
       contents = File.readlines fname
@@ -93,16 +92,17 @@ namespace :changelog do
 end
 
 namespace :all do
-  task :build   => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:build"   } + ['rails:build']
-  task :install => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:install" } + ['rails:install']
-  task :push    => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:push"    } + ['rails:push']
+  task :build           => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:build"           } + ['rails:build']
+  task :update_versions => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:update_versions" } + ['rails:update_versions']
+  task :install         => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:install"         } + ['rails:install']
+  task :push            => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:push"            } + ['rails:push']
 
   task :ensure_clean_state do
     unless `git status -s | grep -v RAILS_VERSION`.strip.empty?
       abort "[ABORTING] `git status` reports a dirty tree. Make sure all changes are committed"
     end
 
-    unless ENV['SKIP_TAG'] || `git tag | grep #{tag}`.strip.empty?
+    unless ENV['SKIP_TAG'] || `git tag | grep '^#{tag}$`.strip.empty?
       abort "[ABORTING] `git tag` shows that #{tag} already exists. Has this version already\n"\
             "           been released? Git tagging can be skipped by setting SKIP_TAG=1"
     end
diff --git a/tools/line_statistics b/tools/line_statistics
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..5eb5cfdc3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/line_statistics
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# Example:
+#   files = FileList["lib/active_record/**/*.rb"]
+#   CodeTools::LineStatistics.new(files).print_loc
+module CodeTools
+  class LineStatistics
+
+    # @param files [Array, FileList, Enumerable]
+    # e.g. FileList["lib/active_record/**/*.rb"]
+    def initialize(files)
+      @files = Array(files).compact
+    end
+
+    # Calculates LOC for each file
+    # Outputs each file and a total LOC
+    def print_loc
+      lines, codelines, total_lines, total_codelines = 0, 0, 0, 0
+
+      @files.each do |file_name|
+        next if file_name =~ /vendor/
+        File.open(file_name, 'r') do |f|
+          while line = f.gets
+            lines += 1
+            next if line =~ /^\s*$/
+            next if line =~ /^\s*#/
+            codelines += 1
+          end
+        end
+        puts "L: #{sprintf("%4d", lines)}, LOC #{sprintf("%4d", codelines)} | #{file_name}"
+
+        total_lines     += lines
+        total_codelines += codelines
+
+        lines, codelines = 0, 0
+      end
+
+      puts "Total: Lines #{total_lines}, LOC #{total_codelines}"
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/tools/profile b/tools/profile
index fbea67492b..a35dd18b77 100755
--- a/tools/profile
+++ b/tools/profile
@@ -1,71 +1,133 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 # Example:
-#   tools/profile activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
+#   tools/profile activesupport/lib/active_support.rb [ruby-prof mode] [ruby-prof printer]
 ENV['NO_RELOAD'] ||= '1'
 ENV['RAILS_ENV'] ||= 'development'
 
-require 'benchmark'
+module CodeTools
+  class Profiler
+    Error = Class.new(StandardError)
 
-module RequireProfiler
-  private
-  def require(file, *args) RequireProfiler.profile(file) { super } end
-  def load(file, *args) RequireProfiler.profile(file) { super } end
+    attr_reader :path, :mode
+    def initialize(path, mode=nil)
+      assert_ruby_file_exists(path)
+      @path, @mode = path, mode
+      require 'benchmark'
+    end
+
+    def profile_requires
+      GC.start
+      before_rss = `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i
+
+      if mode
+        require 'ruby-prof'
+        RubyProf.measure_mode = RubyProf.const_get(mode.upcase)
+        RubyProf.start
+      else
+        Object.instance_eval { include RequireProfiler }
+      end
+
+      elapsed = Benchmark.realtime { require path }
+      results = RubyProf.stop if mode
 
-  @depth, @stats = 0, []
-  class << self
-    attr_accessor :depth
-    attr_accessor :stats
+      GC.start
+      after_rss = `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i
 
-    def profile(file)
-      stats << [file, depth]
-      self.depth += 1
-      result = nil
-      elapsed = Benchmark.realtime { result = yield }
-      self.depth -= 1
-      stats.pop if stats.last.first == file
-      stats << [file, depth, elapsed] if result
-      result
+      if mode
+        if printer = ARGV.shift
+          puts "RubyProf outputting to stderr with printer #{printer}"
+          RubyProf.const_get("#{printer.to_s.classify}Printer").new(results).print($stdout)
+        elsif RubyProf.const_defined?(:CallStackPrinter)
+          filename = "#{File.basename(path, '.rb')}.#{mode}.html"
+          puts "RubyProf outputting to #{filename}"
+          File.open(filename, 'w') do |out|
+            RubyProf::CallStackPrinter.new(results).print(out)
+          end
+        else
+          filename = "#{File.basename(path, '.rb')}.#{mode}.callgrind"
+          puts "RubyProf outputting to #{filename}"
+          File.open(filename, 'w') do |out|
+            RubyProf::CallTreePrinter.new(results).print(out)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      RequireProfiler.stats.each do |file, depth, sec|
+        if sec
+          puts "%8.1f ms  %s%s" % [sec * 1000, ' ' * depth, file]
+        else
+          puts "#{' ' * (13 + depth)}#{file}"
+        end
+      end
+      puts "%8.1f ms  %d KB RSS" % [elapsed * 1000, after_rss - before_rss]
     end
-  end
-end
 
-GC.start
-before_rss = `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i
+    private
 
-path = ARGV.shift
-if mode = ARGV.shift
-  require 'ruby-prof'
-  RubyProf.measure_mode = RubyProf.const_get(mode.upcase)
-  RubyProf.start
-else
-  Object.instance_eval { include RequireProfiler }
-end
+    def assert_ruby_file_exists(path)
+      fail Error.new("No such file") unless File.exists?(path)
+      fail Error.new("#{path} is a directory") if File.directory?(path)
+      ruby_extension = File.extname(path) == '.rb'
+      ruby_executable = File.open(path, 'rb') {|f| f.readline } =~ [/\A#!.*ruby/]
+      fail Error.new("Not a ruby file") unless ruby_extension or ruby_executable
+    end
 
-elapsed = Benchmark.realtime { require path }
-results = RubyProf.stop if mode
+    module RequireProfiler
+      private
+      def require(file, *args) RequireProfiler.profile(file) { super } end
+      def load(file, *args) RequireProfiler.profile(file) { super } end
 
-GC.start
-after_rss = `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i
+      @depth, @stats = 0, []
+      class << self
+        attr_accessor :depth
+        attr_accessor :stats
 
-if mode
-  if printer = ARGV.shift
-    RubyProf.const_get("#{printer.to_s.classify}Printer").new(results).print($stdout)
-  elsif RubyProf.const_defined?(:CallStackPrinter)
-    File.open("#{File.basename(path, '.rb')}.#{mode}.html", 'w') do |out|
-      RubyProf::CallStackPrinter.new(results).print(out)
+        def profile(file)
+          stats << [file, depth]
+          self.depth += 1
+          result = nil
+          elapsed = Benchmark.realtime { result = yield }
+          self.depth -= 1
+          stats.pop if stats.last.first == file
+          stats << [file, depth, elapsed] if result
+          result
+        end
+      end
     end
-  else
-    File.open("#{File.basename(path, '.rb')}.#{mode}.callgrind", 'w') do |out|
-      RubyProf::CallTreePrinter.new(results).print(out)
+  end
+end
+# ruby-prof printer name causes the third arg to be sent :classify
+#   which is probably overkill if you already know the name of the ruby-prof
+#   printer you want to use, e.g. Graph
+begin
+  require 'active_support/inflector'
+  require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+rescue LoadError
+  STDERR.puts $!.message
+  class String
+    # File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 150
+    def classify
+      # strip out any leading schema name
+      camelize(self.sub(/.*\./, ''))
+    end
+    # File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 68
+    def camelize(uppercase_first_letter = true)
+      string = self
+      if uppercase_first_letter
+        string = string.sub(/^[a-z\d]*/) { $&.capitalize }
+      else
+        string = string.sub(/^(?:(?=\b|[A-Z_])|\w)/) { $&.downcase }
+      end
+      string.gsub(/(?:_|(\/))([a-z\d]*)/) { "#{$1}#{$2.capitalize}" }.gsub('/', '::')
     end
   end
 end
-
-RequireProfiler.stats.each do |file, depth, sec|
-  if sec
-    puts "%8.1f ms  %s%s" % [sec * 1000, ' ' * depth, file]
+if $0 == __FILE__
+  if (filename = ARGV.shift)
+    path = File.expand_path(filename)
+    mode = ARGV.shift
+    CodeTools::Profiler.new(path, mode).profile_requires
   else
-    puts "#{' ' * (13 + depth)}#{file}"
+    STDERR.puts "No file path entered. Usage is tools/profile path/to/file.rb [ruby-prof mode] [ruby-prof printer]"
   end
 end
-puts "%8.1f ms  %d KB RSS" % [elapsed * 1000, after_rss - before_rss]
diff --git a/version.rb b/version.rb
index 923cab4e2a..672b78c599 100644
--- a/version.rb
+++ b/version.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 module Rails
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Rails as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
   module VERSION
     MAJOR = 4
-    MINOR = 1
+    MINOR = 2
     TINY  = 0
     PRE   = "beta1"